Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

List of rice cultivars

2026-05-24T10:16:35Z

Sadique: new a post

{{Short description|none}}
{{Dynamic list}}[[File:Rice_grains_(IRRI).jpg|thumb|Rice can come in many shapes, colours and sizes.]]
This is a '''list of rice cultivars''', also known as '''rice varieties'''. There are several species of grain called rice.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://ricepedia.org/culture/history-of-rice-cultivation|title=History of rice cultivation – Ricepedia|work=Ricepedia|access-date=2018-03-25|language=en-gb|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317080831/http://ricepedia.org/culture/history-of-rice-cultivation|archive-date=2018-03-17|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Oryza sativa|Asian rice]] (''Oryza sativa)'' is most widely known and most widely grown, with two major subspecies (''indica'' and ''japonica'') and over 40,000 varieties.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.riceassociation.org.uk/content/1/10/varieties.html|title=Varieties – Rice Association|website=riceassociation.org.uk|access-date=2018-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802162740/http://www.riceassociation.org.uk/content/1/10/varieties.html|archive-date=2018-08-02|url-status=live}}</ref> Also included in this list are varieties of [[Oryza glaberrima|African rice]] (''Oryza glaberrima'') and [[wild rice]] (genus ''Zizania'').

Rice may vary in genetics, grain length, color, thickness, stickiness, aroma, growing method, and other characteristics, leading to many [[cultivar]]s. For instance, over nine major rice cultivars exist to make [[sake]] alone.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.esake.com/Knowledge/Ingredients/Rice/rice.html|title=Sake – types of rice used in brewing japanese rice wine|website=esake.com|access-date=2018-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329100618/http://esake.com/Knowledge/Ingredients/Rice/rice.html|archive-date=2018-03-29|url-status=live}}</ref> The two subspecies of Asian rice, [[Indica rice|indica]] and [[Japonica rice|japonica]], can generally be distinguished by length and stickiness. Indica rice is long-grained and unsticky, while japonica is short-grained and [[Glutinous rice|glutinous]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://legroupindustries.com/the-two-main-types-of-rice-indica-rice-and-japonica-rice/|title=The two main types of rice: INDICA RICE and JAPONICA RICE|date=2017-10-09|work=LEGroup Industries – RICE – TUNA – CHEESE – JAMS|access-date=2018-03-25|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326012302/https://legroupindustries.com/the-two-main-types-of-rice-indica-rice-and-japonica-rice/|archive-date=2018-03-26|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Rice can also be divided based on processing type into the two broad categories of [[Brown rice|brown]] and [[White rice|white]]. Brown rice is [[whole grain]], with only the inedible [[Hull (botany)|hull]] of the seed removed, while [[white rice]] additionally has the [[bran]] and [[Cereal germ|germ]] removed through the process of [[milling (grinding)|milling]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/2017/11/15/the-difference-between-white-brown-and-red-rice_a_23277524/|title=The Difference Between White, Brown And Red Rice|last=Steen|first=Juliette|date=2017-11-16|work=Huffington Post|access-date=2018-03-25|language=en-AU|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325233357/https://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/2017/11/15/the-difference-between-white-brown-and-red-rice_a_23277524/|archive-date=2018-03-25|url-status=live}}</ref> Milled rice may not necessarily actually be white in color; there are [[Black rice|purple]], [[Black rice|black]], and [[Red rice|red]] variants of rice, which can be eaten whole grain or milled.

The cultivars listed in this article may vary in any number of these characteristics, and most can be eaten whole grain or milled (brown or white). However, there are often strong cultural preferences for one or the other, depending on variety and region.

== North American varieties ==

* Texas rice
* Texmati
* Brazos
* Gulfrose
* Madison
* Pecos
* Rico
* Wild rice (''Zizania aquatica'')

=== California varieties ===

* California New Variety rice
* Calhikari-201
* Calmati-201
* Calmochi rice
* Caloro
* [[Calrose rice]]
* Calusa
* [[Nishiki rice]]
* [[Wehani rice]]

=== Canadian varieties ===

* Northern Wild rice (also known as Canadian Wild rice (''Zizania palustris''))

=== Carolina varieties ===

* [[Oryza glaberrima#American cultivars|Carolina Gold]]
* [[Oryza glaberrima#American cultivars|Charleston Gold]]

=== Texas varieties ===

*Texas rice
*[[Oryza glaberrima#American cultivars|Texas wild rice]] (''Zizania texana)''

=== Louisiana varieties ===

* Blue Rose
* Earl
* Mercury
* Nato
* Pecan rice
* Popcorn rice
* Vista

== African varieties ==
* [[Abakaliki rice]]
** Grown in the states of [[Abakaliki]] and [[Ebonyi State|Ebonyi]] in eastern [[Nigeria]]
** Cultivated thrice a year
** Sweet and easy to cook
* [[African rice]]
* Ekpoma rice<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bbc11newz.blogspot.com/2015/10/the-fading-glory-of-ekpoma-rice.html|title=The Fading Glory of Ekpoma Rice Production|access-date=2018-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325232502/http://bbc11newz.blogspot.com/2015/10/the-fading-glory-of-ekpoma-rice.html|archive-date=2018-03-25|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[New Rice for Africa]]
* [[Ofada rice]]
** Grown in Ofada, [[Nigeria]]
** Aromatic

== Australian varieties ==
[[File:CSIRO ScienceImage 3576 Rice panicle at sunset.jpg|thumb|Rice being grown in Australia]]
* Doongara
**semi-dwarf long grain, hard cooking (high amylose)
* Illabong
**semi-dwarf [[Arborio rice|arborio]] style
* [[Koshihikari]]
**tall short grain ''[[Japonica rice|Japonica]]'' style
* Kyeema
**tall long grain, fragrant
* Langi
**semi-dwarf long grain, soft jade cooking (low [[amylose]])
* Opus
**semi-dwarf short grain ''Japonica'' style
* Reiziq
**semi-dwarf medium grain
* Sherpa
**semi-dwarf medium grain
* Topaz
**semi-dwarf fragrant long grain

== Bangladeshi varieties ==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* Akia Beruin pattyyy theddi rice
* Akia Beruin White
* Balam Dhan – a group of local Aman rice varieties
* Balam-small Red
* Balam-small White
* Bashmoti Rice
* BINA Dhan – a group of [[high-yielding varieties|high-yielding rice varieties]] developed by [[Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture]]
* Binni Rice
* BRRI Dhan – a group of high-yielding rice varieties developed by [[Bangladesh Rice Research Institute]]
* Chinigura Rice
* Digha Dhan – a group of deepwater Aman rice varieties
* Gadai Lashkari
* Hail Girvi
* Hamim
* Hori Dhan
* Kalijira Rice
* Tolsi Mala Dhan – aromatic rice, best from the [[Sherpur district]] region.
* Kalo Beruin
* Katari Bhog
* Kathali Beruin Red
* Kathali Beruin White
* Khara Beruin
* Khato Dosh
* Lapha
* Lathial-7 Red
* Lathial-7 White
* Loha Sura
* Matichak
* Minicate Rice
* Modhu Beruin Red
* Modhu Beruin White
* Mou Beruin
* Moulata
* Najir Shail
* Pajam
* Pakh Beruin
* Raujan-1
* Raujan-2
* Sakhorkhana
* Shail Dhan – a group of exotic Aman rice varieties
* Tepu Dhan
* Thakur Bhog
* Diga Dhan
* Depos Dhan
}}

== Bhutanese varieties ==
[[File:Зерно красного риса.jpg|thumb|A single grain of [[Bhutanese red rice]]]]
* [[Bhutanese red rice]]

==Burmese varieties==
* Midon ({{lang|my|မြီးတုံး}}){{Citation needed|date=December 2019|reason=removed citation to predatory publisher content}}
* [[Paw hsan hmwe]]
* Emahta ({{lang|my|ဧည့်မထ}}){{Citation needed|date=December 2019|reason=removed citation to predatory publisher content}}
*Letyezin{{Citation needed|date=December 2019|reason=removed citation to predatory publisher content}}
*Ngasein ({{lang|my|ငစိန်}}){{Citation needed|date=December 2019|reason=removed citation to predatory publisher content}}
*Byat ({{lang|my|ဗြတ်}}){{Citation needed|date=December 2019|reason=removed citation to predatory publisher content}}
* Black glutinous rice
* White glutinous rice

== Cambodian varieties ==
* Bonla Pdao ({{lang|km|បន្លាផ្ដៅ}})
* Cammalis – extra long jasmine rice
* Long Rice
* Neang Khon ({{lang|km|នាងខុន}})
* Neang Minh ({{lang|km|នាងមិញ}}) – long grain rice
* Phka Khnhei ({{lang|km|ផ្កាខ្ញី}}) – fragrant variety, {{Transliteration|km|phka}} meaning "flower"
* Phkar Malis ({{lang|km|ផ្កាម្លិះ}}) – Cambodia Jasmine Rice
* Senchey Brand ({{lang|km|សែនជ័យ ប្រេន}}) is a low [[glycemic index]] rice (GI=55), medium grain, photosensitive period, traditional seeds
* Senkraob ({{lang|km|សែនក្រអូប}})
** Won the National Best Rice Award in 2017 have been certified as Medium Glycemic Index (GI) of 62 based on rigorous testing performed by Temasek Polytechnic Glycemic Index Research Unit (GIRU)
* Phka Romdul ({{lang|km|ផ្ការំដូល}})
* Red Rice ({{lang|km|ស្រូវក្រហម}})
* White rice ({{lang|km|ស្រូវសោ}})
* Sen Pi Dao ({{lang|km|សែនពិដោ}})
* Riang cheay ({{lang|km|រាំងជ័យ}})
* Srauv Pong Rolork ({{lang|km|ស្រូវ ពងរលក}})
* Srauv Ha Mort ({{lang|km|ស្រូវ ហាមាត់}})
* Srauv IR ({{lang|km|រស្រូវអីអ៊ែរ}})

== Chinese varieties ==
* Black Asian
* [[Zizania latifolia|Manchurian Wild rice (Zizania latifolia)]]
* [[Oryza rufipogon]]
* {{Interlanguage link|Ponlai rice|lt=Ponlai|ja|蓬莱米}}
* {{Interlanguage link|Wuchang rice|lt=Wuchang|ja|五常大米}}

== Dominican varieties ==
* Cristal 100
* Idiaf 1
* Inglés Corto
* Inglés Largo
* Juma 57
* Juma 58
* Juma 66
* Juma 67
* Prosequisa 4
* Prosequisa 5
* Prosequisa 10
* Toño Brea
* Yocahú CFX-18

== French varieties ==
* [[Camargue red rice]]

== Greek varieties ==

* Blue Rose<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.agrino.com/#products|title=Agrino|website=Agrino, Tasting Greece|access-date=16 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117011856/http://www.agrino.com/#products|archive-date=17 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Carolina
* Glassé
*Nychaki
*Parboiled

==Indian varieties==
[[File:Khyma and Basmati rice.jpg|thumb|Two cultivars of rice from India compared: khyma (left) and basmati (right)]]Until 1970, India had about 110,000 varieties of rice and now it has about 6,000 varieties.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-04-06 |title=From 1,10,000 varieties of rice to only 6,000 now |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/from-110000-varieties-of-rice-to-only-6000-now/article3284453.ece |access-date=2022-07-04 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
{{Columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* Aizon Rice<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shantibhog.com/products/item/aizon-rice.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140604051945/http://www.shantibhog.com/products/item/aizon-rice.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 June 2014|title=OmShanti Bhog Rice – Aizon Rice|date=4 June 2014|access-date=6 April 2018}}</ref>
* [[Ambemohar]]
* Annapoornna
* Atop
* [[Basmati rice]]
* Barma Black rice
* Bhut Muri
* [[Bora rice]]
* [[Champa rice]]
* [[Chokuwa rice]]
* Clearfield Rice
* [[Dubraj rice]]
* Gandhasala
* [[Gobindobhog]]
* Hansraj
* Hasan Serai
* HMT Rice
* Idly Rice – short grain
* Jay Shrirama Rice
* [[Joha rice]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shantibhog.com/products/item/tulsi-joha-rice.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110530021128/http://www.shantibhog.com/products/item/tulsi-joha-rice.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-05-30|title=Shanti Bhog – Joha Rice|date=2011-05-30|access-date=2018-03-25}}</ref>
* Jyothi
* Kamini Rice
* Kasalath<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wissuwa |first1=M. |last2=Yano |first2=M. |last3=Ae |first3=N. |title=Mapping of QTLs for phosphorus-deficiency tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.) |journal=Theoretical and Applied Genetics |date=October 1998 |volume=97 |issue=5–6 |pages=777–783 |doi=10.1007/s001220050955|s2cid=25830334 }}</ref>
* Katta Sambar
* Laxmi Bhog (West Bengal)
* Minicate
* [[Molakolukulu]]
* Navara Rice
* [[Patna rice]]
* [[Ponni Rice]]
* Poreiton Chakhau – an aromatic dark red rice from [[Manipur]]
* Pusa Basmati 1121<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Vijaipal|last2=Singh|first2=Ashok Kumar|last3=Mohapatra|first3=Trilochan|last4=S|first4=Gopala Krishnan|last5=Ellur|first5=Ranjith Kumar|date=2018-04-09|title=Pusa Basmati 1121 – a rice variety with exceptional kernel elongation and volume expansion after cooking|journal=Rice|volume=11|issue=1|page=19|doi=10.1186/s12284-018-0213-6|issn=1939-8425|pmc=5890003|pmid=29629488 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2018Rice...11...19S }}</ref>
* Pusa Rice
* [[Radhunipagal rice]]
* Raja Hansa Rice
* Ranjit Rice<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shantibhog.com/products/item/ranjit-rice.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140604052010/http://www.shantibhog.com/products/item/ranjit-rice.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-06-04|title=OmShanti Bhog Rice – Ranjit Rice|date=2014-06-04|access-date=2018-03-25}}</ref>
* Rosematta Rice
* [[Sona Masuri]]
* Surekha
* Thimmasamundaram Mollakolukulu
* [[Tulaipanji]] (West Bengal)
}}

=== Rice varieties of Maharastra===
*Kasbai
*Indrayani
*Kolum
*Ambemohar
*Gobindobhog
*Ponni
*Ambika

=== Rice varieties of Punjab and Haryana ===
Basmati and premium non-basmati rice grows in Punjab and Haryana region of India, such as:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thericeprofessionals.com/indian-rice/basmati-rice | title=Indian Basmati Rice Export Inspection Company in India | the Rice Professionals | access-date=2018-07-24 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725033709/https://www.thericeprofessionals.com/indian-rice/basmati-rice/ | archive-date=2018-07-25 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thericeprofessionals.com/indian-rice/non-basmati-rice/ | title=Non-Basmati Rice – the Rice Professionals | access-date=2018-07-24 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725033226/https://www.thericeprofessionals.com/indian-rice/non-basmati-rice/ | archive-date=2018-07-25 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thericeprofessionals.com/indian-rice/ | title=Indian Rice Inspection – Indian Basmati Rice & Non-Basmati Rice | access-date=2018-07-24 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725020137/https://www.thericeprofessionals.com/indian-rice/ | archive-date=2018-07-25 | url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Column|*Traditional Basmati Rice
*Basmati 30,31
*PUSA Basmati Rice
*1121 Basmati Rice
*1509 Basmati Rice
*1718 Basmati Rice
*Sugandha Rice
*Sharbati Rice
*RH-10 Rice
*Parmal 11 or PR11 Rice
*Parmal 14 or PR14 Rice
*Parmal 47 or PR 47 Rice
*Parmal 106 or PR 106 Rice|width=20em}}

=== Rice varieties of Andhra Pradesh ===
Andhra Pradesh are home to hundreds of rice varieties, such as:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ikisan.in/tg-rice-varieties.html |title=Rice Varieties |access-date=2018-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180606074338/http://ikisan.in/tg-rice-varieties.html |archive-date=2018-06-06 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://drdpat.bih.nic.in/Rice%20Varieties%20-%2010.htm | title=Details of Rice Varieties : 10 | access-date=2018-05-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511020557/http://drdpat.bih.nic.in/Rice%20Varieties%20-%2010.htm | archive-date=2018-05-11 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://agropedia.iitk.ac.in/content/paddy-varieties-0 | title=Paddy varieties | agropedia | access-date=2018-05-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506174112/http://agropedia.iitk.ac.in/content/paddy-varieties-0 | archive-date=2018-05-06 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=News Item stating the ban on export of rice varieties|date=15 May 2012 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2009/dec/19/govt-bans-transport-of-rice-from-state-114371.html}}</ref>
{{Columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* Chitti Mutyalu
* [[Sona Masuri|Sona masoori]] or Bangaru Theegalu
* Pusa-677 (IET-12617)
* Krishna Hamsa
* Triguna (IET-12875)
* Keshava
* Swathi
* Vedagiri
* Maruteru Sannalu
* Cottondora Sannalu
* Bharani
* Deepti
* Srikakulam Sannalu
* Vasundhara
* Early Samba
* Surya
* Tholakari
* Godavari
* Shanthi
* Indra
* Sree Kurma
* BPT Rice
* 1010 (Veyyi Padi)
* Aarkalu – an ancient varietal
* Swarna
* Samba
* RJL
* Sampada
* Amara
* Sri Dhruthi
* Tarangini
* Bheema
* Chandra
* Pushyami
* Prabhat
* Sujatha
* Maruteru Samba
* Maruteru Mahsuri
* Sravani
* Samba masuri
* Gidda masuri
* Vijaya masuri
* Tella Masuri
* Jeelakara Masuri
* Molagolukulu
* Jeelakara Sannalu
* Jayelu
}}

=== Rice varieties of Karnataka ===
{{Columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* Farmer Developed Varieties
** Mysore Mallige
** NMS2
** Chinnaponni
** HMT
** De Govinda
* Medicinal Rice
** Navara (originally from [[Kerala]])
** Diabetic Rice
** Karigajavali
** Kagisale
** Doddabairnellu
* Scented Aromatic Rice
** Gandhsale
** Jeerige Sanna
** Sannakki
** Ambemore
** Burma Black
* Daily Rice
** Salem Sanna
** Rajbhoga
** Gowri Sanna
** Rajkamal
** Karijaddu
** Karidaddibudda
** Jolaga
** Munduga
** Doddabarinellu
* Rice specific to Karnataka
** Rajamudi
** Rathnachudi
** Sannavalya
** Mysore Sanna
** Bangaragundu
* BR-2655
* IR-30864
* Jaya<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rkmp.co.in/content/jaya|title=Jaya – Rice Knowledge Management Portal|website=Rkmp.co.in|access-date=16 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730172224/http://rkmp.co.in/content/jaya|archive-date=30 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Kagga of Manikatta<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prajavani.net/news/article/2016/11/29/455209.html|title=ಮಾಣಿಕಟ್ಟದ ಮಾಣಿಕ್ಯ – ಪ್ರಜಾವಾಣಿ|website=Prajavani.net|access-date=16 January 2018|date=2016-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117070225/http://www.prajavani.net/news/article/2016/11/29/455209.html|archive-date=17 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Thanu<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rkmp.co.in/content/thanu-kmp-101|title=Thanu (KMP-101) – Rice Knowledge Management Portal|website=Rkmp.co.in|access-date=16 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730190627/http://rkmp.co.in/content/thanu-kmp-101|archive-date=30 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Tunga
}}

=== Rice varieties of Odisha ===
[[File:Kalanamak rice.jpg|thumb|De-husked and milled Kalanamak rice in India]]
* Nalihati (non-aromatic)
* Padmakeshari (aromatic)
* Kalamoti (aromatic)
* Balami (aromatic)
* Kalajiri (aromatic)
* Tulasibasa (aromatic)
* Pimpudibasa (aromatic)
* Swarna (non-aromatic)
* Nalabainsi (non-aromatic)
* Pateni (non-aromatic)
* Ratna (IET-1411)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Totvariety |url=http://odishaseedsportal.nic.in/ouatreport/Totvariety/238 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=odishaseedsportal.nic.in}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Details of Rice Varieties : 1 |url=https://drdpat.bih.nic.in//Rice%20Varieties%20-%2001.htm |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=drdpat.bih.nic.in}}</ref>

===Rice varieties of Bihar===
* Katarni rice
* [[patna rice]]
* Badshah bhog
* Rajendra Sweta
* Manjari
* Tulsi

=== Rice varieties of [[Kerala]] ===
{{Columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* Arikirai 110
* Aryan ({{lang|ml|ആര്യൻ}})
* Boli Ari
* Cheera Thouvan
* Chembaavu ({{lang|ml|ചെമ്പാവ്}})
* Chenjeera
* Chennellu
* Cherumadan
* Chitteni ({{lang|ml|ചിറ്റേനി}})
* Chuvanna Choman
* D1 (Uma)
* Dhebi
* [[Wayanad Gandhakasala rice|Gandhakasala]]
* [[Ezhome Rice]]
* [[Wayanad Gandhakasala rice|Jeerakasala]]
* Kaattaazhi ({{lang|ml|കാറ്റാഴി}})
* Kariyadukkan
* Karutharikannan
* Keeripallan
* Kochathikkalaari ({{lang|ml|കൊച്ചതിക്കലാരി}})
* Kodukayama
* Kozhivalan
* Kumaro-athikkalaari ({{lang|ml|കുമരൊ അതിക്കലാരി}})
* Kunjinellu
* Kunjuvithu
* Kuppakayama
* Kuttadan (കുറ്റാടൻ)
* Malakkannan
* Malakkaran
* [[Matta rice|Matta Palakkad]] ({{lang|ml|പാലക്കാടന്‍ മട്ട}})
* Modan
* Moorkhan
* Mundakan ({{lang|ml|മുണ്ടകൻ}})
* Mundodan
* Mundot
* Munnayan
* Nallachennellu
* [[navara rice|Njavara]]
* Odachan
* Oryssa
* Palliyaran
* Paravalappan
* Ponnariyan
* [[Pokkali Rice]]
* Punjakayama
* Rajadhani
* Rajakayama
* Ratha Choodi
* Sughikayama
* Thavalakkannan ({{lang|ml|തവളക്കണ്ണൻ}})
* Thonnuran
* Thottam
* Thovvan
* Undakayama
* Vachan
* Vattan ({{lang|ml|വട്ടൻ}})
* Vayalthoova ({{lang|ml|വയൽത്തൂവ}})
* Vellachoman
* Vellariyan
* Vellathovvan
* Velutharikannan
* Wayanad Kayamma ({{lang|ml|കയമ്മ}})
* Sali
* Suwagmoni
}}

=== Rice varieties of [[Tamil Nadu]] ===
{{Columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* Aduthurai
* Akshayadhan<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rkmp.co.in/content/akshayadhan|title=AKSHAYADHAN – Rice Knowledge Management Portal|website=Rkmp.co.in|access-date=16 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712165222/http://rkmp.co.in/content/akshayadhan|archive-date=12 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Ambasamudharam
* Amsipiti Dhan
* Aravan Kuruva
* Ariyan Nel
* Arubatham Samba
* Aruvadhan Kodai
* Arwa
* Basmati Tukda
* Bhatta Dhan
* Biagunda Dhan
* Bod Dhan
* Chengalpattu Sirumani
* Chennel
* Chithiraikar (Pondy)
* Chithiraikkar
* Chomala
* Chot Dhan
* Cochin Samba
* Coimbatore
* Eravapandi
* Gandakesala
* [[Improved Samba Mahsuri]]
* Improved White Ponni
* IR-20
* [[Molakolukulu]]
* IR-50
* [[Molakolukulu]]
* Jil Jil Vaigunda
* Jirkudai
* Jogarnath Dhan
* Kadaikazhuthan
* Kaividhai Samba
* Kalarpaalai
* Kalarpalai
* Kalinga III<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rkmp.co.in/content/kalinga-iii-cr-2-3-7-1-iet7964|title=KALINGA III : CR 2 3 7-1 : IET7964 – Rice Knowledge Management Portal|website=Rkmp.co.in|access-date=16 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628173338/http://rkmp.co.in/content/kalinga-iii-cr-2-3-7-1-iet7964|archive-date=28 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Kaliyan Samba
* Kallimadaiyan
* Kallundai
* Kallurundaiyan
* Kamban Samba
* Kandasel/Kandasali
* Kappakkar
* Kappa Samba
* Kar Samba
* Karthigai Samba
* Karunguruvai
* Karuppu Nel
* Karuthakkar
* Katarni
* Kattanur Nel
* Katta Samba
* Kattukuthalam
* Kattu Samba
* Kattu Vaniyam
* Kitchili Samba
* Kollan Samba
* Kollikkar
* Konakkuruvai
* Koomvalai
* Kouni Nel
* Kudaivazhai
* Kudavazhai
* Kudhiraival Samba
* [[Kullakar rice|Kullakaar]]
* Kundri Manisamba
* Kunthali
* Kurangu Samba
* Kuruvai
* Kuruvai Kalanchiyam
* Kuruvaikalayan
* Kuzhiyadichan
* Kullakkara Samba
* Lakshmi Kajal
* Lendhi Dhan
* Mahate
* Mal-bhog
* Manakathai
* Mansoori
* Mappillai [[Samba (rice)|Samba]]
* Maranel
* Mathimuni
* Mattai 110
* Mattaikkar
* Mattaikkuruvai
* Moongil
* Mottakur
* Murugangar Nel
* Muttakkar
* Nalla Manisamba
* Navara
* Neelasamba
* Ninni Dhan
* Norungan
* Njavara
* Oazhava Katrazhai
* Ondrarai Samba
* Oldisaur Dhan
* Ottadai
* Parwmal
* Pathrakali
* Pattaraikkar
* Pattar Pisin
* Periyavari
* Perungar
* Pisini
* Pitchavari
* [[Ponni Rice]]
* Poongar
* Poovan Samba
* Puzhuthiikar
* Puzhuthikal
* Puzhuthi Samba
* Rasagadam
* Rongalachi Dhan
* Sadakar
* Sivan Samba
* Siraga samba
* Samba
* Samba Mosanam
* Sandikar
* Sanna Samba
* Seela Rice
* Seeraga Samba
* Selam Samba
* Sembilipanni
* Sempalai
* Sempalai (D.K.M.)
* Sigappu Jermany
* Sigappu Kuzhiyadichan
* Sivappu Chithiraikar
* Sivappu Kuruvikar
* Soolaikuruvai
* Sooran Kuruvai
* Sornavali
* Sornavari
* Sureka
* Surti Kolam/Kolam
* Thangam Samba
* Thidakkal
* Thinni
* Thooyamallee
* Trichy 3
* Tulsi-manjari Black
* Vadan Samba
* Vaigunda
* Valla Arakkan
* Vangu Vellai
* Varadhan<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rkmp.co.in/content/varadhan|title=Varadhan – Rice Knowledge Management Portal|website=Rkmp.co.in|access-date=16 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709194313/http://rkmp.co.in/content/varadhan|archive-date=9 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Varalan
* Varappu Kudainchan
* Vasaramundan
* Veer Adangan
* Veethivadangan (ASD-3)
* Velchi
* Veliyan
* Vellai Chithiraikkar
* Vellaikkariyan
* Vellaikkuruvai
* Vellaikkuruvai
* Vellai Nel
* Vellai Poonkar
}}

=== Rice varieties of Telangana ===
*Indur Samba
*Bathukamma
*RNR 15048 or Telangana Sona or Karnataka Sona
*[[Improved Samba Mahsuri]]

=== West Bengal rice varieties ===
There are possibly up to 82,700 varieties of rice extant in India, and of those more than 5000 were found in West Bengal. However, only 150 of them are commonly grown. Many are grown organically to compete with more modern cultivars. The Agricultural Training Centre of West Bengal exists to conserve and promote the use of folk rice varieties, including many listed below.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/agriculture/west-bengal-government-encourages-cultivation-of-extinct-rice-varieties/articleshow/60460634.cms|title=West Bengal government encourages cultivation of extinct rice varieties|last=Ghosal|first=Sutanuka|date=2017-09-11|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326064054/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/agriculture/west-bengal-government-encourages-cultivation-of-extinct-rice-varieties/articleshow/60460634.cms|archive-date=2018-03-26|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Columns-list|colwidth=12em|
* Alai
* Amkel
* Antarbhet
* Are emo
* Adansilpa
* Agarali
* Agniban
* Aguripak
* Anshphal
* Arabaihar
* Arabaihar
* Are hat Punko
* Aroar
* Asanliya
* Bahurupi
* Begun bichi
*Bhaaluki
*Bhaludubraj
*Bhasa Kalmi
*Bhasa manik
*Birpana
*Badamphul
*Badshabhog
*Bahdurbhog
*Baigan monjia
*Bakui
*Balam
*Balaramsal
*Banglaptanai
*Baranali
*Barshalakshmi
*Baskathi
*Basmoti-370
*Baspata
*Bhimsal
*Bhogdhan
*Bhutia
*Birahi
*Birai
*Bodimani
*Chamarmani
*Chamatkar
*Chinakamini
*Chandrakanata
* Deko 2
* Denta
* Dheku
* Dhundhuni
*Dudheswar
*Dudheswar Sundarban
*Danaguri
*Dandkhani
*Dandsal
*Danti
*Dayalmadina
*Debsundari
*Dehradun Gandheswari
*Desi Jarhan Baihar
*Desidhan
*Dhapa
*Dharaial
*Dhusari
*Dolle Kartick
*Dope
*Dubraj
*Dudheswar
*Dudhkalma
*Dwarkasal
*Fulmugri
* Gangabaru
* Garikhajara
* Geligeti
* Ghios
* Ghurghupaijam
* Gitanjali
* Gobindabhog
* Gopalbhog
* Goradhan
* Janglijata
*Haldichuri
*Haludgati
*Hamai
*Hamilton
*Harinkajli
*Hatidhan
*Hendebaihar
* Heruajoha
* HJP 110
* HJP 72
* HJP 73
* HJP 77
* HJP sahebbhog
* HMT
* Hogla
* HP 203
* Hamiltan
* Hangara
* Hormanona
* Itanagar
* Jawaful
* jeeraful
* Jalkamini
* Jamainaru
* Jasmine
* Jata
* Jhili
* Jhinge sal
* Jhingesal L
* Jhuli
* Jhulur
* Jhumpuri
* Jigiresamba
* Jugal
* Jabra
* Jaldhapa
* Jaldubi
* JP 57
* Jubri dhan
* Kaleti
* Kaloboro
* Kumragore
* Kabirajsal
* Kabirajsal Odisha
* Kaggavat
* Khara
* Kahndagiri
* Kaika
* Kalachipta
* Kalalahi
* Kalamdani
* Kalodhan
* Kalodhapa
* Kalogoda
* Kalojira
* [[Kalonunia rice|Kalonunia]]
* Kaltura
* Kalavat
* Kaminibhog
* Kamolsankari
*Kanakchur
*Kanchafulo
*Kankri
*Karigavole
*Karikagga
*Karni
*Kasiphul
*Kasuabinni
*Katarangi
*Kataribhog
*Katki
*Kendu Manjia
* Kerala Sundar
*Kesab sal
*Khadwak
*Kolajoha
*Kolkiala pateni
*Komol
*Krishanabhog
*Kuji Pateni
*Kute Patnai
*Laghu
*Lakhsman sal
*Lalbadshabhog
*Lalbasmati
*Laldhan Patela
*Laldhapa
*Lalgetu
*Lalkalam
*Lalsita
*Lathisal
*Lusri
* Lalbahal
* Laldhan
* Lalsaru
* Lalu
* Langlamuthi
* Lohoindi
* Maiganguri
* Malabati
* Maliagiri
* Marikhas
* Meghi
* Meghnad Dumru
* Mohini 2
* Motabaihar
* Moulo
*Machakanata
*Madhumala
*Malsiara
*Marichsal
*Markali
*Mastaer patnai
*Matidhan
*Matla
*Medi
*Mehadi
*Mohonbhog
*Mugojai
*Nagaland kalo
*Nalipankhia
*Nikkodan
*Nivar
*Nonakshitish
*Nagaland
* Nagalanmd Sada
* Nageswari
* Nagra patnai
* Narayan 21
* Narayan kamini
* Narkelchari
* Naryan Patnai
* Neli emo
*Orasal
* P 64 From Meghalya
* P 66 From Meghalaya
* Pakistani Basmati
* Pakri
* Pankha Gura
* Pari
* Paru
* Pateni
* Patikalam
* Patnai 23
* Payti emo
* Putkhalai
*Parbal
*Parimolsana
*Phakirmoni
*Pokali
* Rabansal
* Radhatilak
* Radhuni pagal
* Raghu sal
* Ramchandrabhog
* Ramigelli
* Rangi Dhan
* Rani akanda
*Radha emo
*Rahspanjar
*Ramjiara
*Ranikajal
*Rupali
*Rupsal
*Sadagetu
* Sabita
* Sabraj
* Sada Chenga
* Sada Kalam
*Safari
* Salkele
* Samba sole
* Sapuri
* Sararaj
* Sarukala
* Shatia
* Shu Kalma
* Silkote
* Sita sal
*Sitabhog
*Siulee
* Sole
* Soler Pona
* Sonalu
* Sonasari
*Srikamal
* Sundari
*Super sita
*Talmugur
*Tangar sal
*Teranga
*Thubi
*Tilakkachari
*Tulsa
*Tulsibas
*Tulsimanjari
*Tulsmukul
*Tilakasturi
*Toragoda
*Tulaipanji
*Vogalaya
*White Harisnakar
*White ponny
}}

== Indonesian rice varieties/landraces ==
In Indonesia, there are at least 45 varieties of rice for wet-field production (sawah) and 150 varieties of rice for dry-field production.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:A_dictionary_of_the_Sunda_language_of_Java.djvu/376|title=Page:A dictionary of the Sunda language of Java.djvu/376 – Wikisource, the free online library|website=En.wikisource.org|access-date=16 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116193409/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:A_dictionary_of_the_Sunda_language_of_Java.djvu/376|archive-date=16 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* Anak Daro
* Andel Jaran
* Angkong
* Batang Lembang
* Batang Ombilin
* Batang Piaman
* Bengawan
* Cempo
* Ceredek
* Ceredek asal Gaduang Surian
* Ceredek asal Talang Babungo
* Ceredek Merah
* Ceredek Putih asal Tanjung Balik
* Cianjur Pandanwangi (aromatic)
* Cisokan
* Dharma Ayu
* Dryland rice landraces of Java
* Ekor Kuda
* Engseng
* Gropak (Kulon Progo-Jogja)
* Gundelan (Malang)
* Indramayu: Gropak
* Induk Ayam
* Jambur Urai
* Kebo
* Ketan Lusi
* Ketan Tawon
* Longong
* Markoti
* Melati
* Merong (Pasuruan)
* Ondel
* Padi Boy Rice
* Padi Cere Kuning
* Padi Cere Unggul
* [[Rice gadu|Padi Gadu]] (unhulled rice seed)
* Padi Gandamana
* Padi Hitam
* Padi Kidangsari
* Padi Konyal
* Padi Kuning
* Padi Kutu
* Padi Mendali
* Padi Mentik
* Padi Mentik Wangi
* Padi Pandan Wangi
* Padi Parak
* Padi Putih
* Padi Sari Wangi
* Padi Sri Wulan
* Padi Suntiang
* Padi Wangi Lokal
* Pemuda Idaman
* Peta
* Rajalele (semi-aromatic)
* Rangka Madu
* Rejung Kuning
* Rijal
* Rojolele
* Sawah Kelai
* Siherang
* Sikadedek
* Simenep
* Sri Kuning
* Srimulih
* Tambun Data
* Temanggung black rice
* Tembaga
* Tjina
* Tumpang Karyo
* Tunjung
* Umbul-umbul
* Untup
* Wulu
}}

== Iranian varieties ==
Many varieties of rice are cultivated in Iran. A few of them are listed below.
* Ambarboo
* Binam
* [[Domsiah]]
* [[Gerdeh (rice)|Gerdeh]]<ref name="pazuki" />
* Gharib<ref name="pazuki">{{cite journal |last1=Pazuki |first1=Arman |last2=Sohani |first2=Mehdi |name-list-style=amp |year=2013 |title= Phenotypic evaluation of scutellum-derived calluses in 'Indica' rice cultivars |journal= Acta Agriculturae Slovenica |volume=101 |issue=2 |pages=239–247 |doi=10.2478/acas-2013-0020 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Hasan Sarai
* Hasani<ref name="pazuki" />
* Hashemi<ref name="pazuki" />
* Kamfiruzi
** Grown in [[Fars province]] along the [[Kor River]]
* Lenjan
** Grown in [[Isfahan province]] along the [[Zayandeh Rud]] River
* Salari
* Sang Tarom
* Tarom
* Tarom Roushan
* tarom omid

== Italian varieties ==
[[File:Pannocchia di Maratelli.jpg|thumb|[[Maratelli]] rice before harvest in Italy]]
{{Columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* [[Arborio rice|Arborio]]
* Ariete
* Baldo
* Balilla
* [[Carnaroli]]
* Gloria
* Lido
* [[Maratelli]] Historical Variety
* Originario
* Padano
* Ribe
* Roma
* Sant'Andrea
* Selenio
* Thaibonnet
* Venere – a black aromatic specialty rice
* [[Vialone Nano]]
}}

== Japanese varieties ==
* Kitaake<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jain |first1=Rashmi |last2=Jenkins |first2=Jerry |last3=Shu |first3=Shengqiang |last4=Chern |first4=Mawsheng |last5=Martin |first5=Joel A. |last6=Copetti |first6=Dario |last7=Duong |first7=Phat Q. |last8=Pham |first8=Nikki T. |last9=Kudrna |first9=David A. |last10=Talag |first10=Jayson |last11=Schackwitz |first11=Wendy S. |last12=Lipzen |first12=Anna M. |last13=Dilworth |first13=David |last14=Bauer |first14=Diane |last15=Grimwood |first15=Jane |last16=Nelson |first16=Catherine R. |last17=Xing |first17=Feng |last18=Xie |first18=Weibo |last19=Barry |first19=Kerrie W. |last20=Wing |first20=Rod A. |last21=Schmutz |first21=Jeremy |last22=Li |first22=Guotian |last23=Ronald |first23=Pamela C. |title=Genome sequence of the model rice variety KitaakeX |journal=BMC Genomics |date=December 2019 |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=905 |doi=10.1186/s12864-019-6262-4 |pmid=31775618 |pmc=6882167 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
{{Columns-list|colwidth=15em|
;Non-glutinous rice
* Akebono
* Akitakomachi
* Asahi
* Domannaka
* Fusaotome
* Haenuki
* Hanaechizen
* Hinohikari
* Hitomebore
* Hoshinoyume
* Kamachi
* Kinuhikari
* Kirara397
* [[Koshihikari]]
* Moeminori
* Nagomi risotto – Higher starch content medium-grain rice
* Nanatsuboshi
* Nipponbare
* Phoosphoos takuba
* Princess Sari – Long-grain rice
* Sainokagayaki
* [[Sasanishiki]]
* Tochiginoyume
* Tsuyahime
;Varieties used in sake production
* {{ill|Ginpu|ja|吟風}}
* {{ill|Gohyakumangoku|ja|五百万石}}
* {{ill|Gouriki|ja|強力 (米)}}
* {{ill|Iwai (rice Cultivar)|lt=Iwai|ja|祝 (米)}}
* {{ill|Kameno'o|ja|亀の尾}}
* Miyamanishiki
* {{ill|Omachi (rice Cultivar)|lt=Omachi|ja|雄町}}
* Sakemusashi
* Wataribune
* [[Yamada Nishiki]]
* Yumetoiro – used for making [[Awamori]]

;Glutinous rice
* Dewanomochi
* {{ill|Himenomochi|ja|ヒメノモチ}}
* Hiyokumochi
* Kitayukimochi
* Koganemochi
* Yukiminori

;Aromatic Rice
* Haginokaori
* Hieri
* Hyugakaori
* Sawakaori
* Towanishiki

;Red Rice
*Akamuro
*Benisarasa
*Soujya Akamai
*Toukon
*Tsushima Akamai

;Black rice
*Asamurasaki
*Murasakinomai
*Okunomurasaki
*Shihou
}}

== Malaysian varieties ==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=20em|
;White rice
*Malinja
*Mahsuri
*Ria
*Bahagia
*Murni
*Marsia
*Jaya
*Sri Malaysia 1
*Sri Malaysia 2
*MR 1 (Setanjung)
*MR 7 (Sekencang)
*MR 10 (Sekembang)
*MR 27 (Kadaria)
*MR 52 (Manik)
*MR 71 (Muda)
*MR 77 (Seberang)
*MR 73 (Makmur)
*MR 84
*MR 81
*MR 103
*MR 106
*MR 123
*MR 127
*MR 159
*MR 167
*MR 185
*MR 211
*MR 219
*MR 220
*MR 232
*MR 253
*MR 263
*MR 269
*MRIA
*MR 284<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ramli |first1=Asfaliza |title=Rice breeding, production and distribution of rice in Malaysia |url=http://eapvp.org/files/report/docs/malaysia/04-4%20Country%20Report_Malaysia1.pdf |website=MARDI |publisher=MARDI Seberang Perai |access-date=11 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713190443/http://eapvp.org/files/report/docs/malaysia/04-4%20Country%20Report_Malaysia1.pdf |archive-date=13 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Che Omar |first1=Sarena |last2=Shaharudin |first2=Ashraf |last3=Tumin |first3=Siti Aiysyah |title=The Status of the Paddy and Rice Industry in Malaysia – Chapter 03 |url=http://www.krinstitute.org/assets/contentMS/img/template/editor/20190409_Rice%20Report_Chapter%203.pdf |publisher=KHAZANAH RESEARCH INSTITUTE |access-date=11 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030081631/http://www.krinstitute.org/assets/contentMS/img/template/editor/20190409_Rice%20Report_Chapter%203.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*Putra 1
*Putra 2<ref>{{cite web |title=Inovasi Teknologi PadiU Putra |url=https://pnc.upm.edu.my/article/technological_innovation_padiu_putra-33057 |website=Pejabat Naib Canselor UPM |access-date=11 May 2020}}</ref>
*UKMRC-2
*UKMRC-8<ref>{{cite web |title=UKM Produced New Variety High Quality White Rice, the First Innovation in Malaysia Cross Breed Wild Rice and Local Rice |url=http://www.ukm.my/news/Latest_News/ukm-produced-new-variety-high-quality-white-rice-the-first-innovation-in-malaysia-cross-breed-wild-rice-and-local-rice/ |website=Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia |date=13 March 2018 |access-date=6 May 2020}}</ref>

;Glutinous rice
*Pulut Malaysia 1
*MR 47 (Pulut Siding)

;Black glutinous rice
*Pulut Hitam 9

;Red rice
*MRM 16

;Fragrant rice
*MRQ 50 (Puteri)
*MRQ 74 (Maswangi)
*MRQ 76

;Herbicide tolerance rice
*MR 220 CL1
*MR 220 CL2

}}

== Nepali varieties ==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=15em|
*Basmati
*Kalopatle
*Jumli Marshi
*Pokhareli Jethobudho
*Kachorwa – 4
*Kachorwa – 8
*Tilki
*Tilki – 4
*Tilki – 8
*Tilki – 12
*Kariya Parewapwankh
*Barkhe 1027
*Barkhe 2014
*Anamol Masuli
*Kalo Nuniya
*Shyamjira
*Saathi
*Kalo Jhinuwa
*Kalo Jira
*Ghiupuri
*Sunaulo Sugandha
*Sarju 52
*Radha 4
*Taichung-176
*Khumal (2, 4, 5)
*Ghaiya
*Anadi
*Makawanpur-1

[[File:Kalopatle.jpg|thumb|180px|Kalopatle]]
[[File:Jumli Marshi.jpg|thumb|120px|Jumli Marshi]]
[[File:Pokhareli Jethobudho.jpg|thumb|120px|Pokhareli Jethobudho]]
}}

== Pakistani varieties ==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* Basmati PK-198
* Basmati PK-370
* Basmati PK-385
* Basmati PK-515
* Basmati 2000
* Basmati Pak or Kernal Basmati
* Basmati D-98
* DR 82 Long Grain
* DR 83 Long Grain
* DR 92 Long Grain
* Himsha Basmati 67
* Irri-6 Non Basmati Long Grain Rice
* Irri-9 Non Basmati Long Grain Rice
* C-9 Non basmati Long Grain Rice
* Kainaat (1121)
* Kasha Basmati 167
* Khushbu
* KS 282 Non Basmati Long Grain Rice
* KSK 133
* KSK 434
* Moomal
* PK-386 Long Grain Rice
* PS-2 Non Basmati Extra Long Grain Rice
* PSP-2001
* Basmati SD-D34
* Shadab (R-1, A,1, B-1, B-2)
* Shaheen Basmati
* Shahi Basmati 451
* Super Basmati
* Unique Basmati 15
* Zaiqa HT-1215
* Sada Hayat
* Shahkar
* JP-5
* Kashmir Nafees
* Swat-I
* Swat-II
* Dilrosh-97
* Fakhar-e-Malakand
* Sarshar
* Shahkar
* Basmati Chenab
* Basmati Kissan
* Basmati Punjab
* Basmati 1509
* Noor Basmati
}}

== Philippine varieties ==
[[File:Balatinaw (or Balatinao) black rice from the Philippines 01.jpg|thumb|Balatinaw (or Balatinao), an heirloom [[black rice]] from [[Mountain Province]], [[Philippines]]]]
{{Columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* 7 tonner
* Angelika
* Azucena
* Balatinaw<ref name="prri1">{{cite web |title=Heirloom rice preserved, made productive |url=http://www.philrice.gov.ph/heirloom-rice-preserved-made-productive/ |publisher=Philippine Rice Research Institute |access-date=29 June 2018 |date=2017-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630042734/http://www.philrice.gov.ph/heirloom-rice-preserved-made-productive/ |archive-date=30 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Baysilanon
* Chong-ak<ref name=cordillera>{{cite news|last1=Cardinoza|first1=Gabriel|title=Cordillera rice varieties vanishing|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/591006/cordillera-rice-varieties-vanishing|access-date=7 November 2015|publisher=Inquirer Northern Luzon|date=2 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080032/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/591006/cordillera-rice-varieties-vanishing|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Dinorado
* Ifugao Rice
* Imbuucan<ref name=cordillera />
* IR-64
* [[IR-8]]
* IR-841
*Angelica
* Kalinayan
* Maharlika
* Mestiso
* Milagrosa pino
* Ominio<ref name=cordillera />
* [[Pirurutong]] (purple [[glutinous rice]])<ref name="pirurutong">{{cite web |title=Pirurutong at Tapol / Purple and White Glutinous Rice |url=https://www.marketmanila.com/archives/pirurutong-at-tapol-purple-and-white-glutinous-rice |website=Market Manila |date=27 November 2007 |access-date=6 July 2021 |archive-date=30 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430102005/http://www.marketmanila.com/archives/pirurutong-at-tapol-purple-and-white-glutinous-rice |url-status=live }}</ref>
* R-238
* Sampaguita
* Segadis Milagrosa
* Sinandomeng
* Tapol (white [[glutinous rice]])
* Wagwag
* V-10
* V-160
* White Rose
}}

== Portuguese varieties ==
* Ariete
* Arroz da terra
* Carolino
* Ponta rubra
* Valtejo

== Sri Lankan varieties ==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* Badhabath
* Kaluheenati
* Keeri Samba
* Madathawalu
* Nadu Rice
* [[Samba rice|Samba]]
* Sri Lankan Red Rice
* Sri Lankan white rice
* Supiri Nadu
* Supiri Samba
* Suwandhel
* Kurulu Thuda
* Gonabaru
*Dik wee
*Hichchi naga
*Pokkali
*Madathawalu
*Masuran
*Rathkara al
*Rath hada al
*Kalu kumara
*Herath banda
*Maha ma wee
*San sun
*Kiri naran
*Kalu heenati
*Sudu heenati
*Weda heenati
*Goda heenati
*Dik heenati
}}

== Spanish varieties ==
[[File:Bomba-Rice.jpg|right|thumb|Bomba rice]]
* Albufera (premium pearly round rice)
* Bahia (pearly round rice)
* Balilla x Sollana (pearly round rice)
* [[Bomba rice|Bomba]] (premium pearly round rice)
*[[Calasparra rice|Calasparra]] (premium pearly round rice)
* Fonsa (pearly round rice)
* Gleva (pearly round rice)
* Guadiamar (crystalline medium rice)
* J.Sendra (pearly round rice)
* Marisma (pearly round rice)
* Puntal (crystalline long rice)
* Senia (pearly round rice)

== Taiwanese varieties ==
* [[Glutinous rice]]
[[File:Oryza sativa-japonica Penglai.jpg|thumb|Penglai rice]]
* [[Penglai rice]]
[[File:Oryza sativa-indica Zailai.jpg|thumb|Zailai rice]]
* [[Zailai rice]]

== Thai varieties ==
[[File:2014 uncooked Thai jasmine rice.jpg|thumb|Jasmine rice from Thailand]]
* Black glutinous rice
* [[Jasmine rice]]
* [[Red Cargo rice]]
* [[Riceberry]]
* White glutinous rice

== Vietnamese varieties ==
* Dự Hương Rice
* [[Nàng Thơm Chợ Đào Rice]]
** grown in [[Mỹ Lệ]] commune, [[Cần Đước]] district, [[Long An]] province
* Nếp cái hoa vàng
** Grown in [[Nam Dinh]] province
* Nếp cẩm Rice
* Nếp Tú Lệ
* Tài Nguyên Rice
** Grown in [[Long An]] province
* Tám Xoan Rice
** Grown in [[Hải Hậu]] district, [[Nam Dinh]] province
* '''ST24 Rice''' – Top 3 world's best rice awarded in 2018
* '''ST25 Rice''' – The 1st world's best rice awarded 2019 and 2023
** Cultivated in [[Sóc Trăng province]] – Mekong Delta (Southern Vietnam), researched and developed by Hồ Văn Cua and his team.
*** Long grain rice that is fragrant and soft.

== See also ==
* [[International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants]]
* [[List of rice diseases]]
* [[Lists of cultivars]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Varieties of rice}}
{{Breed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rice varieties}}
[[Category:Rice varieties|*]]
[[Category:Lists of cultivars]]
[[Category:Lists of foods by ingredient]]

Kiss (2019 film)

2026-05-08T03:57:00Z

Sadique: creating data.

{{short description|Indian romantic comedy drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kiss
| image = Kiss_(2019_film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[A. P. Arjun]]
| producer = A. P. Arjun
| writer = A. P. Arjun
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Viraat (actor, born 1995)|Viraat]]
* [[Sreeleela]]
}}
| music = {{plainlist|
* [[V. Harikrishna]]
* Adi Hari
}}
| narrator = [[Dhruva Sarja]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/dhruva-sarja-lends-his-voice-to-ap-arjuns-kiss/articleshow/70771814.cms|title=Dhruva Sarja lends his voice to AP Arjun's Kiss|date=21 August 2019|work= The Times of India}}</ref>
| studio = A. P. Arjun Films
| cinematography = Arjun Shetty
| editing = Deepu S Kumar
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2019|09|27}}
| runtime = 148 minutes
| language = Kannada
| country = India
}}

'''''Kiss''''' is a 2019 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[comedy drama film]] directed by [[A. P. Arjun]] and produced by V. Ravi Kumar under Rashtrakuta Pictures. It is the second Kannada-language film after ''[[A 2nd Hand Lover]]'' (2015) to be inspired by the 2004 South Korean film ''[[100 Days with Mr. Arrogant]]''. The film features debutantes [[Viraat (actor, born 1995)|Viraat]] and [[Sreeleela]], alongside [[Chikkanna]], [[Sadhu Kokila]], and [[H. G. Dattatreya]].

''Kiss'' was released on 27 September 2019 to mixed reviews from critics and became a commercial success at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/kiss-crosses-100th-day-milestone/articleshow/74183010.cms|title=Kiss Movie: Viraat, Sree Leela-starrer Kiss crosses 100th day milestone|website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref> The film was partially reshot in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Kiss Me Idiot'' in 2025, starring [[Robo Shankar]] and Nanjil Vijayan.<ref name="D">{{Cite web|url=https://cinema.dinakaran.com/leelas-kannadafilm-dubbedtamil/|title=தமிழில் டப்பிங் ஆகிறது ஸ்ரீலீலாவின் கன்னட படம்|trans-title=Sreeleela's Kannada film is being dubbed in Tamil|date=15 September 2025|work=[[Dinakaran]]|language=ta|access-date=27 September 2025}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
{{Expand section|small=no|June 2025|date=June 2025}}

Nandini, an architecture student, damages the car of Arjun, the son of a [[multi-millionaire]]. Unable to pay for the damage, Nandini is asked to sign an agreement to work for Arjun for 72 days or give him two kisses. Nandini prefers the work option and accordingly, cleans his house, takes care of his dog, serves his friends at parties, and so on. An incident makes Nandini realize that Arjun is not the arrogant guy she assumed, and she soon develops feelings for him. As their 72-day agreement draws to a close, Nandini keeps her feelings to herself and departs Arjun's house in sadness. After a few days, Arjun realizes that he has fallen in love with Nandini and follows her to [[Ooty]], where he proposes to her, but she rejects him. Arjun pursues Nandini, who proceeds to give him the cold shoulder, even humiliating him in the hospital, where she is recuperating after a vicious attack by goons. A heartbroken Arjun is about to depart Ooty, but Nandini catches up to him. She confesses that she was testing him to see whether he truly loved her, and she proposes to him. The couple finally share their first kiss.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Viraat (actor, born 1995)|Viraat]] as Arjun
* [[Sreeleela]] as Nandini
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Arjun's father
* [[Chikkanna]] as Jaggi
* [[Sadhu Kokila]] as Musthafa
* [[H. G. Dattatreya]] as Nandini's PG owner
* Sundar Veena as Nandini's father
* Lakshmi Siddaiah as Nandini's mother
* Apoorva Gowda (cameo appearance in the song "Sheela Susheela")<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2018 |title=Apoorva Gowda's special appearance in Kiss |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/jun/27/apoorva-gowdas-special-appearance-in-kiss-1834105.html |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
* [[A. P. Arjun]] (cameo appearance)
* [[Suhasini Maniratnam]] as Arjun's mother (in portrait)
;Tamil version
* [[Robo Shankar]] as Ticket Thanikachalam
* Nanjil Vijayan as Pound Pandi
* Ashwathi and Sham as a couple
}}

==Production==
[[Mayuri Kyatari]] was hired to [[Dubbing|dub]] for Sreeleela.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2019 |title=Mayuri Kyatari dubs for Sreeleela in KISS |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/sep/18/mayuri-kyatari-dubs-for-sreeleela-in-kiss-14384.html |access-date=21 April 2020 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack consists of songs and a background score composed by [[V. Harikrishna]] to lyrics by [[A. P. Arjun]].<ref name="shre1">{{Cite web |title=Neene Modalu Neene Kone gets a thumbs up from fans - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/neene-modalu-neene-kone-gets-a-thumbs-up-from-fans/articleshow/67770129.cms |access-date=18 May 2021 |website=The Times of India|date=31 January 2019 }}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Kannada track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Sheela Susheela
| length1 = 4:07
| all_lyrics = [[A. P. Arjun]]
| music1 = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| extra1 = [[Chandan Shetty]]
| title2 = Neene Modalu
| music2 = Adi Hari
| length2 = 3:33
| extra2 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| title3 = Bette Gowda V/s Chikka Boramma
| music3 = V. Harikrishna
| length3 = 4:10
| extra3 = [[Puneeth Rajkumar]]
| title4 = Kanna Neeridu
| music4 = V. Harikrishna
| length4 = 4:36
| extra4 = [[Santhosh Venky]]
| title5 = Samadhana
| music5 = V. Harikrishna
| length5 = 5:00
| extra5 = [[Naveen Sajju]], [[V. Harikrishna]]
| title6 = I Love You Idiot
| music6 = V. Harikrishna
| length6 = 4:02
| extra6 = [[Sanjith Hegde]], Apoorva Sridhar
| total_length = 19:20
}}

;Tamil
The lyrics were written by Manimaran. [[Mukesh Mohamed|Mukesh]], Raja Ganapathy, Ajay Krishna, and Punya sang the songs.<ref name="FM">{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jcRRYlbPrWw|title=Kiss Me Idiot Tamil movie full HD 2025|date=30 October 2025|via=YouTube}}</ref> Additional score at the beginning and end of the film was composed by [[Prakash Nikki]].<ref name="FM" /><ref name="D" />

{{track listing
| headline = Tamil track listing<ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.facebook.com/reel/812570127915590/|title= Kiss me idiot movie Tamil melody video song #priyankank #elizabethsuraj #RoboShankar | Jaishankar Ramalingam|via=facebook.com}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Moodu Paniya
| length1 = 3:12
| extra1 = Priyanka NK
| lyrics1 = Manimaran
| total_length = 3:12
}}

==Reception==
''Kiss'' received mixed reviews from critics. Vinay Lokesh of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote, "Go and watch ''Kiss'' if love stories are your cup of tea".<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2019 |title=Kiss Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/kiss/movie-review/71336392.cms |access-date=21 April 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Shyam Prasad S of ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' called it "A typical young romance that goes on for an extended session in what can be described as an overmuch [sic] of vanilla chocolate".<ref>{{Cite web |last=S. |first=Shyam Prasad |date=28 September 2019 |title=Kiss movie review: Overmuch of vanilla chocolate |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/kiss-movie-review-overmuch-of-vanilla-chocolate/articleshow/71354858.cms |website=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref> Shashiprasad SM of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote that the film "is a good one-time watch, especially for those who simply love love stories of all kinds".<ref>{{Cite web |last=S. M. |first=Shashiprasad |date=28 September 2019 |title=Kiss movie review: Sweet but predictable |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/280919/kiss-movie-review-sweet-but-predictable.html |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> A. Sharadhaa of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' stated that "With KISS, Arjun's intention to cater to the younger generation is quite evident, and it makes for a decent one-time watch".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=29 September 2019 |title=Kiss (Kannada) Movie Review: A youthful but unduly stretched affair |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/kannada/2019/sep/29/kiss-kannada-movie-review-an-youthful-but-unduly-stretched-affair-14588.html |website=[[The New Indian Express|Cinema Express]]}}</ref> Jagadish Angadi of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote that "''Kiss'' is hardly even a one-time watch".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Angadi |first=Jagadish |date=27 September 2019 |title='Kiss' review: A technically-perfect bad movie |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/kiss-review-a-technically-perfect-bad-movie-764518.html |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|8810990}}

[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:2019 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of South Korean films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Films set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Films about interclass romance]]

EIILM-Kolkata

2026-05-01T14:18:15Z

Sadique: adding new data...

{{Short description|Education institute in Kolkata, India}}
{{Orphan|date=August 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Eastern Institute for Integrated Learning in Management Kolkata
|other_names = EIILM-Kolkata
|motto = छात्र सुखे सुखम् शिक्षक:
छात्रानाम च हिते हितम् ।
नात्म प्रियम् सुखम् शिक्षक:
छात्रानाम तु प्रियम् हितम्।।
|image = EIILM_Kolkata_Logo.png
|established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1995}}
|academic_affiliation = [[Vidyasagar University ]] [[Raiganj University]] [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://makautwb.ac.in/page.php?id=363|title=MAKAUT, WB - Affiliated College Links of MAKAUT, WB|website=makautwb.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://raiganjuniversity.ac.in/affiliated-institution/|title=Affiliated Institution – Raiganj University}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Eastern Institute for Integrated Learning in Management (CODE - VUOAP02) |url=http://www.vidyasagar.ac.in/academics/CollegeDetails.aspx?college=90}}</ref>
|chairman = Dr. R.P. Banerjee
|city = [[Kolkata]]
|state = [[West Bengal]]
|country = India
|website = {{URL| http://www.eiilm.co.in/}}
}}

'''Eastern Institute for Integrated Learning in Management Kolkata''' or '''EIILM-Kolkata''' is an education institute in Kolkata, India. It was founded in 1995 and is affiliated with [[Vidyasagar University]] and [[Raiganj University]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/edugraph/campus/eiilm-kolkata-organises-trans-asian-marketing-conclave-in-bangkok/cid/1893221|title=EIILM-Kolkata organises 'Trans Asian Marketing Conclave' in Bangkok|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/edugraph/news/a-book-on-stress-management-by-r-p-banerjee-launched-at-book-fair/cid/1856553|title=A Book on stress management by R.P. Banerjee launched at Book Fair|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

EIILM-Kolkata is also a partner with [[MingDao University|Mingdao University]] (Taiwan), [[Rajamangala University of Technology]] (Thailand), [[Pathumthani University]] (Thailand), and 16 other Indonesian Universities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/edugraph/news/eiilm-kolkata-ties-up-with-16-universities-of-indonesia/cid/1862560|title=EIILM-Kolkata ties up with 16 universities of Indonesia|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/eiilm-kolkata-strengthens-its-international-reach-signs-mou-with-16-indonesian-universities-dgtl/cid/1340769|title=EIILM-Kolkata | EIILM-Kolkata: ১৬টি ইন্দোনেশীয় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের সঙ্গে মউ স্বাক্ষর করল ইআইআইএলএম-কলকাতা|first=নিজস্ব|last=সংবাদদাতা|website=www.anandabazar.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/edugraph/campus/eiilm-kolkatas-global-outreach-mou-signed-with-international-universities/cid/1900231|title=EIILM-Kolkata's Global Outreach signed MoU with International Universities|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

In 2019, [[Dun & Bradstreet|The Dun & Bradstreet Corporation]] called it one of the leading Business Schools in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnb.co.in/files/pdf/Leading%20Business%20Schools%20of%20India%202019.pdf|title=Leading Business Schools of India 2019}}</ref> On 3 November 2022, it organised the Trans Asian Marketing Conclave in Bangkok, Thailand.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/edugraph/campus/delegates-from-7-nations-in-trans-asian-marketing-conclave-organised-by-eiilm-kolkata-in-bangkok/cid/1897566|title=EIILM-Kolkata in Bangkok featured Delegates from 7 Nations in Trans-Asian Marketing Conclave|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> EIILM-Kolkata also organised the charity match between the All-Stars Team of [[FC Bayern Munich|FC Bayern Munich Club]] and the ex-players of [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal Football Club]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/bayern-all-stars-too-hot-to-handle-german-veterans-thrash-east-bengal-all-stars-10-3/cid/468733|title=Bayern All Stars too hot to handle - German veterans thrash East Bengal All Stars 10-3|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=FCB All Stars in India for a good cause |url=https://fcbayern.com/en/news/2010/11/fcb-all-stars-in-india-for-a-good-cause}}</ref> It annually conducts its cultural event called Apavrinu-Vayam.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dance, music and fashion show mark EIILM'S academio-cultural fest |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/events/dance-music-and-fashion-show-mark-eiilms-academio-cultural-fest-photogallery/cid/1889861 |website=Telegraph India |publisher=JAISMITA ALEXANDER}}</ref>

==Courses==

*MBA ([[Master of Business Administration]])
*BBA ([[Bachelor of Business Administration]])
*BBA in Hospital Management ([[Hospital management|Hospital Management]])
*BBA in Hotel & Hospitality Management
*BBA in Sports Management ([[Sport management|Sport Management]])
*B.Sc. in Media Management
*BCA (Bachelor of Computer Applications)
*BBA in Business Analytics ([[Business analytics|Business Analytics]])
*Ph.D. as per UGC norms ([[PhD]])

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|West Bengal}}

[[Category:Business schools in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1995]]

Udayam (newspaper)

2026-04-27T00:53:44Z

Sadique: article

{{Short description|Telugu-language daily newspaper (1984–1995)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Udayam ఉదయం
| image_size =
| caption = Front page of ''Udayam'', 1984
| type = Daily newspaper
| format = [[Broadsheet]]
| founded = 29 December 1984<ref name=":2"/>
| ceased_publication = 23 May 1995<ref name=":0"/>
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| owners = Taraka Prabhu Publishers<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I2XAAAAMAAJ&q=Udayam+(newspaper) |title=All India Banking Law Judgments |date=1991 |publisher=Punjab Law Agency |volume=16 |pages=39 |language=en}}</ref>
| founder = [[Dasari Narayana Rao]]
| editor =
| staff_writers =
| circulation = 224,000 (first month)
| circulation_date = 1985
| headquarters = [[Hyderabad]], Andhra Pradesh, [[India]]
| ISSN =
}}

[[File:'udayam'_vijayawada_editorial_vibhaagam.jpg | thumb|right | Editors of ‘Udayam’]]
'''''Udayam''''' ({{Translation|Dawn}})<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Amarnath K. Menon |date=15 June 1995 |title=Udayam closes due to losses, hopes of revival seem remote |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19950615-udayam-closes-due-to-losses-hopes-of-revival-seem-remote-807390-1995-06-14 |access-date=10 November 2024 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> was a [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language daily newspaper in [[India]], founded in 1984 by film director [[Dasari Narayana Rao]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Somanaboina |first1=Simhadri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5tIEAAAQBAJ&dq=Udayam+%28newspaper%29&pg=PT585 |title=The Routledge Handbook of the Other Backward Classes in India: Thought, Movements and Development |last2=Ramagoud |first2=Akhileshwari |date=2021-11-15 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-46280-7 |language=en}}</ref> Known for its editorial advocacy of marginalized communities, anti-corruption, and democratic ideals,<ref name=":2" /> ''Udayam'' quickly garnered a strong readership, achieving a circulation of 2,24,000 copies within its first month. This rapid growth established it as the second-most circulated newspaper in [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Andhra Pradesh]] at the time, noted especially for its [[investigative journalism]].<ref name=":1" />

Published by Taraka Prabhu Publishers, Dasari Narayana Rao served as chairman, with Ramakrishna Prasad as managing director.<ref name=":3" /> The newspaper's first chief editor was A. B. K. Prasad, who served until 1985, followed by notable figures such as [[K. N. Y. Patanjali]] and [[Potturi Venkateswara Rao]]. Despite its early success, ''Udayam'' faced financial challenges that led to its transfer of ownership to businessman and politician [[Magunta Subbarama Reddy]] in the early 1990s. Plans for expansion were hindered by economic constraints, and by 1995, declining circulation and mounting debts forced the newspaper to cease operations.<ref name=":0" /> Attempts to revive the newspaper in subsequent years, including initiatives led by Dasari Narayana Rao himself, were unsuccessful.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=31 May 2017 |title=పత్రికారంగంలో కొత్త 'ఉదయం' |url=https://m.sakshi.com/news/top-news/dasari-narayana-rao-started-a-sensational-news-paper-in-1984-480282 |access-date=10 November 2024 |website=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |language=te}}</ref>

''Udayam'' is remembered for its editorial independence, inclusive work culture, and contribution to Telugu journalism.<ref name=":3" /> The newspaper was known for its investigative reporting, advocacy for social justice, and efforts to highlight the rights of marginalized communities and expose corruption.<ref name=":2" />

== History ==

=== Launch and early success ===
In addition to his career in cinema, [[Dasari Narayana Rao]] was known for his engagement with political and social causes, which inspired him to establish ''Udayam'' as a platform to express his ideals. Prior to its launch, Dasari Narayana Rao announced the start date of ''Udayam'' through advertisements in newspapers like ''[[Andhra Jyothi|Andhra Jyoti]]'' two weeks before 29 December 1984. In the ad, he mentioned that the launch would occur after the [[1984 Indian general election|1984 Lok Sabha elections]] to avoid interfering with the electoral process.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 1984 |title=Dasari announces the start date of his newspaper Udayam! |url=https://cinemacinemacinemasite.wordpress.com/2020/06/21/dasari-announces-the-start-date-of-his-newspaper-udayam/ |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=Andhra Jyothi |archive-date=10 November 2024 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20241110181144/https://cinemacinemacinemasite.wordpress.com/2020/06/21/dasari-announces-the-start-date-of-his-newspaper-udayam/ |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

''Udayam'' was launched in [[Hyderabad]] and [[Vijayawada]] on 29 December 1984 under the editorship of A. B. K. Prasad, a respected journalist, and quickly gained significant traction.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=N. V. R. Jyoti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6P5kAAAAMAAJ&q=Dasari |title=Newspaper Marketing in India: A Focus on Language Press |date=2003 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-261-1556-3 |pages=138, 149 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> Within a month, the newspaper's circulation reached 2,24,000 copies, making it the second-most circulated newspaper in [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Andhra Pradesh]] at the time pushing ''[[Andhra Prabha]]'' to third position.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Amarnath K. Menon |date=15 March 1985 |title=In one month, Telugu daily Udayam touches remarkable circulation figure of 2,24,000 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/media/story/19850315-in-one-month-telugu-daily-udayam-touches-remarkable-circulation-figure-of-224000-769855-2013-12-02 |access-date=10 November 2024 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=N. V. R. Jyoti Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6P5kAAAAMAAJ |title=Newspaper Marketing in India: A Focus on Language Press |date=2003 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-261-1556-3 |pages=343 |language=en |quote=Much interesting things followed in later years. Udayam, which entered the market towards the fag-end of 1984, occupied the market challenger’s position soon in 1985, pushing aside Andhra Prabha. By 1987, Andhra Jyoti emerged as the challenger, relegating Udayam to the third position.}}</ref> Due to the high demand, publisher Dasari Narayana Rao reportedly ordered additional printing machines to meet the needs of vendors requesting 50,000 more copies, even halting an ongoing sales campaign to manage the situation.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2017-12-01 |title=After TV9, TV5 to launch a vernacular news paper |url=https://www.telugu360.com/tv9-tv5-launch-vernacular-news-paper/ |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=Telugu360 |language=en-US}}</ref> By 1987, ''[[Andhra Jyothi]]'' pushed ''Udayam'' to the third position.<ref name=":5" />

''Udayam'' was distinct in its editorial stance, advocating for marginalized and underrepresented communities while focusing on anti-corruption and pro-democratic narratives. The newspaper became a leading voice for leftist and progressive ideas, often highlighting social justice issues and championing the rights of disadvantaged groups. Its commitment to these causes helped it earn a loyal readership among diverse social segments in Andhra Pradesh.<ref name=":2" />

=== Ownership change and closure ===
Financial difficulties eventually led Dasari Narayana Rao to transfer ownership of ''Udayam'' to [[Magunta Subbarama Reddy|Magunta Subbarami Reddy]], a liquor baron and [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|member of parliament]] (MP). In 1994, Subbarami Reddy announced ambitious plans to expand ''Udayam'' to 10 editions across Andhra Pradesh and to revive the historic Telugu daily ''[[Andhra Patrika]]'', which had ceased publication in 1991. He also acquired properties for the new editions.<ref name=":0" />

However, these expansion plans were soon complicated by the imposition of alcohol prohibition in Andhra Pradesh, which severely impacted Subbarami Reddy's primary revenue source from his liquor businesses.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhargav |first=Nimmagadda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NAymEAAAQBAJ&dq=Udayam+%28newspaper%29&pg=PT80 |title=Stringers and the Journalistic Field: Marginalities and Precarious News Labour in Small-Town India |date=2023-02-28 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-84035-3 |language=en}}</ref> By 1995, ''Udayam''’s circulation had declined significantly, falling to around 50,000 copies from its initial success. The newspaper struggled with substantial monthly losses of ₹32 [[lakh]], accumulating a total debt of ₹15 [[crore]], while declining advertising revenue further strained its finances.<ref name=":0" />

The rising costs of [[newsprint]] over the preceding 15 months compounded ''Udayam''’s financial woes. Subbarami Reddy's investments in advanced printing technology and plans for an [[English language|English]]-language newspaper added to the company's expenses, ultimately leading to the closure of ''Udayam'' on 23 May 1995, after nearly 11 years of publication.<ref name=":0" />

=== Attempted revival ===
Following its closure, efforts were made to revive ''Udayam'' under new management. Sathya Sai Prasad of Rayalaseema Paper Mills led these efforts, proposing a new editorial team with [[C. Ramachandraiah]] as Chief Editor, [[Nanduri Ramamohanarao|Nanduri Ramamohan Rao]] as advisory editor, and [[K Ramachandra Murthy|K. Ramachandra Murthy]] as Editor. However, the revival attempts lasted for about a year before operations ceased again.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Amaravadi |first=Ravindra Seshu |date=2023-01-31 |title=Did Udayam have all shades of 360 degrees? |url=https://www.primepost.in/udayam-a-vibrant-daily-newspaper/ |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=Primepost|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131193627/https://www.primepost.in/udayam-a-vibrant-daily-newspaper/ |archive-date=31 January 2023 }}</ref> Later, Dasari Narayana Rao, the publication's founder, reportedly made efforts to relaunch ''Udayam'', but it ultimately remained closed.<ref name=":2" />

In 2017, it was reported that [[TV5 (India)|TV5]], a leading Telugu news channel, was planning to relaunch ''Udayam'' as a vernacular newspaper. Although there were initial concerns about using the same name, these issues were eventually said to be resolved. Despite its closure, the ''Udayam'' name remained iconic, and TV5's decision to revive it sparked interest in the media industry.<ref name=":4" />

== Editorial team ==
The editorial team consisted of respected journalists and writers, including A. B. K. Prasad, [[K. N. Y. Patanjali|K. N. Y. Pathanjali]], [[K Ramachandra Murthy|K. Ramachandra Murthy]], [[Pasham Yadagiri|Pasam Yadagiri]], [[Devi Priya]], [[Sajjala Ramakrishna Reddy]], [[Devulapalli Amar]], and [[Rapolu Ananda Bhaskar]]. The team represented a diversity of political ideologies, ranging from [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] to [[Indian National Congress|Congress]], [[socialism]], and the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]]. Despite ideological differences, the team maintained a professional environment where ideas could be discussed openly and respectfully.<ref name=":3" />

== Work culture ==
''Udayam'' was established by Dasari Narayana Rao with an emphasis on editorial independence and a collaborative workplace culture. He encouraged open dialogue and creative thinking across all levels of the newspaper's operations. Ramakrishna Prasad, a close associate of Dasari Narayana Rao and the grandson of freedom fighter [[Gottipati Brahmayya]], provided additional support in management.<ref name=":3" /> The workplace at ''Udayam'' was known for its inclusivity, with employees from various departments, including circulation and marketing, participating in editorial discussions. This collaborative culture fostered a sense of shared responsibility and enthusiasm for the newspaper's mission.<ref name=":3" />

== Legacy ==
''Udayam'' achieved significant readership in its initial years, with a circulation of around 2,24,000 copies. It was recognized for its [[investigative journalism]], frequently publishing reports that exposed societal issues such as corruption and illegal activities.<ref name=":0" /> The newspaper also introduced innovative features, including a Hyderabad-specific tabloid format and ''Diksuchi'', a supplement aimed at students, both of which gained popularity.{{fact|date=April 2026}}

Even after its closure, ''Udayam'' remained influential in Telugu journalism, remembered for its commitment to editorial freedom and diverse thought. Nearly three decades after the newspaper's end, former employees and readers gathered in 2023 to commemorate its impact and the unique work environment it provided.<ref name=":3" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Newspapers in India|Health Care=Bilingual (Telugu and English) Monthly}}

[[Category:Telugu-language newspapers]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1984]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:1984 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Defunct newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Publications disestablished in 1995]]

Qatil Haseenaon Ke Naam

2026-04-23T14:24:57Z

Sadique: starting details

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Qatil Haseenaon Ke Naam.jpg
| genre = {{Plainlist |
* Crime fiction
* Drama
}}
| creator = [[Meenu Gaur]]
| writer = {{Plainlist |
* [[Farjad Nabi]]
* Meenu Gaur
}}
| director = [[Meenu Gaur]]
| starring = {{Plainlist |
* [[Rubya Chaudhry]]
* [[Sanam Saeed]]
* [[Sarwat Gilani]]
* [[Eman Suleman]]
* [[Faiza Gillani]]
}}
| composer = Saad Hayat
| country = Pakistan
| language = Urdu
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 6
| list_episodes = #Episode list
| producer = {{Plainlist |
* Hasan Raza Abidi
* Shailja Kejriwal
}}
| runtime = 49 mins
| released = {{Start date|2021|12|10|df=y}}
}}
'''''Qatil Haseenaon Ke Naam''''' is a Pakistani [[crime fiction]] drama original [[web series]] streaming on [[ZEE5]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=ZEE5 और जिंदगी ने किया वेब सीरीज 'कातिल हसीनाओं के नाम' का एलान, 'जिंदगी गुलजार है' एक्ट्रेस सनम सईद मुख्य स्टार कास्ट का हिस्सा|url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/web-series-review-pakistani-actress-sanam-saeed-in-zee5-and-zindagi-web-series-qatil-haseenaon-ke-naam-directed-by-meenu-gaur-22193787.html|access-date=2021-12-29|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi}}</ref> It is created and directed by British-Indian director [[Meenu Gaur]] and co-written by her with Pakistani writer and director [[Farjad Nabi]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Qatil Haseenaon Ke Naam Season 1 Review: A slow-burning dark thriller with killer ladies from across the border|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/qatil-haseenaon-ke-naam/season-1/seasonreview/88136425.cms|access-date=2021-12-29}}</ref> The series is produced by Hasan Raza Abidi and Shailja Kejriwal.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ZEE5- जिंदगी पर रिलीज होगी सीरीज 'कातिल हसीनाओं के नाम', Pak कलाकारों का दिखेगा बेबाक अंदाज|url=https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/news/story/pakistani-stars-based-qatil-haseenaon-ke-naam-series-will-release-on-zee5-and-zindagi-tmov-1355358-2021-11-11|access-date=2021-12-29|website=Aaj Tak|date=11 November 2021 |language=hi}}</ref> This six-episode web series was released on 10 December 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-10|title=Qatil Haseenaon Ke Naam review: Thought-provoking feminist noir|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/qatil-haseenaon-ke-naam-review-thought-provoking-and-entertaining-7665391/|access-date=2022-01-04|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> It stars [[Rubya Chaudhry]], [[Sanam Saeed]], [[Sarwat Gilani]], [[Eman Suleman]] and [[Faiza Gillani]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=जी5 की नई वेब सीरीज 'कातिल हसीनाओं के नाम' में दिखेंगी कई पाकिस्तानी अभिनेत्रियां, जारी हुआ ट्रेलर|url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/web-series-review-zee5-upcoming-web-series-qatil-haseenaon-ke-naam-has-sanam-saeed-and-other-leading-pakistani-actresses-in-lead-watch-trailer-22217474.html|access-date=2021-12-29|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Lodhi|first=Rida|date=2021-12-22|title='There will be blood'|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/2335102/there-will-be-blood-qatil-haseenaon-ke-naam-cast-on-playing-femme-fatales|access-date=2022-01-04|website=The Express Tribune|language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Mai Maalki happens to be one of the series' several aggrieved ladies who punish men for their deceit, opportunism and violence. Almost all the men here are bad unless they are not heterosexual or neck-deep in love.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bharatvarsh|first=TV9|date=2021-11-10|title=New Webseries : सितारों से सजी नई वेबसीरीज 'कातिल हसीनाओं के नाम', झकझोरकर रख देंगी बदले की भावना की कहानियां|url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/entertainment/ott/know-all-about-zee5-new-webseries-katil-qatil-haseenaon-ke-naam-stories-of-thrill-love-lust-and-revenge-909698.html|access-date=2021-12-29|website=TV9 Bharatvarsh|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-10|title=Qatil Haseenaon Ke Naam review: Pakistan-based femme noir series raises a toast to murderous beauties|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/qatil-haseenaon-ke-naam-review-in-pakistan-based-femme-noir-series-patriarchy-gets-a-she-hulk-smash-101639111614222.html|access-date=2022-01-04|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-12|title='QHKN' — Pakistani femme noir series raises a toast to murderous beauties|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/853821/qhkn-pakistani-femme-noir-series-raises-a-toast-to-murderous-beauties/|access-date=2022-01-04|website=Daily Times|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* [[Samiya Mumtaz]] as Mai Malki
* [[Sanam Saeed]] as Zuvi
* [[Sarwat Gilani]] as Mehek
* [[Mehar Bano]] as Anarkali
* [[Faiza Gillani]] as Kanwal
* Beo Raana Zafar as Massey Ma
* [[Eman Suleman]] as Zehra
* [[Rubya Chaudhry]] as Natasha
* Saleem Mairaj as Najji Shah
* [[Ahsan Khan]] as Gulab
* [[Osman Khalid Butt]] as Aftab
* [[Sheheryar Munawar]] as Bilal
* Kashif Hussian as Amar
* [[Fawad Khan]] as Abdullah
* Omar Rahim as Jojji
* [[Hajra Yamin]] as Dolla
* [[Tara Mahmood]] as Dr. Naheed

==Episode list==
{{Episode table |EpisodeNumber = | EpisodeNumber2 = |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |airdateR=|country=In |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = Mehek
|DirectedBy = Meenu Gaur
|WrittenBy = Farjad Nabi, Meenu Gaur
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|12|10}}
|ShortSummary = After Najji Shah's young bride Zehra is killed, he escapes and leaves his first wife, Mai Maalki to clean up the bloody mess. Mehek, a married woman, is unaware that her marriage is built on a lie.
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = Kanwal
|DirectedBy = Meenu Gaur
|WrittenBy = Farjad Nabi, Meenu Gaur
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|12|10}}
|ShortSummary = Mai Maalki distributes blood-soaked packages of Zehra's remains to the entire neighbourhood to get rid of the evidence. Meanwhile, Kanwal, a newcomer, begins to settle into her new job as a nurse.
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = Zuvi
|DirectedBy = Meenu Gaur
|WrittenBy = Farjad Nabi, Meenu Gaur
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|12|10}}
|ShortSummary = Mai Maalki threatens the residents in the neighbourhood when they show reluctance to destroy the evidence of Zehra's murder. Meanwhile, Zuvi, a high-society woman, discovers a secret in her marriage.
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = Massey Ma
|DirectedBy = Meenu Gaur
|WrittenBy = Farjad Nabi, Meenu Gaur
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|12|10}}
|ShortSummary = While the blood from Zehra's murder has dried, more has been spilt. Massey Ma, a terminally ill woman, wants to set the scales of justice right before she dies when she realises her mistake.
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5
|Title = Zehra
|DirectedBy = Meenu Gaur
|WrittenBy = Farjad Nabi, Meenu Gaur
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|12|10}}
|ShortSummary = While Zehra's body is disposed of, little is known about her life and death. In the past, Najji Shah meets Zehra, setting off a chain of events. Who is Mai Maalki, and what's Anarkali's connection to her?
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|EpisodeNumber2 = 6
|Title = Anarkali aur Mein Maalki
|DirectedBy = Meenu Gaur
|WrittenBy = Farjad Nabi, Meenu Gaur
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|12|10}}
|ShortSummary = All tales have led to the bloody endgame. Soon, the truth about the night of Zehra's murder is revealed.
|LineColor =
}}
}}

== Release ==
ZEE5 and [[Zindagi (TV channel)|Zindagi]] announced the launch of the trailer on 18 November 2021,<ref>{{Cite news|date=18 Nov 2021|title=ZEE5 Drops Trailer Of Thriller Series 'Qatil Haseenaon Ke Naam'|work=outlookindia.com|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/entertainment-news-zee5-drops-trailer-of-thriller-series-qatil-haseenaon-ke-naam/401500|access-date=29 Dec 2021}}</ref> and the series was released on 10 December 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-18|title=Trailer of Pakistani noir series 'Qatil Haseenaon Ke Naam' released|url=https://www.siasat.com/trailer-of-pakistani-noir-series-qatil-haseenaon-ke-naam-released-2227265/|access-date=2021-12-29|website=The Siasat Daily|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical reviews ===
{{Film and game ratings
| rev1 = Ottplay
| rev1score = {{Rating|4|5}}
| rev2 = Cinestaan
| rev2score = {{Rating|2.5|5}}
}}
Akhila Damodaran of OTTPlay<ref>{{Cite web|last=Damodaran|first=Akhila|date=10 Dec 2021|title=Qatil Haseenaon Ke Naam review: A feminist, bold and unconventional Pakistani noir|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/qatil-haseenaon-ke-naam-review-a-feminist-bold-and-unconventional-pakistani-noir/5b0c57ea96706|access-date=2021-12-29|website=OTTPlay|language=en}}</ref> has given it 4/5 stars stating that the web series is a feminist, bold and unconventional Pakistani noir. The series has many surprises. It has bold and heretical as it shows that women are also drinking and smoking, never seen in Pakistani dramas. It is well written and edited. The actors' performances were impressive, and the main highlight was the background score. The web series is a definite watch that has a rare subject dealt in Urdu cinema and dramas and comes with a pleasant surprise.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

Roushni Sarkar of Cinestaan<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sarkar|first=Roushni|title=Qatil Haseenaon Ke Naam review: Aesthetic, audacious depiction of women seeking revenge and serving justice|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/qatil-haseenaon-ke-naam-27277|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211075704/https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/qatil-haseenaon-ke-naam-27277|url-status=live|archive-date=11 December 2021|access-date=2021-12-29|website=Cinestaan}}</ref> gave 2.5/5 stars stating that the web series is an aesthetic, audacious depiction of women seeking revenge and serving justice. The well-written series boasts of power-packed performances by the entire cast, though it gains momentum and intensity a little late. Series with a power-pack performance by all the actors, music composer has played well, the climax moment of each story and the jaw-dropping twists reward the viewer's patience.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

Archi Sengupta of Leisurebyte<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sengupta|first=Archi|date=10 Dec 2021|title=Qatil Haseenaon Ke Naam (2021) Review: Sanam Saeed-Starrer is a Femme Fatale Story|url=https://www.leisurebyte.com/qatil-haseenaon-ke-naam-2021-review-sanam-saeed/|access-date=2021-12-29|website=leisurebyte.com|language=en-US}}</ref> says that the stories involving women are usually wild, scary or shocking or a mixture of all three. The web series has some great performances. In a femme fatale story, the actresses are absolutely wonderful and great to watch. Set in one neighbourhood, these women form the backbone of the story that keeps everything together. The characters are interesting and their lives’ problems are shocking enough to warrant at least one watch.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* ''[https://www.zee5.com/global/web-series/details/qatil-haseenaon-ke-naam/0-6-4z543444/ Qatil Haseenaon Ke Naam]'' at [[List of ZEE5 original programming|ZEE5]]
* {{IMDb title|id=tt16141842}}

[[Category:ZEE5 original programming]]
[[Category:Pakistani web series]]
[[Category:2021 web series debuts]]

Malegaon Central Assembly constituency

2026-04-20T07:11:02Z

Sadique: new - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Malegaon Central
| type = SLA
| map_image = 114-Malegaon Central.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| division = [[Nashik division|Nashik]]
| district = [[Nashik district|Nashik]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Dhule (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhule]]
| constituency_no = 114
| established = 1978
| reservation = None
| abolished =
| mla = [[Mohammed Ismail Abdul Khalique]]
| incumbent_image =
| party = {{Party index link|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Independent|shortname=None}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 342,786
}}
'''Malegaon Central Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) constituencies in [[Maharashtra]] state in western [[India]].<ref name=ceo>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |accessdate=4 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archivedate=18 March 2010 }}</ref>

It is part of [[Dhule Lok Sabha constituency]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malegaon Central Vidhan Sabha Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/malegaon-central.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''Till 2009 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|[[Mohammed Ismail Abdul Khalique|Ismail Abdul Khalique]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jan Surajya Shakti}}
|-
|[[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|[[Shaikh Aasif Shaikh Rashid]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Mohammed Ismail Abdul Khalique|Ismail Abdul Khalique]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|-
|[[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Malegaon Central<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Malegaon Central">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Malegaon Central |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13114.htm |access-date=19 December 2024 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219181251/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13114.htm |archive-date=19 December 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Mohammed Ismail Abdul Khalique]] |party=All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes = 109,653 |percentage = 45.87% |change={{decrease}}12.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Shaikh Aasif Shaikh Rashid]] |party=Indian Secular Largest Assembly of Maharashtra |votes = 109,491 |percentage = 45.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nihal Ahmed |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 9,624 |percentage = 4.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ejaz Baig Aziz Baig |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 7,527 |percentage = 3.15% |change={{decrease}}36.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,102 |percentage = 0.46% |change={{decrease}}0.11 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 162 |percentage = 0.07% |change= {{decrease}}19.27 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 240,164 |percentage = 70.06% |change= {{increase}}2.61 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 239,062}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 342,786|ref = |change= {{increase}}15.51 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |loser = All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |swing= {{decrease}}12.99 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Malegaon Central<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Mohammed Ismail Abdul Khalique]] |party=All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes = 117,242 |percentage = 58.86% |change={{increase}}46.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Shaikh Aasif Shaikh Rashid]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 78,723 |percentage = 39.52% |change={{decrease}}5.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dipali Vivek Warule |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,450 |percentage = 0.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,143 |percentage = 0.57% |change={{decrease}}0.18 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 38,519 |percentage = 19.34% |change= {{increase}}9.62 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 200,641 |percentage = 67.61% |change= {{decrease}}0.33 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 199,201}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 296,749|ref = |change= {{increase}}20.48 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}13.52 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Malegaon Central<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Shaikh Aasif Shaikh Rashid]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 75,326 |percentage = 45.34% |change={{increase}}10.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Mohammed Ismail Abdul Khalique]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 59,175 |percentage = 35.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=A. Malik Mo. Yunus |party=All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes = 21,050 |percentage = 12.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Buland Iqbal Nihal Ah. |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 6,721 |percentage = 4.05% |change={{decrease}}11.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sajid Akhtar Etejajuddin |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 1,375 |percentage = 0.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,259 |percentage = 0.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,151 |percentage = 9.72% |change= {{decrease}}2.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 167,416 |percentage = 67.97% |change= {{increase}}4.72 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 166,150}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 246,308|ref = |change= {{increase}}2.15 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Jan Surajya Shakti |swing= {{decrease}}1.70 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Malegaon Central<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Mohammed Ismail Abdul Khalique]] |party=Jan Surajya Shakti |votes = 71,157 |percentage = 47.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shaikh Rasheed Haji Shaikh Shafi |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 53,238 |percentage = 35.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nihal Ahmad Maulwi Mohmad Usman |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 23,237 |percentage = 15.36% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mo. Ismail Jumman |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,034 |percentage = 0.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,919 |percentage = 11.85% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 151,280 |percentage = 62.74% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 151,269}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 241,115|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Jan Surajya Shakti |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
#[[Malegaon Outer Assembly constituency]]
#[[Dhule (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
#[[Malegaon (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
#[[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]]
#[[Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra]]
#[[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
#[[Malegaon]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nashik district topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|20.560|74.524|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Nashik district]]
[[Category:Malegaon]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Nashik district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1978]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Prakash Parienkar

2026-04-19T23:53:15Z

Sadique: starting a info...

{{Short description|Indian writer (born 1968)}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Prakash S. Parienkar
| image = Prof Prakash Parienkar, Goa University's Discipline of Konkani, with one of his short story books translated into English.jpg
| caption = Parienkar in 2025
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1968|7|30|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Dhave, [[Sattari]], [[Goa]], India
| occupation = Associate Professor, writer, researcher
| education = M.A., M.Com., B.Ed., Ph.D.
| genre = Short stories, children's literature, essays, research
| notable_works = ''Varsal'', ''Igadi Bigadi Tigadi Tha'', ''The Bitter-Fruit Tree and Other Stories''
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (2023) [[Sahitya Akademi Bal Sahitya Puraskar]] (2010)
}}

'''Prakash S. Parienkar''' (born 30 July 1968) is an Indian writer, academic, and researcher from [[Goa]]. He is primarily known for his contributions to [[Konkani literature]], for which he has received multiple national honors, including the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 2023.<ref name="HeraldParienkar">{{Cite news |last=Herald Goa |date=21 December 2023 |title=Prakash Parienkar bags Sahitya Akademi Award |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/goa/prakash-parienkar-bags-sahitya-akademi-award/327983/ |access-date=2024-12-31 |work=O Heraldo}}</ref> He currently serves as an Associate Professor and Vice Dean (Research) at the Shenoi Goembab School of Languages and Literature, [[Goa University]].<ref name="GoaNewsParienkar">{{Cite news |last=Goa News |date=20 December 2023 |title='Sattarikar' Prakash Parienkar bags Sahitya Akademi Award |url=https://goanews.com/sattarikar-prakash-parienkar-bags-sahitya-akademi-award/ |access-date=2024-12-31 |work=Goanews.com}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Parienkar was born on 30 July 1968<ref>{{Cite report |title=Prakash Parienkar: A Brief Bio- Data |url=https://www.unigoa.ac.in/uploads/confg_docs/20231220.113501~BioData_Parienkar.pdf |publisher=Goa University}}</ref> in Dhave, a village in the [[Sattari]] taluka of Goa.<ref name="GoaNewsParienkar" /> He completed his higher education with an M.A. in Konkani and an M.Com. in Management Studies, followed by a B.Ed. and a Ph.D. from Goa University.<ref name="GoaNewsParienkar" /> His upbringing in the forested regions of northeastern Goa significantly influenced his literary focus on rural life and local traditions.<ref name="ThePrintParienkar">{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=1 June 2024 |title=Sahitya Akademi winner Parienkar's Konkani stories collection translated into English |url=https://theprint.in/india/sahitya-akademi-winner-parienkars-konkani-stories-collection-translated-into-english/2643821/ |access-date=2024-12-31 |work=[[ThePrint]]}}</ref>

==Career and literary work==
Parienkar's writing often depicts the social, cultural, and agricultural rhythms of village life in Sattari. His short story collection ''Varsal'' (2021) explores the struggles and joys of rural communities against the backdrop of the Western Ghats.<ref name="ThePrintParienkar" /> In 2024, an English translation of thirteen of his short stories was published by Niyogi Books under the title ''The Bitter-Fruit Tree and Other Stories'', translated by Vidya Pai.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sarkar |first1=Priyanka |title=Review: The Bitter Fruit Tree and Other Stories by Prakash Parienkar |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-the-bitter-fruit-tree-and-other-stories-by-prakash-parienkar-101756489196501.html |access-date=12 February 2026 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=30 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mittal |first1=Kritika |title=Prakash Pareinkar's new book looks at life in Sattari up close and front |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/features/prakash-pareinkars-new-book-looks-at-life-in-sattari-up-close-and-front-1503442322.html |access-date=12 February 2026 |work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=6 June 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Acharekar |first1=Janhavi |title=The Bitter Fruit Tree: Stories of Culture and Conflict |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/books/the-bitter-fruit-tree-prakash-parienkar-goa-stories-review/article70084060.ece |access-date=12 February 2026 |work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |date=4 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Basu |first1=Anjana |title=Book Review: The Bitter Fruit Tree |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/books/book-review-the-bitter-fruit-tree |access-date=12 February 2026 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook India]] |date=5 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

Beyond fiction, Parienkar is a noted researcher. He authored ''Mhadei: Kallzantlyan Kagdar'', an eco-anthropological study of the [[Mandovi River|Mhadei River]] basin, which documented the region's biodiversity and cultural heritage.<ref name="GoaNewsParienkar" /> He is also actively involved in reviving traditional agricultural practices, such as "Puran Sheti," a silt-based cultivation method unique to the Sattari region.<ref name="GoaNewsParienkar" />

In addition to his academic and literary roles, he has served as the President of the Gramin Sahitya Sammelan (Rural Literature Convention) in 2018.<ref name="HeraldParienkar" />

==Adaptations==
His literary works have seen success in other media formats. The short film ''Kaajro'', based on one of his Konkani stories, was awarded the Best Regional Film at the 67th [[National Film Awards]].<ref name="GoaNewsParienkar" /> His screenplay for the short film ''Ek Thembo Ashecho'' also received state-level recognition in Goa.<ref name="GoaNewsParienkar" />

==Awards and recognition==
Parienkar has received several prominent awards throughout his career:
* Sahitya Akademi Award (2023): For his short story collection ''Varsal''.<ref name="HeraldParienkar" />
* Sahitya Akademi Bal Sahitya Puraskar (2010): For his children's play ''Igadi Bigadi Tigadi Tha''.<ref name="GoaNewsParienkar" />
* Katha Award (2003): For the Konkani short story ''Chandrakor''.<ref name="GoaNewsParienkar" />
* Yuva Srujan Puraskar: Awarded by the Government of Goa for his contributions to Konkani literature.<ref name="GoaNewsParienkar" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parienkar, Prakash}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from North Goa district]]
[[Category:Konkani-language writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Konkani]]

Niali Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:38:30Z

Sadique: starting bio...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Niali}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Niali
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 92
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| division = Central Division
| district = [[Cuttack district|Cuttack]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jagatsinghpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jagatsinghpur]]
| established = 2009
| reservation = SC
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Chhabi Malik]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,48,941{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Niali''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Odisha|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly|constituency]] of [[Cuttack district]], [[Odisha]], [[India]].

This constituency includes [[Niali]] block, Kantapada block and eight [[gram panchayat]]s (Nagari, Usuma, Khalarda, Korkora, Sainso, Kurangpradhan, Kurangsasan and Harianta) of Barang block.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref>

The constituency was formed in the 2008 Delimitation<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delimitation 2008 |url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/forms/int1.pdf |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]] |access-date=28 May 2024 |archive-date=29 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529075331/https://elections.tn.gov.in/Web/forms/int1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> and went for polls in [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 election]].

==Elected members==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|47.71}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|53.65}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|53.27}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|65.45}}
}}

Since its formation in 2009, four elections have been held.

The list of members elected from Niali constituency is:

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Niali Assembly Election Results 2024: Niali Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/niali-constituency-result-18092 |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Chhabi Malik]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners">{{cite news |last1=Zee News |date=24 May 2019 |title=Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners |url=https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/odisha-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205899.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108183944/https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/odisha-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205899.html |archivedate=8 November 2022 |accessdate=8 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" |[[Pramod Kumar Mallick]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Constituency Wise odisha Assembly Election result 2014. |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818230907/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html |archive-date=18 August 2014 |access-date=29 May 2014 |publisher=Leadtech.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=27 May 2013 |access-date=16 April 2014 |website=leadtech.in |quote=30351}}</ref>
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
An election was held on 1 June 2024 in the 4th phase of the Odisha Assembly election and the 7th phase of the Indian general election. The counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Chhabi Malik]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Pramod Kumar Mallick]] by a margin of 1,452 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha election]], Niali}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Chhabi Malik]]
|votes = 90,191
|percentage = 47.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Pramod Kumar Mallick]]
|votes = 88,739
|percentage = 46.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Jyoti Ranjan Mallick
|votes = 7,701
|percentage = 4.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 633
|percentage = 0.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,452
|percentage = 0.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,89,024
|percentage = 75.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Pramod Kumar Mallick]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Chhabi Malik]] by a margin of 27,703 votes.<ref name="Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners" />

{{Election box begin |title= [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Odisha Vidhan Sabha election]], Niali}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Pramod Kumar Mallick]]
|votes = 94,013
|percentage = 53.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Chhabi Malik]]
|votes = 66,310
|percentage = 37.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Mamata Bhoi
|votes = 12,659
|percentage = 7.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 698
|percentage = 0.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 27,703
|percentage = 15.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,75,224
|percentage = 72.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Pramod Kumar Mallick]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Chhabi Malik]] by a margin of 25,809 votes.<ref name=":1" />

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Vidhan Sabha election]], Niali<ref name=Candidate>{{cite web|title= Niali Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/niali.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate= 21 April 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Pramod Kumar Mallick]]
|votes = 88,119
|percentage = 53.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Chhabi Malik]]
|votes = 62,310
|percentage = 37.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sushanta Kumar Mallick
|votes = 11,831
|percentage = 7.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,073
|percentage = 0.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 25,809
|percentage = 15.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,65,406
|percentage = 75.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
In 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Pramod Kumar Mallick]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Artratrana Malik by a margin of 50,653 votes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=50653 |accessdate=16 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html# |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box begin|
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Vidhan Sabha election]], Niali<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Pramod Kumar Mallick]]
|votes = 90,058
|percentage = 65.45
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Artratrana Malik
|votes = 40,005
|percentage = 28.88
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sushanta Kumar Mallick
|votes = 4,921
|percentage = 3.55
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 50,653
|percentage = 36.57{{efn|% of total valid votes}}
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,38,534
|percentage = 64.56
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 2,14,580
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Cuttack district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha}}
{{coords|20.14|86.06|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Politics of Cuttack district]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2009]]

Vignesh Puthur

2026-04-15T11:10:47Z

Sadique: done!

{{short description|Indian cricketer (born 2001)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Vignesh Puthur
| full_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2001|3|2|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Perinthalmanna]], [[Kerala]], India
| batting =
| bowling = Left-arm [[wrist spin]]
| role = [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowler]]
| height =
| club1 = [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
| year1 = 2025–present
| date = 23 March
| year = 2025
| source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/vignesh-puthur-1460388 ESPNcricinfo
|club2=[[Mumbai Indians]]|year2=2025|club3=[[Rajasthan Royals]]|year3=2026}}

'''Vignesh Puthur''' (born 2 March 2001) is an Indian [[Cricket|cricketer]] who plays for [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]] in domestic cricket and [[Rajasthan Royals]] in the [[Indian Premier League]].<ref name="INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE {{!}} Unexpected call up for Vignesh Puthur">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=INDIAN PREMIER LEAGUE {{!}} Unexpected call up for Vignesh Puthur |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/indian-premier-league-unexpected-call-up-for-vignesh-puthur/article68923003.ece |access-date=23 March 2025 |work=The Hindu |date=28 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250323180958/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/indian-premier-league-unexpected-call-up-for-vignesh-puthur/article68923003.ece |archive-date=23 March 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="IPL Auction 2025: Meet Vignesh Puthur, Kerala's left-arm wrist spinner who bowled Mumbai Indians over">{{cite news |title=IPL Auction 2025: Meet Vignesh Puthur, Kerala's left-arm wrist spinner who bowled Mumbai Indians over |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/ipl-auction-2025-meet-vignesh-puthur-keralas-left-arm-wrist-spinner-who-bowled-mumbai-indians-over/articleshow/115715823.cms |access-date=23 March 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=27 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250323181044/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/ipl-auction-2025-meet-vignesh-puthur-keralas-left-arm-wrist-spinner-who-bowled-mumbai-indians-over/articleshow/115715823.cms |archive-date=23 March 2025}}</ref><ref name="IPL 2025, CSK vs MI: Who is Vignesh Puthur, Kerala spinner who dismissed Ruturaj Gaikwad, Shivam Dube on IPL debut for Mumbai Indians">{{cite news |title=IPL 2025, CSK vs MI: Who is Vignesh Puthur, Kerala spinner who dismissed Ruturaj Gaikwad, Shivam Dube on IPL debut for Mumbai Indians |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/ipl/ipl-2025-csk-vs-mi-vignesh-puthur-kerala-spinner-ipl-debut-impact-sub-rohit-sharma-9902060/ |access-date=23 March 2025 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=23 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250323182755/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/ipl/ipl-2025-csk-vs-mi-vignesh-puthur-kerala-spinner-ipl-debut-impact-sub-rohit-sharma-9902060/ |archive-date=23 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Vignesh Puthur was born on 2 March 2001, in [[Perinthalmanna]] in [[Kerala]]. His father Sunil Kumar is an autorickshaw driver and his mother K.P. Bindhu is a homemaker. He completed his secondary education at Government Model Higher Secondary School, Perinthalmanna and later graduated from St. Thomas’ College (Autonomous), Thrissur. Vignesh is currently pursuing an MA Literature at PTM Government College, Perinthalmanna.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rai |first1=Jai |title=Son of an autorickshaw driver Kerala's Vignesh Puthur is an instant hit in IPL |url=https://gulfnews.com/sport/cricket/ipl/son-of-an-autorickshaw-driver-keralas-vignesh-puthur-is-an-instant-hit-in-ipl-1.500070205 |website=Gulf News |language=en |date=24 March 2025}}</ref>

==Career==
Vignesh Puthur began his initial coaching under cricket coach Vijayan in Perinthalmanna and playing for Kerala in the Under-14, Under-19, Under-23 categories and later he was a part of the inaugural season of the Kerala Cricket League (KCL), representing the Alleppey Ripples.
=== IPL ===
He acted as a net bowler for the [[MI Cape Town]] prior to their purchase of him for [[Indian rupee|₹]]30 lakh in the 2025 IPL Mega [[List of 2025 Indian Premier League personnel changes|auction]] by [[Mumbai Indians]].<ref name="WhoIs1">{{cite news |title=Who is Vignesh Puthur? Auto rickshaw driver's son is MI's scouting gem for IPL 2025 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ipl-2025-vignesh-puthur-details-mumbai-indians-scouting-kerala-spinner-2697877-2025-03-23 |access-date=23 March 2025 |publisher=India Today |date=23 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250323181941/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ipl-2025-vignesh-puthur-details-mumbai-indians-scouting-kerala-spinner-2697877-2025-03-23 |archive-date=23 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
He made his IPL debut against [[Chennai Super Kings]] on 23 March 2025 and took the wickets of [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]], [[Shivam Dube]] and [[Deepak Hooda]].<ref name="WhoIs2">{{cite news |title=Who Is Vignesh Puthur: Mumbai Indians Spinner From Kerala Who Impressed On IPL Debut |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/ipl-2025/who-is-vignesh-puthur-mumbai-indians-spinner-from-kerala-who-impressed-on-ipl-debut-7993480 |access-date=23 March 2025 |publisher=NDTVSports |date=23 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250323182020/https://sports.ndtv.com/ipl-2025/who-is-vignesh-puthur-mumbai-indians-spinner-from-kerala-who-impressed-on-ipl-debut-7993480 |archive-date=23 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="CNBC">{{cite news |title=Vignesh Puthur: Mumbai Indians scout left-arm wrist spinner from Kerala for IPL 2025 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/sports/vignesh-puthur-mumbai-indians-scout-left-arm-wrist-spinner-from-kerala-for-ipl-2025-19577985.htm |access-date=23 March 2025 |publisher=CNBCTV18 |date=23 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250323182425/https://www.cnbctv18.com/sports/vignesh-puthur-mumbai-indians-scout-left-arm-wrist-spinner-from-kerala-for-ipl-2025-19577985.htm |archive-date=23 March 2025}}</ref><ref name="Telegraph">{{cite news |title=Who is Vignesh Puthur? The left-arm wrist spinner who replaced Rohit Sharma as MI’s impact sub against CSK |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/cricket/who-is-vignesh-puthur-the-left-arm-wrist-spinner-who-replaced-rohit-sharma-as-mis-impact-sub-against-csk/cid/2090426 |access-date=23 March 2025 |publisher=The Telegraph |date=23 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250323182756/https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/cricket/who-is-vignesh-puthur-the-left-arm-wrist-spinner-who-replaced-rohit-sharma-as-mis-impact-sub-against-csk/cid/2090426 |archive-date=23 March 2025}}</ref><ref name="ET">{{cite news |title=Meet Vignesh Puthur: The boy from Kerala & MI debutant who 'spun' his way into IPL, 'impacting' CSK's batting |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/meet-vignesh-puthur-the-boy-from-kerala-mi-debutant-who-spun-his-way-into-ipl-impacting-csks-batting/articleshow/119387063.cms?from=mdr |access-date=23 March 2025 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=23 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250323182818/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/meet-vignesh-puthur-the-boy-from-kerala-mi-debutant-who-spun-his-way-into-ipl-imapcting-csks-batting/articleshow/119387063.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=23 March 2025}}</ref>

As of 15 November 2025, Vignesh was released by the Mumbai Indians ahead of the 2026 season.<ref name="MI2026">{{cite web |title=Mumbai Indians – IPL 2026 Retentions |url=https://www.mumbaiindians.com/news/mumbai-indians-ipl-2026-retentions |publisher=Mumbai Indians |access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref>

In the [[2026 Indian Premier League]] auction, he was bought by [[Rajasthan Royals]] for 30 lakhs ahead of the [[2026 Indian Premier League]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/vignesh-puthur-1460388 ESPNcricinfo]
{{Rajasthan Royals squad}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Puthur, Vignesh}}
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Mumbai Indians cricketers]]
[[Category:Kerala cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Kerala]]
[[Category:People from Malappuram]]

Akanksha Sharma

2026-04-14T18:35:21Z

Sadique:

{{Short description|Indian actress and model }}
{{Infobox person
| name = Akanksha Sharma
| birth_name =
| image = Akanksha Sharma at Grazia Millennial Awards 2023.jpg
| caption = Sharma at Grazia Millennial Awards 2023
| birth_place =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1996|04|14}}
| occupation = Actress, model
| yearsactive = 2016-present
| relatives =
}}

'''Akanksha Sharma''' (born 14 April 1999<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch India's next top Model Season 2 contestant List Name wiki bio Age |url=http://www.indiasnexttopmodels.com/watch-indias-next-top-model-season-2-contestant-list-name-wiki-bio-age/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160713192407/http://www.indiasnexttopmodels.com/watch-indias-next-top-model-season-2-contestant-list-name-wiki-bio-age/ |archive-date=2016-07-13 |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=www.indiasnexttopmodels.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref group="‡">{{Cite web |date=2023-04-14 |title=Happy Birthday To Me 🎉 I was born on 14, April 1999.|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CrA3VnJt10B/ |access-date=2025-07-20 |website=Instagram}}</ref>) is an Indian actress and model who has appeared in [[Hindi]], [[Kannada]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language films, and [[music video]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |title=कौन हैं आकांक्षा शर्मा, जिन्हें बताया जा रहा है टाइगर श्रॉफ की नई गर्लफ्रेंड |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/entertainment/story-who-is-akanksha-sharma-dating-girl-of-tiger-shroff-gossip-in-town-6924387.html |access-date=14 June 2025 |work=Hindustan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2022-06-21 |title=Akanksha Sharma: The image of a heroine has changed over the years |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/interviews/2022/Jun/21/akanksha-sharma-the-image-of-a-heroine-has-changed-over-the-years-32217.html |access-date=2025-06-13 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> She is primarily known for her roles in ''[[Kesari Veer|Keshari Veer]]'', ''[[Laila (2025 film)|Laila]]'' and ''[[Trivikrama (film)|Trivikrama]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-23 |title=Kesari Veer movie review: Sooraj Pancholi, Suniel Shetty film marred by weak plot, over-the-top performances and garish visual effects |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/kesari-veer-movie-review-sooraj-pancholi-suniel-shetty-film-marred-by-weak-plot-over-the-top-performances-and-garish-visual-effects-10023580/ |access-date=2025-06-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2025-02-14 |title=Vishwak Sen's 'Laila' movie review: A troublesome, crass narrative |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/laila-movie-review-a-troublesome-crass-narrative/article69214817.ece |access-date=2025-06-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2022-06-25 |title=Trivikrama Movie Review: New talent brings freshness to a formulaic plot |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2022/Jun/25/trivikrama-movie-review-new-talent-brings-freshness-to-a-formulaic-plot-32324.html |access-date=2025-06-13 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Sharma began working in the entertainment industry through modeling assignments. She participated in [[India's Next Top Model season 2|''India's next top model Season 2'']] , which aired in 2016. In 2018, she appeared in the music video ''Do Din'', performed by [[Darshan Raval]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khatoon |first=F. |date=2018-09-10 |title=Here's what Darshan Raval has to say about his latest single Do Din |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2018/Sep/10/heres-what-darshan-raval-has-to-say-about-his-latest-single-do-din-10050.html |access-date=2025-06-13 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}</ref> She was later featured in ''I Am Disco Dancer 2.0'' (2020), a recreation of a 1980s Hindi film song, performed by [[Benny Dayal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tiger Shroff to Recreate Mithun Chakraborty's Disco Dancer, Shares First Look poster |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/tiger-shroff-to-recreate-mithun-chakrabortys-disco-dancer-shares-first-look-poster-2539955.html |access-date=2025-06-13 |website=News18 |date=16 March 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2021, she appeared in the music video ''Jugnu'', performed by [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]] and [[Nikhita Gandhi]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Murthy |first=Neeraja |date=2021-10-28 |title=Badshah on his new romantic single 'Jugnu' with Nikhita Gandhi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/badshah-on-his-new-romantic-single-jugnu-with-nikhita-gandhi/article37209414.ece |access-date=2025-06-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In the same year, she featured in the video ''Casanova'', performed by [[Tiger Shroff]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-14 |title=Disha Patani can't get over Tiger Shroff's new music video Casanova |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/disha-patani-can-t-get-over-tiger-shroff-s-new-music-video-casanova-1758909-2021-01-14 |access-date=2025-06-13 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> In 2023, she appeared in the Punjabi-language music video ''Psycho'', performed by [[Harrdy Sandhu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harrdy Sandhu drops his latest party anthem Psycho from the EP Pleasures |url=https://mirchi.in/stories/music/harrdy-sandhu-drops-his-latest-party-anthem-psycho-from-the-ep-pleasures/101643604/amp |access-date=2025-06-13 |website=mirchi.in |language=en}}</ref>

Sharma made her film debut in the Kannada-language feature ''[[Trivikrama (film)|Trivikrama]]'' in 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trivikrama movie review: Sahana Murthy's launchpad for Vikram Ravichandran is quite the disaster |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/trivikrama-movie-review-sahana-murthys-launchpad-for-vikram-ravichandran-is-quite-the-disaster/ed99788a9e858 |access-date=2025-06-13 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> where she played the character of Trisha, an acting debut that the [[The New Indian Express|''New Indian Express'']] found "formulaic".<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2022-06-25 |title=Review {{!}} New talent brings freshness to formulaic 'Trivikrama' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/Jun/25/review-new-talent-brings-freshness-to-formulaic-trivikrama-2469360.html |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

She appeared in two films in 2025: ''[[Laila (2025 film)|Laila]] (''Telugu film'')'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2025-02-14 |title='Laila' review: Vishwak Sen's bold transformation shines in a fun-filled entertainer |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/movie-reviews/laila-review-vishwak-sens-bold-transformation-shines-in-a-fun-filled-entertainer-80633 |access-date=2025-06-13 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=te}}</ref> in the role of Jenny; a review in the [[The Times of India|''Times of India'']] noted: "Akanksha Sharma, as Jenny, is bold and glamorous, making a striking impression. While her role doesn't offer much beyond supporting Sonu's [the male lead] journey, her energy adds some spark to the film."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Laila Movie Review: A glamorous ride that feels outdated |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/laila/movie-review/118241554.cms |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> A review in ''[[The Hindu]]'' noted that "the camera waste(d) no opportunity to objectify her."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2025-02-14 |title=Vishwak Sen's 'Laila' movie review: A troublesome, crass narrative |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/laila-movie-review-a-troublesome-crass-narrative/article69214817.ece |access-date=2025-06-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The same year she played in ''[[Kesari Veer]]'' (a Hindi film), portraying the character of Rajal, and a review in ''The Hans'' said of her that she had "a luminous screen presence but [...] a long way to go."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-23 |title=Kesari Veer movie review: Suniel Shetty-Vivek Oberoi-Sooraj Pancholi's visual grandeur is long & exhausting |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kesari-veer-movie-review-suniel-shetty-vivek-oberoi-sooraj-pancholis-visual-grandeur-is-long-exhausting-13890517.html |access-date=2025-06-13 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
|-
|2016
|''[[India's Next Top Model season 2|India's Next Top Model]]''
|Herself (contestant)
|Hindi
|-
|}

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
|2022
|''[[Trivikrama (film)|Trivikrama]]''
|Trisha
|[[Kannada]]
| <ref name="auto"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
|''[[Laila (2025 film)|Laila]]''
|Jenny
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-02-15 |title='Laila' movie review: An outdated, out-of-ideas comedy |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2025/Feb/15/laila-movie-review-an-outdated-out-of-ideas-comedy |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kesari Veer]]''
|Rajal
| rowspan="2" |[[Hindi]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/akanksha-sharma-opens-acting-journey-says-ram-leela-changed-everything/|title=Akanksha Sharma opens up on her acting journey; says, “Ram-Leela changed everything for me” : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|date=May 1, 2025}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|{{Pending film|Tera Yaar Hoon Main}}
|{{TBA}}
|
|-
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Performer(s)
|-
|2018
|''Do Din''
|[[Darshan Raval]]
|-
|2020
|''I Am Disco Dancer 2.0''
|[[Benny Dayal]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|''Jugnu''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Murthy |first=Neeraja |date=2021-10-28 |title=Badshah on his new romantic single 'Jugnu' with Nikhita Gandhi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/badshah-on-his-new-romantic-single-jugnu-with-nikhita-gandhi/article37209414.ece |access-date=2025-06-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|[[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]], [[Nikhita Gandhi]]
|-
|''Casanova''
|[[Tiger Shroff]]
|-
|2023
|''Psycho''
|[[Harrdy Sandhu]]
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Primary sources references section}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|10848296}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Akanksha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian female models]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:1996 births]]

Kalyan Nagar metro station

2026-04-14T03:08:03Z

Sadique: creating page

{{Short description|Upcoming Namma Metro station under Blue Line}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Kalyan Nagar
| type = {{Namma Metro Infobox station line|line=Blue}}
| style = Namma Metro
| image = Kalyan Nagar metro station (Aug '25).jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Under Construction of this metro station under Phase 2B of Namma Metro's [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]] as of August 2025
| address = 2nd A Cross Rd, HRBR Layout 2nd Block, East of NGEF Layout, Dooravani Nagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560043
| coordinates = {{coord|13.02626|77.63780|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Namma Metro|Blue|croute}}
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double track]]
| platform = [[Side platform]] ''(TBC)'' 
Platform-1 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Krishnarajapura}} / {{stl|Namma Metro|Central Silk Board}} Platform-2 → {{stl|Namma Metro|KIAL Terminals}} ''Platform Numbers (TBC)''
| operator = [[Namma Metro]]
| depth =
| levels = 2 '''''(TBC)'''''
| tracks = 2 '''''(TBC)'''''
| connections = {{rint|bus|1}} Kalyan Nagar [[Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation|BMTC]] Bus Depot and Bus Stop
| parking = '''''(TBC)'''''
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened =
| opening = {{start date and age|December 2027|df=yes}} '''''(TBC)'''''
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = '''''(TBC)'''''
| accessible = '''''(TBC)'''''
| status = Under Construction
| code = KLN '''''(TBC)'''''
| owned = [[Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd]] (BMRCL)
| architect =
| architectural_style =
| wifi =
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Namma Metro|line1=Blue|left1=HRBR Layout|to-left1=Krishnarajapura or Central Silk Board|note-mid1=''(Future Service)''|right1=HBR Layout|to-right1=KIAL Terminals}}
| route_map = {{BMR Blue Line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Kalyan Nagar''' is an upcoming elevated metro station on the North-South corridor of the [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru Metro Blue Line: Explore the City Like Never Before! - TimesProperty |url=https://timesproperty.com/news/post/all-about-bengaluru-metro-blue-line-blid5532 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=timesproperty.com}}</ref> of [[Namma Metro]] in [[Bangalore]], India. Around this metro station holds the main '''[[Kalyan Nagar]] [[Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation|BMTC]]''' Bus Depot cum Bus Stop followed by many prime [[Jewellery]] retail stores like Lalitha Jewellery, [[Tanishq]], [[Kalyan Jewellers]], [[Jos Alukkas & Sons|Jos Alukkas]] and neighbouring [[Kammanahalli]], Hennur and Chelekkere suburban areas. This metro station is slated to become operational around June 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=L&T bags track contracts worth ₹501 crore for Bangalore Metro Phase 2A & 2B {{!}} Metro Rail Today |url=https://metrorailtoday.com/news/lt-bags-track-contracts-worth-501-crore-for-bangalore-metro-phase-2a-2b |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=Metro Rail Today: Gateway to Rail & Metro Industry}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-06 |title=Metro line to Bengaluru Airport to be ready by June 2026: D K Shivakumar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/metro-bengaluru-airport-june-2026-d-k-shivakumar8649143/ |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-07 |title=Bengaluru Airport Metro Line from KIA to Devanahalli Set for Completion by June 2026 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/bengaluru-airport-metro-line-from-kia-to-devanahalli-set-for-completion-by-june-2026-article-100827006 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Metro's ORR, Airport line to be ready by Sept 2026, will benefit IT industry hugely: BMRCL |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2023/sep/16/metros-orr-airport-line-to-be-ready-by-sept-2026-will-benefit-it-industry-hugely-bmrcl-2615489.html |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== History ==
On November 17 2020, the Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL) invited bids for the construction of the Kalyan Nagar metro station, part of the 11 km Reach 2B – Package 1 (Krishnarajapura - Kempapura) of the 37.692 km [[Blue Line (Namma Metro)|Blue Line]] of Namma Metro. On September 14 2021, Nagarjuna Construction Company Ltd. '''(NCC Ltd.)''' was chosen as the lowest bidder for this segment, with their proposal closely matching the initial cost estimates. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-14 |title=NCC Wins Bangalore Metro Airport Line’s Construction Work |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2021/09/14/ncc-wins-bangalore-metro-airport-lines-construction-work/ |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref> As a result, the contract was awarded to the company, which led to the beginning of the construction works of this metro station as per the agreed terms. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2021-09-16 |title=Nagarjuna Construction Company wins bid to build Namma Metro’s Airport Line |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2021/Sep/16/nagarjuna-construction-companywinsbid-to-build-namma-metros-airport-line-2359335.html |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Station layout==
'''''Station Layout - To Be Confirmed'''''
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Kalyan Nagar track layout '''''(TBC)'''''
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Blue}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTfgaq!~MASKa\-STRq!~PLT-\-STRq!~PLT-\-STRq!~PLT-\vCONTfgeq!~MASKa~~ ~~ ~~'''P#''' to {{stl|Namma Metro|HRBR Layout}} **
vCONTgfaq!~MASKa\-STRq\-STRq\-STRq\vCONTgfeq!~MASKa
\PLT-\PLT-\PLT-\~~ ~~ ~~'''P#''' to {{stl|Namma Metro|HBR Layout}} **
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms '''** Under Construction'''</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=30 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|'''Platform #''' '''Eastbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → {{stl|Namma Metro|Krishnarajapura}} / {{stl|Namma Metro|Central Silk Board}} '''Next Station:''' [[HRBR Layout metro station|HRBR Layout]]
|-
|'''Platform #''' '''Westbound'''
|Towards ← {{stl|Namma Metro|Hebbala}} / {{stl|Namma Metro|KIAL Terminals}} '''Next Station:''' [[HBR Layout metro station|HBR Layout]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|
|-
|}
==See also==
*[[Bangalore]]
*[[List of Namma Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Karnataka]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
*[[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]
*[[Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation]]
{{Portal bar|Bangalore|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://english.bmrc.co.in ''BMRCL English''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630181732/http://english.bmrc.co.in/ |date=30 June 2019 }} - BMRCL Official Website
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.

{{Namma Metro|blue line=yes}}

__FORCETOC__

[[Category:Namma Metro stations]]
[[Category:Proposed railway stations in India]]

Marubhoomiyile Aana

2026-04-11T17:05:25Z

Sadique: data - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Marubhoomiyile Aana
| native_name =
| image = Marubhoomiyile_Aana_film_poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[V. K. Prakash]]
| producer = David Kachappilly
| writer = [[YV Rajesh|Y. V. Rajesh]]
| starring = [[Biju Menon]] [[Krishna Shankar]] [[Lalu Alex]] [[Samskruthy Shenoy]] [[Balu Varghese]] [[Hareesh Perumanna]]
| music = [[Ratheesh Vega]]
| cinematography = Ajay David Kachappilly
| screenplay =
| editing = Lijo Paul
| studio = David Kachappilly Productions
| distributor = Davis Edakalathur
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2016|08|12}}
| runtime = 120 minutes<ref>{{cite web|title=Marubhoomiyile Aana|url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/marubhoomiyile-aana-film|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910130326/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/marubhoomiyile-aana-film|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 September 2016|website=www.bbfc.co.uk|access-date=23 October 2016|date=9 September 2016}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Marubhoomiyile Aana''''' ({{translation|[[Elephant]] of the desert}}) is a 2016 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by [[V. K. Prakash]]. It stars [[Biju Menon]] in the role of a Qatar-born [[Malayali]] [[Sheikh]] in the [[Middle East]].<ref name="IBT1">{{citation |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/biju-menons-marubhoomiyile-aana-first-look-poster-out-photo-673901|last1=James|first1=Anu|date=8 April 2016| website=[[International Business Times]]|access-date=3 June 2016|title=Biju Menon's 'Marubhoomiyile Aana' first look poster out}}</ref> Filming locations include [[Qatar]] and [[Kerala]].<ref>{{citation |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/Marubhoomiyile-Aana-starts-filming-in-Qatar/articleshow/51222765.cms|last1=Sidhardhan|first1=Sanjith|date=2 March 2016| website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=3 June 2016|title=Marubhoomiyile Aana starts filming in Qatar}}</ref> The film was released on 12 August 2016.

==Plot==
Sughu and his family were rich and Kamalan was their steward. Sughu's father was an alcoholic, so Kamalan used that and turned over his employer's land and house in his name. Kamalan now lives a life of luxury and his cunning knack helps him to amass more wealth. Sughu is in love with Kamal's daughter Keerthi. He plans to make quick money through trafficking drugs to Qatar, a one time deal that could help him regain his family's honor and get his girl. However, matters doesn't go well, and he gets very less money compared to the amount promised.

When going back to Kerala, he gets tied up with a penniless Half-Malayali Sheikh named Sultan Hamad Bin Saud Bin Khalifa Bin Jasim Al Thani Mohammed in the airport. There is a murder case that has followed with the Sheikh from Qatar. The identity of the Sheikh, Sughu's own story of love, Kamal's greedy plans, and the murder case that has followed them to Kerala are all thick plot-lines which are explored.

==Cast==
* [[Biju Menon]] as His Highness Sheikh Sultan Hamad Bin Saud Bin Khalifa Bin Jasim Al Thani Mohammed (Sheikh Al Ahmmadi)
* [[Krishna Shankar]] as Sukumara Menon (Suku)
* [[Lalu Alex]] as Kamalaasanan (Kamalan), Keerthy's father
* [[Balu Varghese]] as Martin, Suku's friend
* [[Samskruthy Shenoy]] as Keerthy
* [[Hareesh Perumanna]] as Satheesan, Suku's brother-in-law
* [[Saju Navodaya]] as Satheeshan, Kamal's [[Personal assistant|PA]]
* [[Major Ravi]] as Mahesh Panicker, Qatar Vigilance officer
* [[Sunil Sukhada]] as Albert Pannadan, Bride's Rich & Affluent father
* [[Bindu Panicker]] as Pannadan's wife
* [[Rosin Jolly]] as Sukanya, Keerthy's friend
* [[Shafna]] as Bride, Pannadan's daughter
*[[Jennifer Antony]] as Deepa, Keerthy's mother
* [[Jayaraj Warrier]] as Porinju, Jewellery owner
* Arun Ghosh as Joy Cheruvarakkal, Qatar businessman turned drug dealer and a wanted criminal who gets killed by the Sheikh but later it turns out Suku killed him
* [[Mamukkoya]] as Gafoor (Cameo appearance) (Reprising the character of [[Nadodikkattu]])
* Indira Thampi as old lady at airport
* [[Sneha Sreekumar]]
* [[Sajin Gopu]] as Suku's Friend

== Production ==
Principal photography began in late April 2016, soon after which Samskruthy Shenoy was cast as the film's lead actress. Krishna Shankar, plays the major role in the film, which was first offered to [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]].<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/010316/marubhoomiyile-aana-shoot-begins.html|last1=K. S.|first1=Aravind|date=1 March 2016| website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=3 June 2016|title=Marubhoomiyile Aana shoot begins}}</ref> The shooting ended on 20 June 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/marubhoomiyile-aana-shoot-ended/122058/story.htm|title=Marubhoomiyile Aana shoot ended|access-date=21 June 2016|archive-date=22 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160622162133/http://www.nowrunning.com/marubhoomiyile-aana-shoot-ended/122058/story.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Animal rights issue ===
During a shooting session of the film in March 2016, a tiger, who allegedly escaped from the sets, was seen roaming through a [[Doha]] express highway. A video of the tiger's escape quickly went viral online, causing the makers of the film to face heavy backlash from social media, international news agencies, and [[animal rights]] activists. The situation cooled off only after the makers called a press release and clarified that "the big cat had escaped from its cage when it was being taken to the shooting site." The producers of the film were eventually fined for not handling the animal properly. "The video featuring a tiger appeared at Doha Express highway has gone viral on the internet and the truth is that the tiger was brought there for the shoot of film ''Marubhoomiyile Aana'' and had to pay a big penalty for the incident (sic)," the makers had posted on the [[Facebook]] page of the movie.<ref name="IBT1"/><ref>{{citation |url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/biju-menon-tiger-found-roaming-on-doha-qatar-expressway.html|date=14 March 2016| website=[[Malayala Manorama]]|access-date=3 June 2016|title=That tiger, which went berserk on Qatar highway, is a Mollywood star!}}</ref>

== Release ==
The film was released in India on 12 August 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last=James|first=Anu|title=Biju Menon's 'Marubhoomiyile Aana' movie review: Live audience updates|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/biju-menons-marubhoomiyile-aana-movie-review-live-audience-updates-689637|access-date=23 October 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=13 August 2016}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|5533990}}

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 comedy films]]
[[Category:2016 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by V. K. Prakash]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thrissur]]
[[Category:Films shot in Qatar]]
[[Category:Films set in Qatar]]
[[Category:Films about murder]]
[[Category:Animal cruelty incidents in film]]
[[Category:2016 controversies]]

Kesab Chandra Gogoi ministry

2026-04-05T16:57:03Z

Sadique: creating new data.

{{Short description|Government of Assam, India in 1982}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
|date_formed=13 January 1982
|date_dissolved=19 March 1982
|government_head=[[Kesab Chandra Gogoi]]
|state_head=[[Prakash Mehrotra]]
|opposition_leader=[[Sarat Chandra Singha]]
|political_party=*'''[[Indian National Congress|INC]]'''
*'''[[Janata Party|JP]]'''
*'''[[Independent politician|IND]]'''
|previous=[[President's rule]]
|successor=[[President's rule]]
|legislature_status=[[Coalition government|Coalition]]}}
The ministry of [[Kesab Chandra Gogoi]] was formed on 13 January 1982. The formation of the ministry ended 197 days of [[President's rule|President’s rule]] in [[Assam]]. The ministry ended after only 66 days, after Gogoi resigned during a [[motion of no confidence]] vote. Gogoi then recommended that the state again be put under [[President's rule|President’s Rule]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Gogoi ministry |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/50847/10/10_chapter%201.pdf |publisher=shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/ |accessdate=2018-11-05}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite magazine |author=Sumanta Sen |date=16 October 2013 |title=Assam: Congress(I) ministry led by Keshab Gogoi falls, President's Rule to return |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19820415-assam-congressi-ministry-led-by-keshab-gogoi-falls-presidents-rule-to-return-771658-2013-10-16 |access-date=2022-03-22 |magazine=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2022-01-14 |title=January 14, 1982, Forty Years Ago: Assam Has New CM |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/40-years-ago-assam-has-new-cm-7722006/ |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Formation ===
[[President's rule|President’s Rule]] was imposed in [[Assam]] after the [[Anwara Taimur]] government failed to get the Assam appropriation bill passed by the [[Assam Legislative Assembly|assembly]]. On 12 January 1982, Gogoi told the press that he had the backing of 63 MLAs. Gogoi stated "I cannot reveal the identities of the 63 legislators whose support I enjoy for obvious reasons. But I am confident I will prove my majority on the floor of the House." Gogoi then contested for the Leadership.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2014-07-11 |title=Assam Cong(I) factional tussle resolved with appointment of Keshab Chandra Gogoi as CM |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19820215-assam-congressi-factional-tussle-resolved-with-appointment-of-keshab-chandra-gogoi-as-cm-771423-2013-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226134407/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19820215-assam-congressi-factional-tussle-resolved-with-appointment-of-keshab-chandra-gogoi-as-cm-771423-2013-10-22 |archive-date=2021-02-26 |access-date=2025-08-18 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

The Taimur Camp had encouraged [[Hiteswar Saikia]] to contest Gogoi’s claim but an opinion poll before the final selection revealed only supporters of Saikia among the 35 partymen assembled while 24 favoured Gogoi and 3 remained neutral. Hours before the selection meeting, 4 Taimur supporters resigned from the party.<ref name=":2" />

[[List of governors of Assam|Governor]] [[Prakash Mehrotra]] accepted Gogoi’s claim that he had the support of 63 MLAs and he was sworn in as [[List of chief ministers of Assam|Chief Minister of Assam]] on 13 January 1982 at [[Raj Bhavan, Guwahati|Raj Bhavan]] in a simple ceremony. He constituted his [[Left-wing politics|Left]]-[[Janata Party|Janata]] [[Coalition government|coalition]] [[Kesab Chandra Gogoi Ministry#Cabinet|ministry]] on 13 January 1982.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> For many [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|MLAs]] support of the new government was fear that the Assembly may be dissolved if they don't.<ref name=":2" />

=== Ministry ===
At the time of the formation of the ministry, the foreigners issue was still very urgent. However Gogoi stated, "My government's policy will not be very different from the previous government's. There will be no reshuffle of officials. I am giving top priority to the solution of the foreigners issue and the maintenance of law and order. Apart from this, implementation of the prime minister's 20-point programme will be my major concern."<ref name=":2" />

As Gogoi said, the ministry focused on [[Indira Gandhi]]’s 20 point programmes and he gave more emphasis on the implementation of National Rural Employment Scheme.<ref name=":0" />

=== Motion of No-confidence ===
On 17 March 1982 a [[Motion of no confidence|Motion of No Confidence]] was moved against the 65-day-old ministry. [[Sarat Chandra Singha]], [[Golap Borbora]], [[Hemen Das]], [[Promode Gogoi]], Zainal Abedin, Premadhar Bora and Romesh Mohan Kouli jointly filed the motion. The [[Sheikh Chand Mohammad|speaker]] admitted it and fixed discussion for 18 March 1982. However, the [[Sheikh Chand Mohammad|speaker]] adjourned the house ''[[Adjournment sine die|sine die]]'' after he learned Gogoi tendered in his resignation to the [[Prakash Mehrotra|Governor]]. The opposition had a majority in the house however the Governor chose to dissolve the legislative assembly on advice of Gogoi.

Gogoi, when asked why he recommended the [[Assam Legislative Assembly|assembly’s]] dissolution, said "I had no other alternative. If I did not make such a recommendation then the Governor would have had no other alternative but to allow the Opposition to form a ministry." [[Leader of the Opposition|Opposition leader]] and former [[Chief minister|Chief Minister]] [[Sarat Chandra Singha]] called this "sheer [[fascism]]".<ref name=":1" /> On 19 March, the [[President of India|President]] [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy|Sanjiva Reddy]] then issued a proclamation which dissolved the [[Assam Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly]] and brought the state under [[President's rule]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Malhotra |first=G. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DFqbAAAAMAAJ |title=Cabinet Responsibility to Legislature: Motions of Confidence and No-confidence in Lok Sabha and State Legislatures |date=2004 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |isbn=978-81-200-0400-9 |language=en}}</ref>

== Cabinet ==

{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
! Constituency
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[List of chief ministers of Assam|'''Chief Minister''']] and also in-charge of: Department of Home Department of Administrative Reforms Department of Information and Public Relations Department of Khadi and Village Industries Department of Rural Development Department of Public Works Department of Tourism And all other departments and subjects not allocated to any other minister.
| minister1 = [[Kesab Chandra Gogoi]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 January 1982
| minister1_termend = 19 March 1982
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = [[Dibrugarh Assembly constituency|Dibrugarh]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Finance Minister of Minority Affairs Minister of Political Sufferers
| minister1 = Mohammed Idris
| minister1_termstart = 13 January 1982
| minister1_termend = 19 March 1982
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = [[Rupohihat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rupohihat]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Irrigation Minister of Fisheries Minister of Scheduled Castes and Tribal Welfare
| minister1 = Rabindra Nath Choudhury
| minister1_termstart = 13 January 1982
| minister1_termend = 19 March 1982
| minister1_party = Janata Party
| minister1_ref = [[Abhayapuri South Assembly constituency|Abhayapuri South]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Education Minister of Cultural Affairs
| minister1 = [[Hiteswar Saikia]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 January 1982
| minister1_termend = 19 March 1982
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = [[Nazira Assembly constituency|Nazira]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Revenue Minister of Food and Civil Supplies
| minister1 = Ramesh Chandra Saharia
| minister1_termstart = 13 January 1982
| minister1_termend = 8 February 1982
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = [[Panery Assembly constituency|Panery]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Flood Control Minister of Judicial Affairs
| minister1 = Altaf Hossain Mazumdar
| minister1_termstart = 13 January 1982
| minister1_termend = 19 March 1982
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = [[Barkhola (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barkhola]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Department of Agriculture and Horticulture (Assam)#Ministers|Minister of Agriculture]] Minister of Town and Country Planning
| minister1 = Santi Ranjan Das Gupta
| minister1_termstart = 13 January 1982
| minister1_termend = 19 March 1982
| minister1_party = Janata Party
| minister1_ref = [[Hojai Assembly constituency|Hojai]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Industry Minister of Public Enterprises
| minister1 = [[Jagannath Singh (Assam politician)|Jagannath Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 January 1982
| minister1_termend = 19 March 1982
| minister1_party = Janata Party
| minister1_ref = [[Udharbond Assembly constituency|Udharbond]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Power Minister of Mines and Minerals Minister of Parliamentary Affairs Minister of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary
| minister1 = [[Golok Rajbanshi]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 January 1982
| minister1_termend = 19 March 1982
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = [[Rangapara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rangapara]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Municipal Administration Minister of Community Development
| minister1 = [[Zahirul Islam (politician)|Zahirul Islam]]
| minister1_termstart = 13 January 1982
| minister1_termend = 19 March 1982
| minister1_party = Janata Party
| minister1_ref = [[Mankachar Assembly constituency|Mankachar]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of State for Rural Development Minister of State for Social Welfare<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Data_India/5H1DAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=Padam%20Bahadur%20Chouhan%20keshab%20gogoi |title=Data India |date=1982 |publisher=Press Institute of India |language=en}}</ref>
| minister1 = A. N. Akram Hussain
| minister1_termstart = 13 January 1982
| minister1_termend = 19 March 1982
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister1_ref = [[Chaygaon Assembly constituency|Chaygaon]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of State for Transport Minister of State for Tourism
| minister1 = Padam Bahadur Chouhan
| minister1_termstart = 13 January 1982
| minister1_termend = 19 March 1982
| minister1_party = Janata Party
| minister1_ref = [[Tamulpur Assembly constituency|Tamulpur]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Deputy Minister of Education
| minister1 = Mohammed Fakrul Islam
| minister1_termstart = 13 January 1982
| minister1_termend = 19 March 1982
| minister1_party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
| minister1_ref = [[Patharkandi Assembly constituency|Patharkandi]]
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Template:Assam ministries}}
[[Category:Assam ministries]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress state ministries of Assam|Kesab Gogoi]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 1982]]
[[Category:1982 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 1982]]

Vijama Yadav

2026-04-05T11:30:47Z

Sadique: done!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vijama Yadav
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1971
| birth_place = Allahabad
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2022
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Pratappur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Pratappur]]
| predecessor = Mohd Mujtaba Siddqui
| successor =
| office2 =
| term_start2 = 1996
| term_end2 = 2007
| constituency2 = [[Jhusi Assembly constituency|Jhusi]]
| predecessor2 = [[Jawahar Yadav (Pandit)]]
| successor2 = [[Praveen Patel]]
| office1 =
| constituency1 = [[Pratappur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Pratappur]]
| predecessor1 = [[Jokhu Lal Yadav]]
| successor1 = Mohd Mujtaba Siddqui
| term_end1 = 2017
| term_start1 = 2012
| party = [[File:Samajwadi Party.png|20px]] [[Samajwadi Party]]
| spouse = [[Jawahar Yadav (Pandit)]]
| children = Devendra Pratap Singh Yadav 
Jyoti Yadav
| parents =
}}

'''Vijama Yadav''' is an Indian politician. She is the widow of the [[Samajwadi Party]] leader [[Jawahar Yadav (Pandit)]]. She was elected to the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Pratappur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Pratappur]] in the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] as a member of the Samajwadi Party.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/uttar-pradesh/results | title=Uttar Pradesh Election Results 2022 | publisher=NDTV | accessdate=12 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/uttar-pradesh/all-winners/ | title=ALL WINNERS LIST UTTAR PRADESH ASSEMBLY ELECTIONS 2022 | publisher=News18 | accessdate=12 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=पूजा पाल और विजमा यादव दुखद है सपा विधायक बनी इन चर्चित महिलाओं की राजनीति में आने की दास्तां - Pooja Pal and Vijma Yadav both SP MLA know similarities of these famous women |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/allahabad-city-pooja-pal-and-vijma-yadav-both-sp-mla-know-similarities-of-these-famous-women-22537606.html |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

==Entrance in politics==
Her husband Jawahar Yadav aka Pandit, a member of the [[Samajwadi Party]] from the then Jhunsi assembly seat of Allahabad, was elected as a member of the Legislative Assembly for the second consecutive term. Establishing himself as a strong leader, Jawahar Yadav alias Pandit became one of [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]]'s special people, gradually he ventured into the business of liquor and excavation of morang sand from the Yamuna Ganga basin in which he had a gang war with the [[Kapil Muni Karwariya|Karwariya]] Family [https://m.thelallantop.com/article/news-detail/625d2a3033907fa4843d35fe .]<ref>{{Cite web |title=जब जवाहर पंडित ने करवरिया बंधुओं के सीने पर रायफल तान दी थी |url=https://m.thelallantop.com/article/news-detail/625d2a3033907fa4843d35fe |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=m.thelallantop.com}}</ref> in June 1995 [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]]-led Uttar Pradesh the government fell. [[Kapil Muni Karwariya|Karwariya]] family was suffering huge losses in the business of Balu Morang from Jawahar Yadav alias Pandit as they had fierce competition with Jawahar Yadav Pandit on their business. After the dissolution of the assembly in 1996, the security he had as an MLA was withdrawn. He requested the government several times for protection but was ignored by the government, on Tuesday, 13 August 1996, when he was going to visit Hanuman ji at [[Triveni Sangam]], He was attacked and murdered with an AK-47 rifle.[[Kapil Muni Karwariya|Karwariya]] family was suffering huge losses in the business of Balu Morang from Jawahar Yadav alias Pandit as they had fierce competition with Jawahar Yadav Pandit on their business.The [[Kapil Muni Karwariya|Karwariya]] family was accused of murder. After the murder of her husband, Vijama Yadav came into politics and was elected as MLA<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jhusi Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/jhusi-uttar-pradesh-assembly-constituency |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> on Samajwadi Party ticket for two consecutive terms in 1996, 2002 assembly elections from Jhusi Assembly Constituency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=सपा प्रत्याशी विजमा यादव की दास्तां, पति जवाहर पंडित की हत्या के बाद मुलायम सिंह यादव ने रखा था सिर पर हाथ |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/allahabad-city-up-election-2022-sp-candidate-vijma-yadav-entered-politics-after-murder-of-her-husband-jawahar-pandit-22434213.html |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> She was defeated in the 2007 and 2017 assembly elections. In 2012 and 2022 Vidhansabha elections she was elected MLA from Pratappur Vidhansabha Constituency.
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kahani UP Ki: यादव से 'पंडित' बना मुलायम का वो खासमखास विधायक, जिसे बीच सड़क पर घेरकर गोली मारी गई |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/uttar-pradesh/news/samajwadi-party-mla-jawahar-yadav-pandit-murder-case-rivalry-with-karwariya-brothers-kapilmuni-udaybhan-surajbhan-story/articleshow/87897535.cms |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>

==Family==
Vijama Yadav has a daughter and a son, daughter's name is Jyoti Yadav who has been Block Pramukh of Phulpur block of Prayagraj and son Devendra Pratap Singh Yadav alias Golu has been an honorary councilor of Prayagraj Municipal Corporation. [https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/allahabad/samajwadi-party-president-akhilesh-yadav-arrived-in-prayagraj-to-attend-marriage-ceremony-of-vijma-yadav-s-daughter-allahabad-news-ald2608338153]

==Posts held==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! From !! To !! Position
|-
| 01 || 1996 || 2002 || [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Jhusi Assembly constituency|Jhusi]]
|-
| 02 || 2002 || 2007 || [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Jhusi Assembly constituency|Jhusi]]
|-
| 03 || 2012 || 2017 || [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Pratappur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Pratappur]]
|-
|-
| 04 || 2022 || - || [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Pratappur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Pratappur]]
|-
|}

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Vijama}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Women members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1997–2002]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]

X Factor India

2026-04-03T21:29:21Z

Sadique: done!

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image = X-factor-india.gif
| caption =
| creator = [[Simon Cowell]]
| writer = Kausar Munir
| director = Mukesh Parmar
| creative_director = Monisha Jaising Vaid Utkarshini Vashishtha
| presenter = [[Aditya Narayan]]
| judges = [[Sonu Nigam]] [[Shreya Ghoshal]] [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]
| voices =
| language = Hindi
| num_episodes =
| executive_producer = Anupama Mandloi
| producer = Sheldon Bailley Fotini Paraskakis NBR Patra
| cinematography = Surindra Rao
| network = [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony Entertainment Television]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2011|05|29|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2011|09|02|df=yes}}
| num_seasons = 1
}}

'''''X Factor India''''' is the [[India]]n version of ''[[The X Factor]]'', a show originating from the United Kingdom. It is a television music talent show contested by aspiring singers of all genres drawn from public auditions from all across [[India]]. The show in its inaugural year was broadcast on [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony Entertainment Television]] Channel. The 2011 competition was open to all Indian citizens born before 15 January 1995. There were 3 categories<ref>{{cite web|date=29 May 2011|access-date=29 May 2011|url=http://www.tvserialsandshows.com/2011/05/x-factor-india-x-factor-india-on-sony.html|title=Format and Details about X Factor India|archive-date=31 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531134559/http://www.tvserialsandshows.com/2011/05/x-factor-india-x-factor-india-on-sony.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> for registrants: Solo performances for those between 16 and 24 years of age as of 15 January 2011 and for those equal to and above 25 years of age as of 15 January 2011 and Group performance for a group of 2 or more people, all of which should be above the age of 16 years as of 15 January 2011. Reservation draws were to be divided one third to each category.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=25 February 2011 |url=http://www.setindia.com/xfactor/tnc.pdf |title=Rules and Regulations - Terms and conditions governing participation Uin the ''X Factor India'' auditions |archive-date=4 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304023157/http://www.setindia.com/xfactor/tnc.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
Each week, live concerts were held in [[Mumbai]] where the 12 finalists performed for the judges and a live studio audience

==Auditions==
Registrations were launched via telephones and SMS on 20 January 2011 all across India. Auditions were held in the following cities:
*[[Ahmedabad]] 12 February 2011
*[[Kolkata]] 15 and 16 February 2011
*[[Lucknow]] 23 February 2011
*[[Indore]] 27 February 2011
*[[Mumbai]] 4 and 5 March 2011
*[[Delhi]] 12 and 13 March 2011

==Judges and host==
The first season of the Indian version of ''X Factor'' was judged by singer [[Sonu Nigam]], playback singer [[Shreya Ghoshal]] and film director [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]. The show was hosted by [[Aditya Narayan]].

'''Key:'''
:{{Color box|#BFFFC0;|border=silver}} – Winning judge/category. Winners are in bold, eliminated contestants in small font.



{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:4%;" scope="col" | Season
! style="width:13%;" scope="col" | Sonu Nigam
! style="width:13%;" scope="col" | Shreya Ghoshal
! style="width:13%;" scope="col" | Sanjay Leela Bhansali
|-
! scope="row" | '''One'''
| '''16-24's''' Seema Jha Sahiti G Piyush Kapoor Shovan Ganguly
| bgcolor="BFFFC0"|'''Over 25's''' '''Geet Sagar''' Kartar Singh Yadav Amit Jadhav Manjeera Ganguly
| '''Groups''' Sajda Sisters Nirmitee Deewana Last Minute
|- style="text-align:center;"
|}

[[Geet Sagar]] from [[Gwalior, India|Gwalior]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.setindia.com/xfactor/contestants.php?c=1100&t=c|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816094133/http://www.setindia.com/xfactor/contestants.php?c=1100&t=c|archive-date=2011-08-16|title=Geet Sagar|access-date=2023-09-10}}</ref> was announced winner of the show. As a prize he won Rs. 50 lakh, a car & an opportunity to sing in [[Karan Johar]]'s movie.<ref>{{cite web |title= Geet Sagar wins X Factor India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Geet-Sagar-wins-X-Factor-India/articleshow/9796859.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|agency=TNN|date=30 August 2011|access-date=15 August 2014}}</ref> He recorded the title track "Draamebaaz" for the film ''[[Nautanki Saala!]]'' (2013). He has also been singing for TV commercials & jingles like Cinthol, [[Goibibo|GoIbibo.com]], Parachute Tender Hair & Care, Garnier, Marvel Tea, among others.<ref>{{cite web|title=Excited to sing for Karan Johar: X -Factor winner Geet|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/television/excited-to-sing-for-karan-johar-x-factor-winner-geet-131119|publisher=[[NDTV]]|access-date=15 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= X Factor changed me as a person, says winner Geet|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/interview/geet-sagar-on-x-factor-win-tv/20110905.htm|website=[[Rediff.com]]|date=5 September 2011|access-date=15 August 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110816080747/http://www.setindia.com/xfactor/ X Factor India Official website]
*{{IMDb title|tt6081966}}

{{The X Factor series}}
{{Shreya Ghoshal}}

[[Category:The X Factor]]
[[Category:Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:2011 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Television series by Fremantle (company)]]
[[Category:Music competitions in India]]
[[Category:Indian television series based on British television series]]
[[Category:2011 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian singing talent shows]]

Yellow (2025 film)

2026-03-28T19:03:52Z

Sadique: new

{{Short description|Indian Tamil-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Yellow (2025 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Hari Mahadevan
| writer = Hari Mahadevan
| producer = Prasanth Rangasamy
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Poornima Ravi]]
*Namita Krishnamurthy
*[[Leela Samson]]
*[[Prabu Solomon]]
*Vaibhav Murugesan
}}
| cinematography = Abi Advik
| editing = Sri Watson
| music = {{ubl
|Cliffy Chris
|Anand Kashinath
}}
| studio = Covai Film Factory
| distributor = [[S. Hari Uthraa|Uthraa Productions]]
| released = {{Film date|2025|11|21|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Yellow''''' is an Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil-language]] film directed by Hari Mahadevan in his debut. The film stars [[Poornima Ravi]] in her debut as the lead actress alongside Namita Krishnamurthy, [[Leela Samson]] and [[Prabhu Solomon|Prabu Solomon]] in important roles. The film is produced by Prasanth Rangasamy under his Covai Film Factory banner.

''Yellow'' released in theatres on 21 November 2025.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Poornima Ravi]] as Aadhirai
* Vaibhav Murugesan as Sai
* Namita Krishnamurthy as Jenny
* [[Leela Samson]] as Kalyani
* [[Prabhu Solomon]] as Mani
* [[Delhi Ganesh]]
* [[Vinodhini Vaidyanathan]]
* Sai Prasanna as Santhosh
* Lokesh
* Jophin Manimala
* Shiju Raghavan
* Aswin Jayaprakash
}}

== Production ==
[[Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) season 7|Bigg Boss season 7]] fame [[Poornima Ravi]] announced her new project titled ''Yellow'', directed by debutant director Hari Mahadevan, marking her theatrical film debut as the lead actress. The announcement was made through a first look poster by the production house, Covai Film Factory helmed by Prasanth Rangasamy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2025 |title=Every story begins with a step, this is mine, presenting #Yellow 🌼 written & directed by @harimahadevan22 |url=https://x.com/IamPoornimaRavi/status/1959152409940545815 |access-date=23 August 2025 |website=X (formerly [[Twitter]])}}</ref> The film has music scored by Cliffy Chris and Anand Kashinath, cinematography done by Abi Advik, editing done by Sri Watson and art direction by Karthick Krishnan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-23 |title=Poornima Ravi's next titled Yellow |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Aug/23/poornima-ravis-next-titled-yellow |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=2025-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250908130958/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Aug/23/poornima-ravis-next-titled-yellow |url-status=live }}</ref> Apart from Poornima, the film also stars Namita Krishnamurthy, [[Leela Samson]] and [[Prabhu Solomon|Prabu Solomon]] in important roles in important roles alongside Vaibhav Murugesan, [[Delhi Ganesh]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=கஷ்டத்தில் புதிய பாதையை உருவாக்கிய யெல்லோ படம் – பூர்ணிமா ரவி ஓபன் டாக்! |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/poornima-ravi-talk-about-yellow-movie-at-audio-launch-event-kto3e6f |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=Asianet News Tamil |language=ta}}</ref> [[Vinodhini Vaidyanathan]], Sai Prasanna, Lokesh, Jophin Manimala, Shiju Raghavan, Aswin Jayaprakash and others in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-11 |title=Yellow Trailer: Poornima Ravi is on the path of rediscovering herself |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Nov/11/yellow-trailer-poornima-ravi-is-on-the-path-of-rediscovering-herself |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Yellow
| type = soundtrack
| artist = {{ubl|Cliffy Chris |Anand Kashinath}}
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| language = Tamil
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer = {{ubl
|Cliffy Chris
|Anand Kashinath
}}
| year = 2025
|misc = {{External media|audio1={{YouTube|ZGTVlZofCxY|Yellow - Full Album}}}}
}}
The trailer-cum-audio launch event was held in [[Chennai]] on 11 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=பிக்பாஸ் பிரபலம் பூர்ணிமா ரவியின் யெல்லோ படத்தின் டிரைலர் வெளியீடு! |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/poornima-ravi-and-vaibhav-murugesan-starrer-yellow-movie-trailer-audio-released-b1hn8ru |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=Asianet News Tamil |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |date=2025-11-11 |title="வாய்ப்புகள், பணம், புகழ், பிரபல்யம் இதெல்லாம்..." - பூர்ணிமா ரவி {{!}} Poornima Ravi {{!}} Yellow |url=https://www.puthiyathalaimurai.com/cinema/tamil-cinema-news/poornima-ravi-about-her-new-movie-yellow |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=Puthiyathalaimurai |language=ta}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Vaazhve Pogudhe
| lyrics1 = [[Sublahshini]]
| music1 = Anand Kashinath
| extra1 = [[Sublahshini]]
| title2 = Adadada
| lyrics2 = Sharan Kumar, Anand Kashinath
| music2 = Anand Kashinath
| extra2 = Anand Kashinath
| title3 = Innum Dhooram
| lyrics3 = [[Mohan Rajan]]
| music3 = Anand Kashinath
| extra3 = Anand Kashinath, Namratha
| title4 = Kanmaniyae
| lyrics4 = Saleem R Baadshah
| music4 = Cliffy Chris
| extra4 = [[Kapil Kapilan]]
| title5 = Otta Kuduse
| lyrics5 = Saleem R Baadshah
| music5 = Cliffy Chris
| extra5 = [[Anthony Daasan]]
| title6 = Manase
| lyrics6 = Devoid
| music6 = Cliffy Chris
| extra6 = Sathyaprakash
| title7 = Megangal
| lyrics7 = Rajesh Sridhar
| music7 = Cliffy Chris
| extra7 = [[Shakthisree Gopalan]]
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Yellow'' released in theatres on 21 November 2025 by [[S. Hari Uthraa|Uthraa Productions]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-06 |title=Poornima Ravi's Yellow locks release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Nov/06/poornima-ravis-yellow-locks-release-date |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> Abhinav Subramanian of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "Flawed, occasionally draggy, leaning hard into its "follow your heart" territory. Also: unexpectedly genuine, populated with people worth spending time with."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yellow Movie Review: Small moments drive this road less traveled |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/yellow/movie-review/125461017.cms |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The film was also reviewed by ''[[Vikatan]]''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yellow Review: பயணத்தின் தேவையை உணர்த்தும் ஃபீல் குட் `எல்லோ'; க்ரீன் சிக்னல் பெறுகிறதா?|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/poornima-ravi-delhi-ganesh-starrer-yellow-movie-review|website=[[Vikatan]]|date=2025-11-21|access-date=2025-11-30|language=ta}}</ref> and ''[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=யெல்லோ: திரைப் பார்வை - அபூர்வமான ஒரு மஞ்சள் நிற வானவில்!|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/yellow-movie-review|website=Hindu Tamil Thisai|date=2025-11-21|access-date=2025-11-30|language=ta|last=ஆர்.சி.ஜெயந்தன்}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt38798360}}

{{Improve categories|date=November 2025}}

[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Brahmpur, Bihar

2026-03-27T08:31:23Z

Sadique: adding a article

{{Other uses|Brahmapur (disambiguation){{!}}Brahmapur}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{multiple issues|
{{weasel|date=May 2013}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2013}}
}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Brahmpur
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Barhampur Temple.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Barhampur block map.png
| map_caption = Map of Brahmapur in Brahmapur block
| pushpin_map = India Bihar
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Buxar, Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.35|N|84.18|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagu|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Buxar district|Buxar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 58
| population_total = 13,727
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Local
| demographics1_info2 =[[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 802112
| registration_plate =
| website = {{URL|www.brahampurbuxar.com}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Brahmpur''' is a large village and corresponding [[community development block]] in [[Buxar district]] of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{cite web|title=About Brahmapur Block|url=http://www.allaboutbihar.com/block.jsp?block=404|accessdate=13 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231040/http://www.allaboutbihar.com/block.jsp?block=404|archive-date=2 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is known for its temple of [[Shiva]], its religious practices, and its cattle [[fair]]. People visit Brahmapur to perform religious rituals in the temple of Shiva.

As of 2011, the population of Brahmapur was 17,057, in 2,554 households, while the total population of the block was 196,070, in 28,826 households.<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Bihar District Census Handbook - Buxar, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=19–20, 23–98, 254–309, 681–82, 730–746 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/BiharA.html |website=Census 2011 India|accessdate=3 July 2020}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
Brahmapur means "the place of [[Brahma]]" in [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]. According to Hindu Itihas, the town was founded by [[Brahma]], giving rise to the name Brahmapur ("Brahma" stands for [[Brahma]] and "pur" means place).

The inhabitants of Brahmapur speak the [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] dialect. In Bhojpuri, the city is sometimes referred to as Barahmpur.

== History ==
In Medieval India, an Islamic invader from Afghanistan [[Mohammad Ghaznavi|Ghaznavi]] came to destroy the temple and loot its wealth. The people of the village warned him that if he performed these violent acts, [[Shiva]]’s third eye would burn him to ashes. Ghaznavi told the people that no such god existed and if it existed, the entrance of the temple would change its direction from east to west. (Every temple of Lord Shankar had its door facing east.) He then informed them that if that were to occur, he would leave the temple untouched and would never return. The next morning, when Ghaznavi came to destroy the temple, he was surprised to see the entrance of the temple had changed from east to west. He left the temple as he had promised.<ref name="Baba Brahmeshawar nath">{{cite web|title=History of Brahmeshwar Nath Temple|date=20 June 2017 |url=http://biharibynature.com/must-visit-baba-brahmeshwar-nath-dham-brahmpur/|publisher=Bihari By Nature}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
According to the 2011 Indian census,<ref name="Census of Brahmapur">{{cite web|title=Census of Brahmapur|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/View_Village_Population.aspx?pcaid=979637&category=VILLAGE|work=Census of India 2011|publisher=Govt. of India|accessdate=13 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513094411/http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/View_Village_Population.aspx?pcaid=979637&category=VILLAGE|archive-date=13 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Brahmapur had a population of approximately 13,727: 7,328 males and 6,399 females. The number of households in Brahmapur was 1,927.

== Geography ==
Brahmapur is situated at 25°35'57"N 84°18'5"E<ref>{{cite web|title=Co-ordinates of Brahmapur|url=http://wikimapia.org/22853890/Brahampur-Block|publisher=wikimapia.org|accessdate=13 May 2013}}</ref> It is surrounded by many small villages such as [[Raghunathpur, Buxar|Raghunathpur]], Purwan, Nimej, Balua, Umedpur, Ramgarh, Garahtha, Gayghat. The landscape is very flat with no mountains.

== Transportation ==
Brahmapur is not accessible directly by train. Instead, visitors must stop at the nearest railway station in [[Raghunathpur, Buxar|Raghunathpur]], which is 3 km from Brahmapur. It can be directly reached by roadways connected with the NH 84, which goes through Brahmapur.<ref>{{cite web|title=National Highway No. 84|url=http://wikimapia.org/street/1083243/National-Highway-No-84-Arrah-Buxar|publisher=Wikimapia|accessdate=13 May 2013}}</ref>

== Hospitals ==
Brahmapur's government-allocated [[Primary health care|Primary Health Care Center]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Hospitals in Brahmapur|url=http://www.brahampurbuxar.com/Panchayat%20Details/Brahmpur%20%20Panchyat%20%20pdf.pdf|publisher=Govt. of Bihar|accessdate=13 May 2013}}{{Dead link|date=June 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> is located at [[Raghunathpur, Buxar|Raghunathpur]], but there are also private hospitals in Brahmapur.

== Education ==
Brahmeshwar Nath High School provides education from grades six to twelfth and one girls college. In addition, there are two government primary schools, three upper middle schools<ref>{{cite web|title=Schools in Brahmapur|url=http://www.brahampurbuxar.com/Panchayat%20Details/Brahmpur%20%20Panchyat%20%20pdf.pdf|publisher=Govt. of Bihar|accessdate=13 May 2013}}{{Dead link|date=June 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and around three private schools such as P.L public school. For higher studies, students go to Dumraon, Buxar, Ara or other places.

== Tourism ==
Brahmapur is a center of [[religious tourism]]. Many people from the [[Arrah|Arrah (Bhojpur) District]], [[Buxar district]], [[Ballia District]] and [[Chhapra|Chhapra District]] come to worship Lord Shiva or to get married in the temple. The people of Brahmapur organize a cattle [[fair]], where farmers come from Bihar and [[Uttar Pradesh]] to purchase cattle for breeding and herding. The Falguni cattle fair is very famous in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, and takes place in the Hindu month of [[Falgun]]. Horses, elephants and camels are also bought and sold at the fair. October to June is the best time for tours to Brahmapur. However, tours to Brahmapur during the festivals celebrated in the district can also be arranged. The main festivals of the region include Car Festival, Dusshera, Taratarini Festival, Thakurani Yatra, Buda and Khambeshwari Yatra

== Economy ==
The people of Brahmapur depend primarily on agriculture and, to a lesser extent, tourism. Recently, inhabitants have begun to leave Brahmapur in the same manner as the rest of rural Bihar, in an effort to find better work opportunities elsewhere. And there are two cinema hall and one AC cinema hall, five malls, four bike showrooms and maruti show room, five banks available.

== Languages ==
The most commonly spoken language in Brahmapur is [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]. People also speak [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]], and [[English language|English]], to some extent.

== Villages ==
Brahmapur block contains 104 villages, of which 65 are inhabited and 39 are uninhabited.<ref name="Census 2011"/>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Village name
! Total land area (hectares)
! Population (in 2011)
|-
| Dhaf Chapra ''(Unsurveyed)'' || 0 || 0
|-
| Badka Diya ''(Unsurveyed)'' || 0 || 0
|-
| Pandepur Path ''(Unsurveyed)'' || 0 || 0
|-
| NainijorDiaraPachhimTurkau || 0 || 0
|-
| Baghaunch ''(Unsurveyed)'' || 0 || 0
|-
| Dundh Chapra ''(Unsurveyed)'' || 0 || 0
|-
| Pokhra ''(Unsurveyed)'' || 0 || 0
|-
| Nainijor Diara Pachhim ''(Unsurveyed)'' || 0 || 0
|-
| Mahaur Naubara || 0 || 0
|-
| Sapahi ''(Unsurveyed)'' || 0 || 0
|-
| Manipur ''(Unsurveyed)'' || 0 || 0
|-
| Kisagar || 214 || 338
|-
| Ranipur || 209 || 0
|-
| Garhatha Khurd || 158 || 1,358
|-
| Ramgarh || 57 || 728
|-
| [[Nimej]] || 350.8 || 6,482
|-
| [[Semra, Buxar|Garhatha Kalan]] || 68.3 || 1,503
|-
| Bojhwalia || 96 || 1,823
|-
| [[Jogia, Brahmapur|Jogia]] || 204 || 3,322
|-
| [[Gayghat, Brahmapur|Gayghat]] || 350 || 8,633
|-
| Nandpur || 50 || 559
|-
| [[Balua, Brahmapur|Balua]] || 114 || 3,193
|-
| Chaube Chak || 15.4 || 785
|-
| [[Bairia, Brahmapur|Bairia]] || 96.3 || 4,007
|-
| Panrepur || 89 || 1,866
|-
| [[Udhaura, Brahmapur|Udhaura]] || 270 || 4,101
|-
| Parnahi || 25.9 || 369
|-
| Dallupur || 12.6 || 199
|-
| Chakani || 314.4 || 963
|-
| Ekdar || 181.8 || 175
|-
| Milki Bisupur || 0 || 0
|-
| Bisupur || 0 || 0
|-
| Bahduri || 37 || 0
|-
| [[Nainijor, Brahmapur|Nainijor]] || 973.3 || 25,004
|-
| [[Mahuar, Brahmapur|Mahuar]] || 359 || 6,421
|-
| [[Chandrapura, Buxar, Bihar|Chandarpura]] || 208.4 || 5,259
|-
| [[Harnathpur, Brahmapur|Harnathpur]] || 68.4 || 2,060
|-
| [[Hathilpur, Brahmapur|Hathilpur]] || 122.2 || 2,063
|-
| Kapurpur || 73.3 || 947
|-
| Jaipur || 30 || 350
|-
| [[Umedpur, Brahmapur|Umedpur]] || 91.9 || 2,407
|-
| Dhadha || 117 || 0
|-
| Kathia || 33.2 || 1,779
|-
| Dubauli || 93.4 || 1,635
|-
| Kuawan || 170 || 673
|-
| Maharajganj || 59.4 || 437
|-
| Karanpura || 164.1 || 0
|-
| Arjunpur || 77 || 0
|-
| Basudharpah || 57.1 || 0
|-
| Rupah || 34 || 0
|-
| Bhojwalia || 36 || 0
|-
| [[Gahauna, Brahmapur|Gahauna]] || 62 || 3,176
|-
| Dekuli || 84.6 || 0
|-
| Dhan Chhapra || 53 || 809
|-
| [[Purwa, Brahmapur|Purwa]] || 98.7 || 2,215
|-
| Dhebani || 56.7 || 249
|-
| '''Brahmapur''' ''(Block headquarters)'' || 906.9 || 17,057
|-
| [[Kant, Brahmapur|Kant]] || 643.9 || 6,004
|-
| Madhukara || 152.2 || 0
|-
| Menhmarara || 158.6 || 0
|-
| Baswar || 150.9 || 1,789
|-
| Pakrahi || 66.8 || 187
|-
| Rajpur || 361 || 1,721
|-
| [[Raghunathpur, Buxar|Raghunathpur]] || 563.8 || 11,857
|-
| Dhorhanpura || 91.4 || 688
|-
| Bharkhar || 134.4 || 1,242
|-
| Adharpa || 429.8 || 1,268
|-
| [[Rahthua, Brahmapur|Rahthua]] || 593 || 2,108
|-
| [[Kaithi, Brahmapur|Kaithi]] || 918 || 6,800
|-
| [[Dharauli, Brahmapur|Dharauli]] || 431.4 || 3,444
|-
| Babhani || 61.1 || 0
|-
| [[Khochariyawan, Brahmapur|Khochariyawan]] || 149 || 2,047
|-
| Pahari Chak || 27.9 || 331
|-
| Bhadsari || 280.4 || 1965
|-
| Ghanshampur || 59 || 353
|-
| Sukalpura || 23.1 || 235
|-
| Palatpura || 44.9 || 115
|-
| [[Ekrasi, Brahmapur|Ekrasi]] || 885.8 || 5,100
|-
| [[Pokharhan, Brahmapur|Pokharhan]] || 663.3 || 4,350
|-
| Piprarh || 106.8 || 1,009
|-
| Akorhi || 159.4 || 938
|-
| [[Baruhan, Brahmapur|Baruhan]] || 443.9 || 3,267
|-
| Kurthiya || 119 || 1,602
|-
| Atrauliya || 30 || 0
|-
| [[Bagen, Brahmapur|Bagen]] || 933 || 5,291
|-
| [[Bhada, Brahmapur|Bhada]] || 379.2 || 4,564
|-
| [[Bararhi, Brahmapur|Bararhi]] || 505 || 5,374
|-
| Churamanpur || 72 || 0
|-
| [[Bhadwar, Brahmapur|Bhadwar]] || 922.7 || 5,318
|-
| Ramdiha || 117.4 || 990
|-
| Kodai || 137 || 1,239
|-
| Choubey Bala Gangbarar || 37 || 0
|-
| Gaighat (Part) || 197.4 || 0
|-
| Rudrapur || 242.9 || 0
|-
| Chak Pheralal || 21 || 0
|-
| Chulhan Chak || 48.6 || 0
|-
| Pirthi Chapra (Part) || 31.9 || 0
|-
| Baghi || 78.6 || 0
|-
| Dangrabad || 133.1 || 0
|-
| Ghinhu Chapra (Sukul Chapra) || 47.6 || 0
|-
| Ghinhu Chapra || 40.6 || 0
|-
| Chak Durjanpur || 83.2 || 0
|-
| Jug Chapra || 131 || 0
|-
| Maji Karanpur || 0 || 0
|}

== See also ==
*[[Brahampur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.brahampurbuxar.com/}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Buxar district]]

Tamilselvanum Thaniyar Anjalum

2026-03-27T00:45:19Z

Sadique: quick update

{{short description|2016 film directed by Premsai}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Tamilselvanum Thaniyar Anjalum.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Premsai]]
| writer = Premsai
| producer = {{plainlist|
*[[Gautham Vasudev Menon]]
*Reshma Ghatala
*Venkat Somasundaram
}}

| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Jai (actor)|Jai]]
*[[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]]
*[[Yami Gautam]]
}}
| cinematography = Sathya Ponmar
| editing = Praveen Antony
| music = {{plainlist|
*'''Songs:''' [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
*'''Score:''' [[Sandeep Chowta]]
}}
| studio = [[Photon Kathaas|Guru Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2016|08|05|ref1=}}
| runtime = 102 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Tamilselvanum Thaniyar Anjalum''''' ({{translation|Tamilselvan and Private Mail}}) is a 2016 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action thriller film]] directed by [[Premsai]] and produced by [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]]. The film stars [[Jai (actor)|Jai]], [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] and [[Yami Gautam]] with [[Ashutosh Rana]], [[VTV Ganesh]], [[Prem (actor)|Prem]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], and [[Thambi Ramaiah]] in supporting roles. The film, featuring film score and soundtrack composed by [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]].

''Tamilselvanum Thaniyar Anjalum'', inspired by the 2012 American film ''[[Premium Rush]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2016 |title=Tamilselvanum... not a remake of Premium Rush, clarifies director |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/tamilselvanum-not-a-remake-of-premium-rush-clarifies-director/story-dvTmVuWiN3bYdy8sSysdpO_amp.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812133716/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/tamilselvanum-not-a-remake-of-premium-rush-clarifies-director/story-dvTmVuWiN3bYdy8sSysdpO_amp.html |archive-date=12 August 2016 |access-date=14 August 2016 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref> was simultaneously shot in Telugu as ''[[Courier Boy Kalyan]]''. However, the Telugu version was released in September 2015, after financial issues for the film were solved earlier than for the Tamil version.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=16 August 2015 |title=I pen the climax of my films only after shooting starts: Gautham Menon |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150816/entertainment-kollywood/article/i-pen-climax-my-films-only-after-shooting-starts-gautham |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20250203160250/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150816/entertainment-kollywood/article/i-pen-climax-my-films-only-after-shooting-starts-gautham |archive-date=3 February 2025 |access-date=3 February 2025 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> Despite production beginning in 2012, the film was released only on 5 August 2016. It received mixed reviews,<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 August 2016 |title=Delivering it right |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Delivering-it-right/article14568195.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250203162640/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Delivering-it-right/article14568195.ece |archive-date=3 February 2025 |access-date=3 February 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> and failed at the box office.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 July 2018 |title=Gautham Menon reveals why 'Pon Ondru Kanden' was shelved |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gautham-menon-reveals-why-pon-ondru-kanden-was-shelved/articleshow/65066537.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824153243/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gautham-menon-reveals-why-pon-ondru-kanden-was-shelved/articleshow/65066537.cms |archive-date=24 August 2018 |access-date=3 February 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Tamilselvan is a college drop-out, who does all small jobs, but becomes disinterested. Soon, Tamil moves to [[Chennai]] and stays at his uncle AC Shakthivel's house to land in a satisfying profession. His friend Nasar, a courier boy, asks him to deliver a packet at a [[Khadi]] shop, where he meets Kavya and falls in love with her, where he becomes a courier boy in order to visit Kavya everyday.

Meanwhile, Arun is a high-profile doctor, who forms a team to smuggle [[stem cell]]s from pregnant women and makes them to take a medicine, which induces abortion. However, a ward boy named Manikandan finds about the smuggling operation when he overhears a conversation between Arun and his colleague. Manikandan couriers all the details to a social activist Sathyamoorthy in Chennai. When Arun learns that the package is to be transported, he kills Manikandan and manages to make it look like an accident, where he also attacks Sathyamoorthy, who survives and orders his henchmen to snatch the courier from the courier boy, who is actually Tamil.

A chase ensues between Tamil and Arun's henchmen where Tamil manages to subdue Arun and kill him in a road accident, after learning about his plan. Tamil provides the courier to Sathyamoorthy where the stem cell scam gets exposed and Arun's partners are arrested. After this, Tamil receives {{INRConvert|1|b|year=2015}} reward for his bravery, where he gives the money to Manikandan's family and moves with Kavya on a date.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Jai (actor)|Jai]] as Tamilselvan
* [[Yami Gautam]] as Kavya
* [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] as Nasar
* [[Ashutosh Rana]] as Dr. Arun
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Sathyamoorthy
* [[Thambi Ramaiah]] as Manikandan
* [[VTV Ganesh]] as AC Shakthivel
* [[Prem (actor)|Prem]] as Shiva
* [[Satya Krishnan]] as Shakthivel's wife
* [[Thalapathy Dinesh]] as Venu
* [[Madhan Bob]] as Office Manager
* [[Lollu Sabha Manohar]] as Kathiresan
* [[Swaminathan]] as "Rotten tooth" Sekar
* [[Pasi Sathya]] as Mary
* [[Sampath Ram]]
* [[Pondy Ravi]]
* Lollu Sabha Antony as a beggar
* Lollu Sabha Easter
* [[Bava Lakshmanan]] as Watchman
* Uma
* Azhagu
* Gokul
* Magi
* [[Visweswara Rao]]
* Sangeetha Balan
* Vinitha
* Julie
}}

== Production ==
In January 2012, it was reported that [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] would be producing a film starring [[Jai (actor)|Jai]] and [[Abhinaya (actress)|Abhinaya]], and would mark the directorial debut of [[Premsai]], an erstwhile assistant to [[Prabhu Deva]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 January 2012 |title=Jai & Abinaya in Gautham Menon's next movie |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jai-abinaya-in-gautham-menons-next-movie/articleshow/11672845.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250204122055/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jai-abinaya-in-gautham-menons-next-movie/articleshow/11672845.cms |archive-date=4 February 2025 |access-date=3 February 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It was simultaneously shot in Tamil as ''Tamilselvanum Thaniyar Anjalum'', and Telugu as ''[[Courier Boy Kalyan]]'' with [[Nithiin]] instead of Jai.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghavan |first=Nikhil |date=14 July 2012 |title=Etcetera: The next big project |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/etcetera-the-next-big-project/article3639481.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104170858/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/etcetera-the-next-big-project/article3639481.ece |archive-date=4 November 2020 |access-date=11 July 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Menon revealed that if the film became a success, potential sequels under the titles of ''Tamilselvanum Varuvaithuraiyum'' and ''Tamilselvanum Podhupanithuraiyum'' were planned.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nambidi |first=Parvathy |date=8 May 2012 |title=Riding high |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article520315.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826133811/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article520315.ece |archive-date=26 August 2014 |access-date=11 July 2016 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> While the film was initially planned to be in Tamil only, once it was decided to shoot in Telugu as well, Abhinaya was removed from both versions of the project. Instead, [[Yami Gautam]] was signed on as her replacement after the makers were impressed with her performance in the [[Hindi]] film ''[[Vicky Donor]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 November 2012 |title=Yami in Tamilselvanum Thaniyar Anjalum |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yami-in-tamilselvanum-thaniyar-anjalum/articleshow/17156560.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250203181646/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yami-in-tamilselvanum-thaniyar-anjalum/articleshow/17156560.cms |archive-date=3 February 2025 |access-date=3 February 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film, despite beginning production in 2012, languished in [[production hell]] due to financial issues.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Balachandran |first=Logesh |date=4 September 2015 |title=Gautham Menon didn't interfere even at the scripting level |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Gautham-Menon-didnt-interfere-even-at-the-scripting-level/articleshow/48798664.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907210533/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Gautham-Menon-didnt-interfere-even-at-the-scripting-level/articleshow/48798664.cms |archive-date=7 September 2015 |access-date=3 February 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Schedules were also delayed as a result of shooting the film twice in Tamil and then Telugu, with the timetabling of dates of artistes and technicians becoming a problem.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 April 2014 |title=Yami plays a salesperson in Jai's film |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Yami-plays-a-salesperson-in-Jais-film/articleshow/33660340.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241218103530/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Yami-plays-a-salesperson-in-Jais-film/articleshow/33660340.cms |archive-date=18 December 2024 |access-date=11 July 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]. The audio was released on 8 September 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2015 |title=Tamilselvanum Thaniyar Anjalum (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – Single |url=https://music.apple.com/ca/album/tamilselvanum-thaniyar-anjalum-original-motion-picture/1036191829 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250203162121/https://music.apple.com/ca/album/tamilselvanum-thaniyar-anjalum-original-motion-picture/1036191829 |archive-date=3 February 2025 |access-date=3 February 2025 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 11:32
| title1 = Maya O Maya
| lyrics1 = [[Na. Muthukumar]]
| extra1 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| length1 = 4:20
| title2 = Venmegangal
| lyrics2 = [[Madhan Karky]]
| extra2 = Sricharan Kasturirangan, [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Megha (singer)|Megha]]
| length2 = 3:58
| title3 = Kalakku (I Like It)
| lyrics3 = [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]]
| extra3 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], Deepak, [[Baba Sehgal]]
| length3 = 3:14
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Tamilselvanum Thaniyar Anjalum'' was released on 5 August 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2016 |title=Gautham Menon presents 'Tamilselvanum Thaniyar Anjalum' is hitting the screens on 5th August, 2016. |url=https://www.cinemaplusnews.com/news/tamilselvanum-thaniyar-anjalum/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20250203160214/https://www.cinemaplusnews.com/news/tamilselvanum-thaniyar-anjalum/ |archive-date=3 February 2025 |access-date=3 February 2025 |website=Cinemaplusnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=759770614500470784 |user=menongautham |title=Tamilselvanum thaniyaar anjalum with Jai,Santhanam,Yami Gautham,Vtv Ganesh& music by Karthik.Releasing this Friday,5th Aug. TTA,a fun ride! |author=Gauthamvasudevmenon |author-link=Gautham Vasudev Menon |access-date=4 February 2025 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250203181524/https://x.com/menongautham/status/759770614500470784 |archive-date=3 February 2025 |url-status=deviated}}</ref> S. Saraswathi of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote, "''Tamilselvanum Thaniyar Anjalum'' may not be a gripping thriller, but has an interesting plot, moves along briskly with some fun moments, has a great background score and high octane stunts in the climax".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saraswathi |first=S. |date=8 August 2016 |title=Review: Tamilselvanum Thaniyar Anjalum is a decent attempt |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-tamilselvanum-thaniyar-anjalum-is-a-decent-attempt/20160808.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205122815/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-tamilselvanum-thaniyar-anjalum-is-a-decent-attempt/20160808.htm |archive-date=5 December 2021 |access-date=3 February 2025 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref> Gautaman Bhaskaran of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' rated the film 2 out of 5, saying, "Despite knocking at the burning issues of the day and plotted with disarming novelty, Tamil cinema often allows itself be distracted by bland romances, puerile humour and sappy songs" and this was an example of that.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhaskaran |first=Gautaman |date=5 August 2016 |title=Tamilselvanum Thaniyar Anjalum review: An important subject handled with inanity |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/tamilselvanum-thaniyar-anjalum-review-an-important-subject-handled-with-inanity/story-xXmYV8FIA5e9aYOwOm4WkM.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121204954/https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/tamilselvanum-thaniyar-anjalum-review-an-important-subject-handled-with-inanity/story-xXmYV8FIA5e9aYOwOm4WkM.html |archive-date=21 November 2021 |access-date=3 February 2025 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote, "With a premise [...] that could make many directors feel envious for not having thought of it first, Premsai gets the first thing right in ''Tamilselvanum Thaniyar Anjalum'', his directorial debut. But, unfortunately, that is only of the few things he does well in this film, which displays a split personality — it is engrossing one moment and infuriating the next".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M |date=6 August 2016 |title=Tamilselvanum Thaniyar Anjalum Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Tamilselvanum-Thaniyar-Anjalum/movie-review/53569149.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809145146/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Tamilselvanum-Thaniyar-Anjalum/movie-review/53569149.cms |archive-date=9 August 2016 |access-date=3 February 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Anupama Subramanian of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote, "On paper, the idea might have looked thought provoking, but while transferring it to onscreen he misses out in his narrative".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=6 August 2016 |title=Tamilselvanum Thaniyar Anjalum movie review: Enjoyable only in parts |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/060816/tamilselvanum-thaniyar-anjalum-movie-review-enjoyable-only-in-parts.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250203153513/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/060816/tamilselvanum-thaniyar-anjalum-movie-review-enjoyable-only-in-parts.html |archive-date=3 February 2025 |access-date=3 February 2025 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Gautham Vasudev Menon}}

[[Category:2016 Indian films]]
[[Category:2016 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2016 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:Films about organ trade]]
[[Category:Films directed by Premsai]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Sikhs

2026-03-23T14:38:25Z

Sadique: quick update intro

{{Short description|Religious group who adhere to Sikhism}}
{{About|a religious group|the Sikh religion|Sikhism|a similar word|Sik (disambiguation){{!}}Sik}}
{{for|ethnic Punjabi Sikhs only|Punjabi Sikhs}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox religious group
|group = Sikhs
|founder = [[Guru Nanak]]
|image = Painting of Maharaja Ranjit Singh at the Darbar Sahib, by August Schoefft, ca.1840's–1855 after a sketch made by Schoefft in Amritsar in 1841 (post-varnish removal).jpg
|caption = Painting of [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] at the [[Golden Temple]], by [[August Schoefft]], {{circa|1840s–1855}}
|population = {{circa| 25–30}} million{{refn|<ref>{{cite web|title=April 2022: Sikh Awareness and Appreciation Month
|url=https://www.michigan.gov/whitmer/news/proclamations/2022/04/01/april-2022-sikh-awareness-and-appreciation-month|publisher=State of Michigan Office of the Governor|access-date=28 March 2023|quote="there are more than 30 million Sikhs worldwide"}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=US Sikhs tirelessly travel their communities to feed hungry Americans |date=9 July 2020 |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/sikh-pandemic-food-support/index.html|publisher=[[CNN]]|access-date=28 March 2023|quote="Founded some 500 years ago in the Punjab region of India, the faith has some 30 million adherents, making it the fifth largest [[religion]] worldwide."}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A Brief Introduction to Sikhism|date=5 May 2021 |url=https://interactive.wttw.com/playlist/2021/05/05/sikhism-chicago|publisher=[[WTTW]]|access-date=28 March 2023|quote="Sikhism is the world's fifth-largest religion, with 25–30 million adherents around the globe}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sikhs in America|url=https://www.sikhcoalition.org/about-sikhs/sikhs-in-america/|access-date=28 March 2023|quote="There are nearly 30 million Sikhs around the world today, and a vast majority of them live in the Indian state of Punjab."}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Guru Nanak Religious Society |url=http://www.gnrsohio.org/sikhism.html|access-date=28 March 2023|quote="There are over 30 million Sikhs worldwide."}}</ref><ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |url = https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sikhism |title=Sikhism |encyclopedia= [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=6 October 2022|quote= In the early 21st century there were nearly 25 million Sikhs worldwide, the great majority of them living in the Indian state of Punjab.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/times-fact-check/news/fake-alert-sidhu-wrongly-quotes-sikh-population-as-14-crores/articleshow/72003044.cms | title= Sidhu wrongly quotes Sikh population as 14 crores | newspaper=The Times of India | date=11 November 2019}}</ref>}}
|region1 = [[Sikhism in India|India]]
|pop1 = 25 million
|ref1 ={{refn|<ref name="WorldFactbookIndia">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/#people-and-society|title=India People and Society|publisher=The World Factbook|access-date=15 February 2023|archive-date=18 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318202107/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india#people-and-society|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{efn|name=SikhIndia|Sikhs comprise 1.7% (23,786,052) of India's total population of 1,399,179,585 per 2023 estimate by the World Factbook.<ref name="WorldFactbookIndia"/>}}<ref name="SikhIndia2011" >{{cite web | url=https://www.findeasy.in/sikh-population-in-india/ | title=Sikh Population in World | Sikh Population in India 2023 | date=22 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/religion/4-sikhism.html |title= Sikh Religion Census 2011
|access-date = 21 March 2023}}</ref>}}
|region2 = [[Sikhism in Canada|Canada]]
|pop2 = 771,790
|ref2 = <ref name="canadareligion2021">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=26 October 2022 |title= Religion by visible minority and generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810034201 |access-date=1 December 2022 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=26 October 2022 |title=The Daily – The Canadian census: A rich portrait of the country's religious and ethnocultural diversity |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/221026/dq221026b-eng.htm |access-date=26 October 2022 |website=www150.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
|region3 = [[Sikhism in the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]
|pop3 = 535,517
|ref3 =<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/religion/bulletins/religionenglandandwales/census2021|title=Religion, England and Wales – Office for National Statistics|website=www.ons.gov.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release2a/rel2A_Religion_detailed_Scotland.pdf|title=Religion (detailed): All people|publisher=National Records of Scotland |access-date=8 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/Download/Census%202011/QS218NI.ods|title=Religion – Full Detail: QS218NI|publisher=Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency|access-date=8 April 2017|archive-date=16 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916182540/http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/Download/Census%202011/QS218NI.ods|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|region4 = [[Sikhism in the United States|United States]]
|pop4 = 500,000
|ref4 = {{refn|While the [[U.S. Census]] does not ask about religion,<ref>{{cite web|title=
Does the Census Bureau have data for religion?
|url=https://ask.census.gov/prweb/PRServletCustom/app/ECORRAsk2_/YACFBFye-rFIz_FoGtyvDRUGg1Uzu5Mn*/!STANDARD?pzuiactionzzz=CXtpbn0rTEpMcGRYOG1vS0tqTFAwaENUZWpvM1NNWEMzZ3p5aFpnWUxzVmw0TjJndno5ZkJPc24xNWYvcCtNbVVjWk5Z*|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=18 March 2023}}</ref> 70,697 Americans (or {{Percentage|70,697|331,449,281|2}} of the total population) declared Sikh as their ethnicity in the [[2020 U.S. census|2020 census]].<ref>{{cite web|title=
Asian Indian Was The Largest Asian Alone Population Group in 2020|url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/09/2020-census-dhc-a-asian-population.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=23 September 2023}}</ref> In the [[2021 Canadian census]], 194,640 Canadians declared Sikh as their ethnicity while 771,790 Canadians declared Sikh as their religion, indicating that the Sikh American population may be around 280,329, or {{Percentage|280,329|331,449,281|2}} of the total population.<ref>{{cite web|title=
Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population| date=9 February 2022 |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&DGUIDList=2021A000011124&GENDERList=1,2,3&STATISTICList=1,4&HEADERList=0&SearchText=Canada|publisher=[[Statistics Canada]]|access-date=23 September 2023}}</ref> The [[U.S. Census Bureau]] estimated the adult Sikh American population at 78,000 in 2008.<ref name="abstract01">{{cite web|title=Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012 – Section 1: Population – Table 75: Self-Described Religious Identification of Adult Population: 1990, 2001, and 2008 (page 61)|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2011/compendia/statab/131ed/2012-statab.pdf|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref> The [[Pew Research Center]] estimated the Sikh American adult population to be 140,000 and the total population at 200,000 in 2012 while the World Religion Database at Boston University estimated the American Sikh population to be at 280,000 in 2012.<ref name="abstract01"/><ref name="How Many">{{cite web|title=How Many U.S. Sikhs?|date=6 August 2012 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/2012/08/06/ask-the-expert-how-many-us-sikhs/|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|access-date=18 March 2023}}</ref> Sikh organizations like the [[Sikh Coalition]] and [[American Sikh Congressional Caucus]] estimate the Sikh American population to be as high as 1,000,000, but do not provide any sources for these figures;<ref>{{cite web|title=About Sikhs|url=https://www.sikhcoalition.org/about-sikhs/|publisher=[[Sikh Coalition]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=H. RES. 275–118th Congress (2023–2024)| date=10 April 2023 |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/275/text?s=1&r=1/|publisher=[[United States Congress]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="How Many"/> 500,000 nevertheless remains the most cited Sikh American population size in news media.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sikhism Reporter's Guide|url=https://www.sikhcoalition.org/resources/sikhism-reporters-guide/|publisher=[[Sikh Coalition]]|access-date=23 July 2023|archive-date=23 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723043536/https://www.sikhcoalition.org/resources/sikhism-reporters-guide/|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{refn|<ref>{{cite web|title=The Sikh Community Today |url=https://pluralism.org/the-sikh-community-today|publisher=[[Harvard University]]|access-date=28 March 2023|quote="Today there are well over 500,000 Sikhs in the United States."}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=American Sikhs are targets of bigotry, often due to cultural ignorance |date=10 August 2022 |url=https://religionnews.com/2022/08/10/american-sikhs-are-targets-of-bigotry-often-due-to-cultural-ignorance/|publisher=[[Religion News Service]]|access-date=28 March 2023|quote="Scholars and government officials estimate the Sikh American population to number around 500,000."}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sikhs in America:A History of Hate |date=4 August 2017 |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/sikhs-in-america-hate-crime-victims-and-bias|publisher=[[ProPublica]]|access-date=28 March 2023|quote="There are an estimated 500,000 Sikhs living in the U.S., many in New York and California."}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=April 2022: Sikh Awareness and Appreciation Month |url=https://www.michigan.gov/whitmer/news/proclamations/2022/04/01/april-2022-sikh-awareness-and-appreciation-month|publisher=State of Michigan Office of the Governor|access-date=28 March 2023|quote="Sikhism is the fifth largest religion in the world, and, today, there are more than 30 million Sikhs worldwide and an estimated 500,000 Sikh Americans;"}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Want to know about Sikhism?|date=23 May 2022 |url=https://www.wuwm.com/2022-05-23/want-to-know-about-sikhism-head-to-new-book-collection-in-oak-creek|publisher=[[WUWM]]|access-date=28 March 2023|quote="There are more than 500,000 Sikhs in the United States."}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A Brief Introduction to Sikhism|date=5 May 2021 |url=https://interactive.wttw.com/playlist/2021/05/05/sikhism-chicago|publisher=[[WTTW]]|access-date=28 March 2023|quote="Despite its relatively recent arrival in Chicago, Sikhism is the world's fifth-largest religion, with 25 to 30 million adherents around the globe and an estimated 500,000 in America today."}}</ref>}} With 1% of [[Asian Americans#Religion|Asian Americans]] being Sikh, and 90.7% of Sikh Americans being Asian American, the American Sikh population can be estimated around 280,000–500,000 in 2021.<ref>{{cite web|title=Asian Americans: A Mosaic of Faiths|date=19 July 2012 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2012/07/19/asian-americans-a-mosaic-of-faiths-overview/|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=2020 National Sikh American Survey: Key Findings|date=23 October 2020|url=https://issuu.com/saldefmedia/docs/2020_national_sikh_american_survey|publisher=[[Sikh American Legal Defense and Education Fund]]|access-date=14 April 2023|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414220224/https://issuu.com/saldefmedia/docs/2020_national_sikh_american_survey|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=DP05ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates |url=https://data.census.gov/table?tid=ACSDP1Y2021.DP05|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref>}}
|region5 = [[Sikhism in Australia|Australia]]
|pop5 =210,400
|ref5 = {{refn|<ref name="Geo News"/><ref name="Daily Pakistan"/><ref name="Pakistan Today"/><ref name="Bol News"/><ref name="The Wire-2"/><ref name="The Economic Times-2018-2"/><ref name="Global Indian"/><ref name="Bertolani 2013 75"/><ref name="Hindustan Times"/><ref name="Homegrown"/><ref name="Tebano"/>}}
|region6 = [[Sikhism in Italy|Italy]]
|pop6 = 210,000
|ref6 = {{refn|<ref name="Geo News">{{Cite news |title=Over 40,000 Sikhs vote in secessionist Referendum in Italy |work=Geo News |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/415781-over-40000-sikhs-vote-in-secessionist-khalistan-referendum-in-italy |quote=it had chosen the city of Brixia because Italy had over 200,000 Sikhs living in the county with a majority in Brescia.}}</ref><ref name="Daily Pakistan">{{Cite news |title=Around 45,000 Sikhs vote in Referendum in Italy |work=Daily Pakistan |url=https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/09-May-2022/around-45-000-sikhs-vote-in-khalistan-referendum-in-italy |quote=That it had chosen the city of Brixia because Italy had over 200,000 Sikhs living in it with a majority in Brescia}}</ref><ref name="Bol News">{{Cite news |title=Thousands of Sikhs attend parade in Italy |work=Bol News |url=https://www.bolnews.com/2022/05/08/italy/thousands-of-sikhs-attend-parade-in-italy-ahead-of-khalistan-referendum/index.html |quote=Italy has over 200,000 Sikhs who are active members of the Italian population, which is why this city was chosen}}</ref><ref name="The Wire-2">{{cite web |title=The Continuing Struggle for Religious Freedom by Italy's Sikh Community |url=https://thewire.in/external-affairs/sikhs-in-italy |website=The Wire |quote=It is estimated that there are around 220,000 Sikh migrants in Italy. The community, however, has been largely invisible to native Italians. The majority of Sikhs are dairy workers, living far from the cities, and settled mainly in the farms of north and central Italy.}}</ref><ref name="The Economic Times-2018-2">{{cite news |date=29 July 2018 |title=How the recent Punjabi migration to Spain & Italy is a departure for the diaspora |newspaper=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/how-the-recent-punjabi-migration-to-spain-and-italy-is-a-departure-for-the-diaspora/articleshow/65180012.cms?from=mdr |quote=The total number of Indians in Italy has now crossed 200,000, making it the largest Indian diaspora in continental Europe and far greater than the 30,000 estimated in Spain. This Indian contingent is mainly made up of Punjabi Jat Sikhs.}}</ref><ref name="Global Indian">{{cite web |title=How Sikhs saved the Italian cheese industry |url=https://www.globalindian.com/story/global-indian/parmesans-indian-connect-how-sikhs-saved-the-italian-cheese-industry/ |website=Global Indian |quote=Today, Italy has the largest Sikh population in Europe, only second to the United Kingdom, with an estimated number of 220,000}}</ref><ref name="Bertolani 2013 75">{{Cite book |last=Bertolani |first=Barbara |title=Globalizing Belief, Localizing Gods |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=2013 |isbn=9789004254756 |pages=75 |chapter=The Sikhs in Italy: A Growing Heterogeneous and Plural Presence |quote="According to Gallo (2013), by contrast, the Sikhs would number at least 100,000. Barbara Bertolani estimates in 2013 "My own data gathered within the Sikh community in Italy show Sikh people constituting about 70% of all the Indians present, i.e., at least 84,000 residents"}}</ref><ref name="Hindustan Times">{{Cite news |title=Why the Indian government must help Italian Sikhs |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/columns/why-the-indian-government-must-help-italian-sikhs/story-y3yJS6zWOqnYkkVsDuvvAJ.html |quote=Up to 150,000 Sikhs now live there, making it the largest Sikh Community in Europe after the one in Britain}}</ref><ref name="Homegrown">{{Cite news |title=The Sikhs Spearheading The Italian Parmesan Cheese Industry |work=Homegrown |url=https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-explore/the-sikhs-who-saved-parmesan-in-italy-are-now-fighting-to-save-themselves |quote=Despite the estimated 220,000 Sikh immigrants who inhabit the Po Valley, there seems to a whiff of change in the air}}</ref><ref name="Pakistan Today">{{Cite news |title=Sikhs vote in referendum in Rome |work=Pakistan Today |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2022/07/03/sikhs-vote-in-referendum-in-rome-for-freedom-of-khalistan/ |quote=About 200,000 Sikhs live in different cities of Italy.}}</ref><ref name="Tebano">{{Cite news |last=Tebano |first=Elena |title=Prayer at dawn, zero crime: this is how Sikhs live in Italy, after the sentence of the Cassation |work=Corriere Della Sera |url=https://www.corriere.it/cronache/17_maggio_17/nulla-sikh-culto-preghiera-adcfa0ae-3a74-11e7-acbd-5fa0e1e5ad68.shtml |quote=The vegan diet, the cult, the traditions. Customs and symbols of the 150,000 faithful of the religion born in India who now live in the Bel Paese}}</ref>}}
|region7 = [[Sikhism in Malaysia|Malaysia]]
|pop7 = 100,000
|ref7 =<ref>{{Cite news |title=Gobind Singh Deo is Malaysia's first Sikh minister |newspaper=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/nris-in-news/sikh-man-gobind-singh-deo-becomes-malaysias-first-minister/articleshow/64268155.cms?from=mdr |quote=Malaysia has nearly 100,000 Sikh population.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Malaysia gets first Sikh minister |work=WION |url=https://www.wionews.com/world/gobind-singh-deo-appointed-as-the-first-sikh-minister-in-the-malaysian-cabinet-138820 |quote=Miri Indian Association president, Councillor Karambir Singh was quoted as saying by the Borneo Post. Malaysia has nearly 100,000 Sikh population}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=On the Gurdwara Trail in Malaysia: A Spiritual Experience |url=https://www.sikhnet.com/news/gurdwara-trail-malaysia-spiritual-experience |website=SikhNet |date=20 January 2023 |quote=The Malaysian Sikh community is the fourth largest ethnic group of Malaysian Indians. It is estimated that over 100,000 Sikhs reside in Malaysia. The Sikh population is the largest here among Southeast and East Asia.}}</ref>
|region8 = [[Sikhism in Thailand|Thailand]]
|pop8 = 100,000
|ref8 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71359.htm|title=Thailand|website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref>
|region9 = [[Sikhism in the United Arab Emirates|United Arab Emirates]]
|pop9 = 100,000
|ref9 =<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dennehy |first=John |title=From Sikh to Hindu, new book profiles ten diverse faiths of the UAE |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/government/from-sikh-to-hindu-new-book-profiles-ten-diverse-faiths-of-the-uae-1.823152 |access-date=7 July 2025 |website=The National |language=en}}</ref>
|region10 = [[Saudi Arabia]]
|pop10 = 66,843
|ref10 =<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2022 |title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/saudi-arabia/ |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref>
|region11 = [[Sikhism in New Zealand|New Zealand]]
|pop11 = 53,406
|ref11 =<ref name="New Zealand Sikh population">{{cite web | url=https://explore.data.stats.govt.nz/vis?tm=occupation%2C%202023%20census&pg=0&hc[Society]=2023%20Census&hc[Census%20year]=2023&snb=4&vw=tb&df[ds]=ds-nsiws-disseminate&df[id]=CEN23_TBT_004&df[ag]=STATSNZ&df[vs]=1.0&dq=ra80601.2023&to[TIME]=false |title = Stats NZ Aotearoa Data Explorer}}</ref>
|region12 = [[Philippines]]
|pop12 = 50,000
|ref12 =<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/punjabi-community-money-lending-philippines-president-rodrigo-duterte-2806212/|title=Punjabi Community Involved in Money Lending in Philippines Braces for 'Crackdown' by New President|date=18 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = 2011 Gurdwara Philippines: Sikh Population of the Philippines |url=http://www.angelfire.com/ca6/gurdwaraworld/philippines.html |access-date=11 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111201014811/http://www.angelfire.com/ca6/gurdwaraworld/philippines.html |archive-date=1 December 2011}}</ref>
|region13 = [[Sikhism in Portugal|Portugal]]
|pop13 = 35,000
|ref13 = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Portugal Fact Sheet |url=https://www.eoilisbon.gov.in/page/portugal-fact-sheet/ |website=Embassy of India (Lisbon, Portugal) |quote="Sikhs (35,000), In recent years, the number of Indians (especially from Punjab/Haryana) has increased significantly owing to the easing of immigration norms by Portugal. However, since many of them do not have valid residency documents, official figures are not available."}}</ref>
|region14 = [[Oman]]
|pop14 = 33,704
|ref14 = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=171c |title=National Profiles}}</ref>
|region15 = [[Sikhism in France|France]]
|pop15 = 30,000
|ref15 =<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2017 |title=France's Sikh Minority Looks Set to Vote Against Marine Le Pen |url=https://thewire.in/external-affairs/frances-sikh-minority-set-vote-marine-le-pen |website=The Wire}}</ref>
|region16 = [[Sikhism in Spain|Spain]]
|pop16 = 26,000
|ref16 =<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Masculinity in the Sikh Community in Italy and Spain: Expectations and Challenges|first=Nachatter Singh|last=Garha|date=6 February 2020|journal=Religions|volume=11|issue=2|pages=76|doi=10.3390/rel11020076|doi-access=free |issn=2077-1444|hdl=2183/38589|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
|region17 = [[Sikhism in Germany|Germany]]
|pop17 = 25,000
|ref17 =<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mitgliederzahlen: Sonstige – REMID – Religionswissenschaftlicher Medien- und Informationsdienst e.V. |url=http://remid.de/info_zahlen/verschiedene/ |access-date=16 August 2017 |website=remid.de |language=de-DE |quote=Sikhs, 25,000 (2020)....The "German Information Center for Sikh Religion, Sikh History, Culture and Science (DISR)" estimates the number of Sikhs in Germany at 18,000 for 2017}}</ref>
|region18 = [[Sikhism in Bangladesh|Bangladesh]]
|pop18 = 23,000
|ref18 =<ref>{{cite web |title=How Many Sikhs Are There in Bangladesh? |url=https://profoundadvices.com/how-many-sikhs-are-there-in-bangladesh/ |website=Profound Advices |access-date=4 December 2025}}</ref>
|region19 = [[Sikhism in Greece|Greece]]
|pop19 = 20,000
|ref19 =<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lavin |first=Talia |date=26 April 2015 |title=Vibrant Vaisakhi Celebrates Sikh Life In Greece |work=Huffington Post |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/vaisakhi-sikh-celebration_n_7138512 |quote=The Sikh community in Greece, numbered at around 20,000 according to a 2012 report, joined together to mark the holy day}}</ref>
|region20 = [[Kuwait]]
|pop20 = 20,000
|ref20 =<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/kuwait-to-seek-closure-of-illegal-sikh-temple/212050|title=Kuwait To Seek Closure Of "Illegal" Sikh Temple|date=3 February 2022|website=Outlook India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527070441/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/kuwait-to-seek-closure-of-illegal-sikh-temple/212050 |archive-date= 27 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sikh Gurdwara discovered by 'intrepid' local reporter |url=https://timeskuwait.com/news/sikh-gurdwara-discovered-by-intrepid-local-reporter/ |website=timeskuwait.com/ |date=14 August 2019 |access-date=7 December 2022}}</ref>
{{collapsed infobox section begin|Other countries}}
|region21 = [[Sikhism in Pakistan|Pakistan]]
|pop21 = 15,998
|ref21 =<ref>{{cite web|title=Sikh population in Pakistan|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/sikhs-in-pakistan-face-continuous-persecution-uncertain-of-their-future20211015111314/|access-date=19 January 2023|archive-date=19 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119111036/https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/sikhs-in-pakistan-face-continuous-persecution-uncertain-of-their-future20211015111314/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/extremism-watch_pakistans-religious-minorities-say-they-were-undercounted-census/6207724.html|title=Pakistan's Religious Minorities Say They Were Undercounted in Census|website=VOA|date=July 2021}}</ref>
|region22 = [[Sikhism in the Netherlands|Netherlands]]
|pop22 = 15,000
|ref22 =<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.trouw.nl/religie-filosofie/het-licht-van-god-zien-in-de-ander-daar-gaat-het-om-bij-de-sikhs~ba3a81d5/ |title=Het licht van God zien in de ander, daar gaat het om bij de sikhs |trans-title=Seeing the light of God in the other, that's what the Sikhs are all about |last=Lawrence |first=Mary |date=22 May 2022 |publisher=[[Trouw]] |access-date=2 June 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524223916/https://www.trouw.nl/religie-filosofie/het-licht-van-god-zien-in-de-ander-daar-gaat-het-om-bij-de-sikhs~ba3a81d5/ |archive-date=24 May 2022 |quote=In Nederland wonen zo’n 15.000 sikhs, die hier sinds de jaren zestig vanuit Afghanistan, Pakistan en India kwamen, op zoek naar werk of op de vlucht voor de Sovjets, de Taliban of de geradicaliseerde aanhangers van Indira Gandhi, nadat zij in 1984 door haar sikhlijfwacht was vermoord. Ons land telt inmiddels negen gurdwara's. [Some 15,000 Sikhs live in the Netherlands, who have come here from Afghanistan, Pakistan and India since the 1960s, looking for work or fleeing the Soviets, the Taliban or the radicalized followers of Indira Gandhi, after they were killed in 1984. her Sikh bodyguard had been killed. Our country now has nine gurdwaras.]}}</ref>
|region23 = [[Sikhism in Hong Kong|Hong Kong]]
|pop23 = 15,000
|ref23 =<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/yp/discover/lifestyle/features/article/3065561/hong-kong-stories-getting-know-citys-sikh-community|title=Hong Kong stories: Getting to know the city's Sikh community|website=Young Post|date=31 July 2019}}</ref>
|region24 = [[Sikhism in Indonesia|Indonesia]]
|pop24 = 15,000
|ref24 =<ref>{{cite web |title=Orang-orang Sikh di Indonesia |url=https://kumparan.com/kumparannews/orang-orang-sikh-di-indonesia |website=kumparan |language=id-ID}}</ref>
|region25 = [[Sikhism in Singapore|Singapore]]
|pop25 = 12,051
|ref25 =<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/religious-diversity-in-singapore/evolution-of-the-sikh-identity-in-singapore/64B38827CD87A88C1EF3BDA3E9C2EBA5|title=Religious Diversity in Singapore|first=Arunajeet|last=Kaur|chapter=The Evolution of the Sikh Identity in Singapore |date=6 December 2008|publisher=ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute|pages=275–297|isbn=9789812307552 |via=Cambridge University Press}}</ref>
|region26 = [[Sikhism in Belgium|Belgium]]
|pop26 = 10,000
|ref26 =<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004432284/BP000040.xml|chapter=Hinduism in Belgium|first1=Enrico Castro|last1=Montes|first2=Idesbald|last2=Goddeeris|title=Handbook of Hinduism in Europe (2 vols) |date=2020|pages=849–863 |publisher=Brill|doi=10.1163/9789004432284_031 |isbn=9789004432284 |s2cid=236835206 |via=brill.com}}</ref>
|region27 = [[Sikhism in Austria|Austria]]
|pop27 = 9,000
|ref27 = <ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/europe/why-sikhism-as-registered-religion-in-austria-matters/articleshow/80021881.cms#:~:text=According%20to%20Hardeep%20Singh%20Maan,around%209%2C000%20Sikhs%20in%20Austria | title=Why Sikhism as registered religion in Austria matters |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>
|region28 = [[Kenya]]
|pop28 = 6,000
|ref28 = <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Adam |first1=Michel |title=A diversity with several levels: Kenyan politics of integration and the Kenyan minorities of Indian origin |journal=Les Cahiers d'Afrique de l'Est / The East African Review |date=1 September 2013 |issue=47 |pages=23–32 |doi=10.4000/eastafrica.402 |s2cid=199837942 |url=https://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/402#quotation |access-date=4 September 2020 |language=en |issn=2071-7245|doi-access=free}}</ref>
|region29 = [[Sikhism in Denmark|Denmark]]
|pop29 = 5,000
|ref29 =<ref>{{Citation |last=Singh |first=Pashaura |title=Northern Europe, Sikhs in |date=18 April 2019 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780191831874.001.0001/acref-9780191831874-e-251 |work=A Dictionary of Sikh Studies |access-date=2 June 2023 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780191831874.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-183187-4|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
|region30 = [[Sikhism in Norway|Norway]]
|pop30 = 4,080
|ref30 =<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ssb.no/en/kultur-og-fritid/statistikker/trosamf/aar/2020-12-08|title=2020-12-08|website=ssb.no|date=8 December 2020}}</ref>
{{collapsed infobox section end}}
|religions = [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]] [[Sikhism]]
|scriptures = [[Guru Granth Sahib]]
|languages = '''Contemporarily''' [[Punjabi language|Modern Punjabi]] • [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] • [[Pashto]] • [[English language|English]] • [[French language|French]] • [[Italian language|Italian]] • [[Spanish language|Spanish]] • [[Dutch language|Dutch]] '''Historically''' [[Punjabi dialects]] • [[Khalsa bole]] • [[Sant Bhasha]] ([[Sacred language|liturgical]]){{efn|{{efn|Majority of Sikhs speak Punjabi or its various dialects as their mother tongue. [[Guru Gobind Singh]] wrote letters to [[Aurangzeb]]—[[Zafarnama (letter)|Zafarnama]] and the [[Hikaaitaan]]—written in the [[Persian alphabet]]; Sikh coins were minted in [[Gurmukhi]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] during [[misl]]s and [[Sikh Empire]].}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/publications/research_publications_series/2011/catalogue_of_sikh_coins.aspx|title=UK Government Web Archive|website=webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk|access-date=20 March 2022|archive-date=1 August 2019|archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20190801112113/https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/publications/research_publications_series/2011/catalogue_of_sikh_coins.aspx|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_four.html|title=Sikh Reht Maryada, The Definition of Sikh, Sikh Conduct & Conventions, Sikh Religion Living, India|website=old.sgpc.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_six.html|title=Sikh Reht Maryada, The Definition of Sikh, Sikh Conduct & Conventions, Sikh Religion Living, India|website=old.sgpc.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |publisher=OUP Oxford |author1=Pashaura Singh |author2=Louis E. Fenech |year=2014 |isbn=9780191004117 |series=Oxford Handbooks |pages=380}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mann |first1=Gurinder Singh |title=The Making of Sikh scripture |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780195130249 |page=5}}</ref>}}
|flag=Khanda (Sikh Symbol).svg|flag_size=100px|flag_caption=The [[Khanda (Sikh symbol)|Khanda]], a common symbol of the Sikhs<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles|title=National Profiles|website=www.thearda.com}}</ref>}}
{{Sikhism sidebar|expanded}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}

'''Sikhs''' ([[Gurmukhi]]: ਸਿੱਖ, {{small|romanized:}} ''Sikkh'', {{IPA|pa|sɪkkʰ}}){{efn|{{IPAc-en|s|ɪ|k}} {{respell|SIK}} or {{IPAc-en|s|iː|k}} {{respell|SEEK}}}} are followers of [[Sikhism]], a religion that originated in the late 15th century in the [[Punjab]] region of the [[Indian subcontinent]], based on the teachings of [[Guru Nanak]]. The term ''Sikh'' has its origin in the [[Sanskrit]] word ''{{IAST|[[śiṣya]]}}'', meaning 'seeker', {{gloss|disciple}} or {{gloss|student}}.{{efn|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Institute of Sikh Studies, Chandigarh |url=http://sikhinstitute.org/fundamental_issues/ch3.html |access-date=16 October 2023 |website=sikhinstitute.org |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020190412/http://sikhinstitute.org/fundamental_issues/ch3.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Singh2011">{{cite book|author=Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh|title=Sikhism: An Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w8yWAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT61|date=2011|publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=978-0-85773-549-2|pages=61–}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Barwiński |first1=Marek |last2=Musiaka |first2=Łukasz |date=30 December 2019 |title=The Sikhs – religion and nation. Chosen political and social determinants of functioning |url=https://czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/studiageogr/article/view/7878 |journal=Studia z Geografii Politycznej i Historycznej |language=en |volume=8 |pages=167–182 |doi=10.18778/2300-0562.08.09 |issn=2450-0127|hdl=11089/38783 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rustamova |first=Flora |date=16 January 2023 |title=Rethinking religion and nationalism: The case of the Sikhs - Religion and Global Society |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/religionglobalsociety/2023/01/rethinking-religion-and-nationalism-the-case-of-the-sikhs/ |access-date=28 July 2025 |website=Religion and Global Society - Understanding religion and its relevance in world affairs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Milne |first=Andrew |date=1 December 2022 |title=Sikhs: A Stateless Nation, a Powerful Cohesive Diaspora and a Mistaken Identity |url=https://journals.openedition.org/osb/5894 |journal=Observatoire de la société britannique |language=en |issue=29 |pages=135–153 |doi=10.4000/osb.5894 |issn=1775-4135|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Crawford |first1=S. Cromwell |last2=Singh |first2=Harbans |date=July 1971 |title=Guru Nanak and Origins of the Sikh Faith |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1398373 |journal=Philosophy East and West |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=348 |doi=10.2307/1398373 |jstor=1398373 |issn=0031-8221|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Singh | first=Khushwant | author-link=Khushwant Singh | year=2006 | title=The Illustrated History of the Sikhs | publisher=Oxford University Press | location=India | isbn = 0-19-567747-1 | page=15}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Nabha|first=Kahan Singh|url=http://www.ik13.com/online_library.htm#mahankosh|title=ਗੁਰ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਰਤਨਾਕਰ ਮਹਾਨ ਕੋਸ਼|year=1930|page=720|language=pa|trans-title=Gur Shabad Ratnakar Mahan Kosh|access-date=29 May 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050318143533/http://www.ik13.com/online_library.htm#mahankosh|archive-date=18 March 2005|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=carolyn |date=17 March 2022 |title=Sikh Nationalism: From a Dominant Minority to an Ethno-Religious Diaspora {{!}} By Gurharpal Singh and Giorgio Shani |url=https://pacificaffairs.ubc.ca/book-reviews/sikh-nationalism-from-a-dominant-minority-to-an-ethno-religious-diaspora-by-gurharpal-singh-and-giorgio-shani/ |access-date=9 January 2023 |website=Pacific Affairs (UBC Journal) |language=en-CA}}</ref>}}

According to Article I of Chapter 1 of the [[Sikh Rehat Maryada|Sikh ''Rehat Maryada'']] ({{gloss|code of conduct}}), the definition of Sikh is:<ref>{{cite web |title=Sikh Reht Maryada: Sikh Code of Conduct and Conventions |url=http://www.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_one.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010042708/http://sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_one.html |archive-date=10 October 2008 |access-date=6 November 2008 |website=Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee}}</ref> Any human being who faithfully believes in

<ol type="I">
<li>One Immortal Being</li>
<li>Ten Gurus, from Guru Nanak Sahib to Guru Gobind Singh Sahib</li>
<li>The [[Guru Granth Sahib]]</li>
<li>The utterances and teachings of the ten Gurus and </li>
<li>The [[initiation]], known as the [[Amrit Sanskar|Amrit Sanchar]], bequeathed by the tenth Guru and who does not owe allegiance to any other religion, is a Sikh.</li>
</ol>

Male Sikhs generally have ''[[Singh]]'' ({{gloss|lion}}) as their last name, though not all Singhs are necessarily Sikhs; likewise, female Sikhs generally have ''[[Kaur]]'' ({{gloss|princess}}) as their last name. These unique last names were given by the Gurus to allow Sikhs to stand out and also as an act of defiance to [[Caste system in India|India's caste system]], which the Gurus were always against. Sikhs strongly believe in the idea of ''[[sarbat da bhala]]'' ({{gloss|welfare of all}}) and are often seen on the frontline to provide humanitarian aid across the world.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Athens. Dedication of Soldiers Honoring Generals, 111/0 B.C.? |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1874-6772_seg_a40_177 |access-date=14 September 2024 |website=Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum|doi=10.1163/1874-6772_seg_a40_177 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Sikhs who have undergone the ''[[Amrit Sanchar]]'' ({{gloss|baptism by [[Khanda (Sikh symbol)|Khanda]]}}), an initiation ceremony, are known as [[Khalsa]] from the day of their initiation and they must at all times have on their bodies the [[The Five Ks|five Ks]]:

# [[Kesh (Sikhism)|''kesh'']], uncut hair usually kept covered by a [[dastār]], also known as a [[turban]];
# [[Kara (Sikhism)|''kara'']], an iron or steel bracelet;
# ''[[kirpan]]'', a dagger-like sword tucked into a ''gatra'' strap or a ''kamar kasa'' waistband;
# ''[[kachera]]'', a cotton undergarment; and
# [[Kangha (Sikhism)|''kanga'']], a small wooden comb.

The Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent has been the historic homeland of the [[Sikh]]s, having even been [[Sikh Empire|ruled by the Sikhs]] for significant parts of the 18th and 19th centuries. Today, [[Canada]] has the largest national Sikh proportion (2.1%) in the world,<ref name="canadareligion2021"/> while the [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state in [[India]] has the largest Sikh proportion (60%) amongst all [[administrative division]]s in the world. With a population of approximately 25 to 30 million, Sikhs represent about 0.3% to 0.4% of the total world population in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nadeem |first=Reem |date=21 December 2022 |title=Key Findings From the Global Religious Futures Project |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2022/12/21/key-findings-from-the-global-religious-futures-project/ |access-date=16 May 2024 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> Many countries, such as Canada and the United Kingdom, recognise Sikhs as a designated religion on their censuses<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/religion/articles/religioninenglandandwales2011/2012-12-11|title=Religion in England and Wales 2011|last=ONS|date=11 December 2012|website=[[Office for National Statistics]]|publisher=[[UK Statistics Authority]]|access-date=24 November 2018}}</ref> and, as of 2020, Sikhs are considered as a separate [[ethnic group]] in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/sikhs-to-be-counted-as-separate-ethnic-group-in-2020-us-census-community-hails-recognition-of-distinct-language-culture-7907961.html|title=Sikhs to be counted as separate ethnic group in 2020 US Census; community hails recognition of distinct language, culture|last=Press Trust of India|date=15 January 2020|website=Firstpost}}</ref> The UK also considers Sikhs to be an [[Ethnoreligious group|ethno-religious]] people, as a direct result of the ''[[Mandla v Dowell-Lee]]'' case in 1982.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/PARLMENT/hansArt.nsf/V3Key/LC19940511036 |title=Anti-Discrimination (Amendment) Bill – 11/05/1994 – 2R COMM – NSW Parliament |publisher=Parliament.nsw.gov.au |date=11 May 1994 |access-date=27 April 2015 |archive-date=4 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604065733/http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/PARLMENT/hansArt.nsf/V3Key/LC19940511036 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/uploaded_files/research/research_report_48_religion_or_belief_identifying_issues_and_priorities.doc |title='Religion or belief': Identifying issues and priorities (Linda Woodhead with the assistance of Rebecca Catto) AHRC/ESRC Religion and Society Programme, Lancaster University |access-date=10 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116121346/http://equalityhumanrights.com/uploaded_files/research/research_report_48_religion_or_belief_identifying_issues_and_priorities.doc |archive-date=16 January 2010}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of Sikhism}}

[[File:Outside view of Gurdwara Janam Asthan.jpg|thumb|[[Gurdwara Janam Asthan]], the birthplace of Guru Nanak]]

[[Guru Nanak]] (1469–1539), the founder of [[Sikhism]], was born in a [[Hindu]] [[Khatri]] family to [[Mehta Kalu]] and [[Mata Tripta]] in the village of [[Talwandi]], present-day [[Nankana Sahib]], near [[Lahore]].<ref name=Singh_2006>{{cite book | last=Singh | first=Khushwant | author-link=Khushwant Singh | year=2006 | title=The Illustrated History of the Sikhs | publisher=Oxford University Press | location=India | isbn = 0-19-567747-1 | pages=12–13}}</ref> Throughout his life, Guru Nanak was a religious leader and social reformer. However, Sikh political history may be said to begin in 1606, with the death of the fifth Sikh guru, [[Arjan Dev|Guru Arjan Dev]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/history/history_1.shtml|title=The Khalsa {{!}} History of Sikhism {{!}} Sikhism|date=29 August 2003|work=BBC Religion & Ethics|publisher=BBC|access-date=4 April 2008}}</ref> Religious practices were formalised by [[Guru Gobind Singh]] on 30 March 1699, when the Guru initiated five people from a variety of social backgrounds known as the ''[[Panj Piare]]'' ({{gloss|beloved five}}), to form a collective body of initiated Sikhs known as the ''[[Khalsa]]'' ({{gloss|pure}}).<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Patwant|url=https://archive.org/details/sikhs00sing/|title=The Sikhs|publisher=Knopf|year=2000|isbn=978-0-375-40728-4|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/sikhs00sing/page/14 14]|url-access=registration|via=Internet Archive}}</ref>

The early followers of Guru Nanak were [[Khatri]]s, but later a large number of [[Jats]] joined the Sikh faith.<ref>{{cite book|publisher=Penguin|title=India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765|author=Richard M. Eaton|year=2019|pages=168–169|isbn=9780141966557|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aIF6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP168|quote=The Sikh community grew rapidly in the sixteenth century. Nanak's earliest followers had been fellow Khatris engaged in petty trade, shopkeeping, or lower level civil service in the Lodi or Mughal bureaucracies. But as the movement grew, it experienced a significant influx of Jat cultivators.}}</ref> [[Khatri]]s and [[Brahmin]]s opposed "the demand that the Sikhs set aside the distinctive customs of their castes and families, including the older rituals."<ref>{{cite book|last=Dhavan|first=Purnima|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q0ZpAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA42|title=When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699–1799|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2011|isbn=978-0-19987-717-1|pages=42, 47, 184}}</ref>

[[Pashaura Singh (Sikh scholar)|Pashaura Singh]] analysed references made within the 11th ballad of the ''[[Varan Bhai Gurdas|Varan]]'' of [[Bhai Gurdas]] to form a picture of the caste-makeup of the early Sikh community.<ref name="LW">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Pashaura |title=Life and Work of Guru Arjan: History, Memory, and Biography in the Sikh Tradition |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |isbn=9780199087808 |quote=The 11th var of Bhai Gurdas is extremely useful for assessing the social constituency of the early Panth. Apart from this, there is no other contemporary source which can be used to determine the actual numbers and proportions of various groups within the constitution of the Panth in the period of the early Gurus. Identifying the castes, a general profile of the Panth's leadership may be reconstructed with the help of the 11th var of Bhai Gurdas. In fact, 11 stanzas of this ballad (Var 11:18–28) exclusively provide lists of the actual names and places of prominent followers of Guru Arjan. The Khatri caste (e.g. Sehgal, Ohri, Uppal, Julka, Bhalla, Passi, Khullar, Vohra, Vij, Kapur, Chaddha, Behl, Kohli, Marwah, Mehra, Soni, Jhanjhi, Sodhi, Beri, Nanda, Wadhawan, Tulli, and Puri sub-castes) was particularly prominent among the trading communities, and this was the caste to which all the Gurus belonged. There were certainly some Brahmins (Tiwari Pandit, Wissa, Gopi, and Tulsia of Bhardwaj sub-caste, and Jagna Brahmin from Agra) among the Sikhs, and some outcastes – for instance, the name of Paira Chandal appears in the list of prominent Sikhs. There was a preponderance of Jats (e.g. Randhawa, Khehra, Dhillon, and Pannu sub-castes) among the cultivators, who were followed by members of the artisan castes, notably Tarkhans ({{gloss|carpenters}}) and Lohars ({{gloss|blacksmiths}}). In addition, there were Nais ({{gloss|barbers}}), Chhimbas ({{gloss|cotton-printers}}), Machhis ({{gloss|water-carriers}}), Dhobis ({{gloss|washermen}}), Kumhars ({{gloss|potters}}), Telis ({{gloss|oil pressers}}), masons and goldsmiths. The name of a Muslim, Mian Jamal, figures prominently in the list of close associates (hazuri sikhs) of Guru Arjan. It should, however, be emphasized that Bhai Gurdas deals only with the more notable members of the Panth. These leaders will have had their own families, friends, and followers in large numbers from their particular areas, who collectively made up the general constituency of the Panth. On the one hand, there were rich merchants (like Seths and Sarrafs) in cities and towns and Chaudaris ({{gloss|headmen}}) in villages; on the other, there were labourers and slaves, with artisans and craftsmen, petty shopkeepers and peasants in between. Not surprisingly, in terms of the social background and the economic means of its members, the Panth was far from homogenous. Nevertheless, the cultural patterns of different sections of Puniabi society played a significant role in the evolution of the Sikh Panth.}}</ref> At the time of the writing the Vaar, the early Sikh community was composed of various castes and backgrounds, such as:<ref name="LW"/>

* [[Khatri]]s (particularly the Sehgal, Ohri, Uppal, Julka, Bhalla, Passi, Khullar, Vohra, Vij, Kapur, Chaddha, Behl, Kohli, Marwah, Mehra, Soni, Jhanjhi, Sodhi, Beri, Nanda, Wadhawan, Tulli and Puri ''[[gotra]]s'')<ref name="LW"/>
* [[Brahmin Sikhs|Brahmins]] (such as the [[Bhardwaj]] gotra)<ref name="LW"/>
* [[Jat Sikh|Jats]] (particularly the [[Randhawa]], [[Khera|Khehra]], [[Dhillon]] and [[Pannu]] gotras)<ref name="LW"/>
* [[Tarkhan (Punjab)|Tarkhans]] ('carpenters')<ref name="LW"/>
* [[Lohar (caste)|Lohar]]s ('blacksmiths')<ref name="LW"/>
* [[Nai (caste)|Nais]] ('barbers')<ref name="LW"/>
* [[Chhimba]]s ('cotton-printers')<ref name="LW"/>
* [[Jhinwar|Machhis]] ('water-carriers')<ref name="LW"/>
* [[Dhobi]]s ('washermen')<ref name="LW"/>
* [[Kumhar]]s ('potters')<ref name="LW"/>
* [[Teli]]s ('oil pressers")<ref name="LW"/>
* masons<ref name="LW"/>
* goldsmiths<ref name="LW"/>
* [[Dalit|Outcastes]] (such as [[Chandala|Chandals]])<ref name="LW"/>
* [[Muslims]]<ref name="LW"/>

The early Sikhs varied widely in their occupations and position in society's hierarchy: some were rich merchants ([[Seth (surname)|Seths]] and [[Sarraf]]s), others were heads of villages ([[Chowdhury]]), some were labourers, others were enslaved, whilst others still were artisans, craftsmen, shopkeepers or simple peasants.<ref name="LW"/>

[[File:Sikh Empire tri-lingual.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Sikh Empire]] at its greatest extent]]

During the rule of the [[Mughal Empire]] in India, two [[Sikh gurus]] were martyred. ([[Guru Arjan]] was martyred on suspicion of helping in betrayal of Mughal Emperor [[Jahangir]] and [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]] was martyred by the Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]])<ref>{{cite journal
| last =McLeod
| first =Hew
| title =Sikhs and Muslims in the Punjab
| journal =South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies
| volume =22
| issue =s1
| pages =155–165
| year =1987
| doi = 10.1080/00856408708723379}}</ref> As the Sikh faith grew, the Sikhs subsequently militarised to oppose Mughal rule.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sikh-Mughal Wars |url=https://dvnetwork.org/page/the-sikh-mughal-wars |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250324160637/https://dvnetwork.org/page/the-sikh-mughal-wars |archive-date=24 March 2025 |access-date=3 June 2025 |website=dvnetwork.org |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Shrine of ranjit singh.jpg|thumb|The [[Samadhi of Ranjit Singh|Samadhi of Emperor Ranjit Singh]] in [[Lahore]], Pakistan]]
[[File:Darbar Sahib 27 September 2018.jpg|thumb|The [[Harmandir Sahib|Golden Temple]]]]
[[File:Sikh helmet.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Metal helmet in a museum|A [[Sikh Khalsa Army]] sowar's battle helmet]]
[[File:Photograph of Max Arthur Macauliffe wearing a turban.jpg|thumb|[[Max Arthur Macauliffe]] (1841–1913), a senior British administrator who was posted to India during the British rule of Punjab, converted to Sikhism in the 1860s.]]

After defeating the [[Afghan–Sikh Wars|Afghans]] and Mughals, sovereign states called [[Misl]]s were formed under [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia]]. The Confederacy of these states was unified and transformed into the [[Sikh Empire]] under [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]]. This era was characterised by religious tolerance and [[Religious pluralism|pluralism]], including Christians, Muslims and Hindus in positions of power. Its secular administration implemented military, economic and governmental reforms. The empire is considered the zenith of political Sikhism,<ref name="Lafont">{{cite book|last=Lafont|first=Jean-Marie|title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh: Lord of the Five Rivers (French Sources of Indian History Sources)|date=16 May 2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-566111-7|location=New York|pages=23–29}}</ref> encompassing [[Kashmir]], [[Ladakh]] and [[Peshawar]]. [[Hari Singh Nalwa]], the commander-in-chief of the [[Sikh Khalsa Army]] in the [[North-West Frontier Province|North-West Frontier]], expanded the confederacy to the [[Khyber Pass]].

=== British rule in India ===
[[File:Sikh Armour and weapons.jpg|thumb|upright|Sikh armour and weapons]]
[[File:“Sikh Sardar”, photograph by John McCosh taken in circa 1848-9.jpg|thumb|“Sikh Sardar”, photograph by [[John McCosh]] taken circa 1848–49]]

After the annexation of the Sikh kingdom by the British, the British Army began recruiting significant numbers of Sikhs and [[Punjabis]].{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} During the 1857 [[Indian mutiny]], the Sikhs stayed loyal to the British, resulting in heavy recruitment from Punjab to the [[British Indian Army]] for the next 90 years of the [[British Raj]] in [[colonial India]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ballantyne|first1=Tony|title=Between Colonialism and Diaspora: Sikh Cultural Formations in an Imperial World|date=2006|publisher=Duke University Press|location=United states|page=66|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cArhKfrY_IoC&pg=PR5 |access-date=21 January 2015|isbn=0822388111}}</ref> The distinct turban that differentiates a Sikh from other turban wearers is a relic of the rules of the British Indian Army.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cohn|first1=Bernard S|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uIalYaenrTkC&pg=PR9|title=Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India|date=1996|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0691000433|location=Princeton, NJ|pages=107–109|access-date=26 January 2015}}</ref> The British colonial rule saw the emergence of many reform movements in India, including Punjab, such as the formation of the First and Second [[Singh Sabha Movement|Singh Sabha]] in 1873 and 1879 respectively. The Sikh leaders of the Singh Sabha worked to offer a clear definition of Sikh identity and tried to purify Sikh belief and practice.<ref>{{cite book|last=Oberoi|first=Harjot|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1NKC9g2ayJEC|title=The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1994|isbn=9780226615929|location=Chicago|page=494|access-date=18 September 2013}}</ref>

The later years of British colonial rule saw the emergence of the [[Akali movement]] to bring reform in the [[gurdwara]]s during the early 1920s. The movement led to the introduction of ''Sikh [[Gurdwara]] Bill'' in 1925, which placed all the historical Sikh shrines in India under the control of the [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nesbitt|first1=Eleanor|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ai-rpcY-rrgC&q=sgpc&pg=PT10|title=Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2005|isbn=0-19-280601-7|series=Very Short Introductions|location=Oxford|access-date=14 January 2016|via=Google Books}}</ref>

=== Partition and post-Partition ===
At the time of the [[Indian independence movement]], the Sikh ruler of the [[Kapurthala State]] fought to [[opposition to the partition of India|oppose the partition of India]] and advocated for a united, secular country.<ref name="NDTV2009">{{cite web |title=An undivided India? |url=https://www.ndtv.com/video/news/the-big-fight/an-undivided-india-100356 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=19 October 2020 |language=en |date=29 August 2009}}</ref> Sikh organisations, including the [[Chief Khalsa Diwan|Chief Khalsa Dewan]] and [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] led by [[Master Tara Singh]], condemned the [[Lahore Resolution]] and the movement to create Pakistan, viewing it as inviting possible persecution, with [[Shiromani Akali Dal|Akali Dal]] instead favouring an undivided Azad Punjab as an independent Sikh State or [[Khalistan movement|Khalistan]], having passed the Sikh State Resolution in 1946. The Sikhs therefore [[Tara Singh (activist)|strongly fought against the partition of Punjab]].<ref name="KudaisyaYong2004">{{cite book |last1=Kudaisya |first1=Gyanesh |last2=Yong |first2=Tan Tai |title=The Aftermath of Partition in South Asia |date=2004 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon-on-Thames, England |isbn=978-1-134-44048-1 |page=100 |quote=No sooner was it made public than the Sikhs launched a virulent campaign against the Lahore Resolution. Pakistan was portrayed as a possible return to an unhappy past when Sikhs were persecuted and Muslims the persecutor. Public speeches by various Sikh political leaders on the subject of Pakistan invariably raised images of atrocities committed by Muslims on Sikhs and of the martyrdom of their ''gurus'' and heroes. Reactions to the Lahore Resolution were uniformly negative and Sikh leaders of all political persuasions made it clear that Pakistan would be "wholeheartedly resisted". The Shiromani Akali Dal, the party with a substantial following amongst the rural Sikhs, organized several well-attended conferences in Lahore to condemn the Muslim League. Master Tara Singh, leader of the Akali Dal, declared that his party would fight Pakistan "tooth and nail". Not be outdone, other Sikh political organizations, rivals to the Akali Dal, namely the Central Khalsa Young Men Union and the moderate and loyalist Chief Khalsa Dewan, declared in equally strong language their unequivocal opposition to the Pakistan scheme.}}</ref> The months leading up to the 1947 [[partition of India|partition of Punjab]] were marked by conflict in the [[Punjab]] between Sikhs and [[Muslims]].<ref name="Abid2014">{{cite web |last1=Abid |first1=Abdul Majeed |title=The forgotten massacre |url=https://nation.com.pk/29-Dec-2014/the-forgotten-massacre |website=The Nation |date=29 December 2014 |quote=On the same dates, Muslim League-led mobs fell with determination and full preparations on the helpless Hindus and Sikhs scattered in the villages of Multan, Rawalpindi, Campbellpur, Jhelum and Sargodha. The murderous mobs were well supplied with arms, such as daggers, swords, spears, and firearms. (A former civil servant mentioned in his autobiography that weapon supplies had been sent from NWFP and money was supplied by Delhi-based politicians.) They had bands of stabbers and their auxiliaries, who covered the assailant, ambushed the victim and if necessary disposed of his body. These bands were subsidized monetarily by the Muslim League, and cash payments were made to individual assassins based on the numbers of Hindus and Sikhs killed. There were also regular patrolling parties in jeeps that went about sniping and picking off any stray Hindu or Sikh. ... Thousands of non-combatants including women and children were killed or injured by mobs, supported by the All India Muslim League.}}</ref> This caused the religious migration of Punjabi Sikhs and [[Hindus]] from [[Punjab (Pakistan)|West Punjab]] to the east (modern India), mirroring a simultaneous religious migration of [[Punjabi Muslims]] from [[Punjab (India)|East Punjab]] to the west (modern Pakistan).<ref name="Dutt et al.">{{cite journal|last1=Dutt|first1=Amitava|last2=Devgun|first2=Surinder|date=23 September 1977|title=Diffusion of Sikhism and recent migration patterns of Sikhs in India|journal=GeoJournal|volume=1|issue=5|pages=81–89|doi=10.1007/BF00704966|s2cid=189881872|issn=1572-9893}} {{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

Following partition, the Government of India had begun to redraw states corresponding to demographic and linguistic boundaries. However, this was not effective in the northern part of the country,{{sfn|Doad|1997|p=392}} as the government reconsidered redrawing states in the north.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=186}} While states across the country were extensively redrawn on linguistic lines at the behest of linguistic groups, the only languages not considered for statehood were [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] and [[Urdu]]. {{sfn|Deol|2000|p=93}} Leading to the launch of the [[Punjabi Suba movement]] and the presentation for a Punjabi Suba as a policy in April 1948 by [[Tara Singh (activist)|Master Tara Singh]]. Also, on 26 January 1950, Sikh representatives refused to sign the Indian constitution. As Sikhs were recognised as Hindus and Sikhs were not provided with scheduled castes concessions given to Hindu scheduled castes.

The Punjab Suba experienced heavy government crackdown with the Congress Government arresting as many as 21,000 people. Attempted negotiations with Congress-led the agitation to be adjourned twice, though [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] continued to reject the demand.{{sfn|Deol|2000|p=96}}{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=188}} On 4 July 1955, government police forces, led by [[Deputy inspector general of police|DIG]] Ashwini Kumar,<ref name="kirpal">{{cite book |last1=Dhillon |first1=Kirpal S. |title=Identity and Survival: Sikh Militancy in India, 1978–1993 |date=2006 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=London, United Kingdom |isbn=9780143100362 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_PU6CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT60| page=60}}</ref> forced entry into the Golden Temple premises and heavy-handedly arrested protestors and took them into custody, along with the head [[granthi]]s of the [[Akal Takht]] and [[Golden Temple]], volunteer protestors and even cooks of the temple's [[Langar (Sikhism)|langar]].{{sfn|Bal|1985|p=426}} The Guru Ram Das Serai and Shiromani Akali Dal offices were also raided and batons used and tear gas and shells were fired to disperse the protestors gathered on the periphery of the temple, damaging the periphery and Sarovar, or pool, of the temple.{{sfn|Bal|1985|p=426}}{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=189}} The government stopped volunteers on the way to the Golden Temple and troops were ordered to flag-march through the bazaars and streets surrounding the site.{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=189}} Over 200 protestors were killed, thousands arrested,{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=189}} and thousands, including women and children, were injured.

The Congress government agreed to the Punjab Suba in 1966 after protests and recommendation of the States Reorganisation Commission.<ref name="Jayanta484">{{citation|last1=Ray|first1=Jayanta Kumar|title=Aspects of India's International Relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World|date=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nyk6oA2nOlgC&q=khalistan|page=484|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-0834-7}}</ref> The state of East Punjab was later split into the states of [[Himachal Pradesh]], the new state [[Haryana]] and current day [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Singh|first=Atamjit|title=The Language Divide in Punjab|url=http://www.apnaorg.com/book-chapters/language/|journal=South Asian Graduate Research Journal|volume=4|issue=1, Spring 1997|publisher=Apna|access-date=4 April 2013}}</ref> However, there was a growing alienation between Punjabi Sikh and Hindu populations. The latter of which reported [[Hindi]] rather than Punjabi as their primary language. The result was that Punjabi-speaking areas were left out of the new state and given to Haryana and Himachal Pradesh{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=205}} resulting in the state of Punjab to be roughly 35,000 square miles smaller than the Punjabi-speaking areas based on pre-1947 census figures. Moreover, the 1966 reorganisation left Sikhs highly dissatisfied, with the capital [[Chandigarh]] being made into a shared [[union territory]] and the capital of Punjab and Haryana.

In the late 1960s, the [[Green Revolution]] in India was first introduced in Punjab as part of a development program issued by international donor agencies and the Government of India.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dutta|first=Swarup|date=June 2012|title=Green Revolution Revisited: The Contemporary Agrarian Situation in Punjab, India|journal=Social Change|volume=42|issue=2|pages=229–247|doi=10.1177/004908571204200205|s2cid=55847236|issn=0049-0857}}</ref> While, Green Revolution in Punjab had several positive impacts, the introduction of the mechanised agricultural techniques led to uneven distribution of wealth. The industrial development was not done at the same pace as agricultural development, the Indian government had been reluctant to set up heavy industries in Punjab due to its status as a high-risk border state with Pakistan.<ref name="Larry2007">{{cite book |author1=Sumit Ganguly |author2=Larry Diamond |author3=Marc F. Plattner |title=The State of India's Democracy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lgs1tFTh-JMC&pg=PA56 |access-date=18 August 2013 |date=2007 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-0-8018-8791-8 |page=56}}</ref> The rapid increase in the higher education opportunities without an adequate rise in the jobs resulted in the increase in the unemployment of educated youth.<ref name="Jayanta484" />

In 1973 as a result, of unaddressed grievances and increasing inequality the [[Akali Dal]] put forward the [[Anandpur Sahib Resolution]].{{sfn|Karim|1991|p=30}} The resolution included both religious and political issues. It asked for recognising Sikhism as a religion, it also demanded the devolution of power from the Central to state governments.<ref name="Jayanta484" /> The Anandpur Resolution was rejected by the government as a secessionist document. Thousands of people joined the movement, feeling that it represented a real solution to demands such as a larger share of water for irrigation and the return of Chandigarh to Punjab.<ref name="Akshay1991">{{cite book |author=Akshayakumar Ramanlal Desai |title=Expanding Governmental Lawlessness and Organized Struggles |year=1991 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7154-529-2 |pages=64–66}}</ref>

After unsuccessful negotiations the Dharam Yuddh Morcha ({{gloss|righteous campaign}}){{sfn|Bakke|2015|p=143}} was launched on 4 August 1982,{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}} by the [[Akali Dal]] in partnership with [[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]], with its stated aim being the fulfillment of a set of devolutionary objectives based on the [[Anandpur Sahib Resolution]].{{sfn|Bakke|2015|p=143}} Indian police responded to protestors with high-handed police methods creating state repression affecting a very large segment of Punjab's population. Police brutality resulted in retaliatory violence from a section of the Sikh population, widening the scope of the conflict by the use of violence of the state on its own people.{{sfn|Karim|1991|pp=32–33}} A "state of chaos and repressive police methods" combined to create "a mood of overwhelming anger and resentment in the Sikh masses against the authorities." Leading to Sikh leader Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale gaining prominence and demands of independence gain currency, even amongst moderates and Sikh intellectuals.{{sfn|Karim|1991|pp=32–33}} In 1982 and early 1983, extrajudicial killings by the police of orthodox Sikh youth in rural areas in Punjab provoked reprisals.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pettigrew |first1=Joyce |title=In Search of a New Kingdom of Lahore |journal=Pacific Affairs |date=1987 |volume=60 |issue=1 |page=24 |doi=10.2307/2758827 |jstor=2758827}}</ref> Over 190 Sikhs had been killed in the first 19 months of the protest movement.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dhillon |first1=Gurdarshan Singh |title=Truth about Punjab: SGPC White Paper |date=1996 |publisher=Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee |location=Amritsar, Punjab |isbn=978-0836456547 |edition=1st |page=198 |url=https://archive.org/details/TruthAboutPunjab/mode/2up}}</ref>

In May 1984, a ''Grain Roko morcha'' was planned and to be initiated on June{{nbsp}}3{{sfn|Grewal|1998|p=226}} with protestors practising civil disobedience by refusing to pay land revenue, water or electricity bills and blocking the flow of grain out of Punjab. Indian Prime minister [[Indira Gandhi]] launched [[Operation Blue Star]] on June{{nbsp}}1 prior to the Grain Roko morcha in order to remove Bhindranwale from the [[Harmandir Sahib|Golden Temple]]. This subsequently led to Gandhi's assassination by her Sikh bodyguards.<ref name="NYT">{{Cite news|last=Pace|first=Eric|date=1 November 1984|title=Assassination in India: Sikhs at the centre of the drama; Sikh separation dates back to '47|page=24|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/11/01/world/assassination-india-sikhs-center-drama-sikh-separation-dates-back-47.html}}</ref> Her assassination was followed by government-sponsored pogroms against Sikh communities across India and the killing of thousands of Sikhs throughout India. These events triggered an [[Insurgency in Punjab]] which would consume Punjab until the early 1990s.

During the day of [[Vaisakhi]] in 1999, Sikhs worldwide celebrated the 300th anniversary of the creation of the [[Khalsa]]. [[Canada Post]] honoured Sikh Canadians with a commemorative stamp in conjunction with the anniversary. Likewise, on 9 April 1999, Indian president [[K. R. Narayanan]] issued a stamp commemorating the 300th anniversary of the Khalsa as well.<ref>{{cite web|title=Canada Post to honour Sikh Canadians with a commemorative stamp|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/khalsa/page16.htm|work=Tribune India|publisher=The Tribune|access-date=26 March 2013|archive-date=29 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129050454/https://www.tribuneindia.com/error/Error404?aspxerrorpath=%2Fkhalsa%2Fpage16.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Art and culture==
{{Main|Sikh art and culture|Punjabi culture}}

[[File:SikhNakashi.jpg|alt=Intricate design|thumb|Opaque watercolour-on-paper [[Nakashi art]], about 1880, by an unknown artist from [[Lahore]] or [[Amritsar]] and used to decorate the walls of [[Golden Temple|Harmandir Sahib]]]]
[[File:HarmindarSahib.jpg|alt=Large building on the water|thumb|Darbar Sahib, circa 1870]]

Sikh art and culture are nearly synonymous with that of Punjab and Sikhs are easily recognised by their distinctive turban ([[Dastar]]). Punjab has been called India's melting pot, due to the confluence of invading cultures from the rivers from which the region gets its name. Sikh culture is therefore a synthesis of cultures. Sikhism has forged a unique [[Sikh architecture|architecture]], which S. S. Bhatti described as "inspired by [[Guru Nanak]]'s creative mysticism" and "is a mute harbinger of holistic humanism based on pragmatic spirituality."<ref>{{cite web |title=The Magnificence of Sikh Architecture |url=http://www.punjabheritage.org/catagories/architectural-heritage/the-magnificence-of-sikh-architecture.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214193843/http://www.punjabheritage.org/catagories/architectural-heritage/the-magnificence-of-sikh-architecture.html  |archive-date=14 December 2007 |access-date=4 April 2008}}</ref> The American non-profit organisation [[United Sikhs]] has fought to have Sikh included on the [[United States|U.S.]] census as well, arguing that Sikhs "self-identify as an ethnic minority" and believe "that they are more than just a religion."<ref>{{cite web |title=Memorandum Regarding the Tabulation of Sikh Ethnicity in the United States Census |url=http://www.unitedsikhs.org/petitions/Memo%20re%20Sikh%20Ethnicity.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224220633/http://www.unitedsikhs.org/petitions/Memo%20re%20Sikh%20Ethnicity.pdf |archive-date=24 February 2014 |access-date=20 November 2014}}</ref>

During the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] and [[Durrani|Afghan]] persecution of the Sikhs during the 17th and 18th centuries,<ref>{{cite book |last=Sian |first=Katy |title=Unsettling Sikh and Muslim Conflict: Mistaken Identities, Forced Conversions, and Postcolonial Formations |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2013 |isbn=9780739178744 |page=32}}</ref> the latter were concerned with preserving their religion and gave little thought to art and culture. With the rise of [[Ranjit Singh]] and the [[Sikh Raj]] in [[Lahore]] and [[Delhi]], there was a change in the landscape of art and culture in Punjab; Hindus and Sikhs could build decorated shrines without the fear of destruction or looting.<ref>{{cite book |last=Srivastava |first=R. P. |title=Punjab Painting: Study in Art and Culture |publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=1983 |isbn=9788170171744 |page=13}}</ref>

The Sikh Confederacy was the catalyst for a uniquely Sikh form of expression, with Ranjit Singh commissioning forts, palaces, bungas (residential places) and colleges in a Sikh style. Sikh architecture is characterised by gilded fluted domes, cupolas, kiosks, stone lanterns, ornate [[baluster]]s and square roofs. A pinnacle of Sikh style is [[Harmandir Sahib]] (also known as the Golden Temple) in [[Amritsar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Golden Temple (Sri Harmandir Sahib) {{!}} EBSCO Research Starters |url=https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/literature-and-writing/golden-temple-sri-harmandir-sahib |access-date=22 June 2025 |website=www.ebsco.com |language=en}}</ref>

Sikh culture is influenced by militaristic motifs (with the [[Khanda (religious symbol)|Khanda]] the most obvious) and most Sikh artifacts—except for the relics of the Gurus—have a military theme. This theme is evident in the Sikh festivals of [[Hola Mohalla]] and [[Vaisakhi]], which feature marching and displays of valor.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

Although the art and culture of the Sikh diaspora have merged with that of other Indo-immigrant groups into categories like "British Asian," "Indo-Canadian" and "Desi-Culture," a minor cultural phenomenon that can be described as "political Sikh" has arisen.<ref>{{cite web |title=Art and Culture of the Diaspora |url=http://www.sikhchic.com/ |access-date=4 April 2008}}</ref> The art of diaspora Sikhs like Amarjeet Kaur Nandhra and Amrit and Rabindra Kaur Singh ([[The Singh Twins]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Singh Twins Art Launches Liverpool Fest |url=http://sikhchic.com/article-detail.php?id=168&cat=1 |access-date=4 April 2008}}</ref> is influenced by their Sikhism and current affairs in Punjab.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

[[Bhangra (dance)|Bhangra]] and [[Giddha]] are two forms of Punjabi folk dancing which have been adapted and pioneered by Sikhs. Punjabi Sikhs have championed these forms of expression worldwide, resulting in Sikh culture becoming linked to Bhangra (although "Bhangra is not a Sikh institution but a Punjabi one").<ref>{{cite web |title=Bhangra & Sikhi by Harjinder Singh |url=http://www.sikhwomen.com/sikhism/culture_arts/bhangra.htm |access-date=4 April 2008}}</ref>

{{Anchor|Sikh paintings}}

===Painting===
{{Further|Sikh art}}[[File:Guru_Nanak_with_companions,_Bhai_Mardana_and_Bhai_Bala,_in_debate_with_the_Siddhs.jpg|thumb|Painting of [[Guru Nanak]] with companions [[Bhai Mardana]] and [[Bhai Bala]], in debate with the [[Siddha|Siddhs]]]]

[[Sikh painting]] is a direct offshoot of the [[Kangra painting|Kangra school]] of painting. In 1810, Ranjeet Singh (1780–1839) occupied [[Kangra Fort]] and appointed Sardar Desa Singh Majithia his governor of the Punjab hills. In 1813, the Sikh army occupied [[Guler State]] and Raja Bhup Singh became a vassal of the Sikhs. With the Sikh kingdom of Lahore becoming the paramount power, some of the Pahari painters from Guler migrated to Lahore for the patronage of Maharaja Ranjeet Singh and his Sardars.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

The Sikh school adapted Kangra painting to Sikh needs and ideals. Its main subjects are the ten Sikh gurus and stories from Guru Nanak's [[Janamsakhi]]s. The tenth Guru, Gobind Singh, left a deep impression on the followers of the new faith because of his courage and sacrifices. Hunting scenes and portraits are also common in Sikh painting.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

===Shrines===
[[File:A Sikh at Golden Temple.jpg|thumb|A Sikh at Golden Temple after taking holy bath in Sarovar at Golden Temple]]
[[File:Hermosa mujer y su hijo en el Golden Temple (8513976528).jpg|thumb|Photograph of a Sikh woman and her son at the Golden Temple in Amritsar, Punjab, India, 9 September 2012]]
[[File:Tarn_Taran_1.jpg|thumb|[[Tarn Taran Sahib]] – the world's largest sarovar (sacred pool)]]
There is an old Sikh shrine called 'Prachin Guru Nanak Math', which lies at a small hill, just next to [[Bishnumati River|Bishnumati]] bridge at Balaju. Guru Nanak is said to have visited Nepal during his third Udasi while returning from [[Mount Kailash]] in Tibet. Nanak is said to have stayed at Balaju and Thapathali in [[Kathmandu]]. The Nanak Math shrine at Balaju is managed by the Guru-Ji and the Udasin Akardha, a sect developed by Guru Nanak's son, Sri Chandra.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Guru Nanak Math On Verge Of Vanishing |url=https://www.spotlightnepal.com/2019/08/02/guru-nanak-math-verge-vanishing/ |magazine=New Spotlight Magazine |access-date=19 March 2022 |place=Nepal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gurudwara Guru Nanak Math, Kathmandu |url=https://www.worldgurudwaras.com/gurudwaras/gurudwara-guru-nanak-math-kathmandu/ |access-date=19 March 2022 |publisher=World Gurudwaras}}</ref>

===Daily routine===
From the [[Guru Granth Sahib]]:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sikhs.org/english/eg28.htm |title=Sri Guru Granth Sahib Translation |page=305 |website=Sikhs.org |access-date=29 January 2016}}</ref>

{{Blockquote
| One who calls themself a Sikh of the Guru, the True Guru, shall rise in the early morning hours and meditate on the Lord's Name. Upon arising early in the morning, he is to bathe and cleanse himself in the pool of nectar. Following the Instructions of the Guru, he is to chant the Name of the Lord, "Har, Har." All sins, misdeeds, and negativity shall be then erased. Then, at the rising of the sun, he is to sing Gurbani; whether sitting down or standing up, he is to meditate on the Lord's Name. One who meditates on my Lord, Har, Har, with every breath and every morsel of food and – that GurSikh becomes pleasing to the Guru's Mind. That person, unto whom my Lord and Master is kind and compassionate – upon that GurSikh, the Guru's Teachings are bestowed. Servant Nanak begs for the dust of the feet of that GurSikh, who himself chants the Naam, and inspires others to chant it.|Fourth Mehl ([[Guru Ram Das]])|title=''Guru Granth Sahib''|source=p. 305}}

The [[Sikh Rehat Maryada|Sikh Rahit Maryada]] (Code of Conduct) clearly states that [[Amrit Sanskar|initiated]] Amritdhari [[Khalsa]] Sikhs must recite or listen to the recitation of [[Japji Sahib]], [[Jaap Sahib]], [[Tav-Prasad Savaiye|the 10 Sawayyas]], Sodar [[Rehras|Rehraas]] and [[kirtan Sohila|Sohila]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_six.html |title=Sikh Reht Maryada, the Definition of Sikh, Sikh Conduct & Conventions, Sikh Religion Living, India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_one.html|title=Sikh Reht Maryada, The Definition of Sikh, Sikh Conduct & Conventions, Sikh Religion Living, India|website=old.sgpc.net|access-date=5 April 2022|archive-date=6 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106033711/https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_one.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Every Sikh is also supposed take the [[Hukamnama|Hukam]] (divine order) from the [[Guru Granth Sahib]] after awakening in the [[Amrit Velā|ambrosial hours of the morning (three hours before the dawn)]] before eating.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://old.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_three_chap_five.html|title=Sikh Reht Maryada, The Definition of Sikh, Sikh Conduct & Conventions, Sikh Religion Living, India|website=old.sgpc.net}}</ref>

In his [[The 52 Hukams of Guru Gobind Singh|52 Hukams]], [[Guru Gobind Singh]] orders his followers to arise during [[Amrit Velā|Amritvela]] (early morning) and to recite the late evening prayer "[[Kirtan Sohila|Sohila]]" and the verse "Pavan guru pani pita..." before sleeping.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

===Five Ks===
{{Main|The Five Ks|Khalsa|Sahajdhari}}

[[File:Sikh Articles of Faith.JPG|thumb|alt=Wooden comb, iron bracelet and curved, gold-coloured dagger|[[Kanga (Sikhism)|Kanga]], [[Kara (Sikhism)|Kara]] and [[Kirpan]]: three of the five Sikh articles of faith]]
[[File:Kachera.jpg|thumb|Kachera , one of 5 ks ( items)of Sikhs]]
[[File:Sikh man, Agra 10.jpg|thumb|A sikh man with kesh (hair of head and beard) ,one of five articles /symbols of Sikhs]]
The five Ks (''panj kakaar'') are five articles of faith which all initiated (''Amritdhari'') Sikhs are obliged to wear. The symbols represent the ideals of Sikhism: honesty, equality, fidelity, meditating on [[Waheguru]] and never bowing to tyranny.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Nesbitt
| first = Eleanor
| title = Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| pages = 40–43
| isbn = 978-0-19-280601-7
| year = 2005}}</ref>
The five symbols are:

#''[[Kesh (Sikhism)|Kesh]]'': Uncut hair, usually tied and wrapped in a ''[[turban]]''.
#''[[Kangha (Sikhism)|Kanga]]'': A wooden comb, usually worn under a ''turban'' to always also keep one's hair clean and well-groomed.
#''[[Kachera]]'': Cotton undergarments, worn by both sexes; the ''kachera'' is a symbol of chastity and also a symbol of cleanliness. It is also historically appropriate in battle due to increased mobility and comfort when compared to a ''[[dhoti]]''.
#''[[Kara (Sikhism)|Kara]]'': An iron bracelet, a symbol of eternity, strength and a constant reminder of the strength of will to keep hands away from any kind of unethical practices.
#''[[Kirpan]]'': An iron blade in different sizes. In the UK, Sikhs can wear a small dagger, but in Punjab, they might wear a traditional curved sword from one to three feet in length. ''Kirpan'' is only a weapon of defense and religious protection, used to serve humanity and to be used against oppression.

{{Anchor|Sikh music and instruments}}

=== Music and instruments ===
[[File:Dilruba woman.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.7|alt=Woman in yellow scarf bowing an instrument|Woman playing the dilruba]]
{{Main|Sikh music}}

The Sikhs have a number of musical instruments, including the [[Seni rebab|rebab]], [[Esraj|dilruba]], [[Taus (instrument)|taus]], jori and [[Sarinda (instrument)|sarinda]]. Playing the [[sarangi]] was encouraged by [[Guru Hargobind]]. The rebab was played by [[Bhai Mardana]] as he accompanied Guru Nanak on his journeys. The jori and sarinda were introduced to Sikh devotional music by [[Guru Arjan]]. The ''taus'' (Persian for "peacock") was designed by Guru Hargobind, who supposedly heard a peacock singing and wanted to create an instrument mimicking its sounds. The dilruba was designed by [[Guru Gobind Singh]] at the request of his followers, who wanted a smaller instrument than the taus. After [[Japji Sahib]], all of the [[shabad (hymn)|shabad]] in the [[Guru Granth Sahib]] were composed as [[raga|raags]]. This type of singing is known as [[Gurmat Sangeet]].

When they marched into battle, the Sikhs would play a ''Ranjit nagara'' ({{gloss|victory drum}}) to boost morale. Nagaras (usually two to three feet in diameter, although some were up to five feet in diameter) are played with two sticks. The beat of the large drums and the raising of the [[Nishan Sahib]], meant that the Singhs were on their way.

== Khalistan movement ==
[[File:Sikh march against Indian policy, London 10-Jun-12.JPG|thumb|Sikhs in [[London]] protesting against Indian government actions]]

The [[Khalistan movement]] is a Sikh separatist movement, which seeks to create a separate country called Khalistān ({{gloss|The [[-stan|Land of]] the [[Khalsa]]}}) in the [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state of [[India]] to serve as a homeland for Sikhs.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kinnvall |first1=Catarina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XJzUzWDwZ4kC&pg=PA218 |title=Globalization and Religious Nationalism in India |date=2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781134135707}}</ref> The territorial definition of the proposed country Khalistan consists of the [[Punjab, India]] and includes [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Rajasthan]].<ref name="Crenshaw">{{cite book |last=Crenshaw |first=Martha |title=Terrorism in Context |publisher=Pennsylvania State University |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-271-01015-1 |page=364}}</ref><ref>''The foreign policy of Pakistan: ethnic impacts on diplomacy, 1971–1994'' {{ISBN|1-86064-169-5}} – Mehtab Ali Shah "''Such is the political, psychological and religious attachment of the Sikhs to that city that a Khalistan without Lahore would be like a Germany without Berlin.''"</ref><ref name="Stephen_Amritsar">''Amritsar to Lahore: A Journey Across the India-Pakistan Border'' – Stephen Alter {{ISBN|0-8122-1743-8}} "''Ever since the separatist movement gathered force in the 1980s, Pakistan has sided with the Sikhs, the territorial ambitions of Khalistan have at times included Chandigarh, sections of the Indian Punjab, including whole North India and some parts of western states of India.''"</ref>

Khalistan movement began as an [[expatriate]] venture.<ref name="Pruthi169">{{cite book |last1=Pruthi |first1=Raj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KxndvJs3wUkC&q=expatriate+venture&pg=PA169 |title=Sikhism and Indian Civilization |date=2004 |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |isbn=9788171418794 |page=169 |access-date=25 October 2018}}</ref> In 1971, the first explicit call for Khalistan was made in an advertisement published in the ''New York Times'' by an expat ([[Jagjit Singh Chohan]]).{{sfn|Van Dyke|2009|p=976}} By proclaiming the formation of Khalistan, he was able to collect millions of dollars from the [[Sikh diaspora]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Haresh Pandya |date=11 April 2007 |title=Jagjit Singh Chauhan, Sikh Militant Leader in India, Dies at 80 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/11/world/asia/11chauhan.html?_r=1&fta=y&oref=slogin |access-date=28 August 2008}}</ref> On 12 April 1980, he declared the formation of the "National Council of Khalistan," at [[Anandpur Sahib]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Nayar |first=Kuldip |title=Tragedy of Punjab |author2=Kushwant Singh |publisher=Vision Books |year=1985 |isbn=1-85127-069-8 |page=51}}</ref> He declared himself as the President of the council and named Balbir Singh Sandhu as its Secretary General. In May 1980, Chohan traveled to [[London]] and announced the formation of Khalistan. A similar announcement was made by Balbir Singh Sandhu in [[Amritsar]], where he began releasing stamps and currency of Khalistan. The inaction of the authorities in Amritsar and elsewhere was decried as a political stunt by the [[Indian National Congress|Congress(I)]] party of Indira Gandhi by the Akali Dal, headed by the Sikh leader [[Harchand Singh Longowal]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Satinder |title=Khalistan: An Academic Analysis |publisher=Amar Prakashan |year=1982 |location=Delhi & Punjab |page=114}}</ref>

The movement flourished in the Indian state of Punjab following [[Operation Blue Star]] and the [[Anti Sikh Riots|Anti-Sikh Pogroms]]. As proponents were able to generate funding from a grieving diaspora. In June 1985, [[Air India Flight 182|Air India Flight 182 was bombed]] by [[Babbar Khalsa]], a pro-Khalistani terrorist organisation.<ref>{{cite news |date=15 March 2018 |title=Jagmeet Singh Now Rejects Glorification of Air India Bombing mastermind |publisher=CBC News |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/jagmeet-singh-air-india-bombing-accepts-1.4578030 |access-date=30 April 2018 |quote=The 18-month long Air India inquiry, led by former Supreme Court justice John Major, pointed to Parmar as the chief terrorist behind the bombing. A separate inquiry, carried out by former Ontario NDP premier and Liberal MP Bob Rae, also fingered Parmar as the architect of the 1985 bombing that left 329 people dead 268 of them Canadians.}}</ref> In January 1986, the Golden Temple was occupied by militants belonging to [[All India Sikh Students Federation]] and [[Damdami Taksal]].<ref>Sikh Temple Sit-In Is a Challenge for Punjab, ''The New York Times'' 2 February 1986</ref> On 26 January 1986, a gathering known as the [[Sarbat Khalsa]] (a de facto parliament) passed a resolution (''gurmattā'') favouring the creation of Khalistan. Subsequently, a number of rebel militant groups in favour of Khalistan waged a [[Punjab insurgency|major insurgency]] against the government of India. Indian security forces suppressed the insurgency in the early 1990s, but Sikh political groups such as the [[Khalsa Raj Party]] and [[Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)|SAD (A)]] continued to pursue an independent Khalistan through non-violent means.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 January 2003 |title=Amnesty International report on Punjab |url=http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGASA200022003?open&of=ENG-IND |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061203184445/http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGASA200022003?open&of=ENG-IND |archive-date=3 December 2006 |access-date=11 January 2010 |publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref><ref name="tribuneindia2006">{{cite web |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Punjab |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060310/punjab1.htm#2 |access-date=27 September 2015 |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |archive-date=5 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605221542/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060310/punjab1.htm#2 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=14 January 2010 |title=SAD (A) to Contest the Coming SGPC Elections on Khalistan Issue: Mann |url=http://www.punjabnewsline.com/content/view/22588/38/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715132020/http://www.punjabnewsline.com/content/view/22588/38/ |archive-date=15 July 2011 |access-date=22 January 2010 |publisher=PunjabNewsline.com}}</ref> Pro-Khalistan organisations such as [[Dal Khalsa (International)]] are also active outside India, supported by a section of the Sikh diaspora.<ref>{{cite news |last=Punj |first=Balbair |date=16 June 2005 |title=The Ghost of Khalistan |newspaper=Sikh Times |url=http://www.sikhtimes.com/news_061605a.html |access-date=11 January 2010}}</ref>

In the 1990s, the insurgency abated,<ref name="india-canada-list">{{cite news |date=22 February 2018 |title=India gives Trudeau list of suspected Sikh separatists in Canada |website=Reuters, The Sikh insurgency petered out in the 1990s. He told state leaders his country would not support anyone trying to reignite the movement for an independent Sikh homeland called Khalistan. |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-canada-trudeau/india-gives-trudeau-list-of-suspected-sikh-separatists-in-canada-idUSKCN1G61K7 |access-date=22 May 2018}}</ref> and the movement failed to reach its objective due to multiple reasons including a heavy police crackdown on separatists, divisions among the Sikhs and loss of support from the Sikh population.<ref name="HT_New2018">{{cite news |title=New brand of Sikh militancy: Suave, tech-savvy pro-Khalistan youth radicalised on social media |newspaper=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/a-new-brand-of-sikh-militancy-rears-its-head/story-JH3XbAGk6sSxlYrVEDyISK.html |access-date=27 April 2018}}</ref> However, various pro-Khalistan groups, both political and militant, remain committed to the separatist movement. There are claims of funding from [[Sikh diaspora|Sikhs outside India]] to attract young people into militant groups.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 March 2008 |title=Sikh separatists 'funded from UK' |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/file_on_4/7263211.stm |access-date=28 August 2008}}</ref> There have also been multiple claims that the movement is motivated and supported by the Pakistan's external intelligence agency, the ISI.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 December 2017 |title=ISI trying to revive Khalistan movement, says government |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/isi-trying-to-revive-khalistan-movement-says-government-5001401/ |access-date=23 March 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Dalip |date=15 May 2022 |title=Pakistan ISI tapping into J&K terror network to fuel pro-Khalistan sentiments: Sources |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/pakistan-isi-tapping-into-jk-terror-network-to-fuel-pro-khalistan-sentiments-sources/article65416775.ece |access-date=23 March 2023 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{Main|Sikhism by country|Punjabi Sikhs}}

[[File:Global Map of Sikh Population (Estimated 2023).png|thumb|Global map of Sikh population (estimated 2023)]]

Sikhs number about 26–30 million worldwide, of whom 24–28 million live in India, which thus represents around 90 percent of the total Sikh population.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.findeasy.in/sikh-population-in-india/|title=Sikh Population in World | Sikh Population in India 2023|date=22 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sikhism|title = Sikhism | History, Doctrines, Practice, & Literature| date=30 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/europe/why-sikhism-as-registered-religion-in-austria-matters/articleshow/80021881.cms|title = Why Sikhism as registered religion in Austria matters |website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/mind-the-gap/sikhs-and-hindus-at-the-crossroads/|title= The source state: Out of approximately 30 million Sikhs in the world, the majority of them, 22 million, live in India.|website=Times of India|date= 23 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite web|title=Why Sikhism As Registered Religion in Austria Matters |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-who-are-nanak-naam-lewa-and-why-kartarpur-corridor-cant-be-limited-to-sikhs-6100351/|website=Indian Express|date= 10 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/europe/why-sikhism-as-registered-religion-in-austria-matters/articleshow/80021881.cms|title=Why Sikhism as registered religion in Austria matters |website=The Times of India}}</ref> A 2020 estimate by Charles Preston gives a figure of 29,254,000 of Sikhs worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Preston |first=Charles |date=2 July 2024 |title=List of religious populations: Populations of world religions in 2020 |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/List-of-religious-populations |access-date=15 August 2025 |website=Britannica}}</ref> About 76 percent of all Indian Sikhs live in the northern [[Punjab, India|Indian state of Punjab]], forming a majority of about 58 per cent of the state's population, roughly around 16 million.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://scroll.in/article/807847/nearly-10-million-sikhs-have-lost-their-religion-because-of-this-organisation |title=Nearly 10 million Sikhs have lost their religion because of this organisation |date=12 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/pak-invites-sikh-community-to-invest-in-commercial-projects-along-nankana-kartarpur-corridor-119011300615_1.html |title=Pak invites Sikh community to invest in commercial projects along Nankana-Kartarpur Corridor |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=13 January 2019}} {{dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Substantial communities of Sikhs live in the Indian states or union territories of [[Haryana]], where they number around 1.2 million and form 4.9 percent of the population, [[Rajasthan]] (872,000 or 1.3 percent of the population), [[Uttar Pradesh]] (643,000, 0.3 percent), [[Delhi]] (570,000, 3.4 percent), [[Uttarakhand]] (236,000, 2.3 percent), [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] (234,000, 1.9 percent), [[Chandigarh]] (138,000, 13.1 percent) and [[Himachal Pradesh]] (86,000, 1.2 percent).

Canada is home to the largest national Sikh proportion (2.1 percent of the total population) in the world.<ref name="canadareligion2021" /> A substantial community of Sikhs exist in the western province of [[British Columbia]], numbering nearly 300,000 persons and forming approximately 5.9 percent of the total population. This represents the third-largest Sikh proportion amongst all global [[administrative divisions]], behind only [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and Chandigarh in India. Furthermore, British Columbia,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vancouversun.com/news/staff-blogs/b-c-breaks-records-when-it-comes-to-religion-and-the-lack-thereof|title=B.C. breaks records when it comes to religion and the lack thereof|website=vancouversun}}</ref> [[Manitoba]] and [[Yukon]] hold the distinction of being three of the only four [[administrative divisions]] in the world with Sikhism as the second most followed religion among the population.{{refn|Per the [[2021 Canadian census]], Sikhism is the second-largest religion in British Columbia, Manitoba, and Yukon.<ref name="canadareligion2021"/> Per the [[2011 Indian census]], Sikhism is the largest religion in Punjab and second in Chandigarh. These are the only two Indian states/UTs where Sikhism is one of the two most common religions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Population by religion community – 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW03C-01%20MDDS.XLS |publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923230423/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW03C-01%20MDDS.XLS |archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0401_PART_A_DCHB_CHANDIGARH.pdf |title=Census of India 2011 – Chandigarh |access-date=28 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821191248/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0401_PART_A_DCHB_CHANDIGARH.pdf |archive-date=21 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>|name="ProvincePopulation"}}

Whilst Punjab, India has had a majority Sikh population for decades, recent statistics point toward a demographic decline of Sikhs in the state. School data from the Civil Registration System (CRS) shows that Sikh children are now a plurality (49%) at the foundational-level (pre-primary to Class II in the age group of 3–8-years-old). The causes for the demographic decline of Sikhs in Indian Punjab has been attributed to low fertility-rates, outbound migration of Sikhs abroad, and internal migration within India of persons from other states, oftentimes Uttar Pradesh or Bihar, settling in Indian Punjab.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=I. P. |date=5 March 2025 |title=Impact of emigration in Punjab: School data shows shift in demography |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/impact-of-emigration-in-punjab-school-data-shows-shift-in-demography/articleshow/118741267.cms |access-date=19 October 2025 |work=Times of India}}</ref>

=== Census data and official statistics ===
As a religious minority, Sikhs have fought long and hard to get official status and to be counted in many countries across the world. Through the efforts of Sikh organisations and communities in their respective countries, there is now readily available population data on Sikhs as part of the census or official statistics in the following territories:

{| class="wikitable"
|+Census data / official statistics:
!Territory
! colspan="2" |Latest data
|-
|{{Flag|India}} ([[Punjab, India|Punjab]])
|16,004,754
| rowspan="2" |2011<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=[[censusindia.gov.in]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401023703/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|archive-date=1 April 2022}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|India}} (Rest of India)
|4,828,362
|-
|{{Flag|Canada}}
|771,790
|2021<ref name="canadareligion20213">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=26 October 2022 |title=Religion by visible minority and generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810034201 |access-date=26 October 2022 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|England}}
|520,092
|2021<ref name="SikhEngland20212">{{Cite web |title=Religion, England and Wales – Office for National Statistics |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/religion/bulletins/religionenglandandwales/census2021 |access-date=29 November 2022 |website=www.ons.gov.uk}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Australia}}
|210,400
|2021<ref>{{cite web |title=Australian Bureau of Statistics : 2021 Census of Population and Housing : General Community Profile |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2021/AUS/download/GCP_AUS.xlsx |access-date=2 July 2022 |website=Abs.gov.au |format=XLSX}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Malaysia}}
|130,000
|2011<ref>{{Cite web |title=Religion by Ethnic in Malaysia 2011 |url=https://www.msu.com.my}}</ref>
|-
|-
|{{Flag|New Zealand}}
|53,406
|2023<ref name="New Zealand Sikh population"/>
|-
|{{Flag|Singapore}}
|12,051
|2020<ref>{{Cite web |title=Religion by Ethnic in Singapore 2020 |url=https://www.singstat.gov.sg/publications/reference/cop2020/cop2020-sr1/census20_stat_release1 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210617123031/https://www.singstat.gov.sg/publications/reference/cop2020/cop2020-sr1/census20_stat_release1 |archive-date=17 June 2021 |access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Thailand}}
|11,124
|2010<ref>"Population by religion, region and area, 2010" (PDF). NSO. Retrieved 10 January 2018.</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Norway}}
|4,318
|2021<ref>{{Cite web |title=06326: Members of congregations in religious and philosophical communities outside the Church of Norway, by religion/philosophy 2006–2023. Statbank Norway |url=https://www.ssb.no/en/system/ |access-date=19 July 2023 |website=SSB |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Wales}}
|4,048
|2021<ref name="SikhEngland20212" />
|-
|{{Flag|Fiji}}
|2,577
|2007<ref>{{cite web |title=Religion – Fiji Bureau of Statistics |url=http://www.statsfiji.gov.fj/statistics/social-statistics/religion |website=www.statsfiji.gov.fj |access-date=20 July 2023 |archive-date=17 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417193329/http://www.statsfiji.gov.fj/statistics/social-statistics/religion |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Ireland}}
|2,183
|2022<ref>{{cite web |title=Irish census |url=https://data.cso.ie/table/FY030 |access-date=31 May 2023 |website=Irish census}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Nepal}}
|1,496
|2021<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/results/files/caste/Religion_NPHC_2021.xlsx|title=Table − 1: Population by Religion and sex, NPHC 2021|website=censusnepal.cbs.gov.np}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Northern Ireland}}
|389
|2021<ref>"MS-B21: Religion – full detail". ''Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency''.</ref>
|-
|{{Flag|Scotland}}
|10,988
|2022
|-
|{{Flag|Pakistan}}
|Pending
|2023
|}
[[File:2011-2021 Change in Sikh %.png|thumb|2011–2021 change in Sikh %]]
Note: Official statistics do not count unregistered arrivals or those who have not completed the census or surveys. However, they do provide for a much more accurate depiction of Sikh communities as opposed to estimates from various Sikh organisations whose estimates can vary vastly with no statistically valuable source. Thus, official statistics and census data is highly important and Sikh communities continue to push for census inclusion in many countries where they are still not counted.

=== Migration ===
Sikh migration from [[British India]] began in earnest during the second half of the 19th century, when the British completed their annexation of the Punjab, which led to Sikh migration throughout India and the [[British Empire]]. During the Raj, semiskilled Sikh artisans were transported from the Punjab to [[British East Africa]] to help build railroads. Sikhs emigrated from India after World War II, most going to the [[Sikhism in United Kingdom|United Kingdom]] but many also to North America. Some Sikhs who had settled in eastern Africa were expelled by Ugandan dictator [[Idi Amin]] in 1972.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia
| title = Sikhism
| encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica
| year = 2007
| id = http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-253167/Sikhism}}</ref> Economics is a major factor in Sikh migration and significant communities exist in the United Kingdom, the United States, [[Malaysia]], [[East Africa]], [[Sikhism in Australia|Australia]], [[Singapore]] and [[Thailand]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

After the [[Partition of India]] in 1947, many Sikhs from what would become the [[Punjab of Pakistan]] migrated to India as well as to [[Afghanistan]] due to fear of persecution. Afghanistan was home to hundreds of thousands of Sikhs and Hindus as of the 1970s, but due to the wars in Afghanistan in the 2010s, the vast majority of Afghan Sikhs had migrated to India, Pakistan or the west.<ref>{{cite web|title=Afghan Sikhs are targeted by the Taliban and unable to even bury their dead |publisher=The Week|date=12 November 2019|url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/2019/11/02/afghan-sikhs-are-targeted-by-the-taliban-and-unable-to-even-bury-their-dead.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Nearly 99% Of Hindus, Sikhs Left Afghanistan in Last Three decades |publisher=TOLOnews|date=20 June 2016|url=https://tolonews.com/afghanistan/nearly-99-hindus-sikhs-left-afghanistan-last-three-decades}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Little reason to migrate to India, say Afghan Sikhs|publisher=AA|date=17 December 2019|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/little-reason-to-migrate-to-india-say-afghan-sikhs/1675903}}</ref>

Although the rate of Sikh migration from the Punjab has remained high, traditional patterns of Sikh migration favouring English-speaking countries (particularly the United Kingdom) have changed during the past decade due to stricter immigration laws. Moliner (2006) wrote that as a consequence of Sikh migration to the UK becoming "virtually impossible since the late 1970s," migration patterns evolved to continental Europe.<ref name="Moliner">{{Cite book|last=Moliner|first=Christine|url=http://www.ivry.cnrs.fr/lau/IMG/rtf/Abstracts.rtf|title=Migration Patterns – Workshop on Indian Migration|publisher=Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Urbaine/CNRS|year=2006|place=Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS)|pages=abstract|no-pp=true|contribution=Sikhs in France|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061117150414/http://www.ivry.cnrs.fr/lau/IMG/rtf/Abstracts.rtf|archive-date=17 November 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref> Italy is a rapidly growing destination for Sikh migration,<ref>{{cite journal
|last = Ciprani
|first = Ralph
|title = Sikh Storia e immigrazione – The Sikhs: History and Immigration
|journal = International Sociology
|volume = 21
|pages = 474–476
|date = 14 May 2006
|doi = 10.1177/026858090602100331
|issue = 3
|s2cid = 144768462
}}</ref> with [[Reggio Emilia]] and [[Vicenza]] having significant Sikh population clusters.<ref name="Italy">{{cite news
| last = IANS
| title = Now, Sikhs Do a Canada in Italy
| publisher = NRIinternet
| date = 15 September 2004
| url = http://www.nriinternet.com/EUROPE/ITALY/2004/111604Gurdwara.htm
| access-date = 4 April 2008}}</ref> Italian Sikhs are generally involved in [[agriculture]], agricultural processing, the manufacture of machine tools and [[horticulture]].<ref>{{cite news
| last = Singh
| first = Kulwinder
| title = Italy may open VISA office in Chandigarh very soon
| publisher = NRIinternet
| date = 11 August 2007
| url = http://www.nriinternet.com/EUROPE/ITALY/2007/0701_Visa_office_in_Chandigarh.htm
| access-date = 4 April 2008
}}</ref>

===Growth===
[[File:Sikh people.jpg|thumb|A group of Sikh people]]

Johnson and Barrett (2004) estimate that the global Sikh population increases annually by 392,633 (1.7% per year, based on 2004 figures); this percentage includes births, deaths and conversions. Primarily for [[socio-economic]] reasons, [[Sikhism in India|Indian Sikhs]] have the lowest adjusted growth rate of any major religious group in India, at 16.9 percent per decade (estimated from 1991 to 2001) and it has further declined to just 8.4 per cent in 2011 census report.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailyo.in/politics/census-2011-sikhs-giani-gurbachan-singh-akal-takht-family-planning-migration-nris-dera-sacha-sauda/story/1/5911.html |title=We need to worry about the decline in Sikh numbers |publisher=Dailyo.in |date=27 August 2015 |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="PG">{{cite web|title=Proportion and growth rate of population by religious communities, India, 1961–2001 |work=Office of the Registrar General, India |publisher=CensusIndia |date=6 September 2004 |url=http://www.censusindia.net/religiondata/statement.pdf |access-date=4 April 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927201349/http://www.censusindia.net/religiondata/statement.pdf |archive-date=27 September 2007}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Sikhs in the world have the lowest fertility rate of 1.6 children per women as per (2019–20) estimation research.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/india-witnesses-decline-population-growth-rate-and-fertility-across-religious-groups-156058 |title=India witnesses decline in population growth rate and fertility across religious groups |publisher=The News Minute |date=4 October 2021 |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Krishna Veera Vanamali |url=https://wap.business-standard.com/podcast/current-affairs/india-s-fertility-rate-dips-below-replacement-level-what-does-it-mean-122051800062_1.html |title=India's fertility rate dips below replacement level: What does it mean? | Business Standard News |newspaper=Business Standard India |publisher=Wap.business-standard.com |date=18 May 2022 |access-date=25 May 2022}} {{dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> The Sikh population has the lowest gender balance in India, with only 903 women per 1,000 men according to the 2011 Indian census.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/census-shocker-sikhs-report-lowest-sex-ratio/125040.html|title=Census shocker: Sikhs report lowest sex ratio|last=Tandon|first=Aditi|date=27 August 2015|website=Tribune India|access-date=5 May 2017|archive-date=21 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221225348/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/census-shocker-sikhs-report-lowest-sex-ratio/125040.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The estimated world's Sikh population was over 30 million in 2020 and it will reach 42 million by 2050. It is expected to increase up to 62 million by 2100, given that the anticipated growth rate of 1.7% per year and adding at least 400,000 followers annually.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://americanturban.com/2016/01/28/there-might-be-more-sikhs-in-the-future-maybe/|title=There could be more Sikhs in the future – maybe.|first=Rupinder Mohan|last=Singh|date=28 January 2016|website=American Turban}}</ref><ref name="PG"/>

Since the Sikh growth rate dropped from 1.7% (16.9% in 1991 to 2001 estimate) to 0.8% (8.4% in 2001–2011) in 2011 report, hence based on their growth rate, their population in India will increase 196,316 (0.8% based on 2011 figures) per year and will reach 36 million in 2050, it expected to reach 52 million in 2100 given that the anticipated growth rate of 0.8% and adding at least 200,000 followers annually.<ref>{{cite web |title=Behind the decline |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/behind-the-decline/article7654960.ece |website=frontline.thehindu.com |language=en |date=16 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=We need to worry about the decline in Sikh numbers |url=https://www.dailyo.in/politics/census-2011-sikhs-giani-gurbachan-singh-akal-takht-family-planning-migration-nris-dera-sacha-sauda-5911 |website=www.dailyo.in |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:A caucasian Sikh learning Santhiya, or the elocution of Sikh Scripture.png|thumb|222x222px|A Sikh of European descent learning [[Santhiya]] or elocution of Sikh Scripture]]

[[Sikhism]] is the fastest growing religion in [[Sikhism in Canada|Canada]], [[Sikhism in Australia|Australia]] and [[Sikhism in New Zealand|New Zealand]]. The growth is mainly contributed by the immigration of [[Sikhism in India|Indian Sikhs]] there over the decades. Sikhism is fourth-largest religion in [[Canada]], fifth-largest religion in [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]]. The decadal growth of Sikhs is more in those countries as compared to the decadal growth of Sikh population in India, thus making them the fastest-growing religion there.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=23 January 2019 |title=2011 National Household Survey: Data tables Religion (108), Immigrant Status and Period of Immigration (11), Age Groups (10) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=105399&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |access-date=8 September 2022 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="canadareligion2021" /><ref name="worldatlas1">{{cite news |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-fastest-growing-religion-in-australia.html |title=What is the Fastest Growing Religion in Australia? |newspaper=Worldatlas |date=10 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/punjab/sikhs-fastest-growing-minority-in-nz-census-837571 |title=Sikhs fastest-growing minority in NZ: Census}}</ref> [[Canada]] has the highest proportion of Sikhs in the globe, which stands at 2.1% as of 2021, as compared to [[India]] which stands at 1.7% as of 2011 respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/why-sikhs-ought-to-be-happy-not-worried-126229|title=Why Sikhs ought to be happy, not worried : The Tribune India}}</ref><ref name="canadareligion2021"/>

===Castes===
Sikhs have remained a relatively homogeneous ethnic group with exceptions. [[Caste system in India|Caste]] may still be practiced by some Sikhs, despite Guru Nanak's calls for treating everyone equally in Guru Granth Sahib.<ref name="The Wire"/>{{efn|Guru Nanak has mentioned in his first composition of Jap Ji Sahib, which is recited daily by all practicing Sikhs that all souls are to be treated with care and respect as Waheguru is the Giver of all souls.
<poem>"The Guru has given me this one understanding: there is only the One, '''the Giver of all souls'''. May I never forget Him!", Guru Granth Sahib, 2<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.srigranth.org/servlet/gurbani.gurbani?Action=Page&Param=2 |title=Sri Guru Granth Sahib Translation, p. 2 |last=Singh Khalsa |first=Sant |publisher=Srigranth.org |access-date=10 January 2017}}</ref>

Guru Nanak said that blessings are rained down when the lowly person, regardless of any background are cared for.

"In that place where ''the'' '''lowly are cared for-there''', the Blessings of Your Glance of Grace rain down.", Guru Granth Sahib, 15<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.srigranth.org/servlet/gurbani.gurbani?Action=Page&Param=15|title=Sri Guru Granth Sahib Translation, p. 15|last=Singh Khalsa|first=Sant |publisher=Srigranth.org|access-date=10 January 2017}}</ref>

Guru Nanak had spoken we need to prize humility above all and thus caste is not an issue.

"One who takes pride in wealth and lands is a fool, blind and ignorant.
'''''One whose heart is mercifully blessed with abiding humility,'''''
'''''O Nanak, is liberated here, and obtains peace hereafter'''''." Granth Sahib, 278.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.srigranth.org/servlet/gurbani.gurbani?Action=Page&Param=278|title=Sri Guru Granth Sahib Translation, p. 278|last=Singh Khalsa|first=Sant|publisher=Srigranth.org|access-date=10 January 2017}}</ref></poem>}}

Along with Guru Nanak, other Sikh gurus had also denounced the hierarchy of the caste system, however, they all belonged to the same caste, the [[Khatri]]s.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Oberoi|first1=Harjot|title=The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition|date=1994|publisher=Oxford|location=Chicago|isbn=978-0226615936|page=109|url=https://books.google.com/?=1NKC9g2ayJEC&pg=PR10&dq=%22sikh+guru%22+caste+khatri+nanak+gobind+singh#v=snippet&q=%22khatri%20guru&f=false|access-date=15 January 2017}}id</ref> Most Sikhs belong to the [[Jat Sikh|Jat]] (Jatt), traditionally Agriculturist class<ref name="Khanna">{{cite book |last=Khanna |first=Sunil K. |editor1-last=Ember |editor1-first=Carol R. |editor2-last=Ember |editor2-first=Melvin |editor1-link=Carol R. Ember |editor2-link=Melvin Ember |title=Encyclopedia of Medical Anthropology: Health and Illness in the World's Cultures |volume=2 |year=2004 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers]] |page=777 |isbn=978-0-306-47754-6 |entry-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nrMRezmNrPcC&pg=PA777 |entry=Jat |quote=Notwithstanding social, linguistic, and religious diversity, the Jats are one of the major landowning agriculturalist communities in South Asia.}}</ref> in occupation.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Don |title=South Asian Politics and Religion |date=2015 |publisher=Princeton University Press |page=155}}</ref> Despite being very small in numbers, the [[Khatri]] and [[Arora]] castes wield considerable influence within the Sikh community. Other common castes among the Sikhs include [[Ahluwalia (caste)|Ahluwalias]] (Brewers), [[Kamboj|''Kambojs'']] or ''Kambos'' (Rural caste), [[Ramgarhia|''Ramgarhias'']] (Carpenters), [[Brahmins]] (Priestly class), [[Rajput]]s (Kshatriyas – Warriors), [[Saini|''Sainis'']], [[Rai Sikh|''Rai'' Sikh]] (Ironsmiths), [[Labana|''Labanas'']] (Merchants), [[Kumhar|''Kumhars'']] (Potters), ''[[Mazhabi]]'' (Cleaners) and the [[Ramdasia]]/[[Ravidasia|''Ravidasias'']](Chamar – Tanners).<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/543916/Sikhism/253170/The-rejection-of-caste|title=Sikhism {{!}} History, Doctrines, Practice, & Literature|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=26 December 2017|language=en}}</ref>

Some Sikhs, especially those belonging to the landowning dominant castes, have not shed all their prejudices against the Dalit castes such as the Mazhabi and Ravidasia. While Dalits were allowed entry into the village [[gurdwara]]s, in some gurdwaras, they were not permitted to cook or serve [[Langar (Sikhism)|''langar'']] (communal meal). Therefore, wherever they could mobilise resources, the Sikh Dalits of Punjab have tried to construct their own gurdwara and other local level institutions in order to attain a certain degree of cultural autonomy.<ref name="The Wire">{{cite journal|last1=Jodhka|first1=Surinder S|title=Caste and Untouchability in Rural Punjab|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|date=11–17 May 2002|volume= 37|issue=19|page=1822|jstor=4412102}}</ref> In 1953, Sikh leader and activist Master Tara Singh succeeded in persuading the Indian government to include Sikh castes of the converted untouchables in the list of [[scheduled castes]].<ref name="The Economic Times-2018">Puri, Harish K. (2003). "[http://apnaorg.com/research-papers/harish-puri/ The Scheduled Castes in the Sikh Community: A Historical Perspective]". ''Economic & Political Weekly'' 38(26):2693–2701. {{JSTOR|4413731}}.

Republished in ''Dalits in Regional Context'' (2004). {{ISBN|978-81-7033-871-0}}.</ref> In the [[Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee]], 20 of the 140 seats are reserved for low-caste Sikhs.<ref name="The Economic Times-2018" />

Other castes (over 1,000 members) include the [[Arain]], [[Bhatra Sikhs|Bhatra]], [[Bairagi (caste)|Bairagi]], [[Vanika|Bania]], [[Basith]], Bawaria, [[Bazigar]], [[Bhabra]], [[Chamar]], [[Chhimba|Chhimba (cotton farmers)]], Darzi, [[Dhobi]], [[Gujjar|Gujar]], [[Jhinwar]], [[Kahar]], [[Kalwar, Rajasthan|Kalal]], [[Kumhar]], [[Lohar (caste)|Lohar]], [[Mahtam]], [[Meghwal|Megh]], [[Mirasi]], [[Mochi (Sikh)|Mochi]], [[Nai (caste)|Nai]], [[Ramgarhia|Ramgharia]], [[Sansi people|Sansi]], [[Sood (surname)|Sudh]], [[Tarkhan (Punjab)|Tarkhan]] and [[Kashyap (caste)|Kashyap]]{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

Karnail Singh Panjoli, member of the [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee|Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee]], says that there are several communities within the term [[Nanakpanthi]]s too. Apart from [[Sindhi Hindus]], "There are groups like Sikhligarh, Vanjaarey, [[Nirmala (sect)|Nirmaley]], Lubaney, Johri, Satnamiye, Udaasiyas, [[Punjabi Hindus]], etc. who call themselves Nanakpanthis despite being Hindus.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-who-are-nanak-naam-lewa-and-why-kartarpur-corridor-cant-be-limited-to-sikhs-6100351/ |title=Explained: Who are Nanak Naam Lewa, and why Kartarpur Corridor can't be limited to Sikhs |date=10 November 2019}}</ref>

== Diaspora ==
[[File:Simon_King_Sikh_Sikhi_Nagar_Kirtan_Convoy.jpg|thumb|[[Nagar kirtan]] convoy passing over the bridge along Northern Relief Road (A124) in East London]]

As Sikhs wear [[turban]]s and keep beards, Sikh men in [[Western world|Western]] countries have been mistaken for [[Muslim]], [[Arabs|Arab]] and/or [[Afghans|Afghan]] since the [[September 11 attacks]] and the [[Iraq War]].<ref name="attacks1">{{cite news|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/09/16/gen.hate.crimes/|title=Hate crime reports up in wake of terrorist attacks|date=17 September 2001|work=US News|access-date=4 April 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415215239/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/09/16/gen.hate.crimes/|archive-date=15 April 2008|publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref name="attacks2">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6117820.stm|title=Sikhs Urging Action on Faith Hate|date=5 November 2006|work=UK News|access-date=4 April 2008|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> Several days after the 9/11 attacks, [[Sikhism in the United States|Sikh-American]] gas station owner [[Balbir Singh Sodhi]] was murdered in [[Arizona]] by a man who took Sodhi to be a member of [[al-Qaeda]], marking the first recorded hate-crime in America motivated by 9/11. CNN would go on to suggest an increase in hate crimes against Sikh men in the US and the UK after the 9/11 attacks.<ref name="attacks1"/><ref name="attacks2"/>

In an attempt to foster Sikh leaders in the Western world, youth initiatives by a number of organisations exist. The Sikh Youth Alliance of North America sponsors an annual [[Sikh Youth Symposium]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

The Sikh diaspora has been most successful in the UK, and UK Sikhs have the highest percentage of home ownership (82%) of any religious community.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/CCI/nugget.asp?ID=962&Pos=2&ColRank=2&Rank=800|title=Housing: Sikhs most likely to own their own homes {{!}} Religion|last=ONS|date=11 October 2004|work=[[Office for National Statistics]]|publisher=UK Statistics Authority|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226140123/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/CCI/nugget.asp?ID=962&Pos=2&ColRank=2&Rank=800|archive-date=26 February 2008|access-date=4 April 2008}}</ref> UK Sikhs are the second-wealthiest religious group in the UK (after the [[Jewish]] community), with a median total household wealth of {{GBP|229,000|link=no}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sticerd.lse.ac.uk/dps/case/cr/CASEreport60.pdf|title=An Anatomy of Economic Inequality in the UK|date=29 January 2010|work=Report of the National Equality Panel|publisher=The London School of Economics – The Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion|access-date=1 February 2010}}</ref>

In May 2019, the UK government exempted "[[Kirpan]]" from the list of banned knives. The U.K. government passed an amendment by which Sikhs in the country would be allowed to carry kirpans and use them during religious and cultural functions. The bill was amended to ensure that it would not impact the right of the British Sikh community to possess and supply kirpans or religious swords.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.newstracklive.com/news/uk-gets-a-new-law-secures-rights-of-sikhs-to-carry-kirpans-sc57-nu-1010762-1.html|title=U.K. gets a new law, secures rights of Sikhs to carry kirpans|website=newstracklive.com|date=19 May 2019|access-date=21 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/uk-gets-new-weapons-act-secures-sikh-right-to-carry-kirpans/articleshow/69387189.cms|title=UK gets new weapons act, secures Sikh right to carry kirpans|date=18 May 2019|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=21 May 2019}}</ref> Similarly, the [[Sikh American Legal Defense and Education Fund]] overturned a 1925 [[Oregon]] law banning the wearing of turbans by teachers and government officials in 2010.<ref>[http://www.saldef.org/news/sikh-teachers-are-now-able-to-teach-in-oregon-public-schools/ Sikh Teachers Are Now Able to Teach in Oregon Public Schools « SALDEF]. Saldef.org (2 April 2010). Retrieved 6 October 2011.</ref>

==Agriculture==
Historically, most Indians have been farmers and 66 per cent of the Indian population are engaged in [[agriculture]].<ref>{{cite news
| title = World Bank Loan for India Farmers
| work = BBC News
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/6245366.stm
| access-date = 4 April 2008 | date=27 June 2007}}</ref> Indian Sikhs are employed in agriculture to a lesser extent; India's 2001 census found 39 per cent of the working population of the Punjab employed in this sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://punjabgovt.nic.in/ECONOMY/AGRICULTURE_ALLIED.HTM|title=Agriculture and Allied Sector {{!}} Economy and Infrastructure|last=Government of Punjab|work=Government of Punjab|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080310012330/http://punjabgovt.nic.in/ECONOMY/AGRICULTURE_ALLIED.HTM |archive-date=10 March 2008|access-date=4 April 2008}}</ref> According to the Swedish political scientist [[Ishtiaq Ahmed (political scientist)|Ishtiaq Ahmad]], a factor in the success of the [[Indian green revolution]] was the "Sikh cultivator, often the [[Jat Sikh|Jat]] and Kamboj or Kamboh, whose courage, perseverance, spirit of enterprise and muscle prowess proved crucial."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_8-2-2005_pg3_2|title=West and East Punjab Agriculture: A Comparison {{!}} Comment|last=Ishtiaq|first=Ahmad|author-link=Ishtiaq Ahmad (political scientist)|date=8 February 2005|work=Daily Times|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080203090650/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_8-2-2005_pg3_2|archive-date=3 February 2008|access-date=4 April 2008}}</ref> However, Indian [[physicist]] [[Vandana Shiva]]<ref>{{cite web
| author = Guus Geurts Studentnummer
| title = The cause and effects of the Green Revolution in Punjab (India) – critical analysis of "The Violence of the Green Revolution" by Vandana Shiva (1991)
| publisher = Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen
| date = 5 March 2001
| url = http://www.guusgeurts.nl/inhoud/artikelen/EssayVandanaShiva.doc
| format = [[Microsoft Word|MS Word]]
| access-date = 12 September 2007
| archive-date = 26 March 2009
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090326031348/http://www.guusgeurts.nl/inhoud/artikelen/EssayVandanaShiva.doc
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> wrote that the green revolution made the "negative and destructive impacts of science (i.e., the green revolution) on nature and society" invisible and was a catalyst for Punjabi Sikh and Hindu tensions despite a growth in material wealth.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

== Sikhs in modern history ==
{{Main|List of Sikhs}}

[[File:Prime Minister Manmohan Singh in WEF ,2009 (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Manmohan Singh]], Indian politician and economist and the only Sikh [[Prime Minister of India]], served from 2004 to 2014]]
[[File:Preet Chandi training in Finse, Norway.jpg|thumb|[[Preet Chandi|Harpreet Kaur Chandi]], a British Sikh and the first woman to reach the South Pole solo and unsupported]]
[[File:Jagmeet Singh at the OFL Convention - 2017 (38554422812).jpg|thumb|[[Jagmeet Singh]], Canadian Sikh politician]]
[[File:City Sikhs Team hosting the Sikhnet Team from America in the UK Parliament.jpg|thumb|American Sikhs]]

[[Manmohan Singh]] was an Indian economist, academic and politician who served as the 13th Prime Minister of India from 2004 to 2014. The first and only Sikh and non-Hindu in office, Singh was also the first prime minister since [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] to be re-elected after completing a full five-year term.

Notable Sikhs in science include [[nuclear physics|nuclear]] scientist [[Piara Singh Gill]], [[fibre optics|fibre-optics]] pioneer [[Narinder Singh Kapany]]; and physicist, science writer and broadcaster [[Simon Singh]].

In business, the UK-based clothing retailers [[New Look (store)|New Look]] and the Thai-based JASPAL<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jaspalgroup.com/about/|title=About JASPAL Group|last=JASPAL Group|date=2011|work=JASPAL Group|access-date=15 April 2020|archive-date=17 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417083414/http://jaspalgroup.com/about/|url-status=dead}}</ref> were founded by Sikhs. India's largest pharmaceutical company, [[Ranbaxy Laboratories]], is headed by Sikhs.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2006/77/biz_06india_Malvinder-Shivinder-Singh_DN7N.html|title=India's Richest: #24 Malvinder & Shivinder Singh|date=16 November 2006|work=Forbes|access-date=4 April 2008|archive-date=5 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080505134317/http://www.forbes.com/lists/2006/77/biz_06india_Malvinder-Shivinder-Singh_DN7N.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Apollo Tyres]] is headed by [[Onkar Singh Kanwar]]. In Singapore, Kartar Singh Thakral expanded his family's trading business, Thakral Holdings,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2006/79/06singapore_Kartar-Singh-Thakral_UEZJ.html|title=Singapore's 40 Richest: #25 Kartar Singh Thakral|date=24 August 2006|work=Forbes|access-date=4 April 2008}}</ref> into assets totalling almost {{US$|1.4 billion|link=yes|round=1}} and is Singapore's 25th-richest person. Sikh [[Bob Singh Dhillon]] is the first [[Indo-Canadian]] billionaire. [[Mastercard|Mastercard's]] [[CEO]] was a Sikh named [[Ajaypal Singh Banga]].

In sports, Sikhs include England cricketer [[Monty Panesar]]; former 400-metre runner [[Milkha Singh]]; his son, professional golfer [[Jeev Milkha Singh]]; Indian wrestler and actor [[Dara Singh]]; former Indian hockey team captains [[Sandeep Singh]], Ajitpal Singh and [[Balbir Singh Sr.|Balbir Singh Sr]].; former Indian cricket captain [[Bishen Singh Bedi]]; [[Harbhajan Singh]], India's most successful [[off spin]] [[bowling (cricket)|cricket bowler]]; [[Yuvraj Singh]], World Cup winning allrounder; [[Maninder Singh (cricketer)|Maninder Singh]], World Cup winning off spinner; and [[Navjot Singh Sidhu]], former Indian cricketer-turned-politician.

Sikhs in Bollywood, in the arts in general, include poet and lyricist [[Rajkavi Inderjeet Singh Tulsi]]; [[Gulzar]]; [[Jagjit Singh]]; [[Dharmendra]]; [[Sunny Deol]]; [[Diljit Dosanjh]] writer [[Khushwant Singh]]; actresses [[Neetu Singh]], [[Simran Judge]], [[Poonam Dhillon]], [[Mahi Gill]], [[Esha Deol]], [[Parminder Nagra]], [[Gul Panag]], [[Mona Singh]], [[Namrata Singh Gujral]]; and directors [[Gurinder Chadha]] and Parminder Gill.

Sikhs in Punjabi Music industry include [[Sidhu Moose Wala]], [[Diljit Dosanjh]], [[Babu Singh Maan]], [[Surjit Bindrakhia]], [[Ammy Virk]], [[Karan Aujla]], [[Jazzy B]], [[Sukha (musician)|Sukha]], [[Shubh]], [[Miss Pooja]].

In December 2022, the [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marine Corps]] was compelled by a court order to allow two Sikhs to wear the turban and grow beards. This was a milestone for religious freedom and in the prevention of employment discrimination against Sikhs.<ref name=MarineCorps>[https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/u-s-marine-corps-compelled-to-allow-sikh-americans-to-begin-basic-training-with-turbans-beards U.S. Marine Corps compelled to allow Sikh Americans to begin basic training with turbans, beards] in PBS' Nation, 6 January 2023</ref>

{{Anchor|Sikhs in the Indian and British armies}}

== In the Indian and British armies ==
{{Main|Sikhs in the British Indian Army}}

According to a 1994 estimate, Punjabi Sikhs and Hindus comprised 10 to 15% of all ranks in the [[Indian Army]]. The Indian government does not release religious or ethnic origins of a military personnel, but a 1991 report by Tim McGirk estimated that 20% of Indian Army officers were Sikhs.<ref name="Kundu">{{cite journal|last=Kundu|first=Apurba|date=Spring 1994|title=The Indian Armed Forces' Sikh and Non-Sikh Officers' Opinions of Operation Blue Star|journal=Pacific Affairs|volume=67|issue=1|pages=48–49|doi=10.2307/2760119|jstor=2760119}}</ref> Together with the [[Gurkha]]s recruited from Nepal, the [[Maratha Light Infantry]] from Maharashtra and the [[Jat Regiment]], the Sikhs are one of the few communities to have exclusive regiments in the Indian Army.<ref name="Kundu" /> The [[Sikh Regiment]] is one of the most-decorated [[regiment]]s in the army, with 73 [[Battle Honours]], 14 [[Victoria Cross]]es,<ref name="nriinternet.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.nriinternet.com/Section4HistoryNRI/UK%20History/5_1016_SuccessStory.htm|title=The success story that UK's 4 lakh Sikhs are|last=TNN|website=NRI Internet|type=excerpts from talk by British High Commissioner Michael Arthur|access-date=4 April 2008}}</ref> 21 first-class [[Indian Order of Merit|Indian Orders of Merit]] (equivalent to the Victoria Cross),<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/06/24/nsikh224.xml|title=History of Sikh Gallantry|date=24 June 2007|work=The Daily Telegraph|access-date=4 April 2008|url-status=dead|location=London|archive-date=27 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227020801/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2007%2F06%2F24%2Fnsikh224.xml}}</ref> 15 [[Battle honour|Theatre Honours]], 5 COAS Unit Citations, two [[Param Vir Chakra]]s, 14 [[Maha Vir Chakra]]s, 5 [[Kirti Chakra]]s, 67 [[Vir Chakra]]s and 1,596 other awards. The highest-ranking general in the history of the Indian Air Force is a Punjabi Sikh, Marshal of the Air Force [[Arjan Singh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Legends/Arjan.html|title=Marshal of the Air Force Arjan Singh|last=Pillarisetti|first=Jagan|website=Bharat Rakshak|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080327195335/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Legends/Arjan.html |archive-date=27 March 2008|access-date=4 April 2008}}</ref> Plans by the [[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|United Kingdom Ministry of Defence]] for a Sikh [[infantry]] regiment were scrapped in June 2007.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rayment|first=Sean|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/06/24/nsikh124.xml|title=Sikh Regiment Dumped over 'Racism' Fears|date=24 June 2007|newspaper=The Telegraph|url-status=dead|location=London|archive-date=18 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071118172517/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2007%2F06%2F24%2Fnsikh124.xml}}</ref>

Sikhs supported the British during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].<ref>{{cite book|last=[[Kennedy Trevaskis]]|first=Hugh|title=The Land of Five Rivers: An Economic History of the Punjab from Earliest Times to the Year of Grace 1890|year=1928|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=London|pages=216–217}}</ref> By the beginning of [[World War I]], Sikhs in the [[British Indian Army]] totaled over 100,000 (20 per cent of the force). Until 1945, fourteen [[Victoria Cross]]es (VC) were awarded to Sikhs, a per-capita regimental record.<ref name="nriinternet.com" /> In 2002, the names of all Sikh VC and [[George Cross]] recipients were inscribed on the monument of the [[Memorial Gates (Constitution Hill)|Memorial Gates]]<ref>{{cite web
| title = Memorial Gates Official Website
| url = http://www.mgtrust.org/links.htm
| access-date = 4 April 2008
| archive-date = 9 May 2008
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080509090812/http://www.mgtrust.org/links.htm
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> on [[Constitution Hill, London|Constitution Hill]], next to [[Buckingham Palace]].<ref>{{cite web |title=UK Government Report on the memorial |url=http://www.millennium.gov.uk/cgi-bin/item.cgi?id=1220&d=11&h=24&f=46&dateformat=%25o-%25B-%25Y |access-date=4 April 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206051955/http://www.millennium.gov.uk/cgi-bin/item.cgi?id=1220&d=11&h=24&f=46&dateformat=%25o-%25B-%25Y |archive-date=6 December 2008}}</ref> [[Chanan Singh Dhillon]] was instrumental in campaigning for the memorial.

During World War I, Sikh battalions fought in Egypt, Palestine, Mesopotamia, [[Gallipoli]] and France. Six battalions of the [[Sikh Regiment]] were raised during [[World War II]], serving in the [[Second Battle of El Alamein]], the [[Burma Campaign|Burma]] and [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian campaigns]] and in [[Anglo-Iraqi War|Iraq]], receiving 27 battle honours. Around the world, Sikhs are commemorated in [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission|Commonwealth]] cemeteries.<ref>{{cite web
| title = India's High Commission in London 'Sikhs Pioneered Britain's Multi-Cultural Society
| url = http://www.hcilondon.net/Issues-in-focus/Sikhs-pioneered-Britain's-multi-cultural-society.html
| access-date = 4 April 2008
| archive-date = 13 December 2007
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071213072258/http://www.hcilondon.net/Issues-in-focus/Sikhs-pioneered-Britain%27s-multi-cultural-society.html
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

<gallery widths="150" heights="100">
File:Sikhs in the First World War Q24777.jpg|Sikhs in the [[World War I|First World War]], marching with their scripture, [[Guru Granth Sahib]]
File:SikhsInFrancePostcard.jpg|alt=Postcard of marching Sikhs with rifles|French postcard depicting the arrival of the 15th [[Sikh Regiment]] in France during [[World War I]]. The bilingual postcard reads, "Gentlemen of India marching to chasten the German hooligans."
File:Indian sikh soldiers in Italian campaign.jpg|Indian Sikh soldiers in the [[Italian campaign (World War II)|Italian campaign]]
File:Sikh soldier with captured Swastika flag.jpg|Sikh soldier with captured [[Swastika]] flag of [[Nazi Germany]]
File:Japanese shooting blindfolded Sikh prisoners.jpg|alt=See caption|Japanese soldiers shooting blindfolded Sikh prisoners in [[World War II]]
</gallery>

== See also ==
*[[History of Punjab]]
*[[Sikhism in Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[Ganga Sagar (urn)]]
* [[Jat Sikh]]
* [[Sikh diaspora]]
* [[Sikh Empire]]
* [[List of British Sikhs]]
* [[Mazhabi Sikh]]
* [[Sects of Sikhism]]
* [[Sikhism by country]]
* [[Sikhism in India]]
* [[Turban training centre]]

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}
{{notelist}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

=== General and cited sources ===
{{reflist|group=nb}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |last=Fair |first=C. Christine |title=Diaspora Involvement in Insurgencies: Insights from the Khalistan and Tamil Eelam Movements |journal=Nationalism and Ethnic Politics |volume=11 |year=2005 |pages=125–156 |doi=10.1080/13537110590927845 |s2cid=145552863}}
* {{cite journal |last=Van Dyke |first=Virginia |title=The Khalistan Movement in Punjab, India, and the Post-Militancy Era: Structural Change and New Political Compulsions |journal=Asian Survey |volume=49 |issue=6 |year=2009 |pages=975–997 |doi=10.1525/as.2009.49.6.975}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|40em}}
* ''The Sikhs in History: A Millennium Study'' by Sangat Singh, Noel Quinton King. New York, 1995. {{ISBN|81-900650-2-5}}.
* ''A History of the Sikhs: Volume 1: 1469–1838'' by Khushwant Singh. Oxford India Paperbacks (2005). {{ISBN|0-19-567308-5}}.
* ''The Sikhs'' by Patwant Singh. Image (2001). {{ISBN|0-385-50206-0}}
* ''The Sikhs of the Punjab'' by J. S. Grewal. Published by Cambridge University Press (1998). {{ISBN|0-521-63764-3}}.
* ''The Sikhs: History, Religion, and Society'' by W. H. McLeod. Published by Columbia University Press (1989). {{ISBN|0-231-06815-8}}
* ''The Sikh Diaspora: Tradition and Change in an Immigrant Community (Asian Americans – Reconceptualising Culture, History, Politics)'' by Michael Angelo. Published by Routledge (1997). {{ISBN|0-8153-2985-7}}.
* ''Glory of Sikhism'' by R. M. Chopra, Sanbun Publishers, 2001, {{oclc|499896556}}, {{google books|VGnRPgAACAAJ|Glory of Sikhism}}.
* ''The Philosophical and Religious Thought of Sikhism'' by R. M. Chopra, 2014, Sparrow Publication, Kolkata, {{ISBN|978-81-89140-99-1}}.
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=1NKC9g2ayJEC&dq=udasi+sikh&pg=PR10 The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition]'' – H Oberoi – 1994 University of Chicago Press, {{ISBN|0-226-61592-8}}.
* ''Architectural Heritage of a Sikh State: Faridkot'' by Subhash Parihar, Delhi: Aryan Books International, 2009, {{ISBN|978-81-7305-386-3}}.
* ''A Study of Religions'' by R. M. Chopra, Anuradha Prakashan, New Delhi, 2015. {{ISBN|978-93-82339-94-6}}.
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Wiktionary|Sikh}}
{{Commons category|Sikhs}}
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/ Sikhism] at the [[BBC]]
* {{Merriam-Webster|Sikhs}}


{{Sikhism}}

[[Category:Sikhs| ]]
[[Category:Punjabi words and phrases]]
[[Category:Religious identity]]
[[Category:Ethnoreligious groups in India]]

Buddhaguptanātha

2026-03-19T16:02:12Z

Sadique: adding new data

{{Short description|Indian Buddhist master}}
[[File:Buddhaguptanath.jpg|thumb|18th century image of Buddhaguptanatha]]
'''Buddhaguptanatha''' (1514-1610 CE)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lopez |first1=Donald |title=Seeing the Sacred in Samsara: An Illustrated Guide to the Eighty-Four Mahasiddhas |date=2019 |publisher=Shambhala Publications |isbn=9781611804041 |page=18 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tgGWDwAAQBAJ&dq=Buddhaguptanatha&pg=PA18}}</ref> was an [[History of Buddhism in India|Indian Buddhist]] tantric master active in the 16th century. Notably he was the teacher of the [[Tibetans|Tibetan]] [[Lama]] and writer, [[Taranatha]].<ref name="Templeman1997">{{cite journal |last1=Templeman |first1=David |title=Buddhaguptanatha: A Late Indian Siddha in Tibet |journal=Proceedings of the 7th Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Graz 1995 |date=1997 |volume=2 |pages=955–966 |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/19946171/Buddhaguptanatha-a-Late-Indian-Siddha-in-Tibet}}</ref><ref name=Drime>{{cite journal |last1=Drime |first1=Sherab |title=Buddhagupta-nātha |journal=The Treasure of Lives |date=2015 |url=https://treasuryoflives.org/biographies/view/buddhagupta-natha/6412}}</ref>

==Biography==
The only source on Buddhaguptanatha's life is the biography composed by his disciple, [[Taranatha]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Prabha Ray |first1=Himanshu |title=The Return of the Buddha: Ancient Symbols for a New Nation |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317560050 |page=49 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uXo9BAAAQBAJ&dq=Buddhaguptanatha&pg=PT185}}</ref>

Buddhaguptanatha was born to a wealthy [[merchant]] in the coastal city of ''Indra-linga'' located near the modern city of [[Rameswaram]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sinclair |first1=Iain |title=The Indian Ocean Itinerary of Buddhaguptanātha's Namthar |journal=Journal of Tibetan Literature |date=2024 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=27–60 |doi=10.58371/jtl.2024.86 |url=https://journaloftibetanliterature.org/index.php/jtl/article/view/86/240#:~:text=The%20Itinerary's%20Place%20in%20the%20Hagiography&text=Buddhanātha%20travelled%20with%20his%20fellow,the%20Punjab%2C%20and%20so%20on.|doi-access=free }}</ref> He was one of eight siblings. At a young age and with the permission of his father, he joined a community of [[Yogi|yogins]] belonging to the [[Natha Sampradaya|Nath sect]] which combined aspects of [[Buddhism]] and [[Hinduism]]. As per David Templeman, throughout his life, Buddhaguptanatha continued to combine elements of both religions into his practice and visited pilgrimage sites associated with both religions.<ref name= Drime />
At some point, Buddhaguptanatha left the group and began travelling. He visited a wide range of Buddhist holy sites including the [[Mahabodhi Temple]] of [[Bodh Gaya]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Huber |first1=Toni |title=The Holy Land Reborn: Pilgrimage and the Tibetan Reinvention of Buddhist India |date=2008 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=9780226356501 |pages=171–172 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SjzSpGf1eM0C&q=buddhaguptan%C4%81tha&pg=PA480}}</ref> He also ventured further afield and visited the region of [[Oddiyana]], the [[Swat valley]] and eastern [[Afghanistan]] including places near [[Ghazni]] and [[Mazar-i-Sharif]]. For sixteen years, he practiced in an abandoned temple to [[Shiva]] situated in [[South India]] and then went on to visit a temple nearby dedicated to [[Hevajra]]. On an island off the coast of India, he took tantric initiations into Hevajra and the [[Cakrasaṃvara Tantra]] from a teacher named Sumati.<ref name= Drime />

From here he went to [[Sri Lanka]] where he stayed for five years. It was here that he heard about his future teacher, Shantigupta. Shantigupta was a court priest for the [[Rewa (princely state)|Baghela Kingdom of Baghelkhand]]. The Baghelas themselves were Hindu but may have also patronised other religions like Buddhism. It also seems that Buddhaguptanatha was also patronised by them.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Templeman |first1=David |title='South of the Border': Tāranātha's Perceptions of India |journal=The Tibet Journal |date=2010 |volume=34 |issue=3/2 |pages=231–242 |jstor=43302070 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43302070}}</ref>

Buddhaguptanatha began to move northwards travelling to [[Tibet]] from [[Assam]] where he visited the monastery of [[Samye]] along with [[Lhasa]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kongtru |first1=Jamgon |title=The Treasury of Knowledge: Book Eight, Part Three: The Elements of Tantric Practice |date=2008 |publisher=Shambhala Publications |isbn=9781559398916 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wn0SAgAAQBAJ&dq=Buddhaguptanatha&pg=PT343}}</ref> It was in the region of [[Ü-Tsang]] that he would first meet his student, Taranatha. Taranatha received various teachings and initiations from Buddhaguptanatha including those related to [[Hevajra]] and [[Tara (Buddhism)|Tara]]. After a three-month stay in Tibet, Buddhaguptanatha returned to India where he continued his travels although little else about his life is known beyond this point.<ref name= Drime />

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Mahasiddhas]]
[[Category:1514 births]]
[[Category:1610 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhist missionaries]]

Law

2026-03-19T06:54:41Z

Sadique:

{{Short description|System of enforceable rules}}
{{hatnote group|
{{Redirect|Legal}}
{{Other uses}}
}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{use British English|date=January 2014}}

{{Law sidebar}}
{{Conflict resolution sidebar}}
'''Law''' is a set of rules that are created and enforced by [[government]]al or societal institutions to regulate behavior,{{sfn|Robertson|2006|p=90}} with its precise definition a matter of longstanding debate.{{sfn|Willis|1926}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gibbs |first1= Jack P. |title=Definitions of Law and Empirical Questions |journal=Law & Society Review |date=1968 |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=429–446 |doi= 10.2307/3052897 |issn=0023-9216|jstor=3052897 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Akers |first1=Ronald L. |title=Toward a Comparative Definition of Law |journal=Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology |date=1965 |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=301–306 |url=http://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5313&context=jclc |access-date=3 January 2020 |doi=10.2307/1141239 |jstor=1141239 |archive-date=19 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719212013/https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5313&context=jclc |url-status=live | issn=0022-0205|url-access=subscription }}</ref> It has been variously described as a [[Social science#Law|science]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Spooner |first1=Lysander |author-link1=Lysander Spooner |title=Natural Law; or The Science of Justice: A Treatise on Natural Law, Natural Justice, Natural Rights, Natural Liberty, and Natural Society; Showing that All Legislation Whatsoever is an Absurdity, a Usurpation, and a Crime. Part First. |date=1882 |publisher=A. Williams & Co. |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Natural_Law;_or_The_Science_of_Justice:_A_Treatise_on_Natural_Law,_Natural_Justice,_Natural_Rights,_Natural_Liberty,_and_Natural_Society;_Showing_that_All_Legislation_Whatsoever_is_an_Absurdity,_a_Usurpation,_and_a_Crime._Part_First. |access-date=31 December 2019 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231072121/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Natural_Law;_or_The_Science_of_Justice:_A_Treatise_on_Natural_Law,_Natural_Justice,_Natural_Rights,_Natural_Liberty,_and_Natural_Society;_Showing_that_All_Legislation_Whatsoever_is_an_Absurdity,_a_Usurpation,_and_a_Crime._Part_First. |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Núñez Vaquero |first1=Álvaro |title=Five Models of Legal Science |journal=Revus. Journal for Constitutional Theory and Philosophy of Law / Revija za ustavno teorijo in filozofijo prava |date=10 June 2013 |issue=19 |pages=53–81 |doi=10.4000/revus.2449 |url=https://journals.openedition.org/revus/2449 |access-date=31 December 2019 |language=en |issn=1581-7652 |doi-access=free |archive-date=31 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231075003/https://journals.openedition.org/revus/2449 |url-status=live}}</ref> and as the art of justice.{{sfn|Cohen|1992}}<ref>{{Cite web |last = Rubin |first = Basha|title=Is Law an Art or a Science?: A Bit of Both |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/basharubin/2015/01/13/is-law-an-art-or-a-science-a-bit-of-both/ |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181103170800/https://www.forbes.com/sites/basharubin/2015/01/13/is-law-an-art-or-a-science-a-bit-of-both/ |archive-date=3 November 2018 |url-status=live |website=[[Forbes]] |date=13 January 2015}}</ref>{{sfn|Berger|1953|p=525}} State-enforced laws can be made by a [[legislature]], resulting in [[statute]]s; by the executive through [[decree]]s and [[regulation]]s; or by judges' decisions, which form [[precedent]] in [[common law]] jurisdictions. An [[autocrat]] may exercise those functions within their realm. The creation of laws themselves may be influenced by a [[constitution]], written or tacit, and the [[rights]] encoded therein. The law shapes [[politics]], [[economics]], [[history]] and [[society]] in various ways and also serves as a mediator of relations between people.

Legal systems vary between [[Jurisdiction (area)|jurisdictions]], with their differences analysed in [[comparative law]]. In [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] jurisdictions, a legislature or other central body [[Codification (law)|codifies and consolidates]] the law. In common law systems, judges may make [[Legally binding|binding]] case law through precedent,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mason |first1=Anthony |title=The Judge as Law-maker |journal=James Cook University Mayo Lecture |date=1996 |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/JCULRev/1996/2.pdf |access-date=31 December 2019 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231082120/http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/JCULRev/1996/2.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> although on occasion this may be overturned by a higher court or the legislature.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Devins |first1=Neal |title=Congressional Responses to Judicial Decisions |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court |date=2008 |publisher=Gale MacMillan |pages=400–403 |url=https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/facpubs/1633 |access-date=31 December 2019 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231082120/https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/facpubs/1633/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Religious law]] is in use in some religious communities and states, and has historically influenced secular law.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Berman |first1=Harold J. |title=Religious Foundations of Law in the West: An Historical Perspective |journal=Journal of Law and Religion |date=1983 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=3–43 |doi=10.2307/1051071 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|jstor=1051071 |s2cid=146933872 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fox |first1=Jonathan |last2=Sandler |first2=Shmuel |title=Separation of Religion and State in the Twenty-First Century: Comparing the Middle East and Western Democracies |journal=Comparative Politics |date=1 April 2005 |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=317 |doi=10.2307/20072892 |jstor=20072892}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cox |first1=Noel |title=Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction in the Church of the Province of Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia |journal=Deakin Law Review |date=2001 |volume=6 |issue=2 |page=262 |url=http://www5.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/DeakinLawRw/2001/14.html |access-date=31 December 2019 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231152654/http://www5.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/DeakinLawRw/2001/14.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Otto |editor1-first=Jan Michiel |title=Sharia incorporated: a comparative overview of the legal systems of twelve Muslim countries in past and present |publisher=Leiden University Press |isbn=9789087280574|year=2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Raisch |first1=Marylin Johnson |title=Religious Legal Systems in Comparative Law: A Guide to Introductory Research – GlobaLex |url=https://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Religious_Legal_Systems1.html |department=Hauser Global Law School Program |publisher=New York University School of Law |access-date=31 December 2019 |archive-date=31 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231153027/https://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Religious_Legal_Systems1.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

The scope of law can be divided into two domains: [[public law]] concerns government and society, including [[constitutional law]], [[administrative law]], and [[criminal law]]; while [[private law]] deals with legal disputes between parties in areas such as [[contracts]], [[property]], [[torts]], [[delicts]] and [[commercial law]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Horwitz |first1=Morton J. |title=The History of the Public/Private Distinction |journal=University of Pennsylvania Law Review |date=1 June 1982 |volume=130 |issue=6 |pages=1423–1428 |url=https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4677 |access-date=3 January 2020 |doi=10.2307/3311976 |jstor=3311976 |s2cid=51854776 |url-access=subscription }}{{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> This distinction is stronger in civil law countries, particularly those with a separate system of [[administrative courts]];<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Merryman |first1=John Henry |title=The Public Law-Private Law Distinction in European and American Law |journal=Journal of Public Law |date=1968 |volume=17 |pages=3 |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/emlj17&div=5 |access-date=3 January 2020 |archive-date=12 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212093232/https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals%2Femlj17&div=5 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Saiman |first1=Chaim N. |title=Public Law, Private Law, and Legal Science |journal=American Journal of Comparative Law |date=6 July 2008 |volume=56 |issue=961 |pages=691–702 |url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=1155203 |access-date=3 January 2020 |publisher=Social Science Research Network |language=en |doi=10.5131/ajcl.2007.0023 |ssrn=1155203 |archive-date=28 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428195450/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1155203 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> by contrast, the public-private law divide is less pronounced in common law jurisdictions.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Harlow |first1=Carol |title="Public" and "private" law: definition without distinction |journal=The Modern Law Review |date=1 May 1980 |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=241–265 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2230.1980.tb01592.x |language=en |issn=1468-2230|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Samuel |first1=Geoffrey |title=Public And Private Law: A Private Lawyer's Response |journal=The Modern Law Review |date=1 September 1983 |volume=46 |issue=5 |pages=558–583 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2230.1983.tb02534.x |language=en |issn=1468-2230|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Law provides a source of scholarly inquiry into [[legal history]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gordley |first1=James |title=Comparative Law and Legal History |journal=The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Law |pages=752–774 |date=16 November 2006 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199296064.013.0024 |isbn=9780199296064 |url=https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199296064.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199296064-e-024 |access-date=31 December 2019 |language=en |editor1-last=Reimann |editor1-first=Mathias |editor2-last=Zimmermann |editor2-first=Reinhard |archive-date=31 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231074358/https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199296064.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199296064-e-024 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[philosophy]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bor |first1=Fredric L. |title=The nexus between philosophy and law |journal=Journal of Legal Education |date=1974 |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=539–543 |issn=0022-2208|jstor=42896964 }}</ref> [[economic analysis of law|economic analysis]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rubin |first1=Paul H. |title=Law and Economics |url=https://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/LawandEconomics.html |website=The Library of Economics and Liberty |publisher=Liberty Fund, Inc. |access-date=31 December 2019 |archive-date=2 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702122019/https://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/LawandEconomics.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[sociology of law|sociology]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Banakar |first1=Reza |title=Merging law and sociology : beyond the dichotomies in socio-legal research |date=2003 |publisher=Galda and Wilch Publishing |location=Berlin/Wisconsin |isbn=1-931255-13-X}}</ref> Law also raises important and complex issues concerning equality, fairness, and [[justice]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pound |first1=Roscoe |title=The End of Law as Developed in Legal Rules and Doctrines |journal=Harvard Law Review |date=1914 |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=195–234 |doi=10.2307/1325958 |issn=0017-811X|jstor=1325958 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Justice and Injustice in Law and Legal Theory|date=1996|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=9780472096251|pages=18–19|doi=10.3998/mpub.10283|jstor=10.3998/mpub.10283|editor1-last=Sarat|editor1-first=Austin|editor2-last=Kearns|editor2-first=Thomas}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The word ''law'', attested in [[Old English]] as {{lang|ang|lagu}}, comes from the [[Old Norse]] word {{lang|non|lǫg}}. The singular form {{lang|non|lag}} meant {{gloss|something laid or fixed}} while its plural meant {{gloss|law}}.<ref>{{cite OED|law, n.|4864419306}}</ref>

== Philosophy of law ==
{{main|Jurisprudence|Philosophy of law}}
{{quote box|bgcolor=#c6dbf7|width=22em|salign=left|quote=But what, after all, is a law? [...] When I say that the object of laws is always general, I mean that law considers subjects en masse and actions in the abstract, and never a particular person or action. [...] On this view, we at once see that it can no longer be asked whose business it is to make laws, since they are acts of the [[general will]]; nor whether the prince is above the law, since he is a member of the State; nor whether the law can be unjust, since no one is unjust to himself; nor how we can be both free and subject to the laws, since they are but registers of our wills.|source=Jean-Jacques Rousseau, ''[[The Social Contract]]'', II, 6.<ref>Rousseau, ''The Social Contract'', [https://web.archive.org/web/20080222135803/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/r/rousseau/jean_jacques/r864s/book2.html#section16 Book II: Chapter 6 (Law)]</ref>}}

The philosophy of law is commonly known as jurisprudence. Normative jurisprudence asks "what should law be?", while analytic jurisprudence asks "what is law?"

=== Analytical jurisprudence ===
{{main|Analytical jurisprudence}}

There have been several attempts to produce "a universally acceptable definition of law". In 1972, [[Dennis Lloyd, Baron Lloyd of Hampstead|Baron Hampstead]] suggested that no such definition could be produced.<ref name="Jurisprudence. Third Edition 1972. Page 39">[[Dennis Lloyd, Baron Lloyd of Hampstead]]. ''Introduction to Jurisprudence''. Third Edition. Stevens & Sons. London. 1972. Second Impression. 1975. p. 39.</ref> McCoubrey and White said that the question "what is law?" has no simple answer.<ref>Mc Coubrey, Hilaire and White, Nigel D. ''Textbook on Jurisprudence''. Second Edition. [[Blackstone Press Limited]]. 1996. {{ISBN|1-85431-582-X}}. p. 2.</ref> [[Glanville Williams]] said that the meaning of the word "law" depends on the context in which that word is used. He said that, for example, "[[early customary law]]" and "[[municipal law]]" were contexts where the word "law" had two different and irreconcilable meanings.<ref>Williams, Glanville. International Law and the Controversy Concerning the Meaning of the Word "Law". Revised version published in Laslett (Editor), ''Philosophy, Politics and Society'' (1956) p. 134 et seq. The original was published in (1945) 22 [[British Year Book of International Law|BYBIL]] 146.</ref> [[Thurman Arnold]] said that it is obvious that it is impossible to define the word "law" and that it is also equally obvious that the struggle to define that word should not ever be abandoned.{{sfn|Arnold|1935|p=36}} It is possible to take the view that there is no need to define the word "law" (e.g. "let's forget about generalities and get down to [[Case law|cases]]").<ref>[[Dennis Lloyd, Baron Lloyd of Hampstead|Baron Lloyd of Hampstead]]. ''Introduction to Jurisprudence''. Third Edition. Stevens & Sons. London. 1972. Second Impression. 1975.</ref>

One definition is that law is a system of rules and guidelines which are enforced through social institutions to govern behaviour.{{sfn|Robertson|2006|p=90}} In ''[[The Concept of Law]],'' [[H. L. A. Hart]] argued that law is a "system of rules";{{sfn|Campbell|1993|p=184}} [[John Austin (legal philosopher)|John Austin]] said law was "the command of a sovereign, backed by the threat of a sanction";{{sfn|Bix|2022}} [[Ronald Dworkin]] describes law as an "interpretive concept" to achieve [[justice]] in his text titled ''[[Law's Empire]]'';{{sfn|Dworkin|1986|p=410}} and [[Joseph Raz]] argues law is an "authority" to mediate people's interests.{{sfn|Raz|1979|pp=3–36}} [[Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.|Oliver Wendell Holmes]] defined law as "the prophecies of what the courts will do in fact, and nothing more pretentious."<ref>Holmes, Oliver Wendell. "The Path of Law" (1897) 10 ''Harvard Law Review'' 457 at 461.</ref> In his ''[[Treatise on Law]],'' [[Thomas Aquinas]] argues that law is a rational ordering of things, which concern the common good, that is promulgated by whoever is charged with the care of the community.<ref>Aquinas, St Thomas. ''Summa Theologica''. 1a2ae, 90.4. Translated by J G Dawson. Ed d'Entreves. (Basil Blackwell). Latin: "nihil est aliud qau edam rationis ordinatio ad bonum commune, ab eo qi curam communitatis habet, promulgata".</ref> This definition has both [[Legal positivism|positivist]] and [[Natural law|naturalist]] elements.<ref>McCoubrey, Hilaire and White, Nigel D. ''Textbook on Jurisprudence''. Second Edition. Blackstone Press Limited. 1996. {{ISBN|1-85431-582-X}}. p. 73.</ref>

=== Connection to morality and justice ===
{{See also|Rule according to higher law}}

Definitions of law often raise the question of the extent to which law incorporates morality.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Taylor |first1=T. W. |title=The Conception of Morality in Jurisprudence |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_philosophical-review_1896-01_5_1/page/36 |journal=The Philosophical Review |date=January 1896 |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=36–50 |doi=10.2307/2176104 |jstor=2176104 }}</ref> [[John Austin (legal philosopher)|John Austin]]'s [[utilitarianism|utilitarian]] answer was that law is "commands, backed by threat of sanctions, from a sovereign, to whom people have a habit of obedience".{{sfn|Bix|2022}} [[Natural law]]yers, on the other hand, such as [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]], argue that law reflects essentially moral and unchangeable laws of nature. The concept of "natural law" emerged in ancient [[Greek philosophy]] concurrently and in connection with the notion of justice, and re-entered the mainstream of [[Western culture]] through the writings of [[Thomas Aquinas]], notably his ''[[Treatise on Law]]''.

[[Hugo Grotius]], the founder of a purely rationalistic system of natural law, argued that law arises from both a social impulse—as Aristotle had indicated—and reason.<ref>[[Fritz Berolzheimer]], ''The World's Legal Philosophies'', 115–116</ref> [[Immanuel Kant]] believed a moral imperative requires laws "be chosen as though they should hold as universal laws of nature".<ref>[[Immanuel Kant|Kant, Immanuel]], ''Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals'', 42 (par. 434)</ref> [[Jeremy Bentham]] and his student Austin, following [[David Hume]], believed that this conflated the [[Is-ought problem|"is" and what "ought to be"]] problem. Bentham and Austin argued for law's [[legal positivism|positivism]]; that real law is entirely separate from "morality".<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Green |first=Leslie |title=Legal Positivism |encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/legal-positivism/|access-date=10 December 2006 |archive-date=9 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609094650/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/legal-positivism/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Kant was also criticised by [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], who rejected the principle of equality, and believed that law emanates from the [[will to power]], and cannot be labeled as "moral" or "immoral".<ref>Nietzsche, ''Zur Genealogie der Moral'', Second Essay, 11</ref><ref>Kazantzakis, ''Friedrich Nietzsche and the Philosophy of Law'', 97–98</ref><ref>Linarelli, ''Nietzsche in Law's Cathedral'', 23–26</ref>

In 1934, the Austrian philosopher [[Hans Kelsen]] continued the positivist tradition in his book the ''[[Pure Theory of Law]]''.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Marmor |first=Andrei |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/lawphil-theory/ |title=The Pure Theory of Law |access-date=9 February 2007 |encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |year=1934 |archive-date=9 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609130143/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/lawphil-theory/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Kelsen believed that although law is separate from morality, it is endowed with "normativity", meaning we ought to obey it. While laws are positive "is" statements (e.g. the fine for reversing on a highway ''is'' €500); law tells us what we "should" do. Thus, each legal system can be hypothesised to have a [[Basic norm|{{gloss|basic norm}}]] ({{langx|de|Grundnorm}}) instructing us to obey. Kelsen's major opponent, [[Carl Schmitt]], rejected both positivism and the idea of the [[rule of law]] because he did not accept the primacy of abstract normative principles over concrete political positions and decisions.<ref>Bielefeldt, ''Carl Schmitt's Critique of Liberalism'', 25–26</ref> Therefore, Schmitt advocated a jurisprudence of the exception ([[state of emergency]]), which denied that legal norms could encompass all of the political experience.{{sfn|Finn|1991|pp=170–171}}

Later in the 20th century, [[H. L. A. Hart]] attacked Austin for his simplifications and Kelsen for his fiction in ''[[The Concept of Law]]''.{{sfn|Bayles|1992|p=21}} Hart argued law is a system of rules, divided into primary (rules of conduct) and secondary ones (rules addressed to officials to administer primary rules). Secondary rules are further divided into rules of adjudication (to resolve legal disputes), rules of change (allowing laws to be varied) and the rule of recognition (allowing laws to be identified as valid). Two of Hart's students continued the debate: In his book ''[[Law's Empire]]'', [[Ronald Dworkin]] attacked Hart and the positivists for their refusal to treat law as a moral issue. Dworkin argues that law is an "[[interpretivism (legal)|interpretive]] concept"{{sfn|Dworkin|1986|p=410}} that requires judges to find the best fitting and most just solution to a legal dispute, given their Anglo-American constitutional traditions. [[Joseph Raz]], on the other hand, defended the positivist outlook and criticised Hart's "soft social thesis" approach in ''The Authority of Law''.{{sfn|Raz|1979|pp=3–36}} Raz argues that law is authority, identifiable purely through social sources and without reference to moral reasoning. In his view, any categorisation of rules beyond their role as authoritative instruments in mediation is best left to [[sociology]], rather than jurisprudence.{{sfn|Raz|1979|p=37}}

== History ==
{{main|Legal history}}
{{Easy CSS image crop|image=The Hammurabic Code. Wellcome M0014753.jpg|desired_width=220|crop_left_perc=11.2|crop_right_perc=9.0|crop_top_perc=2.8|crop_bottom_perc=7.4|caption=The [[Code of Hammurabi]] is an early code of laws, from ancient Babylon.|alt=A stone monument with two parts; at top, a relief depicting two figures, one standing and one seated; at bottom, cuneiform text of the Hammurabic legal code of ancient Babylon.}}
The history of law links closely to the development of [[civilization]]. [[Ancient Egypt]]ian law, dating as far back as 3000 BC, was based on the concept of [[Ma'at]] and characterised by tradition, [[rhetoric]]al speech, social equality and impartiality.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Théodoridés|title = law | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt}}</ref><ref>VerSteeg, ''Law in ancient Egypt''</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lippert |first1=Sandra |title=Oxford Handbook Topics in Classical Studies |chapter=Egyptian Law, Saite to Roman Periods |journal=Oxford Handbooks Online |date=11 February 2016 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935390.013.48 |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935390.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199935390-e-48 |access-date=3 January 2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-993539-0 |language=en |archive-date=3 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103123820/https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935390.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199935390-e-48 |url-status=live }}</ref> By the 22nd century BC, the ancient [[Sumer]]ian ruler [[Ur-Nammu]] had formulated the first [[Code of Ur-Nammu|law code]], which consisted of [[Casuistry|casuistic]] statements ("if … then ..."). Around 1760 BC, [[Hammurabi|King Hammurabi]] further developed [[Babylonian law]], by codifying and inscribing it in stone. Hammurabi placed several copies of his law code throughout the kingdom of Babylon as [[Stele|stelae]], for the entire public to see; this became known as the [[Code of Hammurabi|Codex Hammurabi]]. The most intact copy of these stelae was discovered in the 19th century by British [[Assyriologists]], and has since been fully [[transliterated]] and translated into various languages, including English, Italian, German, and French.{{sfn|Richardson|2004|p=11}}

The [[Old Testament]] dates back to 1280 BC and takes the form of moral imperatives as recommendations for a good society. The small [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] city-state, ancient [[History of Athens|Athens]], from about the 8th century BC was the first society to be based on broad inclusion of its citizenry, excluding women and [[Slavery in ancient Greece|enslaved people]]. However, Athens had no legal science or single word for "law",{{sfn|Kelly|1992|pp=5–6}} relying instead on the three-way distinction between divine law (''thémis''), human decree (''nómos'') and custom (''díkē'').{{sfn|Mallory|1997|p=346}} Yet [[Ancient Greek law]] contained major [[Solonian Constitution|constitutional]] innovations in the development of [[Athenian democracy|democracy]].{{sfn|Ober|1996|p=121}}

[[Roman law]] was heavily influenced by Greek philosophy, but its detailed rules were developed by professional jurists and were highly sophisticated.{{sfn|Kelly|1992|p=39}}{{sfn|Stein|1999|p=1}} Over the centuries between the rise and decline of the [[Roman Empire]], law was adapted to cope with the changing social situations and underwent major codification under [[Theodosius II]] and [[Justinian I]].{{efn|As a legal system, Roman law has affected the development of law worldwide. It also forms the basis for the law codes of most countries of continental Europe and has played an important role in the creation of the idea of a common European culture (Stein, ''Roman Law in European History'', 2, 104–107).}} Although codes were replaced by [[custom (law)|custom]] and [[case law]] during the [[Early Middle Ages]], Roman law was rediscovered around the 11th century when medieval legal scholars began to research Roman codes and adapt their concepts to the [[Canon law of the Catholic Church|canon law]], giving birth to the {{lang|la|[[jus commune]]}}. Latin [[legal maxim]]s (called [[brocard (law)|brocards]]) were compiled for guidance. In medieval England, royal courts developed a body of [[precedent]] which later became the [[common law]]. A Europe-wide [[Law Merchant]] was formed so that merchants could trade with common standards of practice rather than with the many splintered facets of local laws. The Law Merchant, a precursor to modern commercial law, emphasised the freedom to contract and alienability of property.<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=hgapDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14|first1= M. A.|last1= Clarke|first2= R. J. A.|last2= Hooley|first3= R. J. C.|last3= Munday|first4= L. S.|last4= Sealy|first5= A. M.|last5= Tettenborn|first6= P. G.|last6= Turner|title= Commercial Law|page= 14|publisher= Oxford University Press|year= 2017|isbn= 9780199692088|access-date= 10 December 2020|archive-date= 15 April 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210415014329/https://books.google.com/books?id=hgapDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14|url-status= live}}</ref> As [[nationalism]] grew in the 18th and 19th centuries, the Law Merchant was incorporated into countries' local law under new civil codes. The [[Napoleonic Code|Napoleonic]] and [[Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch|German]] Codes became the most influential. In contrast to English common law, which consists of enormous tomes of case law, codes in small books are easy to export and easy for judges to apply. However, today there are signs that civil and common law are converging.{{sfn|Mattei|1997|p=71}} EU law is codified in treaties, but develops through ''de facto'' precedent laid down by the [[European Court of Justice]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=McAuliffe |first1=Karen |chapter=Precedent at the Court of Justice of the European Union: The Linguistic Aspect |title=Law and Language: Current Legal Issues, Volume 15 |date=21 February 2013|editor1= Michael Freeman|editor2= Fiona Smith|isbn=9780199673667 |url=https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199673667.001.0001/acprof-9780199673667-chapter-29 |access-date=1 January 2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |archive-date=1 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101105552/https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199673667.001.0001/acprof-9780199673667-chapter-29 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:Constitution of India.jpg|thumb|The [[Constitution of India]], ceremonially rendered as an illustrated and calligraphed manuscript.]]
Ancient [[Law of India|India]] and [[Chinese law|China]] represent distinct traditions of law, and have historically had independent schools of legal theory and practice. The ''[[Arthashastra]]'', probably compiled around 100 AD (although it contains older material), and the ''[[Manusmriti]]'' (c. 100–300 AD) were foundational treatises in India, and comprise texts considered authoritative legal guidance.<ref>For discussion of the composition and dating of these sources, see Olivelle, ''Manu's Code of Law'', 18–25.</ref> Manu's central philosophy was tolerance and [[Pluralism (political philosophy)|pluralism]], and was cited across Southeast Asia.{{sfn|Glenn|2000|p=276}} During the [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent]], [[sharia]] was established by the Muslim sultanates and empires, most notably [[Mughal Empire]]'s [[Fatawa-e-Alamgiri]], compiled by emperor [[Aurangzeb]] and various scholars of Islam.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chapra|first1=Muhammad Umer|title=Morality and Justice in Islamic Economics and Finance|date=2014|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|isbn=9781783475728|pages=62–63|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Jackson|first1=Roy|title=Mawlana Mawdudi and Political Islam: Authority and the Islamic State|date=2010|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136950360}}</ref> In India, the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] legal tradition, along with Islamic law, were both supplanted by common law when India [[British Raj|became part]] of the [[British Empire]].{{sfn|Glenn|2000|p=273}} Malaysia, Brunei, [[Law of Singapore|Singapore]] and [[Law of Hong Kong|Hong Kong]] also adopted the common law system. The Eastern Asia legal tradition reflects a unique blend of secular and religious influences.{{sfn|Glenn|2000|p=287}} Japan was the first country to begin modernising its legal system along Western lines, by importing parts of the [[Code Civil|French]], but mostly the German Civil Code.{{sfn|Glenn|2000|p=304}} This partly reflected Germany's status as a rising power in the late 19th century.

Similarly, [[traditional Chinese law]] gave way to westernisation towards the final years of the [[Qing Dynasty]] in the form of six private law codes based mainly on the Japanese model of German law.{{sfn|Glenn|2000|p=305}} Today [[Law of the Republic of China|Taiwanese law]] retains the closest affinity to the codifications from that period, because of the split between [[Chiang Kai-shek]]'s nationalists, who fled there, and [[Mao Zedong]]'s communists who won control of the mainland in 1949. The current legal infrastructure in the People's Republic of China was heavily influenced by [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[Socialist law]], which essentially prioritises [[administrative law]] at the expense of private law rights.{{sfn|Glenn|2000|p=307}} Due to rapid industrialisation, today China is undergoing a process of reform, at least in terms of economic, if not social and political, rights. A new contract code in 1999 represented a move away from administrative domination.{{sfn|Glenn|2000|p=309}} Furthermore, after negotiations lasting fifteen years, in 2001 China joined the [[World Trade Organization]].{{sfn|Farah|2006|pp=263–304}}

== Legal systems ==
{{main|Comparative law|List of national legal systems|Comparative legal history}}In general, legal systems can be split between civil law and common law systems.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pejovic |first1=Caslav |title=Civil Law and Common Law: Two Different Paths Leading to the Same Goal |journal=Victoria University of Wellington Law Review |date=2001 |volume=32 |issue=3 |page=817 |url=http://www.nzlii.org/nz/journals/VUWLawRw/2001/42.html |access-date=31 December 2019 |doi=10.26686/vuwlr.v32i3.5873 |doi-access=free |archive-date=8 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908062918/http://www.nzlii.org/nz/journals/VUWLawRw/2001/42.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Modern scholars argue that the significance of this distinction has progressively declined. The numerous [[legal transplants]], typical of modern law, result in the sharing of many features traditionally considered typical of either common law or civil law.{{sfn|Mattei|1997|p=71}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Introduction to Civil Law Legal Systems |url=https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/2015/Introduction%20to%20Civil%20Law%20Legal%20Systems.pdf|publisher=International Network to Promote the Rule of Law |access-date=1 January 2020 |date=May 2009 |archive-date=18 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618025404/https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/2015/Introduction%20to%20Civil%20Law%20Legal%20Systems.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The third type of legal system is religious law, based on [[scripture]]s. The specific system that a country is ruled by is often determined by its history, connections with other countries, or its adherence to international standards. The [[sources of law|sources]] that jurisdictions adopt as authoritatively binding are the defining features of any legal system.[[File:Map of the Legal systems of the world (en).png|thumb|Colour-coded map of the legal systems around the world, showing civil, common law, religious, customary and mixed legal systems.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alphabetical Index of the 192 United Nations Member States and Corresponding Legal Systems |url=http://www.juriglobe.ca/eng/syst-onu/index-alpha.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160722022209/http://www.juriglobe.ca/eng/syst-onu/index-alpha.php |archive-date=22 July 2016 |access-date=1 January 2020 |website=JuriGlobe |publisher=University of Ottawa}}</ref>{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2024|reason=Source does have enough detail to support many facts shown on the map. See also [[commons:File_talk:Map_of_the_Legal_systems_of_the_world_(en).png#Original_work_-_needs_attribution_!]].}} Common law systems are shaded pink, and civil law systems are shaded blue/turquoise.|center|550x550px]]

=== Civil law ===
{{main|Civil law (legal system)}}
[[File:Code Civil 1804.png|thumb|First page of the 1804 edition of the [[Napoleonic Code]]]]

Civil law is the legal system used in most countries around the world today. In civil law the sources recognised as authoritative are, primarily, [[legislation]]—especially [[Codification (law)|codifications]] in constitutions or [[statute]]s passed by government—and [[custom (law)|custom]].{{efn|Civil law jurisdictions recognise custom as "the other source of law"; hence, scholars tend to divide the civil law into the broad categories of "written law" (''ius scriptum'') or legislation, and "unwritten law" (''ius non-scriptum'') or custom. Yet they tend to dismiss custom as being of slight importance compared to legislation (Georgiadis, ''General Principles of Civil Law'', 19; Washofsky, ''Taking Precedent Seriously'', 7).}} Codifications date back millennia, with one early example being the [[Babylonian law|Babylonian]] ''[[Code of Hammurabi|Codex Hammurabi]]''. Modern civil law systems essentially derive from legal codes issued by [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] Emperor [[Justinian I]] in the 6th century, which were rediscovered by 11th century Italy.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Economist explains: What is the difference between common and civil law? |url=https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2013/07/16/what-is-the-difference-between-common-and-civil-law |access-date=1 January 2020 |newspaper=The Economist |date=17 July 2013 |archive-date=22 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222150215/https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2013/07/16/what-is-the-difference-between-common-and-civil-law |url-status=live }}</ref> Roman law in the days of the [[Roman Republic]] and Empire was heavily procedural, and lacked a professional legal class.{{sfn|Gordley|von Mehren|2006|p=18}} Instead a lay [[magistrate]], ''iudex'', was chosen to adjudicate. Decisions were not published in any systematic way, so any case law that developed was disguised and almost unrecognised.{{sfn|Gordley|von Mehren|2006|p=21}} Each case was to be decided afresh from the laws of the State, which mirrors the (theoretical) unimportance of judges' decisions for future cases in civil law systems today. From 529 to 534 AD the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] Emperor [[Justinian I]] codified and consolidated Roman law up until that point, so that what remained was one-twentieth of the mass of legal texts from before.{{sfn|Stein|1999|p=32}} This became known as the ''[[Corpus Juris Civilis]]''. As one legal historian wrote, "Justinian consciously looked back to the golden age of Roman law and aimed to restore it to the peak it had reached three centuries before."{{sfn|Stein|1999|p=35}} The Justinian Code remained in force in the East until the fall of the [[Byzantine Empire]]. Western Europe, meanwhile, relied on a mix of the [[Codex Theodosianus|Theodosian Code]] and Germanic customary law until the Justinian Code was rediscovered in the 11th century, which scholars at the [[University of Bologna]] used to interpret their own laws.{{sfn|Stein|1999|p=43}} Civil law codifications based closely on Roman law, alongside some influences from [[religious law]]s such as [[canon law]], continued to spread throughout Europe until the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]]. Then, in the 19th century, both France, with the ''[[Code Civil]]'', and Germany, with the {{lang|de|[[Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch]]}}, modernised their legal codes. Both these codes heavily influenced not only the law systems of the countries in continental Europe but also the [[Law of Japan|Japanese]] and [[South Korea|Korean]] legal traditions.{{sfn|Hatzis|2002|pp=253–263}}{{sfn|Demirgüç-Kunt|Levine|2001|p=204}} A central [[doctrine]] in [[Continental Europe|continental European]] legal thinking, originating in [[Germany|German]] [[jurisprudence]], is the concept of a ''[[Rechtsstaat]]'', meaning that everyone is subjected to the law, especially governments.<ref>[[Carl Schmitt]], ''The Concept of the Political'', ch. 7; ''Crisis of Parliamentary Democracy''</ref> Today, countries that have civil law systems range from Russia and Turkey to most of [[Central America|Central]] and [[Latin America]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook – Field Listing – Legal system|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2100.html|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=13 October 2007|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226012138/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2100.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Common law and equity ===
{{main|Common law|Equity (law)}}
[[File:"The sealing of the Magna Carta at Runnymede" (1997) David Parfitt, High Street, Egham, Surrey.jpg|thumb|English memorial to the sealing of Magna Carta by King John]]

In [[Common law#1. Common law as opposed to statutory law and regulatory law|common law]] legal systems, decisions by courts are explicitly acknowledged as law on equal footing with legislative [[Statutory law|statutes]] and executive [[Primary and secondary legislation|regulations]]. The doctrine of precedent, or ''[[stare decisis]]'' (Latin for "to stand by decisions") means that decisions by higher courts bind lower courts to assure that similar cases reach similar results. In [[Common law#2. Common law legal systems as opposed to civil law legal systems|contrast]], in [[civil law (legal system)|civil law]] systems, legislative statutes are typically more detailed, and judicial decisions are shorter and less detailed because the adjudicator is only writing to decide the single case, rather than to set out reasoning that will guide future courts.

Common law originated from England and has been inherited by almost every country once tied to the [[British Empire]] (except Malta, [[Law of Scotland|Scotland]], the U.S. state of [[Louisiana law|Louisiana]], and the Canadian province of [[Quebec law|Quebec]]). In medieval England during the [[Norman Conquest]], the law varied shire-to-shire based on disparate tribal customs. The concept of a common law developed during the reign of [[Henry II of England|Henry II]] during the late 12th century, when Henry appointed judges who had the authority to create an institutionalised and unified system of law common to the country. The next major step in the evolution of the common law came when [[John, King of England|King John]] was forced by his barons to agree a document limiting his authority to pass laws. The ''[[Magna Carta]]'' ("great charter") of 1215 also required that the King's entourage of judges hold their courts and judgments at "a certain place" rather than dispensing autocratic justice in unpredictable places about the country.<ref>{{cite web| title=Magna Carta| url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/magnacarta.html| publisher=[[Fordham University]]| access-date=10 November 2006| archive-date=10 September 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910155351/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/magnacarta.html| url-status=live}}</ref> A concentrated and elite group of judges acquired a dominant role in law-making under this system, and compared to its European counterparts the English judiciary became highly centralised. In 1297, for instance, while the highest court in France had fifty-one judges, the [[English Court of Common Pleas]] had five.{{sfn|Gordley|von Mehren|2006|p=4}} This powerful and tight-knit judiciary gave rise to a systematised process of developing common law.{{sfn|Gordley|von Mehren|2006|p=3}}

[[File:Microcosm of London Plate 022 - Court of Chancery, Lincoln's Inn Hall edited.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Court of Chancery]], London, England, early 19th century]]
As time went on, many felt that the common law was overly systematised and inflexible, and increasing numbers of citizens petitioned the King to override the common law. On the King's behalf, the [[Lord Chancellor]] started giving judgments to do what was equitable in a case. From the time of [[Thomas More|Sir Thomas More]], the first [[lawyer]] to be appointed as Lord Chancellor, a systematic body of [[Equity (law)|equity]] grew up alongside the rigid common law, and developed its own [[Court of Chancery]]. At first, equity was often criticised as erratic.<ref>Pollock (ed) ''Table Talk of [[John Selden]]'' (1927) 43; "Equity is a roguish thing. For law we have a measure... equity is according to the conscience of him that is Chancellor, and as that is longer or narrower, so is equity. 'Tis all one as if they should make the standard for the measure a Chancellor's foot."</ref> Over time, courts of equity developed solid [[Maxims of equity|principles]], especially under [[John Scott, 1st Earl of Eldon|Lord Eldon]].<ref>''[[Gee v Pritchard]]'' (1818) 2 Swans. 402, 414</ref> In the 19th century in England, and in [[West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish|1937 in the U.S.]], the two systems were [[Common law#1870 through 20th century, and the procedural merger of law and equity|merged]].

In developing the common law, [[Common law#Contrasting role of treatises and academic writings in common law and civil law systems|academic writings]] have always played an important part, both to collect overarching principles from dispersed case law and to argue for change. [[William Blackstone]], from around 1760, was the first scholar to collect, describe, and teach the common law.<ref>Blackstone, ''Commentaries on the Laws of England'', [http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/blackstone_bk1ch1.asp Book the First – Chapter the First] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110705141310/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/blackstone_bk1ch1.asp |date=5 July 2011 }}</ref> But merely in describing, scholars who sought explanations and underlying structures slowly changed the way the law actually worked.{{sfn|Gordley|von Mehren|2006|p=17}}

=== Religious law ===
{{main|Religious law}}
{{see also|Law and religion}}
Religious law is explicitly based on religious precepts. Examples include the Jewish [[Halakha]] and Islamic [[Sharia]]—both of which translate as the "path to follow". Christian [[canon law]] also survives in some church communities. Often the implication of religion for law is unalterability because the word of God cannot be amended or legislated against by judges or governments.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ferrari |first1=Silvio |editor1-last=Huxley |editor1-first=Andrew |title=Religion, Law and Tradition: Comparative Studies in Religious Law |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-13250-6 |page=51 |language=en |chapter=Chapter 4: Canon Law as a Religious Legal System |quote=Divine law... is eternal and cannot be changed by any human authority.}}</ref> Nonetheless, most religious jurisdictions rely on further human elaboration to provide for thorough and detailed legal systems. For instance, the [[Quran]] has some law, and it acts as a source of further law through interpretation, ''[[Qiyas]]'' (reasoning by analogy), ''[[Ijma]]'' (consensus) and [[precedent]].{{sfn|Glenn|2000|p=159}} This is mainly contained in a body of law and jurisprudence known as [[Sharia]] and [[Fiqh]] respectively. Another example is the [[Torah]] or [[Old Testament]], in the [[Pentateuch]] or Five Books of Moses. This contains the basic code of Jewish law, which some Israeli communities choose to use. The [[Halakha]] is a code of Jewish law that summarizes some of the Talmud's interpretations.

A number of countries are sharia jurisdictions. [[Israeli law]] allows [[litigant]]s to use religious laws only if they choose. Canon law is only in use by members of the [[Canon law (Catholic Church)|Catholic Church]], the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] and the [[Anglican Communion]].

==== Canon law ====
{{main|Canon law}}
[[File:Graverat titelblad till "Kanonisk rätt" - Skoklosters slott - 93238.tif|thumb|The ''[[Corpus Juris Canonici]]'', the fundamental collection of canon law for over 750 years]]

Canon law ({{Langx|grc|κανών|translit=kanon|lit=a straight measuring rod; a [[ruler]]}}) is a set of ordinances and regulations made by [[ecclesiastical jurisdiction|ecclesiastical authority]], for the government of a Christian organisation or church and its members. It is the internal [[ecclesiastical]] law governing the [[Catholic Church]], the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], the [[Oriental Orthodox Churches]], and the individual national churches within the [[Anglican Communion]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Boudinhon |first=Auguste |title=Canon Law |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09056a.htm |year=1910 |publisher=Robert Appleton Company |location=New York |encyclopedia=The Catholic Encyclopedia |volume=9 |access-date=9 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331231326/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09056a.htm |archive-date=31 March 2019}}</ref> The way that such church law is [[legislative power|legislated]], interpreted and at times [[court|adjudicated]] varies widely among these three bodies of churches. In all three traditions, a [[Canon (canon law)|canon]] was originally<ref>{{Cite book|title=Gender in History: Global Perspectives|last=Wiesner-Hanks|first=Merry|publisher=Wiley Blackwell|year=2011|pages=37}}</ref> a rule adopted by a [[church council]]; these canons formed the foundation of canon law.

The Catholic Church has the oldest continuously functioning legal system in the [[western world]],<ref>Raymond Wacks,
''Law: A Very Short Introduction, 2nd Ed.'' (Oxford University Press, 2015) pg. 13.</ref><ref name=White>{{cite web |last=Peters |first=Edward |url=http://canonlaw.info |publisher=CanonLaw.info |title=Home Page |access-date=24 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928005444/http://www.canonlaw.info/ |archive-date=28 September 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> predating the evolution of modern European [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] and common law systems. The [[1983 Code of Canon Law]] governs the [[Latin Church]] ''[[Sui iuris|sui juris]]''. The Eastern Catholic Churches, which developed different disciplines and practices, are governed by the ''[[Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches]]''.<ref>{{cite web|author=Blessed John Paul II, Ap. Const.|url=https://archive.org/stream/ApostolicConstitutionSacriCanonesJohnPaulIi1990/Sacri_Canones_Apostolic_Constitution_John_Paul_II_1990#page/n7/mode/2up|title=Apostolic Constitution Sacri Canones John Paul II 1990|year=1990|access-date=26 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324090532/https://archive.org/stream/ApostolicConstitutionSacriCanonesJohnPaulIi1990/Sacri_Canones_Apostolic_Constitution_John_Paul_II_1990#page/n7/mode/2up|archive-date=24 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[canon law of the Catholic Church]] influenced the [[common law]] during the medieval period through its preservation of [[Roman law]] doctrine such as the [[presumption of innocence]].<ref>Friedman, Lawrence M., ''American Law: An Introduction'' (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1984), pg. 70.</ref>{{efn|«In one of his elaborate orations in the United States Senate Mr. Charles Sumner spoke of "the generous presumption of the common law in favor of the innocence of an accused person;" yet it must be admitted that such a presumption cannot be found in Anglo-Saxon law, where sometimes the presumption seems to have been the other way. And in a very recent case in the Supreme Court of the United States, the case of Coffin, 156 U. S. 432, it is pointed out that this presumption was fully established in the Roman law, and was preserved in the canon law.»<ref>William Wirt Howe, ''Studies in the Civil Law, and its Relation to the Law of England and America'' (Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1896), pg. 51.</ref>}}

Roman Catholic canon law is a fully developed legal system, with all the necessary elements: [[Ecclesiastical court|courts]], [[Canon lawyer|lawyers]], judges, a fully articulated legal code, principles of legal interpretation, and coercive penalties, though it lacks civilly-binding force in most secular jurisdictions.<ref>{{cite book|title=he Medieval Origins of the Legal Profession: Canonists, Civilians, and Courts|first=James|last= A. Brundag|year=2010|isbn=978-0226077598|page=116|publisher=University of Chicago Press}}</ref>

==== Sharia law ====
{{main|Sharia}}
{{see|Sources of Sharia}}
Until the 18th century, Sharia law was practiced throughout the [[Muslim world]] in a non-codified form, with the [[Ottoman Empire]]'s [[Mecelle]] code in the 19th century being a first attempt at [[Codification (law)|codifying]] elements of Sharia law. Since the mid-1940s, efforts have been made, in country after country, to bring Sharia law more into line with modern conditions and conceptions.{{sfn|Anderson|1956|p=43}}{{sfn|Giannoulatos|1975|pp=274–275}} In modern times, the legal systems of many Muslim countries draw upon both civil and common law traditions as well as Islamic law and custom. The constitutions of certain Muslim states, such as Egypt and Afghanistan, recognise Islam as the religion of the state, obliging legislature to adhere to Sharia.{{sfn|Sherif|2005|pp=157–158}} [[Legal system of Saudi Arabia|Saudi Arabia recognises the Quran as its constitution]], and is governed on the basis of Islamic law.<ref>{{cite web |title=Saudi Arabia |url=http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/world/saudiarabia.htm |publisher=[[JURIST]] |access-date=2 September 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830232216/http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/world/saudiarabia.htm |archive-date=30 August 2006}}</ref> Iran has also witnessed a reiteration of Islamic law into [[Legal system of Iran|its legal system]] after 1979.{{sfn|Akhlaghi|2005|p=127}} During the last few decades, one of the fundamental features of the movement of [[Islamic resurgence]] has been the call to restore the Sharia, which has generated a vast amount of literature and affected [[Global politics|world politics]].{{sfn|Hallaq|2005|p=1}}

===Socialist law===
{{main|Socialist law}}
Socialist law is the legal systems in [[communist state]]s such as the former [[Soviet Union]] and the People's Republic of China.{{sfn|Markovits|2007}} Academic opinion is divided on whether it is a separate system from civil law, given major deviations based on [[Marxist–Leninist]] ideology, such as subordinating the judiciary to the executive ruling party.{{sfn|Markovits|2007}}<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=840224|pages=781–808|last1=Quigley|first1=J.|title=Socialist Law and the Civil Law Tradition|volume=37|issue=4|journal=The American Journal of Comparative Law|year=1989|doi=10.2307/840224}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=G. B. |chapter=Socialist Legality and the Soviet Legal System |title=Soviet Politics |date=1988 |publisher=Palgrave |isbn=978-0-333-45919-5 |pages=137–162 |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-19172-7_7 }}</ref>

== Legal methods ==
There are distinguished methods of legal reasoning (applying the law) and methods of interpreting (construing) the law. The former are [[legal syllogism]], which holds sway in civil law legal systems, [[analogy]], which is present in common law legal systems, especially in the US, and argumentative theories that occur in both systems. The latter are different rules (directives) of legal interpretation such as directives of linguistic interpretation, teleological interpretation or systemic interpretation as well as more specific rules, for instance, [[golden rule]] or [[mischief rule]]. There are also many other arguments and cannons of interpretation which altogether make [[statutory interpretation]] possible.

Law professor and former [[United States Attorney General]] [[Edward H. Levi]] noted that the "basic pattern of legal reasoning is reasoning by example"—that is, reasoning by comparing outcomes in cases resolving similar legal questions.<ref>Edward H. Levi, ''An Introduction to Legal Reasoning'' (2013), p. 1-2.</ref> In a U.S. Supreme Court case regarding procedural efforts taken by a debt collection company to avoid errors, Justice [[Sonia Sotomayor|Sotomayor]] cautioned that "legal reasoning is not a mechanical or strictly linear process".<ref>''[[Jerman v. Carlisle]]'', 130 S.Ct. 1605, 1614, 559 U.S. 573, 587 (2010), [[Sonia Sotomayor|Sotomayor]], J.</ref>

[[Jurimetrics]] is the formal application of quantitative methods, especially [[Probability theory|probability]] and [[statistics]], to legal questions. The use of statistical methods in court cases and law review articles has grown massively in importance in the last few decades.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Heise|first=Michael|date=1999|title=The Importance of Being Empirical|url=https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1445&context=plr|journal=Pepperdine Law Review|volume=26|issue=4|pages=807–834|access-date=18 December 2019|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225055124/https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1445&context=plr|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ericposner.com/the-rise-of-statistics-in-law/|title=The rise of statistics in law|last=Posner|first=Eric|date=2015-07-24|website=ERIC POSNER|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-16|archive-date=20 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220060506/http://ericposner.com/the-rise-of-statistics-in-law/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Legal institutions ==
{{quote box|bgcolor=#c6dbf7|width=22em|salign=left|quote=It is a real unity of them all in one and the same person, made by covenant of every man with every man, in such manner as if every man should say to every man: I authorise and give up my right of governing myself to this man, or to this assembly of men, on this condition; that thou givest up, thy right to him, and authorise all his actions in like manner.|source=Thomas Hobbes, ''Leviathan'', [http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl302/texts/hobbes/leviathan-c.html#CHAPTERXVII XVII]}}

The main institutions of law in industrialised countries are independent [[courts]], representative parliaments, an accountable executive, the military and police, [[bureaucracy|bureaucratic]] organisation, the [[legal profession]] and [[civil society]] itself. John Locke, in his ''[[Two Treatises of Government]]'', and [[Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu|Baron de Montesquieu]] in ''[[The Spirit of the Laws]]'', advocated for a [[separation of powers]] between the political, legislature and executive bodies.<ref>[[Montesquieu]], ''The Spirit of Laws'', [http://www.constitution.org/cm/sol_11.htm#006 Book XI: Of the Laws Which Establish Political Liberty, with Regard to the Constitution, Chapters 6–7] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203190914/http://www.constitution.org/cm/sol_11.htm#006 |date=3 February 2007 }}</ref> Their principle was that no person should be able to usurp all powers of the [[State (polity)|state]], in contrast to the [[Absolute monarchy|absolutist]] theory of [[Thomas Hobbes]]' ''[[Leviathan (Hobbes book)|Leviathan]]''.<ref>Thomas Hobbes, ''Leviathan'', [https://web.archive.org/web/20021125191001/http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl302/texts/hobbes/leviathan-c.html#CHAPTERXVII XVII]</ref> [[Sun Yat-sen]]'s [[Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China|Five Power Constitution]] for the [[Republic of China]] took the separation of powers further by having two additional branches of government—a [[Control Yuan]] for auditing oversight and an [[Examination Yuan]] to manage the employment of public officials.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Caldwell |first1=Ernest |title=Chinese Constitutionalism: Five-Power Constitution |journal=Max Planck Encyclopedia of Comparative Constitutional Law |date=2016 |url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=2828104 |access-date=8 January 2020 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225080817/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2828104 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Max Weber]] and others reshaped thinking on the extension of state. Modern military, policing and bureaucratic power over ordinary citizens' daily lives pose special problems for accountability that earlier writers such as Locke or Montesquieu could not have foreseen. The custom and practice of the legal profession is an important part of people's access to [[justice]], whilst civil society is a term used to refer to the social institutions, communities and partnerships that form law's political basis.

=== Judiciary ===
{{excerpt|Judiciary|only=file}}
{{excerpt|Judiciary|section=Meaning|}}

=== Legislature ===
{{main|Legislature}}
[[File:Chamber of the House of Representatives of Japan.jpg|thumb|The Chamber of the [[House of Representatives (Japan)|House of Representatives]], the [[lower house]] in the [[National Diet]] of Japan]]

Prominent examples of legislatures are the [[Houses of Parliament]] in London, the [[United States Congress|Congress]] in Washington, D.C., the [[Bundestag]] in Berlin, the [[Duma]] in Moscow, the [[Parliament of Italy|Parlamento Italiano]] in Rome and the [[National Assembly of France|''Assemblée nationale'']] in Paris. By the principle of representative government people vote for politicians to carry out ''their'' wishes. Although countries like Israel, Greece, Sweden and China are [[unicameralism|unicameral]], most countries are [[bicameralism|bicameral]], meaning they have two separately appointed legislative houses.{{sfn|Riker|1992|p=101}}

In the 'lower house' politicians are elected to represent smaller [[constituency|constituencies]]. The 'upper house' is usually elected to represent states in a [[Federal republic|federal]] system (as in Australia, Germany or the United States) or different voting configuration in a unitary system (as in France). In the UK the upper house is appointed by the government as a [[House of Lords|house of review]]. One criticism of bicameral systems with two elected chambers is that the upper and lower houses may simply mirror one another. The traditional justification of bicameralism is that an upper chamber acts as a house of review. This can minimise arbitrariness and injustice in governmental action.{{sfn|Riker|1992|p=101}}

To pass legislation, a majority of the members of a legislature must [[vote]] for a [[bill (proposed law)]] in each house. Normally there will be several readings and amendments proposed by the different political factions. If a country has an entrenched constitution, a special majority for changes to the constitution may be required, making changes to the law more difficult. A government usually leads the process, which can be formed from Members of Parliament (e.g. the UK or Germany). However, in a presidential system, the government is usually formed by an executive and his or her appointed cabinet officials (e.g. the United States or Brazil).{{efn|About "cabinet accountability" in both presidential and parliamentary systems, see Shugart–Haggard, ''Presidential Systems'', 67 etc.}}

=== Executive ===
{{main|Executive (government)}}
[[File:Family photo G20 Italy 2021.jpg|thumb|220x220px|The [[G-20 major economies|G20]] meetings are composed of representatives of each country's executive branch.]]
The executive in a legal system serves as the centre of political [[authority]] of the [[State (polity)|State]]. In a [[parliamentary system]], as with Britain, Italy, Germany, India, and Japan, the executive is known as the cabinet, and composed of members of the legislature. The executive is led by the [[head of government]], whose office holds power under the [[Motion of no confidence|confidence]] of the legislature. Because popular elections appoint political parties to govern, the leader of a party can change in between elections.{{sfn|Haggard|Shugart|2001|p=71}}

The [[head of state]] is apart from the executive, and symbolically enacts laws and acts as representative of the nation. Examples include the [[President of Germany]] (appointed by [[Federal Convention (Germany)|members of federal and state legislatures]]), the [[Queen of the United Kingdom]] (an [[Hereditary monarchy|hereditary office]]), and the [[President of Austria]] (elected by popular vote). The other important model is the [[presidential system]], found in the [[President of the United States|United States]] and in [[President of Brazil|Brazil]]. In presidential systems, the executive acts as both head of state and head of government, and has power to appoint an unelected cabinet. Under a presidential system, the executive branch is separate from the legislature to which it is not accountable.{{sfn|Haggard|Shugart|2001|p=71}}<ref>Olson, ''The New Parliaments of Central and Eastern Europe'', 7</ref>

Although the role of the executive varies from country to country, usually it will propose the majority of legislation, and propose government agenda. In presidential systems, the executive often has the power to veto legislation. Most executives in both systems are responsible for [[Foreign policy|foreign relations]], the [[law enforcement]], and the bureaucracy. [[Minister (government)|Ministers]] or other officials head a country's public offices, such as a [[Foreign minister|foreign ministry]] or [[Defence minister|defence ministry]]. The election of a different executive is therefore capable of revolutionising an entire country's approach to government.

=== Law enforcement ===
{{main|Law enforcement|Police|Military}}
[[File:South african police may 2010.jpg|thumb|Officers of the [[South African Police Service]] in [[Johannesburg]], 2010]]

[[Max Weber]] famously argued that the state is that which controls the [[monopoly on the legitimate use of force]].<ref>Weber, [[s:Politics as a Vocation|Politics as a Vocation]]</ref><ref>Weber, ''The Theory of Social and Economic Organisation'', 154</ref> The military and police carry out [[law enforcement]] at the request of the government or the courts. The term [[failed state]] refers to states that cannot implement or enforce policies; their police and military no longer control security and order and society moves into anarchy, the absence of government.{{efn|In these cases sovereignty is eroded, and often warlords acquire excessive powers (Fukuyama, ''State-Building'', 166–167).}} While military organisations have existed as long as government itself, the idea of a standing police force is a relatively modern concept. For example, [[Medieval England]]'s system of travelling [[Criminal law|criminal court]]s, or [[Assize Court|assizes]], used [[show trial]]s and public executions to instill communities with fear to maintain control.<ref>See, e.g. ''Tuberville v Savage'' (1669), 1 Mod. Rep. 3, 86 Eng. Rep. 684, where a knight said in a threatening tone to a layperson, "If it were not assize time, I would not take such language from you."</ref> The first modern police were probably those in 17th-century Paris, in the court of [[Louis XIV]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=History of Police Forces |url=http://www.history.com/encyclopedia.do?articleId=219522 |encyclopedia=History.com Encyclopedia |access-date=10 December 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061229014447/http://www.history.com/encyclopedia.do?articleId=219522 |archive-date=29 December 2006 }}</ref> although the Paris Prefecture of Police claim they were the world's first uniformed policemen.<ref>{{cite web|title=Des Sergents de Ville et Gardiens de la Paix à la Police de Proximité : la Préfecture de Police au Service des Citoyens|language=fr|publisher=La Préfecture de Police de Paris|url=http://www.prefecture-police-paris.interieur.gouv.fr/documentation/bicentenaire/theme_expo4.htm|access-date=24 January 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506215949/http://www.prefecture-police-paris.interieur.gouv.fr/documentation/bicentenaire/theme_expo4.htm|archive-date=6 May 2008}}</ref>

=== Bureaucracy ===
{{main|Bureaucracy}}
[[File:Yamen-sitzung.jpg|thumb|The [[Mandarin (bureaucrat)|mandarin]]s were powerful bureaucrats in imperial China (photograph shows a [[Qing dynasty]] official with [[mandarin square]] visible).]]
The etymology of ''bureaucracy'' derives from the French word for ''office'' (''bureau'') and the [[Ancient Greek]] for word ''power'' (''kratos'').<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=bureaucracy&searchmode=none |title=bureaucracy |access-date=2 September 2007 |work=Online Etymology Dictionary |archive-date=15 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115180219/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=bureaucracy&searchmode=none |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=etymonline is not reliable source by any stretch of the imagination ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=August 2023}} Like the military and police, a legal system's government servants and bodies that make up its bureaucracy carry out the directives of the executive. One of the earliest references to the concept was made by [[Friedrich Melchior, baron von Grimm|Baron de Grimm]], a German author who lived in France. In 1765, he wrote:
<blockquote>The real spirit of the laws in France is that bureaucracy of which the late Monsieur de Gournay used to complain so greatly; here the offices, clerks, secretaries, inspectors and ''intendants'' are not appointed to benefit the public interest, indeed the public interest appears to have been established so that offices might exist.{{sfn|Albrow|1970|p=16}}</blockquote>

Cynicism over "officialdom" is still common, and the workings of public servants is typically contrasted to [[private enterprise]] motivated by [[Maximization (economics)|profit]].<ref>Mises, ''Bureaucracy'', II, [https://www.mises.org/etexts/mises/bureaucracy/section2.asp Bureaucratic Management] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914004054/https://www.mises.org/etexts/mises/bureaucracy/section2.asp |date=14 September 2014 }}</ref> In fact private companies, especially large ones, also have bureaucracies.{{sfn|Kettl|2006|p=367}} Negative perceptions of "[[red tape]]" aside, public services such as schooling, health care, policing or public transport are considered a crucial state function making public bureaucratic action the locus of government power.{{sfn|Kettl|2006|p=367}}

Writing in the early 20th century, Max Weber believed that a definitive feature of a developed state had come to be its bureaucratic support.<ref>Weber, ''Economy and Society'', I, 393</ref> Weber wrote that the typical characteristics of modern bureaucracy are that officials define its mission, the scope of work is bound by rules, and management is composed of career experts who manage top down, communicating through writing and binding public servants' discretion with rules.{{sfn|Kettl|2006|p=371}}

=== Legal profession ===
{{main|Legal profession}}
[[File:Color photograph of judges' bench at IMT.jpg|thumb|Judges presiding over the [[Nuremberg trials]] at the [[Palace of Justice, Nuremberg|Palace of Justice]] in [[Nuremberg]], [[Allied-occupied Germany]], 1946]]
A corollary of the rule of law is the existence of a legal profession sufficiently autonomous to invoke the authority of the independent judiciary; the right to assistance of a [[barrister]] in a court proceeding emanates from this corollary—in England the function of barrister or advocate is distinguished from legal counselor.{{sfn|Hazard|Dondi|2004|p=1}} As the European Court of Human Rights has stated, the law should be adequately accessible to everyone and people should be able to foresee how the law affects them.<ref>''[[The Sunday Times v The United Kingdom]]'' [1979] [http://www.worldlii.org/eu/cases/ECHR/1979/1.html ECHR 1 at 49] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060916131454/http://worldlii.org/eu/cases/ECHR/1979/1.html|date=16 September 2006}} Case no. 6538/74</ref>

In order to maintain professionalism, the [[practice of law]] is typically overseen by either a government or independent regulating body such as a [[bar association]], [[bar council]] or [[law society]]. Modern lawyers achieve distinct professional identity through specified legal procedures (e.g. successfully passing a qualifying examination), are required by law to have a special qualification (a legal education earning the student a [[Bachelor of Laws]], a [[Bachelor of Civil Law]], or a [[Juris Doctor]] degree. Higher academic degrees may also be pursued. Examples include a [[Master of Laws]], a [[Master of Legal Studies]], a [[Bar Professional Training Course]] or a [[Doctor of Laws]].), and are constituted in office by legal forms of appointment ([[admission to the bar|being admitted to the bar]]). There are few titles of respect to signify famous lawyers, such as [[Esquire]], to indicate barristers of greater dignity,<ref>{{cite web|title=British English: Esquire|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/esquire?showCookiePolicy=true|access-date=23 September 2014|date=n.d.|publisher=Collins Dictionary|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006092224/http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/esquire?showCookiePolicy=true|archive-date=6 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/american/esquire?showCookiePolicy=true|publisher=Collins Dictionary|title=American English: Esquire|access-date=23 September 2014|date=n.d.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006084621/http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/american/esquire?showCookiePolicy=true|archive-date=6 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Doctor of law]], to indicate a person who obtained a [[PhD]] in Law.

Many Muslim countries have developed similar rules about legal education and the legal profession, but some still allow lawyers with training in traditional Islamic law to practice law before personal status law courts.{{sfn|Ahmad|2009}} In China and other developing countries there are not sufficient professionally trained people to staff the existing judicial systems, and, accordingly, formal standards are more relaxed.{{sfn|Hazard|Dondi|2004|pp=22–23}}

Once accredited, a lawyer will often work in a [[law firm]], in a [[barristers' chambers|chambers]] as a sole practitioner, in a government post or in a private corporation as an internal [[counsel]]. In addition a lawyer may become a [[legal research]]er who provides on-demand legal research through a library, a commercial service or freelance work. Many people trained in law put their skills to use outside the legal field entirely.<ref name="Fine364">Fine, ''The Globalisation of Legal Education'', 364</ref>

Significant to the practice of law in the common law tradition is the legal research to determine the current state of the law. This usually entails exploring [[law report|case-law reports]], [[legal periodical]]s and legislation. Law practice also involves drafting documents such as court [[pleading]]s, persuasive [[brief (law)|briefs]], contracts, or [[will (law)|wills]] and trusts. Negotiation and [[dispute resolution]] skills (including [[Alternative dispute resolution|ADR]] techniques) are also important to legal practice, depending on the field.<ref name="Fine364" />

=== Civil society ===
{{main|Civil society}}
[[File:1963 march on washington.jpg|thumb|A march in [[Washington, D.C.]] during the American [[civil rights movement]] in 1963]]

The [[classical republicanism|Classical republican]] concept of "civil society" dates back to Hobbes and Locke.<ref>Warren, ''Civil Society'', 3–4</ref> Locke saw civil society as people who have "a common established law and judicature to appeal to, with authority to decide controversies between them."<ref>Locke, ''[[s:Two Treatises of Government/The Second Treatise of Government: An Essay Concerning the True Origin, Extent, and End of Civil Government|Second Treatise]]'', Chap. VII, Of Political or Civil_Society. Chapter 7, section 87</ref> German philosopher [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]] distinguished the "state" from "civil society" ({{Langx|de|bürgerliche Gesellschaft}}) in ''[[Elements of the Philosophy of Right]]''.<ref>Hegel, ''Elements of the Philosophy of Right'', 3, II, [http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hegel/works/pr/prcivils.htm 182] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070401193900/http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hegel/works/pr/prcivils.htm |date=1 April 2007 }}</ref>{{sfn|Karkatsoulis|2004|pp=277–278}}

Hegel believed that [[civil society]] and the [[State (polity)|state]] were polar opposites, within the scheme of his dialectic theory of history. The modern dipole state–civil society was reproduced in the theories of [[Alexis de Tocqueville]] and [[Karl Marx]].<ref>(Pelczynski, ''The State and Civil Society'', 1–13; Warren, ''Civil Society'', 5–9)</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Zaleski|first=Pawel|title=Tocqueville on Civilian Society. A Romantic Vision of the Dichotomic Structure of Social Reality|journal=Archiv für Begriffsgeschichte|volume=50|year=2008}}</ref> In post-modern theory, civil society is necessarily a source of law, by being the basis from which people form opinions and lobby for what they believe law should be. As Australian barrister and author [[Geoffrey Robertson QC]] wrote of international law, "one of its primary modern sources is found in the responses of ordinary men and women, and of the non-governmental organizations which many of them support, to the human rights abuses they see on the television screen in their living rooms."<ref>Robertson, ''Crimes Against Humanity'', 98–99</ref>

[[Freedom of speech]], [[freedom of association]] and many other [[individual rights]] allow people to gather, discuss, criticise and hold to account their governments, from which the basis of a [[deliberative democracy]] is formed. The more people are involved with, concerned by and capable of changing how political power is exercised over their lives, the more acceptable and [[Legitimacy (political)|legitimate]] the law becomes to the people. The most familiar institutions of civil society include economic markets, profit-oriented firms, families, trade unions, hospitals, universities, schools, charities, [[cogers|debating clubs]], non-governmental organisations, neighbourhoods, churches, and religious associations. There is no clear legal definition of the civil society, and of the institutions it includes. Most of the institutions and bodies who try to give a list of institutions (such as the [[European Economic and Social Committee]]) exclude the political parties.{{sfn|Jakobs|2004|pp=5–6}}<ref>Kaldor–Anheier–Glasius, ''Global Civil Society'', ''[http://www.lse.ac.uk/Depts/global/Publications/Yearbooks/2003/2003Chapter1a.pdf passim] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817130457/http://www.lse.ac.uk/Depts/global/Publications/Yearbooks/2003/2003Chapter1a.pdf |date=17 August 2007 }}''</ref>{{sfn|Karkatsoulis|2004|pp=282–283}}

== Areas of law ==
{{see also|List of areas of law}}
All legal systems deal with the same basic issues, but jurisdictions categorise and identify their legal topics in different ways. A common distinction is that between "[[public law]]" (a term related closely to the [[State (law)|state]], and including constitutional, administrative and criminal law), and "[[private law]]" (which covers contract, [[tort]] and property).{{efn|Although many scholars argue that "the boundaries between public and private law are becoming blurred", and that this distinction has become mere "folklore" (Bergkamp, ''Liability and Environment'', 1–2).}} In [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] systems, contract and tort fall under a general [[law of obligations]], while trusts law is dealt with under statutory regimes or [[Hague Convention on the Law Applicable to Trusts and on their Recognition|international conventions]]. International, constitutional and administrative law, criminal law, contract, tort, property law and [[trust law|trusts]] are regarded as the "traditional core subjects",{{efn|E.g. in England these seven subjects, with EU law substituted for international law, make up a "qualifying law degree". For criticism, see [[Peter Birks]]' poignant comments attached to a previous version of the [http://webjcli.ncl.ac.uk/articles1/birks1.html#appendix Notice to Law Schools] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090620065248/http://webjcli.ncl.ac.uk/articles1/birks1.html#appendix |date=20 June 2009 }}.}} although there are many further disciplines.

=== International law ===
{{see|Sources of international law}}
{{see also|Conflict of laws|European Union law|Public international law}}{{Wikisource-multi|Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union|Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union}}
{{excerpt|International law|paragraphs=1, 2}}

=== Constitutional and administrative law ===
{{main|Administrative law|Constitutional law}}
[[File:Declaration of Human Rights.jpg|thumb|The 1789 French [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen]]]]

Constitutional and administrative law govern the affairs of the state. Constitutional law concerns both the relationships between the executive, legislature and judiciary and the human rights or [[civil liberties]] of individuals against the state. Most jurisdictions, like the [[Law of the United States|United States]] and [[Law of France|France]], have a single codified constitution with a [[bill of rights]]. A few, like the [[Law of the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]], have no such document. A "constitution" is simply those laws which constitute the [[body politic]], from [[statute]], [[case law]] and [[Constitutional convention (political custom)|convention]].

The fundamental constitutional principle, inspired by [[Two Treatises of Government|John Locke]], holds that [[Everything which is not forbidden is allowed|the individual can do anything except that which is forbidden by law]], and the state may do nothing except that which is authorised by law.<ref>Locke, ''The Second Treatise'', [[s:Two Treatises of Government/The Second Treatise of Government: An Essay Concerning the True Origin, Extent, and End of Civil Government#2:9|Chapter 9, section 124]]</ref><ref>Tamanaha, ''On the Rule of Law'', 47</ref> Administrative law is the chief method for people to hold state bodies to account. People (wheresoever allowed) may potentially have prerogative to legally challenge (or sue) an agency, local council, public service, or government ministry for [[judicial review]] of the offending [[edict]] (law, ordinance, policy order). Such challenge vets the ability of actionable authority under the law, and that the government entity observed required procedure. The first specialist administrative court was the ''[[Council of State (France)|Conseil d'État]]'' set up in 1799, as [[Napoleon]] assumed power in France.{{sfn|Auby|2002|p=75}}

A sub-discipline of constitutional law is [[election law]]. It along with [[Elections commission]]s, councils, or committees deal with policy and procedures facilitating elections. These rules settle disputes or enable the translation of the will of the people into functioning [[Democracy|democracies]]. Election law addresses issues who is entitled to [[Voting|vote]], [[voter registration]], [[ballot access]], [[campaign finance]] and [[Political party funding|party funding]], [[Redistribution (election)|redistricting]], [[Apportionment (politics)|apportionment]], [[electronic voting]] and [[voting machine]]s, [[accessibility]] of elections, [[Electoral system|election systems]] and formulas, [[vote counting]], election disputes, [[referendum]]s, and issues such as [[electoral fraud]] and [[Election silence|electoral silence]].

=== Criminal law ===
{{main|Criminal law}}

Criminal law, also known as penal law, pertains to crimes and punishment.<ref>[[Cesare, Marquis of Beccaria|Cesare Beccaria]]'s seminal treatise of 1763–1764 is titled ''On Crimes and Punishments'' (''[[Dei delitti e delle pene]]'').</ref> It thus regulates the definition of and penalties for offences found to have a sufficiently deleterious social impact but, in itself, makes no moral judgment on an offender nor imposes restrictions on society that physically prevent people from committing a crime in the first place.{{sfn|Brody|Acker|Logan|2001|p=2}}{{sfn|Wilson|2003|p=2}} Investigating, apprehending, charging, and trying suspected offenders is regulated by the law of [[criminal procedure]].<ref>Dennis J. Baker, Glanville Williams ''Textbook of Criminal Law'' (London: 2012), 2</ref> The [[paradigm]] case of a crime lies in the proof, [[Legal burden of proof|beyond reasonable doubt]], that a person is guilty of two things. First, the accused must commit an act which is deemed by society to be criminal, or ''[[actus reus]]'' (guilty act).<ref>See e.g. {{harvnb|Brody|Acker|Logan|2001|p=205}} about ''[[Robinson v. California]]'', 370 U.S. 660 (1962).</ref> Second, the accused must have the requisite [[intention (criminal law)|malicious intent]] to do a criminal act, or ''[[mens rea]]'' (guilty mind). However, for so called "[[Strict liability (criminal)|strict liability]]" crimes, an ''actus reus'' is enough.<ref>See e.g. Feinman, ''Law 111'', 260–261 about ''[[Powell v. Texas]]'', 392 U.S. 514 (1968).</ref> Criminal systems of the civil law tradition distinguish between intention in the broad sense (''dolus directus'' and ''dolus eventualis''), and negligence. Negligence does not carry criminal responsibility unless a particular crime provides for its punishment.{{sfn|Dörmann|Doswald-Beck|Kolb|2003|p=491}}{{sfn|Kaiser|2005|p=333}}

[[File:Adolf Eichmann is sentenced to death at the conclusion of the Eichmann Trial USHMM 65289.jpg|thumb|[[Adolf Eichmann]] (standing in glass booth at left) being sentenced to death at the conclusion of [[Eichmann trial|his 1961 trial]], an example of a criminal law proceeding]]
Examples of crimes include murder, assault, fraud and theft. In exceptional circumstances defences can apply to specific acts, such as killing in [[self-defense (theory)|self defence]], or pleading [[insanity defense|insanity]]. Another example is in the 19th-century English case of ''[[R v Dudley and Stephens]]'', which tested whether a defence of "[[necessity (criminal law)|necessity]]" could justify murder and cannibalism to survive a shipwreck.<ref>About ''R v Dudley and Stephens'' [1884] [http://www.justis.com/titles/iclr_bqb14040.html 14 QBD 273 DC] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050228224504/http://www.justis.com/titles/iclr_bqb14040.html |date=28 February 2005 }}, see Simpson, ''Cannibalism and the Common Law'', 212–217, 229–237</ref>

Criminal law offences are viewed as offences against not just individual victims, but the community as well.{{sfn|Brody|Acker|Logan|2001|p=2}}{{sfn|Wilson|2003|p=2}} The state, usually with the help of police, takes the lead in prosecution, which is why in common law countries cases are cited as "''The People'' v ..." or "''R'' (for [[Monarchy|Rex]] or [[Queen regnant|Regina]]) v ...". Also, lay [[jury|juries]] are often used to determine the guilt of defendants on points of fact: juries cannot change legal rules. Some developed countries still condone capital punishment for criminal activity, but the normal punishment for a crime will be [[prison|imprisonment]], [[fine (penalty)|fines]], state supervision (such as probation), or [[community service]]. Modern criminal law has been affected considerably by the social sciences, especially with respect to [[sentence (law)|sentencing]], legal research, legislation, and [[rehabilitation (penology)|rehabilitation]].<ref>Pelser, ''Criminal Legislation'', 198</ref> On the international field, 111 countries are [[States Parties to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court|members]] of the [[International Criminal Court]], which was established to try people for [[crimes against humanity]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icc-cpi.int/Menus/ASP/states+parties/|title=The States Parties to the Rome Statute|publisher=[[International Criminal Court]]|access-date=10 February 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623085130/http://www.icc-cpi.int/Menus/ASP/states+parties/|archive-date=23 June 2011}}</ref>

=== Contract law ===
{{main|Contract}}
[[File:carbolic smoke ball co.jpg|thumb|The famous Carbolic Smoke Ball advertisement to cure [[influenza]] was held to be a [[unilateral contract]].]]

Contract law concerns enforceable promises, and can be summed up in the Latin phrase ''[[pacta sunt servanda]]'' (agreements must be kept).<ref>Wehberg, ''Pacta Sunt Servanda'', 775</ref> In common law jurisdictions, three key elements to the creation of a contract are necessary: [[offer and acceptance]], [[consideration]] and the [[intention to create legal relations]].

Consideration indicates the fact that all parties to a contract have exchanged something of value. Some common law systems, including Australia, are moving away from the idea of consideration as a requirement. The idea of [[estoppel]] or ''culpa in contrahendo'', can be used to create obligations during pre-contractual negotiations.<ref>''[[Austotel v Franklins]]'' (1989) 16 NSWLR 582</ref>

Civil law jurisdictions treat contracts differently in a number of respects, with a more interventionist role for the state in both the formation and enforcement of contracts.{{sfn|Pargendler|2018}} Compared to common law jurisdictions, civil law systems incorporate more mandatory terms into contracts, allow greater latitude for courts to interpret and revise contract terms and impose a stronger [[Good faith (law)|duty of good faith]], but are also more likely to enforce [[penalty clause]]s and [[specific performance]] of contracts.{{sfn|Pargendler|2018}} They also do not require consideration for a contract to be binding.<ref>e.g. in Germany, [http://dejure.org/gesetze/BGB/311.html § 311 Abs. II] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070111212855/http://dejure.org/gesetze/BGB/311.html |date=11 January 2007 }} [[Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch|BGB]]</ref> In France, an ordinary contract is said to form simply on the basis of a "meeting of the minds" or a "concurrence of wills". [[Law of Germany|Germany]] has a special approach to contracts, which ties into property law. Their '[[abstraction principle (law)|abstraction principle]]' (''Abstraktionsprinzip'') means that the personal obligation of contract forms separately from the title of property being conferred. When contracts are invalidated for some reason (e.g. a car buyer is so drunk that he lacks legal capacity to contract)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dejure.org/gesetze/BGB/105.html|title=§ 105 BGB Nichtigkeit der Willenserklärung|work=dejure.org|access-date=5 December 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061209072433/http://dejure.org/gesetze/BGB/105.html|archive-date=9 December 2006|url-status=live}}</ref> the contractual obligation to pay can be invalidated separately from the proprietary title of the car. [[Unjust enrichment]] law, rather than contract law, is then used to restore title to the rightful owner.<ref>Smith, ''The Structure of Unjust Enrichment Law'', 1037</ref>

=== Torts and delicts ===
{{main|Delict|Tort}}Certain [[civil wrong]]s are grouped together as [[tort]]s under common law systems and [[delict]]s under civil law systems.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=R. W. |title=Torts and Delicts |journal=Yale Law Journal |date=April 1918 |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=721–730 |url=https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/ylj/vol27/iss6/1 |access-date=1 January 2020 |issn=0044-0094 |doi=10.2307/786478 |jstor=786478 |archive-date=1 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101082254/https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/ylj/vol27/iss6/1/ |url-status=live }}</ref> To have acted tortiously, one must have breached a duty to another person, or infringed some pre-existing legal right. A simple example might be unintentionally hitting someone with a ball.<ref>''Bolton v Stone'' [1951] AC 850</ref> Under the law of [[negligence]], the most common form of tort, the injured party could potentially claim compensation for their injuries from the party responsible. The principles of negligence are illustrated by ''[[Donoghue v Stevenson]]''.{{efn|name=DvS|''[[Donoghue v Stevenson]]'' ([[Case citation#England and Wales|[1932] A.C. 532, 1932 S.C. (H.L.) 31, [1932] All ER Rep 1]]). See the original text of the case in [http://www.leeds.ac.uk/law/hamlyn/donoghue.htm UK Law Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216044953/http://www.leeds.ac.uk/law/hamlyn/donoghue.htm |date=16 February 2007 }}.}} A friend of Donoghue ordered an opaque bottle of [[ginger beer]] (intended for the consumption of Donoghue) in a café in [[Paisley, Renfrewshire|Paisley]]. Having consumed half of it, Donoghue poured the remainder into a tumbler. The decomposing remains of a snail floated out. She claimed to have suffered from shock, fell ill with gastroenteritis and sued the manufacturer for carelessly allowing the drink to be contaminated. The [[House of Lords]] decided that the manufacturer was liable for Mrs Donoghue's illness. [[Lord Atkin]] took a distinctly moral approach and said:
<blockquote>The liability for negligence [...] is no doubt based upon a general public sentiment of moral wrongdoing for which the offender must pay. [...] The rule that you are to love your neighbour becomes in law, you must not injure your neighbour; and the [[lawyer]]'s question, Who is my neighbour? receives a restricted reply. You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour.<ref>''[[Donoghue v Stevenson]]'' [1932] AC 532, 580</ref></blockquote>

This became the basis for the four principles of negligence, namely that:

# Stevenson owed Donoghue a [[duty of care]] to provide safe drinks;
# he [[Breach of duty in English law|breached]] his duty of care;
# the harm would not have occurred [[Causation (law)|but for]] his breach; and
# his act was the [[proximate cause]] of her harm.{{efn|name="DvS"}}

Another example of tort might be a neighbour making excessively loud noises with machinery on his property.<ref name="Sturges">''[[Sturges v Bridgman]]'' (1879) 11 Ch D 852</ref> Under a [[nuisance]] claim the noise could be stopped. Torts can also involve intentional acts such as [[Assault (tort)|assault]], [[Battery (tort)|battery]] or [[trespass]]. A better known tort is [[slander and libel|defamation]], which occurs, for example, when a newspaper makes unsupportable allegations that damage a politician's reputation.<ref>e.g. concerning a British politician and the Iraq War, ''[[George Galloway#Daily Telegraph libel case|George Galloway v Telegraph Group Ltd]]'' [2004] EWHC 2786</ref> More infamous are economic torts, which form the basis of [[labour law]] in some countries by making trade unions liable for strikes,<ref>''[[Taff Vale Railway Co v Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants]]'' [1901] AC 426</ref> when statute does not provide immunity.{{efn|In the UK, [[Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992]]; cf. in the U.S., [[National Labor Relations Act]]}}

=== Property law ===
{{main|Property law}}
[[File:Edward Matthew Ward (1816-1879) - The South Sea Bubble, a Scene in 'Change Alley in 1720 - N00432 - National Gallery.jpg|thumb|''[[The South Sea Bubble]]'' by [[Edward Matthew Ward]]. The [[South Sea Bubble]] in 1720, one of the world's first ever speculations and crashes, led to strict regulation on share trading.{{sfn|Harris|1994|pp=610–627}}]]

[[Property]] law governs ownership and possession. [[Real property]], sometimes called 'real estate', refers to ownership of land and things attached to it.<ref>e.g. ''[[Hunter v Canary Wharf Ltd]]'' [1997] [https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199697/ldjudgmt/jd970424/hunter01.htm 2 All ER 426] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922164352/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199697/ldjudgmt/jd970424/hunter01.htm |date=22 September 2017 }}</ref> [[Personal property]], refers to everything else; movable objects, such as computers, cars, jewelry or intangible rights, such as [[Share (finance)|stocks and shares]]. A right ''[[in rem]]'' is a right to a specific piece of property, contrasting to a right ''[[in personam]]'' which allows compensation for a loss, but not a particular thing back. Land law forms the basis for most kinds of property law, and is the most complex. It concerns [[Mortgage law|mortgages]], [[Leasehold estate|rental agreements]], [[license|licences]], [[Covenant (law)|covenants]], [[easement]]s and the statutory systems for land registration. Regulations on the use of personal property fall under intellectual property, [[company (law)|company law]], [[Trust law|trusts]] and [[commercial law]].

A representative example of property law is the 1722 suit of ''[[Armory v Delamirie]]'', applying [[English law]].<ref>''[[Armory v Delamirie]]'' (1722) 93 ER 664, 1 Strange 505</ref> A child was deprived of possession of the gemstones that had been set in piece of jewellery, by the businessperson entrusted to appraise the piece. The court articulated that, according to the view of property in common law jurisdictions, the person who can show the ''best'' claim to a piece of property, against any contesting party, is the owner.{{sfn|Matthews|1995|pp=251–274}} By contrast, the classic civil law approach to property, propounded by [[Friedrich Carl von Savigny]], is that it is a right good against the world. Obligations, like contracts and torts, are conceptualised as rights good between individuals.{{sfn|Savigny|1803|p=25}} The idea of property raises many further philosophical and political issues. Locke argued that our "lives, liberties and estates" are our property because we own our bodies and [[Labour theory of property|mix our labour]] with our surroundings.{{sfn|Locke|1689|loc=Section 123}}

===Trusts===
{{main|Trust law}}
In historical [[English trust law|English law]], the common law did not permit dividing the ''ownership'' from the ''control'' of one piece of property—but the law of equity did recognize this through an arrangement known as a trust. Trustees control property whereas the beneficial, or equitable, ownership of trust property is held by people known as beneficiaries. Trustees owe duties to their beneficiaries to take good care of the entrusted property.<ref>{{cite court |litigants=Bristol and West Building Society v Mothew |date=1998}}</ref> Another example of a trustee's duty might be to invest property wisely or sell it.<ref>''[[Nestlé v National Westminster Bank plc]]'' [1993] 1 WLR 1260</ref> This is especially the case for pension funds, the most important form of trust, where investors are trustees for people's savings until retirement. But trusts can also be set up for [[Charitable trust|charitable purposes]].

Some international norms for the structure and regulation of trusts are set out in the [[Hague Trust Convention]] of 1985.

== Intersection with other fields ==
=== Economics ===
{{main|Law and economics}}
In the 18th century, [[Adam Smith]] presented a philosophical foundation for explaining the relationship between law and economics.{{efn|According to Malloy, Smith established "a classical liberal philosophy that made individuals the key referential sign while acknowledging that we live not alone but in community with others".(''Law and Economics'', 114)}} The discipline arose partly out of a critique of trade unions and U.S. [[antitrust]] law.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

The most prominent economic analyst of law{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} is [[Ronald Coase]], whose first major article, ''[[The Nature of the Firm]]'' (1937), argued that the reason for the existence of firms (companies, partnerships, etc.) is the existence of [[transaction cost]]s.{{sfn|Coase|1937|pp=386–405}} [[Homo economicus|Rational individuals]] trade through bilateral contracts on open markets until the costs of transactions mean that using corporations to produce things is more cost-effective. His second major article, ''[[The Problem of Social Cost]]'' (1960), argued that if we lived in a world without transaction costs, people would [[bargaining|bargain]] with one another to create the same allocation of resources, regardless of the way a court might rule in property disputes. He contended that law ought to be pre-emptive, and be guided by the most [[efficiency (economics)|efficient]] solution.{{sfn|Coase|1960|pp=1–44}}

Many members of the so-called [[Chicago school (economics)|Chicago School]] are generally advocates of [[deregulation]] and [[privatisation]], and are hostile to state regulation or what they see as restrictions on the operation of [[free market]]s.{{sfn|Jakoby|2005|p=53}}

=== Sociology ===
{{main|Sociology of law}}

The sociology of law examines the interaction of law with society and overlaps with jurisprudence, philosophy of law, social theory and more specialised subjects such as [[criminology]].{{sfn|Cotterrell|1992}}{{sfn|Jary|Jary|1995|p=636}} It is a transdisciplinary and multidisciplinary study focused on the theorisation and empirical study of legal practices and experiences as social phenomena. The institutions of [[Social constructionism|social construction]], [[social norms]], dispute processing and [[legal culture]] are key areas for inquiry in this knowledge field. In the United States, the field is usually called law and society studies; in Europe, it is more often referred to as socio-legal studies. At first, jurists and legal philosophers were suspicious of sociology of law. Kelsen attacked one of its founders, [[Eugen Ehrlich]], who sought to make clear the differences and connections between positive law, which lawyers learn and apply, and other forms of 'law' or social norms that regulate everyday life, generally preventing conflicts from reaching lawyers and courts.<ref>Ehrlich, ''Fundamental Principles'', Hertogh, ''Living Law'', Rottleuthner, ''La Sociologie du Droit en Allemagne'', 109, Rottleuthner, ''Rechtstheoritische Probleme der Sociologie des Rechts'', 521</ref> Contemporary research in the sociology of law is concerned with the way that law develops outside discrete state jurisdictions, being produced through social interaction in social arenas, and acquiring a diversity of sources of authority in national and transnational communal networks.{{sfn|Cotterrell|2006}}

[[File:Max Weber, 1918.jpg|thumb|[[Max Weber]], who began his career as a lawyer, and is regarded as one of the founders of sociology and sociology of law]]

Around 1900, [[Max Weber]] defined his "scientific" approach to law, identifying the "legal rational form" as a type of domination, not attributable to personal authority but to the authority of abstract norms.{{sfn|Rheinstein|1954|p=336}} Formal legal rationality was his term for the key characteristic of the kind of coherent and calculable law that was a precondition for modern political developments and the modern bureaucratic state. Weber saw this law as having developed in parallel with the growth of capitalism.{{sfn|Cotterrell|1992}}{{sfn|Jary|Jary|1995|p=636}} Another sociologist, [[Émile Durkheim]], wrote in his classic work ''The Division of Labour in Society'' that as society becomes more complex, the body of civil law concerned primarily with restitution and compensation grows at the expense of criminal laws and penal sanctions.{{sfn|Cotterrell|1999}}{{sfn|Johnson|1995|p=156}} Other notable early legal sociologists included [[Hugo Sinzheimer]], [[Theodor Geiger]], [[Georges Gurvitch]] and [[Leon Petrażycki]] in Europe, and [[William Graham Sumner]] in the U.S.{{sfn|Gurvitch|Hunt|2001|p=142}}{{sfn|Papachristou|1999|pp=81–82}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Law}}
{{library resources box}}
* [[By-law]]
* [[Justice]]
* [[Law dictionary]]
* [[Legal industry by country]]
* [[Legal research in the United States]]
* [[Legal treatise]]
* [[Outline of law]]
* [[Political science]]
* [[Pseudolaw]]
* [[Public interest law]]
* [[Social law]]
* [[Sources of law]]
* [[Translating "law" to other European languages]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|35em}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Ahmad |first=Ahmad Atif |title=Lawyers: Islamic Law |encyclopedia=Oxford Encyclopedia of Legal History |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |url=http://www.macalester.edu/~ahmad/Lawyers.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326034212/http://www.macalester.edu/~ahmad/Lawyers.pdf |archive-date=26 March 2009 }}
* {{cite book |last=Akhlaghi |first=Behrooz |title=The Sharīʻa in the Constitutions of Afghanistan, Iran, and Egypt |year=2005 |isbn=978-3-16-148787-3 |publisher=Mohr Siebeck |editor-last1=Yassari |editor-first1=Nadjma |chapter=Iranian Commercial Law and the New Investment Law FIPPA }}
* {{cite book |last=Albrow|first=Martin|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=London|title=Bureaucracy (Key Concepts in Political Science) |year=1970|isbn=978-0-333-11262-5}}
* {{cite journal |last=Anderson |first=J.N.D. |date=January 1956 |title=Law Reform in the Middle East |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-affairs_1956-01_32_1/page/42 |journal=International Affairs |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=43–51 |doi=10.2307/2607811 |jstor=2607811 }}
* {{cite wikisource |author=Aristotle |title=Athenian Constitution |author-link=Aristotle |translator=[[Frederic George Kenyon]]}} See original text in [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0058 Perseus Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081008112808/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0058 |date=8 October 2008 }}.
* {{cite journal |last=Arnold |first=Thurman W. |title=The Symbols of Government |journal=American Political Science Review |year=1935 |page=379 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven}}
* {{cite book |last=Auby |first=Jean-Bernard |title=Administrative Law of the European Union, its Member States and the United States |editor=Stroink, F.A.M. |editor2=Seerden, René| publisher=Intersentia |year=2002|isbn= 978-90-5095-251-4|chapter=Administrative Law in France}}
* {{cite book |last=Barzilai |first=Gad |title=Communities and Law: Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities |year=2003 |publisher=The University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-0-472-11315-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Bayles |first=Michael D. | title=Hart's Legal Philosophy|year=1992 |publisher=Springer |isbn= 978-0-7923-1981-8 |chapter=A Critique of Austin}}
* {{cite book |last1=Beale |first1=Hugh |last2=Tallon |first2=Denis |title=Contract Law|year=2002|isbn=978-1-84113-237-2 |publisher=Hart Publishing |chapter=English Law: Consideration}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Berger |first1=Adolf |title=Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_oR0LAAAAIAAJ |quote=Roman ars boni et aequi. |publisher=American Philosophical Society |isbn=978-0-87169-432-4 |year=1953 }}
* {{cite book |last=Bergkamp |first=Lucas |title=Liability and Environment |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |year=2001 |isbn= 978-90-411-1645-1|chapter=Introduction}}
* {{cite book |last=Berle |first=Adolf |author-link=Adolf Berle |title=Modern Corporation and Private Property |url=https://archive.org/details/moderncorporatio00berl |url-access=registration |year=1932 |publisher=New York, Chicago, Commerce Clearing House, Loose leaf Service division of the Corporation Trust Co. }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Bix |first=Brian |title=John Austin |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/austin-john/ |encyclopedia=[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |year=2022 |access-date=4 August 2023 |archive-date=26 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626133909/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/austin-john/ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book|last=Blackstone|first=William|author-link=William Blackstone|title=Commentaries on the Laws of England|url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/blackstone_bk1ch1.asp|year=1765–69|access-date=20 May 2010|archive-date=5 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110705141310/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/blackstone_bk1ch1.asp|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last1=Brody |first1=David C.|last2=Acker |first2=James R. |last3=Logan |first3=Wayne A. |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers|title=Criminal Law|year=2001|isbn=978-0-8342-1083-7|chapter=Introduction to the Study of Criminal Law}}
* {{cite book |last=Campbell |first=Tom D. |title=A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy|year=1993 |chapter=The Contribution of Legal Studies |isbn=978-0-631-19951-9 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |location=Malden, Mass. |editor1=Robert E. Goodin |editor2=Philip Pettit}}
* {{cite book|last=Churchill|first=Winston|title=The Hinge of Fate|year=1986|isbn=978-0-395-41058-5|chapter=Problems of War and Peace|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Books}}
* {{cite book|last=Clarke |first=Paul A. B. |author2=Linzey, Andrew |title=Dictionary of Ethics, Theology and Society |year=1996|isbn=978-0-415-06212-1|publisher=Routledge|location=London}}
* {{cite journal|last=Coase |first=Ronald H.|author-link=Ronald H. Coase |date=November 1937 |title=The Nature of the Firm |journal=Economica |volume=4 |issue=16 |pages=386–405 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0335.1937.tb00002.x}}
* {{cite journal |last=Coase |first=Ronald H. |author-link=Ronald H. Coase |date=October 1960 |title=The Problem of Social Cost (this online version excludes some parts) |journal=Journal of Law and Economics |volume=3 |pages=1–44 |doi=10.1086/466560 |s2cid=222331226 |url=https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/9932210/becker%2cbergstresser%2csubramanian-Does_Shareholder_Proxy.pdf?sequence=1 |access-date=4 November 2018 |archive-date=4 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104170230/https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/9932210/becker%2cbergstresser%2csubramanian-Does_Shareholder_Proxy.pdf?sequence=1 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last1=Cohen |first1=Morris L. |author-link1=Morris L. Cohen |title=Law : the Art of Justice |date=1992 |publisher=Beaux Arts Editions |isbn=9780883633120}}
* {{cite book |last=Cotterrell |first=Roger |author-link=Roger Cotterrell |title=The Sociology of Law: An Introduction |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-406-51770-8 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}
* {{cite book |last=Cotterrell |first=Roger |author-link=Roger Cotterrell |title=Emile Durkheim: Law in a Moral Domain |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-7486-1339-7 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press/ Stanford University Press}}
* {{cite book |last=Cotterrell |first=Roger |author-link=Roger Cotterrell |title=Law, Culture and Society: Legal Ideas in the Mirror of Social Theory |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7546-2511-7 |publisher=Ashgate}}
* {{cite book |last=Curtin |first= Deirdre |author2=Wessel, Ramses A. |title= Good Governance and the European Union: Reflections on Concepts, Institutions and Substance| publisher=Intersentia nv|year=2005|isbn= 978-90-5095-381-8|chapter=A Survey of the Content of Good Governance for some International Organisations}}
* {{cite book |last1=Demirgüç-Kunt |first1=Asli |last2=Levine |first2=Ross |title=Financial Structures and Economic Growth |year=2001 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-54179-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Dicey |first=Albert Venn |title=Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution |year=2005 |publisher=Adamant Media Corporation |isbn=978-1-4021-8555-7 |chapter=Parliamentary Sovereignty and Federalism}}
* {{cite book |title=Elements of War Crimes |first1=Knut |last1=Dörmann |last2=Doswald-Beck |first2=Louise |last3=Kolb |first3=Robert |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|chapter=Appendix|isbn=978-0-521-81852-0}}
* {{cite book |title=The Division of Labor in Society |year=1893 |last=Durkheim |publisher=The Free Press reprint |first=Émile |author-link=Émile Durkheim |isbn=978-0-684-83638-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Dworkin |first=Ronald |author-link=Ronald Dworkin |title=Law's Empire |year=1986 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-51836-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Ehrlich|first=Eugen|author-link=Eugen Ehrlich |title=Fundamental Principles of the Sociology of Law|orig-year=1936|year=2002|publisher=Transaction Books reprint}}
* {{cite journal |last=Farah |first=Paolo |date=August 2006 |title=Five Years of China WTO Membership. EU and US Perspectives about China's Compliance with Transparency Commitments and the Transitional Review Mechanism |journal=Legal Issues of Economic Integration |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=263–304 |doi=10.54648/LEIE2006016 |ssrn=916768 |s2cid=153128973 }}
* {{cite book|last=Feinman|first=Jay M.|publisher=Oxford University Press US|title=Law 101|year=2006|isbn=978-0-19-517957-6|chapter=Criminal Responsibility and Criminal Law|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/law10100fein}}
* {{cite book|last=Findlay|first=Marc|title=Law, Capitalism and Power in Asia|year=1999|isbn=978-0-415-19742-7|publisher=Routledge|editor=Jayasuriya, Kanishka|chapter='Independence' and the Judiciary in the PRC|chapter-url-access=registration|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/lawcapitalismpow0000unse}}
* {{cite book|last=Fine|first=Tony F.|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|title=The Internationalization of the Practice of Law|editor=Drolshammer, Jens I. |editor2=Pfeifer, Michael|year=2001|isbn=978-90-411-1620-8|chapter=The Globalization of Legal Education in the United States}}
* {{cite book |last=Finn |first=John E. |title=Constitutions in Crisis: Political Violence and the Rule of Law |year=1991 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-505738-6 |chapter=Constitutional Dissolution in the Weimar Republic |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/constitutionsinc00john }}
* {{cite book |last=France |first=Anatole |author-link=Anatole France |title=The Red Lily (Le lys rouge) |year=1894 |url=http://www.online-literature.com/anatole-france/red-lily/ |access-date=11 February 2007 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417174333/http://www.online-literature.com/anatole-france/red-lily/ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book|last=Fukuyama |first=Francis |author-link=Francis Fukuyama |title=State-Building |year=2005|edition=First edition in English 2004 |publisher=Editions Livanis |isbn=978-960-14-1159-0}}
* {{cite book|title=General Principles of Civil Law|first=Apostolos S.|last=Georgiadis|language=el|year=1997|publisher=Ant. N. Sakkoulas Publishers|isbn=978-960-232-715-9|chapter=Sources of Law}}
* {{cite book |last=Giannoulatos |first=Anastasios |author-link=Archbishop Anastasios of Albania| language=el| title=Islam – A General Survey|year=1975 |location=Athens|publisher=Poreuthentes |chapter=Characteristics of Modern Islam}}
* {{cite book|last=Glenn|first=H. Patrick|title=Legal Traditions of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/legaltraditionso0000glen|url-access=registration|year=2000|isbn=978-0-19-876575-2|publisher=Oxford University Press}}
* {{cite book |last=Goldhaber |first=Michael D. |title=A People's History of the European Court of Human Rights |year=2007 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=978-0-8135-3983-6 |chapter=Europe's Supreme Court}}
* {{cite book |last1=Gordley |first1=James R. |last2=von Mehren |first2=Arthur Taylor |title=An Introduction to the Comparative Study of Private Law |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-68185-8|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge}}
* {{cite book |last1=Gurvitch |first1=Georges |author-link=Georges Gurvitch |last2=Hunt |first2=Alan |title=Sociology of Law |orig-year=1942 |year=2001 |publisher=Transaction Publishers |location=Athens |isbn=978-0-7658-0704-5 |chapter=Max Weber and Eugen Ehrlich}}
* {{cite book |last1=Haggard |first1=Stephan |last2=Shugart |first2=Matthew Soberg |title=Presidents, Parliaments and Policy |editor-last1=Haggard |editor-first1=Stephan |editor-last2=McCubbins |editor-first2=Mathew Daniel |year=2001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=978-0-521-77485-7| chapter=Institutions and Public Policy in Presidential Systems}}
* {{cite book |last=Hallaq |first=Wael Bahjat |title=The Origins and Evolution of Islamic Law |year=2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-00580-7|chapter=Introduction}}
* Hamilton, Michael S., and George W. Spiro (2008). ''The Dynamics of Law'', 4th ed. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, Inc. {{ISBN|978-0-7656-2086-6}}.
* {{cite journal |last=Harris |first=Ron |date=September 1994 |title=The Bubble Act: Its Passage and Its Effects on Business Organization |journal=The Journal of Economic History |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=610–627 |doi=10.1017/S0022050700015059 |jstor=2123870? |s2cid=154429555 }}
* {{cite book |last=Hart |first=H.L.A. |title=The Concept of Law |year=1961 |publisher=Oxford University Press|title-link=The Concept of Law }}
* {{cite journal |last=Hatzis |first=Aristides N.|date=November 2002 |title=The Nature of the Firm |journal=European Journal of Law and Economics |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=253–263|doi=10.1023/A:1020749518104|s2cid=142679220}}
* {{cite book|last=Hayek |first=Friedrich |author-link=Friedrich Hayek |title=The Constitution of Liberty |year=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-32084-7|title-link=The Constitution of Liberty }}
* {{cite book |last1=Hazard |first1=Geoffrey C. |last2=Dondi |first2=Angelo |title=Legal Ethics |year=2004 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-4882-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Hegel |first=Georg |author-link=Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel |title=Elements of the Philosophy of Right |language=de |year=1820 |url=http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hegel/works/pr/preface.htm |access-date=9 January 2007 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417174435/https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hegel/works/pr/preface.htm |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book|author-link=Eric Heinze|last= Heinze|first= Eric| title= The Concept of Injustice| publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn= 978-0-415-52441-4}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Hertogh|editor-first=Marc|title=Living Law: Reconsidering Eugen Ehrlich|year=2009|isbn=978-1-84113-898-5|publisher=Hart}}
* {{cite book |last=Hobbes |first=Thomas |author-link=Thomas Hobbes |title=Leviathan |year=1651 |chapter-url=http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl302/texts/hobbes/leviathan-contents.html |chapter=Chapter XVII: Of the Causes, Generation, and Definition of a Commonwealth |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127130924/http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl302/texts/hobbes/leviathan-contents.html |archive-date=27 November 2010 }}
* {{cite book |last=Jakobs|first=Lesley A.|title=Pursuing Equal Opportunities| publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2004|isbn= 978-0-521-53021-7|chapter=Retrieving Equality of Opportunity}}
* {{cite journal |last=Jakoby |first=Stanford M. |year=2005 |title=Economic Ideas and the Labour Market – Chapter: Cycles of Economic Thought |journal=Comparative Labor Law and Policy Journal |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=43–78 |url=http://www.law.uiuc.edu/publications/cll&pj/archive/vol_25/issue_1/JacobyArticle25-1.pdf |access-date=12 February 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614054532/http://www.law.uiuc.edu/publications/cll%26pj/archive/vol_25/issue_1/JacobyArticle25-1.pdf |archive-date=14 June 2007 }}
* {{cite book|last1=Jary|first1=David|title=Collins Dictionary of Sociology|year=1995|last2=Jary|first2=Julia|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-00-470804-1|url=https://archive.org/details/collinsdictionar0000jary}}
* {{cite book|last=Jensen|first=Eric G.|author2=Heller, Thomas C.|title=Beyond Common Knowledge|year=2003|isbn=978-0-8047-4803-2|publisher=Stanford University Press|editor=Jensen, Eric G.|editor2=Heller, Thomas C.|chapter=Introduction|chapter-url-access=registration|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/beyondc_xxx_2003_00_6114}}
* {{cite book|last=Johnson|first=Alan|title=The Blackwell Dictionary of Sociology|url=https://archive.org/details/blackwelldiction00john|url-access=registration|year=1995|publisher=Blackwells|isbn=978-1-55786-116-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Kaiser|first=Dagmar|title=Eckpfeiler Des Zivilrechts|year=2005|editor= Staudinger, Julius von |editor2=Martinek, Michael |editor3=Beckmann, Roland Michael |publisher=Walter de Gruyter|chapter=Leistungsstōrungen|isbn=978-3-8059-1019-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Kaldor|first=Mary|author2=Anheier, Helmut |author3=Glasius, Marlies |title=Global Civil Society Yearbook 2003|year=2003|isbn=978-0-19-926655-5|publisher=Oxford University Press|editor=Kaldor, Mary |editor2=Anheier, Helmut |editor3=Glasius, Marlies|chapter=Global Civil Society in an Era of Regressive Globalisation}}
* {{cite book|last=Kant|first=Immanuel|author-link=Immanuel Kant|title=Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (Translated by Mary Gregor)|orig-year=1785|year=1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn= 978-0-521-62695-8|title-link=Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals}}
* {{cite book |last=Karkatsoulis |first=Panagioti |title=The State in Transitions |language=el |year=2004 |publisher=I. Sideris |location=Athens |isbn=978-960-08-0333-4 |chapter=Civil Society and New Public Management |url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/Depts/global/Publications/Yearbooks/2003/2003Chapter1a.pdf |access-date=2 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817130457/http://www.lse.ac.uk/Depts/global/Publications/Yearbooks/2003/2003Chapter1a.pdf |archive-date=17 August 2007 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book |last=Kazantzakis |first=Nikos |author-link=Nikos Kazantzakis| title=Friedrich Nietzsche and the Philosophy of Law and Polity|orig-year=1909|year=1998|language=el|location=Athens|publisher=Editions Kazantzakis |chapter=Law}}
* {{cite book |title=A Short History of Western Legal Theory |last=Kelly |first=J.M. |year=1992 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-876244-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Kettl |first=Don |author1-link=Donald F. Kettl |title=The Oxford Handbook of Political Institutions |editor1=R. A. W. Rhodes |editor2=Sarah A. Binder |editor3=Bert A. Rockman |date=November 2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-927569-4 |chapter=Public Bureaucracies |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhandbookof0000unse }}
* {{cite journal |last=Linarelli |first=John |year=2004 |title=Nietzsche in Law's Cathedral: Beyond Reason and Postmodernism – Chapter: Cycles of Economic Thought |journal=Catholic University Law Review |volume=53 |pages=413–457 |ssrn=421040 |doi=10.2139/ssrn.421040 |s2cid=54617575 |url=http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ff32/9c9dcc70211171b8f31325223abd56e6f4d3.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190309052250/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ff32/9c9dcc70211171b8f31325223abd56e6f4d3.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2019-03-09 }}
* {{Cite wikisource |last=Locke |first=John |title=Second Treatise of Government|author-link=John Locke|year=1689|work=Two Treatises of Government}}
* {{cite book|last=Luban |first=David |title=Conflict of Interest in the Professions |year=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-512863-5|chapter=Law's Blindfold}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Mallory |first=J.P. |title=Law |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture |year=1997}}
* {{cite book |last=Malloy |first=Robin Paul |publisher=Springer |title=Adam Smith and the Philosophy of Law and Economics |editor=Paul Malloy, Robin |editor2=Evensky, Jerry |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-7923-2796-7 |chapter=Adam Smith and the Modern Discourse of Law and Economics |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/adamsmithphilos00mall }}
* {{cite journal |last=Markovits |first=I. |title=The Death of Socialist Law? |journal=[[Annual Review of Law and Social Science]] |volume=3 |pages=233–253 |date=December 2007 |doi=10.1146/annurev.lawsocsci.3.081806.112849}}
* {{cite book |last=Mattei |first=Ugo|publisher=University of Michigan Press|title=Comparative Law and Economics|year=1997|isbn=978-0-472-06649-0|chapter=The Distinction between Common Law and Civil Law}}
* {{cite journal |last=Matthews |first=Paul |year=1995 |title=The Man of Property |journal=Medical Law Review |volume=3 |pages=251–274 |doi=10.1093/medlaw/3.3.251 |pmid=11657690 |issue=3 |s2cid=41659603 }}
* {{cite book |last=McGhee |first=John |publisher=Sweet and Maxwell |location=London |title=Snell's Equity |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-421-85260-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Mises |first=Ludwig von |author-link=Ludwig von Mises |title=Bureaucracy |orig-year=1944 |url=https://www.mises.org/etexts/bureaucracy.pdf |access-date=10 November 2006 |year=1962 |archive-date=6 December 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061206215636/http://www.mises.org/etexts/bureaucracy.pdf |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book|last=Montesquieu|first=Baron de|author-link=Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu|title=The Spirit of Laws (translated in English by Thomas Nugent, revised by J. V. Prichard)|year=1748|chapter-url=http://www.constitution.org/cm/sol.htm|chapter=Book XI: Of the Laws Which Establish Political Liberty, with Regard to the Constitution, Chapters 6–7|access-date=14 January 2007|archive-date=18 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090118062756/http://www.constitution.org/cm/sol.htm|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Nietzsche|first=Friedrich|author-link=Friedrich Nietzsche |title=Zur Genealogie der Moral – Eine Streitschrift|year=1887|language=de|chapter=Zweite Abhandlung: "Schuld", "schlechtes Gewissen" und Verwandtes}}
* {{cite book |last=Ober |first=Josiah |title=The Athenian Revolution: Essays on Ancient Greek Democracy and Political Theory |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-691-00190-6 |publisher=Princeton University Press |chapter=The Nature of Athenian Democracy}}
* {{cite book |last=Olivelle |first=Patrick |title=Manu's Code of Law: A Critical Edition and Translation of the ''Manava-Dharmasastra'' |year=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York | isbn= 978-0-19-517146-4}}
* {{cite book |last1=Olson |first1=David M. |last2=Norton |first2=Philip |title=The New Parliaments of Central and Eastern Europe |year=1996 |publisher=Frank Cass (UK) |isbn=978-0-7146-4261-1 |chapter=Legislatures in Democratic Transition |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/newparliamentsof0000unse }}
* {{cite book |last=Papachristou |first=T.K. |title=Sociology of Law |year=1999 |publisher=A.N. Sakkoulas Publishers |location=Athens |isbn=978-960-15-0106-2|chapter=The Sociological Approach of Law|language=el}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Pargendler |first1=Maria |title=The Role of the State in Contract Law: The Common-Civil Law Divide |journal=Yale Journal of International Law |date=2018 |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=143–189 |doi=10.2139/ssrn.2848886 |s2cid=3548111 |url=https://cpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/campuspress.yale.edu/dist/8/1581/files/2018/02/143_The-Role-of-the-State-in-Contract-Law-2416e28.pdf |access-date=3 January 2020 |archive-date=3 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103122939/https://cpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/campuspress.yale.edu/dist/8/1581/files/2018/02/143_The-Role-of-the-State-in-Contract-Law-2416e28.pdf |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last=Patterson |first=James T. |author-link=James T. Patterson (historian) |title=Brown v. Board of Education: A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy |url=https://archive.org/details/brownvboardofedu00patt |url-access=registration |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-515632-4 }}
* {{cite book|first=A.Z.|last=Pelczynski|year=1984|title=The State and Civil Society|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
* {{cite book |last=Petersmann |first=Ernst-Ulrich | title=The GATT/WTO Dispute Settlement System|year=1997 |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |isbn= 978-90-411-0933-0 |chapter=Rule of Law and Constitutionalism}}
* {{cite book |last=Rasekh |first=Mohammad |title=The Sharīʻa in the Constitutions of Afghanistan, Iran, and Egypt |year=2005 |isbn=978-3-16-148787-3 |publisher=Mohr Siebeck |editor=Yassari, Nadjma |chapter=Are Islamism and Republicanism Compatible?}}
* {{cite book |last=Raz |first=Joseph |author-link=Joseph Raz |title=The Authority of Law, Essays on Law and Morality|year=1979 |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-825493-5 }}
* {{cite book|title=Law and Practice of International Commercial Arbitration|year=2004|last=Redfem|first=Alan|publisher=Sweet & Maxwell|isbn=978-0-421-86240-1|chapter=Regulation of International Arbitration}}
* {{cite book |last=Rheinstein |first=M. |author-link=Max Rheinstein |title=Max Weber on Law and Economy in Society |year=1954 |publisher=Harvard University Press}}
* {{cite book |last=Richardson |first=W.E.J. |title=Hammurabi's Laws |year=2004 |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-567-08158-2 |chapter=Introduction}}
* {{cite journal |last=Riker |first=William H. |author-link=William H. Riker|date=January 1992 |title=The Justification of Bicameralism |journal=International Political Science Review |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=101–116 |jstor=1601440 |doi=10.1177/019251219201300107|s2cid=154483653 }}
* {{cite book|title=Crimes Against Humanity|first=Geoffrey|last=Robertson|author-link=Geoffrey Robertson|year=2006|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-14-102463-9}}
* {{cite journal|title=What the Law Requires Is Written on Their Hearts: Noachic and Natural Law among German-Speakers in Early Modern North America|first=A. G.|last=Roeber|journal=[[William and Mary Quarterly]] | series = Third Series|volume=58|issue=4|date=October 2001|pages=883–912|doi=10.2307/2674504|jstor=2674504}}
* {{cite journal |last=Rottleuthner |first=Hubert |date=December 1989 |language=fr |title=La Sociologie du Droit en Allemagne |journal=Droit et Société |volume=11 |pages=101–120 |url=http://www.reds.msh-paris.fr/publications/revue/pdf/ds11-12/ds011012-05.pdf |access-date=10 February 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061128074201/http://www.reds.msh-paris.fr/publications/revue/pdf/ds11-12/ds011012-05.pdf |archive-date=28 November 2006 |doi=10.3406/dreso.1989.1026 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Rottleuthner |first=Hubert |language=de|year=1984 |title=Rechtstheoritische Probleme der Sociologie des Rechts. Die Kontroverse zwischen Hans Kelsen und Eugen Ehrlich (1915/17) |journal=Rechtstheorie |volume=5 |pages=521–551}}
* {{cite book|last=Rousseau|first=Jean-Jacques|author-link=Jean-Jacques Rousseau|language=fr|title=The Social Contract (translated in English by G. D. H. Cole)|year=1762|chapter-url=https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/r/rousseau/jean_jacques/r864s/book2.html#section16|chapter=Book II: Chapter 6 (Law)|access-date=8 November 2007|archive-date=22 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080222135803/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/r/rousseau/jean_jacques/r864s/book2.html#section16|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book|last=Salazar|first=Philippe-Joseph|author-link=Philippe-Joseph Salazar|title=Air Law|year=2019|publisher=Juta|isbn=9781485133148}}
* {{cite book|title=Das Recht des Besitzes|first=Friedrich Carl von|last=Savigny|author-link=Friedrich Carl von Savigny|year=1803|language=de|chapter=Zu welcher Classe von Rechten gehört der Besitz?|chapter-url=http://dlib-pr.mpier.mpg.de/m/kleioc/0010/exec/books/%22235083%22|access-date=11 October 2008|archive-date=6 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006071410/http://dlib-pr.mpier.mpg.de/m/kleioc/0010/exec/books/%22235083%22|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|title=International Institutional Law|first=Henry G.|last=Schermers|author2=Blokker, Niels M. |year=1995|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publisher|location=The Hague/London/Boston| chapter=Supervision and Sanctions}}
* {{cite book|title=Commercial Law|first=L.S.|last=Sealy|author2=Hooley, R.J.A. |year=2003|publisher=LexisNexis Butterworths}}
* {{cite book |last=Sherif |first=Adel Omar |title=The Sharīʻa in the Constitutions of Afghanistan, Iran, and Egypt |year=2005 |isbn=978-3-16-148787-3 |publisher=Mohr Siebeck |editor=Yassari, Nadjma |chapter=Constitutions of Arab Countries and the Position of Sharia}}
* {{cite book|title=Cannibalism and the Common Law|last=Simpson|first=A.W.B.|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|year=1984|isbn=978-0-226-75942-5}}
* {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Stephen A. |date=2003 |title=The Structure of Unjust Enrichment Law: Is Restitution a Right or a Remedy |journal=Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=1037–1062 |url=http://llr.lls.edu/volumes/v36-issue2/smith.pdf |access-date=9 February 2007 |archive-date=19 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119194050/http://llr.lls.edu/volumes/v36-issue2/smith.pdf |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last=Stein |first=Peter |title=Roman Law in European History |url=https://archive.org/details/romanlaweuropean00stei |url-access=limited |year=1999 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-64372-6 }}
* {{cite book|last=Stone|first=Julius|author-link=Julius Stone|title=Human Law and Human Justice|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/humanlawhumanjus0000ston|chapter-url-access=registration|year=1965|isbn=978-0-8047-0215-7|publisher=Stanford University Press|chapter=Early Horizons of Justice in the West}}
* {{cite book |last=Tamanaha|first=Brian Z.|title=On the Rule of Law|year=2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-60465-9|chapter=Locke, Montesquieu the Federalist Papers}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Théodoridés|first=Aristide|year=1999 | title = law | encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt| publisher=Routledge (UK) | id = 0-415-18589-0}}
* {{cite book| first=Russ|last=VerSteeg|title=Law in Ancient Egypt|year=2002|isbn=978-0-89089-978-6| publisher=Carolina Academic Press| location=Durham, N.C.}}
* {{cite book|title=Civil Society and Good Governance|year=1999|last=Warren|first=Mark E.|publisher=Center for the Study of Voluntary Organisations and Services, Georgetown University|location=Washington DC|url=https://www9.georgetown.edu/faculty/wilcoxc//CivilSociety.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029022603/https://www9.georgetown.edu/faculty/wilcoxc//CivilSociety.pdf|archive-date=29 October 2008}}
* {{cite book|title=Re-Examining Progressive Halakhah edited by Walter Jacob, Moshe Zemer|first=Mark|last=Washofsky|year=2002|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-57181-404-3|chapter=Taking Precedent Seriously}}
* {{cite book|last=Weber|first=Max|author-link=Max Weber|title=Economy and Society, Volume I (Translated and edited by Claus Wittich, Ephraim Fischoff, and Guenther Roth)|year=1978|publisher=University of California Press|isbn= 978-0-520-03500-3|chapter=Bureaucracy and Political Leadership}}
* {{cite wikisource |title=Politics as a Vocation |authorlink=Max Weber |last=Weber |first=Max |year=1919}}
* {{cite book|last=Weber|first=Max|author-link=Max Weber|title=The Theory of Social and Economic Organization (Edited with Introduction by Talcott Parsons – Translated in English by A. M. Henderson)|year=1964|publisher=The Free Press of Glencoe|id= ASIN B-000-LRHAX-2}}
* {{cite journal |last=Wehberg|first=Hans |date=October 1959 |title=Pacta Sunt Servanda|journal=The American Journal of International Law|volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=775–786 |doi=10.2307/2195750 |jstor=2195750|s2cid=147466309 }}
* {{cite book|last=Wilson|first=William|year=2003|title=Criminal Law|chapter=Understanding Criminal Law|isbn=978-0-582-47301-0|publisher=Pearson Education}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Willis |first1=Hugh Evander |title=A Definition of Law |journal=Virginia Law Review |date=January 1926 |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=203–214 |url=https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2248&context=facpub |doi=10.2307/1065717 |access-date=3 January 2020 |jstor=1065717 |archive-date=12 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212165001/https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2248&context=facpub |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book|last=World Intellectual Property Organization|author-link=World Intellectual Property Organization|title=Introduction to Intellectual Property |year=1997|isbn=978-90-411-0938-5|publisher=Kluwer Law International|chapter=The System of Intellectual Property}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2447898 |title=The ideal of good government in Luigi Einaudi's Thought and Life: Between Law and Freedom |last=Paolo |first=Silvestri |date=11 June 2014 |ssrn=2447898 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225080826/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2447898 |archive-date=25 February 2022 }}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite web|title=House of Lords Judgments|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld/ldjudgmt.htm|publisher=House of Lords|access-date=10 November 2006|archive-date=10 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061110101131/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld/ldjudgmt.htm|url-status=live}}
* [https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/slipopinion Opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States]
* {{cite web|url=http://dictionary.law.com/default2.asp?selected=1111&bold=|title=law|access-date=10 February 2007|work=Law.com Dictionary|archive-date=5 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105160609/http://dictionary.law.com/default2.asp?selected=1111&bold=|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=law&searchmode=none |title=law |access-date=9 February 2007 |work=Online Etymology Dictionary |archive-date=2 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702150018/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=law&searchmode=none |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/legal|title=legal|access-date=9 February 2007|publisher=Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary|archive-date=26 December 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051226162041/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/legal|url-status=live}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|Law}}
* [http://www.nyls.edu/library/research_tools_and_sources/dragnet/ DRAGNET: Search of free legal databases from New York Law School]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903005743/http://www.nyls.edu/library/research_tools_and_sources/dragnet/ |date=3 September 2013 }}.
* [http://www.worldlii.org/ World Legal Information Institute]
* [http://www.commonlii.org/ Commonwealth Legal Information Institute]
* [http://www.asianlii.org/ Asian Legal Information Institute]
* [http://www.austlii.edu.au/ Australasian Legal Information Institute]
* [http://www.bailii.org/ British and Irish Legal Information Institute]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061004021144/http://canlii.org/ Canadian Legal Information Institute] (archived 4 October 2006)
* [http://www.nzlii.org/ New Zealand Legal Information Institute]
* [http://www.paclii.org/ Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute]
* [http://www.saflii.org/ Southern African Legal Information Institute]

{{law}}
{{Navboxes
|title = Law by region
|list =
{{Africa in topic|Law of}}
{{North America in topic|Law of}}
{{South America in topic|Law of}}
{{Asia in topic|Law of|IL=Israeli law}}
{{law of Europe}}
{{Oceania in topic|Law of}}
}}
{{navboxes
|list=
{{humanities}}
{{social sciences}}
{{Political philosophy}}
}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Law| ]]
[[Category:Main topic articles]]
[[Category:Justice]]

Theodore Leighton Pennell

2026-03-15T05:07:44Z

Sadique: stub

{{Short description|English missionary (1867–1912)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
[[File:TLPennell.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Theodore Leighton Pennell]]
'''Theodore Leighton Pennell''' (1867 – 21 March 1912),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pennell |first1=Alice Maude |title=Pennell of the Afghan Frontier: The Life of Theodore Leighton Pennell |date=1914 |publisher=Seeley, Service & Co |location=London |pages=3, 451 |url=https://archive.org/details/pennellofafghanf00pennuoft}}</ref> was an [[English people|English]] [[Protestantism|Protestant]] [[missionary]] and [[Physician|doctor]] who lived among the tribes of [[Afghanistan]]. He founded [[Pennell High School]] and a missionary hospital in [[Bannu]] in the North-West Frontier of [[British Indian Empire|British India]], now [[Pakistan]]. For his work he received the [[Kaisar-i-Hind Medal]] for public service in India. He published a work on his life under the title ''Among the wild tribes of the Afghan frontier'' in 1908. Pennell House at [[Eastbourne College]] was named after him.

== Early years and 1890s ==
Born in England in 1867, Theodore Pennell was educated at [[Eastbourne College]] and qualified as a doctor (MB, MRCS, LRCP) in 1890, completing his MD and FRCS in 1891. He offered his services to the [[Church Missionary Society]] (CMS) in 1890. His father had died during his childhood, so he developed a very close relationship with his mother. When CMS sent Pennell to India, his mother decided to go too, and they both began learning Urdu. They reached [[Karachi]] in 1892 and went to [[Dera Ismail Khan]], where Pennell began medical work. He often traveled round the villages, wearing [[Pathan]] dress and living with the people. He made his first visit to [[Tank, Pakistan|Tank]] in 1893 and established relationships with the Masud and [[Wazir (Pashtun tribe)|Wazir]] tribes.

In October 1893, he moved to Bannu to present the gospel to travelers to and from Afghanistan. He was fluent in Urdu and Pushtu by then. He combined medical work with public preaching in Pushtu and selling Christian literature, in Bannu and the surrounding villages, accompanied by the first Christian in Bannu, Jahan Khan. The mullahs strongly opposed his work, warning people not to accept his medicine. The mullahs tried to drive people away by telling them that the medicines contained alcohol and pig's blood, and would turn them forcibly into Christians. They also said that if the people were fated to die, then it would be better to die as believers.

Pennell built a small hospital at Bannu with his mother's money. In 1895, he opened a mission boarding school. Several Muslim inquirers showed an interest in baptism, but faced great opposition from relatives and other Muslims. Among his converts were Tayib Khan and Sayyid Badshah. Sayyid Badshah was shot dead soon after making his profession of faith. In 1896, Pennell was invited to visit the bandit Chakki. Pennell shared the gospel with him to such an effect that soon afterwards Chakki left his banditry; he wrote to Pennell: "I constantly meditate on your words and I have given up killing and robbery."

In 1897, Pennell bought a printing press from Lahore and began publishing a newspaper. There was fighting between the British and the Wazirs but Pennell refused to have an armed guard. "Our best defence is our loving relationship with the tribes," he said. "Rifles and other weapons cannot protect us." In 1898 Pennell passed his Persian exams and began studying Arabic. He preached regularly in Bannu bazaar, despite opposition. Once an Afghan bit his finger, but in court Pennell still pleaded for the Afghan's release. Later three Afghans became Christians.

==Twentieth century==
[[File:TLPennell Sadhu.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Pennell travelling as a pilgrim]]
In 1901, Pennell began learning Punjabi. In 1903 his disciple, Jahan Khan, went as the first Afghan foreign missionary to the Gulf and East Africa ([[Mombasa]]). During 1904 Pennell traveled through the Punjab by bicycle, mixing with the local people, with one Afghan companion. He dressed as a sadhu, and was often penniless. He was amazed at the missionaries’ bungalows, more like forts than houses, separating them from the local people, where they sat waiting for inquirers to come to them rather than going out to sit with the people. He was disappointed at the low level of conduct of most [[Chuhra]] and [[Chamar]] ([[Untouchability|Untouchable]]) Christians who had been baptised without inadequate instruction.

{{blockquote|As I travelled, I sometimes rejoiced and sometimes was saddened. I rejoiced that in almost every village and bustee I would meet a Christian, and saddened that that so many of them did not smell like Christians. The missions have the custom of baptising Chuhras and Chamars, and changing their names without examining them, with the result that their misdoings are a blot on the Christian religion.}}

Pennell was also afraid that concentrating on the Chuhras would deter high-caste Hindus and Muslims from coming to Christ. He felt that pressure to produce results in terms of numbers of baptismal candidates was leading to superficial evangelism and slipshod practices, although he acknowledged that many of the Chuhra Christians were worthy spiritual leaders. He was afraid that many so-called Christian workers were "[[rice Christian]]s", working for the mission for money alone.

In 1908, Pennell became very ill and had to return to England, the first time in 16 years. While there, his mother died. On his return to India he got engaged and married to a Parsee doctor, [[Alice Maude Sorabji Pennell|Alice Sorabji]] in 1908.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=pZNMAQAAMAAJ&dq=Alice+Maude+Sorabji+Pennell&pg=PA1495 "Marriages"], ''The Lancet'' (November 14, 1908): 1495.</ref> They had a son.<ref>[[C. L. Innes]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=hSCZsYuQWYgC&dq=Alice+M.+Pennell&pg=PA283 ''A History of Black and Asian Writing in Britain, 1700–2000''] (Cambridge University Press, 2002): 283. {{ISBN|9780521643276}}.</ref>

== Illnesses and death ==
In 1909, Pennell was again seriously ill in Bannu and on his recovery, he was showered with flowers and congratulations by the local people.

On 15 March 1912, Pennell's colleague Dr. William Hal Barnett fell ill with [[septicemia]].<ref group="note">Pennell and Barnett had recently treated a local man with a compound skull fracture that had become septic.</ref> On 17 March, Pennell operated on Barnett, successfully—albeit temporarily—relieving Barnett's pain. By midday of the 19th, it was clear that Pennell had also contracted the infection. On 20 March, Barnett died. Pennell died in the early morning hours of 21 March, at the age of forty-four.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pennell |first1=Alice Maude |title=Pennell of the Afghan Frontier: The Life of Theodore Leighton Pennell |date=1914 |publisher=Seeley, Service & Co |location=London |pages=443-453|url=https://archive.org/details/pennellofafghanf00pennuoft}}</ref>

==Books and articles by or about Theodore Leighton Pennell==
*{{cite book | first= T. L. |last= Pennell | title=Among the Wild Tribes of the Afghan Frontier : A Record of Sixteen Years Close Intercourse with the Natives of the Indian Marches| place=London | publisher=Seeley, Service & Co., Ltd. | date=1909 |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924028656084 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Pennell |first1=T. L. |title=Things Seen in Northern India |date=1914 |publisher=Seeley, Service & Co.|location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/thingsseeninnort00penn}}
*{{cite book | first= Alice | last= Pennell | title=Pennell of the Afghan Frontier; The Life of Theodore Leighton Pennell, M.D., B.Sc., F.R.C.S. | place= London | publisher= Seeley, Service & Co., Ltd. | date= 1914 }}
*{{cite book | first= Nigel | last=Harris | title=Footnotes to History: The Personal Realm of John Wilson Croker, Secretary to the Admiralty (1809–1830), a "Group Family"|chapter=6, Rio and the Afghan Frontier|isbn=978-1-84519-746-9 | place= Brighton & Eastbourne | publisher= Sussex Academic Press | date= 2015 }}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
Barkat Ullah. ''Saleeb kay Alambardar (Pioneer Missionaries of the Punjab)''. Punjab Religious Book Society, Lahore. 1957.

==External links==
{{wikisource|works=or}}
* {{Gutenberg author | id=25344}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Theodore Leighton Pennell}}
* {{Gutenberg|no=32231|name=Among the Wild Tribes of the Afghan Frontier}}
* {{Gutenberg|no=22473|name=Onder de wilde stammen op de grenzen van Afghanistan, De Aarde en haar Volken, 1917}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pennell, Theodore Leighton}}
[[Category:1867 births]]
[[Category:1912 deaths]]
[[Category:Christian medical missionaries]]
[[Category:People from Bannu District]]
[[Category:English Protestant missionaries]]
[[Category:Protestant missionaries in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Protestant missionaries in Pakistan]]

[[Category:Protestant missionaries in India]]
[[Category:British missionaries in India]]
[[Category:British medical missionaries]]

Katrina Kaif

2026-03-11T14:40:57Z

Sadique: adjusted citations based on references and fixed typos

{{Short description|British actress (born 1983)}}
{{Pp|small=yes}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Katrina Kaif
| image = Katrina Kaif at the Bharat audio launch.jpg
| caption = Kaif in 2019
| birth_name = Katrina Rosemary Turcotte
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1983|7|16}}
| birth_place = [[British Hong Kong]]
| citizenship = United Kingdom
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2003–present
| works = [[Katrina Kaif filmography|Full list]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Vicky Kaushal]]|2021}}
| children = 1
| relatives =
| awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Katrina Kaif|Full list]]
}}
'''Katrina Kaif''' ({{IPA|hns|kəˈʈriːna kɛːf|pron}}{{Listen}}; born '''Katrina Rosemary Turcotte''', 16 July 1983) is a [[British people|British]] actress and businesswoman who works in [[Hindi]]-language films. One of India's highest-paid actresses, her [[List of awards and nominations received by Katrina Kaif|accolades]] include four [[Screen Awards]] and four [[Zee Cine Awards]], alongside three [[Filmfare Awards]] nominations. Although critical reception to her acting has varied, she is noted for her roles in action films and her dancing ability.

Born in [[British Hong Kong]], Kaif lived in several countries before moving to [[London]], where she spent three years. She received her first modelling assignment as a teenager and later pursued a career in fashion modelling. At a fashion show in London, Indian filmmaker [[Kaizad Gustad]] cast her in ''[[Boom (2003 film)|Boom]]'' (2003), which was a critical and commercial failure. While Kaif established a successful modelling career in India, she initially faced difficulty securing film roles due to her limited command of Hindi. After appearing in the Telugu film ''[[Malliswari (2004 film)|Malliswari]]'' (2004), Kaif achieved commercial success in [[Bollywood]] with the romantic comedies ''[[Maine Pyaar Kyun Kiya?]]'' (2005) and ''[[Namastey London]]'' (2007). Further success followed with a series of box-office hits, though she was criticised for her acting, repetitive roles, and preference for [[Androcentrism|male-dominated]] films.

Kaif's performances in the thriller ''[[New York (2009 film)|New York]]'' (2009) and the romantic comedy ''[[Mere Brother Ki Dulhan]]'' (2011) were better received, earning her nominations for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]]. Her career progressed with roles in ''[[Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani]]'' (2009), ''[[Raajneeti]]'' (2010), and ''[[Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara]]'' (2011). She found major commercial success in the action thrillers ''[[Ek Tha Tiger]]'' (2012), ''[[Dhoom 3]]'' (2013), and ''[[Bang Bang!]]'' (2014), which ranked among the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|highest-grossing Indian films]] of that decade. Following a brief setback, the action films ''[[Tiger Zinda Hai]]'' (2017), ''[[Sooryavanshi]]'' (2021), and ''[[Tiger 3]]'' (2023), along with the drama ''[[Bharat (film)|Bharat]]'' (2019), emerged as box-office hits. Kaif's portrayal of an alcoholic actress in the romantic drama ''[[Zero (2018 film)|Zero]]'' (2018) earned her the [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female|Zee Cine Award for Best Supporting Actress]] and her performance in the mystery thriller ''[[Merry Christmas (2024 film)|Merry Christmas]]'' (2024) was well-received.

In the media, Kaif frequently appears in listings of India’s most popular and attractive celebrities. A regular brand endorser, she launched her cosmetic line Kay Beauty in 2019. She participates in stage shows and is involved with her mother’s charity, Relief Projects India, which helps underprivileged children. Kaif is married to actor [[Vicky Kaushal]], with whom she has a son.

== Early life and family ==
Katrina Kaif was born in [[British Hong Kong]] with her mother's surname Turcotte (also spelt Turquotte), on 16 July 1983.<ref name="cream">{{cite news |last=Bamzai |first=Kaveree |author-link=Kaveree Bamzai|title=Kat who stole the cream |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/profile/story/the-rise-of-bollywood-beauty-katrina-kaif-126985-2011-01-28 |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=21 September 2013 |date=28 January 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923081231/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/the-rise-of-bollywood-beauty-katrina-kaif/1/127282.html |archive-date=23 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Happy Birthday Katrina: Ranbir plans big bash for lady love at Barcelona |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/happy-birthday-katrina-kaif-turns-30-170472-2013-07-15 |work=India Today |access-date=5 July 2014 |date=16 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714130255/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/happy-birthday-katrina-kaif-turns-30/1/291546.html |archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Katrina Kaif: Lesser known facts |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Katrina-Kaif-Lesser-known-facts/photostory/33609536.cms |access-date=12 June 2014 |work=The Times of India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418050244/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Katrina-Kaif-Lesser-known-facts/photostory/33609536.cms |archive-date=18 April 2014}}</ref> Her father, Mohammed Kaif, is a British businessman of [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] descent and her mother, Suzanne (also spelt Susanna), is an English lawyer and charity worker.<ref name="rise">{{cite news |title=The rise and rise of Katrina Kaif |url=http://mumbaimirror.com/others/sunday-read/The-rise-and-rise-of-Katrina-Kaif/articleshow/16169102.cms |access-date=12 October 2013 |work=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |date=2 October 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014074135/http://mumbaimirror.com/others/sunday-read/The-rise-and-rise-of-Katrina-Kaif/articleshow/16169102.cms |archive-date=14 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="hundred">{{cite news |last=Varma |first=Uttara |title=I am hundred per cent Indian ... my Hindi is pretty good |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/-i-am-hundred-per-cent-indian-...-my-hindi-is-pretty-good-/487326/0|access-date=22 February 2014 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=12 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628041507/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/-i-am-hundred-per-cent-indian-...-my-hindi-is-pretty-good-/487326/0|archive-date=28 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> She has seven siblings;<ref>{{cite news |last1=Awaasthi |first1=Kavita |title=Katrina and her seven siblings: Here's all that you need to know about Team Bride! |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/heres-all-that-you-need-to-know-about-katrina-and-her-family-101638954986751.html |access-date=27 January 2022 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=8 December 2021 |archive-date=27 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127134233/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/heres-all-that-you-need-to-know-about-katrina-and-her-family-101638954986751.html |url-status=live}}</ref> three older sisters and three younger sisters and one elder brother.<ref>{{cite web |title=Isabel Kaif: 10 facts you probably didn't know about Katrina Kaif's sister |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/isabel-kaif-10-facts-you-probably-didnt-know-about-katrina-kaifs-sister/453219-8-66.html |website=[[News18]] |access-date=30 May 2014 |date=20 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302195032/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/isabel-kaif-10-facts-you-probably-didnt-know-about-katrina-kaifs-sister/453219-8-66.html |archive-date= 2 March 2014}}</ref> Kaif's parents divorced when she was a child, and her father moved to the United States. She said her father had no influence on her or her siblings while they were growing up, and that they were raised by their mother.<ref name="cream" /><ref name="hundred" /><ref name="dumb">{{cite news |last=Chaturvedi |first=Anshul |title=I'm not dumb: Katrina |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Im-not-dumb-Katrina/articleshow/7162203.cms |access-date=1 March 2014 |work=The Times of India |date=26 December 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505123041/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Im-not-dumb-Katrina/articleshow/7162203.cms |archive-date= 5 May 2014}}</ref> In a 2009 interview with ''[[The Indian Express]]'', she said she was not in touch with her father.<ref name="hundred" />

Kaif's paternal parentage has been questioned by some members of the film industry.<ref name="cream" /> In a 2011 interview with ''[[Mumbai Mirror]]'', ''[[Boom (2003 film)|Boom]]'' producer [[Ayesha Shroff]] accused Kaif of fabricating her history: "We created an identity for her. She was this pretty young English girl, and we gave her the Kashmiri father and thought of calling her Katrina Kazi. We thought we'd give her some kind of Indian ancestry, to connect with the audience ... But then we thought that Kazi sounded too ... religious? ... [[Mohammad Kaif]] was at the top, and so we said, Katrina Kaif sounds really great".<ref name="rise" /> Kaif denied this, calling Shroff's comments "hurtful".<ref name="cream" />

[[File:Katrina Kaif with her mother.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt=A woman is sitting next to an older woman in a crowded room. The younger woman is sitting on the right wearing a white dress, while the older woman is wearing a black dress.|Kaif with her mother at the [[People's Choice Awards India]], 2012]]

As Kaif's mother is a social activist, the family relocated to a number of countries for varying lengths of time.<ref name="dumb" /> Therefore, Kaif and her siblings were [[Homeschooling|home-schooled]] by a series of tutors.<ref name="man">{{cite journal |last=Chaudhury |first=Shoma |date=4 October 2008 |title=The Man of the Family |url=http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main40.asp?filename=hub041008The_man.asp|url-status=dead |journal=[[Tehelka]] |volume=5 |issue=39|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714141625/http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main40.asp?filename=hub041008The_man.asp|archive-date=14 July 2014|access-date=18 June 2014}}</ref> She said:<blockquote>Our transitions in growing up were—from Hong Kong where I was born, to China, then to Japan, and from Japan by boat to France ... After France, Switzerland—and I'm cutting out many East European countries where we were for only a few months each—then Poland in [[Kraków]] ... After that we went to Belgium, then to Hawaii, which was a short time, and then came to London.<ref name="dumb" />
</blockquote>
Kaif lived in London for three years before moving to India.<ref name="dumb" /> At age{{nbsp}}14, Kaif won a beauty contest in Hawaii, and received her first modelling assignment in a jewellery campaign.<ref>{{cite news |last=Reddy |first=T.K. |date=15 July 2003 |title=Cool Kat comes to Chennai |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/07/15/stories/2003071500180100.htm|url-status=dead|access-date=21 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911060648/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/07/15/stories/2003071500180100.htm|archive-date=11 September 2013}}</ref> She subsequently modelled professionally in London, working for freelance agencies and appearing regularly at the [[London Fashion Week]].<ref name="cream" /> During this period, she visited India for the first time after an Asian friend suggested they take a trip there.<ref name="guardian" />

== Career ==
{{See also|Katrina Kaif filmography}}

=== Acting beginnings (2003–2005) ===
At a fashion show Kaif attracted the attention of London-based filmmaker [[Kaizad Gustad]]. She made her acting debut in Gustad's [[Bollywood|Hindi]]-English heist film ''Boom'' starring [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Gulshan Grover]], [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Madhu Sapre]] and [[Padma Lakshmi]].<ref name="london fashion week">{{cite news |last=Renuka |first=Methil |title=She's got the look |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/20020506-katrina-kaif-to-be-one-of-three-leading-ladies-in-kaizad-gustads-heist-film-boom-795339-2002-05-05 |work=India Today |access-date=21 September 2013 |date=6 May 2002 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923085749/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/katrina-kaif-to-be-one-of-three-leading-ladies-in-kaizad-gustads-heist-film-boom/1/219881.html |archive-date=23 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="boom">{{cite news |last=Mukherjee |first=Madhureeta |title=Katrina booms in Bollywood |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Katrina-booms-in-Bollywood/articleshow/22997.cms |access-date=3 March 2014 |work=The Times of India |date=16 June 2003 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215032338/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Katrina-booms-in-Bollywood/articleshow/22997.cms |archive-date=15 February 2016}}</ref> While filming in India, Kaif received other offers and decided to stay in the country; she then changed her surname to her father's because she thought it would be easier to pronounce.<ref>{{cite news |date=9 September 2009 |title=My name's Turquotte: Katrina |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/My-names-Turquotte-Katrina/articleshow/4986854.cms?referral=PM|url-status=live|access-date=12 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215032330/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/My-names-Turquotte-Katrina/articleshow/4986854.cms?referral=PM|archive-date=15 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Pathiyan |first=Priya |date=16 March 2003 |title='I'm not involved with Salman Khan' |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/40363538.cms|url-status=live|access-date=16 March 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040905203940/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/40363538.cms|archive-date=5 September 2004}}</ref> She was noticed as a model after walking the ramp for [[Rohit Bal]] at the [[India Fashion Week]]<ref name="beautiful">{{cite web |last=Menon |first=Sita |title=Katrina's beautiful, and she knows it |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/jul/22katrina.htm |date=21 July 2003 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=21 September 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923071622/http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/jul/22katrina.htm |archive-date=23 September 2013}}</ref> and appeared in the first [[Kingfisher Calendar]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Banerjee |first=Chetna K. |title=Movers, shakers & sizzlers |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031228/spectrum/main2.htm|access-date=3 March 2014 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=28 December 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310022439/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031228/spectrum/main2.htm|archive-date=10 March 2013}}</ref> After endorsing such brands as [[Coca-Cola]], [[LG Corp|LG]], [[Fevicol]] and [[Samsung]], Kaif soon established a successful modelling career in India.<ref name="success">{{cite news |title=Haute route to success |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/08/07/stories/2003080700090200.htm |access-date=21 September 2013 |date=7 August 2003 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108053228/http://hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/08/07/stories/2003080700090200.htm |work=The Hindu |archive-date= 8 November 2012}}</ref>

''Boom'' (2003) had its first screening at the [[2003 Cannes Film Festival|Cannes Film Festival]], where it was heavily promoted,<ref>{{cite news |last=Bamzai |first=Kaveree |title=Vava voom |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/20030714-kaizad-gustad-seems-to-be-on-the-roll-with-boom-792291-2003-07-13 |access-date=3 March 2014 |work=India Today |date=14 July 2003 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303050032/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/kaizad-gustad-seems-to-be-on-the-roll-with-boom/1/205880.html |archive-date= 3 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=It's Boom time for glamour |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030803/spectrum/spotlite.htm|access-date=20 April 2014 |work=The Tribune |date=3 August 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051203192620/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030803/spectrum/spotlite.htm|archive-date=3 December 2005}}</ref> but emerged as a commercial and critical failure.<ref>{{cite news |title=Always knew Katrina Kaif would be superstar, says 'Boom' director |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Always-knew-Katrina-Kaif-would-be-superstar-says-Boom-director/articleshow/21778559.cms?referral=PM |access-date=22 October 2013 |work=The Times of India |date=12 August 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215035405/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Always-knew-Katrina-Kaif-would-be-superstar-says-Boom-director/articleshow/21778559.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=15 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Bansal |first=Robin |title=Kat's Boom days are back to haunt her |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kat-s-boom-days-are-back-to-haunt-her/article1-671317.aspx |access-date=24 March 2014 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=9 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324110934/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kat-s-boom-days-are-back-to-haunt-her/article1-671317.aspx |archive-date=24 March 2014}}</ref> Kaif's portrayal of a supermodel ensnared in the [[India Mafia|Mumbai underworld]] was poorly received; [[Ziya Us Salam]] of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote of the weak performances by Kaif and the other female stars, criticising their inexpressiveness.<ref>{{cite news |last=Salam |first=Ziya Us |title=Situations vacant |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/01/01/stories/2004010100180100.htm |access-date=3 March 2014 |date=1 January 2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106105804/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/01/01/stories/2004010100180100.htm |work=The Hindu |archive-date= 6 November 2012}}</ref> She later dismissed ''Boom'' as an unimportant part of her career, ascribing her choice to her unawareness of Indian audiences' film taste then.<ref name="that's kat">{{cite news |last1=Siddiqui |first1=Rana |title=That's Kat! |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/07/05/stories/2004070500870100.htm |access-date=21 September 2013 |date=5 July 2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923074213/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/07/05/stories/2004070500870100.htm |work=The Hindu |archive-date=23 September 2013}}</ref> ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' reported that after ''Boom''<nowiki/>'s release, Kaif was written off due to her poor [[Hindi]] and thick British accent;<ref name="sixhits">{{cite news |title=Katrina on top with six hits in a row: critics |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/archives/katrina-on-top-with-six-hits-in-a-row-critics/article1-335506.aspx |access-date=15 June 2013 |work=Hindustan Times |date=3 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022163845/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/archives/katrina-on-top-with-six-hits-in-a-row-critics/article1-335506.aspx |archive-date=22 October 2013}}</ref> as a result, filmmakers were hesitant in casting her in their films.<ref>{{cite web |title=When John Abraham made Katrina Kaif cry |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/when-john-abraham-made-katrina-kaif-cry-254720 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=14 August 2012|access-date=21 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928224457/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/when-john-abraham-made-katrina-kaif-cry-254720|archive-date=28 September 2013}}</ref> Kaif soon began working on her diction through Hindi classes.<ref name="that's kat" /> In 2003, director [[Mahesh Bhatt]] replaced Kaif with [[Tara Sharma]] in ''[[Saaya (2003 film)|Saaya]]'' as he found Kaif's acting on set subpar compared to her audition for the role.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lalwani |first1=Vickey |title=Will Saaya repeat Raaz's success? |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/mar/03saaya.htm |work=Rediff.com |date=3 March 2003 |access-date=4 December 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213002527/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/mar/03saaya.htm |archive-date=13 December 2014}}</ref>

After the failure of her first Bollywood project, Kaif appeared in the [[Telugu cinema|Telugu film]] ''[[Malliswari (2004 film)|Malliswari]]'' (2004), in which she played the title role of a princess forced to flee from her murderous caretaker. Kaif received a reported salary of {{INRConvert|7.5|m}} for the film, the highest for a female lead at the time in [[Cinema of South India|South Indian cinema]]; [[Sify]] attributed this achievement to her looks and figure.<ref name="sifyreport" /> Despite negative reviews for her acting, she was nominated for a [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu]] and received several film offers afterwards.<ref>{{cite episode |title=52nd Filmfare Awards South |series=Filmfare Awards South |network=[[STAR India]] |date=23 July 2005}}</ref><ref name="sifyreport">{{cite web |title=South India's new faces |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/south-india-s-new-faces-imagegallery-0-events-jdwmCvijjggsi.html |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=1 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716022822/http://www.sify.com/movies/south-india-s-new-faces-imagegallery-0-events-jdwmCvijjggsi.html |archive-date=16 July 2014}}</ref> ''Malliswari'' was a profitable venture.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pillai |first=Shreedhar |title="Malliswari" mania |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/02/19/stories/2004021900960300.htm |access-date=21 September 2013 |date=19 February 2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923013049/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/02/19/stories/2004021900960300.htm |work=The Hindu |archive-date=23 September 2013}}</ref> In 2005, Kaif appeared briefly as [[Abhishek Bachchan]]'s girlfriend in [[Ram Gopal Varma]]'s [[political thriller]] ''[[Sarkar (2005 film)|Sarkar]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |title=Katrina's voice dubbed again |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/katrinas-voice-dubbed-again-news-bollywood-kkfv1Lbecbbsi.html |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=28 March 2014 |date=25 July 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717013629/http://www.sify.com/movies/katrinas-voice-dubbed-again-news-bollywood-kkfv1Lbecbbsi.html |archive-date=17 July 2014}}</ref> She next featured alongside [[Salman Khan]], [[Sushmita Sen]] and [[Sohail Khan]] in ''[[Maine Pyaar Kyun Kiya?]]'', a film she considered her "first real step into Bollywood".<ref>{{cite news |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |title=Adi is my kind of director: Katrina |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/nm14/adi-is-my-kind-of-director-katrina/article1-133690.aspx |access-date=10 December 2014 |work=Hindustan Times |date=3 August 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216143049/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/nm14/adi-is-my-kind-of-director-katrina/article1-133690.aspx |archive-date=16 December 2014}}</ref> Directed by [[David Dhawan]], the film was a successful remake of the romantic comedy ''[[Cactus Flower (film)|Cactus Flower]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |title=We need laughter in our lives |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/jul/29david.htm |date=29 July 2004 |work=Rediff.com |access-date=23 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191922/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/jul/29david.htm |archive-date=29 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Box office cold to Bipasha's sizzle |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/aug/23box.htm |date=23 August 2005 |work=Rediff.com |access-date=23 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029190549/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/aug/23box.htm |archive-date=29 October 2013}}</ref> For her role as a suicidal model, Kaif received the [[Stardust Award for Breakthrough Performance – Female]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Bose |first=Derek |title=Director's choice |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090228/saturday/main1.htm|access-date=29 June 2014 |work=The Tribune |date=28 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830001547/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090228/saturday/main1.htm|archive-date=30 August 2010}}</ref> According to [[Sukanya Verma]] of [[Rediff.com]], "Katrina's [[Disney Princess#Disney Princesses|Disney princess]]-like charm adds to her adorable screen presence".<ref>{{cite web |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |title=David Dhawan does it again with MPKK |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/jul/15mpkk.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=21 September 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923094202/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/jul/15mpkk.htm |archive-date=23 September 2013}}</ref> Kaif followed with her second Telugu film, ''[[Allari Pidugu]]'', in which she had "very little role to play and shake a leg or two with the hero", according to a critic from ''The Hindu''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Commercial potboiler |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/08/stories/2005100806350200.htm |access-date=21 September 2013 |date=8 October 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925143908/http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/08/stories/2005100806350200.htm |work=The Hindu|archive-date=25 September 2013}}</ref>

=== Breakthrough (2006–2008) ===
In 2006, she appeared in [[Raj Kanwar]]'s unsuccessful ''[[Humko Deewana Kar Gaye]]'', which marked the first of her frequent collaborations with costar [[Akshay Kumar]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=212&catName=MjAwNg== |title=Box Office 2006 |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=21 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014132118/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=212&catName=MjAwNg%3D%3D |archive-date=14 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It tells the story of two like-minded strangers who fall in love despite being engaged to others. A Sify critic wrote that Kaif was "passably competent in a tailor-made role, giving a mild emotional spin to a couple of scenes" but was overshadowed by her supporting actresses.<ref>{{cite web |title=Movie Review: Humko Deewana Kar Gaye |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/bollywood/preview.php?ctid=5&cid=2425&id=14185919 |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=10 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717000538/http://www.sify.com/movies/bollywood/preview.php?ctid=5&cid=2425&id=14185919 |archive-date=17 July 2014}}</ref> The same year, Kaif played an actress with [[Mammootty]] in the [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] crime thriller ''[[Balram vs. Tharadas]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Good cinema should excite the minds |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/malayalam/interview.php?id=14196231&cid=2406 |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=22 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024045841/http://www.sify.com/movies/malayalam/interview.php?id=14196231&cid=2406 |archive-date=24 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Rishi R. |title=A crime thriller from I.V. Sasi |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/02/stories/2006050200940200.htm |access-date=22 September 2013 |date=2 May 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927055745/http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/02/stories/2006050200940200.htm |work=The Hindu |archive-date=27 September 2013}}</ref>

Kaif's career prospects improved in 2007, when she appeared in four Bollywood hits.<ref name="dhoom">{{cite news |last=Ghosh |first=Debasmita |title=From Boom to Dhoom: Katrina Kaif's best movies |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/From-Boom-to-Dhoom-Katrina-Kaif-s-best-movies/Article1-1127029.aspx |access-date=22 February 2014 |work=Hindustan Times |date=25 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221125944/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/from-boom-to-dhoom-katrina-kaif-s-best-movies/article1-1127029.aspx |archive-date=21 February 2014}}</ref> In an interview with ''The Indian Express'', she called [[Vipul Amrutlal Shah]]'s romantic comedy ''[[Namastey London]]'' her first dominating role.<ref name="hundred" /> Kaif used her life in London as a reference for her role of Jasmeet Malhotra, a spoilt [[British Indian]] girl intent on marrying her self-centred British boyfriend despite her parents' disapproval.<ref>{{cite news |title=The other Kaif |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/03/22/stories/2007032200830100.htm |access-date=22 September 2013 |date=22 March 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927225418/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/03/22/stories/2007032200830100.htm |work=The Hindu |archive-date=27 September 2013}}</ref> Although critics expressed mixed views on the film,<ref>{{cite news |last=Kotwani |first=Hiren |title=Vipul Shah defends Namastey London |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Bollwood/Vipul-Shah-defends-Namastey-London/Article1-212487.aspx |access-date=22 September 2013 |work=Hindustan Times |date=29 March 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929235303/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Bollwood/Vipul-Shah-defends-Namastey-London/Article1-212487.aspx |archive-date=29 September 2013}}</ref> Sukanya Verma wrote that Kaif "suits the role to the T" and "brings the zingy mix of her character alive with style and substance".<ref>{{cite web |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |title=Namastey London is a fun ride |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/mar/23nl.htm |date=23 March 2007 |work=Rediff.com |access-date=22 September 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927213900/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/mar/23nl.htm |archive-date=27 September 2013}}</ref> Kaif's chemistry with co-star Akshay Kumar was particularly well received, with [[Nikhat Kazmi]] of ''[[The Times of India]]'' calling their casting "refreshing".<ref>{{cite news |last=Kazmi |first=Nikhat |title=Namastey London |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Namastey-London/movie-review/1802925.cms |access-date=22 September 2013 |work=The Times of India |date=24 March 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222013623/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Namastey-London/movie-review/1802925.cms |archive-date=22 December 2013}}</ref> [[Taran Adarsh]] from [[Bollywood Hungama]] found Kaif confident in ''Humko Deewana Kar Gaye'' and ''Namastey London'' and "a revelation" in the latter, praising her for being convincing in the complex scenes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/namastey-london/critic-review/namastey-london-movie-review/ |title=Namastey London Review |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=23 March 2007 |language=en-US|access-date=24 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508184928/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/namastey-london/critic-review/|archive-date=8 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In the book ''Indian Film Stars: New Critical Perspectives'', author Michael Lawrence wrote that filmmakers' decision to cast Kaif as a [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|non-resident Indian]] in several films, including ''Namastey London'', was to capitalise on her foreign looks. Lawrence considered Kaif's Hindi with an English accent part of her appeal.<ref name="nri" />

[[File:Akshay & Katrina on the sets of Welcome.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|left|alt=A man and a woman are looking away from the camera. The man is dressed in formal clothes, while the woman is wearing a light pink dress.|Kaif and [[Akshay Kumar]] on the set of ''[[Welcome (2007 film)|Welcome]]'' (2007); they teamed in several successful films.<ref>{{cite news |last=Tuteja |first=Joginder |title=I'll be there to guide any damsel in distress: Akshay |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/entertainment/i-ll-be-there-to-guide-any-damsel-in-distress-akshay/article1-479407.aspx |access-date=4 December 2014 |work=Hindustan Times |date=23 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205100659/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/entertainment/i-ll-be-there-to-guide-any-damsel-in-distress-akshay/article1-479407.aspx |archive-date=5 February 2015}}</ref>]]

Kaif had a supporting role as a doctor in the sports drama ''[[Apne]]'', a highly anticipated release as it marked the first appearance of [[Dharmendra]] with his sons, [[Sunny Deol]] and [[Bobby Deol]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Gajjar |first=Manish |title=Apne |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/bollywood/2007/05/apne_preview.shtml |publisher=[[BBC]] |access-date=8 October 2014 |date=15 April 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226134026/http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/bollywood/2007/05/apne_preview.shtml |archive-date=26 February 2008}}</ref> After ''Apne'' she rejoined director David Dhawan and Salman Khan for the comedy ''[[Partner (2007 film)|Partner]]'', a remake of ''[[Hitch (film)|Hitch]]'' which co-starred [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] and [[Lara Dutta]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Krishna |first=Sonali |title=Partner may face $30 mn Hitch |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-08-08/news/27673674_1_hitch-indian-films-bollywood|access-date=3 March 2014 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=8 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221193833/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-08-08/news/27673674_1_hitch-indian-films-bollywood|archive-date=21 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> With a worldwide revenue of {{INRConvert|1.03|b}}, the film was a major financial success.<ref name="boxoffice2007">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=214&catName=MjAwNw== |title=Box Office 2007 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=22 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014132441/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=214&catName=MjAwNw%3D%3D |archive-date=14 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="top">{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3997&nCat= |title=Top All Time Worldwide Grossers Updated 11/5/2012 |publisher=Box Office India|access-date=13 October 2013 |date=11 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105215110/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4409&nCat=|archive-date=5 November 2013}}</ref> Kaif's final film of the year was [[Anees Bazmee]]'s comedy ''[[Welcome (2007 film)|Welcome]]'', alongside Akshay Kumar, [[Nana Patekar]], [[Mallika Sherawat]] and [[Anil Kapoor]]. Although the film generated mostly negative reviews, it proved to be the [[List of Bollywood films of 2007|second highest-grossing Bollywood film of 2007]].<ref name="dhoom" /><ref name="boxoffice2007" /> The similarity of Kaif's roles was noted by [[Shoma Chaudhury]] of ''[[Tehelka]]'', who called her "unabashed eye-candy", adding that she was "a pretty prop in ''Welcome''" and "more of the same in ''Partner'' and ''Apne''".<ref name="man" />

In 2008, Kaif had three releases, the first of which was [[Abbas–Mustan]]'s action thriller ''[[Race (2008 film)|Race]]'', a story about two stepbrothers-turned-rivals who are in contention for their father's [[Insurance#Life|insurance money]]. Kaif played [[Saif Ali Khan]]'s secretary, who is his stepbrother's ([[Akshaye Khanna]]) lover. Nikhat Kazmi was appreciative of the film's look and action but found Kaif unimpressive in her role.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kazmi |first=Nikhat |title=Race Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Race/movie-review/2888134.cms |access-date=22 September 2013 |work=The Times of India |date=21 March 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010184938/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Race/movie-review/2888134.cms |archive-date=10 October 2013}}</ref> Kaif rejoined Akshay Kumar in Anees Bazmee's action comedy ''[[Singh Is Kinng]]'', which earned {{INRConvert|1.25|b}} worldwide to become her sixth consecutive box-office success.<ref name="sixhits" /><ref name="top" /><ref name="boxoffice2008">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=215&catName=MjAwOA== |title=Box Office 2008 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=23 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014132123/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=215&catName=MjAwOA%3D%3D |archive-date=14 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> However, she received mixed reviews for her performance.<ref name="dhoom" /> [[Rajeev Masand]] of [[News18]] found Kaif "an eyesore in every sense of the word" and her acting weak.<ref>{{cite web |last=Masand |first=Rajeev |title=Masand's Verdict: Singh is Kinng |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/singh-is-kinng-a-dead-zone-of-comedy/70704-8.html |website=News18 |access-date=22 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922190131/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/singh-is-kinng-a-dead-zone-of-comedy/70704-8.html |archive-date=22 September 2013}}</ref> Kaif's final film of the year—[[Subhash Ghai]]'s drama ''[[Yuvvraaj]]''—was a major box-office failure.<ref name="boxoffice2008" /> In preparation for her role as a cellist she practised with orchestra members.<ref>{{cite news |last=KBR |first=Upala |title=KAIFi tagda hai |url=http://archive.mid-day.com/entertainment/2008/nov/131108-Salman-Khan-Katrina-Kaif-Pranksters-Cello-Yuvvraaj-Bollywood.htm|access-date=23 October 2013 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |date=13 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013055443/http://archive.mid-day.com/entertainment/2008/nov/131108-Salman-Khan-Katrina-Kaif-Pranksters-Cello-Yuvvraaj-Bollywood.htm|archive-date=13 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Her portrayal of a girl forbidden by her father from marrying her poor lover was well received by Sify's Sonia Chopra: "Katrina is wonderful, plays the cello convincingly, and looks ethereal."<ref>{{cite web |last=Chopra |first=Sonia |title=Review: Yuvvraaj a yawn of a moral science lesson |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/review-yuvvraaj-a-yawn-of-a-moral-science-lesson-review-bollywood-14803151.html |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=22 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222174804/http://www.sify.com/movies/review-yuvvraaj-a-yawn-of-a-moral-science-lesson-review-bollywood-14803151.html |archive-date=22 December 2013}}</ref> Despite the film's mixed critical reception, its screenplay was added to the library of the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] for its artistic merit.<ref>{{cite news |last=Memon |first=Ayaz |title=When lines are crossed |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-when-lines-are-crossed-1208634 |access-date=19 July 2014 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=22 November 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727164342/http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-when-lines-are-crossed-1208634 |archive-date=27 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Subhash Ghai's Yuvvraaj goes to Oscar library |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Entertainment/Subhash-Ghai-s-Yuvvraaj-goes-to-Oscar-library/Article1-377914.aspx |access-date=22 September 2013 |work=Hindustan Times |date=12 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929235306/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Entertainment/Subhash-Ghai-s-Yuvvraaj-goes-to-Oscar-library/Article1-377914.aspx |archive-date=29 September 2013}}</ref>

Up until this point, Kaif's voice was [[Dubbing (filmmaking)|dubbed over]] by voice artists in most of her films due to her lack of fluency in Hindi and other [[Languages of India|Indian languages]].{{Efn|name=B|In ''Boom'', ''Namastey London'' and ''Singh Is Kinng'', Kaif's real voice was retained.<ref>{{cite news |title=Stars with voiceovers |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/stars-with-voiceovers/article1-908137.aspx |access-date=16 October 2014 |work=Hindustan Times |date=4 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021185115/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/stars-with-voiceovers/article1-908137.aspx |archive-date=21 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Katrina finds her voice |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Katrina-finds-her-voice/articleshow/2212297.cms |access-date=16 October 2014 |work=The Times of India |date=20 October 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025175924/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Katrina-finds-her-voice/articleshow/2212297.cms |archive-date=25 October 2014}}</ref>}} Although her films during this period were financially successful, critics noted that she played unimportant roles in them as they were generally [[Androcentrism|male-dominated]],<ref name="sixhits" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Vijayakar |first=Rajiv |title=New queen bee? |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/274159/queen-bee.html |access-date=19 July 2014 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=26 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726082502/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/274159/queen-bee.html |archive-date=26 July 2014}}</ref> whereas her performances were largely criticised.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kaul |first=Vivek |title=Deepika is the new Katrina |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/blogs/post-deepika-is-the-new-katrina-1581434 |access-date=22 September 2013 |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=31 July 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012222006/http://www.dnaindia.com/blogs/post-deepika-is-the-new-katrina-1581434 |archive-date=12 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=I look at acting more as motivation than inspiration: Katrina |url=http://zeenews.india.com/exclusive/i-look-at-acting-more-as-motivation-than-inspiration-katrina_4092.html |publisher=Zee News |access-date=11 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014040601/http://zeenews.india.com/exclusive/i-look-at-acting-more-as-motivation-than-inspiration-katrina_4092.html |archive-date=14 October 2013 |date=22 November 2008}}</ref> She justified choosing these glamorous roles as part of learning without any goal for a certain kind of film.<ref name="cream" /> When criticised for her reluctance to appear in smaller scale films to garner credibility as an actress, she responded: "I do not believe that you have to take off your make-up and look simple to prove you're an actress ... I'm not going to make a morose film, which no one will watch just so people take me seriously as an actress."<ref name="nri">{{Cite book |title=Indian Film Stars: New Critical Perspectives |date=2020 |first1=Michael |last1=Lawrence |isbn=978-1-84457-857-3 |location=London |oclc=1153983081 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |pages=220–223}}</ref> Kaif participated in Shah Rukh Khan's "Temptations Reloaded" world concert tour in 2008. Also featuring [[Kareena Kapoor Khan|Kareena Kapoor]] and Arjun Rampal, the tour began in [[Amsterdam]] in June and ended four months later in [[Dubai]]'s Festival City Arena before an audience of 15,000.<ref>{{cite web |title=SRK's Temptations Reloaded 2008 kick starts! |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/jun/27sld1.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410203435/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/jun/27sld1.htm|archive-date=10 April 2009|access-date=12 October 2013 |work=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Radhakrishnan |first=Manjusha |date=26 October 2008 |title=Saturday night live with Shah Rukh Khan |work=[[Gulf News]] |url=http://gulfnews.com/about-gulf-news/al-nisr-portfolio/tabloid/articles/saturday-night-live-with-shah-rukh-khan-1.138718|access-date=10 June 2014}}</ref>

=== Mainstream success (2009–2013) ===
After a string of films in which she was cast in glamorous, "arm candy" roles, Kaif began looking for more substantial parts.<ref name="arm candy">{{cite news |date=7 August 2009 |title=Kat is only Akshay's arm candy |work=The Times of India |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-08-07/news-interviews/28190362_1_akshay-kumar-katrina-kaif-s-homepage-film|url-status=dead|access-date=23 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928093920/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-08-07/news-interviews/28190362_1_akshay-kumar-katrina-kaif-s-homepage-film|archive-date=28 September 2013}}</ref> One such opportunity arose with [[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]]'s terrorism drama ''[[New York (2009 film)|New York]]'' (2009).<ref>{{cite news |last=Harshikaa |first=Udasi |title=Kat's crown |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/07/03/stories/2009070350010100.htm |access-date=23 September 2013 |date=3 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928042938/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/07/03/stories/2009070350010100.htm |work=The Hindu |archive-date=28 September 2013}}</ref> Costarring [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]] and [[Neil Nitin Mukesh]], the film follows the lives of three friends when one of them is [[Post-9/11#Suspicion|wrongly detained]] after [[September 11 attacks|9/11]]. Kaif played Maya, a college student who unknowingly marries a terrorist. Having faced [[racial discrimination]] when she was in London, Kaif identified with the character's experiences.<ref>{{cite news |title=I was conscious of my skin colour while growing up: Katrina |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/i-was-conscious-of-my-skin-colour-while-growing-up-katrina/480776/ |access-date=23 September 2013 |work=The Indian Express |date=24 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222152209/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/i-was-conscious-of-my-skin-colour-while-growing-up-katrina/480776/ |archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref> ''New York'' performed well at the box office and received favourable reviews.<ref name="boxoffice2009">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=288&catName=MjAwOQ== |title=Box Office 2009 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=11 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014131907/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=288&catName=MjAwOQ%3D%3D |archive-date=14 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=I am not glamorous in real life: Katrina Kaif |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Entertainment/I-am-not-glamorous-in-real-life-Katrina-Kaif/Article1-472226.aspx |access-date=25 June 2014 |work=Hindustan Times |date=3 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714122213/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Entertainment/I-am-not-glamorous-in-real-life-Katrina-Kaif/Article1-472226.aspx |archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> According to Subhash K. Jha, Kaif was successful as an actress in a substantial role and convincingly portrayed her character's transition from a carefree student to a tormented wife.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |title='New York', a remarkable effort |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/New-York-a-remarkable-effort/articleshow/4709214.cms?referral=PM |access-date=23 September 2013 |work=The Times of India |date=27 June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215052638/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/New-York-a-remarkable-effort/articleshow/4709214.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=15 February 2016}}</ref> A reviewer for ''The Times of India'' considered it to be her career's best performance.<ref>{{cite news |title=New York Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/new-york/movie-review/4707568.cms |work=The Times of India |date=26 June 2009|access-date=25 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716185345/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/New-York/movie-review/4707568.cms|archive-date=16 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ''New York'' brought Kaif her first [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress#2010s|Filmfare Award nomination for Best Actress]].<ref name="awards">{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebritymicro/awards/id/3458 |title=Katrina Kaif | Latest Celebrity Awards |access-date=12 November 2014 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112101550/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebritymicro/awards/id/3458 |archive-date=12 November 2014}}</ref> She then appeared in a cameo for India's first underwater thriller ''[[Blue (2009 film)|Blue]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |title=Katrina's guest performance in Blue lasts just 8 minutes |url=http://archive.mid-day.com/entertainment/2009/aug/190809-Bollywood-Katrina-Kaif-Blue-underwater-thriller-guest-performance.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140204095601/http://archive.mid-day.com/entertainment/2009/aug/190809-Bollywood-Katrina-Kaif-Blue-underwater-thriller-guest-performance.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 February 2014|access-date=23 September 2013 |work=Mid-Day |date=19 August 2009}}</ref> Kaif starred with [[Ranbir Kapoor]] in [[Rajkumar Santoshi]]'s hit comedy, ''[[Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani]]'' (2009), as an orphan forced to marry a rich man.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=288&catName=MjAwOQ== |title=Box Office 2009 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=28 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014131907/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=288&catName=MjAwOQ%3D%3D |archive-date=14 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Taran Adarsh]] of Bollywood Hungama praised the actors' energetic pairing and found that Kaif performed well in both emotional and light scenes.<ref>{{cite web |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |title=Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani (2009) Review |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/510223 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 September 2013 |date=6 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015042425/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/510223 |archive-date=15 October 2013}}</ref> Her final film of the year was [[Priyadarshan]]'s comedy ''[[De Dana Dan]]''.<ref name="arm candy" /> She performed with [[Akon]] at the closing ceremony of the [[2009 Indian Premier League]] at the [[Wanderers Stadium]] in [[Johannesburg]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Katrina-Akon bring curtains down on IPL 2009 |url=http://www.sify.com/sports/katrina-akon-bring-curtains-down-on-ipl-2009-imagegallery-cricket-jfzjK9bdhgc.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208034538/http://www.sify.com/sports/katrina-akon-bring-curtains-down-on-ipl-2009-imagegallery-cricket-jfzjK9bdhgc.html|archive-date=8 December 2013|access-date=28 January 2013 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
[[File:Katrina Kaif at an event for Nakshatra.jpg|left|upright|thumb|Kaif in 2010]]
In 2010, Kaif appeared in [[Prakash Jha]]'s political thriller ''[[Raajneeti]]'' as part of an ensemble cast which included Ranbir Kapoor, [[Ajay Devgan]], [[Arjun Rampal]], Nana Patekar, [[Manoj Bajpai]] and [[Sarah Thompson (actress)|Sarah Thompson]]. The film took inspiration from ''[[Mahabharata|The Mahabharata]]'' and [[Mario Puzo]]'s 1969 novel ''[[The Godfather (novel)|The Godfather]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lahiri |first=Tripti |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2010/06/04/rajneeti-mahabharat-godfather-set-in-bhopal/ |title='Rajneeti': 'Mahabharat,' 'Godfather,' in Bhopal |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=4 June 2010 |access-date=11 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015075752/https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2010/06/04/rajneeti-mahabharat-godfather-set-in-bhopal/ |archive-date=15 October 2013}}</ref> Set in [[Bhopal]], the film described a fiercely fought election campaign by two parties attempting to seize power with manipulation, corruption, and treachery. Kaif rejected the media's speculation that her character was based on [[Sonia Gandhi]]. In preparation for her role as Indu, a politician loosely based on [[Draupadi]], she watched [[Priyanka Gandhi]]'s election campaign videos to study the body language and interaction of politicians.<ref>{{cite web |title=I was shocked when approached for Raajneeti |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/i-was-shocked-when-approached-for-raajneeti/115962-8-66.html |website=News18 |access-date=20 April 2014 |date=22 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421083323/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/i-was-shocked-when-approached-for-raajneeti/115962-8-66.html |archive-date=21 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=I watched Priyanka Gandhi's videos to get Rajneeti look: Katrina |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/story/i-watched-priyanka-gandhis-videos-to-get-rajneeti-look-katrina-72789-2010-04-25 |access-date=23 September 2013 |work=India Today |date=26 April 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427030623/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/I%20watched%20Priyanka%20Gandhi%27s%20videos%20to%20get%20Rajneeti%20look%3A%20Katrina/1/94724.html |archive-date=27 April 2014}}</ref> The film received mainly positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bhirani |first=Radhika |title=Raajneeti has coffers ringing with political winner |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Entertainment/Raajneeti-has-coffers-ringing-with-political-winner/Article1-555238.aspx |access-date=22 October 2013 |work=Hindustan Times |date=9 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131025174724/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Entertainment/Raajneeti-has-coffers-ringing-with-political-winner/Article1-555238.aspx |archive-date=25 October 2013}}</ref> Rajeev Masand found ''Raajneeti'' "thrilling and gripping", though [[Namrata Joshi]] was critical of the film's depiction of women.<ref>{{cite web |last=Masand |first=Rajeev |title='Raajneeti' is thrilling and gripping |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masand-raajneeti-is-thrilling-and-gripping/121986-8-84.html |website=News18 |access-date=13 January 2014 |date=5 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113231757/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masand-raajneeti-is-thrilling-and-gripping/121986-8-84.html |archive-date=13 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Joshi |first=Namrata |title=Rajneeti |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/Rajneeti/265711 |access-date=24 September 2013 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |date=4 June 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714144900/http://www.outlookindia.com/article/Rajneeti/265711 |archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> Nikhat Kazmi considered Kaif's performance to be "carefree and camera-unconscious" and wrote that she "seems to slip into the high-powered shoes easily".<ref>{{cite news |last=Kazmi |first=Nikhat |title=Raajneeti Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Raajneeti/movie-review/6007822.cms |access-date=23 September 2013 |work=The Times of India |date=3 June 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820214326/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Raajneeti/movie-review/6007822.cms |archive-date=20 August 2012}}</ref> The film was highly successful at the box office, receiving a total collection of {{INRConvert|1.4|b}}.<ref name="top" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=318&catName=MjAxMA== |title=Box Office 2010 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=23 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014062657/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=318&catName=MjAxMA%3D%3D |archive-date=14 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Kaif collaborated with Akshay Kumar for the sixth time in the [[slapstick]] comedy ''[[Tees Maar Khan (2010 film)|Tees Maar Khan]]'' (2010), in which she played an aspiring actress, the girlfriend of a criminal (Kumar).<ref>{{cite web |title=Akshay Kumar wants Katrina as his lady |url=http://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/akshay-kumar-wants-katrina-as-his-lady-2012-04-02-1.451645 |publisher=[[Emirates 24/7]] |date=2 April 2012 |access-date=10 December 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214182711/http://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/akshay-kumar-wants-katrina-as-his-lady-2012-04-02-1.451645 |archive-date=14 December 2014}}</ref> In the film, Kaif performed a popular [[item number]] titled "[[Sheila Ki Jawani]]". The song was choreographed by the film's director [[Farah Khan]] and for the belly dancing portion, Kaif was trained by expert Veronica D'Souza.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dabholkar |first=Reshma K. |title=Katrina: Bollywood's only belly dancer |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Katrina-Bollywoods-only-belly-dancer/pmredirectshow/7058136.cms?|access-date=19 May 2015 |work=The Times of India |date=7 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208112323/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Katrina-Bollywoods-only-belly-dancer/pmredirectshow/7058136.cms|archive-date=8 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In contrast to the song's popularity, ''Tees Maar Khan'' was panned by critics and its box-office performance was poor.<ref>{{cite news |title=TMK fails to impress critics |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/TMK-fails-to-impress-critics/Article1-642276.aspx |access-date=22 October 2013 |work=Hindustan Times |date=24 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131025174721/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/TMK-fails-to-impress-critics/Article1-642276.aspx |archive-date=25 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Fall and fall of akki |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110209/jsp/entertainment/story_13553921.jsp |access-date=10 December 2014 |work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |date=9 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210050313/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110209/jsp/entertainment/story_13553921.jsp |archive-date=10 December 2014}}</ref> Kaif's portrayal was not well received; Renuka Rao of ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'' found her "drama queen act" poor but noted that she was exceptional in the item number.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rao |first=Renuka |title=Review: Tees Maar Khan is not worth even a free ticket |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-review-tees-maar-khan-is-not-worth-even-a-free-ticket-1485367 |access-date=23 September 2013 |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=3 December 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012223534/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-review-tees-maar-khan-is-not-worth-even-a-free-ticket-1485367 |archive-date=12 October 2014}}</ref>

The following year, Kaif was paired with [[Hrithik Roshan]] in [[Zoya Akhtar]]'s coming-of-age dramedy ''[[Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lalwani |first=Vickey |title=No issues with the kiss: Hrithik Roshan, Katrina Kaif |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/No-issues-with-the-kiss-Hrithik-Roshan-Katrina-Kaif/articleshow/8973112.cms|access-date=24 September 2013 |date=24 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928034348/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-24/news-interviews/29698522_1_katrina-kaif-kiss-locking-lips|archive-date=28 September 2013 |work=The Times of India|url-status=live}}</ref> The film narrates the story of three friends on a bachelor trip and features Kaif as Laila, a diving instructor who becomes romantically involved with Roshan's character and inspires him overcome his [[workaholic|workaholism]]. She had difficulty filming her [[scuba diving]] scene due to her inexperience; she was so scared she dug her nails into costar Roshan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara reunion video: Katrina Kaif recalls being 'terrified', Hrithik Roshan couldn't eat tomatoes |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/zindagi-na-milegi-dobara-reunion-video-katrina-kaif-recalls-being-terrified-hrithik-roshan-couldn-t-eat-tomatoes-101626405195251.html |access-date=22 February 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=19 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119201300/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/zindagi-na-milegi-dobara-reunion-video-katrina-kaif-recalls-being-terrified-hrithik-roshan-couldn-t-eat-tomatoes-101626405195251.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The film was a critical and commercial success.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sahni |first=Diksha |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/07/15/review-round-up-zindagi-na-milegi-dobara/ |title=Review Round-Up: 'Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara' |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=15 July 2011 |access-date=26 June 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233533/https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/07/15/review-round-up-zindagi-na-milegi-dobara/ |archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=earnings |title=Box Office Earnings 19/08/10 – 25/08/11 (Nett Collections in Ind Rs) |publisher=Box Office India|access-date=10 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903171326/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=earnings|archive-date=3 September 2011}}</ref> Richard Kuipers of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' commented that she is "delightful" in the role of a cordial young woman who encourages others to confront their weaknesses.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kuipers |first=Richard |title=Review: 'Zindagi na milegi dobara' |url=https://variety.com/2011/film/reviews/zindagi-na-milegi-dobara-1117945686/ |access-date=23 September 2013 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=21 July 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928223219/http://variety.com/2011/film/reviews/zindagi-na-milegi-dobara-1117945686/ |archive-date=28 September 2013}}</ref> ''Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara'' received numerous Best Film accolades.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/awards/id/535587 |title=Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara (2011) | Latest Movie Awards|access-date=28 January 2014 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103035713/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/awards/id/535587|archive-date=3 November 2013}}</ref> The romantic comedy ''[[Mere Brother Ki Dulhan]]'' (2011), produced by [[Yash Raj Films]], starred Kaif alongside [[Imran Khan (Bollywood actor)|Imran Khan]] and [[Ali Zafar]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Guharoy |first=Rounak |title=Imran Khan, Katrina Kaif set the stage on fire |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-11/news-interviews/29875873_1_ali-zafar-mere-brother-ki-dulhan-katrina-kaif|access-date=23 September 2013 |date=11 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928033847/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-11/news-interviews/29875873_1_ali-zafar-mere-brother-ki-dulhan-katrina-kaif|archive-date=28 September 2013 |work=The Times of India|url-status=dead}}</ref> She found herself challenged by the role of Dimple Dixit, whose loquacious and unpredictable nature strongly contrasted with Kaif's personality.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |title=Katrina gets headstrong! |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-04/news-interviews/28271258_1_ali-abbas-zafar-katrina-kaif-girl-after-much-preparation|access-date=24 September 2013 |date=4 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928033849/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-04/news-interviews/28271258_1_ali-abbas-zafar-katrina-kaif-girl-after-much-preparation|archive-date=28 September 2013 |work=The Times of India|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film opened to mixed reviews, but Kaif was generally praised for her portrayal.<ref name="dhoom" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Garia |first=Nikita |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/09/10/review-round-up-mere-brother-ki-dulhan/ |title=Review Round-Up: 'Mere Brother Ki Dulhan' |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=10 September 2011 |access-date=26 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201255/https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/09/10/review-round-up-mere-brother-ki-dulhan/ |archive-date=29 October 2013}}</ref> The book ''Mother Maiden Mistress'' calls Dimple one of the more interesting female characters of the year.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Somaaya |first1=Bhawana |last2=Kothari |first2=Jigna |last3=Madangarli |first3=Supriya |title=Mother Maiden Mistress: Women in Hindi Cinema, 1950–2010 |year=2013 |publisher=HarperCollins India |isbn=978-81-7223-859-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dtec0Ykfo1sC&pg=RA5-PA2011 |page=2011}}</ref> According to Gaurav Malani of ''[[The Economic Times]]'', the film is mainly watchable for "Katrina's live-wire energy wherein she never goes overboard and keeps bustling with vivacity through the runtime."<ref>{{cite news |last=Malani |first=Gaurav |title=Mere Brother Ki Dulhan: Movie review |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-09-09/news/30135706_1_mere-brother-ki-dulhan-katrina-kaif-imran-khan|access-date=23 September 2013 |work=The Economic Times |date=9 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928031353/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-09-09/news/30135706_1_mere-brother-ki-dulhan-katrina-kaif-imran-khan|archive-date=28 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> For this performance, Kaif received her second Filmfare nomination in the Best Actress category.<ref name="awards" />

In 2012, Kaif appeared in "[[Chikni Chameli]]", an item number in ''[[Agneepath (2012 film)|Agneepath]]'' that incorporated dance steps from the [[Lavani]] genre (a [[Maharashtra|Maharashtrian]] folk dance). Filming the music video, which finished in ten days,<ref>{{cite news |last=Raje |first=Abhishek |title=Chikni Chameli gets 3.8 million views within a week! |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-28/news-interviews/30562001_1_chikni-chameli-agneepath-katrina-kaif|access-date=12 October 2013 |date=28 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015114513/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-28/news-interviews/30562001_1_chikni-chameli-agneepath-katrina-kaif|archive-date=15 October 2013 |work=The Times of India|url-status=dead}}</ref> proved challenging for Kaif, as its style was new to her.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chikni Chameli not my style: Katrina Kaif |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Chikni-Chameli-not-my-style-Katrina-Kaif/Article1-787297.aspx |access-date=12 October 2013 |work=Hindustan Times |date=26 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021230355/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Chikni-Chameli-not-my-style-Katrina-Kaif/Article1-787297.aspx |archive-date=21 October 2013}}</ref> Rachit Gupta of ''[[Filmfare]]'' attributed the song's success partly to her "infectious energy", noting her "gyrations and belly movements were an onslaught of attraction for the fans".<ref name="filmfaredance" /> Kaif appeared next in Kabir Khan's espionage thriller ''[[Ek Tha Tiger]]'' as a Pakistani [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] agent who falls in love with an Indian [[Research and Analysis Wing|RAW]] agent. The film received predominantly positive reviews, with Aniruddha Guha of ''Daily News and Analysis'' calling it "smart and stylish".<ref>{{cite news |title=Critics Report: Ek Tha Tiger burning bright |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Critics-Report-Ek-Tha-Tiger-burning-bright/Article1-914019.aspx |access-date=22 October 2013 |work=Hindustan Times |date=15 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131025174658/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Critics-Report-Ek-Tha-Tiger-burning-bright/Article1-914019.aspx |archive-date=25 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Guha |first=Aniruddha |title=Aniruddha Guha reviews Ek Tha Tiger |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-aniruddha-guha-reviews-ek-tha-tiger-method-in-the-salman-madness-1728293 |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=15 August 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012224312/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-aniruddha-guha-reviews-ek-tha-tiger-method-in-the-salman-madness-1728293 |archive-date=12 October 2014}}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''The Indian Express'' wrote about her performance: "Katrina is an able, animated foil to Salman, her long legs making her leaps and kicks credible".<ref>{{cite news |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |date=17 August 2012 |title=Ek Tha Tiger |work=The Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/ek-tha-tiger/989475/0|url-status=live|access-date=24 September 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140204100146/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/ek-tha-tiger/989475/0|archive-date=4 February 2014}}</ref> With worldwide earnings of {{INRConvert|3.1|b}}, ''Ek Tha Tiger'' was the [[List of Bollywood films of 2012|highest-grossing Bollywood film of the year]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5979&nCat= |title=Chennai Express Crosses Ek Tha Tiger Worldwide in Ten Days |publisher=Box Office India|access-date=21 September 2013 |date=19 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105220137/http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5979&nCat=|archive-date=5 November 2013}}</ref>

[[File:Anushka Sharma, Shahrukh Khan and Katrina Kaif at the premiere of JAB TAK HAI JAAN.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|right|alt=A man in a suit is interlocking arms with two women. The woman on the left is wearing a blue one-shouldered gown with her hair up, while the woman on the right is wearing a gold sari (South Asian attire) with her hair down.|Kaif (right) with [[Anushka Sharma]] and [[Shah Rukh Khan]] at the premiere of ''[[Jab Tak Hai Jaan]]'', 2012]]

Later in the year, Kaif was paired with [[Shah Rukh Khan]] in [[Yash Chopra]]'s [[Swan song#Idiomatic usage|swan song]], the romance ''[[Jab Tak Hai Jaan]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Roy |first=Gitanjali |title=Big bang at the box office today: Jab Tak Hai Jaan, Son Of Sardaar |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/big-bang-at-the-box-office-today-jab-tak-hai-jaan-son-of-sardaar-291901 |publisher=NDTV|access-date=28 March 2014 |date=13 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527015235/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/big-bang-at-the-box-office-today-jab-tak-hai-jaan-son-of-sardaar-291901|archive-date=27 May 2014}}</ref> She expressed her excitement at working with Chopra, saying he "undoubtedly is the king of romance and I have always admired the way he presents his heroines. It was always a dream to work with him and the reality is even better."<ref>{{cite news |title=Reality better than dreams: Katrina Kaif |url=http://archive.mid-day.com/entertainment/2012/apr/270412-Reality-better-than-dreams-Katrina-Kaif.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140204102048/http://archive.mid-day.com/entertainment/2012/apr/270412-Reality-better-than-dreams-Katrina-Kaif.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 February 2014|access-date=24 September 2013 |work=Mid-Day |date=27 April 2012}}</ref> She played Meera, a woman who vows to end her affair with her comatose lover if he survives. Although the film received mostly positive reviews, Kaif's performance had a mixed reception.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rana |first=Preetika |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/11/13/review-round-up-jab-tak-hai-jaan-woos-critics/ |title=Review Round Up: 'Jab Tak Hai Jaan' Woos Critics |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=13 November 2012 |access-date=26 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029212135/https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/11/13/review-round-up-jab-tak-hai-jaan-woos-critics/ |archive-date=29 October 2013}}</ref> News18 deemed Kaif inexpressive in her part and found her struggling in emotional and complex scenes.<ref>{{cite web |last=Vats |first=Rohit |title=Jab Tak Hai Jaan: How has Katrina Kaif fared in the film? |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/jab-tak-hai-jaan-how-has-katrina-kaif-fared-in-the-film/305984-8.html |website=News18 |access-date=24 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009015036/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/jab-tak-hai-jaan-how-has-katrina-kaif-fared-in-the-film/305984-8.html |archive-date= 9 October 2013}}</ref> Commercially, the film proved a box-office hit with revenues of {{INRConvert|2.11|b}} worldwide.<ref name="Grosstwo">{{cite news |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5303&nCat= |title=Top Ten Worldwide Grossers 2012 |date=16 January 2013 |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=Box Office India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621151518/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5303&nCat= |archive-date=21 June 2013}}</ref> Kaif later participated and walked the ramp in a fashion show that was held in memory of Chopra.<ref>{{cite news |title=Anushka Sharma, Parineeti Chopra pay tribute to Nargis, Madhubala |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anushka-sharma-parineeti-chopra-pay-tribute-to-nargis-madhubala/ |work=The Indian Express |date=28 September 2013 |access-date=16 April 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528221550/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anushka-sharma-parineeti-chopra-pay-tribute-to-nargis-madhubala/ |archive-date=28 May 2014}}</ref>

Kaif rejoined Shah Rukh Khan for his 2013 "Temptations Reloaded" concert in [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]], performing to an audience of over 18,000,<ref>{{cite video |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/videos/373885/temptations-reloaded-2013-srk-katrina-preity-enthrall-muscat.html |title=Temptations Reloaded 2013: SRK, Katrina, Preity enthrall Muscat |date=19 February 2013 |website=News18|access-date=10 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715210246/http://ibnlive.in.com/videos/373885/temptations-reloaded-2013-srk-katrina-preity-enthrall-muscat.html|archive-date=15 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> and joined Shah Rukh Khan, [[Deepika Padukone]] and [[Pitbull (rapper)|Pitbull]] in [[Kolkata]] for the opening ceremony of the [[2013 Indian Premier League|2013 IPL season]].<ref>{{cite web |date=3 April 2013 |title=IPL 2013: Shah Rukh Khan, Katrina Kaif, Deepika Padukone, Pitbull showcase diverse culture |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/ipl-2013-shah-rukh-khan-katrina-kaif-deepika-padukone-pitbull-showcase-diverse-culture-349474|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713121133/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/ipl-2013-shah-rukh-khan-katrina-kaif-deepika-padukone-pitbull-showcase-diverse-culture-349474|archive-date=13 July 2014|access-date=10 June 2014 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref> In 2013, she appeared briefly with [[Aamir Khan]] in [[Vijay Krishna Acharya]]'s action thriller ''[[Dhoom 3]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Aamir, Abhishek, Katrina and Uday promote 'Dhoom 3' |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Aamir-Abhishek-Katrina-and-Uday-promote-Dhoom-3/articleshow/27215896.cms |access-date=10 July 2014 |work=The Times of India |date=11 December 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215052736/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Aamir-Abhishek-Katrina-and-Uday-promote-Dhoom-3/articleshow/27215896.cms |archive-date=15 February 2016}}</ref> To prepare for her role as a circus performer, she undertook a year-long regimen of [[Pilates]], [[functional training]] and [[aerial straps]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Katrina Kaif gets perfect body for Dhoom 3 |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-11-21/news-interviews/44325481_1_dhoom-3-katrina-kaif-perfect-body|access-date=13 January 2014 |date=21 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114014039/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-11-21/news-interviews/44325481_1_dhoom-3-katrina-kaif-perfect-body|archive-date=14 January 2014 |work=The Times of India|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film received ambivalent reviews and Kaif was criticised for taking on an insubstantial part, though Taran Adarsh found her to be "ethereal" and "moving with incredible grace in dance numbers".<ref>{{cite news |title=Movie review: Dhoom 3 a splendid watch but lacks imagination |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-dhoom-3-a-splendid-watch-but-lacks-imagination/article1-1164671.aspx |access-date=13 January 2014 |work=Hindustan Times |date=20 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112223634/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-dhoom-3-a-splendid-watch-but-lacks-imagination/article1-1164671.aspx |archive-date=12 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Adarsh |first1=Taran |title=Dhoom 3 Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/dhoom-3/critic-review/dhoom-3-movie-review/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 January 2022 |date=20 December 2013 |archive-date=26 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026193941/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/dhoom-3/critic-review/dhoom-3-movie-review/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Earning {{INRConvert|5.42|b}} in box-office receipts, ''Dhoom 3'' became the [[List of highest-grossing Bollywood films|highest-grossing Bollywood film of all time]] until it was surpassed by ''[[PK (film)|PK]]'' in 2014.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Raghunathan |first1=Anu |title=Highest Grossing Films in Indian Cinema Ever: PK At $106 Million And Dhoom 3 At $89 Million |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/anuraghunathan/2015/04/20/highest-grossing-films-in-indian-cinema-everpk-at-106-million-and-dhoom-3-at-89-million/ |access-date=27 January 2022 |work=Forbes |date=20 April 2015 |archive-date=27 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127212129/https://www.forbes.com/sites/anuraghunathan/2015/04/20/highest-grossing-films-in-indian-cinema-everpk-at-106-million-and-dhoom-3-at-89-million/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Career fluctuations (2014–2018) ===
Kaif's next appearance was in [[Siddharth Anand]]'s ''[[Bang Bang!]]'' (2014), a remake of the 2010 action comedy ''[[Knight and Day]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lalwani |first=Vickey |title=Hrithik prepping up for Knight and Day remake |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Hrithik-prepping-up-for-Knight-and-Day-remake/articleshow/18441696.cms |access-date=26 September 2013 |work=The Times of India |date=11 February 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905031120/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Hrithik-prepping-up-for-Knight-and-Day-remake/articleshow/18441696.cms |archive-date= 5 September 2014}}</ref> She played a bank receptionist who is unwittingly caught up with a secret agent (Hrithik Roshan). Raja Sen of Rediff.com disliked her performance, describing it as "insufferable".<ref>{{cite web |last=Sen |first=Raja |title=Review: Bang Bang is loud, dumb, exhausting |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-bang-bang-is-loud-dumb-exhausting/20141002.htm |date=2 October 2014 |work=Rediff.com |access-date=4 October 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004042138/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-bang-bang-is-loud-dumb-exhausting/20141002.htm |archive-date= 4 October 2014}}</ref> The film was commercially successful, though financial analysts observed that it had failed to meet box-office expectations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mumbai 125KM And Sonali Cable Dull Bang Bang Is Semi Hit |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/mumbai125kmandsonalicabledullbangbangissemihit#.VEIIHfmUeSo |date=18 October 2014 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=18 October 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021112147/http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/mumbai125kmandsonalicabledullbangbangissemihit |archive-date=21 October 2014}}</ref> Kaif's sole appearance of 2015 was with Saif Ali Khan in Kabir Khan's Mumbai-based [[Aftermath of the 2008 Mumbai attacks|post 26/11]] [[counter-terrorism]] drama ''[[Phantom (2015 film)|Phantom]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=After Phantom, Kabir Khan's Bajrangi Bhaijaan to kick start on November 3 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2692973/After-Phantom%2C-Kabir-Khan%27s-Bajrangi-Bhaijaan-to-kick-start-on-November-3 |access-date=1 November 2014 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=1 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103145619/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2692973/After-Phantom%2C-Kabir-Khan%27s-Bajrangi-Bhaijaan-to-kick-start-on-November-3 |archive-date= 3 November 2014}}</ref> To prepare for the role of former RAW agent Nawaz Mistry, Kaif learned some [[Arabic]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Baksi |first1=Dibyojyoti |title=Katrina Kaif learns Arabic for Phantom |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/katrina-kaif-learns-arabic-for-phantom/article1-1178623.aspx |access-date=22 January 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=31 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129020633/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/katrina-kaif-learns-arabic-for-phantom/article1-1178623.aspx |archive-date=29 January 2015}}</ref> ''Phantom'' and Kaif's two releases the following year—''[[Fitoor]]'' and ''[[Baar Baar Dekho (film)|Baar Baar Dekho]]''—were commercial failures.<ref>{{cite web |title=Phantom |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2979 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=22 January 2022 |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516151055/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2979 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Thakur |first=Charu |title=Baar Baar Dekho to Fitoor: 2016's glossy films which sank without a trace |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/baar-baar-dekho-sidharth-katrina-mohenjo-daro-fitoor-ki-and-ka-2016-flop-films-340617-2016-09-12 |access-date=11 October 2016 |work=India Today |date=12 September 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011230640/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/baar-baar-dekho-sidharth-katrina-mohenjo-daro-fitoor-ki-and-ka-2016-flop-films/1/762438.html |archive-date=11 October 2016}}</ref> [[Abhishek Kapoor]]'s ''Fitoor'' is an adaptation of [[Charles Dickens]]' ''[[Great Expectations]]'' in which Kaif played a role based on [[Estella (Great Expectations)|Estella Havisham]] along with [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] and [[Aditya Roy Kapur]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Prashar |first=Chandni |title=Katrina Kaif, Aditya Roy Kapur Fight Kashmir Chill With Fitoor Kiss |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/katrina-kaif-aditya-roy-kapur-fight-kashmir-chill-with-fitoor-kiss-736871 |publisher=NDTV |date=4 February 2015|access-date=9 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311032701/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/katrina-kaif-aditya-roy-kapur-fight-kashmir-chill-with-fitoor-kiss-736871|archive-date=11 March 2015}}</ref> Namrata Joshi found Kaif good in scenes where she dances, smiles or flirts, but inadequate in dramatic parts.<ref>{{cite news |last=Joshi |first=Namrata |title=Fitoor doesn't live up to expectations |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/fitoor-doesnt-live-up-to-expectations/article8235812.ece|access-date=11 October 2016 |work=The Hindu |date=14 February 2016|archive-date=22 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222182638/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/fitoor-doesnt-live-up-to-expectations/article8235812.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Suresh Mathew of [[The Quint]] observed that the poor critical and commercial reception of ''Fitoor'' was particularly significant for Kaif, as unlike her contemporaries at this time, she failed to carry a film on her own, and her performance was panned.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathew |first=Suresh |date=16 February 2016 |title=What the Failure of 'Fitoor' Means for Katrina Kaif |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/what-the-failure-of-fitoor-means-for-katrina-kaif |access-date=31 January 2025 |website=[[The Quint]]}}</ref> She was paired with [[Sidharth Malhotra]] in [[Nitya Mehra]]'s science-fiction romance ''Baar Baar Dekho''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Not 'Kal Jisne Dekha', Katrina Kaif-Sidharth Malhotra's film gets a new title |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-not-kal-jisne-dekha-katrina-kaif-sidharth-malhotra-s-film-gets-a-new-title-2120899 |access-date=27 September 2015 |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=1 September 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928225206/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-not-kal-jisne-dekha-katrina-kaif-sidharth-malhotra-s-film-gets-a-new-title-2120899 |archive-date=28 September 2015}}</ref> Shubhra Gupta of ''The Indian Express'' found Kaif expressionless but praised her and Malhotra's energetic dance number in "Kala Chashma", which amassed over one billion views on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Shubhra |title=Baar Baar Dekho review: This Katrina Kaif, Sidharth Malhotra romance is feeble |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/baar-baar-dekho-movie-review-katrina-kaif-sidharth-malhotra-star-rating-3022245/ |access-date=23 January 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=6 June 2020 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418195459/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/baar-baar-dekho-movie-review-katrina-kaif-sidharth-malhotra-star-rating-3022245/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Kala Chashma' featuring Katrina Kaif hits 1 billion views on YouTube |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/813204-kala-chashma-featuring-katrina-kaif-hits-1-billion-views-on-youtube |access-date=23 January 2022 |work=[[The News International]] |date=1 April 2021 |archive-date=23 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123122033/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/813204-kala-chashma-featuring-katrina-kaif-hits-1-billion-views-on-youtube |url-status=live}}</ref> Also in 2016, she joined other Indian celebrities for the "Dream Team Tour", where they performed in various American cities.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shekhar |first=Mimansa |date=26 August 2016 |title=Alia Bhatt, Katrina Kaif, Sidharth Malhotra's Dream Team signs off with the ultimate booth photo, see pics |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/alia-bhatt-katrina-kaif-sidharth-malhotras-dream-team-signs-off-booth-photo-2991995/|url-status=live|access-date=11 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011230840/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/alia-bhatt-katrina-kaif-sidharth-malhotras-dream-team-signs-off-booth-photo-2991995/ |work=The Indian Express|archive-date=11 October 2016}}</ref>

[[File:Katrina at IIFA 2017 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|upright|Kaif at the [[18th IIFA Awards]] in 2017|alt=Katrina Kaif looking to her right]]

Kaif next acted opposite Ranbir Kapoor in [[Anurag Basu]]'s comedy-adventure ''[[Jagga Jasoos]]''. The film was released in 2017 after delays caused by changes in the script and multiple reshoots.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jagga Jasoos: Twists, turns and another release date |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/jagga-jasoos-ranbir-kapoor-katrina-kaif-twists-turns-and-another-release-date/20170524.htm |access-date=3 August 2017 |date=24 May 2017 |work=Rediff.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803212234/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/jagga-jasoos-ranbir-kapoor-katrina-kaif-twists-turns-and-another-release-date/20170524.htm |archive-date=3 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The film opened to a mixed critical response and was a commercial disappointment.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anurag-basu-on-jagga-jasoos-failure-4768232/ |title=Anurag Basu on Jagga Jasoos failure: Rejection paves path for my next, promise won't disappoint you |last=Kamleshwari |first=A. |work=The Indian Express |date=26 July 2017|access-date=1 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171103232729/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anurag-basu-on-jagga-jasoos-failure-4768232/|archive-date=3 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Mayank Shekhar]] from ''[[Mid-Day]]'' praised Kaif and Kapoor for being confident before the camera,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/jagga-jasoos-movie-review-film-rating-ranbir-kapoor-katrina-kaif-anurag-basu-bollywood-news/18423172 |title=Jagga Jasoos Movie Review: Ranbir Kapoor and Katrina Kaif shine before camera |date=14 July 2017 |work=Mid-Day|access-date=30 April 2018 |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171221115928/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/jagga-jasoos-movie-review-film-rating-ranbir-kapoor-katrina-kaif-anurag-basu-bollywood-news/18423172|archive-date=21 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> but [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of NDTV noted Kaif's failed attempt to hold her own against Kapoor.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Saibal |title=Jagga Jasoos Movie Review: Ranbir Kapoor Does The Heavy Lifting, Katrina Kaif Plays Second Fiddle |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jagga-jasoos-movie-review-ranbir-kapoor-does-the-heavy-lifting-katrina-kaif-plays-second-fiddle-1724703 |publisher=NDTV |access-date=22 January 2022 |date=20 March 2019 |archive-date=8 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808044412/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jagga-jasoos-movie-review-ranbir-kapoor-does-the-heavy-lifting-katrina-kaif-plays-second-fiddle-1724703 |url-status=live}}</ref> In the same year, Kaif reteamed with Salman Khan, reprising the role of [[Zoya (YRF Spy Universe)|Zoya]] in Ali Abbas Zafar's action thriller ''[[Tiger Zinda Hai]]'', a sequel to the 2012 film ''Ek Tha Tiger''. The film premiered on the [[Christmas]] weekend to strong box office collections, eventually grossing over {{INRConvert|5.6|b}} worldwide to rank as her highest-grossing release.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/tiger-zinda-hai-first-look-salman-khan-katrina-kaif-1066839-2017-10-18 |title=Tiger Zinda Hai first look: Salman Khan's brooding appearance makes for the perfect Diwali gift |last=Palat |first=Lakshana L |work=India Today |date=18 October 2017|access-date=1 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024214517/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/tiger-zinda-hai-first-look-salman-khan-katrina-kaif/1/1070890.html|archive-date=24 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="alltime">{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/all-time/ |title=Bollywood Top Grossers Worldwide: All Time |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128100840/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/all-time/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Rachit Gupta wrote that Kaif compensated for her limited dialogue by convincingly performing the scenes with [[hand-to-hand combat]] and gun fights, calling it "invigorating to see a lady kick-ass with so much élan and pull all the punches like they're real".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/tiger-zinda-hai-movie-review-slick-and-smart-25773.html |title=Movie Review: Tiger Zinda Hai |work=Filmfare|access-date=25 December 2017 |last=Gupta |first=Rachit|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226020812/https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/tiger-zinda-hai-movie-review-slick-and-smart-25773.html|archive-date=26 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> A [[BBC]] article by Shubhra Gupta on Bollywood's objectification of female characters found Kaif's status as an action heroine refreshing.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gupta |first1=Shubhra |title=Bollywood's troubled relationship with women |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-42743558 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=5 February 2022 |location=Delhi, India |date=31 January 2018 |archive-date=1 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101082510/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-42743558 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Kaif's two releases in 2018—the period action-adventure film ''[[Thugs of Hindostan]]'' and the romantic comedy-drama ''[[Zero (2018 film)|Zero]]''—were made on lucrative budgets. Despite being among the most anticipated releases that year, both films were unsuccessful at the box office.<ref>{{cite news |title=Can the Bollywood Khans stage a comeback? |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/can-the-bollywood-khans-stage-a-comeback/cid/1681755 |date=14 January 2019 |work=The Telegraph |author=Dua, Aarti |access-date=16 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116201052/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/can-the-bollywood-khans-stage-a-comeback/cid/1681755 |archive-date=16 January 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TOH">{{cite news |title=Katrina Kaif on Thugs Of Hindostan failure: It was not my film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/katrina-kaif-on-thugs-of-hindostan-failure-it-was-not-my-film-1458719-2019-02-18 |access-date=21 January 2022 |work=India Today |date=18 February 2019 |archive-date=21 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121214258/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/katrina-kaif-on-thugs-of-hindostan-failure-it-was-not-my-film-1458719-2019-02-18 |url-status=live}}</ref> With respect to the failure of the former, Kaif admitted to have not invested much in the project due to her limited screen time.<ref name="TOH" /> In [[Aanand L Rai]]'s ''Zero'', she reunited with Shah Rukh Khan and [[Anushka Sharma]] after ''Jab Tak Hai Jaan''. Kaif was initially hesitant about accepting the part of a second female lead but eventually agreed after Khan and Rai insisted.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chauhan |first1=Soumyata |title=Katrina Kaif reveals why she agreed to do 'Zero' despite having lesser screen-time – Watch Exclusive Interview |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/interview-katrina-kaif-reveals-why-she-agreed-to-do-zero-despite-having-lesser-screen-time-watch-exclusive-interview-2697591 |access-date=21 January 2022 |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=18 December 2018 |archive-date=21 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121220337/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/interview-katrina-kaif-reveals-why-she-agreed-to-do-zero-despite-having-lesser-screen-time-watch-exclusive-interview-2697591 |url-status=live}}</ref> Though ''Zero'' received mixed reviews from critics, Kaif's portrayal of an alcoholic actress earned her critical praise;<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vashist |first1=Neha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/katrina-kaif-is-the-surprise-element-of-aanand-l-rai-directorial-zero/articleshow/67191729.cms |title=Katrina Kaif is the surprise element of Aanand L. Rai directorial 'Zero' |website=The Times of India |date=21 December 2018 |access-date=21 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222004246/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/katrina-kaif-is-the-surprise-element-of-aanand-l-rai-directorial-zero/articleshow/67191729.cms|archive-date=22 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Udita Jhunjhunwala of ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]'' credited her for delivering "what could be considered her most authentic performance".<ref>{{cite news |author=Jhunjhunwala, Udita |url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/TlxM9eycHLcXlqL2yAyoXJ/Movie-review-Zero-a-stunted-love-story-that-stalls-at-lift.html |title=Zero movie review: A love story that stalls at lift off |work=Mint |date=22 December 2018|access-date=13 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223130700/https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/TlxM9eycHLcXlqL2yAyoXJ/Movie-review-Zero-a-stunted-love-story-that-stalls-at-lift.html|archive-date=23 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Calling her one of Bollywood's "scene stealers" in 2018, Sukanya Verma thought Kaif was a "revelation" and her "constantly crying eyes, poker-faced cynicism and wholehearted submission to demeaning impulses underscore the fragility under the furore".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Verma |first1=Sukanya |title=Bollywood's scene stealers, 2018 |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/special/bollywoods-scene-stealers-2018/20181224.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=23 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108100721/https://www.rediff.com/movies/special/bollywoods-scene-stealers-2018/20181224.htm |archive-date=8 November 2020 |date=24 December 2018}}</ref> For ''Zero'', she received a [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female|Zee Cine Award for Best Supporting Actress]] and a Filmfare nomination [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|in the same category]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Katrina Kaif Awards |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Katrina-Kaif/awards |access-date=21 January 2022 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=22 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122202354/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Katrina-Kaif/awards |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-64th-vimal-filmfare-awards-2019_-32898-1.html |title=Nominations for the 64th Vimal Filmfare Awards 2019 |work=Filmfare |date=12 March 2019 |access-date=13 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316052927/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-64th-vimal-filmfare-awards-2019_-32898-1.html |archive-date=16 March 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Resurgence (2019–present)===
[[File:Salman Khan & Katrina Kaif in 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Kaif and her frequent co-star [[Salman Khan]], pictured promoting ''[[Bharat (film)|Bharat]]'' in 2019]]

In 2019, Kaif once again collaborated with Salman Khan and Ali Abbas Zafar in the drama ''[[Bharat (film)|Bharat]]'', an adaptation of the South Korean film ''[[Ode to My Father]]'' (2014). Kaif replaced [[Priyanka Chopra]] in the role of an engineer who falls in love with Khan's character.<ref>{{cite news |title=Katrina Kaif replaces Priyanka Chopra in Bharat |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/010818/katrina-kaif-replaces-priyanka-chopra-in-bharat.html |date=1 August 2018 |work=Deccan Chronicle |author=Jha, Subhash K |access-date=29 July 2020 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729105904/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/010818/katrina-kaif-replaces-priyanka-chopra-in-bharat.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Kaif rejected media speculation that she accepted the part as a favour for her friend Khan and cited her appreciation of the script.<ref>{{cite news |title=Katrina Kaif reveals why she signed Salman Khan-starrer 'Bharat' |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/459497-katrina-kaif-reveals-why-she-signed-salman-khan-starrer-bharat |access-date=22 January 2022 |work=[[The News International]] |date=18 April 2019 |archive-date=18 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418073802/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/459497-katrina-kaif-reveals-why-she-signed-salman-khan-starrer-bharat |url-status=live}}</ref> ''Bharat'' became one of the [[List of Bollywood films of 2019#Box office collection|highest-grossing Hindi films of 2019]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/box-office/bharat-box-office-collection-day-22-salman-khan-film-breaches-rs-325-crore-mark-worldwide/story/359320.html |title=Bharat Box Office Collection Day 22: Salman Khan's film breaches Rs 325-crore mark worldwide |website=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]|access-date=2 July 2019|archive-date=2 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702162011/https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/box-office/bharat-box-office-collection-day-22-salman-khan-film-breaches-rs-325-crore-mark-worldwide/story/359320.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> While reviews of the film were varied,<ref>{{cite news |title=Katrina Kaif: Zero and Bharat reviews made me realise if you give your all, it shows |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/katrina-kaif-zero-and-bharat-reviews-made-me-realise-if-you-give-your-all-it-shows-1601712-2019-09-21 |access-date=27 January 2022 |work=India Today |date=21 September 2019 |archive-date=22 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222221259/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/katrina-kaif-zero-and-bharat-reviews-made-me-realise-if-you-give-your-all-it-shows-1601712-2019-09-21 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mike McCahil of ''[[The Guardian]]'' noted the "well-tended chemistry" between Kaif and Khan and thought "the sincerity in her gaze" helped the audience ignore her character's questionable choices.<ref>{{cite news |last1=McCahill |first1=Mike |title=Bharat review – frenetic Salman Khan epic throws everything in the mixer |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/jun/06/bharat-review-frenetic-salman-khan-epic-throws-everything-at-it |access-date=22 January 2022 |work=The Guardian |date=6 June 2019 |archive-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115103348/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/jun/06/bharat-review-frenetic-salman-khan-epic-throws-everything-at-it |url-status=live}}</ref> Kaif's only 2020 film would have been [[Rohit Shetty]]'s ''[[Sooryavanshi]]'' alongside Akshay Kumar, but the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]] caused it several delays until its final November{{nbsp}}2021 release.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 September 2021 |title=Rohit Shetty confirms 'Sooryavanshi' to release on Diwali after meet with Maharashtra CM Uddhav Thackeray |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rohit-shetty-confirms-sooryavanshi-to-release-on-diwali-after-meet-with-maharashtra-cm-uddhav-thackeray/articleshow/86507526.cms|access-date=22 January 2022|archive-date=25 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925120351/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rohit-shetty-confirms-sooryavanshi-to-release-on-diwali-after-meet-with-maharashtra-cm-uddhav-thackeray/articleshow/86507526.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> An admirer of Shetty's larger-than-life directing style, Kaif played the wife of Kumar's character.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Iyer |first1=Meena |title=Katrina Kaif: Don't think Salman Khan will let 'Inshallah' clash with 'Sooryavanshi' |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/interview-katrina-kaif-don-t-think-salman-khan-will-let-inshallah-clash-with-sooryavanshi-2743202 |access-date=22 January 2022 |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=26 April 2019 |archive-date=24 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724004940/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/interview-katrina-kaif-don-t-think-salman-khan-will-let-inshallah-clash-with-sooryavanshi-2743202 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''Sooryavanshi'' was a box-office success, briefly becoming India's highest-grossing film of the year.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sooryavanshi |date=5 November 2021 |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/sooryavanshi |publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=23 January 2022 |archive-date=2 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202112638/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/sooryavanshi |url-status=live}}</ref> Kaif next played a ghost in the comedy horror film ''[[Phone Bhoot (2022 film)|Phone Bhoot]]'' (2022), opposite [[Siddhant Chaturvedi]] and [[Ishaan Khatter]]. Reviewers from ''The Indian Express'' and ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' were unimpressed with her comedic timing.<ref>{{cite news |title=''Phone Bhoot'' movie review: Katrina Kaif-Ishaan-Siddhant film is painfully unfunny |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/phone-bhoot-movie-review-katrina-kaif-ishaan-siddhant-chaturvedi-8249259/ |access-date=4 November 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=4 November 2022 |archive-date=4 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104083038/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/phone-bhoot-movie-review-katrina-kaif-ishaan-siddhant-chaturvedi-8249259/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Jaiswal |first1=Pooja Biraia |title=''Phone Bhoot'' review: A horror comedy that is neither funny nor scary |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2022/11/04/phone-bhoot-review-a-horror-comedy-that-is-neither-funny-nor-scary.html |access-date=4 November 2022 |work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |date=4 November 2022 |archive-date=4 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104154109/https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2022/11/04/phone-bhoot-review-a-horror-comedy-that-is-neither-funny-nor-scary.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Kaif next reprised her role as Zoya in ''[[Tiger 3]]'' (2023), as part of the [[YRF Spy Universe]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=4 March 2022 |title=Salman Khan and Katrina Kaif ready to roar in theatres with Tiger 3 on Eid 2023, watch power-packed announcement |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/salman-khan-katrina-kaif-ready-roar-theatres-tiger-3-eid-2023-watch-power-packed-announcement/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=4 March 2022 |archive-date=4 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304213504/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/salman-khan-katrina-kaif-ready-roar-theatres-tiger-3-eid-2023-watch-power-packed-announcement/ |url-status=live}}</ref> She considered the two-month physical training to perform her stunts in the film to be the most challenging of her career.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Naman |title=Katrina Kaif on 'Tiger 3': 'Such Sequences May Not Have Been Attempted by a Woman Before' |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/katrina-kaif-tiger-3-hammam-1235780978/ |work=Variety |access-date=15 November 2023 |date=6 November 2023 |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110095120/https://variety.com/2023/film/news/katrina-kaif-tiger-3-hammam-1235780978/ |url-status=live}}</ref> A reviewer in critic [[Roger Ebert]]'s website wrote that Kaif "gets to steal a couple of scenes", in particular a combat sequence in a bathhouse, while maintaining a superior allure with a gun compared to her co-star Salman Khan.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Abrams |first1=Simon |title=''Tiger 3'' movie review & film summary (2023) |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/tiger-3-film-review-2023 |website=[[RogerEbert.com]] |access-date=13 November 2023 |language=en |date=13 November 2023 |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113144504/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/tiger-3-film-review-2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''Tiger 3'' had the biggest opening weekend of Kaif's career, and went on to gross over {{INRConvert|4.6|b}} worldwide.<ref name="alltime"/>

In 2024, Kaif starred with [[Vijay Sethupathi]] in [[Sriram Raghavan]]'s thriller ''[[Merry Christmas (2024 film)|Merry Christmas]]'', about two strangers who connect on Christmas Eve. Two versions of the film were shot, one in Hindi and the other in [[Tamil language|Tamil]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Katrina Kaif went through 'torture process' doing Tamil version of Merry Christmas, told Sriram Raghavan to 'take another girl' instead |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/katrina-kaif-went-through-torture-process-doing-tamil-version-of-merry-christmas-told-sriram-raghavan-to-take-another-girl-instead-9102822/ |access-date=12 January 2024 |work=The Indian Express |date=10 January 2024 |archive-date=12 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112071719/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/katrina-kaif-went-through-torture-process-doing-tamil-version-of-merry-christmas-told-sriram-raghavan-to-take-another-girl-instead-9102822/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Kaif described the process of filming the Tamil version as particularly difficult, as she did not understand the language.<ref>{{cite web |title=Katrina Kaif was Devastated when she was told that Merry Christmas would also be shot in Tamil: "I thought Sriram Raghavan would forget about it; I went home and cried. I came to the sets next day and cried again" |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/katrina-kaif-devastated-told-merry-christmas-also-shot-tamil-thought-sriram-raghavan-forget-went-home-cried-came-sets-next-day/ |access-date=12 January 2024 |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=27 December 2023 |archive-date=19 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119185037/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/katrina-kaif-devastated-told-merry-christmas-also-shot-tamil-thought-sriram-raghavan-forget-went-home-cried-came-sets-next-day/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Writing for ''[[Scroll.in]]'', Jhunjhunwala praised the chemistry between Sethupathi and her, and added that "Kaif captures Maria's fragility and cheerfulness with an openness that is rare to find in her performances".<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2024 |last=Jhunjhunwala |first=Udita |title='Merry Christmas' review: An intriguing yarn of love and darkness |website=Scroll.in |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1061885/merry-christmas-review-an-intriguing-yarn-of-love-and-darkness |access-date=12 January 2024 |archive-date=25 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925215346/https://scroll.in/reel/1061885/merry-christmas-review-an-intriguing-yarn-of-love-and-darkness |url-status=live }}</ref> The film failed commercially despite its positive critical reception.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaushal |first=Sweta |title=India Box Office: 'Merry Christmas' Has A Dismal Show |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/swetakaushal/2024/01/20/india-box-office-merry-christmas-has-a-dismal-show/ |access-date=20 February 2024 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en |archive-date=20 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320032646/https://www.forbes.com/sites/swetakaushal/2024/01/20/india-box-office-merry-christmas-has-a-dismal-show/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
[[File:Katrina Kaif and Vicky Kaushal snapped at the birthday celebrations of Dharma Productions CEO Apoorva Mehta (20).jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Kaif with her husband [[Vicky Kaushal]] in 2022]]

Kaif has a close relationship with her family, and the lack of a father figure in her life has given her a sense of responsibility towards them.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Jahagirdar-Saxena |first=Shraddha |date=6 June 2013 |title=View From The Top |url=http://www.verveonline.com/121/people/katrina.shtml|url-status=dead |journal=[[Verve (Indian magazine)|Verve]] |volume=21 |issue=6|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714183415/http://www.verveonline.com/121/people/katrina.shtml|archive-date=14 July 2014|access-date=25 June 2014}}</ref> While Kaif's mother is Christian and her father is Muslim, Kaif says she was allowed to practise a faith of her choice and is a "firm believer in God".<ref>{{cite news |last=Gupta |first=Priya |date=29 March 2015 |title=Katrina Kaif: We have a mandir at our home |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Katrina-Kaif-We-have-a-mandir-at-our-home/articleshow/46726227.cms|url-status=live|access-date=29 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329202651/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Katrina-Kaif-We-have-a-mandir-at-our-home/articleshow/46726227.cms|archive-date=29 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Bamzai |first=Kaveree |date=5 December 2012 |title=Golden girl Katrina Kaif |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20121217-golden-girl-katrina-kaif-760937-2012-12-05|url-status=live|access-date=7 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714121906/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/golden-girl-katrina-kaif/1/236145.html|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> ''The Times of India'' reported in 2009 that she visits [[Siddhivinayak Temple, Mumbai|Siddhivinayak Temple]], [[Basilica of Our Lady of the Mount, Bandra|Mount Mary Church]], and [[Sufism|Sufi]] shrine [[Ajmer Sharif Dargah]] before her films are released.<ref>{{cite news |date=31 October 2009 |title=Unplugged: Katrina Kaif |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/people/Unplugged-Katrina-Kaif/articleshow/4791923.cms|url-status=live|access-date=7 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215052759/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/people/Unplugged-Katrina-Kaif/articleshow/4791923.cms|archive-date=15 February 2016}}</ref>

Kaif is reluctant to discuss her personal life, which has been the subject of media attention in India. "I have always believed that there is life before marriage and after marriage. Before marriage...you are termed a single woman and I choose to conduct that part of my life with absolute dignity and discretion."<ref>{{cite news |last=Jamkhandikar |first=Shilpa |title='I don't want my kids to know how many boyfriends I had' |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-i-dont-want-my-kids-to-know-how-many-boyfriends-i-had-1138453 |access-date=25 June 2014 |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=11 December 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203922/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-i-dont-want-my-kids-to-know-how-many-boyfriends-i-had-1138453 |archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref>

Although rumours of a relationship with actor [[Salman Khan]] emerged in 2003,<ref name="beautiful" /> it was not until years after their break-up that Kaif spoke of it, calling it her first serious relationship.<ref>{{cite news |title=Salman was my first serious relationship: Katrina Kaif |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/tabloid/salman-was-my-first-serious-relationship-katrina-kaif/story-AVsYMARO64Duw189Lbm98N.html |access-date=6 December 2016 |work=Hindustan Times |date=7 December 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220094600/http://www.hindustantimes.com/tabloid/salman-was-my-first-serious-relationship-katrina-kaif/story-AVsYMARO64Duw189Lbm98N.html |archive-date=20 December 2016}}</ref> They have remained friends, and she credits Khan for giving her confidence and guidance.<ref>{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Prashant |title=I am Katrina's bodyguard: Salman Khan |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/archives/i-am-katrina-s-bodyguard-salman-khan/article1-734610.aspx |access-date=10 July 2014 |work=Hindustan Times |date=19 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714122509/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/archives/i-am-katrina-s-bodyguard-salman-khan/article1-734610.aspx |archive-date=14 July 2014}} {{cite news |title=Salman believed in me: Katrina |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/salman-believed-in-me-katrina-72821-2010-04-26 |access-date=25 June 2014 |work=India Today |date=27 April 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714215118/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Salman%20believed%20in%20me%3A%20Katrina/1/94790.html |archive-date=14 July 2014}} {{cite news |last=Choudhary |first=Anuradha |title="Salman's been a huge influence" – Katrina Kaif |url=http://www.filmfare.com/interviews/salmans-been-a-huge-influence-katrina-kaif-2787.html |access-date=25 June 2014 |work=Filmfare |date=5 April 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811013355/http://www.filmfare.com/interviews/salmans-been-a-huge-influence-katrina-kaif-2787.html |archive-date=11 August 2014}}</ref> Kaif was linked to actor [[Ranbir Kapoor]] during the filming of ''Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ranbir Kapoor and Katrina Kaif: A timeline of their love life |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-and-katrina-kaif-a-timeline-of-their-love-life/story-26Ju77B1TDjdCt51NBdS0O.html |access-date=21 February 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=11 May 2015 |location=New Delhi |archive-date=21 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221163709/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-and-katrina-kaif-a-timeline-of-their-love-life/story-26Ju77B1TDjdCt51NBdS0O.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In August{{nbsp}}2013, photographs of Kapoor and Kaif on holidays were leaked by ''[[Stardust (magazine)|Stardust]]'' which were interpreted as confirmation of a romantic relationship.<ref>{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Harneet |title=Ranbir, Katrina's holiday photos: The anatomy of leaked pictures |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/ranbir-katrinas-holiday-photos-the-anatomy-of-leaked-pictures/1150009/0 |work=The Indian Express |date=2 August 2013 |access-date=27 January 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130804222635/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/ranbir-katrinas-holiday-photos-the-anatomy-of-leaked-pictures/1150009/0 |archive-date= 4 August 2013}}</ref> After the appearance of the photos, Kaif published an open letter stating that she was "upset, distressed and invaded" by the breach of privacy.<ref>{{cite news |title=An open letter to the media from Katrina Kaif |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/An-open-letter-to-the-media-from-Katrina-Kaif/articleshow/21528241.cms |access-date=25 June 2014 |work=The Times of India |date=2 August 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423124426/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/An-open-letter-to-the-media-from-Katrina-Kaif/articleshow/21528241.cms |archive-date=23 April 2014}}</ref> They broke up in early 2016.<ref>{{cite news |title=Did the break-up with Ranbir Kapoor cost Katrina Kaif an endorsement deal? |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-did-the-break-up-with-ranbir-kapoor-cost-katrina-kaif-an-endorsement-deal-2183398 |access-date=11 October 2016 |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=28 February 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027165511/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-did-the-break-up-with-ranbir-kapoor-cost-katrina-kaif-an-endorsement-deal-2183398 |archive-date=27 October 2016}}</ref>

Kaif married actor [[Vicky Kaushal]] on 9{{nbsp}}December{{nbsp}}2021 in a traditional [[Hindu wedding]] ceremony at Six Senses Resort, Fort Barwara in [[Sawai Madhopur]], [[Rajasthan]] whom she first met in early 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katrina Kaif And Vicky Kaushal Seek "Love And Blessings" – See Wedding Pics |work=NDTV |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/katrina-kaif-and-vicky-kaushal-are-married-see-pic-from-the-wedding-2644480|access-date=9 December 2021 |archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209170535/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/katrina-kaif-and-vicky-kaushal-are-married-see-pic-from-the-wedding-2644480|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Katrina and Vicky Kaushal wedding |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/designer-sabyasachi-mukherjee-reveals-katrina-kaif-vicky-kaushal-not-seen-others-outfits-till-wedding-day/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=13 December 2021 |access-date=14 December 2021 |archive-date=14 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214061114/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/designer-sabyasachi-mukherjee-reveals-katrina-kaif-vicky-kaushal-not-seen-others-outfits-till-wedding-day/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Their wedding was the subject of wide media coverage, making their official wedding pictures the most-liked post on [[Instagram]] in India at the time.<ref>{{cite web |title=Katrina Kaif-Vicky Kaushal's Marriage Post Gets 10 Million Likes; Beats Deepika Padukone, Anushka Sharma To Become Most-Liked Wedding Post |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/katrina-kaif-vicky-kaushals-marriage-post-gets-10-million-likes-beats-deepika-padukone-anushka-sharma-to-become-most-liked-wedding-post/articleshow/88212397.cms |publisher=[[Times of India]] |access-date=10 December 2021 |date=10 December 2021 |archive-date=25 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225214604/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/katrina-kaif-vicky-kaushals-marriage-post-gets-10-million-likes-beats-deepika-padukone-anushka-sharma-to-become-most-liked-wedding-post/articleshow/88212397.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Kaif and [[Vicky Kaushal|Kaushal]] welcomed their first child, a son named Vihaan Kaushal, on 7 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Katrina Kaif and Baby Are Stable, Say Hospital Sources|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/hospital-shares-health-update-of-katrina-kaif-and-her-newborn-baby-boy-9593876|date=7 November 2025|access-date=7 November 2025|website=NDTV|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Katrina Kaif and Vicky Kaushal announce baby boy's name, drop FIRST glimpse and express gratitude, here's what 'Vihaan' means - PIC INSIDE|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/katrina-kaif-and-vicky-kaushal-announce-baby-boys-name-drop-first-glimpse-and-express-gratitude-heres-what-vihaan-means-pic-inside/articleshow/126393399.cms|access-date=2026-01-07|website=The Times of India|date=7 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

== Off-screen work ==
Kaif supports various causes and charitable organisations. She has garnered praise from ''The Times of India'' for maintaining a low-profile about her philanthropic work.<ref>{{cite news |title=Katrina Kaif's humanitarian side will make you respect her even more – Katrina Kaif: Lesser known facts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/katrina-kaif-lesser-known-facts/katrina-kaifs-humanitarian-side-will-make-you-respect-her-even-more/photostory/65180159.cms |access-date=21 February 2022 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=21 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221161428/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/katrina-kaif-lesser-known-facts/katrina-kaifs-humanitarian-side-will-make-you-respect-her-even-more/photostory/65180159.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Kaif is actively involved with Relief Projects India, a [[charitable trust]] run by her mother which works in furthering the cause of underprivileged children, including providing quality education, rehabilitating and educating orphans and working to prevent female [[infanticide]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Sinha |first=Seema |date=23 January 2011 |title=Touching lives |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/people/Touching-lives/articleshow/7127277.cms|url-status=live|access-date=8 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215052740/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/people/Touching-lives/articleshow/7127277.cms|archive-date=15 February 2016}} {{cite news |title=Katrina Kaif and mother are helping Tamil Nadu school for underprivileged |work=Mid Day |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/katrina-kaif-and-mother-are-helping-tamil-nadu-school-for-underprivileged-19644195|url-status=live|access-date=9 April 2022|archive-date=9 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409174302/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/katrina-kaif-and-mother-are-helping-tamil-nadu-school-for-underprivileged-19644195}}</ref><ref name="RTI">{{cite news |date=19 March 2018 |title=Katrina Kaif named ambassador of Educate Girls |newspaper=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/katrina-kaif-named-ambassador-of-educate-girls-118031901048_1.html |access-date=9 April 2022 |publisher=Business-Standard |archive-date=9 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409164659/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/katrina-kaif-named-ambassador-of-educate-girls-118031901048_1.html |url-status=live}}</ref> She donates a sum of her earnings annually to the fund and her winnings from the game shows ''[[10 Ka Dum]]'' and ''[[Kaun Banega Crorepati]]'' were donated to her mother's Mercy Home orphanage.<ref name = "RTI" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |date=26 October 2009 |title=Katrina to appear on TV shows to fund mom's charity |work=Mid-Day |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/katrina-to-appear-on-tv-shows-to-fund-moms-charity/61427|url-status=live|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714135115/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/katrina-to-appear-on-tv-shows-to-fund-moms-charity/61427|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> To raise funds for a new school built by her mother's charity in [[Madurai]], she recorded ''[[Rhyme Skool with Katrina Kaif|Rhyme Skool]]'' (2010), an album of nursery rhymes composed by [[A. R. Rahman]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Astbury |first=Will |date=27 April 2010 |title=Katrina Kaif records charity album |url=http://www.digitalspy.com/bollywood/news/a216739/katrina-kaif-records-charity-album.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226111615/http://www.digitalspy.com/bollywood/news/a216739/katrina-kaif-records-charity-album.html|archive-date=26 December 2014|access-date=8 June 2014 |publisher=[[Digital Spy]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2 August 2012 |title=Katrina Kaif to sing for AR Rahman? |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/katrina-kaif-to-sing-for-ar-rahman/article1-907000.aspx|url-status=dead|access-date=8 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714172448/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/katrina-kaif-to-sing-for-ar-rahman/article1-907000.aspx|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref><ref name = "FF charitable" /> Kaif has also donated clothes and personal belongings to raise funds for a [[prenatal care]] unit in the Claretian Mercy Home in Madurai.<ref>{{cite news |title=Katrina Kaif believes that charity begins at home |url=https://www.femina.in/achievers/people/katrina-kaif-believes-charity-begins-at-home-23986.html |access-date=10 April 2022 |work=Femina India |url-status=live |archive-date=21 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221153351/https://www.femina.in/achievers/people/katrina-kaif-believes-charity-begins-at-home-23986.html}}</ref>

[[File:Katrina Kaif ambassador for Educate Girls.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|alt=A woman dressed in a red dress tshirt and blue jeans with white sneakers|Kaif at an event for [[Educate Girls]] in 2018]]

Kaif has been vocal about [[gender equality]], [[domestic violence]] and [[women's empowerment]].<ref name="feminism">{{cite news |title=Katrina Kaif discusses violence against women and gender inequality in India |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/magazine/instep-today/172153-Katrina-Kaif-discusses-violence-against-women-and-gender-inequality-in-India |access-date=21 February 2022 |work=The News International |date=12 February 2016 |archive-date=21 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221145558/https://www.thenews.com.pk/magazine/instep-today/172153-Katrina-Kaif-discusses-violence-against-women-and-gender-inequality-in-India |url-status=live}} {{cite news |last1=Vaidya |first1=Rujuta |title=Katrina Kaif On Marital Rape & Woman Empowerment |url=https://www.vogue.in/content/need-know-katrina-kaif-said-marital-rape |access-date=21 February 2022 |work=[[Vogue India]] |date=7 December 2016 |archive-date=18 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518110408/http://www.vogue.in/content/need-know-katrina-kaif-said-marital-rape/ |url-status=live}} {{cite web |title=Katrina Kaif champions right to quality education and gender equality among young girls in rural India |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/katrina-kaif-champions-right-to-quality-education-and-gender-equality-among-young-girls-in-rural-india/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=21 February 2022 |date=15 October 2020 |archive-date=21 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221172238/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/katrina-kaif-champions-right-to-quality-education-and-gender-equality-among-young-girls-in-rural-india/ |url-status=live}} {{cite news |date=14 May 2020 |title=I am the voice of the many victims of domestic abuse which are going unheard: Katrina Kaif joins the battle against domestic violence |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/i-am-the-voice-of-the-many-victims-of-domestic-abuse-which-are-going-unheard-katrina-kaif-joins-the-battle-against-domestic-violence/articleshow/75736212.cms |access-date=22 March 2022 |newspaper=The Times of India |archive-date=22 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322220948/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/i-am-the-voice-of-the-many-victims-of-domestic-abuse-which-are-going-unheard-katrina-kaif-joins-the-battle-against-domestic-violence/articleshow/75736212.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> She has emphasised the role of education in the fight against gender inequality and [[violence against women]].<ref>{{cite news |date=7 December 2016 |title=Katrina Kaif: India got female head of state before UK, US. Still, we have gender inequality |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/katrina-kaif-un-weunite-gender-inequality-feminism-jagga-jasoos-356091-2016-12-07 |access-date=15 April 2022 |newspaper=India Today |archive-date=16 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416094008/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/katrina-kaif-un-weunite-gender-inequality-feminism-jagga-jasoos-356091-2016-12-07 |url-status=live}}</ref> Discussing [[gender pay gap]], she has spoken in favour of more big-budget, female-dominated films in Hindi cinema.<ref>{{cite web |title=Katrina Kaif reveals her views on gender disparity and female lead films |date=2 December 2019 |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/259727-katrina-kaif-reveals-her-views-on-gender-disparity-and-female-lead-films |publisher=Geo TV |access-date=21 February 2022 |archive-date=21 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221161542/https://www.geo.tv/latest/259727-katrina-kaif-reveals-her-views-on-gender-disparity-and-female-lead-films |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2010, Kaif was one of several celebrities who created promotional messages for Pearls Wave Trust, which campaigns against violence and abuse of women and girls.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-bollywood-celebrities-to-support-pearls-wave-intitiave-on-women-against-violence-1347298 |title=Bollywood celebrities to support Pearls Wave initiative on women against violence |work=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=3 February 2014 |date=13 February 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221030351/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-bollywood-celebrities-to-support-pearls-wave-intitiave-on-women-against-violence-1347298 |archive-date=21 February 2014}}</ref> She was invited as one of the speakers at the 2016 WeUnite conference, an event organised by [[UN Women]] as part of their Orange the World initiative for gender equality and women's empowerment.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 November 2016 |title=Coverage: UN Women Executive Director travels around the world to mark the 16 Days of Activism |url=https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2016/11/coverage-ed-phumzile-mlambo-ngcuka-travels-to-mark-the-16-days-of-activism |access-date=15 April 2022 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511113442/https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2016/11/coverage-ed-phumzile-mlambo-ngcuka-travels-to-mark-the-16-days-of-activism |url-status=live}}</ref>

Kaif has voiced her support for [[LGBT rights]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Katrina Kaif celebrates pride month in a special way |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/katrina-kaif-celebrates-pride-month-in-a-special-way-48673.html |publisher=Filmfare |date=4 June 2021 |access-date=16 April 2022 |archive-date=15 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615234536/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/katrina-kaif-celebrates-pride-month-in-a-special-way-48673.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and causes associated with cancer and children's education. She visited the Cancer Patients Aid Association to gift [[cancer survivor]]s and increase public awareness of [[Breast cancer|breast]] and [[cervical cancer]] in 2012.<ref>{{cite news |date=11 December 2012 |title=Katrina lends a hand to cancer cause |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/katrina-lends-a-pink-hand-to-cancer-cause-123978-2012-12-10|url-status=live|access-date=10 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714172702/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/katrina-lends-a-pink-hand-to-cancer-cause/1/237197.html|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> The following year, she appeared alongside other celebrities in a commercial, produced by the [[National Film Development Corporation of India]], to create awareness about children's education.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ranbir, Katrina, Imran, Anushka's educational anthem |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5473 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=7 September 2013 |access-date=23 April 2016 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426165423/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5473 |archive-date=26 April 2016}}</ref> Having been active with [[Being Human Foundation]] to help rehabilitate children living on the streets,<ref name="FF charitable" /> Kaif walked the ramp for charity as part of "Being Human" fashion show in 2009 and 2010.<ref>{{cite web |date=14 October 2009 |title=Bollywood actors walk ramp for charity in Mumbai |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/bollywood-actors-walk-ramp-for-charity-in-mumbai-news-bollywood-jkooudbaaecsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729120118/http://www.sify.com/movies/bollywood-actors-walk-ramp-for-charity-in-mumbai-news-bollywood-jkooudbaaecsi.html |archive-date=29 July 2014 |access-date=27 July 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=10 October 2010 |title=Bollywood actresses walk on ramp to collect funds for Salman Khan's charity |work=Daily News and Analysis |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-bollywood-actresses-walk-on-ramp-to-collect-funds-for-salman-khans-charity-1450573 |url-status=live |access-date=28 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808165639/http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-bollywood-actresses-walk-on-ramp-to-collect-funds-for-salman-khans-charity-1450573 |archive-date=8 August 2014}}</ref> In 2018, Kaif was named ambassador of [[Educate Girls]], a non-profit organisation that promotes and supports girls' education in the remotest and educationally challenged parts of India.<ref name="RTI" /> As part of her role as an ambassador, she visited a remote village in [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref name = "RTI" />

In 2019, she launched the #Kare initiatives, a charitable program under her cosmetics' brand Kay Beauty in support of various social causes including employment of rural women.<ref>{{cite web |title=Katrina Kaif's Kay Beauty announces Kare social initiatives |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/katrina-kaifs-kay-beauty-announces-kare-social-initiatives/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=10 December 2019 |access-date=22 March 2022 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128125755/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/katrina-kaifs-kay-beauty-announces-kare-social-initiatives/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Katrina Kaif champions right to quality education and gender equality among young girls in rural India |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/katrina-kaif-champions-right-to-quality-education-and-gender-equality-among-young-girls-in-rural-india/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=15 October 2020 |access-date=22 March 2022 |archive-date=21 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221172238/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/katrina-kaif-champions-right-to-quality-education-and-gender-equality-among-young-girls-in-rural-india/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2007, Kaif joined the efforts of the [[United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime]] (UNODC) to curb [[human trafficking in India]].<ref>{{cite news |date=19 December 2007 |title=Top stars join war vs human trafficking |newspaper=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/cinema/Top-stars-join-war-vs-human-trafficking/Article1-264086.aspx |url-status=dead |access-date=7 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717083534/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/cinema/Top-stars-join-war-vs-human-trafficking/Article1-264086.aspx |archive-date=17 July 2012}}</ref> Kaif visited [[sepoy]]s in [[Jammu]] as part of [[NDTV]]'s reality program ''Jai Jawan'' (2011).<ref>{{cite web |date=12 August 2011 |title=PIX: Katrina Kaif visits jawans in Jammu |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-katrina-kaif-stunts-with-army/20110812.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714143301/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-katrina-kaif-stunts-with-army/20110812.htm |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=8 June 2014 |work=Rediff.com}}</ref> She also walked the ramp for designer [[Manish Malhotra]] and the Sachachari Foundation's annual charity fashion show in 2016.<ref name="FF charitable">{{cite web |title=Katrina Kaif shimmers on the ramp at Manish Malhotra's fashion show for Sahachari Foundation |url=https://www.firstpost.com/photos/katrina-kaif-shimmers-on-the-ramp-at-manish-malhotras-fashion-show-for-sahachari-foundation-2585396.html |work=Firstpost |date=15 June 2016 |access-date=16 April 2022 |archive-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003010826/https://www.firstpost.com/photos/katrina-kaif-shimmers-on-the-ramp-at-manish-malhotras-fashion-show-for-sahachari-foundation-2585396.html |url-status=live}}</ref> During the COVID-19 pandemic in India in 2020, she donated an undisclosed amount of money to [[PM CARES Fund]] and Maharashtra Chief Minister's Relief Fund, a relief effort against the outbreak, and funded small businesses of 100 dancers from the Hindi film industry.<ref>{{cite news |date=31 March 2020 |title=Priyanka Chopra-Nick Jonas, Katrina Kaif join fight against Covid-19, pledge donations to PM-CARES, CM relief fund |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/priyanka-chopra-nick-jonas-katrina-kaif-join-fight-against-covid-19-pledge-donations-to-pm-cares-cm-relief-fund/articleshow/74907529.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |access-date=23 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128045456/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/priyanka-chopra-nick-jonas-katrina-kaif-join-fight-against-covid-19-pledge-donations-to-pm-cares-cm-relief-fund/articleshow/74907529.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=28 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Exclusive! Katrina Kaif extends financial support to 100 Bollywood dancers, helping them to earn a living during Corona crisis |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/exclusive-katrina-kaif-extends-financial-support-to-100-bollywood-dancers-helping-them-to-earn-a-living-during-corona-crisis/articleshow/77432066.cms |work=The Times of India |date=10 August 2020 |access-date=15 April 2022 |archive-date=1 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101055404/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/exclusive-katrina-kaif-extends-financial-support-to-100-bollywood-dancers-helping-them-to-earn-a-living-during-corona-crisis/articleshow/77432066.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

== In the media ==
Kaif is considered among the most popular and high-profile celebrities in India.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cinema/100-years-of-indian-cinema/photo/top-actresses-of-bollywood-ever-367543-2012-05-01 |title=Top heroines of Bollywood |access-date=19 July 2013 |date=10 May 2013 |work=India Today |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928143948/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/gallery/top-actresses-of-bollywood-ever/9/7051.html |archive-date=28 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Her Bollywood success has sparked an influx of foreign talents hoping to establish themselves in the industry.<ref name="cream" /> According to an ''[[India Today]]'' article, despite her dissimilarity to a conventional Bollywood heroine, Kaif "turned every adversity into opportunity and climbed the slippery pole of stardom".<ref name="cream" /> Alia Waheed of ''The Guardian'' wrote that Kaif "fitted the new trend for a more modern image of the Bollywood heroine" through her Western style.<ref name="guardian">{{cite news |last1=Waheed |first1=Alia |title=Katrina Kaif: How Bollywood fell in love with a British unknown |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/dec/19/bollywood-belly-dance-british-star |access-date=20 January 2022 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=19 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610113222/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/dec/19/bollywood-belly-dance-british-star |archive-date=10 June 2021}}</ref> As part of a career analysis, Nivedita Mishra of ''Hindustan Times'' noted that despite her initial poor command of the Hindi language and an unsuccessful acting debut, Kaif later took on roles in films that highlighted her "charming and jovial" screen presence. Mishra further said Kaif established herself as one of India's highest-paid actresses by accepting her limitations, emphasising strengths as an artist and making smart choices.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Nivedita |date=16 July 2020 |title=Happy birthday Katrina Kaif: An outsider who became an insider |language=en |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/happy-birthday-katrina-kaif-an-outsider-who-became-an-insider/story-rQT9SSgeUfpA6MtOvokWHI.html|access-date=20 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515052013/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/happy-birthday-katrina-kaif-an-outsider-who-became-an-insider/story-rQT9SSgeUfpA6MtOvokWHI.html|archive-date=15 May 2021}}</ref> In response to being stereotyped, Kaif spoke of believing in herself and using it as a motivation to do what she likes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Katrina Kaif opens up about the being stereotyped |date=12 December 2019 |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/261493-katrina-kaif-opens-up-about-the-ster|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213165119/https://www.geo.tv/latest/261493-katrina-kaif-opens-up-about-the-ster|archive-date=13 December 2019|access-date=20 January 2022 |publisher=[[Jang Media Group|Geo TV]] |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Katrina Kaif promoting Sooryavanshi on KBC.jpg|thumb|Kaif at an event in 2021]]

Despite being a commercially successful film star, Kaif has received mixed reviews for her acting prowess.<ref>{{cite web |last=Vats |first=Rohit |title=Is Katrina Bollywood's lucky mascot? |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/is-katrina-bollywoods-lucky-mascot/183795-8-66.html |date=13 September 2011 |website=News18 |access-date=21 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205145526/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/is-katrina-bollywoods-lucky-mascot/183795-8-66.html |archive-date= 5 December 2013}}</ref> Writing for ''[[Firstpost]]'', Anuya Jakatdar suggested that Kaif should accept challenging parts instead of "coasting on her co-star's box office appeal" and criticised her inclination towards glamorous roles.<ref>{{cite web |last=Jakatdar |first=Anuya |title=A career tip for birthday Barbie Katrina Kaif: Learn to act |url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/a-career-tip-for-birthday-barbie-katrina-kaif-learn-to-act-959053.html |publisher=[[Firstpost]] |access-date=26 June 2014 |date=16 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924013452/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/a-career-tip-for-birthday-barbie-katrina-kaif-learn-to-act-959053.html |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> [[Khalid Mohamed]] of ''[[Khaleej Times]]'' similarly found her unwillingness to take risks by acting in [[independent film]]s a weakness.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mohamed |first1=Khalid |title=From Boom to Bharat: Bringing you Katrina Kaif's journey |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/wknd/from-boom-to-bharat-bringing-you-katrina-kaifs-journey |access-date=21 January 2022 |work=[[Khaleej Times]] |date=7 June 2019 |archive-date=21 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121174517/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/wknd/from-boom-to-bharat-bringing-you-katrina-kaifs-journey |url-status=live}}</ref> Asked if she has a dream role, Kaif said she chooses scripts intuitively and does not have a preference for a particular genre.<ref>{{cite news |last1=RJ Panchal |first1=Komal |date=4 June 2019 |title=Katrina Kaif: When I came onboard Bharat, I came with no baggage at all |language=en |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/katrina-kaif-when-i-came-onboard-bharat-i-came-with-no-baggage-at-all-5764766/|access-date=20 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225154228/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/katrina-kaif-when-i-came-onboard-bharat-i-came-with-no-baggage-at-all-5764766/|archive-date=25 February 2021}}</ref> Kaif's dancing ability has received better reviews; she was described as one of Bollywood's best dancers by ''The Times of India'' and ''The Indian Express''.<ref name="toidance">{{cite news |last=Iyer |first=Meena |title=Why Katrina Kaif looks forward to dancing in films now |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Why-Katrina-Kaif-looks-forward-to-dancing-in-films-now/articleshow/16264607.cms |access-date=26 June 2014 |work=The Times of India |date=6 September 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215052729/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Why-Katrina-Kaif-looks-forward-to-dancing-in-films-now/articleshow/16264607.cms |archive-date=15 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Before Thugs of Hindostan, all the times Katrina Kaif won hearts with her dance moves |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/thugs-of-hindostan-katrina-kaif-dance-moves-songs-5429474/ |access-date=21 January 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=4 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104055727/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/thugs-of-hindostan-katrina-kaif-dance-moves-songs-5429474/ |archive-date=4 November 2018}}</ref> Rachit Gupta hails her "the undisputed Queen of dance numbers in Bollywood".<ref name="filmfaredance">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Rachit |title=Katrina Kaif's 10 Best Dance Hits |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/katrina-kaifs-10-best-dance-hits-15439-1.html |access-date=21 January 2022 |work=[[Filmfare]] |date=6 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912075532/https://www.filmfare.com/features/katrina-kaifs-10-best-dance-hits-15439-1.html |archive-date=12 September 2016}}</ref> Initially reluctant to dance in films, Kaif has developed a love for dancing and later described it as a joyful and relaxing experience.<ref name="toidance" /> In 2010, she said she spent several hours a day practising traditional dance.<ref name="guardian" />

Kaif is cited in the media as one of India's most beautiful celebrities, and has ranked highly in polls choosing the most attractive Indian celebrities. She was named the "World's Sexiest Woman" by ''[[FHM (India)|FHM India]]'' five times from 2008 to 2013,<ref>{{cite news |title=Katrina Kaif voted 'FHM's' sexiest woman |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-katrina-kaif-voted-fhms-sexiest-woman-1552317 |access-date=10 July 2014 |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=7 June 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714181217/http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-katrina-kaif-voted-fhms-sexiest-woman-1552317 |archive-date=14 July 2014}} {{cite news |last=KBR |first=Upala |title=Deepika Padukone displaces Katrina Kaif in FHM 100 Sexiest Women in the World 2014 |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-deepika-padukone-displaces-katrina-kaif-in-fhm-100-sexiest-women-in-the-world-2014-1999264 |access-date=10 July 2014 |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=3 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707022951/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-deepika-padukone-displaces-katrina-kaif-in-fhm-100-sexiest-women-in-the-world-2014-1999264 |archive-date= 7 July 2014}}</ref> and appeared on ''[[Verve (Indian magazine)|Verve]]''{{'}}s list of most powerful women in 2009 and 2010.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pandey |first=Piyush |url=http://www.verveonline.com/86/people/powerwomen03.shtml |title=Verve's 50 Power Women 2010 |journal=[[Verve (Indian magazine)|Verve]] |volume=18 |issue=6 |access-date=27 October 2013 |date=June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121219054922/http://www.verveonline.com/86/people/powerwomen03.shtml |archive-date=19 December 2012}} {{cite journal |url=http://www.verveonline.com/74/people/powerlist.shtml |title=Verve's 50 Power Women 2009 |journal=Verve |volume=17 |issue=6 |access-date=27 October 2013 |date=June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404092809/http://verveonline.com/74/people/powerlist.shtml |archive-date=4 April 2013}}</ref> The UK magazine ''[[Eastern Eye]]'' called her the "Sexiest Asian Woman" from 2008 to 2010, and again in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |title=Katrina is world's sexiest Asian... again |url=http://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/2.526/katrina-is-world-s-sexiest-asian-again-2010-12-12-1.328304 |publisher=[[Emirates 24/7]] |date=12 December 2010 |access-date=27 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195005/http://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/2.526/katrina-is-world-s-sexiest-asian-again-2010-12-12-1.328304 |archive-date=29 October 2013}} {{cite news |title=Katrina Kaif named world's sexiest Asian woman for the fourth time |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/katrina-kaif-named-worlds-sexiest-asian-woman-for-the-fourth-time-219742-2013-12-05 |access-date=27 January 2022 |work=India Today |date=5 December 2013 |archive-date=17 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917184656/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/katrina-kaif-named-worlds-sexiest-asian-woman-for-the-fourth-time/1/327937.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Kaif was named ''The Times of India''{{'}}s "Most Desirable Woman" in 2010, and was later ranked second from 2011 to 2013.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-29/news-interviews/38903243_1_entrant-desirable-women-desirable-men |title=Times top 50 Most Desirable Women of 2012|access-date=27 October 2013 |date=29 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019103638/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-29/news-interviews/38903243_1_entrant-desirable-women-desirable-men|archive-date=19 October 2013 |work=The Times of India|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Deepika Padukone: 2013's Most desirable woman |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Deepika-Padukone-2013s-Most-desirable-woman/articleshow/35726757.cms? |access-date=5 June 2014 |work=The Times of India |date=30 May 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531081711/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Deepika-Padukone-2013s-Most-desirable-woman/articleshow/35726757.cms |archive-date=31 May 2014}}</ref> In 2010 and 2011, [[Mattel]] released two sets of [[Barbie]] dolls modelled on Kaif.<ref>{{cite web |date=23 November 2010 |title=Check Out: Katrina Kaif unveils special Barbie doll created in her likeness |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/features/type/view/id/1608/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402104845/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/features/type/view/id/1608/|archive-date=2 April 2015|access-date=28 March 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 May 2011 |title=Katrina Kaif unveils 'I Can Be a Movie Star' Barbie doll |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/features/type/view/id/2156/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402091202/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/features/type/view/id/2156/|archive-date=2 April 2015|access-date=28 March 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> The Indian edition of ''[[People (magazine)|People]]'' described her as "India's Most Beautiful Woman" in 2011 and three years later she topped ''[[Maxim (India)|Maxim India]]''{{'}}s "Hot 100" poll.<ref>{{cite web |title=Katrina Kaif voted India's Most Beautiful Woman by People Magazine |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/4037.html |date=27 May 2011 |website=News18 |access-date=20 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202201827/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/4037.html |archive-date= 2 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Katrina Kaif edges past her contemporaries! |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-katrina-kaif-edges-past-her-contemporaries-2062648 |access-date=8 March 2015 |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=20 February 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223034247/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-katrina-kaif-edges-past-her-contemporaries-2062648 |archive-date=23 February 2015}}</ref> A life-size, wax figure of her was installed in London's [[Madame Tussauds]] in March{{nbsp}}2015, making her the eighth Bollywood actor to have been replicated as a wax statue there.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 March 2015 |title=Madame Tussauds to celebrate 15 years of Bollywood by unveiling Katrina Kaif wax statue |work=Mid-Day |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/madame-tussauds-to-celebrate-15-years-of-bollywood-by-unveiling-katrina-kaif-wax-statue/16094151|url-status=live|access-date=18 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118165423/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/madame-tussauds-to-celebrate-15-years-of-bollywood-by-unveiling-katrina-kaif-wax-statue/16094151|archive-date=18 November 2016}}</ref> Shikha Talwar of ''[[GQ India]]'' commented on Kaif's "enviable physique", which she attributed to her workout routines and healthy diet.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Talwar |first1=Shikha |title=Katrina Kaif shares the 2 health tips that are the secret behind her enviable physique |url=https://www.gqindia.com/live-well/content/katrina-kaif-shares-two-of-her-many-healthy-tips-fitness-tricks-to-stay-fit |access-date=21 January 2022 |work=[[GQ India]] |date=15 January 2020 |archive-date=21 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121174518/https://www.gqindia.com/live-well/content/katrina-kaif-shares-two-of-her-many-healthy-tips-fitness-tricks-to-stay-fit |url-status=live}}</ref> Journalists from ''The Hindu'' and ''Hindustan Times'' respectively took note of her "trademark elegance and simplistic style" and the "sense of originality and immense grace" in her fashion.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Madhumitha |title=Cool Kat |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cool-kat/article5664498.ece |access-date=21 January 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=7 February 2014 |archive-date=21 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121204114/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cool-kat/article5664498.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Saumya |title=From colours, prints, textures, Katrina Kaif owns her fashion, here are top 5 looks of hers |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/fashion-and-trends/happy-birthday-katrina-kaif-from-colours-prints-textures-katrina-knows-and-owns-her-fashion-here-are-top-5-looks-of-hers-according-to-us/story-bMNuAVPlCQGtOgFkPTOKlJ.html |access-date=21 January 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=16 July 2020 |archive-date=21 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121202906/https://www.hindustantimes.com/fashion-and-trends/happy-birthday-katrina-kaif-from-colours-prints-textures-katrina-knows-and-owns-her-fashion-here-are-top-5-looks-of-hers-according-to-us/story-bMNuAVPlCQGtOgFkPTOKlJ.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2019, Kaif launched her cosmetic brand Kay Beauty in partnership with the Indian e-commerce company [[Nykaa]].<ref name = "Kay Beauty">{{cite web |title=Katrina Kaif's Cosmetic Brand Kay Beauty Turns One, Here's How She is Celebrating |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/katrina-kaifs-beauty-brand-kay-beauty-turns-one-heres-how-she-is-celebrating-2994872.html |website=News18 |access-date=21 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101024950/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/katrina-kaifs-beauty-brand-kay-beauty-turns-one-heres-how-she-is-celebrating-2994872.html |archive-date=1 November 2020 |date=22 October 2020}}</ref> It included an array of products including [[lipstick]]s, [[Foundation (cosmetics)|foundations]], [[Highlighter (cosmetics)|highlighters]], [[Rouge (cosmetics)|blush]] compacts.<ref name = "Kay Beauty"/> Speaking to ''[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]]'', she said her brand aims to defy society's exclusive beauty standards and promote inclusivity and comfort in one's skin.<ref>{{cite news |title=Katrina Kaif shares her past misconceptions about beauty: 'There is just one kind' |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/908476-katrina-kaif-shares-her-past-misconceptions-about-beauty |access-date=21 January 2022 |work=The News International |date=13 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113105130/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/908476-katrina-kaif-shares-her-past-misconceptions-about-beauty |archive-date=13 November 2021}}</ref> The brand which was India's first celebrity makeup brand at the time, has been praised for its inclusivity and diversity.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kay Beauty ramps of its retail presence |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/kay-beauty-ramps-of-its-retail-presence-122051100572_1.html |access-date=11 May 2022 |work=Business Standard |date=13 August 2022 |archive-date=11 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511095304/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/kay-beauty-ramps-of-its-retail-presence-122051100572_1.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Kaif has been considered among the highest paid actresses in India.<ref>{{cite news |author=Shikha Talwar |title=Katrina Kaif to Deepika Padukone, these are the top 10 richest actresses in Bollywood |url=https://www.gqindia.com/entertainment/content/anushka-sharma-deepika-padukone-top-10-richest-actresses-in-bollywood |work=GQ India |accessdate=22 August 2020}}</ref> She is a [[Brand ambassador|celebrity spokesperson]] for a number of brands including [[Slice (soft drink)|Slice]], [[Nakshatra Jewellery|Nakshatra]], [[Lux (soap)|Lux]], [[Panasonic]], [[Lakmé Cosmetics|Lakmé]] and [[L'Oréal]].<ref name="success" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Neha |title=Over the years: Decoding Kat's nine lives! |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/OVER-THE-YEARS-Decoding-Kat-s-nine-lives/Article1-933113.aspx |access-date=22 September 2013 |work=Hindustan Times |date=20 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929235300/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/OVER-THE-YEARS-Decoding-Kat-s-nine-lives/Article1-933113.aspx |archive-date=29 September 2013}} {{cite news |title=Katrina Kaif is the new face of L'Oréal Paris |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-katrina-kaif-is-the-new-face-of-l-or-al-paris-1954611 |access-date=21 January 2014 |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=21 January 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220154151/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-katrina-kaif-is-the-new-face-of-l-or-al-paris-1954611 |archive-date=20 February 2014}}</ref> ''The Economic Times'' ranked Kaif India's second most prominent endorser in 2012.<ref>{{cite news |title=A snapshot of the top 10 small screen endorsers |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/advertising-marketing/a-snapshot-of-the-top-10-small-screen-endorsers/2-katrina-kaif/slideshow/12078572.cms |access-date=4 March 2014 |work=The Economic Times |date=29 February 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911062317/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/advertising-marketing/a-snapshot-of-the-top-10-small-screen-endorsers/2-katrina-kaif/slideshow/12078572.cms |archive-date=11 September 2014}}</ref> ''Hindustan Times'' reported in 2014 that she received {{INRConvert|50|m}} to {{INRConvert|60|m}} for each endorsement, making her one of India's highest-paid celebrity endorsers.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/celeb-themes/bwoods-highest-paid-actresses/articleshow/11005681.cms |title=B'wood's highest paid actresses |access-date=23 October 2013 |work=The Times of India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024035458/http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/celeb-themes/bwoods-highest-paid-actresses/articleshow/11005681.cms |archive-date=24 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Shalvi |first=Mangaokar |title=Deepika Padukone pockets Rs. 6 crore for endorsement deal? |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/deepika-gets-rs-6-crore-for-endorsing-a-cola/article1-1190666.aspx|access-date=4 March 2014 |work=Hindustan Times |date=4 March 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304190528/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/deepika-gets-rs-6-crore-for-endorsing-a-cola/article1-1190666.aspx|archive-date=4 March 2014}}</ref> Kaif was included on ''[[Forbes (India)|Forbes]]''{{'}} list of India's best-known entertainers from 2012 to 2019,{{efn|Kaif's annual incomes in 2012 and from 2014 to 2019 were estimated at {{INRConvert|638|m}}, {{INRConvert|395|m}}, {{INRConvert|485|m}}, {{INRConvert|335|m}}, {{INRConvert|138|m}}, {{INRConvert|336|m}} and {{INRConvert|236|m}}, respectively.<ref name="earnings" />}} peaking at the ninth position in 2013 with an estimated annual income of {{INRConvert|652|m}}.<ref name="earnings">{{cite news |title=2012 Celebrity 100 |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2012-celebrity-100/1395/1 |access-date=21 January 2022 |work=[[Forbes (India)|Forbes India]] |archive-date=11 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711071335/http://forbesindia.com/lists/2012-celebrity-100/1395/1 |url-status=live}} {{cite news |title=2013 Celebrity 100 List |url=http://forbesindia.com/lists/2013-celebrity-100/1439/all |work=Forbes India |access-date=8 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219072752/http://forbesindia.com/lists/2013-celebrity-100/1439/all |archive-date=19 February 2014}} {{cite news |title=2014 Celebrity 100 |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2014-celebrity-100/1489/1 |access-date=21 January 2022 |work=Forbes India |archive-date=11 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711071333/http://forbesindia.com/lists/2014-celebrity-100/1489/1 |url-status=live}} {{cite news |title=2015 Celebrity 100 |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2015-celebrity-100/1519/all |access-date=21 January 2022 |work=Forbes India |archive-date=5 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305161056/https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2015-celebrity-100/1519/all |url-status=live}} {{cite news |title=2016 Celebrity 100 |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2016-celebrity-100/1587/all |access-date=21 January 2022 |work=Forbes India |archive-date=20 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220022129/https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2016-celebrity-100/1587/all |url-status=live}} {{cite news |title=2017 Celebrity 100 |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2017-celebrity-100/1665/all |access-date=21 January 2022 |work=Forbes India |archive-date=22 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222162711/http://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2017-celebrity-100/1665/all |url-status=live}} {{cite news |title=2018 Celebrity 100 |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2018-celebrity-100/1735/all |access-date=21 January 2022 |work=Forbes India |archive-date=10 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210225537/https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2018-celebrity-100/1735/all |url-status=live}} {{cite news |title=2019 Celebrity 100 |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2019-celebrity-100/1819/all |access-date=21 January 2022 |work=Forbes India |archive-date=30 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330175050/https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2019-celebrity-100/1819/all |url-status=live}}</ref> According to a 2021 ''Forbes India'' estimate, her net worth is {{INRConvert|2|b}}.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Manjusha |last1=Radhakrishnan |title=Bollywood star Katrina Kaif gets candid about money matters and her beauty empire |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/bollywood-star-katrina-kaif-gets-candid-about-money-matters-and-her-beauty-empire-1.83855072 |access-date=22 January 2022 |work=[[Gulf News]] |date=21 November 2021 |archive-date=22 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122202348/https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/bollywood-star-katrina-kaif-gets-candid-about-money-matters-and-her-beauty-empire-1.83855072 |url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2022, she is one of the most followed Bollywood actresses on [[Instagram]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Most followed B-town actresses on Instagram |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/photo-gallery-priyanka-chopra-katrina-deepika-alia-bhatt-shraddha-kapoor-5-most-followed-bollywood-actresses-on-social-media-2939851/katrina-kaif-2939855 |date=14 March 2022 |work=Daily News and Analysis|access-date=6 September 2022|archive-date=22 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022044135/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/photo-gallery-priyanka-chopra-katrina-deepika-alia-bhatt-shraddha-kapoor-5-most-followed-bollywood-actresses-on-social-media-2939851/katrina-kaif-2939855|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{{Main|List of awards and nominations received by Katrina Kaif}}

Kaif has received several accolades including three [[Filmfare Awards]] nominations: [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] for ''New York'' and ''Mere Brother Ki Dulhan'', and [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] for ''Zero''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://oldbh.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/awards/8765/index.html|title=Katrina Kaif: Awards & Nominations |access-date=12 November 2014 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505214714/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/awards/8765/index.html |archive-date=5 May 2011}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite news |last=Choudhary |first=Anuradha |title="I'm a Barbie doll" – Katrina Kaif |url=http://www.filmfare.com/interviews/im-a-barbie-doll-katrina-kaif-2853.html|access-date=4 March 2014 |work=Filmfare |date=12 April 2013|archive-date=4 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130804140716/http://www.filmfare.com/interviews/im-a-barbie-doll-katrina-kaif-2853.html|url-status=dead}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
* {{BH person}}
* {{Instagram}}

{{ScreenAwardBestActress}}
{{StardustAwardBestActress}}
{{ZeeCineAwardBestSupportingActorFemale}}
{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search = Category:Katrina Kaif
|d = yes
|d-search = Q9550
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 = Bollywood
|portal3 = Films
}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaif, Katrina}}
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:British film actresses]]
[[Category:British female models]]
[[Category:British people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:English people of Kashmiri descent]]
[[Category:Age controversies]]
[[Category:Hong Kong film actresses]]
[[Category:Hong Kong people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Hong Kong people of English descent]]
[[Category:English expatriates in India]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Screen Awards winners]]
[[Category:Zee Cine Awards winners]]
[[Category:British expatriate actresses in India]]
[[Category:21st-century Hong Kong actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century British actresses]]

Minister of Road Transport and Highways

2026-03-06T14:53:30Z

Sadique:

{{Short description|Cabinet-level public office in the Government of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Minister of Road Transport and Highways
| body =
| native_name = {{transliteration|hi|Saṛak Parivahan Aur Rajmārg Mantrī}}
| flag =
| flagsize =
| flagcaption =
| insignia = Ministry of Road Transport and Highways.svg
| insigniasize = 235
| insigniacaption = Emblem of the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways
| image = [[File:Shri Nitin Gadkari on March 3, 2023 (cropped).jpg|150px]]
| imagesize =
| alt =
| incumbent = [[Nitin Gadkari]]
| incumbentsince = {{start date|2014|5|27|df=y}}
| type =
| status =
| department = [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]
| style =
| member_of = [[Cabinet of India]]
| reports_to = [[President of India]] [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Parliament of India]]
| residence =
| seat =
| nominator =
| appointer = [[President of India]]
| appointer_qualified = on the recommendation of the [[Prime Minister of India]]
| termlength =
| termlength_qualified =
| constituting_instrument =
| precursor =
| formation = {{start date|1947}} (as Ministry of Transport) {{start date|2000|11|7|df=y}} (current form)
| first = [[John Mathai]] (as Minister of Transport) [[B. C. Khanduri]] (as Minister of Road Transport and Highways)
| last =
| abolished =
| succession =
| unofficial_names =
| deputy =
| salary =
| abbreviation =
| website =
}}
{{Politics of India}}

The '''minister of road transport and highways''' is the head of the [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]] and a senior member of the [[Union Council of Ministers (India)|union council of ministers]] of the [[Government of India]]. The portfolio is usually held by a minister with cabinet rank who is a senior member of the council of ministers and is often assisted by one or two junior ministers or the Ministers of State.

The current minister is [[Nitin Gadkari]] who has been serving in office since 27 May 2014 and is currently assisted by [[V. K. Singh]] as the Minister of State for Road Transport and Highways.

Two past presidents- [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]] and [[Pranab Mukherjee]] served as ministers in the ministry. Reddy was Cabinet Minister of Transport and Civil Aviation from 1966 till 1967 while Mukherjee was Deputy Minister of Shipping and Transport in 1974. One past prime minister, [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] served as Minister of Transport and Railways from 1952 till 1956 and as Minister of Transport and Communications from 1957 till 1958. Five prime ministers - [[Morarji Desai]] (in 1977), [[Rajiv Gandhi]] (in 1986), [[Chandra Shekhar]] (in 1991), [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] (in 1996 and in 2000) and [[Manmohan Singh]] (in 2013) held the charge of the ministry during their premierships. The current minister [[Nitin Gadkari]] holds the record of being the longest-serving minister in the ministry with a tenure of more than eleven years.

==Titles of office==
The ministry has been subjected to various changes since its inception. The ministers have been known by the following titles from time to time:

*'''1947{{ndash}}1948''': Minister of Transport
*'''1948{{ndash}}1957''': Minister of Transport and Railways
*'''1957{{ndash}}1963''': Minister of Transport and Communications
*'''1963{{ndash}}1966''': Minister of Transport
*'''1966{{ndash}}1967''': Minister of Transport and Aviation
*'''1967{{ndash}}1985''': Minister of Shipping and Transport
*'''1985{{ndash}}1986''': Minister of Transport
*'''1986{{ndash}}2000''': Minister of Surface Transport
*'''2000{{ndash}}2004''': Minister of Road Transport and Highways
*'''2004{{ndash}}2009''': Minister of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways
*'''2009{{ndash}}present''': Minister of Road Transport and Highways

==History of office==
The "Ministry of Transport" was created upon the nation's independence on 15 August 1947 with [[John Mathai]] being appointed as the inaugural minister. On 22 September 1948, the ministry was renamed as "Ministry of Transport and Railways" and [[N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar]] was appointed as the minister on the same day. With the formation of the [[Third Nehru ministry]] on 17 April 1957, the Ministry of Transport and Railways was bifurcated into the "[[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]]" and the "Ministry of Transport and Communications" with the merger of the [[Ministry of Communications (India)|Ministry of Communications]] with the transport ministry.

On 1 September 1963, the Department of Communications was separated from the ministry and the ministry was renamed as "Ministry of Transport". Upon [[Indira Gandhi]]'s appointment as the Prime Minister on 24 January 1966,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://shipmin.gov.in/about-us/organization-history|title=Organization History of Ministry of Shipping|access-date=27 August 2023}}</ref> the [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]] was merged with the Ministry of Transport to form the "Ministry of Transport and Civil Aviation" which was short-lived and the Department of Civil Aviation was separated and merged to form the Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation. Meanwhile, the Department of Transport was renamed as "Ministry of Shipping and Transport".

On 25 September 1985, the Ministry of Railways, the Ministry of Shipping and Transport and the Department of Civil Aviation were merged to form the "Ministry of Transport" with constituent departments of Railways, Surface Transport and Civil Aviation. [[Bansi Lal]] was appointed as the minister of the bulk-ministry and was assisted by three ministers of state, [[Madhavrao Scindia]] for Railways, [[Rajesh Pilot]] for Surface Transport and [[Jagdish Tytler]] for Civil Aviation. Lal resigned on 4 June 1986 and was succeeded by [[Mohsina Kidwai]]. In a reshuffle of the union cabinet on 22 October 1986, the Ministry of Transport was bifurcated into the Ministry of Railways, the Ministry of Surface Transport and the Ministry of Civil Aviation. Three ministers of state of the constituent departments of the erstwhile transport ministry - Madhavrao Scindia, Rajesh Pilot, and Jagdish Tytler were appointed as the ministers of state with independent charge of the newly created three independent ministries.

The Ministry of Surface Transport existed from 1986 until 7 November 2000 when the ministry bifurcated into two separate ministries, viz. the "Ministry of Road Transport and Highways" and the "[[Ministry of Shipping (India)|Ministry of Shipping]]". On 2 October 2004, the two ministries were re-united as the "Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways" and were re-bifurcated in May 2009 and has since then existed as two independent ministries. [[Nitin Gadkari]] served as the minister of both ministries between 2014 till 2019 and since 2019 has been heading the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways. The Ministry of Shipping was renamed as the "Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways" on 10 November 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newsbharati.com/Encyc/2020/11/10/Ministry-of-Shipping-renamed.html|title=Ministry of Shipping renamed as Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways|date=10 November 2020|website=NewsBharati.com}}</ref>

==Cabinet ministers==
*'''Note:''' MoS, I/C {{ndash}} Minister of State (Independent Charge)

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:18em" |Minister {{small|(Birth-Death) Constituency}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Political party
! rowspan="2" style="width:7em" | Ministry
|-
! style="width:7em"| From
! style="width:7em"| To
! style="width:6em"| Period
|-
! colspan="8" |
=== Minister of Transport (1947{{ndash}}1948) ===
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:John Mathai.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[John Mathai]]''' {{small|(1886{{ndash}}1959)}}
| {{small|15 August}} 1947
| {{small|22 September}} 1948
| '''{{ayd|1947|8|15|1948|9|22}}'''
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[First Nehru ministry|Nehru I]]
|-
! colspan="8"|
=== Minister of Transport and Railways (1948{{ndash}}1957) ===
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Gopalaswamy Ayyangar.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar]]''' {{small|(1882{{ndash}}1953) MP for [[Madras Presidency|Madras]] (Interim)}}
| {{small|22 September}} 1948
| {{small|13 May}} 1952
| '''{{ayd|1948|9|22|1952|5|13}}'''
| rowspan="3"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[First Nehru ministry|Nehru I]]
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Lal Bahadur Shastri (from stamp).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]''' {{small|(1904{{ndash}}1966) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Uttar Pradesh]]}}
| {{small|13 May}} 1952
| {{small|7 December}} 1956
| '''{{ayd|1952|5|13|1956|12|7}}'''
| rowspan="2"| [[Second Nehru ministry|Nehru II]]
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Jagjivan Ram stamp (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Jagjivan Ram]]''' {{small|(1908{{ndash}}1986) MP for [[Sasaram Lok Sabha constituency#1952-1957|Shahabad South]]}}
| {{small|7 December}} 1956
| {{small|17 April}} 1957
| '''{{ayd|1956|12|7|1957|4|17}}'''
|-
! colspan="8"|
=== Minister of Transport and Communications (1957{{ndash}}1963) ===
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Lal Bahadur Shastri (from stamp).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]''' {{small|(1904{{ndash}}1966) MP for [[Prayagraj Lok Sabha constituency|Allahabad]]}}
| {{small|17 April}} 1957
| {{small|28 March}} 1958
| '''{{ayd|1957|4|17|1958|3|28}}'''
| rowspan="6"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="4"| [[Third Nehru ministry|Nehru III]]
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Miss India Indrani Rehman, S.K. Patil, and two of the sponsors of the contest (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[S. K. Patil]]''' {{small|(1898{{ndash}}1981) MP for [[Mumbai South Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai South]]}}
| {{small|29 March}} 1958
| {{small|24 August}} 1959
| '''{{ayd|1958|3|29|1959|8|24}}'''
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Jawaharlal Nehru close-up (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]''' {{small|(1889{{ndash}}1964) MP for [[Phulpur Lok Sabha constituency|Phulpur]]}} (Prime Minister)
| {{small|24 August}} 1959
| {{small|2 September}} 1959
| '''{{ayd|24 Aug 1959|2 Sep 1959}}'''
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:P_Subbarayan_1989_stamp_of_India.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[P. Subbarayan]]''' {{small|(1889{{ndash}}1962) MP for [[Tiruchengode Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruchengode]]}}
| {{small|2 September}} 1959
| {{small|10 April}} 1962
| '''{{ayd|1959|9|2|1962|4|10}}'''
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Jagjivan Ram 1991 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Jagjivan Ram]]''' {{small|(1908{{ndash}}1986) MP for [[Sasaram Lok Sabha constituency|Sasaram]]}}
| {{small|10 April}} 1962
| {{small|31 August}} 1963
| '''{{ayd|1962|4|10|1963|8|31}}'''
| rowspan="2"| [[Fourth Nehru ministry|Nehru IV]]
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Raj Bahadur 2013 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Raj Bahadur]]''' {{small|(1912{{ndash}}1990) MP for [[Bharatpur Lok Sabha constituency|Bharatpur]]}} ''{{small|Minister of Shipping}}''
| {{small|10 April}} 1962
| {{small|1 September}} 1963
| '''{{ayd|1962|4|10|1963|9|1}}'''
|-
! colspan="11"|
=== Minister of Transport (1963{{ndash}}1966) ===
|-
| rowspan="4" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="4"| [[File:Raj Bahadur 2013 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="4"| '''[[Raj Bahadur]]''' {{small|(1912{{ndash}}1990) MP for [[Bharatpur Lok Sabha constituency|Bharatpur]]}} (MoS until 1 September 1963)
| {{small|1 September}} 1963
| {{small|10 April}} 1964
| rowspan="4"| '''{{ayd|1963|9|1|1966|1|24}}'''
| rowspan="4"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Fourth Nehru ministry|Nehru IV]]
|-
| {{small|27 May}} 1964
| {{small|9 June}} 1964
| [[First Nanda ministry|Nanda I]]
|-
| {{small|9 June}} 1964
| {{small|11 January}} 1966
| [[Shastri ministry|Shastri]]
|-
| {{small|11 January}} 1966
| {{small|24 January}} 1966
| [[Second Nanda ministry|Nanda II]]
|-
! colspan="8"|

=== Minister of Transport and Aviation (1966{{ndash}}1967) ===
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Neelam Sanjiva Reddy.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]''' {{small|(1913{{ndash}}1996) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Andhra Pradesh]]}}
| {{small|24 January}} 1966
| {{small|13 March}} 1967
| '''{{ayd|1966|1|24|1967|3|13}}'''
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[First Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira I]]
|-
! colspan="11"|
=== Minister of Shipping and Transport (1967{{ndash}}1985) ===
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''[[V. K. R. V. Rao]]''' {{small|(1908{{ndash}}1991) MP for [[Bellary Lok Sabha constituency|Bellary]]}}
| {{small|13 March}} 1967
| {{small|14 February}} 1969
| '''{{ayd|1967|3|13|1969|2|14}}'''
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Second Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira II]]
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
| [[File:Kotha Raghuramaiah.png|70px]]
| '''[[Kotha Raghuramaiah]]''' {{small|(1912{{ndash}}1979) MP for [[Guntur Lok Sabha constituency|Guntur]]}}
| {{small|14 February}} 1969
| {{small|18 March}} 1971
| '''{{ayd|1969|2|14|1971|3|18}}'''
| rowspan="5"| [[Indian National Congress (R)]]
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
| [[File:Raj Bahadur 2013 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Raj Bahadur]]''' {{small|(1912{{ndash}}1990) MP for [[Bharatpur Lok Sabha constituency|Bharatpur]]}}
| {{small|18 March}} 1971
| {{small|8 November}} 1973
| '''{{ayd|1971|3|18|1973|11|8}}'''
| rowspan="4"| [[Third Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira III]]
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
| [[File:Kamalapati Tripathi Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| [[Kamalapati Tripathi]] {{small|(1905{{ndash}}1990) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Uttar Pradesh]]}}
| {{small|8 November}} 1973
| {{small|10 February}} 1975
| '''{{ayd|1973|11|8|1975|2|10}}'''
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
| [[File:Uma Shankar Dikshit Rajya Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Uma Shankar Dikshit]]''' {{small|(1901{{ndash}}1991) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Uttar Pradesh]]}}
| {{small|10 February}} 1975
| {{small|1 December}} 1975
| '''{{ayd|1975|2|10|1975|12|1}}'''
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
| [[File:Gurdial Singh Dhillon Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Gurdial Singh Dhillon]]''' {{small|(1915{{ndash}}1992) MP for [[Tarn Taran Lok Sabha constituency|Tarn Taran]]}}
| {{small|1 December}} 1975
| {{small|24 March}} 1977
| '''{{ayd|1975|12|1|1977|3|24}}'''
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Morarji Desai visits the USA (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Morarji Desai]]''' {{small|(1896–1995) MP for [[Surat Lok Sabha constituency|Surat]]}} (Prime Minister)
| {{small|24 March}} 1977
| {{small|7 June}} 1977
| '''{{ayd|1977|3|24|1977|6|7}}'''
| rowspan="4"| [[Janata Party]]
| rowspan="4"| [[Morarji Desai ministry|Desai]]
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Jagjivan Ram 1991 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Jagjivan Ram]]''' {{small|(1908{{ndash}}1986) MP for [[Sasaram Lok Sabha constituency|Sasaram]]}} (Deputy Prime Minister)
| {{small|7 June}} 1977
| {{small|17 June}} 1977
| '''{{ayd|1977|6|7|1977|6|17}}'''
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Morarji Desai visits the USA (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Morarji Desai]]''' {{small|(1896–1995) MP for [[Surat Lok Sabha constituency|Surat]]}} (Prime Minister)
| {{small|17 June}} 1977
| {{small|14 August}} 1977
| '''{{ayd|1977|6|17|1977|8|14}}'''
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Janata Party}}"|
|
| '''[[Chand Ram (politician)|Chand Ram]]''' {{small|(1923{{ndash}}2015) MP for [[Sirsa Lok Sabha constituency|Sirsa]]}} (MoS, I/C)
| {{small|14 August}} 1977
| {{small|28 July}} 1979
| '''{{ayd|1977|8|14|1979|7|28}}'''
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Janata Party (Secular)}}"|
| [[File:Janeshwar Mishra Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Janeshwar Mishra]]''' {{small|(1933{{ndash}}2010) MP for [[Prayagraj Lok Sabha constituency|Allahabad]]}} (MoS, I/C)
| {{small|30 July}} 1979
| {{small|14 January}} 1980
| '''{{ayd|1979|7|30|1980|1|14}}'''
| [[Janata Party (Secular)]]
| [[Charan Singh ministry|Charan]]
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| [[File:Anant Sharma Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Anant Sharma]]''' {{small|(1919{{ndash}}1988) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Bihar]]}}
| {{small|14 January}} 1980
| {{small|19 October}} 1980
| '''{{ayd|1980|1|14|1980|10|19}}'''
| rowspan="7"| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
| rowspan="5"| [[Fourth Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira IV]]
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| [[File:Veerendra_Patil_Lok_Sabha_photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Veerendra Patil]]''' {{small|(1924{{ndash}}1997) MP for [[Bagalkot Lok Sabha constituency|Bagalkot]]}}
| {{small|19 October}} 1980
| {{small|2 September}} 1982
| '''{{ayd|1980|10|19|1982|9|2}}'''
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| [[File:C. M. Stephen Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[C. M. Stephen]]''' {{small|(1918{{ndash}}1984) MP for [[Gulbarga Lok Sabha constituency|Gulbarga]]}}
| {{small|2 September}} 1982
| {{small|2 February}} 1983
| '''{{ayd|1982|9|2|1983|2|2}}'''
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| [[File:Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy]]''' {{small|(1920{{ndash}}2001) MP for [[Kurnool Lok Sabha constituency|Kurnool]]}}
| {{small|2 February}} 1983
| {{small|7 September}} 1984
| '''{{ayd|1983|2|2|1984|9|7}}'''
|-
| rowspan="2" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Veerendra_Patil_Lok_Sabha_photo.jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Veerendra Patil]]''' {{small|(1924{{ndash}}1997) MP for [[Bagalkot Lok Sabha constituency|Bagalkot]]}}
| {{small|7 September}} 1984
| {{small|31 October}} 1984
| '''{{ayd|1984|9|7|1984|10|31}}'''
|-
| {{small|4 November}} 1984
| {{small|31 December}} 1984
| '''{{ayd|1984|11|4|1984|12|31}}'''
| [[First Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv I]]
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| [[File:Ziaur Rahman Ansari Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Ziaur Rahman Ansari]]''' {{small|(1925{{ndash}}1992) MP for [[Unnao Lok Sabha constituency|Unnao]]}} (MoS, I/C)
| {{small|31 December}} 1984
| {{small|25 September}} 1985
| '''{{ayd|1984|12|31|1985|9|25}}'''
| [[Second Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv II]]
|-
! colspan="11"|

=== Minister of Transport (1985{{ndash}}1986) ===
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| [[File:Bansi_Lal_(cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Bansi Lal]]''' {{small|(1927{{ndash}}2006) MP for [[Bhiwani Lok Sabha constituency|Bhiwani]]}}
| {{small|25 September}} 1985
| {{small|4 June}} 1986
| '''{{ayd|1985|9|25|1986|6|4}}'''
| rowspan="3"| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Second Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv II]]
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| [[File:RajivGandhi.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Rajiv Gandhi]]''' {{small|(1944{{ndash}}1991) MP for [[Amethi Lok Sabha constituency|Amethi]]}} (Prime Minister)
| {{small|4 June}} 1986
| {{small|24 June}} 1986
| '''{{ayd|1986|6|4|1986|6|24}}'''
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| [[File:Mohsina Kidwai (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Mohsina Kidwai]]''' {{small|(born 1932) MP for [[Meerut Lok Sabha constituency|Meerut]]}}
| {{small|24 June}} 1986
| {{small|22 October}} 1986
| '''{{ayd|1986|6|24|1986|10|22}}'''
|-
! colspan="11"|
=== Minister of Surface Transport (1986{{ndash}}2000) ===
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| [[File:Rajesh Pilot 2008 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Rajesh Pilot]]''' {{small|(1945{{ndash}}2000) MP for [[Dausa Lok Sabha constituency|Dausa]]}} (MoS, I/C)
| {{small|22 October}} 1986
| {{small|2 December}} 1989
| '''{{ayd|1986|10|22|1989|12|2}}'''
| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
| [[Second Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv II]]
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|
|
| '''[[K. P. Unnikrishnan]]''' {{small|(born 1936) MP for [[Vatakara Lok Sabha constituency|Vatakara]]}}
| {{small|6 December}} 1989
| {{small|10 November}} 1990
| '''{{ayd|1989|12|6|1990|11|10}}'''
| [[Janata Dal]] {{small|([[Third Front (India)#National Front (1989–1991)|NF]])}}
| [[V. P. Singh ministry|Vishwanath]]
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}"|
| [[File:Manubhai Kotadia Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Manubhai Kotadia]]''' {{small|(1936{{ndash}}2003) MP for [[Amreli Lok Sabha constituency|Amreli]]}}
| {{small|21 November}} 1990
| {{small|26 April}} 1991
| '''{{ayd|1990|11|21|1991|4|26}}'''
| rowspan="2"| [[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)]] {{small|([[Third Front (India)#National Front (1989–1991)|NF]])}}
| rowspan="2"| [[Chandra Shekhar ministry|Chandra Shekhar]]
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}"|
| [[File:Chandra Shekhar Singh.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Chandra Shekhar]]''' {{small|(1927{{ndash}}2007) MP for [[Ballia Lok Sabha constituency|Ballia]]}} (Prime Minister)
| {{small|26 April}} 1991
| {{small|21 June}} 1991
| '''{{ayd|1991|4|26|1991|6|21}}'''
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| [[File:Jagdish Tytler in Mumbai on January 6, 2005.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Jagdish Tytler]]''' {{small|(born 1944) MP for [[Delhi Sadar Lok Sabha constituency|Delhi Sadar]]}} (MoS, I/C)
| {{small|21 June}} 1991
| {{small|15 September}} 1995
| '''{{ayd|1991|6|21|1995|9|15}}'''
| rowspan="2"| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Rao ministry|Rao]]
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
|
| '''[[M. Rajasekara Murthy]]''' {{small|(1922{{ndash}}2010) MP for [[Mysore Lok Sabha constituency|Mysore]]}} (MoS, I/C)
| {{small|15 September}} 1995
| {{small|16 May}} 1996
| '''{{ayd|1995|9|15|1996|5|16}}'''
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Atal Bihari Vajpayee (crop 2).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]''' {{small|(1924{{ndash}}2018) MP for [[Lucknow Lok Sabha constituency|Lucknow]]}} (Prime Minister)
| {{small|16 May}} 1996
| {{small|1 June}} 1996
| '''{{ayd|1996|5|16|1996|6|1}}'''
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[First Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee I]]
|-
| rowspan="2" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[File:T._G._Venkatraman.jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="2"| '''[[G. Venkatraman|T. G. Venkatraman]]''' {{small|(1931{{ndash}}2013) MP for [[Tindivanam Lok Sabha constituency|Tindivanam]]}}
| {{small|1 June}} 1996
| {{small|21 April}} 1997
| rowspan="2"| '''{{ayd|1996|6|1|1997|4|21}}'''
| rowspan="2"| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] {{small|([[United Front (India, 1996)|UF]])}}
| [[Deve Gowda ministry|Deve Gowda]]
|-
| {{small|21 April}} 1997
| {{small|19 March}} 1998
| [[Gujral ministry|Gujral]]
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
| [[File:Sedapatti Muthiah.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Sedapatti R. Muthiah]]''' {{small|(1945{{ndash}}2022) MP for [[Periyakulam Lok Sabha constituency|Periyakulam]]}}
| {{small|19 March}} 1998
| {{small|8 April}} 1998
| '''20 days'''
| rowspan="2"| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] {{small|([[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]])}}
| rowspan="4"| [[Second Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee II]]
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
| [[File:MThambidurai.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[M. Thambidurai]]''' {{small|(born 1947) MP for [[Karur Lok Sabha constituency|Karur]]}}
| {{small|8 April}} 1998
| {{small|8 April}} 1999
| '''1 year'''
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Samata Party}}"|
| [[File:Nitish Kumar in February 2007.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Nitish Kumar]]''' {{small|(born 1951) MP for [[Barh Lok Sabha constituency|Barh]]}}
| {{small|8 April}} 1999
| {{small|5 August}} 1999
| '''{{ayd|1999|4|8|1999|8|5}}'''
| [[Samata Party]] {{small|([[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]])}}
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Jaswant Singh in 2001.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Jaswant Singh]]''' {{small|(1938{{ndash}}2020) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Rajasthan]]}}
| {{small|5 August}} 1999
| {{small|13 October}} 1999
| '''{{ayd|1999|8|5|1999|10|13}}'''
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] {{small|([[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]])}}
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Samata Party}}"|
| [[File:Nitish Kumar in February 2007.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Nitish Kumar]]''' {{small|(born 1951) MP for [[Barh Lok Sabha constituency|Barh]]}}
| {{small|13 October}} 1999
| {{small|22 November}} 1999
| '''{{ayd|1999|10|13|1999|11|22}}'''
| [[Samata Party]] {{small|([[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]])}}
| rowspan="3"| [[Third Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee III]]
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Defence Minister Shri Rajnath Singh in February 2020 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Rajnath Singh]]''' {{small|(born 1951) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Uttar Pradesh]]}}
| {{small|22 November}} 1999
| {{small|25 October}} 2000
| '''{{ayd|1999|11|22|2000|10|25}}'''
| rowspan="2"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] {{small|([[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]])}}
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Atal Bihari Vajpayee (crop 2).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]''' {{small|(1924{{ndash}}2018) MP for [[Lucknow Lok Sabha constituency|Lucknow]]}} (Prime Minister)
| {{small|25 October}} 2000
| {{small|7 November}} 2000
| '''{{ayd|2000|10|25|2000|11|7}}'''
|-
! colspan="11"|
=== Minister of Road Transport and Highways (2000{{ndash}}2004) ===
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:The Chief Minister of Uttarakhand, Major General (Retd.) B. C. Khanduri meeting with the Union Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Shri Murli Deora, in New Delhi on December 07, 2007.jpg|70px]]
| [[B. C. Khanduri|{{small|Major General}} '''B. C. Khanduri''']] {{small|(born 1934) MP for [[Garhwal Lok Sabha constituency|Garhwal]]}} (MoS, I/C until 24 May 2003)
| {{small|7 November}} 2000
| {{small|22 May}} 2004
| '''{{ayd|2000|11|7|2004|5|22}}'''
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] {{small|([[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]])}}
| [[Third Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee III]]
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
| [[File:T R Baalu in a Party Meeting Dias.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[T. R. Baalu]]''' {{small|(born 1941) MP for [[Chennai South Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai South]]}}
| {{small|23 May}} 2004
| {{small|2 October}} 2004
| '''{{ayd|2004|5|23|2004|10|2}}'''
| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] {{small|([[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]])}}
| [[First Manmohan Singh ministry|Manmohan I]]
|-
! colspan="11"|
=== Minister of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways (2004{{ndash}}2009) ===
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
| [[File:T R Baalu in a Party Meeting Dias.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[T. R. Baalu]]''' {{small|(born 1941) MP for [[Chennai South Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai South]]}}
| {{small|2 October}} 2004
| {{small|22 May}} 2009
| '''{{ayd|2004|10|2|2009|5|22}}'''
| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] {{small|([[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]])}}
| [[First Manmohan Singh ministry|Manmohan I]]
|-
! colspan="11"|
=== Minister of Road Transport and Highways (2009{{ndash}}present) ===
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Kamal Nath 2012.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Kamal Nath]]''' {{small|(born 1946) MP for [[Chhindwara Lok Sabha constituency|Chhindwara]]}}
| {{small|28 May}} 2009<ref name="Portfolios2009">{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2009/may/28/portfolios-of-manmohan-singh-cabinet-announced-52972.html|title=Portfolios of Manmohan Singh Cabinet announced|date=28 May 2009|access-date=27 August 2023|website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
| {{small|19 January}} 2011
| '''{{ayd|2009|5|29|2011|1|19}}'''
| rowspan="4"| [[Indian National Congress]] {{small|([[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]])}}
| rowspan="4"| [[Second Manmohan Singh ministry|Manmohan II]]
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:C P Joshi UNDP 2010.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[C. P. Joshi]]''' {{small|(born 1950) MP for [[Bhilwara Lok Sabha constituency|Bhilwara]]}}
| {{small|19 January}} 2011
| {{small|15 June}} 2013
| '''{{ayd|2011|1|19|2013|6|15}}'''
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Manmohan Singh in 2009.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Manmohan Singh]]''' {{small|(1932{{ndash}}2024) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Assam]]}} (Prime Minister)
| {{small|15 June}} 2013
| {{small|17 June}} 2013
| '''{{ayd|2013|6|15|2013|6|17}}'''
|-
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Oscar Fernandes at launch of the Pilot Project for Cashless Treatment of Road Accident Victims on Gurgaon-Jaipur Stretch of NH-8.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Oscar Fernandes]]''' {{small|(1941{{ndash}}2021) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Karnataka]]}}
| {{small|17 June}} 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.constructionweekonline.in/business/oscar-fernandes-appointed-new-morth-minister|title=Oscar Fernandes appointed new MoRTH Minister|date=18 June 2023|website=Construction Week}}</ref>
| {{small|26 May}} 2014
| '''{{ayd|2013|6|17|2014|5|26}}'''
|-
| rowspan="3" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="3"| [[File:Shri Nitin Gadkari on March 3, 2023 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="3"| '''[[Nitin Gadkari]]''' {{small|(born 1957) MP for [[Nagpur Lok Sabha constituency|Nagpur]]}}
| rowspan="3"| {{small|27 May}} 2014<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=105264|title=Shri Nitin Gadkari Has Taken Charge as the Minister for Road Transport, Highways and Shipping|date=29 May 2014|access-date=27 August 2023|website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>
| rowspan="3"| ''Incumbent''
| rowspan="3"| '''{{ayd|2014|5|27}}'''
| rowspan="3"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] {{small|([[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]])}}
| [[First Modi ministry|Modi I]]
|-
| [[Second Modi ministry|Modi II]]
|-
| [[Third Modi ministry|Modi III]]
|-
|}

==Ministers of State==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2"| {{abbr|No.|Number}}
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:18em" |Minister {{small|(Birth-Death) Constituency}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2" style="width:6em" | Ministry
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Prime Minister
|-
! style="width:8em"| From
! style="width:8em"| To
! style="width:7em"| Period
|-
! colspan="11"| Minister of State for Transport and Railways
|-
! 1
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''[[K. Santhanam]]''' {{small|(1895{{ndash}}1980) MP for [[Madras Presidency|Madras]] (Constituent Assembly)}}
| 1 October 1948
| 17 April 1952
| '''{{ayd|1948|10|1|1952|4|17}}'''
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[First Nehru ministry|Nehru I]]
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| style="width:9em"| '''[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]'''
|-
! colspan="11"| Minister of State for Transport and Communications
|-
! 2
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Humayun Kabir portrait.gif|70px]]
| '''[[Humayun Kabir (Bengal politician)|Humayun Kabir]]''' {{small|(1906{{ndash}}1969) Rajya Sabha MP for [[West Bengal]]}}
| 17 April 1957
| 10 April 1958
| '''{{ayd|1957|4|17|1958|4|10}}'''
| rowspan="2"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Third Nehru ministry|Nehru III]]
| rowspan="2" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]'''
|-
! 3
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Raj Bahadur 2013 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Raj Bahadur]]''' {{small|(1912{{ndash}}1990) MP for [[Bharatpur Lok Sabha constituency|Bharatpur]]}}
| 17 April 1957
| 10 April 1962
| '''{{ayd|1957|4|17|1962|4|10}}'''
|-
! colspan="11"| Minister of State for Transport and Civil Aviation
|-
! 4
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:C M Poonacha.gif|70px]]
| '''[[C. M. Poonacha]]''' {{small|(1910{{ndash}}1990) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Mysore state|Mysore]]}}
| 24 January 1966
| 13 March 1967
| '''{{ayd|1966|1|24|1967|3|13}}'''
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[First Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira I]]
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| '''[[Indira Gandhi]]'''
|-
! colspan="11"| Minister of State for Shipping and Transport
|-
! 5
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
| [[File:Om Mehta Rajya Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Om Mehta]]''' {{small|(1927{{ndash}}1995) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]}}
| 2 May 1971
| 5 February 1973
| '''{{ayd|1971|5|2|1973|2|5}}'''
| rowspan="4"| [[Indian National Congress (R)]]
| rowspan="4"| [[Third Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira III]]
| rowspan="4" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
| rowspan="4"| '''[[Indira Gandhi]]'''
|-
! 6
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
|
| '''Mansinhji Bhasaheb Rana''' {{small|MP for [[Bharuch Lok Sabha constituency|Broach]]}}
| 5 February 1973
| 11 January 1974
| '''{{ayd|1973|2|5|1974|1|11}}'''
|-
! colspan="7"|
|-
! 7
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
|
| '''H. M. Trivedi''' {{small|Rajya Sabha MP for [[Gujarat]]}}
| 17 October 1974
| 24 March 1977
| '''{{ayd|1974|10|17|1977|3|24}}'''
|-
! colspan="11"|
|-
! 8
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| [[File:Buta Singh (headshot).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Buta Singh]]''' {{small|(1934{{ndash}}2021) MP for [[Ropar Lok Sabha constituency|Ropar]]}}
| 8 June 1980
| 15 January 1982
| '''{{ayd|1980|6|8|1982|1|15}}'''
| rowspan="4"| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Fourth Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira IV]]
| rowspan="3" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| rowspan="3"| '''[[Indira Gandhi]]'''
|-
! 9
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| [[File:Sitaram Kesri Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Sitaram Kesri]]''' {{small|(1919{{ndash}}2000) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Bihar]]}}
| 15 January 1982
| 29 January 1983
| '''{{ayd|1982|1|15|1983|1|29}}'''
|-
! rowspan="2"| 10
| rowspan="2" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Ziaur Rahman Ansari Lok Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Ziaur Rahman Ansari]]''' {{small|(1925{{ndash}}1992) MP for [[Unnao Lok Sabha constituency|Unnao]]}}
| 29 January 1983
| 31 October 1984
| '''{{ayd|1984|9|7|1984|10|31}}'''
|-
| 4 November 1984
| 31 December 1984
| '''{{ayd|1984|11|4|1984|12|31}}'''
| [[First Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv I]]
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| '''[[Rajiv Gandhi]]'''
|-
! colspan="11"| Minister of State for Transport
|-
! colspan="4"| Minister of State in the Department of Railways
| rowspan="6"| 25 September 1985
| rowspan="6"| 22 October 1986
| rowspan="6"| '''{{ayd|1985|9|25|1986|10|22}}'''
| rowspan="6"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="6"| [[Second Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv II]]
| rowspan="6" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| rowspan="6"| '''[[Rajiv Gandhi]]'''
|-
! 11A
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| [[File:Madhavrao Scindia 2005 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Madhavrao Scindia]]''' {{small|(1945{{ndash}}2001) MP for [[Gwalior Lok Sabha constituency|Gwalior]]}}
|-
! colspan="4"| Minister of State in the Department of Surface Transport
|-
! 11B
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| [[File:Rajesh Pilot 2008 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Rajesh Pilot]]''' {{small|(1945{{ndash}}2000) MP for [[Dausa Lok Sabha constituency|Dausa]]}}
|-
! colspan="4"| Minister of State in the Department of Civil Aviation
|-
! 11C
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| [[File:Jagdish Tytler in Mumbai on January 6, 2005.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Jagdish Tytler]]''' {{small|(born 1944) MP for [[Delhi Sadar Lok Sabha constituency|Delhi Sadar]]}}
|-
! colspan="11"| Minister of State for Surface Transport
|-
! rowspan="2"| 12
| rowspan="2" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="2"|
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Debendra Pradhan]]''' {{small|(1941{{ndash}}2025) MP for [[Deogarh Lok Sabha constituency|Deogarh]]}}
| 19 March 1998
| 13 October 1999
| rowspan="2"| '''{{ayd|1998|3|19|2000|5|27}}'''
| rowspan="3"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Second Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee II]]
| rowspan="3" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="3"| '''[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]'''
|-
| 13 October 1999
| 27 May 2000
| rowspan="2"| [[Third Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee III]]
|-
! 13
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:The President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind presenting the Outstanding Parliamentarian Award for the year 2014 to Shri Hukmdev Narayan Yadav, at a function, at Parliament House, in New Delhi (cropped).JPG|70px]]
| '''[[Hukmdev Narayan Yadav]]''' {{small|(born 1939) MP for [[Madhubani Lok Sabha constituency|Madhubani]]}}
| 27 May 2000
| 2 November 2001
| '''{{ayd|2000|5|27|2001|11|2}}'''
|-
! colspan="11"| Minister of State for Road Transport and Highways
|-
! 14
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Shripad Yasso Naik - Kolkata 2014-10-12 7755.JPG|70px]]
| '''[[Shripad Naik]]''' {{small|(born 1952) MP for [[North Goa Lok Sabha constituency|Panaji]]}}
| 24 May 2003
| 8 September 2003
| '''{{ayd|2003|5|24|2003|9|8}}'''
| rowspan="2"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Third Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee III]]
| rowspan="2" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]'''
|-
! 15
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Pon Radhakrishnan.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Pon Radhakrishnan]]''' {{small|(born 1952) MP for [[Kanniyakumari Lok Sabha constituency|Kanniyakumari]]}}
| 8 September 2003
| 22 May 2004
| '''{{ayd|2003|9|8|2004|5|22}}'''
|-
! 16
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:The portrait of the Minister of State for Railways, Shri K.H. Muniyappa.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[K. H. Muniyappa]]''' {{small|(born 1948) MP for [[Kolar Lok Sabha constituency|Kolar]]}}
| 23 May 2004
| 22 May 2009
| '''{{ayd|2004|5|23|2009|5|22}}'''
| rowspan="6"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[First Manmohan Singh ministry|Manmohan I]]
| rowspan="6" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="6"| '''[[Manmohan Singh]]'''
|-
! 17
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Mahadeo Singh Khandela assuming office in 2009.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Mahadeo Singh Khandela]]''' {{small|(born 1943) MP for [[Sikar Lok Sabha constituency|Sikar]]}}
| 28 May 2009<ref name="Portfolios2009"/>
| 19 January 2011
| '''{{ayd|2009|5|28|2011|1|19}}'''
| rowspan="5"| [[Second Manmohan Singh ministry|Manmohan II]]
|-
! 18
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:The Prime Minister of Bhutan, Mr. Lyonchhen Tshering Tobgay meeting the Minister of State for Home, Shri R.P.N. Singh, in New Delhi on August 30, 2013 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Ratanjit Pratap Narain Singh|R. P. N. Singh]]''' {{small|(born 1964) MP for [[Kushi Nagar Lok Sabha constituency|Kushi Nagar]]}}
| 28 May 2009<ref name="Portfolios2009"/>
| 19 January 2011
| '''{{ayd|2009|5|28|2011|1|19}}'''
|-
! 19
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Jitin Prasada assuming office as Minister of State, Road Transport and Highways (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Jitin Prasada]]''' {{small|(born 1973) MP for [[Dhaurahra Lok Sabha constituency|Dhaurahra]]}}
| 19 January 2011
| 28 October 2012
| '''{{ayd|2011|1|19|2012|10|28}}'''
|-
! 20
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Tusharbhai Chaudhary taking office in 2009 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Tushar Amarsinh Chaudhary]]''' {{small|(born 1965) MP for [[Bardoli Lok Sabha constituency|Bardoli]]}}
| 19 January 2011
| 26 May 2014
| '''{{ayd|2011|1|19|2014|5|26}}'''
|-
! 21
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Sarvey Sathyanarayana addressing a Press Conference, in New Delhi on April 09, 2013 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Sarve Satyanarayana]]''' {{small|(born 1954) MP for [[Malkajgiri Lok Sabha constituency|Malkajgiri]]}}
| 28 October 2012
| 26 May 2014
| '''{{ayd|2012|12|28|2014|5|26}}'''
|-
! 22
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Krishan Pal at the National Workshop on Autism Tools (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Krishan Pal Gurjar]]''' {{small|(born 1957) MP for [[Faridabad Lok Sabha constituency|Faridabad]]}}
| 27 May 2014
| 9 November 2014
| '''{{ayd|2014|5|26|2014|11|9}}'''
| rowspan="6"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="3"| [[First Modi ministry|Modi I]]
| rowspan="6" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="6"| '''[[Narendra Modi]]'''
|-
! (15)
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Pon Radhakrishnan.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Pon Radhakrishnan]]''' {{small|(born 1952) MP for [[Kanniyakumari Lok Sabha constituency|Kanniyakumari]]}}
| 9 November 2014
| 3 September 2017
| '''{{ayd|2014|11|9|2017|9|3}}'''
|-
! 25
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Mansukh Mandaviya Profile (4x5).png|70px]]
| '''[[Mansukh Mandaviya]]''' {{small|(born 1972) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Gujarat]]}}
| 5 July 2016
| 30 May 2019
| '''{{ayd|2016|7|5|2019|5|30}}'''
|-
! 26
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:India's Minister of State for External Affairs Vijay Kumar Singh (15760995677) (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| {{small|General}} '''[[V. K. Singh]]''' {{small|(Retd.)}} {{post-nominals|country=IND|PVSM|AVSM|YSM|ADC}} {{small|(born 1950) MP for [[Ghaziabad Lok Sabha constituency|Ghaziabad]]}}
| 31 May 2019
| 9 June 2024
| '''{{ayd|2019|5|31|2024|6|4}}'''
| [[Second Modi ministry|Modi II]]
|-
! 27
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:The Minister of State for Textiles, Shri Ajay Tamta addressing at the inauguration of the 60th India International Garment Fair, in New Delhi on January 17, 2018.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Ajay Tamta]]''' {{small|(born 1972) MP for [[Almora Lok Sabha constituency|Almora]]}}
| rowspan="2"| 10 June 2024
| rowspan="2"| ''Incumbent''
| rowspan="2"| '''{{ayd|10 Jun 2024}}'''
| rowspan="2"| [[Third Modi ministry|Modi III]]
|-
! 28
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Harsh Malhotra.png|70px]]
| '''[[Harsh Malhotra]]''' {{small|MP for [[East Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|East Delhi]]}}
|-
|}

==Deputy Ministers==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" | {{Abbr|No.|Number}}
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:18em" |Minister {{small|(Birth-Death) Constituency}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2" style="width:6em" | Ministry
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Prime Minister
|-
! style="width:8em"| From
! style="width:8em"| To
! style="width:6em"| Period
|-
! colspan="11"| Deputy Minister of Transport and Communications
|-
! 1
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Mohiuddin Ahmed portrait.gif|70px]]
| '''[[Ahmed Mohiuddin (politician)|Mohiuddin Ahmed]]''' {{small|(1898{{ndash}}?) MP for [[Secunderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Secunderabad]]}} (Civil Aviation)
| 2 April 1958
| 10 April 1962
| '''{{ayd|1958|4|2|1962|4|10}}'''
| rowspan="3"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Third Nehru ministry|Nehru III]]
| rowspan="3" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| style="width:9em" rowspan="3"| '''[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]'''
|-
! (1)
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Mohiuddin Ahmed portrait.gif|70px]]
| '''[[Ahmed Mohiuddin (politician)|Mohiuddin Ahmed]]''' {{small|(1898{{ndash}}?) MP for [[Secunderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Secunderabad]]}}
| 16 April 1962
| 1 September 1963
| '''{{ayd|1962|4|16|1963|9|1}}'''
| rowspan="2"| [[Fourth Nehru ministry|Nehru IV]]
|-
! 2
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Bijoy Chandra Bhagavati portrait.gif|70px]]
| '''[[Bijoy Chandra Bhagavati]]''' {{small|(1905{{ndash}}1997) MP for [[Tezpur Lok Sabha constituency|Tezpur]]}}
| 8 May 1962
| 1 September 1963
| '''{{ayd|1962|5|8|1963|9|1}}'''
|-
! colspan="11"| Deputy Minister of Transport
|-
! rowspan="3"| (1)
| rowspan="3" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="3"| [[File:Mohiuddin Ahmed portrait.gif|70px]]
| rowspan="3"| '''[[Ahmed Mohiuddin (politician)|Mohiuddin Ahmed]]''' {{small|(1898{{ndash}}?) MP for [[Secunderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Secunderabad]]}}
| 1 September 1963
| 27 May 1964
| rowspan="3"| '''{{ayd|1963|9|1|1966|1|5}}'''
| rowspan="3"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[Fourth Nehru ministry|Nehru IV]]
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| '''[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]'''
|-
| 27 May 1964
| 9 June 1964
| [[First Nanda ministry|Nanda I]]
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| '''[[Gulzarilal Nanda]]'''
|-
| 15 June 1964
| 5 January 1966
| [[Shastri ministry|Shastri]]
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| '''[[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]'''
|-
! colspan="11"| Deputy Minister of Transport and Civil Aviation
|-
! 3
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Jahanara Jaipal Singh Rajya Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Jahanara Jaipal Singh]]''' {{small|(1923{{ndash}}2004) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Bihar]]}}
| 15 February 1966
| 13 March 1967
| '''{{ayd|1966|2|15|1967|3|13}}'''
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[First Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira I]]
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| '''[[Indira Gandhi]]'''
|-
! colspan="11"| Deputy Minister of Shipping and Transport
|-
! 4
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Bhakt Darshan portrait.gif|70px]]
| '''[[Bhakt Darshan]]''' {{small|(1912–1991) MP for [[Garhwal Lok Sabha constituency|Garhwal]]}}
| 18 March 1967
| 18 February 1969
| '''{{ayd|1967|3|18|1969|2|18}}'''
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Second Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira II]]
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="5"| '''[[Indira Gandhi]]'''
|-
! 5
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
|
| '''[[Iqbal Singh (Lok Sabha member)|Sardar Iqbal Singh]]''' {{small|(1923{{ndash}}1988) MP for [[Fazilka Lok Sabha constituency|Fazilka]]}}
| 14 February 1969
| 18 March 1971
| '''{{ayd|1969|2|14|1971|3|18}}'''
| [[Indian National Congress (R)]]
| rowspan="4" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
|-
! colspan="9"|
|-
! 6
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
| [[File:Pranab Mukherjee Portrait (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Pranab Mukherjee]]''' {{small|(1935{{ndash}}2020) Rajya Sabha MP for [[West Bengal]]}}
| 11 January 1974
| 10 October 1974
| '''{{ayd|1974|1|11|1974|10|10}}'''
| rowspan="2"| [[Indian National Congress (R)]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Second Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira II]]
|-
! 7
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}"|
|
| '''[[Chaudhary Dalbir Singh]]''' {{small|(1926{{ndash}}1987) MP for [[Sirsa Lok Sabha constituency|Sirsa]]}}
| 1 December 1975
| 24 March 1977
| '''{{ayd|1975|12|1|1977|3|24}}'''
|-
! colspan="11"| [[Ministry of Surface Transport (India)|Deputy Minister of Surface Transport]]
|-
! 8
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
|
| '''[[P. Namgyal]]''' {{small|(1937{{ndash}}2020) MP for [[Ladakh Lok Sabha constituency|Ladakh]]}}
| 15 February 1988
| 4 July 1989
| '''{{ayd|1988|2|15|1989|7|4}}'''
| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
| [[Second Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv II]]
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| '''[[Rajiv Gandhi]]'''
|-
! colspan="11"| {{nobold|''Position not in use since 4 July 1989''}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

{{Heads of the Ministries of the Government of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Transport (India) Minister}}
[[Category:Union ministers of India]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Lists of government ministers of India]]
[[Category:Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]

SVKM's NMIMS

2026-03-06T07:16:40Z

Sadique:

{{Short description|University in Mumbai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox university
| name = SVKM's NMIMS
| image_name = Narsee_Monjee_Institute_of_Management_Studies_Logo.png
| image_upright = .7
| image_alt =
| caption =
| motto = Transcending Horizons
| established = {{Start date and age|1981}}<ref name=naac1>{{cite web|url=http://www.nmims.edu/docs/naac-report-part-1-nmims-2017.pdf|title=NAAC-Report 2017|publisher=SVKM's NMIMS}}</ref>
| type = [[Private University (India)|Private]] [[deemed university]]
| parent = [[Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal]]
| chancellor = [[Amrish Patel]]<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.nmims.edu/about/offices-and-administration/chancellor/| title = Chancellor| access-date = 29 January 2019}}</ref>
| vice_chancellor = Ramesh Bhat<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.https/| title = Vice Chancellor| access-date = 16 May 2020| archive-date = 19 August 2013| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130819141428/http://https/| url-status = dead}}</ref>
| head_label =
| students = 40,000<ref name=home>{{cite web|url=http://www.nmims.edu/|title=Home page|publisher=SVKM's NMIMS}}</ref>
| address = V. L. Mehta Road, [[Vile Parle|Vile Parle West]]
| city = [[Mumbai]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| postalcode = 400056
| country = [[India]]
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| website = {{url|http://www.nmims.edu/|Official Website}}
| logo =
| former_name = Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies
| affiliations = {{hlist|[[Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business|AACSB]]|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/nmims-b-school-gets-global-accreditation/articleshow/64034745.cms|newspaper=Times of India|title=NMIMS' B-school gets global accreditation - Times of India|date=4 May 2018 }}</ref> [[Association of MBAs|AMBA]]|<ref name="mbaworld.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mbaworld.com/business-schools/business-school-search/schools-a-to-z?l=S|title=Accredited Business Schools A-Z - Association of MBAs|website=Association of MBAs|language=en|access-date=2018-04-09}}</ref>[[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]|<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/deemeduniv.html#maharashtra| title = Approved Deemed Universities| author = University Grants Commission, India| access-date = 10 May 2010| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101129070530/http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/deemeduniv.html#maharashtra| archive-date = 29 November 2010| df = dmy-all}}</ref> [[Association of Indian Universities|AIU]]<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.aiu.ac.in/members/MembersS.asp| title = AIU Member Universities| author = Association of Indian Universities| access-date = 10 May 2018}}</ref>}}
| faculty = 900<ref name=home/>
| location =
}}
'''Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies ''' (abbreviated as '''SVKM's NMIMS''') is a [[Private University (India)|private]] [[deemed university]] located in [[Mumbai]]. It has 17 constituent schools that offer both undergraduate and postgraduate courses in management, engineering, commerce, pharmacy, architecture, economics, mathematical sciences, hospitality, science, law, aviation, liberal arts, performing arts, architecture & design. It is accredited by NAAC with 3.59 CGPA and Grade A+.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://engineering.nmims.edu/about-mpstme/accreditation/|title=ACCREDITATIONS AND APPROVALS|website=engineering.nmims.edu|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref> NMIMS was also awarded Category I University status
by [[Ministry of Human Resource Development|MoE]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=177751|title=Category I Status - PIB, GOI|access-date=2020-05-16}}</ref>

== History ==
NMIMS University, established in 1981 by the [[Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal]] (SVKM) in Mumbai, started as a modest institution offering a two-year full-time master's program in management studies. Initially housed in a small setup above Bhaidas Hall in [[Vile Parle]], it had four full-time faculty members and a library of 3,162 books, catering to 40 students.

In the years following its inception, NMIMS rapidly expanded. By 2003, it achieved the status of a deemed university under the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission (UGC)]] Act of 1956, allowing it to offer diverse programs across various disciplines.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About NMIMS |url=https://cis.nmims.edu/about-nmims |access-date=2024-05-21 |website=cis.nmims.edu}}</ref>

== Academic Programs ==
NMIMS mainly offer undergraduate/postgraduate, postgraduate, doctoral, and executive education programs. Some programs offered by all NMIMS campuses are similar; however, some campuses offer unique programs for specialized purposes.

=== MBA Program ===
The two-year full-time MBA is spread over six trimesters and covers core subjects in the first year, followed by specialized electives in the second year. The curriculum is enriched with seminars, workshops, industry projects, and global exchange programs. Specializations include finance, marketing, operations, and human resources, with strong industry linkages enhancing the learning experience.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MBA Program at SBM{{!}}NMIMS |url=https://sbm.nmims.edu/mba-program |access-date=2024-05-21 |website=sbm.nmims.edu}}</ref>

=== MBA in Business Analytics ===
This specialized MBA program combines business management education with advanced analytics. It includes courses on artificial intelligence, machine learning, and big data analytics, aiming to prepare students for roles that require data-driven decision-making. The curriculum emphasizes practical training through industry projects and internships, focusing on the application of analytical tools in business contexts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MBA - Business Analytics Program at SBM {{!}} NMIMS |url=https://sbm.nmims.edu/mba-business-analytics.php |access-date=2024-05-21 |website=sbm.nmims.edu}}</ref>

=== Engineering Programs ===
Engineering disciplines offered include computer engineering, mechanical engineering, and electronics and telecommunications.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Undergraduate Program {{!}} Top Undergraduate Degree {{!}} NMIMS |url=https://nmims.edu/under-graduate |access-date=2024-05-21 |website=nmims.edu}}</ref>

=== Pharmacy Programs ===
The pharmacy programs include undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral courses in pharmacy and pharmaceutical technology. These programs focus on research, clinical practice, and industry-relevant training. The curriculum is designed to equip students with skills for careers in the pharmaceutical industry, healthcare sector, and academic research.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BPharm in Mumbai {{!}} MPharm {{!}} Top Pharmacy colleges |url=https://pharmacy.nmims.edu/academics/programs/ |access-date=2024-05-21 |website=pharmacy.nmims.edu}}</ref>

=== Law Programs ===
NMIMS offers integrated law programs such as BA LLB and BBA LLB, as well as LLM courses. These programs provide education in legal principles, supported by practical training through moot courts and internships.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kirit P. Mehta School of Law {{!}} SVKM's NMIMS {{!}} Mumbai |url=https://law.nmims.edu/programs/ |access-date=2024-05-21 |website=law.nmims.edu}}</ref>

=== Commerce and Economics Programs ===
The School of Commerce offers undergraduate programs like BBA, Bsc. Finance, BBA Fintech and BCom (Hons), while the School of Economics provides a BA in Economics. These programs aim to provide an education in financial principles, economic theories, and analytical skills.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NMIMS ASMSOC Programs |url=https://commerce.nmims.edu/programs.php |access-date=2024-05-21 |website=commerce.nmims.edu}}</ref>

=== Liberal Arts and Design Programs ===
The liberal arts program covers a broad spectrum of subjects including humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences, while the design program focuses on areas such as communication design, interior design, and industrial design.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jyoti Dalal School of Liberal Arts {{!}} NMIMS {{!}} Mumbai |url=https://liberalarts.nmims.edu/academics/programs/ |access-date=2024-05-21 |website=liberalarts.nmims.edu}}</ref>

=== PSA ===
While other schools/institutions bear the name "Narsee" they are not a part of Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal
The SVKM institutions are
1) Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies (N.M.I.M.S.)
2) Narsee Monjee College of Commerce & Economics (N.M.)
3) Chatrabhuj Narsee Memorial School Vile Parle (C.N.M. SCHOOL & N. D. PAREKH PRE-PRIMARY)
<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://charity.maharashtra.gov.in:8060/knowyourtrust.aspx | title=The Office Of Charity Commissioner - Maharashtra State | website=charity.maharashtra.gov.in}}</ref>

== Campuses ==
[[File:NMIMs Outside.jpg|alt=NMIMS Mumbai during late afternoon|thumb|NMIMS Mumbai during late afternoons]]
[[File:CapsuleLift.jpg|alt=A photo of Capsule Lift inside the Mumbai campus|thumb|Capsule Lift inside the Mumbai campus]]
[[File:Wall of NMIMS Fame.jpg|alt=A dimly lit photo of NMIMs Alumnus|thumb|A dimly lit photo of NMIMs Alumnus]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Campus
!Est.
!Schools
|-
|'''Mumbai'''
|1981
|
# School of Business Management, Mumbai <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sbm.nmims.edu/|title=School of Business Management | Business School - MBA College in Mumbai|website=sbm.nmims.edu}}</ref>
# Centre of Excellence in Analytics & Data Science <ref>{{cite web |title=COE NMIMS Mumbai |url=https://coe.nmims.edu/}}</ref>
# Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering
# Anil Surendra Modi School of Commerce
# Pravin Dalal School of Entrepreneurship and Family Business Management
# Kirit P. Mehta School of Law
# Nilkamal School of Mathematics Applied Statistics & Analytics
# Sarla Anil Modi School of Economics
# Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management
# Sunandan Divatia School of Science
# School of Performing Arts
# School of Branding and Advertising
# Balwant Seth School of Architecture
# Jyoti Dalal School of Liberal Arts
# School of Design
# NMIMS Centre for Distance and Online Education (NMIMS CDOE)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://online.nmims.edu/|title=NMIMS CDOE|website=NMIMS}}</ref>

|-
|'''Shirpur'''
|2007
|
# Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering
# School of Pharmacy & Technology Management
# Academy of Aviation
|-
|'''Bangalore'''
|2008
|
# School of Business Management (MBA)
# School of Economics
# School of Commerce
# School of Law
# School of Science
|-
|'''Hyderabad'''
|2010
|
# School of Science <ref>{{Cite web |title=Management college in Hyderabad {{!}} Business School in Hyderabad {{!}} Narsee Monjee Institute in Hyderabad {{!}}NMIMSHyderabad |url=https://www.nmimshyderabad.org/academics/programs/bsc-applied-statistics-and-analytics/ |access-date=2020-06-01 |website=www.nmimshyderabad.org}}</ref>
# School of Commerce <ref name="nmimshyderabad.org">{{Cite web |title=Management college in Hyderabad {{!}} Business School in Hyderabad {{!}} Narsee Monjee Institute in Hyderabad {{!}}NMIMSHyderabad |url=http://www.nmimshyderabad.org/ |access-date=2020-06-01 |website=www.nmimshyderabad.org}}</ref>
# School of Pharmacy and Technology Management <ref name="nmimshyderabad.org" />
# School of Technology Management and Engineering <ref name="nmimshyderabad.org" />
# School of Law <ref name="nmimshyderabad.org" />
|-
|'''Navi Mumbai'''
|2017
|
# School of Commerce
# School of Technology Management & Engineering
# School of Science
# School of Business Management
# School of Hotel Management
# School of Law
|-
|'''Indore'''
|2017
|
# School of Business Management
# School of Commerce
# School of Law
# School of Technology Management
|-
|'''Dhule'''
|2018
|
# School of Commerce<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nmims.edu/dhulecampus|title=Dhule Campus | NMIMS|website=nmims.edu}}</ref>
# School of Law
|-
|'''Chandigarh'''
|2021
|
# School of Technology Management & Engineering
# School of Commerce
# School of Law
|}
*

== Controversies & Legal developments==

* NMIMS was barred by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] from offering distance learning and online courses in February 2023<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-18 |title=UGC bars NMIMS from offering distance learning, online courses for violating norms - BusinessToday |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/story/ugc-bars-nmims-from-offering-distance-learning-online-courses-for-violating-norms-377896-2023-04-18 |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> for offering Online courses without UGC approval. Some other reasons include inadequate faculties and non-teaching staff, and low quality of Self-learning Material. However, the ban was lifted in August 2024 after NMIMS complied with the norms.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Edukyu |title=UGC lifted NMIMS ban, admissions are open now. Explore NMIMS all online PG & UG courses here. |url=https://edukyu.com/blog/ugc-removes-ban-on-nmims-university |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=Edukyu |language=en}}</ref>

* In June 2025, the Bombay High Court advised SVKM's NMIMS to consider a reformative approach and grant a second chance to two first-year MBA students whose admissions had been cancelled for tampering with their mid-term corporate finance exam papers. Despite the misconduct, the court took into account the students' remorse and psychological trauma, suggesting that the institution reevaluate its decision rather than uphold strict punitive measures. The matter remains pending further hearings and potential re-examinations.<ref>{{cite news|title=Give 'one chance' to two students who tampered with marks: HC to NMIMS|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/give-one-chance-to-two-students-who-tampered-with-marks-hc-to-nmims/articleshow/121760330.cms|publisher=Times of India|date=11 June 2025}}</ref>

== Notable alumni ==



* [[John Abraham]] - Actor and Producer
* [[Saniya Anklesaria]] - child actor{{cn|date=November 2023}}
* [[Vikas Bahl]] - film director (''[[Super 30 (film)|Super 30]])''
* [[Deven Bhojani]] - actor, director
* [[Avani Davda]] - MD, [[Godrej Nature's Basket|Nature's Basket]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/avani-davda-sodhi-receive-distinguished-alumni-awards-at-indian-management-conclave/article7481181.ece/|title=Avani Davda, Sodhi receive distinguished alumni awards at Indian Management Conclave|work=@businessline|access-date=2018-04-17|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Dhvani Desai]] - animation filmmaker and poet<ref name="ax-7jul2007">{{cite news |url=http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php?file=story&id=1710 |title=Dhvani Desai Odyysey of an artist: From Ad Films to Short Films |last=Birnur |first=Esha |date=7 July 2007 |work=Animationxpress.com |publisher=IndianTelevision.com |access-date=20 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707143816/http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php?file=story&id=1710 |archive-date=7 July 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* [[Harish Iyer]] - LGBT activist
* [[Anuv Jain]] - Singer
* [[Kiran Janjani]] - actor
* [[Aruna Jayanthi]] - CEO (Business Service), [[Capgemini]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/The-Virgo-at-Capgemini/article20647438.ece/amp/|title=The Virgo at Capgemini|work=@businessline|access-date=2018-04-17|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Payal Shah Karwa]] - author
* [[Deena Mehta]] - MD and CEO, Asit C. Mehta Investment Interrmediates
* [[Vedang Raina]] - actor
* [[Nitin Rakesh]] - CEO and director, [[Mphasis]]
* [[Sundar Raman]] - president, Reliance Sports<ref name="IT2008">{{cite news|title=Captain's knack: Tete-a-tete with Sundar Raman|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-11-14/news/27709312_1_sundar-raman-ipl-s-ceo-lalit-modi|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140414071530/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-11-14/news/27709312_1_sundar-raman-ipl-s-ceo-lalit-modi|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 April 2014|access-date=14 April 2014|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=14 November 2008}}</ref>
* [[Shreya Shanker]] - model and runner up in [[Femina Miss India 2019]]
* [[Shilpa Singh]] - model & runner-up in [[I AM She – Miss Universe India]] 2012<ref>{{cite news|title=Bihar Girl to represent India in Miss Universe 2012 at Las Vegas|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2012/11/bihar-girl-to-represent-india-in-miss-universe-2012-at-la-vegas/|access-date=18 November 2017|work=The Biharprabha News|date=5 November 2012}}</ref>



==References==
{{Reflist|}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.nmims.edu/}}

{{Mumbai topics}}
{{Universities in Maharashtra}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Business schools in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Deemed universities in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1981]]
[[Category:1981 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Mere Mehboob

2026-03-04T03:58:25Z

Sadique: cleanup information also and corrected details

{{Short description|1963 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mere Mehboob
| image = Meremehboob2.jpg

| caption = Film poster
| director = [[H. S. Rawail]]
| producer = [[H. S. Rawail]]
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = [[Ashok Kumar]] [[Rajendra Kumar]] [[Sadhana Shivdasani|Sadhana]] [[Nimmi]]
| music = [[Naushad]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1963}}
| runtime = 164 minutes.
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]] [[Urdu]]
|gross = 6 Crore
</ref>

}}

'''''Mere Mehboob''''' ("My Beloved") is a 1963 Indian film directed by [[H. S. Rawail|Harnam Singh Rawail]] and starring [[Ashok Kumar]], [[Rajendra Kumar]], [[Sadhana Shivdasani|Sadhana]], [[Nimmi]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]] and [[Ameeta]].

The film became a blockbuster and took the number one position at the box office in 1963.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/worth-their-weight-in-gold/ |title=Worth Their Weight in Gold! (Top film of 1963 - Mere Mehboob (1963 film)|website=Box Office India : India's premier film trade magazine |date=1 November 2011|access-date=20 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915183938/http://boxofficeindia.co.in/worth-their-weight-in-gold |archive-date=15 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> A [[Muslim social]] film, it drew a background from [[Aligarh Muslim University]], [[Aligarh]] and traditional [[Lucknow]]. The famous song "Mere Mehboob Tujhe Meri Mohabbat Ki Qasam" was shot in the University Hall and in a couple of places, one gets to see the University. The opening scene of the movie shows the famous residential hall and the associated clock tower; "Victoria Gate".

==Plot==
While studying in [[Aligarh Muslim University]], Anwar Hussain Anwar falls in love with a veiled woman and is unable to get her out of his mind. En route to Lucknow, they meet with Nawab Buland Akhtar Changezi, and subsequently meet with him a few days later so that he can use his influence to secure an editor's job for Anwar with a magazine. Nawab then asks Anwar to teach his sister, Husna, some poetry, to which he agrees, and eventually finds that she is the very same veiled woman. Both fall in love with each other and the Nawab approves of this alliance, even though Anwar lives a poor lifestyle. The formal engagement ceremony takes place and arrangements are made for the wedding to take place soon. The heavily indebted Nawab does not realize that soon he will find Anwar in the company of a lowly courtesan, Najma; and pressure will be brought on him to get Husna to marry wealthy Munne Raja - who is all set to auction the former's mansion as well as belongings. But at the end Husna marries Anwar Hussain and Nawab recovers his along with all the belongings.

==Cast & Characters==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Rowspan=1 |Character
! colspan="2" | Portrayed By
|-
|Anwar Hussain Anwar
|[[Rajendra Kumar]]<ref name=citwf>{{cite web|url=https://www.citwf.com/film221447.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 September 2020|access-date=21 October 2024|title=Mere Mehboob (1963 film)|website=Complete Index To World Film (CITWF) website|author=Alan Goble|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918170123/https://www.citwf.com/film221447.htm}}</ref>
|-
|-
|Husna Bano
|[[Sadhana Shivdasani|Sadhana]]<ref name=citwf/>
|-
|-
|Najma (Anwar's Sister)
|[[Nimmi]]<ref name=citwf/>
|-
|-
|Nawab Buland Akhtar (Husna's Brother)
|[[Ashok Kumar]]<ref name=citwf/>
|-
|-
|Munne Raja (Buland Akhter's cousin)
|[[Pran (actor)|Pran]]<ref name=citwf/>
|-
|-
|Bindadeen Rastogi (Anwar's Friend)
|[[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]]<ref name=citwf/>
|-
|-
|Naseem Ara (Buland Akhtar & Husna's Cousin)
|[[Ameeta]]
|-
|-
|Naseem's Paternal Aunty
|[[Mumtaz Begum (actor)|Mumtaz Begum]]
|-
|-
|Bindadeen's love interest
|[[Malika Askari|Malika]]
|}

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Mere Mehboob
| type = [[soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Naushad]]
| cover = Mere Mehboob Audio Cover.jpg
| released = 1963
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[EMI]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Son of India (1962 film)|Son of India]]
| prev_year = 1961
| year = 1963
| next_title = [[Leader (1964 film)|Leader]]
| next_year = 1964
}}
The soundtrack for the movie was composed by [[Naushad]]<ref name=citwf/> with lyrics by [[Shakeel Badayuni]]. The soundtrack consists of 9 songs, featuring vocals by [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]] and [[Asha Bhosle]]. The song ''Mere Mehboob Tujhe Meri Mohabbat Ki Qasam, Phir Mujhe Nargasi Aankhon Ka Sahara Daydei'' became very popular upon release.<ref name=Hindi/>

===Song list===
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Mere Mehboob Tujhe, Meri Mohabbat Ki Qasam<ref name=Hindi>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindigeetmala.net/movie/mere_mehboob.htm|url-status=dead|title=Mere Mehboob (1963) - List of film songs|website=Hindi Geetmala website|archive-date=26 July 2013|access-date=20 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726053229/https://www.hindigeetmala.net/movie/mere_mehboob.htm}}</ref> | extra1 = [[Mohammad Rafi]] | length1 = 8:12
| title2 = Tere Pyar Mein Dildar, Jo Hai Mera Haal-e-Zaar<ref name=Hindi/> | extra2 = [[Lata Mangeshkar]] | length2 = 3:03
| title3 = Ae - Husn Zara Jaag Tujhe Ishq Jagaaye<ref name=Hindi/> | extra3 = [[Mohammad Rafi]] | length3 = 3:31
| title4 = Mere Mehboob Mein Kya Nahin | extra4 = [[Lata Mangeshkar]] and [[Asha Bhosle]] | length4 = 4:11
| title5 = Tumse Izhar - E -Haal Kar Baithe | extra5 = [[Mohammad Rafi]] | length5 = 3:28
| title6 = Janeman Ek Nazar Dekh Le | extra6 = [[Lata Mangeshkar]] and [[Asha Bhosle]] | length6 = 3:37
| title7 = Yaad Mein Teri Jaag Jaag Hum| extra7 = [[Lata Mangeshkar]] and [[Mohammad Rafi]] | length7 = 4:27
| title8 = Allah Bachaye Naujawano Se<ref name=Hindi/> | extra8 = [[Lata Mangeshkar]] | length8 = 4:27
| title9 = Mere Mehboob Tujhe, Meri Mohabbat Ki Qasam (Female)<ref name=Hindi/>| extra9 = [[Lata Mangeshkar]] | length9 = 4:45
}}

==Box office==
The film grossed {{INR|60 million}} at the Indian box office,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=169&catName=MTk2Mw==|title=Box Office 1963 (India)|website=[[Box Office India]]|date=14 October 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014084453/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=169&catName=MTk2Mw==|archive-date=14 October 2013|df=dmy-all|access-date=21 October 2024}}</ref> which in US dollars was {{US$|{{To USD|60000|IND|year=1963|round=yes}},000|year=1963|round=-6|long=no}}.

==Awards and nominations==
;[[National Film Awards]]
* [[11th National Film Awards|1963]]: [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi|Certificate of Merit for the Second Best Feature Film in Hindi]]<ref name="11thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm11thNFAAward.aspx|title=11th National Film Awards|publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]]|access-date=21 October 2024|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170502124428/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm11thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=2 May 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
;[[Filmfare Awards]]
*[[Filmfare Best Art Direction Award]] - [[Sudhendu Roy]] (Winner)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf |title=List of Filmfare Awards (scroll down to 1963 year)|access-date=21 October 2024 |archive-date=12 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612065210/http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf|url-status=dead|website=Googlepages.com website}}</ref>
*[[Filmfare]] Nomination for Best Supporting Actor-[[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]]
*[[Filmfare]] Nomination for Best Supporting Actress-[[Ameeta]]
*[[Filmfare]] Nomination for Best Supporting Actress-[[Nimmi]]
*[[Filmfare]] Nomination for Best Music Director-[[Naushad]]
*[[Filmfare]] Nomination for Best Lyricist-[[Shakeel Badayuni]] for the song "Mere Mehboob Tujhe Mere"
*[[Filmfare]] Nomination for Best Playback Singer-[[Mohd. Rafi]] for the song "Mere Mehboob Tujhe Mere"

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0266765|Mere Mehboob}}

{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Hindi}}

[[Category:1963 films]]
[[Category:1963 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1963 Indian films]]
[[Category:1960s Urdu-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films directed by H. S. Rawail]]
[[Category:Films scored by Naushad]]
[[Category:Films shot in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Lucknow]]
[[Category:Films set in Lucknow]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:National Film Award (India) winners]]

{{1960s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Laat Saab

2026-03-04T00:04:51Z

Sadique: quick expanded layout per standard format and corrected details based on references

{{short description|1992 classic thriller Bollywood film by Sunil Agnihotri}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Laat Saab<ref name="bbfc">{{cite web |title=Laat Saab |url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/laat-saab-1992-0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214164938/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/laat-saab-1992-0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 December 2018 |website=www.bbfc.co.uk |publisher=BBFC |accessdate=11 April 2020 |location=London, UK}}</ref>
| image = Laat Saab.jpg

| caption =
| director = [[Sunil Agnihotri]]<ref name="bbfc"/>
| producer = [[Sunil Agnihotri]]
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = [[Jackie Shroff]] [[Neelam Kothari|Neelam]]
| music = [[Anu Malik]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|df=y|1992|06|12}}<ref name="bbfc"/>
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi<ref name="bbfc"/>
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Laat Saab''''' is a 1992 [[Bollywood]] film produced and directed by [[Sunil Agnihotri]]. It stars [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Neelam Kothari|Neelam]] in the lead roles. This film was inspired by Raj Khosla's classic thriller [[Woh Kaun Thi?]]. This is the last known film of veteran actor [[K. N. Singh]] who shares his original name in the film. Another actor [[A. K. Hangal]] had negative shades in his character of a crook. The Spirit of Anju (Neelam) disappearing with Vijay's (Jackie Shroff) coat was based on a story which took place in the 60s in Bombay, known as ''Sandra from Bandra''.

==Plot==
Born on the 17th of September in Uttar Pradesh, Vijay Rai leads a wealthy lifestyle along with his dad, Ajay Kumar, who are now settled in scenic Simla. Since Vijay is 25 years old, his dad wants him to get married, but Vijay wants to find his own soul mate. He does find her in Bombay-based Anju, both meet and fall in love with each other. When Anju is informed that her dad is ill, she returns home, and leaves a note for Vijay to contact her there. Upon receiving her note, Vijay departs for Bombay and reaches Anju's residence. He is received by her dad, Dinanath, who informs him that Anju has been dead for over 3 years now. A disbelieving Vijay, assisted by CBI Inspector Jayant Mathur, decides to trace Anju. He and Jayant do find her, but she claims that she has never met Vijay and identifies herself as Mona, a Goa-based dancer/singer. Vijay must now accept Anju's death and move on little knowing that if he persists he will soon be declared insane as none of the people he has come across thus far are who they claim to be
{{no plot|date=July 2018}}

==Cast==
* [[Jackie Shroff]]<ref name="bbfc"/> as Vijay Rai
* [[Neelam Kothari|Neelam]]<ref name="bbfc"/> as Anju / Mona
* [[Mohsin Khan (Pakistani cricketer)|Mohsin Khan]]<ref name="bbfc"/> as Amar
* [[Saeed Jaffrey]] as Rai Sahib Ajay Rai
* [[K. N. Singh]] as K. N. Singh
* [[Sushma Seth]]<ref name="bbfc"/> as Sarita Rai
* [[Asrani]]<ref name="bbfc"/> as Pyarelal "Pappu"
* [[Ishrat Ali]] as CBI Inspector N. A. Ansari / Mastan Baba
* [[A. K. Hangal]]<ref name="bbfc"/> as Dinanath / D'Mello

==Music==
[[Gulshan Bawra]] wrote the songs.
{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Hirni Jaisi Ankhon Wali"
| [[Kumar Sanu]]
|-
| "De Do De Do Mujhe"
| Kumar Sanu, [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
| "Churaya Tune Dil"
| [[Udit Narayan]], Alka Yagnik
|-
| "Ek Tuhi Mera Sahara"
| Alka Yagnik
|-
| "Battiyan Bujhengi"
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Portal|Film|India}}
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0104660|Laat Saab}}

[[Category:Films scored by Anu Malik]]
[[Category:1992 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sunil Agnihotri]]

{{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Naa Girlfriend Baga Rich

2026-03-03T21:55:04Z

Sadique: stub - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Naa Girlfriend Baga Rich.jpg
| alt =
| caption = DVD cover
| native_name = 
| director = M. Nagendra Kumar
| writer = Vemagiri (dialogues)
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Kumar Brothers
| starring = [[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]] [[Kaveri Jha]] [[Brahmanandam]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Maro
| editing = Upendra
| music = ''[[Mantra (2007 film)|Mantra]]'' Anand
| studio = Kumar Brothers Cinema
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2009|3|6}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Naa Girlfriend Baga Rich''''' ({{Translation|My girlfriend is very rich}}) is a 2009 Indian Telugu-language [[romantic thriller]] film directed by M. Nagendra Kumar and starring [[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]], [[Kaveri Jha]] and [[Brahmanandam]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/waiting-in-the-wings/articleshow/3298155.cms|title=Waiting in the wings|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 June 2008|access-date=19 July 2022|archive-date=19 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719113921/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/waiting-in-the-wings/articleshow/3298155.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/flights-of-fantasy-kaveri/articleshow/3090376.cms|title=Flights of fantasy: Kaveri|date=2 June 2008|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=19 July 2022|archive-date=19 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719113923/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/flights-of-fantasy-kaveri/articleshow/3090376.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Although the film is inspired by the American film ''[[8 Heads in a Duffel Bag]]'' (1997), it has a different storyline. The film is about the romance between a poor boy and a rich girl.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/a-rich-girl/articleshow/3454943.cms|title=A rich girl|date=8 September 2008|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=19 July 2022|archive-date=19 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719113921/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/a-rich-girl/articleshow/3454943.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Sanjay Sastri falls in love with [[non-resident Indian|NRI]] Sravya in Bangkok. While there, Sanjay mixes up his bag with his co-passenger Mike Tyson, whose bag contains seven heads. How Sanjay proves his innocence to Sravya's family forms the rest of the plot.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]] as Sanjay Sastri
*[[Kaveri Jha]] as Sravya
*[[Brahmanandam]] as Mike Tyson
*[[Vijay Sai|Vijay]] as Sanjay's friend
*Kamal as Sanjay's friend
*[[Ahuti Prasad]] as Sravya's father
*[[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi]] as Sravya's mother
*Babloo
*[[Gundu Hanumantha Rao]] as Flight passenger
*[[Ramaprabha]]
*[[Allari Subhashini]]
}}

== Production ==
The film was shot in [[Mauritius]] for twenty days.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kaveri-jha-signs-her-next-film/articleshow/3080831.cms|title=Kaveri Jha signs her next film|date=29 May 2008|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=19 July 2022|archive-date=19 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719113922/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kaveri-jha-signs-her-next-film/articleshow/3080831.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Music ==
The soundtrack for the film was composed by ''[[Mantra (2007 film)|Mantra]]'' Anand.<ref>{{cite web |title=Na Girl Friend Baga Rich Songs, Download Na Girl Friend Baga Rich Movie Songs For Free Online at Saavn.com |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/na-girl-friend-baga-rich/uF77H-0LmC4_ |website=[[JioSaavn]] |access-date=5 September 2023 |date=1 January 2013}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Umma Umma
| length1 = 4:16
| lyrics1 = [[Noel Sean]]
| extra1 = Bhargavi Pillai
| title2 = Naalo Chinni Aasalaku
| length2 = 4:27
| lyrics2 = [[Bhaskarabhatla]]
| extra2 = Pranavi, Mantra Anand
| title3 = Rap Song (Ryap)
| length3 = 2:49
| lyrics3 = Noel Sean
| extra3 = Mantra Anand, Noel Sean
| title4 = Kalavaramo Paravasamo
| length4 = 4:03
| lyrics4 = A. Sreedhar
| extra4 = Deepthi
| title5 = Padipoyade
| length5 = 3:10
| lyrics5 = Mantra Anand
| extra5 = [[Sahithi]], Mantra Anand
| title6 = Umma (Remix)
| length6 = 5:03
| lyrics6 = Noel Sean
| extra6 = Bhargavi Pillai, DJ Shawn
| total_length = 23:48
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film one out of five and opined that "The director of the film was under the impression that he can get away with a fun-centric film revolving around a 'weird' plot, but he is sadly mistaken".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/naa-girlfriend-baga-rich/movie-review/4238765.cms|title=NAA GIRLFRIEND BAGA RICH MOVIE REVIEW|date=6 March 2009|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=19 July 2022|archive-date=21 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621074723/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/naa-girlfriend-baga-rich/movie-review/4238765.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Jeevi from ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' gave the same rating and wrote that "On a whole, ''NGFBR'' is a pathetically made film with unappealing content".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-naagirlfriendbagarich.html|title=Telugu Movie review - Naa Girl Friend Baga Rich|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|date=6 March 2009|last=Jeevi|access-date=19 July 2022|archive-date=21 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621001159/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-naagirlfriendbagarich.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Mallemala Entertainments|123Telugu]]'' also gave the same rating and stated that "The entire film in fact seems to be based on two English movies - "[[The Transporter|Transporter]]" and "[[Welcome (2007 film)|Welcome]]". The Tyson character seems to have been etched from Transporter and the romance angle has definitely been copied from Welcome".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/N/Naa_GirlFriend_Baga_Rich/Naa_GirlFriend_Baaga_Rich_review.html|title=Naa GirlFriend Baaga Rich –Sivaji's poor run at the B.O continues|work=[[Mallemala Entertainments|123Telugu]]|date=6 March 2009|access-date=19 July 2022|archive-date=21 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621001159/https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/N/Naa_GirlFriend_Baga_Rich/Naa_GirlFriend_Baaga_Rich_review.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' gave the film a verdict of "Below Average" and wrote that "The film has nothing to offer. It is neither a complete comedy entertainer nor a suspense movie nor an action film".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/naa-girl-friend-baaga-rich--review-telugu-pclwW5fdgjcei.html|title=Naa Girl Friend Baga Rich|work=[[Sify]]|date=9 March 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719113921/https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:_rNur7yqM28J:https://m.sify.com/movies/naa-girl-friend-baaga-rich--review-telugu-pclwW5fdgjcei.html+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us|archive-date=19 July 2022}}</ref> Deepa Garimella of ''Full Hyderabad'' criticised the film and wrote that "In case you do plan to watch this flick, please carry your own garbage bag and keep the theatre clean as no one wants to see your head rolling around".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/naa-girl-friend-baga-rich/telugu/naa-girl-friend-baga-rich-movie-reviews-2797-2.html|title=Naa Girl Friend Baga Rich Review|last=Garimella|first=Deepa|work=Full Hyderabad|access-date=2022-07-19|archive-date=2022-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719113922/https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/naa-girl-friend-baga-rich/telugu/naa-girl-friend-baga-rich-movie-reviews-2797-2.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|1579639}}

[[Category:2009 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in Bangkok]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mauritius]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]

Suli (2016 film)

2026-03-03T21:35:07Z

Sadique: new!

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Suli
| image = 2016 Kannada film Suli poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[P. H. Vishwanath]]
| producer = Geetha Srinath T. S. Sathyanarayan
| story = P. H. Vishwanath
| screenplay = P. H. Vishwanath
| starring = [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]] [[Pragati Soorve]] Jayaram Neenasam Rahul Sreenivasan
| music = [[S. P. Venkatesh]]
| cinematography = R. Manjunath
| editing = B. S. Kemparaju
| studio = Diya Communications Pvt. Ltd.
| runtime = 115 minutes
| released = {{Film date|2016|5|27|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
}}

'''''Suli''''' (''The Whirlpool'') is a 2016 Indian Kannada film written and directed by [[P. H. Vishwanath]], and produced by Geetha Srinath and T. S. Sathyanarayan. It stars [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]] and [[Pragati Soorve]] in the lead roles. The supporting cast features Jayaram Neenasam, Chennakeshava, Susheelamma, Rahul Sreenivasan, Adhvithi Shetty and Ashvithi Shetty. Vishwanath revealed that Budensabi, the character portrayed by Srinath, is inspired from an article about a village on top of the hill in [[Uttara Kannada]], where a saintly person transports materials needed for daily life on donkeys.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Khajane|first1=Muralidhara|title=Suli: a whirlpool of emotions|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/ph-vishwanaths-suli-releases-this-week/article8650034.ece|work=The Hindu|accessdate=27 May 2016|date=26 May 2016}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]] as Budensab
* [[Pragati Soorve]] as Shabana
* Jayaram Neenasam as Wasim
* Chennakeshava as Mathadayya
* Susheelamma as Saira
* Adhvithi Shetty as Saleena
* Ashvithi Shetty as Sadiya
* Rahul Sreenivasan as Aazim
* Harsha Nalwad as Inayat

== Production ==
The developments of the film were revealed on the media only later into filming, in May 2016, when ''[[The Times of India]]'' carrying a report that [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]] would be appearing in the lead role in the film. Speaking of his character, Vishwanath said, "Srinath plays a Muslim man for the first time in his career. He plays a simple family man living in a remote village, surrounded by people from different religious backgrounds." Requiring the former to sport beard for his role, the filming which was supposed to commence in October 2015 was delayed.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Christopher|first1=Kavya|title=Srinath plays a musalman for the first time in 50 years|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Srinath-in-Suli/articleshow/52217647.cms|accessdate=27 May 2016|work=The Times of India|date=11 May 2016}}</ref> [[Pragati A S]], a radio jockey, was signed to play the female protagonist. She was chosen after a round of auditions, which she was told to by her college professor. In preparation for her role as a speech-impaired daughter of Srinath's character, she was made to go through a "15-day workshop ..., during which [she] spent time with a Muslim family to observe the way they interacted with each other, and, most importantly, prayed."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Joy|first1=Prathibha|title=My family didn't know I acted in a film|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Pragati-AS-in-Suli/articleshow/52321572.cms|accessdate=27 May 2016|work=The Times of India|date=18 May 2016}}</ref> Adhvithi and Ashwithi Shetty, who had previously appeared ''[[Mr. and Mrs. Ramachari]]'' (2014), were cast to play the second and third daughters of Srinath's character.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Desai|first1=Dhwani|title=The Ramachari twins are back on screen|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/The-Ramachari-twins-are-back-on-screen/articleshow/52291851.cms|work=The Times of India|accessdate=27 May 2016|date=16 May 2016}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Suli
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[S. P. Venkatesh]]
| cover =
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack cover
| released = {{Start date|2016|4|6|df=yes}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=14|s=56}}
| label = [[Anand Audio]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

[[S. P. Venkatesh]] composed the film's music and the soundtrack, lyrics for which were penned by Na Damodara Shetty and Srichandru. The soundtrack album consists of five tracks.<ref>{{cite web|title=Suli (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/suli-original-motion-picture/1101096897|publisher=iTunes|date=6 April 2016|access-date=28 May 2016}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 14:56
| title1 = Thoreya Neerali Naliva Bettavu
| extra1 = Ankur Anil Sharma
| lyrics1 = Na Damodara Shetty
| length1 = 4:32
| title2 = Baana Mareyinda Holeva Chandira
| extra2 = Pratheeksha Bhat
| lyrics2 = Na Damodara Shetty
| length2 = 2:28
| title3 = Sootravu Avanali
| extra3 = Ankur Anil Sharma
| lyrics3 = Srichandru
| length3 = 1:32
| title4 = Harushada Pallavi Jothe
| extra4 = Pratheeksha Bhat
| lyrics4 = Srichandru
| length4 = 1:23
| title5 = Manshna Baara Hottu
| extra5 = Ankur Anil Sharma
| lyrics5 = Srichandru
| length5 = 4:51
}}

==Reception==
Upon theatrical release, the film received positive reviews from critics. Shashidhara, reviewing for ''[[Vijaya Karnataka]]'' felt that the message conveyed by the protagonist in the film is that the welfare of the society is of paramount importance than anything else. He wrote praises of Srinath's performance and felt that its he who "carries the film on his shoulders" and commended the performance of [[Pragati A S]] as well. He concluded crediting the roles of the music including the "timely tracks", cinematography and the film's direction.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vijaykarnataka.indiatimes.com/entertainment/review/suli-film-review/moviereview/52469639.cms|title=ಸುಳಿ ಚಿತ್ರವಿಮರ್ಶೆ: ಜೀವನ ಪ್ರೀತಿ ಮತ್ತು ಬದುಕಿನ ರೀತಿ|author=Shashidhara|date=28 May 2016|access-date=28 May 2016|language=Kannada|trans-title=Discussion on the film Suli: The Love of Life and The Way of Being|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528124155/http://vijaykarnataka.indiatimes.com/entertainment/review/suli-film-review/moviereview/52469639.cms|archivedate=28 May 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|5760814}}
* {{Official website|http://sulithemovie.com/}}

{{P. H. Vishwanath}}
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2016 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]

Mahabharata (comics)

2026-02-20T18:31:13Z

Sadique:

{{short description|Comic book series published by Amar Chitra Katha Private Limited}}
{{Infobox comic book title

| title = Mahabharata
|noimage=yes
| image = ACK Mahabharata cover.jpg
| imagesize = 
| caption = ''Mahabharata'' (vol I of III), cover art by Ramesh Umrotkar
| schedule = Alternative Title Schedule
| format =
| limited = Y
| ongoing = N
| 1shot =
| genre = Mythology
| publisher = [[Amar Chitra Katha]] and first issue by: [[India Book House|ACK, IBH]]
| date = 1985 - 89
| startmo =
| startyr =
| endmo =
| endyr =
| issues = 42
| main_char_team =
| issn =
| writers = Kamala Chandrakant • TMP Nedungadi • Subba Rao • Yagya Sharma • Lopamudra • Mihir Lal Mitra • Sumona Roy • Mohan Swaminathan • Shubha Kandhekar • Margie Sastry
| artists = Dilip Kadam
| pencillers =
| inkers =
| letterers =
| colorists =
| editors = [[Anant Pai]]
| creative_team_month =
| creative_team_year =
| creators =
| TPB = Volume 1
| ISBN = 978-81-905990-4-7
|TPB1=Volume 2
|ISBN1= 978-81-905990-2-3
|TPB2=Volume 3
|ISBN2= 978-81-905990-3-0
| subcat =
| altcat =
| sort = Mahabharata (comics)US =
}}

'''''Mahabharata''''' (also known as '''''[[Amar Chitra Katha]]'s Mahabharata'''''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-life-of-uncle-pai/912158 |title=The Life of Uncle Pai |publisher=Indian Express |date= |accessdate=2013-01-08}}</ref>) is a comic adaptation of the [[India]]n [[Epic poetry|epic poem]] ''[[Mahabharata]]''. The 42-issue best-selling series by [[Amar Chitra Katha]], [[Mumbai]] was illustrated by Dilip Kadam.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-17150952 Comic life: Remembering India's master storyteller Anant Pai] BBC News, 24 February 2012.</ref> The team of script writers (who took turns to complete the 42 issues) included Kamala Chandrakant, TMP Nedungadi, Subba Rao, Yagya Sharma, Lopamudra, Mihir Lal Mitra, Sumona Roy, Mohan Swaminathan, Shubha Kandhekar and Margie Sastry.<ref name="comicology1">{{cite web|url=http://www.comicology.in/2009/07/amar-chitra-katha-mahabharata-3-volumes.html |title=Amar Chitra Katha – Mahabharata | 3 Volumes | 2007 - Comicology |publisher=Comicology.in |date=2009-07-10 |accessdate=2013-01-08}}</ref>

The ''Mahabharata'' is often regarded as one of the most popular titles in the history of Amar Chitra Katha. It is an adaptation of [[Kashiram Das#Kashidasi Mahabharat|Kashidasi Mahabharata]]. It is also the longest series (42 issue run on an alternative title schedule; from 329 to 441 [1985-89] in over more than 1300 pages) to have been produced by the ACK. The series was originally planned for 60 albums, but it was later cut short to 42.<ref name="comicology1"/>

== Concept and creation ==
Amar Chitra Katha had a strong commitment to the ''Mahabharata'' from the very beginning. Many of its titles were from based on particular events or characters from the ''Mahabharata''. In March 1985, the new project began, "in response to a persistent demand from our readers for a comprehensive account of the epic." The ambitious series by [[Anant Pai]] was initially decided as a 60 volume project, with one issue in every fortnight. However, in 1988, Amar Chitra Katha issued only one issue a month, so that Mahabharata numbers came out only in every two months.<ref name="google1">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cgDHFFe7YM8C&q=Mahabharata+Amar+Chitra+Katha |title=Media And The Transformation Of Religion In South Asia - Lawrence A Babb, Susan S. Wadley - Google Books |date= 31 May 1998|isbn=9788120814530 |accessdate=2013-01-08|last1=Babb |first1=Lawrence A. |last2=Wadley |first2=Susan S. |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. }}</ref>

The ''Mahabharata'' comics was based on,<ref name="google1"/>

* A [[Sanskrit]] text with [[Hindi]] translation by Pundit Ramnarayan Dutt Shastri Pandey ([[Gita Press]], [[Gorakhpur]])
* A [[Malayalam]] verse version by [[Kodungallur Kunjikkuttan Thampuran|Kunjikkuttan Tampuram]] (SPCS, [[Kottayam]])
* Pratap Chandra Roy's English prose version ([[Munshiram Manoharlal|Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers]], [[New Delhi]])
* Pune critical edition ([[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute]], [[Pune]])

== Structure ==
The comics does not include the ''[[Harivamsha]]'' (a supplement to the ''Mahabharata'') and the abbreviated version of the [[Ramayana]]. It also omits the character [[Ugrasrava Sauti]] and the first issue ("Veda Vyasa") begins with sage Vyasa acquiring the elephant god [[Ganesha]] as his scribe and starting the dictation. It soon moves on to [[Vaisampayana]] narrating the epic to [[Janamejaya II|Janamejaya]]. This latter pair persist till the last panel of the series, appearing from time to time in panels colored differently. In addition, the events of the [[Battle of Kurukshetra]] was narrated to [[Dhritarashtra]] by his advisor [[Sanjaya]], who both appeared in the middle of the battle sequences in different colored panels, thus making it a narration within a narration.<ref name="google1"/>

The comics also included various footnotes explaining the meaning Sanskrit terms, and the few issues also consisted a pronunciation guide and glossary. Issues usually start with a page containing a summary of the last few issues, and in the backdrop illustrations of the Gita setting, with [[Arjuna]] kneeling before [[Krishna]] in the battlefield.<ref name="google1"/>

== Individual titles ==
Several individual books were released containing both, the story from the perspectives of some of important characters with some untold stories not included in original books and other side stories found in Mahabharata, but omitted in the main volumes. They're
*Shakuntala
*Savitri
*Nala Damayanti
*Urvashi
*Nahusha
*Yayati
*Kacha and Devayani
*Indra and Shachi
*Golden Mongoose
*Tales of Arjuna
*Bheema and Hanuman
*Abhimanyu
*Pareekshit
*Uloopi
*Tales of Yudhistira
*Pandavas in the hiding
*The Pandava princes
*Amba
*Bheeshma
*Jayadratha
*Drona
*Ghatotkach
*Karna
*Draupadi
*Gandhari
*Chandrahasa
*Tapati
*Aruni and Uttanka
*Sukanya
*Indra and Shibi
*Jayadratha

Chapters about Krishna and yadavas
*Krishna the protector of Dharma
*Bhagavata Purana
*Krishna and Rukmini
*Krishna and Jarasandha
*Krishna and Shishupala
*Krishna and false Vasudeva
*The Shyamantaka Gem
*Krishna and Narakasura
*Parijata Tree
*Pradyumna
*Aniruddha
*Prabhavati
*Bhanumati
*Subhadra
*Tales of Balaram
*The Gita
*Sudama

== Influences and conflicts ==
Amar Chitra Katha series on ''Mahabarata'' (1985–89) coincided with [[BR Chopra|Baldev Raj Chopra]]'s famous television drama series ''[[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)|Mahabharat]]'' (1988–90). Although, some fans took great pleasure in encountering Mahabharata in both mediums, the television series spelled big trouble for the comic book series. Amar Chitra Katha and the state-run [[Doordarshan]] television channel ([[DD National]]) competed for the same [[Urban sociology|urban]] [[middle class]] audience.<ref name="google2">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V4-Su0whKa0C&q=india's+Immortal+Comic+Books:+Gods,+Kings,+and+Other+Heroes |title=India's Immortal Comic Books: Gods, Kings, and Other Heroes - Karline McLain - Google Books |isbn=978-0253220523 |accessdate=2013-01-08|last1=McLain |first1=Karline |year=2009 |publisher=Indiana University Press }}</ref>

It is widely accepted that visual and narrative "homogenization" occurs between the ACK'S ''Mahabharata'' and Baldev Raj Chopra's ''Mahabharat''. Television producers have repeatedly turned to the Amar Chitra Katha series as reference material for costume design, set production, and subject matter.<ref name="google2"/>

{{Blockquote|"When the ''Mahabharat'' television series was made, I had friend who was a cameraman at the set. And he told me that they often brought the ACK ''Mahabharata'' series onto the set and used it as reference material-for dress, the building, and also for the episodes, the content. It is Kamala Chandrakant who deserves credit for this. She was thorough and very, very careful with regards to authenticity."<ref name="google2"/>| Yagya Sharma, ACK author|on Mahabharata comics |}}

The advertisements of the comic series contained the exhortation "Read it to enjoy your Sunday viewing [of the BR Chopra's ''Mahabharat'']!". It seems possible that the comic series was hastened to 42 issues from 60 to take advantage of the television series.<ref name="google1"/>

== Collected formats ==
* The late 1980s saw the first of the collected format of the ''Mahabharata'' with a 7 volume "Library Edition".<ref name="comicology1"/>
* A 14 volume special edition was published in the late 1990s.<ref name="comicology1"/>
* A hard-bounded 3 volume edition in 1998 (reprinted in late 2007, 2012)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amarchitrakatha.com/ack/retail/product/601-601-AmarChitraKatha-AMARCHITRAKATHA-SPECIALS-Mahabharata%283VolumeHardboundSet%29 |title=ACK |publisher=Amarchitrakatha.com |date= |accessdate=2013-01-08}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links ==
{{Mahabharata}}
{{Works based on the Mahabharata}}
* [https://www.amarchitrakatha.com/in/mahabharata-3-vol-set ''Mahabharata''- Amar Chitra Katha]
* [https://books.apple.com/us/book/mahabharata-the-complete-collection/id460746907 ''Mahabharata'' Complete Collection 42 Title Comics Set in Apple iBooks]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140918135110/https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/india-comics/id562147464?mt=8 ''Mahabharata'' Complete Collection 42 Title Comics Set inApp in Apple IndiaComics iPad App]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120801032635/http://www.dilipkadam.in/index.html Dilip Kadam website]

[[Category:Works based on the Mahabharata|state=collapsed]]
[[Category:Mythology in comics]]
[[Category:War comics]]
[[Category:Indian comics]]
[[Category:Comics based on poems]]
[[Category:1985 comics debuts]]
[[Category:1989 comics endings]]

Vani Ganapathy

2026-02-12T03:22:19Z

Sadique: post!

{{Short description|Indian classical dancer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vani Ganapathy
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =  {{birth date and age|6 June 1950}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| known_for = [[Bharatanatyam]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Kamal Haasan]]|1978|reason=divorced|1988}}
| occupation = [[Dancer]]
}}
'''Vani Ganapathy''', also spelled as '''Vani Ganpati''', is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[Ballet|classical dancer]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/I-AM-VANI-GANAPATHY/articleshow/1590317.cms?|title=I AM: VANI GANAPATHY |work= Times of India|author=Sawhney, Anubha |date=10 February 2007}}</ref>

==Career==
She started performing when she was seven, and has travelled across the world for her performances. She lives in [[Bangalore]], where she set up Sanchari, a dance [[academy]].<ref name=hindu>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/madhur-vani/article28459907.ece|title=Madhur Vani|date=29 December 2003|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=6 July 2020}}</ref>

==Film career==
She started her acting career in [[Bollywood]] [[film]]s in 1972.

==Personal life==
In 1978, Vani married [[actor]] [[Kamal Haasan]].<ref name=hindu/>
<ref name="Kamal-vani">{{cite news|author=Indiatimes Movies|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-12-31/did-you-know-/27897283_1_kamal-haasan-low-key-affair-entry|title=Kamal Haasan made a flowery entry|work=[[The Times of India]]|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd|access-date=31 December 2008|date=31 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521024317/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-12-31/did-you-know-/27897283_1_kamal-haasan-low-key-affair-entry|archive-date=21 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> She acted with Haasan in the 1975 movie ''[[Melnaattu Marumagal]]''. After they were married, Vani worked as Haasan's costume designer for several movies. They divorced ten years later in 1988.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Key
| style=background:#FFFFCC;"|{{dagger|alt=film that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes Film that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Director !!Co-stars !! Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 1973
| ''Pyaasi Nadi''
|
| [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| Ravi Kinagi|Shankar Kinaji
| Vikram Makandar Urmila Bhatt Bipin Gupta Asit Sen Murad Helen Vikram
| Debut Hindi film
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/pyasi-nadi-4173/cast-crew|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110033132/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/pyasi-nadi-4173/cast-crew|url-status=live|archive-date=10 November 2020|title=Pyasi Nadi (1973) Cast – Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director|website=Cinestaan}}</ref>
|-
| 1975
| ''[[Andhera]]''
|
| [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|[[Shyam Ramsay]] [[Tulsi Ramsay]]
|Major Anand Ashoo Bhagwan [[Krishan Dhawan]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=181&catName=MTk3NQ==|title=Top Earners 1975|access-date=2017-07-11|publisher=boxofficeindia.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102010253/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=181&catName=MTk3NQ==|archive-date=2010-01-02}}</ref>
|-
| 1975
| ''[[Melnaattu Marumagal]]''
| Dancer
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| [[A. P. Nagarajan]]
|[[Kamal Haasan]] [[Jayasudha]]
|Special appearance in a dance sequence remade in Telugu as ''[[America Ammayi (film)|America Ammayi]]''.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inbaminge.com/t/m/Melnaattu%20Marumagal/|title=Melnaattu Marumagal Songs|access-date=2014-07-31|publisher=inbaminge}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movieretrospect/retro_americaammayi1976_2.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231014903/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movieretrospect/retro_americaammayi1976_2.php|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 December 2010|title=Articles : Movie Retrospect : Retro: America Ammaayi (1976)|date=31 December 2010}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ganapathy, Vani}}
[[Category:Bharatanatyam dancers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Tamil actresses]]

Embassy of Thailand, New Delhi

2026-02-08T14:09:50Z

Sadique: adding details...

{{short description|Diplomatic mission of Thailand to India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox diplomatic mission
| name = Royal Thai Embassy, New Delhi
| image =
| ambassador = Chavanart Thangsumphant
| coordinates = {{Coord|28.58922|77.18203|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| address = 56-N, Nyaya Marg, [[Chanakyapuri]], New Delhi, Delhi 110021
| jurisdiction = {{IND}} {{BHU}}
| website = {{official website|https://newdelhi.thaiembassy.org/en/}}
}}

The '''Royal Thai Embassy''' in [[New Delhi]] is the [[diplomatic mission]] of [[Thailand]] to [[India]], the ambassador being Pattarat Hongtong.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambassador |url=https://newdelhi.thaiembassy.org/en/page/ambassador?menu=616ede07f58cb966d8215d82 |access-date=6 December 2022 |website=newdelhi.thaiembassy.org |language=en |archive-date=6 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206060320/https://newdelhi.thaiembassy.org/en/page/ambassador?menu=616ede07f58cb966d8215d82 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Message from Ambassador |url=https://newdelhi.thaiembassy.org/en/page/message-from-ambassador?menu=616ede1086c81a0f84561d02 |access-date=6 December 2022 |website=newdelhi.thaiembassy.org |language=th |archive-date=6 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206060418/https://newdelhi.thaiembassy.org/en/page/message-from-ambassador?menu=616ede1086c81a0f84561d02 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The embassy serves the [[North India|Northern]], [[Western India|Western]], [[Central India|Central]], [[East India|Eastern]] and [[Northeast India|North-Eastern]] regions of India; it also includes Bhutan in its jurisdiction. Thailand also has a [[Consulate General of Thailand, Chennai|Consulate General in Chennai]] that serves the region of [[South India]] and is affiliated with the embassy.{{fact|date=January 2023}}

== History ==
After establishing [[Bilateralism|diplomatic relations]] [[India–Thailand relations|between the countries]] on 1 August 1947, they each built consulates initially in corresponding capitals, and upgraded to post on 3 October 1951.
Initial building was leased in Aurangzeb Road, later shifting it to present location.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of the Embassy |url=https://newdelhi.thaiembassy.org/en/page/history-of-the-embassy?menu=616ede1ac1115d7b465a0222 |access-date=6 December 2022 |website=newdelhi.thaiembassy.org |language=en |archive-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522233134/https://newdelhi.thaiembassy.org/en/page/history-of-the-embassy?menu=616ede1ac1115d7b465a0222 |url-status=live }}</ref> The ambassador's residence was constructed in 1955.{{fact|date=January 2023}}

== List of ambassadors ==
{{See also|List of ambassadors of Thailand to India}}

The first ambassador to India was [[Thanat Khoman]]. Present ambassador is Ms. Patrat Hongthong.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Ambassadors of Thailand to India |url=https://newdelhi.thaiembassy.org/en/page/list-of-ambassadors-of-thailand-to-india |access-date=6 December 2022 |website=newdelhi.thaiembassy.org |language=en |archive-date=1 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401045237/https://newdelhi.thaiembassy.org/en/page/list-of-ambassadors-of-thailand-to-india |url-status=live }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Diplomat
![[Letter of credence|Diplomatic accreditation]]
!Notes and References
|-
|1
|[[Thanat Khoman]]
|1947-49
|
|-
|2
|Luang Pinit Alphabet (Wong Pinij Alphabet)
|1949-52
|
|-
|3
|Lt. Gen. Luang Vijitwatkarn (Vijit Vijitwatkarn)
|1952-53
|
|-
|4
|Luang Bhadravati (Supavara Warasiri)
|1953-54
|
|-
|5
|Phra Bhahitthanukorn (Part Navaraj)
|1955-57
|
|-
|6
|Bun Charoenchai
|1957-59
|
|-
|7
|Sukit Nimmanhemin
|1959-63
|
|-
|8
|Chitti Singhkul
|1963-67
|
|-
|9
|Premburchat
|1968-72
|
|-
|10
|Sermon Sutwathanruputhi
|1972-75
|
|-
|11
|Suchart Judhasmit
|1976-80
|
|-
|12
|Somboon Rojanakorn
|1980-81
|-
|13
|Sumesorn Sirimongkol
|1981-83
|
|-
|14
|Pirat Israsena
|1983-87
|
|-
|15
|Nikkorn Prasangphet
|1987-91
|
|-
|16
|Prapat Narinthrangoon
|1991-93
|
|-
|17
|Vijay Wansin
|1994-98
|
|-
|18
|Thawatchai Thaweesri
|1998 - 2000
|
|-
|19
|B.D. Sothiplarit
|2000-02
|
|-
|20
|Jirasak Thaneshanan
|2002-08
|
|-
|21
|Krit Kraijitti
|2009-12
|
|-
|22
|[[Pisan Manawapat]]
|2011-13
|
|-
|23
|Chalit Manityakul
|2013-16
|
|-
|24
|Chutinthorn Kongsak
|2017-20
|
|-
|25
|Patrat Hongthong
|2021-25
|
|-
|26
|Chavanart Thangsumphant
|2025 – present
|[https://newdelhi.thaiembassy.org/en/page/list-of-ambassadors-of-thailand-to-india List of Thai ambassadors]
|}

== Events ==
The embassy organises various education, cultural and bilateral events as well.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Experience Thainess at Amazing Thailand Fest 2022 in New Delhi |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/experience-thainess-at-amazing-thailand-fest-2022-in-new-delhi20221121163803/ |access-date=6 December 2022 |website=ANI News |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=11 November 2022 |title=Radisson Blu Plaza Delhi Airport celebrates Loy Krathong Festival |url=https://traveltradejournal.com/radisson-blu-plaza-delhi-airport-celebrates-loy-krathong-festival/ |access-date=6 December 2022 |website=Travel Trade Journal |language=en-US |archive-date=6 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206060337/https://traveltradejournal.com/radisson-blu-plaza-delhi-airport-celebrates-loy-krathong-festival/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The events are regional as well as bilateral basis.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Special lecture on Indian Heritage in Thai Civilisation, Arts and Architecture |url=https://newdelhi.thaiembassy.org/en/content/special-lecture?page=638450f56c26d73794614453&menu=614493d7a386106b7e0776e3 |access-date=6 December 2022 |website=newdelhi.thaiembassy.org |language=en |archive-date=6 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206060504/https://newdelhi.thaiembassy.org/en/content/special-lecture?page=638450f56c26d73794614453&menu=614493d7a386106b7e0776e3 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Loy Krathong 2022 |url=https://newdelhi.thaiembassy.org/en/content/loy-krathong-2022?page=638450f56c26d73794614453&menu=614493d7a386106b7e0776e3 |access-date=6 December 2022 |website=สถานเอกอัครราชทูตไทย ณ กรุงนิวเดลี |language=th |archive-date=6 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206060341/https://newdelhi.thaiembassy.org/en/content/loy-krathong-2022?page=638450f56c26d73794614453&menu=614493d7a386106b7e0776e3 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The religious ceremony in honour of His late Majesty King Rama IX |url=https://newdelhi.thaiembassy.org/en/content/the-religious-ceremony?page=638450f56c26d73794614453&menu=614493d7a386106b7e0776e3 |access-date=6 December 2022 |website=สถานเอกอัครราชทูตไทย ณ กรุงนิวเดลี |language=th |archive-date=6 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206060459/https://newdelhi.thaiembassy.org/en/content/the-religious-ceremony?page=638450f56c26d73794614453&menu=614493d7a386106b7e0776e3 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[India–Thailand relations]]
* [[Consulate General of Thailand, Chennai]]
* [[List of ambassadors of Thailand to India]]
* [[List of diplomatic missions of Thailand]]
* [[List of diplomatic missions in India]]
* [[Foreign policy|Foreign relations]]: [[Foreign relations of India|India]] | [[Foreign relations of Thailand|Thailand]]

== External links ==
* [https://newdelhi.thaiembassy.org/en/ Royal Thai Embassy in New Delhi]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Diplomatic missions of Thailand}}
{{Diplomatic missions in India}}

[[Category:India–Thailand relations]]
[[Category:Diplomatic missions of Thailand|New Delhi]]
[[Category:Diplomatic missions in New Delhi|Thailand]]

Imran Siddiqi

2026-02-07T22:54:21Z

Sadique: creating new entry.

{{Short description|Indian geneticist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Imran Siddiqi
| image = Imran Siddiqi.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1957|09|07}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| known_for =
| occupation = Geneticist
}}
'''Imran Siddiqi''' (born 7 September 1957) is an Indian geneticist. Currently, he is a group leader at the [[Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology]] (CCMB) and heads a research group.<ref>{{cite web|title=Research Groups CCMB|url=http://www.ccmb.res.in/research_groups.php|work=Our Scientific Team|publisher=Centre for Cellular & Molecular Biology|accessdate=3 February 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208193551/http://www.ccmb.res.in/research_groups.php|archivedate=8 February 2012}}</ref>

==Education==
In 1981, Siddiqi completed his Master of Science in chemistry from [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Alumnus of Distinction|url=http://www.iitbombay.org/iitb_dean_acr/december-newsletter/alumnus-of-distinction|work=December Newsletter|publisher=Indian Institute of Technology Bombay|accessdate=3 February 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120908094006/http://www.iitbombay.org/iitb_dean_acr/december-newsletter/alumnus-of-distinction|archivedate=8 September 2012}}</ref> Afterwards, his research, under the guidance of prof. [[Franklin Stahl]], focused on [[genetic recombination]] in bacteriophage, which was the topic of his dissertation. He was awarded the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by the [[University of Oregon]] in 1989.<ref>{{cite web|title=News from all over-1980s|url=http://chemistry.uoregon.edu/pdf/news/news96.pdf|work=Chemistry News - 1996|publisher=University of Oregon|accessdate=3 February 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427182927/http://chemistry.uoregon.edu/pdf/news/news96.pdf|archivedate=27 April 2012}}</ref> Siddiqi's post{{nbhyph}}doctoral work was carried out in [[Indian Institute of Science]], situated in [[Bangalore]].

==Career==

Siddiqi's research is predominantly in the areas of [[genetics]], plant development and genetic recombination. His research has shown a lot of promise and progress in the areas of [[meiosis]], [[gametogenesis]] and [[apomixis]] (asexual reproduction) in plants.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dr Siddiqi's project can ensure food for millions|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/dr-imrans-research-can-ensure-food-for-millions/217251-62-131.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211193844/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/dr-imrans-research-can-ensure-food-for-millions/217251-62-131.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 December 2013|accessdate=4 February 2012|newspaper=CNN IBN News|date=3 Jan 2012}}</ref> The fact that the seeds of high-yielding hybrid plants often fail to produce the same beneficial traits of the parent plants has been a limiting factor in revolutionizing agriculture, as it inhibits the hybrid traits from propagating through seeds. Major advances in these areas will help in the development of new plant breeding techniques, which will produce exact genetic clones of hybrid plants by engineering apomixis.<ref>{{cite news|title=Buying hybrid seeds may become history|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/agri-biz/article1469004.ece?homepage=true|accessdate=4 February 2012|newspaper=Business Line|date=18 February 2011}}</ref>

From 1992, he is a scientist at [[Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology]] in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Profile of Imran Siddiqi|url=https://www.ccmb.res.in/scientistdetails.php?grpid=4|work=Scientist details|publisher=Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology|accessdate=30 January 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217084934/http://ccmb.res.in/scientistdetails.php?grpid=4|archivedate=17 December 2011}}</ref> He was also responsible for the formation of a plant genetics research group and heads Siddiqi's lab at CCMB.<ref>{{cite web|title=Home site of Dr. Siddiqi's lab|url=https://www.ccmb.res.in/staff/imran/Home.html|publisher=Centre for Cellular & Molecular Biology|accessdate=3 February 2012}}</ref>
Furthermore, he is a member of the editorial boards of the [[Journal of Biosciences]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Members of the Editorial Board|url=http://www.ias.ac.in/jbiosci/editorial.pdf|work=Journal of Genetics|publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences|accessdate=30 January 2012}}</ref> [[Journal of Genetics]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Members of the Editorial Board|url=http://www.ias.ac.in/jgenet/editboard.htm|work=Journal of Genetics|publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences|accessdate=30 January 2012}}</ref> [[BMC Plant Biology]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Associate editor|url=https://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcplantbiol/edboard/|work=Editorial board|publisher=BMC Plant Biology|accessdate=30 January 2012}}</ref> and Journal of Integrative Plant Biology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Co-editor - Sexual Reproduction|url=http://www.jipb.net/ed_board.asp|publisher=Journal of Integrative Plant Biology|accessdate=30 January 2012}}</ref>

==Awards and honors==

In 2008, he was elected fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Fellow Profile of Imran Siddiqi|url=http://www.ias.ac.in/php/fell_detail.php3?name=Siddiqi&intials=Imran&year=07-09-1957|publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences|accessdate=30 January 2012}}</ref> In 2011, he was awarded the Infosys Prize, in the Life Sciences Category, by the Infosys Science Federation for his contributions to improve agriculture.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dr. Imran Siddiqi|url=http://www.infosys-science-foundation.com/winner2011-imran-siddiqi.html|work=Infosys Prize Laureates of 2011|publisher=Infosys Science Foundation|accessdate=3 February 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202074537/http://www.infosys-science-foundation.com/winner2011-imran-siddiqi.html|archivedate=2 February 2012}}</ref> In the same year, he was also elected as fellow of [[Indian National Science Academy]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://insaindia.org.in/detail.php?id=P11-1560 | title=Fellow Profile of Dr. Imran Siddiqi | publisher=Indian National Science Academy | accessdate=4 February 2012 | url-status=usurped | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813032326/http://insaindia.org.in/detail.php?id=P11-1560 | archivedate=13 August 2016 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Siddiqi, Imran}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Indian molecular biologists]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian botanists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:IIT Bombay alumni]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Science alumni]]
[[Category:Indian geneticists]]

Devdas Gandhi

2026-02-07T18:40:38Z

Sadique: further added section as per guidelines based on references

{{Short description|Son of Mahatma Gandhi and Indian activist}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Devdas Gandhi
| image = Devadas_Gandhi_in_1931.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Devdas Gandhi in 1931
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = Devdas Mohandas Gandhi
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1900|05|22}}
| birth_place = [[Colony of Natal]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1957|08|03|1900|05|22}}
| death_place = [[Bombay]], [[Bombay State]], [[India]]
| body_discovered =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| monuments =
| other_names =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| years_active =
| era =
| employer =
| organization =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| style =
| height = 
| boards =
| spouse = Lakshmi Chakravarti<ref name="oxforddnb">{{cite ODNB|title=Chakravarti Rajagopalachari|first=Antony R. H.|last=Hopley|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/31579|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/31579|year=2004}}</ref><ref name="ourleadersp52">[[#Varma et al.|Varma et al.]], p 52</ref>
| children = 4, including [[Rajmohan Gandhi|Rajmohan]], [[Ramchandra Gandhi|Ramchandra]], and [[Gopalkrishna Gandhi|Gopalkrishna]]
| parents = {{unbulleted list|[[Mahatma Gandhi]]|[[Kasturba Gandhi]]}}
| relatives = {{unbulleted list|[[C. Rajagopalachari]] (father-in-law)|[[C. R. Narasimhan]] (brother-in-law)}}
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Devdas Mohandas Gandhi''' (22 May 1900 – 3 August 1957) was the fourth and youngest son of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and [[Kasturba Gandhi]]. He was born in the [[Colony of Natal]] and came to India with his parents as a grown man. He became active in his father's movement, spending many terms in jail. He also became a prominent journalist, serving as editor of [[Hindustan Times]]. He was also the first ''pracharak'' of the [[Dakshina Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha]] (DBHPS), established by Mohandas Gandhi in Tamil Nadu in 1918. The purpose of the Sabha was to propagate Hindi in southern India''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/when-gandhi-turned-halfnaked-fakir-in-tamil-nadu/1631231|title=When Gandhi turned half-naked fakir in Tamil Nadu|website=Outlook India|access-date=2020-03-11}}</ref>''

== Family ==
Devdas fell in love with Lakshmi, the daughter of [[C. Rajagopalachari]], Devdas's father's associate in the [[Indian independence struggle]]. Due to Lakshmi's age at that time – she was only 15 and Devdas was 28 – both Devdas's father and Rajaji asked the couple to wait for five years without seeing each other. After five years had passed, they were married with their fathers' permissions in 1933.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Indian Summer: The Secret History of the End of an Empire|last=Tunzelmann|first=Alex Von|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=2008|isbn=9781416522256|location=London, United Kingdom|pages=78}}</ref>

Devdas and Lakshmi had four children including [[Rajmohan Gandhi]], [[Gopalkrishna Gandhi]] and [[Ramchandra Gandhi]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ramachandra Guha|author-link=Ramachandra Guha|date=15 August 2009|title=The Rise and Fall of the Bilingual Intellectual|journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]]|publisher=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=XLIV|issue=33|url=https://casi.sas.upenn.edu/sites/default/files/iit/The%20Rise%20and%20Fall%20of%20the%20Bilingual%20Intellectual%20-%20AV.pdf}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
When [[Mahatma Gandhi]] started seeking help for establishment of [[Jamia Millia Islamia]], Devdas also came forward on the call of Gandhi. He started teaching Hindi there and also cotton spinning.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-23|title=Jamia Millia and Mahatma Gandhi: A Walk into History Lanes|url=https://www.inclusiveindia.net/education/jamia-millia-and-mahatma-gandhi-a-walk-into-history-lanes/|access-date=2021-09-12|website=inclusiveindia.net|language=en-US|quote=Devdas is teaching cotton spinning etc at Jamia Millia|archive-date=12 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912100013/https://www.inclusiveindia.net/education/jamia-millia-and-mahatma-gandhi-a-walk-into-history-lanes/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{commons category|Devdas Gandhi}}

{{Gandhi}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gandhi, Devdas}}
[[Category:1900 births]]
[[Category:1957 deaths]]
[[Category:Family of Mahatma Gandhi|Devdas]]
[[Category:Gandhians]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in South Africa]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:Colony of Natal people]]

{{India-activist-stub}}

Marathi grammar

2026-02-05T20:04:12Z

Sadique: refined information for clarity and fixed typos

{{Short description|Grammar of the Marathi language, an Indo-Aryan language spoken in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
The '''grammar of the [[Marathi language]]''' shares similarities with other modern [[Indo-Aryan languages]] such as [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] or [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]. The first modern book exclusively about the grammar of [[Marathi language|Marathi]] was printed in 1805 by [[William Carey (missionary)|Willam Carey]].<ref>{{Cite book|title = Language Change: Lexical Diffusion and Literacy|last = Rao|first = Goparaju Sambasiva|publisher = Academic Foundation|year = 1994|isbn = 9788171880577|pages = 48 and 49|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141207082805/https://books.google.com/books?id=8Ben0lE61msC|archive-date = 7 December 2014|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8Ben0lE61msC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = A Grammar of the Marathi Language|last = Carey|first = William|publisher = Serampore Mission Press|year = 1805|isbn = 9781108056311|location = Serampur [sic] |author-link = William Carey (missionary)}}</ref>

The principal [[word order]] in Marathi is [[subject–object–verb|SOV]] (subject–object–verb).<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://wals.info/valuesets/81A-mhi|title = Datapoint Marathi / Order of Subject, Object and Verb|date = 21 April 2008|website = WALS Online|last = Dryer|first = Matthew S.|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141207223053/http://wals.info/valuesets/81A-mhi|archive-date = 7 December 2014|author-link = Matthew Dryer}}</ref> Nouns [[Declension|inflect]] for [[Grammatical gender|gender]] (masculine, feminine, neuter), [[Grammatical number|number]] (singular, plural), and [[grammatical case|case]]. Marathi preserves the [[neuter gender]] found in [[Sanskrit]], a feature further distinguishing it from many Indo-Aryan languages. Typically, Marathi adjectives do not inflect unless they end in an {{lang|mr|आ}} ({{IPA|/aː/}}) vowel, in which case they inflect for gender and number. Marathi verbs [[inflect]] for tense (past, present, future). Verbs can agree with their subjects, yielding an active voice construction, or with their objects, yielding a passive voice construction. A third type of voice, not found in English for example, is produced when the verb agrees with neither subject nor object. Affixation is largely suffixal in the language and postpositions are attested.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=93&menu=004|title = UCLA Language Materials Project- Marathi|website = UCLA Language Materials Project|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110605044407/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=93&menu=004|archive-date = 2011-06-05|url-status = dead}}</ref> An unusual feature of Marathi, as compared to other [[Indo-European languages]], is that it displays the [[inclusive and exclusive we]] feature, that is common to the [[Dravidian languages]], [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]], and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]].

The contemporary grammatical rules described by [[Maharashtra Sahitya Parishad]] and endorsed by the [[Government of Maharashtra]] are supposed to take precedence in standard written Marathi. These rules are described in ''Marathi Grammar'', written by M. R. Walimbe. The book is widely referred to students in schools and colleges.

== Sanskrit influence ==
Traditions of Marathi linguistics and above mentioned rules give special status to ‘[[tatsama]]’ (तत्सम) words borrowed from the [[Sanskrit language]]. This special status expects the rules for ‘tatsama’ words be followed as of Sanskrit grammar.{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}

== Parts of speech ==
Marathi words can be classified in any of the following [[parts of speech]]:
{| class="wikitable"
!English
!Sanskrit
|-
|'''[[Noun]]'''
|''nāma ''(नाम)
|-
|'''[[Pronoun]]'''
|''sarvanāma (''सर्वनाम)
|-
|'''[[Adjective]]'''
|''vishheshaṇa ''(विशेषण)
|-
|'''[[Verb]]'''
|''kriyāpada ''(क्रियापद)
|-
|'''[[Adverb]]'''
|''kriyāvishheshaṇa ''(क्रियाविशेषण)
|-
|'''[[Conjunction (grammar)|Conjunction]]'''
|''ubhayanvayī avyaya ''(उभयान्वयी अव्यय)
|-
|'''[[Preposition and postposition|Preposition]]'''
|''shabdayogī avyaya''''' '''(शब्दयोगी अव्यय)
|-
|'''[[Interjection]]'''
|''kevalaprayogī avyaya ''(केवलप्रयोगी अव्यय)
|}

==Nominals==
Nouns are primarily divided into three categories – proper nouns (विशेषनाम, ''visheshnāma''), common nouns (सामान्यनाम, ''samānyanāma''), and abstract nouns (भाववाचकनाम, ''bhāvvāchaknāma'') – that are identical in definition to their counterparts in other languages (such as English), and are inflected for gender, number and case. They are also often categorized based on their ending vowel, which is especially useful in studying their inflection – those ending in the schwa (or inherent vowel) ''a'' (अ) are termed ''akārānta ''(अकारान्त), those ending in the vowel ''ā'' (आ) are termed ''ākārānta ''(आकारान्त), those ending in the vowel ''ī ''(ई) are termed ''īkārānta ''(ईकारान्त), and so on.

=== Gender ===
There are three genders in Marathi: masculine, feminine, and neuter. Some other modern Indo-European languages have lost these genders, completely, as in English and Persian, or in part, with either neuter and common gender (merging masculine and feminine), as in some Northern Germanic languages, or feminine and masculine (absorbing neuter), as in almost all Romance languages.

While there exist no concrete rules for determining the gender of a given noun, certain observations do help speakers in that regard: masculine nouns can only be ''akārānta ''or ''ākārānta, ''while neuter nouns can only be ''akārānta, īkārānta, ukārānta ''(उकारान्त, ending in ''u'')'', ''or ''ekārānt ''(एकारान्त, ending in ''e'')''.''

The grammatical gender of common nouns referring to animated objects corresponds to their natural sex – for example, ''mulagā'' (मुलगा, 'boy') is a masculine noun, whereas ''mulagī'' (मुलगी, 'girl') is a feminine one. Given the masculine forms of such nouns, the feminine noun can often be determined using a set of rules:

* Some ''ākārānta ''nouns have corresponding feminine forms as ''īkārānta ''with the same root – ''mulagā/mulagī'' (boy/girl), ''kutrā/kutrī'' (dog/bitch)'', ghoḍā/ghoḍī'' (horse/mare).
* Some ''akārānta ''nouns also have their corresponding feminine forms as ''īkārānta ''with the same root – ''hansa/hansī'' (male and female swans), ''vānar/vānrī'' (male and female monkeys).
* Some nouns use the suffix ''- īna'' (ईन) to form their feminine forms – ''vāgha/vāghīna'' (tiger/tigress), ''mālaka/mālakīna'' (male and female owners).
* Some nouns have their feminine forms made out of entirely different words – ''navarā/bāīko'' (husband/wife), ''bāp/āī'' (father/mother), ''rājā/rāṇī'' (king/queen).

Similarly, for masculine ''ākārānta ''common nouns referring to inanimate objects, the 'diminutive' (लघुत्वदर्शक, ''laghutvadarshaka'') forms are feminine, and are ''īkārānta – danḍā/danḍī ''(big/small stick)'', loṭā/loṭī ''(big/small mug)''.''

===Case===
There are differences of opinion regarding [[grammatical case]]s in Marathi.{{sfn|Dhongde|Wali|2009|p=43–44}} According to one view, there are two cases: [[direct case|direct]], which is unmarked (e.g. Rama 'Rama') and [[oblique case|oblique]], which is used before [[adpositions]] (e.g. ''{{Transliteration|mr|rama-'''a'''-la}}'' 'to Ram', ''-a'' being the oblique case marker and ''-la'' the dative adposition) and [[postposition]]s (e.g. ''{{Transliteration|mr|rama-'''a'''-pasuni}}'' 'from Rama',''-a'' being the oblique case marker and ''-pasun'' the postposition). The form of the oblique suffix depends on the gender and the final vowel of the word it is suffixed to.{{sfn|Dhongde|Wali|2009|p=45}}

According to this analysis, true postpositions (like ''{{Transliteration|mr|-pasunī}}'' 'from') have a wide range of meanings and can be separated form the noun by [[clitic]]s like ''{{Transliteration|mr|-cya}}'' (e.g. ''{{Transliteration|mr|ram-a-'''cya'''-pasuni}}''). Adpositions (like ''-la''), on the other hand, are only used to mark nominal [[Grammatical argument|arguments]] of the verb in terms of their [[theta role]]s and cannot be separated from the noun by clitics (''*{{Transliteration|mr|ram-a-'''cya'''-la}}'' is ungrammatical).{{sfn|Dhongde|Wali|2009|p={{page needed|date=September 2021}}}} Syntactically, the latter behave the same as case markers corresponding to the traditional grammar. In this view, the cases are: [[nominative]] (unmarked), [[accusative]] (singular ''-la'', plural ''-na''), [[ergative case|ergative]], which is traditionally called 'instrumental' (sg. ''-ne'', pl. ''-nni''), [[dative]] (singular ''-sa/si'', plural "-nvsa/nvsi"), and [[genitive]]/possessive (''{{IPA|-tsa}}'', ''{{IPA|-tse}}'', ''{{IPA|-tʃa}}'', ''{{IPA|-tʃi}}'').

The class of true postpositions will then include ''-hatun'' 'through', ''-hu(n)'' 'from'/[[ablative]], ''-t'' [[locative]], ''-jagi'' 'in place of' and many more.{{sfn|Dhongde|Wali|2009|pp=44,109–19}} The genitive markers inflect to agree with the governing noun.

==== Traditional grammar ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Declension of मी (mī)
! style="width:120px;" |
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
|-
! nominative
| मी (mī) ||𑘦𑘲|| आम्ही (āmhī) ||𑘁𑘦𑘿𑘮𑘲
|-
! vocative
| मी (mī) ||𑘦𑘲|| आम्ही (āmhī) || 𑘁𑘦𑘿𑘮𑘲
|-
! accusative/dative
| मला (malā),माझ्यास (māzyāsa) ||𑘦𑘰𑘖𑘿𑘧𑘰𑘭, 𑘦𑘩𑘰 ||आम्हाला (āmhālā), आम्हांस (āṁhānvsa) || 𑘁𑘦𑘿𑘮𑘰𑘩𑘰,𑘁𑘦𑘿𑘮𑘰𑘽𑘭
|-
! benefactive
| माझ्यासाठी (mājhyāsāṭhī) ||𑘦𑘰𑘖𑘿𑘧𑘰𑘭𑘰𑘙𑘲|| आमच्यासाठी (āmachyāsāṭhī) || 𑘁𑘦𑘓𑘿𑘧𑘰𑘭𑘰𑘙𑘲
|-
! genitive
| माझा,माझी,माझे,माझ्या (māzā,mājhī,majhē,majhyā) || 𑘦𑘰𑘖𑘰,𑘦𑘰𑘖𑘲,𑘦𑘰𑘖𑘹,𑘦𑘰𑘖𑘿𑘧𑘰 || आमचा,आमची,आमचे,आमच्या‌ (āmachā, āmachī,āmachē,āmachyā) || 𑘁𑘦𑘓𑘰,𑘁𑘦𑘓𑘲,𑘁𑘦𑘓𑘹,𑘁𑘦𑘓𑘿𑘧𑘰
|-
! locative
| माझ्यात (māzhyāta) || 𑘦𑘰𑘖𑘿𑘧𑘰𑘝 || आमच्यात (āmachyāta) || 𑘁𑘦𑘓𑘿𑘧𑘰𑘝
|-
! sociative
| माझ्याशी (mājhyāshī) || 𑘦𑘰𑘖𑘿𑘧𑘰𑘫𑘲 || आमच्याशी (āmachyāshī) || 𑘁𑘦𑘓𑘿𑘧𑘰𑘫𑘲
|-
! instrumental
| माझ्याने (mājhyānē) || 𑘦𑘰𑘖𑘿𑘧𑘰𑘡𑘹 || आमच्याने (āmachyānē) || 𑘁𑘦𑘓𑘿𑘧𑘰𑘡𑘹
|-
! ablative
| माझ्याकडून (mājhyākaḍuna) || 𑘦𑘰𑘖𑘿𑘧𑘰𑘎𑘚𑘳𑘡 || आमच्याकडुन (āmachyākaḍuna) || 𑘁𑘦𑘓𑘿𑘧𑘰𑘎𑘚𑘳𑘡𑘲
|}
In traditional analyses which follow the pattern of Sanskrit grammatical tradition, case suffixes are referred to as (''vibhaktī pratyaya'') विभक्ति प्रत्यय. There are eight such (''vibhaktī'') विभक्ती ('''[https://www.mpscmarathi.in/vibhakti/ विभक्ती]''') in Marathi. The form of the original word changes when such a suffix is to be attached to the word, and the new, modified root is referred to as ''saamaanya ruup'' of the original word. For example, the word (''ghodā'') घोडा (“horse”) gets transformed into (''ghodyā-'') घोड्या- when the suffix (''-vara'') वर- (“on”) is attached to it to form (''ghodyāvara'') घोड्यावर (“on the horse”). The nominal suffixes are tabulated below.

{| class="wikitable"
|- Vibhkati pratya
!Sanskrit
Ordinal Number
!English
Ordinal Number
!Sanskrit
Case Description
!English
Case Description
! Singular Suffixes
(एकवचन)
!Plural Suffixes
(अनेकवचन)
!Notes
|-
|''prathamā'' (प्रथमा)
|First
|''kartā'' (कर्ता)
|[[Nominative case]]
| '''-'''
|| '''–'''
| The nominative case uses the unmarked singular or plural form. The unmarked form may also mark certain [[direct object]]s.{{efn|name=unmarked|text=In the case of indefinite and inanimate direct objects, Marathi exhibits [[Differential object marking]] (see below) and uses the unmarked form rather than the form with the accusative ending.<ref name="differential"/> {{rp|3}} Despite being used for a direct object, such unmarked nouns are still considered to be प्रथमा/कर्ता in the traditional analysis and it common to still use the word "nominative" to refer to them.}}
|-
|
''dwitīyā'' (द्वितीया)
|Second
|''karma'' (कर्म)
|[[Accusative case]]
| -''lā'' (-ला),-''sa'' (-स){{efn|name=schwa}}|| Nnā(न्ना), nvsa(ंस)-{{efn|name=schwa}}
| -''sa'' and -''te'' are not typically used.{{efn|name=s|text=-''s'', while more prevalent in [[Old Marathi]], is largely restricted to the formal written register, and typically used when talking about people. {{refn|name=pandharipande-marathi}}{{rp|274}}}}{{efn|name=te|text=-''te'' is obsolete in Modern Marathi but can be found in old poetry{{refn|name=pandharipande-marathi}},{{rp|274}} and was the primary marker in [[Old Marathi]]{{refn|name=differential}}{{rp|5}}}} Direct objects may also be unmarked in some situations.{{efn|name=unmarked}}
|-
|''trutīyā'' (तृतीया)
|Third
|''karaṇa'' (करण)
|[[Instrumental case]] (and [[Ergative case]])
| - Nē ने|| -nnī (न्नी)
| -''shī'' is not typically used as an instrumental, and never for the ergative case.{{efn|name=shi|text=-''ṣī'' is only used as an instrumental suffix in northeastern varieties of Marathi but is recognized as such by other speakers{{refn|name=pandharipande-marathi}}.{{rp|274}} Most speakers use this suffix as a variant of the [[adessive]] postposition पाशी ''pāṣi''}}
|-
|''caturthī'' (चतुर्थी)
|Fourth
|''sampradāna'' (सम्प्रदान)
|[[Dative case]]
| -''lā'', (-ला)''sa'' (-स),{{efn|name=schwa}} || -''nna'' (-न्ना),''nvsa'' (-ंस),{{efn|name=schwa}}
|
|-
|''pancamī'' (पञ्चमी)
|Fifth
|''apādāna'' (अपादान)
|[[Ablative case]]
| -''ūna'' (ऊन),{{efn|name=vowel}} -''hūna'' (हून)|| -''ūna'' (ऊन),{{efn|name=vowel}} -''nvhūna'' (हून)
| -''hūna'' is used when the noun ends in a vowel.
|-
|''shhashhthī'' (षष्ठी)
|Sixth
|''sambandha'' (सम्बन्ध)
|[[Genitive case]]
| -''cā'' (-चा), -''cī'' (-ची), -''ce'' (-चे)|| -''ce'' (-चे), -''cyā'' (-च्या), -''cī'' (-ची)
| The specific suffix used depends on the gender of the noun.
|-
|saptamī (सप्तमी)
|Seventh
|''adhikarana'' (अधिकरण)
|[[Locative case]]
| -''ta'' (-त),{{efn|name=schwa}} -''i'' (-इ),{{efn|name=vowel}} -''ā'' (-आ){{efn|name=vowel}} || -''nta'' (-न्त),{{efn|name=schwa}} -''ī'' (-ई),{{efn|name=vowel}} -''ā'' (-आ){{efn|name=vowel}}
| The specific suffix used depends on the morphology of the noun and the connotation desired.{{efn|name=loc|text=The -''ī'' suffix must be used for some feminine stems that end in a consonant (e.g. {{lang|mr|सकाळी}} ''sakāḷī''), and ''may'' be used for some masculine and neuter stems that end in a consonant (e.g. {{lang|mr|हातात/हाती}} ''hātāta/hātī'' and {{lang|mr|घरात/घरी}} ''gharāta/gharī'').{{refn|name=pandharipande-marathi}}{{rp|274}} When ambiguous, the -''ta'' suffix has a connotation of location ''inside'' a well-defined area in space or time, whereas -''ī'' has a connotation of location "at" a less well defined space, time, or concept. As a rough analogy, the difference between ''gharāt'' and ''gharī'', both locative cases of ''ghara'' (house), is similar to the difference between "in (a) house" and "at (a) home".{{refn|name=pandharipande-marathi}}{{rp|335}}}}
|-
|
|
|''sambhodana'' (सम्बोधन)
|[[Vocative case]]
| '''आ'''
||''-nno'' (-न्नो)
| The vocative case cannot be used in the singular
|}

{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=schwa|text=Suffixes like -स and -त are pronounced -''s'' and -''t'', due to the [[oblique case|oblique]] form always ending in a non-[[schwa]] vowel, resulting in a mandatory [[schwa deletion]]}}

{{efn|name=vowel|text=Vowel suffixes like -''i'' and -''un'' attach the vowel directly to the ending consonant, and are applied to the unmarked ([[direct case|direct]]) singular form of the noun, as opposed to the [[oblique case|oblique]] form. For example, {{lang|mr|सकाळ}} ''sakāḷa'' (morning) has a locative case of {{lang|mr|सकाळी}} ''sakāḷī'', and {{lang|mr|घर}} ''ghara'' (house) has an ablative case of {{lang|mr|घरून}} ''gharūna''}}
}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Examples
|- Vibhkati pratyaya
!
English

Case

Description
! Singular
(एकवचन)
!Case Ending
Used
!Plural
(अनेकवचन)
!Case Ending
Used
|-
|-
|Nominative case
| '''–'''
|'''–'''|| विद्यार्थी अभ्यास करतात
|'''–'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |Accusative case
| घरा'''ला''' रङ्ग दिला
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>''lā'' (-ला)|| घरान्'''ना''' रंग दिला
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>''nā'' (ना)
|-
| त्याने संस्थे'''ला''' देणगी दिली
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>''sa'' (-ला)|| त्यांनी संस्थे'''न्ना''' देणगी दिली
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>''sa'' (-न्ना)
|-
| rowspan="2" |Instrumental case
| विद्यार्थी लेखणी'''ने''' चित्र काढतो
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>''ne'' (ने)|| विद्यार्थी लेखण्यान्'''नी''' चित्र काढतात
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>''nī'' (न्नी)
|-
| मुलगा दारा'''शी''' उभा होता
|''-shī'' (शी)|| मुले दारा'''शी''' उभी होती
|''shī'' (ंशी)
|-
| rowspan="2" |Dative case
| मी विद्यार्थ्या'''ला''' ओळखतो
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>''lā'' (-ला)|| मी विद्यार्थ्या'''न्ना''' ओळखतो
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>''nnā'' (न्ना)
|-
| मी मुला'''स''' ओळखतो
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>''si'' (-स)|| मी मुला'''न्ना''' ओळखतो
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>''nvsi'' (न्ना)
|-
| rowspan="2" |Ablative case
| मुलगा घ'''रून''' निघाला
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>''ūna'' (-ऊन)|| मुले घ'''रून''' निघाली
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>''ūna'' (-ऊन)
|-
| मुलगा गावा'''हूनी''' आला
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>''hūna'' (हून)|| मुले गावा'''हून''' आली
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>''hūna'' (हून)
|-
| rowspan="3" |Genitive case
| घरा'''चा''' दर्वाजा सुन्दर आहे
|''-cā'' (-चा)|| घरां'''चे''' दरवाजे सुंदर आहेत
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>''ce'' (-चे)
|-
| मुलां'''ची''' तब्येत सुधारली आहे
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>''cī'' (-ची)|| मुलां'''च्या''' तब्येती सुधारल्या आहेत
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>''cyā'' (-च्या)
|-
| मुला'''चे''' प्रगती पत्रक मिळाले
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>''ce'' (-चे)|| मुलाञ्'''ची''' प्रगती पत्रके मिळाली
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>''cī'' (-ची)
|-
| rowspan="3" |Locative case
| मुलगा घरा'''त''' होता
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>''ta'' (-त)|| मुले घरा'''त''' होती
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>''ta'' (-त)
|-
| मुलगा घ'''री''' होता
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>''ī'' (-ई)|| मुले घ'''री''' होती
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>''ī'' (-ई)
|-
| गाय घ'''री''' परतली
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>''ī'' (-ई)|| गायी घ'''रा''' परतल्या
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>''ā'' (-आ)
|-
|Vocative case
| '''–'''
|'''–'''
||मुलान्'''नो''' शान्तित बसा
|''-nno'' (-न्नो)
|}

===== Split Ergativity =====
Marathi is considered a [[Split ergativity|split ergative]] language,{{sfn|Dhongde|Wali|2009|p={{page needed|date=September 2021}}}} i.e. it uses both [[Nominative–accusative alignment|nominative-accusative]] and [[Ergative–absolutive alignment|ergative-absolutive]] alignment. In the latter type, the subject of a transitive verb takes the ergative marking (identical to that of the [[instrumental case]]<ref name="wali-marathi" />) instead of having the same form as the subject of an intransitive verb. This change also results in the verb agreeing with the unmarked noun (usually the object) instead of its subject, as it would in nominative-accusative situations:{{sfn|Dhongde|Wali|2009|p={{page needed|date=September 2021}}}}

{{interlinear|indent=3|मुलगा पुरी खातो|boy.MASC.SG puri.FEM.SG eat-MASC.SG.PRS|mulgā purī khā-to|"The boy eats puri"}}
{{interlinear|indent=3|मुलाने पुरी खाल्ली|boy.MASC.SG-ERG puri.FEM.SG eat-FEM.SG.PST|mulā-ne purī khā-llī|"The boy ate puri"}}

Note that it is possible for the unmarked noun to be a direct object despite Marathi having an accusative case: Marathi exhibits [[differential object marking]] for direct objects, and the accusative declension is used in the case of definite or animate objects.<ref name="differential"/> {{rp|3}}

In case there is no unmarked noun, the verb shows neutral agreement:<ref name="wali-marathi">{{cite book |last1=Wali |first1=Kashi |title=Marathi |date=2005 |publisher=Lincom Europa}}</ref>

{{interlinear|indent=3|मुलाने चमच्याने खाल्ले|boy.MASC.SG-ERG spoon.MASC.SG-INST eat-NEUT.SG.PST|mulā-ne camacyā-ne khā-lle|"The boy ate with a spoon"}}

As in many Indo-Aryan languages, the ergative split in Marathi is primarily aspect-based, specifically triggered by the [[Perfective aspect|perfective]] for [[transitive verbs]], as seen in the examples above.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Legate|first=Julie Anne|date=2014|title=Split ergativity based on nominal type|url=https://www.ling.upenn.edu/~jlegate/Legate2014Lingua.pdf|journal=Lingua|volume=148|pages=183–212|doi=10.1016/j.lingua.2014.06.002 |via=Elsevier Science Direct}}</ref> Furthermore, subjects of [[intransitive verbs]] in the obligative [[subjunctive|subjunctive mood]] are also marked as ergative, as are third-person subjects in the [[optative mood|optative]]:<ref name="pandharipande-marathi" />{{rp|44–51}}

{{interlinear|indent=3|मुलाने पुरी खाल्ली पाहिजे|boy.MASC.SG-ERG puri.FEM.SG eat-FEM.SG.PFV should.3SG|mulā-ne purī khā-llī pāhije|"The boy must (is obliged to) eat puri"}}
{{interlinear|indent=3|मुलाने पुरी खावी|boy.MASC.SG-ERG puri.FEM.SG eat-FEM.SG.OPT|mulā-ne purī khā-vī|"(I suggest that) The boy should eat puri"}}

===== Differential object marking =====

Marathi, like many [[Indo-Aryan languages]], exhibits [[differential object marking]]. [[Direct object]]s are marked according to [[definiteness]], with unmarked objects representing indefinite nouns. As such, [[accusative case]] markings are not universally required.<ref name="differential"/>

{{interlinear|indent=3|मुलगा दगड {फेकत आहे}|boy rock throw.PRS.CONT|mulagā dagaḍa {fekata āhe}|"The boy is throwing (some) rocks"}}
{{interlinear|indent=3|मुलगा दगडाला {फेकत आहे}|boy rock.ACC throw.PRS.CONT|mulagā dagaḍālā {fekata āhe}|"The boy is throwing (the) rock"}}

Sentences with both unmarked [[direct object]]s and unmarked [[subject (grammar)|subject]]s must follow the unmarked [[Subject–object–verb word order|SOV word order]]. Since the [[nominative case]] is typically unmarked, the only time this does not occur is when the subject is a pronoun or in the ergative case, allowing for the usage of marked word orders for emphasis:

{{interlinear|indent=3|दगड तो {फेकत आहे}|rock he throw.PRS.CONT|dagaḍa to {fekat āhe}|"''He'' is throwing (some) rocks"}}

An alternate analysis of this situation is that Marathi does not mark the [[accusative case]] at all, rather the -ला marker is shared between the [[dative case]] and definite [[differential object marking]].<ref name="ia-alternate">{{Cite web |last=Bobaljik |first=Jonathan David |date=March 2017 |title=In defense of a universal: A brief note on case, agreement, and differential object marking |url=https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/bobaljik/files/bobaljik_2017_caseagrdom.pdf |access-date=2022-12-10}}</ref>{{rp|5,9–10}}

== Adjectives ==
Adjectives typically precede the noun (although in adjective phrases they can follow the noun) and are divided into '''declinable''' and '''indeclinable''' categories. Declinable adjectives end in the vowel -''ā'' (आ) and must be declined for the gender, number and case of the nouns they qualify. Declining adjectives for case is easier compared to declining nouns, since a single ending applies to all cases; a complete table listing the different endings is given below, with the masculine nominative singular as the [[citation form]].
{| class="wikitable"
!
!
!
!Nominative
!All else
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="6" |Declinable
| rowspan="2" |Masculine
|Singular
| -''ā'' (आ)
| rowspan="6" |''-yā'' (या)
| rowspan="6" |The ''-yā'' (या) ending requires the removal of the [[schwa]] from the final consonant. In other words, the adjective is transformed to its ''saamaanya ruup.''
|-
|Plural
| -''e'' (ए)
|-
| rowspan="2" |Feminine
|Singular
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>''ī'' (-ई)
|-
|Plural
|''-yā'' (या)
|-
| rowspan="2" |Neuter
|Singular
| -''e'' (ए)
|-
|Plural
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>''ī'' (-ई)
|-
|Indeclinable
| colspan="5" | –
|}

=== Possessive ===
Possessive adjectives in Marathi are slight modifications to the personal pronouns, suffixed with the genitive/possessive case markers – चा/ची/चे (''cā/cī/ce'')'','' for masculine, feminine and plural subjects respectively. However, in the first and second-person singular the case marking is different, as shown below. Possessive adjectives agree in gender and number with the noun they modify; for plural nouns, the markers change from चा/ची/चे to चे/च्या/ची (''ce/cyā/cī''), with a similar transformation for the first and second-person singular adjectives.

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Singular
! colspan="2" |Plural
|-
!Singular noun
!Plural noun
!Singular noun
!Plural noun
|-
! colspan="2" |1st person
|{{fs interlinear|माझा / माझी / माझे|mājhā / mājhī / mājhe|}}
|{{fs interlinear|माझे / माझ्या / माझी|mājhe / mājhyā / mājhī|}}
|{{fs interlinear|आमचा / आमची / आमचे|āmachā / āmachī / āmache|}}
|{{fs interlinear|आमचे / आमच्या / आमची|āmache / āmachyā / āmachī|}}
|-
! colspan="2" |2nd person
|{{fs interlinear|तुझा / तुझी / तुझे|tujhā / tujhī / tujhe|}}
|{{fs interlinear|तुझे / तुझ्या / तुझी|tujhe / tujhyā / tujhī|}}
|{{fs interlinear|तुमचा / तुमची / तुमचे|tumachā / tumachī / tumache|}}
|{{fs interlinear|तुमचे / तुमच्या / तुमची|tumache / tumachyā / tumachī|}}
|-
! rowspan="3" |3rd person
!M
|{{fs interlinear|त्याचा / त्याची / त्याचे|tyāchā / tyāchī / tyāche|}}
|{{fs interlinear|त्याचे / त्याच्या / त्याची|tyāche / tyāchyā / tyāchī|}}
| rowspan="3" |{{fs interlinear|त्यांचा / त्यांची / त्यांचे|tyānchā / tyānchī / tyānche|}}
| rowspan="3" |{{fs interlinear|त्यांचे / त्यांच्या / त्यांची|tyānche / tyānchyā / tyānchī|}}
|-
!F
|{{fs interlinear|तिचा / तिची / तिचे|tichā / tichī / tiche|}}
|{{fs interlinear|तिचे / तिच्या / तिची|tiche / tichyā / tichī|}}
|-
!N
|{{fs interlinear|त्याचा / त्याची / त्याचे|tyāchā / tyāchī / tyāche|}}
|{{fs interlinear|त्याचे / त्याच्या / त्याची|tyāche / tyāchyā / tyāchī|}}
|}

=== Demonstrative ===
The adjectives हा (''hā'', this) and तो (''to'', that) serve as demonstrative adjectives and are always declined for the gender and number of the noun(s) that follows them.

{| class="wikitable"
!Adjective
!Singular (M/F/N)
!Plural (M/F/N)
|-
|this/these
|{{fs interlinear|हा / ही / हे|hā / hī / he|}}
|{{fs interlinear|हे / ह्या / ही|he / hyā / hī|}}
|-
|that/those
|{{fs interlinear|तो / ती / ते|to / tī / te|}}
|{{fs interlinear|ते / त्या / ती|te / tyā / tī|}}
|}

== Pronouns ==
There are three [[grammatical person]]s (पुरुष ''purusha'') in Marathi. There is gender distinction in the first- and second-persons when the pronouns act as [[Agreement (linguistics)|agreement]] markers on verbs; as independent pronouns this distinction in lost.<ref>Bhat, D.N.S. 2004. ''Pronouns.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 18–19</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!English
!Sanskrit
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|First Person
| प्रथम पुरुष
|(''mi'') मी “I”
|(''āmhī'') आम्ही “we” (exclusive)
(''āpaṇa'') आपण “we” (inclusive)
|-
|Second Person
| द्वितीय पुरुष
|(''tū'') तू “you”
|(''tumhī'') तुम्ही “you” (formal)
(''āpaṇa'') आपण “you” (extremely formal)
|-
|Third Person
| तृतीय पुरुष
|(''to'') तो “he”
(''tī'') ती “she”

(''te'') ते “it”
|(''te'') ते “they” (masculine) or (“he”) हे (formal)
(''tyā'') त्या “they” (feminine)

(''tī'') ती “they” (neuter)
|}

==Verbs==
Verb stems can end in a vowel (''ākārānt, īkārānt, ''or ''ekārānt'') or a consonant (a''kārānt'') and are declined for person, gender and number. They are usually listed in dictionaries in their infinitive forms, which consist of the verb stem with the suffix – ''ṇe'' (णे); for example खाणे (''khāṇē'', to eat), बोलणे (''bolaṇē'', to speak), चालणे (''cālaṇē'', to walk). Verbs are fairly regular, although the copula and other auxiliaries are notable exceptions.

The verbal system, much like in other Indo-Aryan languages, revolves around a combination of [[Grammatical aspect|aspect]] and [[Grammatical tense|tense]] – there are 3 main aspects (perfect, imperfect, and habitual) and 3 main tenses (present, past, and future). Tenses are marked using conjugations, while aspects are marked using suffixes and by adding conjugations of a copula/auxiliary verb.

=== Copula ===
The verb असणे (''asaṇē'', to be) is an irregular verb that acts as the copula / auxiliary for all tenses and for the perfect and imperfect aspects; its conjugations are shown below.
{| class="wikitable"
|+असणे (''asaṇē'', to be)
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Present tense
! colspan="2" |Past tense
! colspan="2" |Future tense
|-
!Singular
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!1st person
|{{fs interlinear|आहे|āhe|}}
|{{fs interlinear|आहोत|āhota|}}
|{{fs interlinear|होतो/होते|hoto/hote|}}
|{{fs interlinear|होतो|hoto|}}
|{{fs interlinear|असेन|asena|}}
|{{fs interlinear|असू|asū|}}
|-
!2nd person
|{{fs interlinear|आहेसि|āhesi|}}
|{{fs interlinear|आहात|āhāta|}}
|{{fs interlinear|होतासि / होतीसि|hotāsi/hotīsi|}}
|{{fs interlinear|होता(त)|hotā(ta)|}}
|{{fs interlinear|असशील|asshīla|}}
|{{fs interlinear|असाल|asāla|}}
|-
!3rd person
|{{fs interlinear|आहे|āhe|}}
|{{fs interlinear|आहेत|āheta|}}
|{{fs interlinear|होता / होती / होते|hotā / hotī / hote|}}
|{{fs interlinear|होते|hote|}}
|{{fs interlinear|असेल|asela|}}
|{{fs interlinear|असतील|astīla|}}
|}
The habitual aspect uses a different set of conjugations of the same auxiliary verb (असणे); for present-tense and past-tense these conjugations are shown below. In future tense a different auxiliary verb, जाणे (''jāṇē,'' to go), is typically used.
{| class="wikitable"
|+असणे (''asaṇē'', to be, habitual aspect)
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Present tense
! colspan="2" |Past tense
|-
!Singular
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!1st person
|{{fs interlinear|असतो / असते|asato / asate|}}
|{{fs interlinear|असतो|asato|}}
|{{fs interlinear|असायचो / असायचे|asāyaco / asāyace|}}
|{{fs interlinear|असायचो|asāyaco|}}
|-
!2nd person
|{{fs interlinear|असतोस / असतेस|astosa / astesa|}}
|{{fs interlinear|असता|asatā|}}
|{{fs interlinear|असायचास / असायचीस|asāycāsa / asāycisa|}}
|{{fs interlinear|असायचात|asāycā(ta)|}}
|-
!3rd person
|{{fs interlinear|असतो / असते / असतं|asato / asate / asata|}}
|{{fs interlinear|असतात|asatāta|}}
|{{fs interlinear|असायचा / असायची / असायचं|asāyacā / asāyaci / asāyaca|}}
|{{fs interlinear|असायचे / असायच्या / असायची|asāyace / asāyacyā / asāyaci|}}
|}

=== Causatives ===
Causatives are created from existing verb stems and typically follow the set of patterns listed below.

* Attaching 'व' (''va'') to the stem of the verb; in modern literature 'व' is often replaced by 'वि' (''vi''). So हसणे (''hasaṇē'', to laugh) → हसवणे/हसविणे (''hasavaṇē/hasaviṇē'', to cause to laugh); चालणे (''cālaṇē'', to walk) → चालवणे/चालविणे (''cālavaṇē''/''cālaviṇē,'' to cause to walk).
** For verbs with stems that have single syllables (खा, घे, दे; ''khā, ghē, dē''), attach 'ववि' (''vavi'') instead of 'व'. Thus, खाणे (''khāṇē'', to eat) → खावविणे (''khāvaviṇē,'' to cause to eat); देणे (''dēṇē,'' to give) → देवविणे (''dēvaviṇē,'' to cause to give).
* Root vowel change: ''a'' → ''ā'' (अ → आ), ''u/ū'' → ''o'' (उ/ऊ → ओ), ''i/ī'' → ''e'' (इ/ई → ए); sometimes also accompanied by the root final consonant change 'ṭ' → 'ṛ' (ट → ड). So तुटणे (''tuṭaṇē'', to be broken) → तोडणे (''toṛaṇē'', to cause to broken/to break); गळणे (''gaḷaṇē'', to be buried) → गाळणे (''gāḷaṇē'', to cause to be buried/to bury).

=== Imperatives ===
The imperative form of a verb (called आज्ञार्थ, ''ādñārtha'') is formed by applying a simple set of rules to the stem of the verb, and has second-person singular (where there is a distinction between formal and informal) and second-person plural forms (which are the same as the second-person singular formal).

* For ''akārānta ''verbs, the informal imperative form is the verb stem itself. The formal imperative is formed by utilizing the transformation ''a'' → ''ā'' (अ → आ) to the stem vowel.
* For ''ākārānt ''verbs, the imperative form (formal and informal) is the verb stem itself.
* For ''īkārānt ''and ''ekārānt ''verbs, the informal imperative is the verb stem itself. The formal imperative is formed by transforming the final vowel to the semi-vowel या (''yā'').
* Negative imperative forms are constructed by adding the suffix -ऊ (''ū'') to the verb stem, and then by adding a separate negative particle नकोस/नको (''nakosa/nako'', for informal imperative) or नका (''nakā'', for formal imperative).

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Imperative forms
!Verb (infinitive)
!
!Second-person singular (informal)
!Second-person singular (formal) / Second-person plural
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{fs interlinear|बोलणे|bolaṇē|to speak}}
| –
|{{fs interlinear|तू बोल|tū bola|}}
|{{fs interlinear|तुम्ही बोला|tumhī bolā|}}
|-
|Negative
|{{fs interlinear|तू बोलू नकोस / नको|tu bolū nakosa / nako|}}
|{{fs interlinear|तुम्ही बोलू नका|tumhī bolū nakā|}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{fs interlinear|खाणे|khāṇē|to eat}}
| –
|{{fs interlinear|तू खा|tū khā|}}
|{{fs interlinear|तुम्ही खा|tumhī khā|}}
|-
|Negative
|{{fs interlinear|तू खाऊ नकोस / नको|tū khāū nakosa / nako|}}
|{{fs interlinear|तुम्ही खाऊ नका|tumhī khaū nakā|}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{fs interlinear|देणे|dēṇē|to give}}
|
|{{fs interlinear|तू दे|tū de|}}
|{{fs interlinear|तुम्ही द्या|tumhī dyā|}}
|-
|Negative
|{{fs interlinear|तू देऊ नकोस / नको|tū deū nakosa / nako|}}
|{{fs interlinear|तुम्ही देऊ नका|tumhī deū nakā|}}
|}

=== Voice ===
Traditional grammar distinguishes three [[grammatical voice]]s (प्रयोग, ''prayoga'') in Marathi.

* '''[[Active voice]]''' (कर्तरी प्रयोग ''kartarī prayoga'') refers to a sentence construction in which the verb changes according to the subject
{{fs interlinear|indent=3|राम म्हणतोय|Rāma mhaṇtoya|“Rām says”}}
{{fs interlinear|indent=3|राम आंबा खातोय|Rāma āmbā khātoya|“Rām eats a mango”}}
* '''[[Passive voice]]''' (कर्मणी प्रयोग ''karmanī prayoga'') refers to a sentence construction in which the verb changes according to the object
{{fs interlinear|indent=3|रामाने आंबा खाल्ला|Rāmānē āmbā khāllā|“The mango was eaten by Raam”}}
{{fs interlinear|indent=3|रामाने सांगितले|Rāmānē sāngitale|“It was told by Rām”}}
* '''Bhāve prayoga''' (भावे प्रयोग) refers to a sentence construction in which the verb does not change according to either the subject or the object. This is used for [[Imperative mood|imperatives]].
{{fs interlinear|indent=3|माझा निरोप त्याला जाऊन सांग|Mājha nirop tyālā jāun sāng|“Go tell him my message”}}

== Sentence structure ==
A Marathi sentence generally has three parts: subject (कर्ता ''kartā''), object'' ''(कर्म ''karma''), and'' ''verb (क्रियापद ''kriyāpada''). While there is no real restriction on word order, SOV is most commonly used. Poetry like [[Powada]] often play with the word order for emphasis or to fit the meter or rhyme.

See also:
*[[Marathi language]]

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="pandharipande-marathi">{{Cite book |last=Pandharipande |first=Rajeshwari |title=Marathi |date=1997 |isbn=978-0-203-16854-7 |location=London |oclc=1268273538}}</ref>
<ref name="differential">{{Cite web |last1=Beck |first1=Christin |last2=Butt |first2=Miriam |last3=Deo |first3=Ashwini |date=2021 |title=Tracking Case Innovation: A Perspective from Marathi |url=https://ling.sprachwiss.uni-konstanz.de/pages/home/beck/presentations/Marathi_DOM.pdf |access-date=2022-12-10}}</ref>
</references>

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|last2=Wali|first2=Kashi|last1=Dhongde|first1=Ramesh Vaman|title=Marathi|year=2009|publisher=John Benjamins Pub. Co.|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-90-272-38139|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zVVOvi5Cm8uIC}}

== External links ==
{{Navboxes
|list =
{{Marathi language topics}}
{{Grammars of South Asian languages}}
{{Language grammars}}
}}

Find More Detailed Information On [http://marathigrammar.com Marathi Grammar]

[[Category:Marathi language| ]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan grammars]]

Addateegala mandal

2026-02-05T17:52:52Z

Sadique:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Addateegala Mandal
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Polavaram district|Polavaram]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| official_name =
| area_total_km2 = 540.38
| mapframe = yes
}}

'''Addateegala Mandal''' is one of the 12 mandals in [[Polavaram district|Polavaram]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. As per census 2011,<ref name="census2011">{{cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/4887-addateegala-east-godavari-andhra-pradesh.html|website=census2011.co.in|title=Villages & Towns in Addateegala Mandal of East Godavari, Andhra Pradesh}}</ref> there are 90 villages.

== Demographics ==
Addateegala Mandal has total population of 37,241 as per the Census 2011 out of which 18,686 are males while 18,555 are females and the Average Sex Ratio of Addateegala Mandal is 993. The total literacy rate of Addateegala Mandal is 57.86%. The male literacy rate is 56.05% and the female literacy rate is 47.25%.<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=https://www.censusindia.co.in/subdistrict/addateegala-mandal-east-godavari-andhra-pradesh-4887|title=Addateegala Mandal Population, Religion, Caste East Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh|website=Census India}}</ref>

== Towns & Villages ==

=== Villages ===

#[[Addateegala]]
#Anigeru
#Anukulapalem
#Atchiyyapeta
#Badadam
#Bandakonda
#Bandamamillu
#Bhimavaram
#Bhimudupakalu
#Bodlanka
#Chakirevula
#Chaparatipalem
#Chikkapugedda
#Chinamunakanagedda
#Chinavadisakarra
#Chinna
#Chinnampadu
#Chodavaram
#D. Ammapeta
#D. Kothuru
#D. Krishnavaram
#D. Pinjarikonda
#D. Ramavaram
#Dabbapalem
#Dakodu
#Darsinuthula @ Regulapadu
#Dhanayampalem
#Doddivaka
#Dokkapalem
#Doramamidi
#Ducherthi
#Duppalapalem
#Gadichinnampalem
#Gavarayyapeta
#Gondolu
#Gontuvanipalem
#Jajipalem
#Jalluru
#Kalimamidi
#Kimmuru
#Kinaparti
#Konalova
#Kothurupadu
#Kothurupadu
#Kottampalem
#Kottampalem
#Kovelapalem
#Languparti
#Latchireddipalem
#Makaram
#Mallavaram Mamillu
#Mamidipalem
#Matlapadu
#Mitlapalem
#Mulakayala Bhimavaram
#Nimmalapalem
#Nukarai
#Paidiputtapadu
#Panasaloddi
#Panukuratipalem
#Papampeta
#Pedamunakanagedda
#Peddavadisakarra
#Penikelapadu
#Puligogulapadu
#Rajanagaram
#Ravigudem
#Ravulapalem
#Rayapalle
#Rollagedda
#Sarampeta
#Sarampetapadu
#Seetharam
#Settipalle
#Somannapalem
#Thimmapuram
#Thungamadugula
#Tirumalawada
#Tiyyamamidi
#Uligogula
#Uppalapadu
#Vangalamadugu
#Vedullakonda
#Veerabhadrapuram
#Veeravaram
#Venkatanagaram
#Vetamamidi
#Vutlapalem
#Yellapuram
#Yellavaram

== See also ==
*[[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Polavaram district}}

[[Category:Mandals in Polavaram district]]

Mallick Bari (Midnapore)

2026-01-24T04:38:21Z

Sadique: details

{{Infobox Historic building
| name = Mallick Bari
| native_name = মল্লিক বাড়ি
| image = Durga Puja Dalan at Mallick Bari, Midnapore.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Durga Puja Dalan at Mallick Bari
| location = [[Midnapore]]
| coordinates = {{coord|22.225|87.195|display=inline,title}}
}}
[[File:Chowdhuri Satish Chandra Kar Bahadur, last Zamindar of the Mallick Bari Estate.jpg|thumb|Chowdhuri Satish Chandra Kar Bahadur, the last Estate Zamindar.]]
[[File:Chowdhuri Zamindar Janmenjay Mallick Bahadur.jpg|thumb|320x320px|Chowdhuri Janmenjay Mallick Bahadur, one of the most prominent of the Estate Zamindars]]
The '''Mallick Bari''' is an erstwhile [[Zamindar]]i [[palace]] or [[Wiktionary:rajbari|rajbari]] located in the district of [[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. At present, the rajbari is one of Midnapore's most prominent heritage sites. Constructions commenced under Midnapore's then Zamindar Janmenjay Mallick,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=এবারেও নজর কাড়বে মেদিনীপুরের মল্লিক বাড়ির পুজো |url=https://bengali.hindusthansamachar.in/Encyc/2022/9/3/-Puja-of-Mallik-s-house-in-Medinipur-will-attract-attention.php |access-date=2022-09-26 |website=bengali.hindusthansamachar.in |language=en}}</ref> several hundred years ago. In 1922, estate administration was taken over by the [[Court of Wards (India)|Court of Wards]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1923 |title=Report on the Administration of the Wards Attached and Trust Estates in the Presidency of Bengal for the Year 1329 B.S. (1922-23) |url=https://southasiacommons.net/artifacts/2355080/report-on-the-administration-of-the-wards-attached-and-trust-estates-in-the-presidency-of-bengal-for-the-year-1329-bs/3310731/ |language=en}}</ref> [[Swapan Dasgupta]] has suggested that the estate's extent included areas of modern day [[Kharagpur]], Debra, [[Moyna (community development block)|Moyna]], [[Daspur]], [[Midnapore|Midnapur]], Narsingarh, Bhagwanpur, Patashpur, [[Dantan]] and [[Binpur]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das Gupta |first=Swapan |title=LOCAL POLITICS IN BENGAL: MIDNAPUR DISTRICT 1907-1934 |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/34081/1/11015890.pdf |website=SOAS EPrints}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Bengal Zamindars series}}
Mallick Bari palace was the official residence of the Zamindars of [[Midnapore]], among whom [[Zamindar|Chowdhury Zamindar]] Jamini Nath Mallick<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chowdhury Jamini Nath Mallik v. Midnapur Zemindary Co. {{!}} Calcutta High Court {{!}} Judgment {{!}} Law {{!}} CaseMine |url=https://www.casemine.com/judgement/in/56e0f22b607dba38965fb180 |access-date=2022-09-26 |website=www.casemine.com |language=en}}</ref> was the most prominent. It is after the titular surname of the dynastic aristocrats and the palace that the location has been named Mallick Chowk.<ref name=":0" /> Among the notable aspects is the family's historic Durga Puja, started almost three centuries back, to avert the [[Maratha invasions of Bengal|Maratha invasion of Bengal]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Durga Puja : 350 বছর আগে বর্গীদের আক্রমণ থেকে বাঁচতে পুজোর শুরু মেদিনীপুরের মল্লিকবাড়িতে |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bengali/west-bengal/state/paschim-medinipur/350-year-old-durga-puja-at-midnapore-mallick-bari/wb20211010224521333 |access-date=2022-09-26 |website=ETV Bharat News|language=bn}}</ref> under the command of [[Raghoji I Bhonsle|Raghuji Bhonsale]], later King of Nagpur in today's [[Maharashtra]]. Among the traditions are the practices of firing a cannon at the commencement of the [[Durga Ashtami|Sandhi Puja]]<ref name=":1" /> to notify the other publicly organised pujas and pandals in the vicinity and [[Kavigan|Kobi-Ganer Lorai]], a form of Bengali folk performance that entailed a verbal duel among opponent poets,<ref name=":0" /> patronised by former aristocrats in the [[Bengal]] region. Apart from the familial Durga Puja, Jamini Mallick also patronised Chandi Puja in today's [[Purba Medinipur district|East Midnapore]] region.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-08 |title=জমিদার থেকে গ্রামবাসী, হাত বদল হলেও জৌলুস কমেনি ময়না নতুন পুকুর চণ্ডীপুজোর |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/local-18/purba-medinipur-notun-pukur-chandi-pujo-of-moyna-778464.html |access-date=2022-09-26 |website=News18 Bengali |language=bn}}</ref>

== Independence Movement ==
Active in the political sphere, in 1865, Chowdhuri [[Babu (title)|Babu]] Janmenjay Mallick [[Raja Bahadur|Bahadur]], along with other prominent individuals like Babu [[Rajnarayan Basu]], Prasanna Chandra Bandyopadhyay and [[Mawlawi (Islamic title)|Maulavi]] Khairat Ali, founded the Midnapore Municipality, under the aegis of then [[District magistrate|District Magistrate and Collector]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=ভৌমিক |first=অরিন্দম |title=Medinipur {{!}} WB Municipal Election 2022: মেদিনীপুরে হেরিটেজ তালিকায় রয়েছে অনেক কিছু, বাদ পড়েছে শুধু ইতিহাসের সাক্ষী পুরভবন |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/midnapore/brief-history-of-the-establishment-of-medinipur-dgtld/cid/1330330 |access-date=2022-11-11 |website=www.anandabazar.com |language=bn}}</ref> Jamini Nath Mallick, later Zamindar and one of the district's wealthiest individuals,<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Basantakumar |title=Swadhinata Sangrame Medinipur Vol. 1 |year=1980 |pages=233–369}}</ref> was also reprimanded by the colonial government for his association with revolutionaries and funding several movements.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukhopadhyaya |first=Yadugopala |title=বিপ্লবী জীবনের স্মৃতি |publisher=Ayakademika |year=1982 |pages=78}}</ref> He was convicted, along with Raja Narendralal Khan<ref>{{Cite book |last=De |first=Amalendu |title=Raja Subodh Chandra Mallik and His Times |publisher=National Council of Education, Bengal |year=1996 |pages=150}}</ref> of the [[Narajole Raj]] Estate, in the Midnapore Bomb Conspiracy Case<ref>{{Cite web |title=Result of the Proceedings Instituted in the Mindapore Bomb Conspiracy Case Institution of a Departmental Enquiry into the Inception and Conduct of the Midnapore Bomb Conspiracy Case |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/archives/result-proceedings-instituted-mindapore-bomb-conspiracy-case-institution-departmental-0 |access-date=2022-09-26 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |language=en}}</ref> in 1911.<ref name=":2" /> In the case that followed, Jamini Mallick was defended by the barrister Byomkesh Chakraborty while the government prosecution was led by the Lord [[Satyendra Prasanna Sinha, 1st Baron Sinha]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Amitabha |title=Militant Nationalism in India, 1876-1947 |publisher=Institute of Historical Studies, Calcutta |year=1959 |pages=76 |language=English}}</ref>

Over the years, the family built long-standing ties with the [[Anushilan Samiti]] and [[Jugantar|Jugantar Dal]]. In December, 1907, [[Khudiram Bose]], [[Barindra Kumar Ghosh]], and [[Satyendranath Basu]] stayed at the rajbari and Chaudhuri Jamini Mallick played a key role in the unsuccessful wrecking attempt on the Lieutenant Governor [[Andrew Henderson Leith Fraser]]'s train near [[Narayangarh, Paschim Medinipur]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Patel |first=Hitendra |title=Khudiram Bose: Revolutionary Extraordinaire |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting |year=2008}}</ref>
== Architecture ==
Among the notable architectural standards are the palace, built in the [[Neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]] style, and the [[Durga Puja|Durga Dalan]], constructed in the [[Do-chala|Do-Chala]] pattern of the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite]] temples of [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]]. Apart from these, there are twelve [[Shaivism|Shaivite]] temples dedicated to the [[Hindus|Hindu]] God [[Shiva]] at Shibbajar, a Rasmancha, site of the famed [[Shakta Rash|Ras Purnima celebrations]] of the palace, and a few water bodies and canals constructed by Janmenjay Mallick.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Midnapore.in-Royal Families of Midnapore |url=https://www.midnapore.in/royal_families_mallikbag.html |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=www.midnapore.in}}</ref> In 1878, one of the district's first [[Theatre|theatrical]] performances was held at the ''Natmandir,'' constructed in the [[at-chala]] style of temple architecture, within the palatial quarters. This was also for the first time that the foot-light technique had come to be used in dramatics.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Bhowmik |first=Arindam |title=মেদিনীপুর: নাটকের ইতিবৃত্ত {{!}} Medinipur: History of Drama |url=https://www.midnapore.in/article/drama-play-natok-in-medinipur1.html |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=www.midnapore.in |language=bn}}</ref> Among the most prominent personalities who advocated for and regularly patronised dramatics were [[Chowdhury|Chowdhuri]] Kumar Joggeshwar Mallick and [[Chowdhury|Chowdhuri]] [[Kumar]] Jogendranath Mallick, brothers of [[Chowdhury|Chowdhuri]] Zamindar Jamini Mallick Bahadur. Two of the first dramatic performances - ‘Ramabhishek’ and ‘Pravabati’, were organised by their theatrical association, which also included several [[Magistrate|Magistrates]] and [[Zamindars of Bengal|Zamindari Rajas]], and was patronised by [[Sir]] [[Nilratan Sircar]].<ref name=":4" />

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Radhakanta Temple and the Durga Dalan at the Estate Palace.jpg|Radhakanta Temple and Durga Dalan at the Estate Palace, Midnapore
File:Rupeshwara Temple, Kharagpur.jpg|Rupeshwara Temple in Kharagpur, family temple of the Zamindars, built in Kalinga Style of Architecture
File:Front Facade of the Mallick Bari Palace.jpg|Front Facade of the Mallick Bari Palace, with four of the twelve Shaivite shrines visible
</gallery>

== References ==
<references />

{{Nobility of the Raj}}
{{Bengal Nobility|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Palaces in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Neoclassical architecture in India]]
[[Category:Bengali zamindars]]

Fuleswari River

2026-01-24T03:56:48Z

Sadique:

{{Short description|River in Siliguri, West Bengal, India}}

'''Fuleswari River''' is a river in [[Siliguri]], [[West Bengal]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=SNS |date=2024-12-13 |title=State allots Rs 10 cr for twin river rejuvenation |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/state-allots-rs-10-cr-for-twin-river-rejuvenation-1503375628.html |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-17 |title=Siliguri: ফুলেশ্বরী ও জোড়াপানি নদী সংস্কারের উদ্যোগ সেচ দফতরের... |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/state/irrigation-department-going-to-take-steps-to-reform-fuleswari-and-jodapani-rivers-of-siliguri_504215.html |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=Zee24Ghanta.com |language=bn}}</ref>It's source in ᤘᤠᤖᤰ ताल of [[Himalayas]] in [[Nepal]].In [[Bangladesh]],it is known as [[Karatoya River]].

In December 2024, the West Bengal Irrigation and Waterways department initiated a project with a budget of Rs 10 crore to de[[silt]] the Fuleswari and Jorapani Rivers and restore their natural flows. Iron nets attached to 17 bridges along the rivers will be employed to remove man-made waste from the rivers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bag |first=Sanchita Aich |date=2024-12-07 |title=Desilting of Jorapani & Fuleswari rivers underway with Rs 10 cr budget |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/bengal/desilting-of-jorapani-fuleswari-rivers-underway-with-rs-10-cr-budget-589705 |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|26.62895|88.45281|format=dms|type:river_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Rivers of West Bengal]]

{{India-river-stub}}

St. Stephen's Hospital, Delhi

2026-01-23T06:44:34Z

Sadique: new

{{Multiple issues|{{Self-published|date=July 2019}}{{unreliable sources|date=July 2019}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox hospital
| name = St Stephen's Hospital
| image = St Stpehen's Hospital Delhi.jpg
| caption = St. Stephen's Hospital, Delhi
| logo = 
| location =[[St. Stephen's Hospital, Delhi| St. Stephen's Hospital]], St. Stephen's, Hospital Marg, Railway Colony, [[Tis Hazari]], [[New Delhi]]
| region =[[Delhi]], 110054
| country = India
| speciality =
| affiliation = [[National Board of Examinations]] for Medical Postgraduate Courses
[[Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University]] for Nursing Courses
| beds = 600
| founded ={{start date and age|1885}}
| website = {{URL|https://www.ststephenshospital.org/}}
| other_links = 
| funding = Non profit
| type = Teaching
| image_size = 300
| emergency = Yes
| address = Tis Hazari, Delhi 110054
| mapframe-zoom = 16
}}
'''St Stephen's Hospital Delhi''' is a private [[hospital]] in [[New Delhi]], [[India]]. The hospital has 600 beds and currently functions as a superspecialty tertiary care center.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/gurgaon/st-stephen-s-hospital-in-city/story-gntmJvD7RSEblZ2HNIJDgM.html|title=St Stephen's hospital in city|date=2012-12-01|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-07-05}}</ref>

== History ==
The institution started as a dispensary in 1876 by the [[Delhi Female Medical Mission]], on the banks of river [[Yamuna]]. The hospital was later established in 1885<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abraham |first=Thomas |date=6 April 2018 |title=People's doc, polio warrior |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/know/peoples-doc-polio-warrior/article23452664.ece |access-date=2019-07-05 |website=@businessline |language=en}}</ref> as a small facility in [[Chandni Chowk]] and opened by [[Lady Dufferin, Vicereine of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=. St.Stephen's Hospital - History . |url=https://www.ststephenshospital.org/about.html |access-date=2019-07-05 |website=www.ststephenshospital.org}}</ref> It was the first hospital for women and children.<ref name="downtoearth.org.in">{{Cite web |title=Missionary women doctors in nineteenth century Delhi |date=15 February 2004 |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/coverage/missionary-women-doctors-in-nineteenth-century-delhi-10810}}</ref>

The hospital was started as a 50-bed facility in [[Chandni Chowk]], overlooking Queen's Gardens (today known as Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Park or Azad Park in [[Old Delhi]]),<ref>{{Cite book|title=Religion and Irreligion in Victorian Society: Essays in Honor of R.K. Webb|last=Davis|first=R. W.|date=2013|publisher=Taylor and Francis|isbn=9781135087487|oclc=826930438}}</ref> formerly known as Company Bagh (or originally called Begum ka Bagh and belonged to [[Jahanara Begum]]), located near the [[Delhi Town Hall|Town Hall]] in Chandni Chowk way back in 1885 as a hospital for women and children. It was the dream of the [[Delhi Female Medical Mission]] to operate in a hospital. The St. Stephen's Hospital for Women and Children was founded in memory of Priscilla Winter, founder of [[Delhi Female Medical Mission]] In the late 1890s, the Mission's treated around 600-700 patients in the new hospital, 15,000 at the dispensaries, and 1,200 through home visits<ref>{{Cite book|title=Three centuries of mission : the United Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, 1701-2000|last=O'Connor|first=Daniel|date=2000|publisher=Continuum|isbn=0826449891|oclc=45338566|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/threecenturiesof0000ocon}}</ref>
[[File:Commemorative centenary postcard released in 1985.jpg|thumb|Commemorative centenary first day cover released in 1985]]
The hospital was centrally located in Old Delhi and was the first hospital solely dedicated to the care of women and children in [[Delhi]].<ref name="hosp">{{cite web | publisher=St. Stephen's Hospital | title=Welcome | url=http://www.ststephenshospital.org | accessdate=7 July 2018}}</ref> The hospital was known for its thorough hygiene and discipline. Although the hospital initially first lacked both resources and staff, it began to take off in 1891.

The hospital hired their first female doctor, Jenny Muller, a woman of Indian-German origins who had attended the [[London School of Medicine for Women]]. In 1893, a second female doctor, Mildred Staley joined.<ref name="dan">O'Connor, Dan. "From medicine chest to mission hospitals: the early history of the Delhi Medical Mission for women and children." In Three Centuries of Mission: The United Society for the Propagation of the Gospel 1701-2000. online: Google E-Book, 2000. 341-355.</ref>

The hospital building was opened by [[Lady Dufferin, Vicereine of India]]. The foundation stone for the old hospital building at [[Tis Hazari]] was laid in 1906 and the hospital was opened in 1909.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/17633/11/11_chapter%203.pdf|title=Healing of Body and Soul: Female Medical Missionaries}}</ref>

The maternity block at Tis Hazari campus was opened in 1969 by [[Indira Gandhi]] the Prime Minister of India. The foundation stone for the General Hospital was laid in 1972 by [[V. V. Giri]] the President of India and opened by [[Indira Gandhi]] in 1976.<ref>{{Cite web |title=. St.Stephen's Hospital - History . |url=https://www.ststephenshospital.org/about.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115062609/https://www.ststephenshospital.org/about.html |archive-date=2016-01-15 |access-date=2019-07-05 |website=www.ststephenshospital.org}}</ref> The mother and child block was later named after Dr [[Lucy Oommen]], the first Indian medical director of the institute and a [[Padma Shri]] awardee by Dr.[[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]], the President of India.

A commemorative stamp was issued by the postal department in [[List of postage stamps of India|1985]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.istampgallery.com/st-stephens-hospital-delhi/|title=St. Stephen's Hospital, Delhi|website=www.istampgallery.com|date=7 October 2016 |access-date=2019-07-05 |author1=Admin }}</ref> with the picture of the central hospital building and the first day cover depicting the first hospital building at [[Chandni Chowk]].

== Education ==
St. Stephen's Hospital was the first one to begin training the Indian women as [[Nursing|nurses]] in 1867.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}} The training School for nurses was started under Alice Wilkinson—the first trained British nurse who joined the hospital in 1908.<ref name="downtoearth.org.in"/> Wilkinson became the hospital's nursing superintendent. She also founded the Trained Nurse's Association of India and worked as its secretary until 1948.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Healey |first=Madelaine |title=Indian Sisters |date=2014-08-07 |isbn=9781315734149 |doi=10.4324/9781315734149}}</ref> The first school of nursing in India was started much later in 1871 at [[Government General Hospital, Chennai]].

The hospital is also one of the major teaching hospitals offering speciality and superspeciality courses affiliated to the [[National Board of Examinations]] and recognized by the [[Medical Council of India]]. The hospital also won the national award from the [[National Board of Examinations]] for the excellence in teaching in the [[Diplomate of National Board]] programme<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome To National Board of Examination |url=http://natboard.edu.in/matter.php?notice_id=1294 |access-date=2019-07-05 |website=natboard.edu.in}}</ref>

The hospital also trains laboratory technicians to perform standardized Hemophilia tests under the aegis of Hemophilia Federation of India<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Hemophilia Federation (India) |url=https://www.hemophilia.in/index.php/about-us/about-hfi}}</ref>

== Research ==
[[File:St_Stephen's_Hospital.jpg|alt=St Stephen's Hospital, Delhi|thumb|St Stephen's Hospital, New Delhi]]
The hospital has a rich tradition contributing to research and knowledge advancing healthcare. Records of publications from the institute date back to 1894<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Staley |first=Mildred |date=1894 |title=Incision of Cervix in Certain Complicated Labour Cases |journal=Indian Med Gaz |volume=29 |issue=10 |pages=367–369 |pmc=5197411 |pmid=29001660}}</ref> on surgical procedures to much recent on red cell abnormalities.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khanduri |first=Uma |date=2004 |title=Unique red cell abnormality in a case of fatal methylene blue induced haemolysis. |journal=Hematology |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=239–41 |doi=10.1080/10245330410001701576 |pmid=15204106 |s2cid=30848211 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The hospital also contributed to the World Health Organization Trauma Care Checklist Program Care Process Measures.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lashoher |first=Angela |date=2017 |title=Implementation of the World Health Organization Trauma Care Checklist Program in 11 Centers Across Multiple Economic Strata: Effect on Care Process Measures. |journal=World J Surg |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=954–962 |doi=10.1007/s00268-016-3759-8 |pmid=27800590 |s2cid=10442858}}</ref> An active research group works in the area of gestational diabetes<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Punnose |first=John |date=2019 |title=Bimodal distribution of fasting, one and two-hour post load plasma glucose in Asian Indian pregnant women without pre-gestational diabetes: Gestational age related changes. |journal=J Clin Transl Endocrinol}}</ref> and Rheumatology.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Publications |url=https://rheumatologydelhi.wixsite.com/sandhya/publications |access-date=2019-07-25 |website=sandhya |language=en}}</ref>

The organisation is recognized by [[Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (India)|Department of Scientific and Industrial Research]], Government of India.[[File:St-Stephens-Hospital-3-Marie-Hayes-Ward.jpg|thumb|St Stephen's Hospital]]

== Specialties ==
The hospital provides patients with the following services:
* [[Anesthesia]]
* Cardio-Thoracic and Vascular Surgery
* [[Cardiology]]
* Casualty
* Community Health
* Dental & Faciomaxillary Surgery
* [[Dermatology]]
* E.N.T
* [[Endocrinology]]
* [[Gastroenterology]]
* Histo Pathology
* Laboratory Services
* Medicine
* [[Nephrology]]
* [[Neurology]]
* [[Neurosurgery]]
* [[Obstetrics]] and [[Gynaecology]]
* [[Ophthalmology]]
* [[Orthopaedics]]
* [[Paediatrics]]
* Paediatrics surgery
* [[Plastic surgery]]
* [[Psychiatry]]
* [[Radiology]]
* Reproductive and retal medicine (RFM)
* Respiratory pulmonary medicine
* [[Rheumatology]]
* [[Surgery]]
* [[Urology]]

==Notable personalities ==
The hospital has contributed a number of notable personalities in modern-day India, including:
*Dr. [[Marie Elizabeth Hayes]], Medical Professional
*[[Lucy Oommen|Dr. Lucy Oommen]], Padma Shri awardee.
*[[Balu Sankaran|Dr Balu Sankaran]] professor, scientist and recipient of the [[Padma Shri]] and [[Padma Vibushan]] awards.
*Dr. Mathew Varghese, who runs India's only polio ward<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2018-01-14|title=Dr Mathew Varghese: The polio warrior who wants his ward empty|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/dr-mathew-varghese-the-polio-warrior-who-wants-his-ward-empty/story-4oWEPIc9ErfqyixOIOhQbK.html|access-date=2020-06-19|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

== Community Health Centre ==
The Community Health Centre, established in 1981 and inaugurated by [[Jagmohan]], the then Lt Governor of Delhi and situated in [[Nand Nagri]] serve people with preventive, pro motive, curative & rehabilitative care<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ststephenshospital.org/sshchd/|title=Community Health Department – St. Stephen's Hospital|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-05}}</ref>

== Last polio ward in India ==
The hospital also runs the distinction of running the last [[polio]] ward in the country.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://time.com/5087375/meet-the-doctor-who-runs-indias-last-polio-ward/|title=Meet the Doctor Who Runs India's Last Polio Ward|magazine=Time|language=en|access-date=2019-07-05}}</ref> While, India eradicated polio in 2011, millions live with the scars left over by the disease.<ref name=":0" /> The ward run by Dr Mathew Varghese, a renowned orthopedic surgeon who provides care, treatment and rehabilitation to individuals debilitated by polio<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-orthopaedic-doctor-who-fights-polio-is-bill-gatess-real-life-hero/articleshow/62666775.cms|title=Dr Matthew Varghese: Delhi orthopaedic doctor who fights polio is Bill Gates's real-life hero {{!}} Delhi News - Times of India|first=Durgesh Nandan|last=Jha|date=January 27, 2018|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-07-05}}</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Stephen's Hospital, Delhi}}
[[Category:Hospitals in Delhi]]
[[Category:Teaching hospitals in India]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 1885]]
[[Category:1885 establishments in India]]

Sitabhinji Group of Rock Shelters

2026-01-06T02:36:51Z

Sadique: new!

{{short description|4th-century painting and archaeological site in northeast Odisha, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox Cave
| name = Sitabhinji Group of Rock Shelters
| photo = 4th century Ravanachhaya mural, Sitabhinji Odisha.jpg
| photo_caption = The mural on Ravanachhaya rock
| coordinates = {{coord|21|30|35.2|N|85|46|38.5|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| map = India Odisha#India
| language = Sanskrit and Prakrit
| features = 4th to 6th-century Tempera mural and inscriptions
}}

The '''Sitabhinji Group of Rock Shelters''', also referred to as the '''Ravanachhaya Mural Rocks''', is a 4th to 6th century CE rock-cut monument with a major painted mural and inscriptions near Danguapasi village of Kendujhar (Keonjhar) district of Odisha. Archaeological excavations after the 1950s have unearthed boulder sections with additional inscriptions in Sanskrit and early Odiya, coins and parts of pre-8th-century Hindu temple and artwork from the [[Bhanja dynasty]].<ref name=ramachandran>T. N. Ramachandran (1951), ''Find of Tempera Painting in Sītābhiñji, District Keoñjhār, Orissa'', Artibus Asiae, Volume 14, Number 1/2, pp. 4-25, {{JSTOR|3248685}}</ref><ref name=arjun/>

The 4th-century Ravanachhaya painted mural is notable for one of the earliest [[tempera]] painting (''[[chitra (art)|chitra]]'') in India, for its non-religious portrayal of a king's procession, as well as its Sanskrit inscription in the emerging eastern branch of the northern script.<ref name=ramachandran/> The other notable discoveries here include the late-Gupta ''chaturmukha'' (four faced) Shiva Linga dated to around the 5th or 6th-century CE.<ref name=dmitra103>Debala Mitra (1984), ''Lakulisa and Early Shaiva Temples in Orissa'', in Discourses on Siva (Editor: Michael Meister), University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 103–104, {{ISBN|0-8122-7909-3}}</ref>

The Sitabhinji Group of Rock Shelters site is managed and protected by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (N-OR-32).<ref name=ignca/>

== Location ==
Sitabinji is located on the southeast side of Danguapasi village, about 30 kilometers south of Keonjhar town, and 10 kilometers west of Dhenkikot. It is north of the Sita-nadi (Seta) river, midst farms punctuated by huge boulders and a forested hilly terrain. The site is well marked for visitors and consists of several group of rocks to the west and northwest of the Surpanakha temple. These are not caves, but are open natural and partly rock-cut shelters. The entire area including the temple and different rocks-group are named after the characters or events in the Hindu epic ''Ramayana'' ([[Ravana]], [[Shurpanakha|Surpanakha]], Rama, Sita, Lakshmana, Lava, Kusa, others). One of these rock-shelters has a large multi-colored painted mural called the ''Ravanachhaya fresco'' site, while others are smaller and have minor inscriptions and single color painted marks. Ruins can be seen at this site, with major ones excavated at this site – such as the many-face Shiva linga, elephant with a baby, and others – are now at the temple.<ref>Basanta Mohanta (2018), ''Early Historic Archaeology of Northern Odisha'', Puranveshana: Indian Journal of Archaeology and Tradition, Volume 2, Number 1, pp. 71–72</ref>

== Description ==
This Ravanachhaya rock-shelter consists of two large boulders stacked one above another, with the shape of a half-umbrella. The under-side of this naturally covered portion of the rock was cut, then smoothened and then inscribed and painted around the 4th-century CE. This smooth cut surface stands 22 feet above the ground and projects about 15 feet. The original painting spanned over 25 feet by 10 feet. There is a natural crack in the lower rock which likely emerged from natural causes and caused a portion of the original mural to be more exposed to the deleterious climate and damage. The other side of the mural remains preserved, though it was covered by tropical insect nests and cocoons at the time of re-discovery by archaeologists in mid 20th-century. The surviving portion of the mural is about 17 feet by 10 feet. The painter(s) chose to write the inscription first and then paint over it, which has helped date the mural.<ref name=ramachandran/>

{{panorama|image=Sitabinji Fresco Painting, Keonjhar, Odisha 02.jpg|height=250|align=left|caption=A part of the mural}}
The small inscription on the mural consists of two lines, which is in Sanskrit. The top line reads "Maharaja Sri Disa Bhmaja". Second line is unclear. Above these is the mural that shows a royal procession. A king is riding an elephant, with his left hand holding a flower (water lily), and his right hand holds a goad. His attendant with a ''chamara'' and ''chatri'' sits to his back at a distance on the same elephant. In front are footmen, four in number. With these footmen is a horse with a cavalier. To the left and somewhat back of the elephant on foot is a woman, likely an attendant. There are traces of ''apsaras'' above. The inscription is below the horse.<ref name=ramachandran/><ref name=ignca>[http://ignca.gov.in/asi_reports/orkeonjhar001.pdf Mural of Ravanachhaya], Indira Gandhi National Center for the Arts (2016)</ref>

The mural was painted in five colors – white, brown, red, yellow ochre and buff. The thin base has a buff shade. It is also the color of the dress of the footmen, turbans and the caparisons. The lips and eye lashes are in white, as are the jewelry, adornments, flower in the king's hand, and the lower part of the woman's dress. Brown is the color of the elephant's body. Deep red is the color of elephant's head and trunk, the horse, the traces of flying apsaras, the king and his attendant. Light red colored are the footmen, the cavalier and the female attendant. The first footman holds a parasol or banner. The painter successfully expressed the depth perspective and the horse in motion. The artist also painted a scenery, but much of that has faded away.<ref name=ramachandran/><ref name=arjun/>

The Ravanachhaya mural used a [[tempera]] method for painting, state Ramachandran and scholars based on chemical analysis of its fragments.<ref name=ramachandran/> This process of making a ''chitra'' is one of the several discussed in early Indian texts on painting and the Sitabhanji site mural is one example.<ref>M. Somathilake (2007), ''Further Analysis on Fresco and Tempera: An Analysis of the Technique of Murals in South Asia'', Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Sri Lanka New Series, Vol. 53, pp. 109-132, {{JSTOR|23731202}}</ref>

The dating of the mural inscription has been controversial as little is known about the king mentioned, as well as disputes about the chronology and paleographic studies of the somewhat eroded inscription. He is either an early one about whom little is known, or a later one with a similar name who lived about the 8th century. According to Joshi, it is unlikely to be the later ruler and the epigraphical studies of all inscriptions in Utkala region, along with other discoveries found at this and nearby sites, support the c. 4th to 5th-century dating.<ref name=arjun/>

;Other inscriptions and Gupta-era artwork
[[File:Sitabinji Rock Inscription, Keonjhar, Odisha 02.jpg|thumb|One of the other minors inscription of 5th or 6th-century [[Shaivism]].]]
Other rock-shelter clusters near the Ravanachhaya mural site have historic inscriptions, some in early-Odiya as scripts were emerging out of the Brahmi, and others in variants that are now extinct. Most of Sanskrit, some inscriptions are in Prakrit language. These are short inscriptions that are Shaiva names, likely of pilgrims or monks from the Shiva tradition of Hinduism. The script style suggests that these are 5th to 6th-century inscriptions. Near these inscriptions, excavations have unearthed a ''mukhalinga'' (Shiva linga with face) made from [[soapstone]] in the late Gupta-style.<ref name=ramachandran/><ref name=dmitra103/> The ''mukhalinga'' is now in the front of the nearby temple. It is nearly a square with rounded edges, has an effective diameter of about 1 feet. This linga is marked to be 2 feet in length above ground and 1 feet below for a total height of 3 feet. The faces are uniform, have the Gupta-style ''jata'' (hairdo) carving, shown as tucked in with flowers. The local Hindu community has preferred to leave it where it was discovered, which happens to be in front of a rock group historically called Surpanakha. A newer temple dedicated to Shiva is underneath it. Additional artwork found here include figurines made from soapstone in the early Gupta style. Coins unearthed were from the Puri-Kushan group. These attest to likely antiquity of the site, and that ideas about sculpture and painting likely diffused far from the northwest and central regions of India in the early centuries of the 1st-millennium CE.<ref name=ramachandran/>

According to Krishna Panigrahi, this site and nearby region were likely linked to Shaivism by about the mid-1st millennium and a Shaiva monastery given the inscriptions here that mentioned both the name of the teacher and student, the Shaiva artwork from the Gupta period and other Shaiva sites nearby in Keonjhar district such as Dengapoli and Asanapat ([[Satrubhanja]] inscription). Nothing discovered here shows a capital or major ancient town. Therefore, the presence of a partially surviving mural showing a king's procession is odd and likely a sign of its religious and political significance by mid-1st millennium.<ref name="Panigrahi1961">{{cite book|author=Krishna Chandra Panigrahi|title=Archaeological Remains at Bhubaneswar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vi9oAepX9tgC |year=1961|publisher=Orient Longmans|page=245 with footnotes|oclc=3298938}}</ref><ref name=arjun>{{cite journal|author= A Joshi|title= Antiquities of Sitabhinji |year= 1965|journal = The Orissa Historical Research Journal|volume = XIII|number = 2| pages = 21–27}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Jogimara and Sitabenga Caves]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian inscriptions]]
[[Category:Rock-cut architecture of India]]
[[Category:Indian art]]
[[Category:Indian painting]]

Dineshbhai Makwana

2026-01-05T13:13:09Z

Sadique: adding page...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''Dineshbhai Makwana''' is an Indian [[politician]] and the elected candidate for [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Ahmedabad West Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="eci">{{Cite web |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S068.htm |title=Election Commission of India |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=results.eci.gov.in |access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="eci"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Ahmedabad West, Gujarat Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 Live Updates |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/ahmedabad-west-gujarat-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-clse-2547681-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Quint |first=The |date=2024-06-04 |title=Ahmedabad West Election Result 2024 Live Updates: BJP's Dineshbhai Makwana (Advocate) Has Won This Lok Sabha Seat |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/ahmedabad-west-election-result-2024-live-updates-counting-of-votes-gujarat-lok-sabha-seat-latest-news |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=2024 Gujarat Lok Sabha Election Results: Full list of winners on all 26 seats of Gujarat |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/2024-gujarat-lok-sabha-election-results-full-list-of-winners-on-all-25-seats-of-gujarat-9365707/ |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Politics}}
*[[18th Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Gujarat-BJP-politician-stub}}

Munna: A Love Story

2026-01-02T21:41:05Z

Sadique: entry

{{Short description|2008 Indian Odia film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Munna-A Love Story
| image = Munnaals.jpeg
| caption = Movie poster for ''Munna-A Love Story''
| starring = [[Anubhav Mohanty]] [[Dushmant]] [[Romi (actress)|Romi]] [[Naina Das]] [[Mihir Das]]
| director = [[N. Padhi]]
| producer = [[K.M. Rai]]
| writer = [[Dr. Raman Ranjan]]
| music = [[Abhijit Majumdar]]
| cinematography =
| editing = [[Susant Mani]]
| distributor = [[Bishnupriya Arts & Graphics]]
| released = {{Film date|2008|08|15|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Odia language|Odia]]
}}

'''Munna-A Love Story ''' is a 2008 Indian [[Odia language|Odia]]-language [[romantic drama|romantic]] [[action drama]] film directed by [[N. Padhi]]. The film is unofficial remake of Bollywood film [[Jeet (1996 film)|Jeet]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://oriyacinema.blogspot.com/2008/08/from-ollywood-by-lane.html |title=From Ollywood by-lane | www.cineorissa.com |accessdate=2009-02-25 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120713210426/http://oriyacinema.blogspot.com/2008/08/from-ollywood-by-lane.html |archivedate=13 July 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.fullodisha.com/Detail_News.aspx?NewsID=246 |title=Archived copy |access-date=23 August 2015 |archive-date=6 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306115156/http://news.fullodisha.com/Detail_News.aspx/?NewsID=246 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.joshtelevision.com/Anubhava.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209003048/http://www.joshtelevision.com/Anubhava.htm | url-status=usurped | archive-date=9 December 2008 | title=爱妺妺国产Av详情介绍-爱妺妺国产Av在线观看-爱妺妺国产Av迅雷下载-午夜电影网 }}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
"Munna" played by Ollywood superstar Anubhav is a gangster in the film who works under the influence of a Mafia Don played by Mihir Das. Munna's life revolves around his crime world and his mother. A girl named "Nisha" played by Naina Dash works as a Bar Dancer and she loves Munna but has never told anything about her love to Munna. In the past Munna had loved a girl whom for some reasons he could not marry and his love interest played by Romi latter on marries Dushmant who plays the role of a cop. When at one point of time Munna was given a contract of killing the cop played by Dushmant he soon realises that the cop is now the husband of Munna's past Love interest "Pooja".The story forwards with a flashback showing the love story of Munna and what happened due to which he could not marry the girl in the past.At end Munna finally killed the mafia don and he died.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.izeans.com/node/131|title=Munna-A Love /Story review
}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Anubhav Mohanty]] as Munna
*[[Dushmant]]
*[[Romi (actress)|Romi]] as Pooja
*[[Naina Das]] as Nisha
*[[Mihir Das]] as Mafia Don
*[[Anita Das]]
*[[Rai Mohan]]

==Box office reception==
The Movie made on a medium budget got a wonderful opening across all the theaters but due to its weak storyline and average Music, the collections started to drop from its 2nd week. Various other factors like rains, strikes and Orissa Bandh also affected the business of the movie. The film did an average business at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.izeans.com/node/81|title=Box Office Reports / Munna-A Love Story
}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist | 1}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=1437858|title=" Munna-A Love Story "}}

[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:Odia remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:2000s Odia-language films]]
[[Category:2008 Indian films]]

History of the Anushilan Samiti

2025-12-15T18:12:33Z

Sadique: cleanup

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Anushilan Samiti}}
'''The history of the [[Anushilan Samiti]]''' stretches from its beginning in 1902 to 1930. The ''Samiti'' began in the first decade of the 20th century in [[Calcutta]] as conglomeration of local youth groups and gyms(''Akhra''). However, its focus was both physical education and proposed moral development of its members. From its inception it sought to promote what it perceived as Indian values and to focus on Indian sports e.g. ''[[Fighting stick|Lathi]]'' and Sword play. It also encouraged its members to study Indian history as well as those of European liberalism including the [[French Revolution]], Russian [[Nihilism]] and Italian unification. Soon after its inception it became a radical organisation that sought to end [[British Raj]] in India through revolutionary violence. After World War I, it declined steadily as its members identified closely with leftist ideologies and with the [[Indian National Congress]]. It briefly rose to prominence in the late second and third decade, being involved in some notable incidents in Calcutta, Chittagong and in the United Provinces. The samiti dissolved into the Revolutionary Socialist Party in 1930.

==Background==
The void arising from the precipitous decline of the [[Mughal Empire]] from the early decades of the 18th century allowed emerging powers to grow in the Indian subcontinent. These included the [[Sikh Confederacy]], the [[Maratha Confederacy]], ''[[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizamiyat]]'', the local nawabs of [[Nawab of Awadh|Oudh]] and [[Nawab of Bengal|Bengal]] and other smaller powers. Each was a strong regional power influenced by its religious and ethnic identity. However, [[Company rule in India|the East India Company]] ultimately emerged as the predominant power. Amongst the results of the social, economic and political changes instituted in the country throughout the greater part of the 18th century was the growth of the Indian middle class. Although from different backgrounds and different parts of India, this middle class and its varied political leaderships contributed to a growing "Indian identity".<ref name=Mitra63>{{Harvnb|Mitra|2006|p=63}}</ref> The realisation and refinement of this concept of national identity fed a rising tide of nationalism in India in the last decades of the 1800s.<ref name=Desai30>{{Harvnb|Desai|2005|p=30}}</ref><ref name=Desai125>{{Harvnb|Desai|2005|p=125}}</ref><ref name=Desai154>{{Harvnb|Desai|2005|p=154}}</ref>

Bengal itself was relatively quiet during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|1857 uprising]], although minor uprisings broke out in Chittagong, Dhaka and a number of other places. However, by the last quarter of the century, the Raj was firmly established in the Bengal Presidency and educated Bengali ''[[Babu (title)|Babu]]'', the middle-class ''[[Bhadralok]]'' community were amongst the largest numbers who filled civil and administrative offices throughout British India. In traditional British stereotype, the Bengali race was considered "feeble even to effeminacy" and the least martial of all Indian races. However, the Bengalee propensity to form public bodies and organised protests were noted from early on, which piqued the British observers. 1876 saw the foundation of The Indian Association in [[Calcutta]] under the leadership of [[Surendranath Banerjea]]. This organisation successfully drew into its folds students and the urban middle–class, for which it served as a mouthpiece. The Association became the mouthpiece of an informal constituency of students and middle-class gentlemen. The Association sponsored the Indian National Conference in 1883 and 1885, which later merged with the Indian National Congress.<ref name=Heehs2>{{Harvnb|Heehs|1992|p=2}}</ref> Calcutta was at the time the capital of British India, and the most prominent centre for organised politics, and some of the same students who attended the political meetings began at the time to organise "secret societies" which cultivated a cultural of physical strength and nationalist feelings. In Bengal at large, through the decades 1860s and 1870s, there arose large numbers of ''akhras'', or gymnasiums consciously designed along the lines of the Italian [[Carbonari]] which drew the youth.<ref>{{Harvnb|Heehs|1994|p=534}} "[Around 1881] a number of self-styled 'secret societies' were set up in Calcutta that were consciously modelled on the Carbonari and Mazzini's Young Italy Society ... They were in fact simply undergraduate clubs, long on nebulous ideals but short on action."</ref> These were influenced by the writings of the Bengalee nationalist author [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]] and by the works of Italian nationalist [[Giuseppe Mazzini]] and his [[Young Italy (historical)|Young Italy movement]]. To this was later added the philosophies and teachings of [[Swami Vivekananda]], which emphasised a "Strong muscles and nerves of steel". This marked the beginnings of interest in physical improvement and proto-national spirit among young Bengalees, and was driven by an effort to break away from the colonial stereotype of effeminacy imposed on the Bengalee. Physical fitness was symbolic of the recovery of masculinity, and part of a larger moral and spiritual training to cultivate control over the body, and develop national pride and a sense of social responsibility and service.<ref name=Bandyopadhyaya260>{{Harvnb|Bandyopadhyaya|2004|p=260}} The physical culture movement became a craze ... to develop what Swami Vivekananda had described as strong muscles and nerves of steel ... this was a psychological attempt to break away from the colonial stereotype of effeminacy imposed on the Bengalees. Their symbolic recovery of masculinity ... remained parts of a larger moral and spiritual training to achieve mastery over body, develop a national pride and a sense of social service ... founding of a gymnasium by Sarala Ghosal in Ballygunge Circular Road in Calcutta, the Atmonnoti Samiti by some central Calcutta youths and the Anushilan Samiti by Satischandra Basu.</ref><ref name=Heehs3>{{Harvnb|Heehs|1992|p=3}}</ref>

In Calcutta, nationalist politics was developing at a rapid pace, allowing the city to develop as the most vocal centre of the young though still benign movement. Key leaders in the Congress-led movement in the province were Surendranath Bannejea and [[Motilal Ghosh]], while figures like [[Pherozshah Mehta]], [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]] and the more radical [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] were gaining prominence in Maharashtra in the presidencies of [[Bombay]] and [[Poona]].<ref name=Heehs4>{{Harvnb|Heehs|1992|p=4}}</ref> Through these last decades of the 1800s, however, the concept of secret societies and the propensity of nationalist violence was stronger in Maharashtra.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}} Tilak himself was associated with such a society in Bombay.<ref name="Heehs1994p536para2">{{Harvnb|Heehs|1994|loc=p. 536, para 2}} "Aurobindo and Jatindranath met in Baroda in 1899. Both became members of a 'secret society' of Bombay with which the Maharashtrian political leader Bal Gangadhar Tilak was associated. Tilak later [made] an effort to get Aurobindo's friend Madhavrao Jadhav admitted to a military school in Russia. This plan fell through, but Madhavrao was eventually ... enrolled (possibly with Russian help) in the Swiss military academy in Bern.'"</ref> The most notable amongst the Maharashtrian societies was ''[[Mitra Mela]]'' (Friends circle) founded by [[V.D. Savarkar]] at [[Nasik]] in 1900. The organisation reformed as the [[Abhinav Bharat Society|''Abhinav Bharat'' Society]] and moved to Poona. The trend towards secret societies in Bengal had in the meantime slowed down, and what existed did not engage in any notable political activities. It was at this time, at the turn of the 20th century, that the revolutionary organisations emerged with considerable potency in Bengal.<ref name=Radhan636>{{Harvnb|Radhan|2002|p=636}}</ref>

==Early developments==
Among the first revolutionary organisations founded with an organised programme in Bengal was that led by [[Jatindranath Bannerjee]] and [[Aurobindo Ghosh]]. Ghosh was the grandson of leading Bengali reformer, [[Rajnarayan Bose]]. Schooled at St. Paul's and a graduate of [[King's College, Cambridge]], Ghosh returned to India in 1893, undertaking a short career in political journalism in Bombay. He criticised the Congress's elitist politics which he argued was confined to the middle-class and effectively ignored the Indian masses of the lower classes. For Ghosh, the discussions engaged by the Congress members were frivolous, he argued for a radical and revolutionary movement for achieve political goals.<ref name=Heehs4/><ref>{{Harvnb|Heehs|1994|loc=p. 536, para 1}} "Aurobindo Ghose, who with Jatindranath helped to organize the first revolutionary group in Bengal with a well-thought-out programme, read widely in the history of Europe while a scholar at St Paul's School, London, and Kings College, Cambridge. Shortly after his return to India in 1893 he wrote in a Bombay newspaper ... his thesis that when men wanted a radical change of government, revolutionary action counted for much more than the sort of endless discussion that the members of the Indian National Congress engaged in."</ref> Under pressure to tone down his criticisms, Ghosh withdrew from his writings altogether, which held for a good decade or so. In 1897, Aurobindo Ghosh took up the position of lecturer in French at [[Baroda College]] and was appointed acting Professor of English at the college in 1898.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}} In 1899, Ghosh met Jatindranath Bannerjee. Both Bannerjee and Ghosh were members of a Bombay secret society that B.G. Tilak was associated with.<ref name=Heehs1994p536para2/> Both Ghosh and Tilak shared thoughts on a program of revolution. Both envisioned an organised and disciplined uprising different from the terrorist tactics favoured by secret societies. Ghosh's thoughts were turned towards a military insurrection through [[Guerrilla warfare]], aided by general revolt and popular resistance to which, if possible, the [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]] was to be drawn in revolt. The grounding of such a program was to be "revolutionary propaganda and recruiting" and young Bengalees were to be trained in activities that would be helpful when the moment came. Ghosh emphasised activities riding, physical training, athletics of various kinds, drill and organized movement. He foresaw the program occupying up to thirty years before India was ready to rise.<ref>{{Harvnb|Heehs|1994|p=537}} "Tilak's interest in military weaponry and training was indicative of his and Aurobindo's revolutionary programme. Neither was interested in terrorism of the sort that is usually associated with secret societies, but rather in a disciplined military uprising ... Aurobindo's idea was to prepare for 'an armed insurrection' that would consist of 'guerrilla warfare accompanied by general resistance and revolt' including, if possible, 'a general revolt of the Indian army'. The first step ... would be a work of 'revolutionary propaganda and recruiting'. Young Bengalis would be given instruction 'in activities that might be helpful for ultimate military action, such as riding, physical training, athletics of various kinds, drill and organized movement.' Aurobindo thought that this programme 'might occupy a period of 30 years before fruition'."</ref> With the help of Tilak and some two others associates of the names Khasi Rao Jadav and Madhav Rao, Ghosh was, in September 1899, able to arrange for Jatindranath Bannerjee to enrol in the armed forces of the [[Princely State of Baroda]] with false papers.<ref name=Majumdar25>{{Harvnb|Majumdar|2005|p=25}}</ref> Tilak himself tried to arrange for Madhav Rao to obtain admission to a Russian military school, and ultimately was able to get him admitted to the Swiss Military Academy at [[Bern]].<ref name=Heehs1994p536para2/> Ghosh had worked close to the [[Gaekwar of Baroda]], and in 1902, he establish contacts with men with similar views in Western India.<ref name=Heehs4/>

==Anushilan Samiti==

===Foundation===
Around 1902, Aurobindo Ghosh arranged for Bannerjee to return to Calcutta to begin organisational work, where he began a gymnasium and a youth society. It was at this time that Bannerjee came in touch with [[Vibhuti Bhushan Bhattacharya]], [[Sarala Devi Chaudhurani|Sarala Devi Ghoshal]] and [[Pramathanath Mitra]].<ref name=Heehs4/><ref name=Majumdar26>{{Harvnb|Majumdar|2005|p=26}}</ref> In Calcutta, a few clubs and societies were still active at the time. Most notable was a gymnasium in [[Ballygunge Circular Road]] run by Sarala Devi herself, a second was an organisation named ''Anushilan Samiti'' founded by [[Satish Chandra Basu]] with the patronage of Pramathanath Mitra. A third one was a youth club called ''Attōnnōti Samiti'' (Self-improvement society) in central Calcutta.<ref name=Bandyopadhyaya260 /><ref name=Heehs5>{{Harvnb|Heehs|1992|p=5}}</ref>

Basu himself was a student of the [[Scottish Church College|General Assembly's Institution]], and was influenced by Swami Vivekandan's works and teachings of [[Shaktism|Shakta philosophy]].<ref name=Radhan637>{{Harvnb|Radhan|2002|p=637}}</ref> Basu kept in touch with [[Sister Nivedita]] and [[Swami Saradananda]], both disciples of Vivekandanda.<ref name=Radhan636/> A further influence was the Japanese scholar [[Kakuzo Okakura]] who was closely associated with Nivedita and advocated Pan-Asiatic unity and nationalist sentiments in his many visits to Bengal.<ref>{{Harvnb|Heehs|1994|p=539}} "Okakura had been corresponding with Nivedita for several months ... If the countries of Asia stood together they would be able to free themselves more swiftly from ... Europe. During his stay in Calcutta Okakura [spoke] about his notion of a pan-Asiatic union."</ref> Basu was a member of the gymnasium at General Assembly, and practiced [[Fighting stick|lathi]]-play, engaged in social work in destitute areas of Calcutta, and supported the [[Swadeshi movement|''Swadeshi'' industries]].<ref name=Radhan637/> Encouraged by Nivedita and Saradananda, Basu founded the ''Anushilan Samiti'' in early 1902, initially, as a club for lathi practice. The name itself was inspired by one of [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]]'s works entitled ''Anushilan-Tattva'' (Theory of discipline), which expounded the concept of allround development of physical, mental, moral and spiritual capabilities.<ref name=Radhan637/> In Pramathanath Mitra, Basu found a patron and through Mitra and Sarala Devi, Jatindranath Bannerjee was introduced to Basu. In March 1902, Bannerjee's group was amalgamated to that of Basu's, retaining the name chosen by the latter.<ref name=Heehs5/>

The early ''Anushilan Samity'' drew its members largely from the young student fraternity in Calcutta. New recruits were required to swear an oath on the ''[[Gita]]'', and practiced the worship of arms in front of the image of [[Goddess Durga]]. These were however technical reasons why Muslims were not accepted. The members trained in drill, practiced swordplay, boxing, wrestling, and other exercises. Nationalist spirit and moral development was inculcated through weekly classes, and interactions with leading social figures of the likes of [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Bipin Chandra Pal]], [[Gurudas Bannerjee]].<ref name=Radhan637/>

The Anushilan Samiti, however, failed to make any significant impact in its early years, as was the case for similar Calcutta groups.<ref name=Heehs5/> In 1903, Aurobindo Ghosh sent his younger brother [[Barindra Kumar Ghosh]] to Calcutta to rally the nascent organisation. Barindra, however, was forced to return to Baroda that same year following differences with Jatindranath Bannerjee. The society fragmented as a result of the clash, and may have led to the early demise of the still evolving movement.<ref name=Heehs6>{{Harvnb|Heehs|1992|p=6}}</ref> However, the events around 1905, when the [[1905 Partition of Bengal|controversial plan to partition Bengal]] was proposed, veered the course otherwise.<ref name=Heehs5/> They got into touch through the help of [[Sister Nivedita]], with [[Hemchandra Kanungo]], then a teacher at the [[Midnapore Collegiate School]], who founded the branch of the Samiti at [[Midnapore]] and in turn recruited other revolutionaries like [[Khudiram Bose]] and [[Satyendranath Basu]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chanda |first=Ranjan |title=ক্ষুদিরাম বসুর অস্ত্রগুরু, বোমা তৈরির মাস্টার! বিপ্লবী হেমচন্দ্রের ছিল আরও এক পরিচয়, এত বছর পরেও অনেকে জানেন না |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/south-bengal/freedom-fighter-hemchandra-kanungo-was-a-zamindar-as-well-as-revolutionary-l18-local18-2374873.html}}</ref> The plans, implemented by the Viceroy, Charles Hardinge, drew widespread criticisms throughout Bengal. The local population, led by social figures and leaders of the Indian National Congress, refused to accept the Raj's argument that the partition was necessary for improving the administration in the province. It was seen as an attempt to divide Bengal on religious lines to stem the tide of political and nationalist work that was emanating from the region. The Raj argued that the opposition to the partition was motivated by the Hindu middle-class Bhadralok, who feared a loss of their government positions and influence in the administrative set up to the larger Muslim population of eastern Bengal. Opposition to the partition took shape in the Swadeshi movement, where imported goods were boycotted in Bengal and throughout India. These boycotts were enforced by groups of "volunteers" recruited from the youth ''Samities''. The patronage of the extremist Bengalee politicians in the Congress, including the likes of [[Bipin Chandra Pal]] and [[Brahmabandhab Upadhyaya]], helped ''Anushilan'' stem the decline and rejuvenated its influence and reach, and this in turn helped consolidate the position of the former as radicals within Congress. The unprecedented popular resistance to the partition plans also gave ''Anushilan'' fertile grounds to preach its cause and bring new recruits to its folds.<ref name=Heehs5/><ref>{{Harvnb|Bandyopadhyaya|2004|pp=255, 258}}</ref>

===Dhaka Anushilan===
In November 1905, Bipin Chandra Pal along with Pramathanath Mitra, visited [[Dhaka]] where, at a political meeting, Pal called for volunteers ready to sacrifice their all for Motherland.<ref name=Heehs5/> Among the eighty who stepped forward was [[Pulin Behari Das]], a resident of Wari who was soon appointed the head of the East Bengal branch of ''Anushilan Samity''. Under Das's able leadership, ''Anushilan'' "spread like wildfire" throughout the province. More than 500 branches were opened, linked by a "close and detailed organization" to Pulin's headquarters at Dhaka. It absorbed smaller groups in the province, and soon overshadowed its parent organisation in Calcutta. Branches of Dhaka Anushilan emerged in the towns of [[Jessore (city)|Jessore]], [[Khulna]], [[Faridpur District|Faridpur]], [[Rajnagar Upazila|Rajnagar]], Rajendrapur, Mohanpur, Barvali, Bakarganj and other places. Estimates of Dhaka Anushilan Samiti's reach show a membership of between 15,000 and 20,000 members. Within another two years, Dhaka Anushilan would devolve its aims from the Swadeshi to the dedicated aim of political terrorism.<ref name=Heehs6/>

===Jugantar===
Barindra Ghosh returned to Bengal around 1906, where he began organising volunteers movements in support of the agitations and the [[Swadeshi movement]]. His efforts drew the youth, whom he trained in the exercise, sword and lathi play and preached the cause of Indian independence. Among Barindra's associates at the time were [[Bhupendranath Dutta]] (brother of Swami Vivekananda) and [[Abhinash Battacharya]].{{CN|date=March 2022}} In the meantime, Aurobindo had returned to Bengal in 1906. The Calcutta wing had suffered a setback following Barin Ghosh's clash with Jatindranath Bannerjee earlier. In Bengal, Barin begun a sustained effort pick up where the group had left a few years previously. In the meantime, Aurobindo with the help of Bipin Chandra Pal and Barin founded in 1907 the radical Bengali nationalist publication of ''[[Jugantar Patrika|Jugantar]]'' (Lit:Change), and its English counterpart ''[[Bande Mataram (publication)|Bande Mataram]]''. After a slow start, the journal gradually grew to acquire a mass appeal in Bengal through its radicalist approach and message of revolutionary programmes. This journal later lent its name to the Calcutta group that was gradually growing, ultimately forming what came to be called the ''[[Jugantar party]]''. This lent the name of ''Jugantar party'' to the Calcutta group.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} Among the early recruits who emerged as noted leaders were [[Rash Behari Bose]], [[Jatindranath Mukherjee]], and [[Jadugopal Mukherjee]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Sen|2010|p=244}} Government found it difficult to suppress revolutionary activities in Bengal owing to the strong organisation of the Anushilan Samiti and ... leaders like Jatindranath Mukherjee, Rashbehari Bose and Jadugopal Mukheijee.</ref> ''Jugantar party'' embarked irrevocably on the path of political terrorism, when plans were made to assassinate in summer 1906, the Lieutenant Governor of Eastern Bengal and Assam, Sir [[Bampfylde Fuller]]. This was the first of its planned "actions".

==Political assassinations==

===First phase===
The two branches of ''Anushilan'' engaged at this time in a number of notable incidents of political assassinations and ''[[dacoity|dacoities]]'' to obtain funds.<ref name=Roy5>{{Harvnb|Roy|1997|pp=5–6}} The first such dacoity was committed by Naren ... Around this time, revolutionaries threw a bomb-at the carriage of Mr and Mrs Kennedy ... in Muzaffarpur, under the mistaken notion that the 'notorious' Magistrate Kingsford was in the carriage. This led to the arrest of Kshudiram Bose and the discovery of the underground conspiratorial centre at Manicktala in eastern Calcutta. ... Nandalal Banerjee, an officer in the Intelligence Branch of the Bengal Police was shot dead by Naren ... This was followed by the arrest of Aurobindo, Barin and others in connection with the Alipore Conspiracy case.</ref> In the meantime, in December 1907 the Bengal revolutionary cell derailed the train carrying the Bengal Lieutenant Governor [[Sir Andrew Fraser]]. In December 1907, Dhaka Anushilan Samiti assassinated D.C. Allen, a former district magistrate of Dhaka. In 1908, the activities of Anushilan saw eleven assassinations, seven attempted assassinations and bomb explosions, and eight dacoities in western Bengal alone. The targets of these "actions" included British police officials and civil servants, native Indian police officers, approvers and public prosecutors in cases of political crime, as well as the wealthy upper-class families.<ref name=Popplewell108>{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=108}}</ref>
''Anushilan'', notably from early on, established links with foreign movements and Indian nationalism abroad. In 1907 [[Hemchandra Kanungo]] (Hem Chandra Das) went to Paris to learn the art of bomb making from Nicholas Safranski, a Russian revolutionary in exile in the French Capital.<ref name=Popplewell104>{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=104}}</ref> Paris was also home at the time [[Madam Cama]] who was amongst the leading figures of the [[Paris Indian Society]] and the [[India House]] in London. The bomb manual later found its way through [[V. D. Savarkar]] to the press at India House for mass printing. This was, however, followed by a temporary stumble for ''Anushilan''. In 1908, two young recruits, [[Khudiram Bose]] and [[Prafulla Chaki]] were sent{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} on a mission to [[Muzaffarpur]] to assassinate the Chief Presidency Magistrate D. H. Kingsford. The duo bombed a carriage they mistook as Kingsford's,<ref name=Roy5/> killing two English women in it. In the aftermath of the murder, Khudiram Bose was arrested while attempting to flee, while Chaki took his own life.<ref>{{cite book |author=Arun Chandra Guha |year=1971 |title=First spark of revolution: the early phase of India's struggle for independence, 1900-1920 |publisher=Orient Longman |page=131 |oclc=254043308 |quote=A Bengali police officer, Nandalal Banerji was also travelling in the same compartment ... Nandalal suspected Prafulla and tried to arrest him. But Prafulla was quite alert; he put his revolver under his own chin and pulled the trigger ... This happened on the Mokama station platform on 2nd May, 1908.}}</ref> Police investigations into the murders revealed the organisation's quarters in [[Maniktala]] suburb of Calcutta and led to a number of arrests, opening the famous [[Alipore Conspiracy trial]].<ref name=Roy5 /> Some of its leadership were executed or incarcerated, while others went underground.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} Aurobindo Ghosh himself retired from active politics after being acquitted, his brother Barin was imprisoned for life.<ref name=Roy6/> This was followed by the [[Dacca Conspiracy case]] in 1909 which brought 44 members of the Dhaka Anushilan to trial.<ref name=Popplewell111>{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=111}}</ref><ref name=Roy105>{{Harvnb|Roy|2006|p=105}}</ref> Anushilan, however, took its revenge. Nandalal Bannerjee, the officer who had arrested Kshudiram, was shot dead in 1908, followed by the assassinations of the prosecutor and the approver in the Alipore case in 1909.

Western Anushilan Samiti in the aftermath of Manicktala Conspiracy found more prominent leader in Jatindra Nath Mukherjee which emerged distinctly as the ''Jugantar group''. Meanwhile, Rash Behari Bose extended the groups reach into north India, where he found work in the [[Indian Forest Institute]] in [[Dehradun]]. Mukherjee took over the leadership of the secret society to be known as the [[Jugantar]] Party. He revitalised the links between the central organisation in Calcutta and its several branches spread all over Bengal, [[Bihar]], [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] and several places in [[Uttar Pradesh|U.P.]], and opened hideouts in the [[Sundarbans]] for members who had gone underground{{citation needed|date=April 2022}} The group slowly reorganised guided by Mukherjee's efforts, aided by an emerging leadership which included [[Amarendra Chatterjee]], [[M. N. Roy|Naren Bhattacharya]] and other younger leaders. Some of its younger members including [[Tarak Nath Das]] left India.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} Through the next two years, the organisation operated under the covers of two seemingly detached organisations, ''Sramajeebi Samabaya'' (The Labourer's cooperative) and Harry & Sons.<ref name=Roy6>{{Harvnb|Roy|1997|p=6}} Aurobihdo's retirement from active politics after his acquittal and the long imprisonment of Barin Ghosh ... Two centres were established, one was the Sramajibi Samabaya ... and the other in the name of S.D. Harry and Sons.</ref> At around this time, Jatin began attempts to establish contacts with the [[10th Jat Regiment]] then garrisoned at [[Fort William, India|Fort William]] in Calcutta. Narendra Nath carried out through this time a number of robberies to obtain funds. In the meantime, however, a second blow came in 1910 when Shamsul Alam, a Bengal Police officer then preparing a conspiracy case against the group, was assassinated by an associate of Jatindranath by the name of Biren Dutta Gupta. The assassination led to the arrests which ultimately precipitated the [[Howrah-Sibpur Conspiracy case]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Roy|1997|pp=6–7}} Shamsul Alam, an Intelligence officer who was then preparing to arrest all the revolutionaries ... was murdered by Biren Datta Gupta, one of Jatin Mukherjee's associates. This led to the arrests in the Howrah Conspiracy case.</ref>

Nonetheless, the campaign by Anushilan continued. In 1911, Dhaka Anushilan shot dead two Bengali police officers, sub-inspector Raj Kumar and Inspector Man Mohan Ghosh, who had been investigating the unrest, were shot dead at [[Mymensingh]] and [[Barisal]] respectively. This was followed by the assassination of the [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)|CID]] head constable Shrish Chandra Dey in Calcutta. In February 1911, ''Jugantar'' bombed a car with an Englishman in it who was mistaken for [[Godfrey Denham]]. The activities of the group was marked most famously in 1912 when an attempt was made by Anushilan led by Rash Behari Bose, in coordination with [[Har Dayal]]'s group in Punjab, to assassinate the Viceroy of India, [[Charles Hardinge]] on the occasion of transfer of the national capital from Calcutta to Delhi.<ref name=Popplewell114>{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=114}}</ref> The [[Delhi–Lahore Conspiracy]], as it came to be called, culminated on 23 December 1912 when [[Basanta Kumar Biswas]] successfully bombed the Viceroy's Howdah as the ceremonial procession moved through the [[Chandni Chowk]] suburb of [[Delhi]]. Although wounded in the attempt, the Viceroy escaped with his injuries, along with Lady Hardinge, but his [[mahout]] was killed in the attack. The following investigations uncovered Rash Behari Bose as one of the Kingpins of political extremisms, and further, brought to light the extent of coordination between the extremist cells in Punjab and Bengal.

===Prelude to World War===
With the clouds of war gathering in Europe, Indian nationalists at home and outside India had decided to use the event of a war with Germany towards the nationalist cause. To these plans, a number of prominent ''Jugantar'' leaders became party. Through Kishen Singh, the Bengal revolutionary cell was introduced to [[Lala Har Dayal]] when the latter visited India in 1908.<ref>{{Harvnb|Roy|1997|pp=7–8}} The group foresaw the possibility of a world war and planned to launch a guerrilla war at that time, expecting assistance from Germany. Lala Har Dayal, on his return to India in 1908, also became interested in the programme of the Bengal revolutionaries through Kissen Singh.</ref> Har Dayal himself was associated with the [[India House]], a revolutionary organisation in London then under V. D. Savarkar. By 1910, Har Dayal was working closely with Rash Behari Bose.<ref name=Desai320>{{Harvnb|Desai|2005|p=320}}</ref> Bose was a Jugantar member employed at the Forest institute at [[Dehradun]], who worked, possibly independent of Jatin, on the revolutionary movement in UP and Punjab since October 1910.<ref name=Popplewell167>{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=167}}</ref> The India House itself was liquidated in 1910 in the aftermath of [[Curzon Wyllie|Sir W.H. Curzon Wyllie]]'s assassination in the hands of [[Madan Lal Dhingra]], a member of the London group. Among the India House group who fled Britain was [[Virendranath Chattopadhyaya|V. N. Chetterjee]], who left for Germany. Har Dayal himself moved to [[San Francisco]] after working briefly with the [[Paris Indian Society]]. In the United States, nationalism among Indian immigrants, particularly students and working classes, was gaining grounds. [[Tarak Nath Das]], who had left Bengal for the United States in 1907, was among the noted Indian students who engaged in political work. In California, Har Dayal's arrival bridged a gap between the intellectual agitators in the west coast and the lower classes in the Pacific coast. He emerged a leading organiser of Indian nationalism amongst the predominantly Punjabi immigrant labour workers, founding the [[Ghadar Movement]].

Meanwhile, in 1912, Jatin met in the company of [[Naren Bhattacharya]] the Crown Prince of Germany during the latter's visit to Calcutta in 1912, and obtained an assurance that arms and ammunition would be supplied to them.<ref>''Terrorism in Bengal'', Compiled and Edited by A.K. Samanta, Government of West Bengal, 1995, Vol. II, p625.</ref> Jatin was intimated of Rash Behari's work through [[Niralamba Swami]] while on a pilgrimage to the holy Hindu city of [[Vrindavan]]. Returning to Bengal, Jatin began reorganising his group. Rash Behari had gone into hiding in [[Benares]] after the 1912 attempt on Hardinge, but he met Jatin towards the end of 1913, outlining the prospects of a pan-Indian revolution.

===World War I===
{{see also|Hindu–German Conspiracy|Ghadar Mutiny|Christmas Day Plot|Defence of India Act 1915}}
In 1914 Rash Behari Bose, along with the Maharashtrian Vishnu Ganesh Pinglay and some Sikh militants, planned simultaneous troop risings in different places [[Ghadar Mutiny|in February 1915]]. In the meantime, in Bengal the activity of ''Anushilan'' and ''Jugantar'' launched what has been described by some historians as "...a reign of terror in both the cities and the countryside..." that "...came close to achieving their key goal of paralysing the administration...". A general atmosphere of fear encompassed the police and the law courts, severely affecting the morale.<ref name=Popplewell201>{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=201}}</ref> In the entire 1915, only six revolutionaries were successfully brought to trial.
However both the February plot and a [[Christmas Day Plot|subsequent plot]] for December 1915 were thwarted by British intelligence. Jatin Mukherjee along with a number of fellow-revolutionaries were killed in a firefight with Policeforces at [[Balasore]], in present-day Orissa. This effectively brought ''Jugantar'' to an end during the war. The passage of the [[Defence of India Act 1915]] led to widespread arrest, internment, deportation and execution of members of the revolutionary movement. By March 1916 widespread arrests helped Bengal Police crush the ''[[Dhaka Anushilan Samiti]]'' in Calcutta.<ref name=Popplewell210>{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=210}}</ref> Regulation III and Defence of India act was applied to Bengal from August 1916 on a widescale. By June 1917, 705 were under home-arrest under the act, along with 99 imprisonments under Regulation III.<ref name=Popplewell210/> In Bengal Revolutionary violence in Bengal plummeted in 1917.<ref name=Bates118>{{Harvnb|Bates|2007|p=118}}: "Following the outbreak of war, terrorist activity in India increased ... 19 political murders between 1914 and 1915 and 32 in the year 1915 to 1916 ... After the passing of the 1915 Defence of India Act, violent political activity effectively came to an end."</ref> After the war these powers were extended by the so-called Rowlatt Acts, the passage of which was one of the goads that led to the launching of M. K. Gandhi's Non-Co-operation Movement.

==Gandhian era==

===Post World War I===
{{See also|Kakori conspiracy|Hindustan Republican Association}}
Between 1919 and 1922, the first of the noncooperation movement began with the [[Rowlatt Satyagraha]]s under the call of Gandhi. This received widespread support both amongst leading luminaries of the Indian political movement. In Bengal, ''Jugantar'' agreed to the request of [[Chittaranjan Das]], one of the most prominent and respected leaders of Congress at the time, and abstained from violence. However, ''Anushilan'' did not subscribe to the agreement but sponsored no major actions between 1920 and 1922, when the first non-Co-operation Movement was suspended. The years after saw both ''Jugantar'' and ''Anushilan'' becoming active again. The activity and influence of the Bengal terrorists led to the passage in 1924 of the Bengal Criminal Law Amendment Ordinance, extended as an Act the next year. This again gave the police extraordinary powers, and between 1924 and 1927 almost 200suspects were imprisoned, among them Subhas Bose. Acts of terrorism in Bengal dropped off Branches of ''Jugantar'' formed in Chittagong and Dhaka (present day Bangladesh). The Chittagong branch found particularly strong leadership in [[Surya Sen]] and in December 1923 staged a daring robbery of the Chittagong office of the Assam-Bengal Railway. In January 1924, a young Bengalee Gopi Mohan Saha shot dead a European he mistook to be Calcutta Police Commissioner [[Charles Tegart]]. The assassin was openly praised by the Bengali press and, to Gandhi's chagrin, proclaimed a martyr by the Bengal provincial branch of the Congress. Around this time ''Jugantar'' became closely associated with the [[Calcutta Corporation]], headed by Das and [[Subhas Chandra Bose]]. Bose apparently ‘‘met with active revolutionaries and knew in a general way what they planned to do’’. Terrorists and ex-terrorists would be factors in the Bengal local-government equation from this point on.

In 1923, another Anushilan-linked group, the [[Hindustan Republican Association]] was founded in Benares in the [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]] by [[Sachindranath Sanyal]] and [[Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee]], and was influential in radicalising north India, it soon had branches from Calcutta to [[Lahore]]. A series of successful dacoities in UP culminated in the [[Kakori conspiracy|train robbery in Kakori]]. However, the subsequent investigations and two trials broke the organization. Several years later it would be reborn as the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association.

In 1927 the Indian National Congress came out in favour of complete independence from Britain. Bengal had quieted relatively within these four years and the government released most of those interned under the Act of 1925. There was an attempt, ultimately unsuccessful, to forge a Jugantar-Anushilan alliance at this time. Some of the younger radicals struck out in new directions, while many, young and old, took part in Congress activities, such as the anti-Simon agitation of 1928. Congress leader Lala Lajpat Rai succumbed to wounds received when police broke up a Lahore protest-march in October. Bhagat Singh and other members of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association avenged his death in December. Later Bhagat Singh boldly threw a bomb into the Legislative Assembly. He and other HSRA members were arrested, and three of them attracted wide attention by going on a hunger strike in jail. Bengali bomb-maker Jatindra Nath Das persisted until his death in September 1929. The Calcutta Corporation passed a resolution of sorrow and condolence after his martyrdom, as did the Indian National Congress when Bhagat Singh was executed.

===1930s===
{{See also|Chittagong armoury raid}}
As [[Indian National Congress|Congress-led movement]] picked up pace in the early thirties, some former revolutionaries identified with Gandhian political movement and became influential Congressmen, notably among them [[Surendra Mohan Ghose]]. Many Bengal Congressmen also maintained links with the Anushilan groups. Anushilan's revolutionary ideology and approach had not, in the meantime, died away. In April 1930, [[Surya Sen]] and his associates [[Chittagong Armoury Raid|raided the Chittagong Armoury]]. The Gandhi-led [[Civil Disobedience Movement]] also saw the most active period of revolutionary terrorism in Bengal after first world war. During 1930 alone eleven British officials were killed, notably during the Writer's Building raid of December 1930 BY [[Benoy Basu]], [[Dinesh Gupta]] and [[Badal Gupta]]. Three successive District Magistrates of Midnapore were assassinated and dozens of other successful actions were carried out during the first half of the decade. But this was a last flare-up before the fire was extinguished. The terrorist movement in Bengal may be said to have ended in 1934.

Through the twenties and thirties, many Anushilan members began identifying with Communism and leftist ideologies. Former Jugantar leader Narendranath Bhattacharya, now known as [[M. N. Roy]], became an influential member of the [[Communist International]], helping to find the [[Communist Party of India]]. Particularly during the mass detentions of the 1930s around the [[Civil Disobedience Movement]], many members were won over to the party. By the end of that decade a number of left-wing parties were competing for the youth of Bengal. Most were aimed at broad-based class warfare, opposed to terrorism in principle. Those who did not join left-wing parties identified more closely with Congress.
Jugantar was formally dissolved in 1938, many former members continued to act together under Surendra Mohan Ghose, who acted as a liaison between other Congress politicians and Aurobindo Ghose in Pondicherry.

==Revolutionary Socialist Party==
A major section of the Anushilan movement had been attracted to Marxism during the 1930s, many of them studying Marxist–Leninist literature whilst serving long jail sentences. A minority section broke away from the Anushilan movement and joined the [[Communist Consolidation]] the [[Marxism|Marxist]] group of [[Cellular Jail]], and the members later joined the Communist Party of India. The majority of the Anushilan Marxists did however, whilst having adopted Marxist–Leninist thinking, feel hesitant over joining the Communist Party.<ref>{{Harvnb|Saha|2001|pp=20–21}}</ref>

The Anushilanites distrusted the political lines formulated by the [[Communist International]]. They criticised the line adopted at the 6th Comintern congress of 1928 as 'ultra-left sectarian'. The Colonial theses of the 6th Comintern congress called upon the communists to combat the 'national-reformist leaders' and to 'unmask the national reformism of the [[Indian National Congress]] and oppose all phrases of the Swarajists, Gandhists, etc. about passive resistance'. Moreover, when Indian left-wing elements formed the [[Congress Socialist Party]] in 1934, the CPI branded it as [[Social fascism|Social Fascist]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Saha|2001|pp=21–25}}</ref> When the Comintern policy swung towards [[Popular Front]]ism at its 1935 congress, at the time by which the majority of the Anushilan movement were adopting a Marxist–Leninist approach, the Anushilan Marxists questioned this shift as a betrayal of the internationalist character of the Comintern and felt that the International had been reduced to an agency of Soviet foreign policy.<ref>{{Harvnb|Saha|2001|p=28}}</ref> Moreover, the Anushilan Marxists opposed the notion of '[[Socialism in One Country]]'.

However, although sharing some critiques against the leadership of [[Joseph Stalin]] and the Comintern, the Anushilan Marxists did not embrace [[Trotskyism]]. Buddhadeva Bhattacharya writes in 'Origins of the RSP' that the "rejection of Stalinism did not automatically mean for them [the Anushlian Samiti] acceptance of Trotskyism. Incidentally, the leninist conception of international socialist revolution is different from Trotsky's theory of Permanent Revolution which deduces the necessity of world revolution primarily from the impossibility of the numerically inferior proletariat in a semi-feudal and semi-capitalist peasant country like Russia holding power for any length of time and successfully undertaking the task of socialist construction in hand without the proletariat of the advanced countries outside the Soviet Union coming to power through an extension of socialist revolution in these countries and coming to the aid of the proletariat of the U.S.S.R."

:Anushilan Marxists adhered to the Marxist–Leninist theory of 'Permanent' or 'Continuous' Revolution. "...it is our interest and task to make the revolution permanent' declared Karl Marx as early as 1850 in course of his famous address to the Communist League, 'until all more or less possessing classes have been forced out of their position of dominance, the proletariat has conquered state power, and the association of proletarians, not only in one country but in all dominant countries of the world, has advanced so far that competition among the proletarians of these countries has ceased and that at least the decisive productive forces are concentrated in the hands of the proletarians."<ref>{{Harvnb|Saha|2001|p=34}}</ref>

By the close of 1936 the Anushilan Marxists at the Deoli Detention Jail in [[Rajputana]] drafted a document formulating their political line. This document was then distributed amongst the Anushilan Marxists at other jails throughout the country. When they were collectively released in 1938 the Anushilan Marxists adopted this document, ''The Thesis and Platform of Action of the Revolutionary Socialist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist): What Revolutionary Socialism Stands for'', as their political programme in September that year.<ref>{{Harvnb|Saha|2001|p=29}}</ref>

At this point the Anushilan Marxists, recently released from long jail sentences, stood at a cross-roads. Either they would continue as a separate political entity or they would join an existing political platform. They felt that they lacked the resources to build a separate political party. Joining the CPI was out of the question, due to sharp differences in political analysis. Neither could they reconcile their differences with the [[M.N. Roy|Royists]]. In the end, the Congress Socialist Party, appeared to be the sole platform acceptable for the Anushilan Marxists. The CSP had adopted Marxism in 1936 and their third conference in [[Faizpur]] they had formulated a thesis that directed the party to work to transform the Indian National Congress into an anti-imperialist front.

During the summer of 1938 a meeting took place between [[Jayaprakash Narayan]] (leader of CSP), [[Jogesh Chandra Chatterji]], [[Tridib Chaudhuri]] and [[Keshav Prasad Sharma]]. The Anushilan Marxists then discussed the issue with [[Acharya Narendra Deva]]. The Anushilan Marxists decided to join CSP, but keeping a separate identity within the party.<ref>{{Harvnb|Saha|2001|pp=35–37}}</ref>

===In the CSP===
{{See also|Congress Socialist Party}}
The great majority of the Anushilan Samiti had joined the CSP, not only the Marxist sector. The non-Marxists (who constituted about a half of the membership of the Samiti), although not ideologically attracted to the CSP, felt loyalty towards the Marxist sector. Moreover, around 25% of the HSRA joined the CSP. This group was led by Jogesh Chandra Chatterji.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}

In the end of 1938 Anushilan Marxists began publishing ''The Socialist'' from Calcutta. The editor of the journal was Satish Sarkar. Although the editorial board included several senior CSP leaders like Acharya Narendra Deva, it was essentially an organ of the Anushilan Marxist tendency. Only a handful issues were published.<ref>{{Harvnb|Saha|2001|pp=37, 52}}</ref>

The Anushilan Marxists were soon to be disappointed by developments inside the CSP. The party, at that the time Anushilan Marxists had joined it, was not a homogenous entity. There was the Marxist trend led by J.P. Narayan and Narendra Deva, the [[Fabian socialism|Fabian socialist]] trend led by [[Minoo Masani]] and [[Asoka Mehta]] and a [[Gandhi]]an socialist trend led by [[Ram Manohar Lohia]] and Achyut Patwardan. To the Anushilan Marxists differences emerged between the ideological stands of the party and its politics in practice. These differences surfaced at the 1939 annual session of the Indian National Congress at [[Jabalpur|Tripuri]]. Ahead of the session there were fierce political differences between the leftwing Congress president, [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], and the section led by Gandhi. As the risk of [[Second World War|world war]] loomed, Bose wanted to utilise the weakening of the British empire for the sake of Indian independence. Bose was re-elected as the Congress president, defeating the Gandhian candidate. But at the same session a proposal was brought forward by [[Govind Ballabh Pant]], through which gave Gandhi veto over the formation of the Congress Working Committee. In the Subjects Committee, the CSP opposed the resolution along with other leftwing sectors. But when the resolution was brought ahead of the open session of the Congress, the CSP leaders remained neutral. According to Subhas Chandra Bose himself, the Pant resolution would have been defeated if the CSP had opposed it in the open session. J.P. Narayan stated that although the CSP was essentially supporting Bose's leadership, they were not willing to risk the unity of the Congress. Soon after the Tripuri session the CSP organised a conference in [[Delhi]], in which fierce criticism was directed against their 'betrayal' at Tripuri.<ref>{{Harvnb|Saha|2001|pp=38–42}}</ref>

The Anushilan Marxists had clearly supported Bose both in the presidential election as well by opposing the Pant resolution. Jogesh Chandra Chatterji renounced his CSP membership in protest against the action by the party leadership.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}

Soon after the Tripuri session, Bose resigned as Congress president and formed the [[Forward Bloc]]. The Forward Bloc was intended to function as a unifying force for all leftwing elements. The Forward Bloc held its first conference on 22–23 June 1939, and at the same time a [[Left Consolidation Committee]] consisting of the Forward Bloc, CPI, CSP, the [[All India Kisan Sabha|Kisan Sabha]], [[Radical Democratic Party (India)|League of Radical Congressmen]], [[Labour Party (India)|Labour Party]] and the Anushilan Marxists. Bose wanted the Anushilan Marxists to join his Forward Bloc. But the Anushilan Marxists, although supporting Bose's anti-imperialist militancy, considered that Bose's movement was nationalistic and too eclectic.<ref>{{Harvnb|Saha|2001|pp=43–45}}</ref> The Anushilan Marxists shared Bose's view that the relative weakness of the British empire during the war should have been utilised by independence movement. At this moment, in October 1939, J.P. Narayan tried to stretch out an olive branch to the Anushilan Marxists. He proposed the formation of a 'War Council' consisting of himself, [[Pratul Ganguly]], Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee and Acharya Narendra Deva. But few days later, at a session of the All India Congress Committee, J.P. Narayan and the other CSP leaders pledged not to start any other movements parallel to those initiated by Gandhi.<ref>{{Harvnb|Saha|2001|pp=44–46}}</ref>

One of the members Madhwi Kanchan Sinha and true follower of Ram Manohar Lohia was one of the very famous and selfless servant of the Samyukt Socialist Party [1952–1968] and went to great extends to serve people. Majorly known for his deeds and service to people in Barabanki district and Gonda district Uttar Pradesh, he made great efforts and died serving them. He could not serve the party for a longer period due to sickness and died on 13 August 1975.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}

===RSPI(ML)===
The Left Consolidation Committee soon fell into pieces, as the CPI, the CSP and the Royists deserted it. Bose assembled the Anti-Compromise Conference in [[Ramgarh Cantonment|Ramgarh]], [[Bihar, India|Bihar]], now Jharkhand. The Forward Bloc, the Anushilan Marxists (still members of the CSP at the time), the Labour Party and the Kisan Sabha attended the conference. The conference spelled out that no compromise towards the Britain should be made on behalf of the Indian independence movement. At that conference the Anushilan Marxists assembled to launch their own party, the ''Revolutionary Socialist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)'' severing all links to the CSP. The first general secretary of the party was Jogesh Chandra Chatterji.<ref>{{Harvnb|Saha|2001|pp=46–47}}</ref>

The first War Thesis of RSP in 1940 took the called for "turning imperialist war into civil war". But after the attack by Germany on the [[Soviet Union]], the line of the party was clarified. RSP meant that the socialist Soviet Union had to be defended, but that the best way for Indian revolutionaries to do that was to overthrow the colonial rule in their own country. RSP was in sharp opposition to groups like Communist Party of India and the Royist [[Radical Democratic Party (India)|RDP]], who meant that antifascists had to support the Allied war effort.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}

==Notes and references==

===Notes===
{{reflist}}

===References===
* {{citation |last = Bandyopadhyaya | first = Sekhar |year= 2004 |title= From Plassey to Partition: A History of modern India|place= Mumbai |publisher= Orient Longman|isbn= 8125025960}}.
* {{citation |last=Bates |first=Crispin |date=2007 |title=Subalterns and Raj: South Asia Since 1600 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-21484-1}}.
* {{citation |last = Desai | first = A.R |year= 2005 |title= Social Background of Indian Nationalism |place= Mumbai |publisher= Popular Prakashan |isbn= 8171546676}}.
* {{citation |last = Heehs | first = Peter |year= 1992 |title= History of Bangladesh 1704-1971 (Vol I) |place= Dhaka, Bangladesh |publisher= Asiatic Society of Bangladesh|isbn= 9845123376}}.
* {{citation |last=Heehs |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Heehs |date=July 1994 |title=Foreign Influences on Bengali Revolutionary Terrorism 1902-1908 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |publisher= Cambridge University Press |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=533–556 |issn=0026-749X |doi=10.1017/s0026749x00011859|s2cid=144649406 }}.
* {{citation |last= Majumdar |first= Purnima|year= 2005 |title= Sri Aurobindo |publisher= Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd |isbn= 8128801945}}.
* {{citation |last= Mitra |first= Subrata K|year= 2006 |title= The Puzzle of India's Governance: Culture, Context and Comparative Theory |publisher= Routledge |place= New York|isbn= 0415348617}}.
* {{citation |last=Popplewell |first=Richard James |date=1995 |title=Intelligence and Imperial Defence: British Intelligence and the Defence of the Indian Empire, 1904-1924 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H44J2uDSE2cC&pg=PP1 |location=London |publisher=Frank Cass |isbn=0-7146-4580-X}}.
* {{citation |last= Radhan |first= O.P. |year= 2002 |title= Encyclopaedia of Political Parties |publisher= Anmol Publications PVT. LTD |place= New Delhi |isbn= 9788174888655}}.
* {{citation |last=Roy |first=Samaren |year=1997 |title=M. N. Roy: A Political Biography |publisher=Orient Longman |isbn=81-250-0299-5}}
* {{citation |last=Roy |first=Shantimoy |year=2006 |chapter=India Freedom Struggle and Muslims |editor-last=Engineer |editor-first=Asghar Ali |editor-link=Asghar Ali Engineer |title=They Too Fought for India's Freedom: The Role of Minorities |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-XQCYl6T1vIC&pg=PA105 |series=Sources of History |volume=III |publisher=Hope India Publications |page=105 |isbn=9788178710914}}
* {{citation |editor-last=Saha |editor-first=Murari Mohan |date=2001 |title=Documents of The Revolutionary Socialist Party 1938-1947 A.D. |publisher=Sri Prabodh Kar |isbn=978-81-901193-0-6}}.
* {{Citation |last=Sen |first=Sailendra Nath |year=2010 |title=An Advanced History of Modern India |publisher=Macmillan
|isbn=978-0230-32885-3}}

{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}

[[Category:Anushilan Samiti|History]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1906]]

Samuel Fyzee-Rahamin

2025-12-14T17:09:54Z

Sadique: new

{{Short description|Indian painter and artist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
'''Samuel Fyzee-Rahamin''' (19 December 1880 – 1 January 1964) was an [[Indian people|Indian]] painter and artist who is known as one of the founders of [[modern Indian painting]]. One of the first Indians to study at the [[Royal Academy of Arts]] in [[London]], he rejected his western academic training to paint in a distinctly Indian style, inspired by traditional [[Rajput painting|Rajasthani paintings]] and [[Mughal painting|Mughal miniatures]]. He married [[Atiya Fyzee|Atiya Begum]], a pioneering Muslim intellectual and feminist with whom he also collaborated creatively. Globally acclaimed by the 1920s, his most significant work was the frescoes he did on the [[Secretariat Building, New Delhi|Imperial Secretariat]] in New Delhi towards the end of the 1920s. Following the [[Partition of India]], he emigrated to [[Pakistan]] with his wife where he died in poverty in [[Karachi]] in 1964.

==Early life and education ==
Fyzee-Rahamin was born on 19 December 1880 in [[Pune|Poona]] (known as Pune at present), [[Bombay Presidency]] in a [[Bene Israel|Bene-Israeli]] [[Jews|Jewish]] family as S. Rahamin Samuel Talkar. He studied, initially, at the [[Sir J. J. School of Art]], [[Mumbai|Bombay]] and then, on a scholarship, at the Royal Academy in London where he was one of the first Indians to be admitted. At the academy, he trained under [[John Singer Sargent]] and [[Solomon J. Solomon]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Samuel Fyzee Rahamin |url=https://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/samuel-fyzee-rahamin |website=www.open.ac.uk |publisher=The Open University |access-date=20 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Choukroune |first1=Leïla |last2=Bhandari |first2=Parul |title=Exploring Indian Modernities: Ideas and Practices |date=4 June 2018 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-10-7557-5 |page=160 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D7ZeDwAAQBAJ&dq=samuel+fyzee+rahamin&pg=PA160 |access-date=20 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mumbai: Rustom Sisodia's Retrospective Show Exhibits Realism And Fantasy |date=5 December 2021 |url=https://www.mashindia.com/rustom-sisodias-retrospective-show-exhibits-realism-and-fantasy/ |publisher=Mash India |access-date=20 August 2022}}</ref>

== Career==
===Baroda===
On his return from [[England]] in 1908 he was appointed the [[court painter]] to [[Baroda State]], a position he held until 1918 and during which time he also served as the art advisor to [[Maharaja]] [[Sayajirao Gaekwad III]]. During this period he made several portraits including those of members of the state's [[royal family]] and others depicting places in [[Vadodara|Baroda]] such as the [[Swaminarayan Mandir]], [[Sursagar Lake|Sursagar]] and the Kamnath Mahadev Mandir. The royal portraits were displayed at the Bombay Exhibition of 1911. Fyzee-Rahamin's paintings of this period are now housed in the [[Baroda Museum & Picture Gallery|Baroda Museum]] and the [[Maharaja Fateh Singh Museum]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Chapter-VII Culture and Modernization in the Baroda State |url=http://dspace.hmlibrary.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1076/13/Microsoft%20Word%20-%2013_Chapter%207.pdf |publisher=Smt Hansa Mehta Library, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda |access-date=20 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Jaradi |first1=Priya |title=Fashioning India's National Art: Baroda's Royal Collection, Art Institutions and Crafts at Colonial Exhibitions (1875-1924) |date=2011 |publisher=National University of Singapore |page=131 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/48655737.pdf |access-date=20 August 2022}}</ref>

===Marriage and collaboration with Atiya Begum===
[[File:AtiyaFyzeeRahamin1921.jpg|thumb|right|Atiya Fyzee-Rahamin]]
In 1912 he [[Religious conversion|converted]] to Islam to marry [[Atiya Fyzee|Atiya Begum]], a classical singer and writer. The couple took each other's surnames and he changed his to Fyzee-Rahamin.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Silliman |first1=Jael |title=Book Review: Indian heritage and its Jewish influences |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/book-review-a-book-on-indian-heritage-and-its-jewish-influences-114121900598_1.html |access-date=20 August 2022 |work=Business Standard India |date=20 December 2014}}</ref> They collaborated on several [[exhibition]]s and travelled the world in pursuit of their artistic careers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Zakaria |first1=Rafik |title=The poets and the feminist |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/the-poets-and-the-feminist/article5548961.ece |access-date=20 August 2022 |work=Frontline |date=8 January 2014 |language=en}}</ref> Samuel held his first exhibition at the [[Georges Petit|Galerie Georges Petit]] in [[Paris]] in 1914. In subsequent years, his works were show cased at the [[British Empire Exhibition]] at [[Wembley Stadium (1923)|Wembley]] in 1924, at the [[Arthur Tooth & Sons|Arthur Tooth & Sons Gallery]] in London in 1926 under the title "Water-Colors, India, Vedic, Mythological and Contemporary" and at the [[American Art Association]] in [[New York City]] in 1939 as "Modern Indian Art, on traditional lines".<ref>{{cite journal |title=Exhibitions |journal=The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs |date=1925 |volume=47 |issue=268 |pages=ii |jstor=862523 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/862523 |access-date=20 August 2022 |issn=0951-0788}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=McCausland |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Shapley |first2=John |title=Gallery Index |journal=Parnassus |date=1939 |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=38–43 |doi=10.1080/15436314.1939.11466998 |jstor=771703 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/771703 |access-date=20 August 2022 |issn=1543-6314|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bailey |first1=Stephanie |title=Speech Acts: Reflection–Imagination– Repetition at the Manchester Art Gallery |url=https://eachmodern.com/2020/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Speech-Acts-Reflection%E2%80%93Imagination%E2%80%93-Repetition-at-the-Manchester-Art-Gallery.pdf |publisher=Manchester Art Gallery |access-date=20 August 2022}}</ref> His assistance was obtained by the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] and the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art|Metropolitan Museum]] in reorganizing their collections of Asian art.<ref>{{cite web |title=Samuel Fyzee-Rahamin 1880–1964 |url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/samuel-fyzee-rahamin-1136 |publisher=Tate |access-date=20 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bailey |first1=Stephanie |title=Speech Acts: Reflection–Imagination– Repetition at the Manchester Art Gallery |url=https://eachmodern.com/2020/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Speech-Acts-Reflection%E2%80%93Imagination%E2%80%93-Repetition-at-the-Manchester-Art-Gallery.pdf |publisher=Manchester Art Gallery |access-date=20 August 2022}}</ref> Atiya Begum was a creative collaborator at these exhibitions holding musical programs alongside the shows. Her book, ''Indian Music'', subsequently republished as ''The [[Music of India]]'', was co-authored with Samuel who also provided its [[Illustration|illustrative paintings]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Vawda |first1=Hassan |title=Samuel Fyzee-Rahamin: the first Muslim artist in the Tate collection {{!}} Art UK |url=https://artuk.org/discover/stories/samuel-fyzee-rahamin-the-first-muslim-artist-in-the-tate-collection |website=artuk.org |access-date=20 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ahmed |first1=Khaled |title=High or Hybrid |url=https://www.newsweekpakistan.com/high-or-hybrid/ |access-date=20 August 2022 |work=Newsweek Pakistan |date=21 February 2019}}</ref>

=== Frescoes at the Imperial Secretariat ===
The [[British Raj|Government of India]] commissioned artists representing the Bombay school of art under W.E. Gladstone Solomon, principal of the JJ School of Art, to decorate the newly built Imperial Secretariat at [[New Delhi]]. Samuel was the only artist who did not belong to this group of artists to be commissioned for the work. The project was undertaken between 1926 and 1929 and the [[fresco]]es were done using a [[tempera]] technique with colours derived from natural stone to ensure their permanence. His work here drew on the tradition of Rajasthani tempera painting and sought to emulate the flatness of the [[Frescoes of Ajanta|Ajanta murals]]. His design for the Committee Room B, now called the Fresco Room, features a radiant golden sun at the very top of the dome in the manner of [[Islamic art]] and features the [[takbir]]. The dome is divided into quadrants, separated by figures of various trees, and feature the themes of [[Justice]], [[Knowledge]], [[Peace]] and [[War]] which are represented symbolically through female figures holding [[Lady Justice|scales of justice]], men holding a [[globe]] and the image of a builder guiding his apprentice. A quote from the [[Persian literature|Persian poet]], [[Saadi Shirazi|Saadi]], figures below this as do [[lunette]]s depicting the [[season]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sinha |first1=B. K. |title=Delhi Frescoes on Domes of Imperial Secretariat Started |journal=The American Magazine of Art |date=1927 |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=274–275 |jstor=23930983 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23930983 |access-date=20 August 2022 |issn=2151-254X}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mitter |first1=Partha |last2=Ahuja |first2=Naman |title=The arts and interiors of Rashtrapati Bhavan : Lutyens and beyond |date=2016 |publisher=New Delhi : Publications Division, Government of India |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-230-2130-0 |pages=140–141 |url=https://archive.org/stream/artsinteriorsofr0000unse/artsinteriorsofr0000unse_djvu.txt}}</ref>
In another room, topped by the smaller dome of the North Block, Samuel chose [[Hindu mythology]] with the dome containing images of the gods [[Vishnu]], [[Shiva]], [[Brahma]] and [[Dattatreya]] around an inscription of [[Om]] with the [[spandrel]]s painted with the [[Ashta Nayika|ashtanayikas]] from [[Sanskrit literature]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mitter |first1=Partha |last2=Ahuja |first2=Naman |title=The arts and interiors of Rashtrapati Bhavan : Lutyens and beyond |date=2016 |publisher=New Delhi : Publications Division, Government of India |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-230-2130-0 |pages=140–141 |url=https://archive.org/stream/artsinteriorsofr0000unse/artsinteriorsofr0000unse_djvu.txt}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sinha |first1=B. K. |title=Delhi Frescoes on Domes of Imperial Secretariat Started |journal=The American Magazine of Art |date=1927 |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=274–275 |jstor=23930983 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23930983 |access-date=20 August 2022 |issn=2151-254X}}</ref>

=== Writings ===
Fyzee-Rahamin authored the three act [[Play (theatre)|plays]] ''Invented Gods'' and ''Daughter of Ind'' and a [[Poetry|collection of verse]] called ''Man and other poems'' (1944). He also authored two [[nonfiction]] books, ''Beni—Israel in India — A History'' and ''Indian Painting and Sculpture'' (1947).<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Painting and Sculpture (Fyzee Rahamin) |url=https://archive.org/stream/indian-painting-fyzee-rahamin/Indian%20painting%20%28Fyzee%20Rahamin%29_djvu.txt |access-date=20 August 2022 |date=1947}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Indian Writing in English, Paper VIII - M.A. English (Final) |date=2004 |publisher=Directorate of Distance Education, Maharshi Dayanand University |location=Rohtak |page=63 |url=http://mdudde.net/pdf/study_material_DDE/ma/ma-English/INDIAN%20WRITING%20IN%20ENGLISH-Section%20C%20&%20D-complete.pdf |access-date=20 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Chambers |first1=Colin |title=Black and Asian Theatre In Britain: A History |date=17 December 2020 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-21689-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CRn9DwAAQBAJ&dq=samuel+fyzee+rahamin&pg=PP101 |access-date=20 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Fyzee Rahamin |first1=S |title=Man and other mystic poems |publisher=Thacker |language=English |date=1944|oclc=186884920 }}</ref>
His [[novel]] ''Gilded India'', published in 1938, is based on the unhappy marriage of his sister in law, [[Nazli Begum|Nazli Rafia Sultana Hassanally]] who was for many years the Begum of Janjira, having married the [[Janjira State|Nawab of Janjira]], [[Sidi Sir Ahmad Khan]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=LAMBERT-HURLEY |first1=SIOBHAN |title=To Write of the Conjugal Act: Intimacy and Sexuality in Muslim Women's Autobiographical Writing in South Asia |journal=Journal of the History of Sexuality |date=2014 |volume=23 |issue=2 |page=161 |doi=10.7560/JHS23201 |jstor=24616488 |s2cid=142867197 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24616488 |access-date=20 August 2022 |issn=1043-4070|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wasti |first1=Syed Tanvir |title=The Turkish Component of the 1908 European Travelogue of Nazli Rafia, Begum of Janjira |journal=Pakistan Perspectives |date=July–December 2014 |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=10 |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/4191605fa963f63a36a789074e30cc1f/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=616532 |access-date=20 August 2022}}</ref>

=== Notable paintings ===
An early example of Fyzee-Rahamin's [[portraiture]] is the portrait of Rosalind Adler, completed in 1906 and now in the [[Ben Uri Gallery & Museum|Ben Uri Gallery and Museum]] in London. Some of notable paintings from the years in Baroda include portraits of [[Sayajirao Gaekwad III|Sayaji Rao Gaekwad III]] and the princes Shivaji Rao and Shrimant Sampat Rao of Baroda and that of Sir [[Chinubhai Madhavlal|Chinubhai Baronet]] and his [[Runchorelal baronets|family]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Relia |first1=Anil |title=The Indian Portrait: An artistic journey from miniature to modern |date=12 October 2010 |publisher=Archer Art Gallery |page=54 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BylQCgAAQBAJ&dq=samuel+fyzee+rahamin+baronet&pg=PT27 |access-date=20 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Jaradi |first1=Priya |title=Fashioning India's National Art: Baroda's Royal Collection, Art Institutions and Crafts at Colonial Exhibitions (1875-1924) |date=2011 |publisher=NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE |page=131 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/48655737.pdf |access-date=20 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Portrait of Rosalind Adler |url=https://www.benuricollection.org.uk/search_result.php?item_id=364 |website=www.benuricollection.org.uk |publisher=Ben Uri Collection |access-date=20 August 2022}}</ref>
His portrait of Atiya Fyzee, in the [[Yale University Art Gallery]], is done in [[Watercolor painting|watercolour]] as are paintings of [[Todi (raga)|Raagni Todi]], Goddess Tune (1913) and A Rajput Sirdar (1914–15) which are in the [[Tate|Tate Gallery]], London and Ali Pather, [[Kashmir]] (1930) – a painting in blue which depicts a small figure, carrying firewood, walking along a lake in front of huge mountains, in possession of the [[Manchester Art Gallery]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Portrait of Atiya Fyzee (1877–1967) {{!}} Yale University Art Gallery |url=https://artgallery.yale.edu/collections/objects/17567 |website=artgallery.yale.edu |publisher=Yale University Art Gallery |access-date=20 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Trustram |first1=Myna |title=A View to Distant Hills: Essaying a Grievous Self |journal=European Journal of Life Writing |date=28 December 2020 |volume=9 |pages=C115–C128 |doi=10.21827/ejlw.9.36946 |s2cid=234438405 |access-date=20 August 2022 |issn=2211-243X|url=https://ejlw.eu/article/view/36946|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A Rajput Sirdar |url=https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/a-rajput-sirdar-310386 |website=artuk.org |publisher=Art UK |access-date=20 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
He is also known to have done portraits of Nawab [[Muhammad Mahabat Khan III|Sir Mahabat Khan III]] of [[Junagadh State]] with his son Prince [[Dilawar Khan (politician)|Dilawar Khan]] and that of the Nawab of Janjira.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Relia |first1=Anil |last2=Parimoo |first2=Dr Ratan |title=The Indian Portrait - 5: Colonial influence on Raja Ravi Varma and his Contemporaries |date=18 November 2014 |publisher=Archer Art Gallery |page=118 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W06OBQAAQBAJ&dq=samuel+fyzee+rahamin+marriage&pg=PA118 |access-date=20 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Zakaria |first1=Rafia |title=Art and abandonment |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1076309 |access-date=20 August 2022 |work=DAWN.COM |date=25 December 2013 |language=en}}</ref> His portrait of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] was reviewed by Herbert Furst as a "masterpiece of characterization" while his portrait of the musician [[Veene Sheshanna]] was loaned to the 1934 exhibition on [[Indian art|modern Indian art]] in London by [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mitter |first1=Partha |title=The Triumph of Modernism: India's Artists and the Avant-garde, 1922-47 |date=15 November 2007 |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=978-1-86189-636-0 |page=208 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7cHwAQAAQBAJ&dq=%27amal-i+faizi+rahamin%27&pg=PA208 |access-date=20 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==In Pakistan==
The Fyzee-Rahamins moved to [[Karachi]], Pakistan in 1948 at the invitation of [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Mohammad Ali Jinnah]]. Their house on [[Burns Road]], Karachi was named Aiwan-i-Rifat after their residence in Bombay. A few years later, they were later evicted from this home and lived in relative poverty in a local hotel with their friends and well wishers helping pay their bills. Samuel died on 1 January 1964 and he left his collection of paintings to his wife. Atiya regained possession of the Aiwan-e-Rifat after much litigation and entered into an agreement with the [[Karachi Metropolitan Corporation]] making it a trustee to the Aiwan-e-Rifat, which she hoped would be turned into a museum to exhibit their work. There exists today a Fyzee Rahamin Art Gallery but proposals to build an auditorium and cultural centre at the site have faced repeated delays.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Zakaria |first1=Rafia |title=Art and abandonment |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1076309 |access-date=20 August 2022 |work=DAWN.COM |date=25 December 2013 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Salman |first1=Peerzada |title=Fyzee Rahamin gallery: 'to be or not to be' |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1191231 |access-date=20 August 2022 |work=DAWN.COM |date=30 June 2015 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Khalique |first1=Harris |title=Column: Portrait of a Nation |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1505200 |access-date=20 August 2022 |work=DAWN.COM |date=15 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The ever lingering fate of the Fyzee Rahamin Art Gallery |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1454059/ever-lingering-fate-fyzee-rahamin-art-gallery |access-date=20 August 2022 |work=The Express Tribune |date=9 July 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Newsclippings: July to December 2018 - KMC Local Body |url=https://urckarachi.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/KMC-Local-Body-January-to-June-2018.pdf |publisher=Urban Resource Centre, Karachi}}</ref>

== Artistic style and legacy==
Fyzee-Rahamin's oeuvre consisted of [[portraiture]], [[Landscape painting|landscapes]] and [[mural]]s which were both influenced by and depicted techniques and themes from Indian art.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Silliman |first1=Jael |title=Book Review: Indian heritage and its Jewish influences |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/book-review-a-book-on-indian-heritage-and-its-jewish-influences-114121900598_1.html |access-date=20 August 2022 |work=Business Standard India |date=20 December 2014}}</ref> Although trained in the aesthetics and doctrines of [[Art of Europe|Western art]] he was part of a group of artists, which included such men as [[Jamini Roy]], who rejected such training in search of distinctly Indian influences giving rise to an ‘Indian Modernism’ in painting becoming one of the founders of [[modern Indian painting]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goetz |first1=Hermann |title=Note on The Maharaja Fatesingh Museum, Baroda |journal=East and West |date=1961 |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=254–255 |jstor=29754471 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29754471 |access-date=20 August 2022 |issn=0012-8376}}</ref> Fyzee-Rahamin's paintings invoked the artistic style and aesthetics of Rajput paintings and Mughal miniatures and their religious and social allegories which he transposed onto his paintings.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Vawda |first1=Hassan |title=Samuel Fyzee-Rahamin: the first Muslim artist in the Tate collection {{!}} Art UK |url=https://artuk.org/discover/stories/samuel-fyzee-rahamin-the-first-muslim-artist-in-the-tate-collection |website=artuk.org |access-date=20 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Fyzee-Rahamin's art is thought to have reflected an artistic nationalism and stood as an alternative to the Bombay and Bengal schools of art which dominated Indian art in the period prior to [[Indian independence movement|Independence]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mitter |first1=Partha |title=The Triumph of Modernism: India's Artists and the Avant-garde, 1922-47 |date=15 November 2007 |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=978-1-86189-636-0 |page=208 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7cHwAQAAQBAJ&dq=%27amal-i+faizi+rahamin%27&pg=PA208 |access-date=20 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
He attained international repute by the end of the 1920s and was commissioned to work on the frescoes of the Imperial Secretariat in Delhi.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sinha |first1=B. K. |title=Delhi Frescoes on Domes of Imperial Secretariat Started |journal=The American Magazine of Art |date=1927 |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=274–275 |jstor=23930983 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23930983 |access-date=20 August 2022 |issn=2151-254X}}</ref> However, by the 1950s his standing appeared to fall in [[Western culture|the West]] where the Victoria & Albert Museum described him as a 'mediocrity' who 'was never any account as an artist' and that his paintings are 'considered rubbish'.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Vawda |first1=Hassan |title=Samuel Fyzee-Rahamin: the first Muslim artist in the Tate collection {{!}} Art UK |url=https://artuk.org/discover/stories/samuel-fyzee-rahamin-the-first-muslim-artist-in-the-tate-collection |website=artuk.org |access-date=20 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Although the ''Pakistan Miscellany'' published by the [[Government of Pakistan]] in 1952 devoted an entire chapter to him, the Fyzee-Rahamins faced official apathy and neglect in Pakistan where his paintings are today housed in the Fyzee Rahamin Art Gallery which has suffered from poor upkeep.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Vawda |first1=Hassan |title=Samuel Fyzee-Rahamin: the first Muslim artist in the Tate collection {{!}} Art UK |url=https://artuk.org/discover/stories/samuel-fyzee-rahamin-the-first-muslim-artist-in-the-tate-collection |website=artuk.org |access-date=20 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Tyabji family}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fyzee-Rahamin, Samuel}}
[[Category:1880 births]]
[[Category:1964 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:20th-century Pakistani painters]]
[[Category:20th-century Pakistani male artists]]
[[Category:Converts to Islam from Judaism]]
[[Category:Artists from Pune]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Pakistan]]
[[Category:Tyabji family]]

Mahāpratisarā

2025-11-21T01:38:02Z

Sadique:

{{Short description|Bodhisattva}}
{{Infobox Buddha
| name = Mahāpratisarā
| image = Daizuigu_Mahapratisara.jpg
|image caption = Daizuigu, [[Guimet Museum]]
| sanskrit_name = महाप्रतिसरा Mahāpratisarā महाप्रतिसरा विद्याराज्ञी Mahāpratisarā Vidyārājñī
| burmese_name =
| chinese_name = 大随求菩薩 ([[Pinyin]]: ''Dàsuíqiú Púsà'') 大隨求明王 ([[Pinyin]]: ''Dàsuíqiú Míngwáng'')
| japanese_name = {{ruby-ja|大随求菩薩|だいずいくぼさつ}} ([[romaji]]: ''Daizuiku Bosatsu'') {{ruby-ja|隨求大明王|ずいくだいみょうおう}} ([[romaji]]: ''Zuiku Daimyōō'')
| karen_name =
| khmer_name =
| korean_name = 대수구보살
 ([[Revised Romanization of Korean|RR]]: ''Daesugu Bosal'')
| mongolian_name =
| okinawan_name =
| shan_name =
| thai_name =
| tibetan_name = <big><big>སོ་སོར་འབྲང་མ་</big></big> Wylie: so sor 'brang ma THL: Sosor drangma
| vietnamese_name = Đại Tùy Cầu Bồ Tát
| sinhalese_name =
| veneration = [[Mahāyāna]], [[Vajrayāna]]
}}

'''Mahāpratisarā''' (Ch: 大随求菩薩; [[pinyin]]: ''Dàsuíqiú''; Jp: ''Daizuigu'') is a female [[Buddhist deities|Buddhist deity]] in [[East Asian Buddhism]] and [[Vajrayana]] Buddhism.<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Civilization and Culture|author=Suhas Chatterjee|year=1998 |page=307 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. |isbn=9788175330832 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KItocaxbibUC&pg=PA307|via=Google Books}}</ref> She is sometimes presented as the consort of [[Vairocana]] or as an emanation of [[Ratnasambhava]] Buddha.<ref>{{cite book|title=Kathmandu Valley painting: the Jucker collection|author1=Hugo Kreijger |author2=Ernst Jucker|year=1999 |page=27|publisher=Serindia Publ. |isbn=9780906026526 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5GZYdqAqjksC&pg=PA27|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name=":0">Bhattacharyya Benoytosh (1924). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=4_vpAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Indian+Buddhist+Iconography+Mahapratisara The Indian Buddhist Iconography Mainly Based on the Sādhanamālā and Other Cognate Tāntric Texts of Rituals]'', pp. 116-117. Oxford University Press.</ref> Mahāpratisarā is the main deity of the fivefold [[Pañcarakṣā]] set of protector deities and thus she is often shown surrounded by the other four protector goddesses.<ref name=":0" />

In the Indian Tantric Buddhist ''Sadhanamala'', she is depicted as yellow in complexion, with three faces with three eyes each, ten arms, carrying various implements and weapons.<ref name=":0" />

In [[Chinese Esoteric Buddhism|East Asian Esoteric Buddhism]], this deity is found in the [[Womb Realm|Garbhadhatu Mandala]] and is associated with protection. She is invoked through her mantra which is believed to fulfill the wishes of sentient beings, especially in eliminating defilement and averting calamities. In Japan, Mahāpratisarā was popular during the [[Heian period]]. She is sometimes depicted with a yellow body and eight arms, though the iconography varies. There are various texts associated with Mahāpratisarā in the East Asian Buddhist canon, including two [[dharani]] sutras and two ritual manuals. Several Japanese Buddhist temples contain images of this deity, including [[Kanshin-ji]], [[Kiyomizu-dera]] and [[Ishite-ji]].

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{Bodhisattvas}}
{{Buddhism topics}}

[[Category:Bodhisattvas]]

{{Buddhism-stub}}

Fifth Lal Thanhawla ministry

2025-11-16T09:53:26Z

Sadique:

{{short description|Council of Ministers of Mizoram (2013{{ndash}}2018)}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
| cabinet_type = Ministry
| cabinet_number = 12th
| jurisdiction = [[Mizoram]]
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flag_border = true
| incumbent =
| image = Lal Thanhawla (cropped).jpg
| image_size = 150px
| caption = Chief Minister Pu [[Lal Thanhawla]]
| date_formed = 14 December 2013
| date_dissolved = 14 December 2018
| government_head = [[Lal Thanhawla]]
| government_head_title = Chief Minister
| state_head = {{ubl|[[Vakkom Purushothaman]] {{small|(until 2014)}}|[[Kamla Beniwal]] {{small|(2014)}}|[[Vinod Kumar Duggal]] {{small|(2014)}}|[[Krishan Kant Paul]] {{small|(2014{{ndash}}2015)}}|[[Aziz Qureshi]] {{small|(2015)}}|[[Keshari Nath Tripathi]] {{small|(2015)}}|[[Nirbhay Sharma]] {{small|(2015{{ndash}}2018)}}|[[Kummanam Rajasekharan]] {{small|(2018)}}}}
| state_head_title = Governor
| members_number =
| former_members_number =
| total_number =
| political_parties = {{color box|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}} [[Indian National Congress]]
| legislature_status = [[Majority government|Majority]]
| opposition_cabinet =
| opposition_party =
| opposition_leader =
| election = [[2013 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| last_election = [[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| legislature_term = 5 years
| budget =
| advice_and_consent1 =
| advice_and_consent2 =

| incoming_formation =
| outgoing_formation =
| previous = [[Fourth Lal Thanhawla ministry|Lal Thanhawla IV]]
| successor = [[Third Zoramthanga ministry|Zoramthanga III]]
}}

The '''Fifth Lal Thanhawla ministry''' was the 12th [[council of ministers]] of the Indian state of [[Mizoram]] and the fifth ministry under chief minister Pu [[Lal Thanhawla]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] which was formed on 14 December 2013 following the party's decisive victory in the [[2013 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|state legislative assembly election]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/assembly/congress-wins-big-in-mizoram-lal-thanhawla-set-to-become-chief-minister-for-fifth-term-543996|title=Congress wins big in Mizoram, Lal Thanhawla set to become Chief Minister for fifth term|date=10 December 2013|website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> Chief Minister Lal Thanhawla returned to power for a consecutive second term and was sworn-in into office along with his cabinet on 14 December 2013 by Governor [[Vakkom Purushothaman]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/lal-thanhawla-sworn-in-as-mizoram-chief-minister/article5459013.ece|title=Lal Thanhawla sworn in as Mizoram Chief Minister|date=14 December 2013|website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

The ministry remained in office until the party's defeat in the [[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2018 election]] and the subsequent resignation of the chief minister.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/Dec/11/mizoram-chief-minister--lal-thanhawla-resigns-admits-underestimating-opposition-strength-1910163.html|title=Mizoram Chief Minister Lal Thanhawla resigns; admits 'underestimating' Opposition strength|date=10 December 2018|website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Background ==

The ruling [[Indian National Congress]] party under the leadership of chief minister Lal Thanhawla returned to power for a second consecutive term after winning 34 of the 40 seats in the [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]]. Following the party's victory, the chief minister was re-elected as the party's leader in the legislative assembly and subsequently sworn-in into office as chief minister for the fifth term.

== Cabinet formation and reshuffle ==

The cabinet was formed on 14 December 2013, composed of eleven ministers who were sworn-in into office along with the chief minister. Seven ministers held cabinet rank which included [[R. Lalzirliana]], R. Romawia, [[Lalsawta]], H. Rohluna, [[Zodintluanga Ralte]], P. C. Lalthanliana, and John Rotluangliana, while four ministers were sworn-in as ministers of state which included [[Lal Thanzara]], Lalrinmawia Ralte, [[C. Ngunlianchunga]], and [[Buddha Dhan Chakma]]. The portfolios were assigned on 16 December 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/mizoram-ministers-get-portfolios/articleshow/27590173.cms|title=Mizoram ministers get portfolios|date=18 December 2013|website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>

Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Fisheries and Sericulture [[Buddha Dhan Chakma]] resigned from the council of ministers on 21 August 2017 in protest against the denial of medical seats to ethnic Chakma tribe students.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/Aug/21/mizoram-minister-buddha-dhan-chakma-resigns-after-denial-of-medical-seats-to-students-of-ethnic-chak-1646130.html|title=Mizoram minister Buddha Dhan Chakma resigns after denial of medical seats to students of ethnic Chakma tribe|date=21 August 2017|website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> A cabinet reshuffle was carried out in the following month, on 20 September, in which [[Lal Thanzara]] was promoted to cabinet rank, and two ministers of state were inducted which included K.S. Thanga and Vanlalawmpuii Chawngthu, while Lalrinmawia Ralte was dropped from the cabinet.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/mizoram-cm-lal-thanhawla-reshuffles-portfolios-ministers-1502500590.html|title=Mizoram CM Lal Thanhawla reshuffles portfolios of his ministers|date=27 September 2017|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://printingstationery.mizoram.gov.in/storage/site/files/gazette_3535_59cc9249e422c.pdf|title=Allocation of portfolios among the Ministers|date=27 September 2017|website=printingstationery.mizoram.gov.in}}</ref>

On 14 October 2018, Home Minister [[R. Lalzirliana]] resigned from the cabinet.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/mizoram-home-minister-lalzirliana-resigns/article24947283.ece|title=Mizoram Home Minister Lalzirliana resigns|date=14 October 2018|website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Ministers ==
=== Cabinet Ministers ===

{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{ubl|'''[[Chief Minister of Mizoram|Chief Minister]]''' and also incharge of:|Department of Political and Cabinet|Department of Vigilance|Department of General Administration|Department of Secretariat Administration|Department of Personnel and Administrative Reforms|Department of District Council and Minority Affairs|All other departments not assigned to any other Minister.}}
| minister1 = [[Lal Thanhawla]]
| minister1_termstart = 14 December 2013
| minister1_termend = 14 December 2018
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Power and Electricity
| minister1 = [[Lal Thanhawla]], CM
| minister1_termstart = 14 December 2013
| minister1_termend = 27 September 2017
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[R. Lalzirliana]]
| minister2_termstart = 27 September 2017
| minister2_termend = 14 October 2018
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
| minister3 = [[Lal Thanhawla]], CM
| minister3_termstart = 14 October 2018
| minister3_termend = 14 December 2018
| minister3_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{ubl|Minister of Information and Public Relations|Minister of Public Works}}
| minister1 = [[Lal Thanhawla]]
| minister1_termstart = 14 December 2013
| minister1_termend = 27 September 2017
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Lal Thanzara]]
| minister2_termstart = 27 September 2017
| minister2_termend = 14 December 2018
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{ubl|Minister of Home (including Prisons, Sainik Welfare and Resettlements)|Minister of Rural Development|Minister of Excise and Narcotics}}
| minister1 = [[R. Lalzirliana]]
| minister1_termstart = 14 December 2013
| minister1_termend = 14 October 2018
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Lal Thanhawla]], CM
| minister2_termstart = 14 October 2018
| minister2_termend = 14 December 2018
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Agriculture
| minister1 = [[R. Lalzirliana]]
| minister1_termstart = 14 December 2013
| minister1_termend = 27 September 2017
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = K. S. Thanga, MoS (I/C)
| minister2_termstart = 27 September 2017
| minister2_termend = 14 December 2018
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{ubl|Minister of Higher and Technical Education|Minister of Art and Culture|Minister of Land Revenue and Settlement|Minister of Parliamentary Affairs}}
| minister1 = R. Romawia
| minister1_termstart = 14 December 2013
| minister1_termend = 14 December 2018
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{ubl|Minister of Finance|Minister of Planning and Programme Implementation|Minister of Taxation|Minister of Law and Judicial}}
| minister1 = [[Lalsawta]]
| minister1_termstart = 14 December 2013
| minister1_termend = 14 December 2018
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{ubl|Minister of School Education|Minister of Commerce and Industries (including Geology and Mineral Resources)}}
| minister1 = H. Rohluna
| minister1_termstart = 14 December 2013
| minister1_termend = 14 December 2018
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{ubl|Minister of Urban Development and Poverty Alleviation|Minister of Sports and Youth Services|Minister of Public Health Engineering}}
| minister1 = [[Zodintluanga Ralte]]
| minister1_termstart = 14 December 2013
| minister1_termend = 14 December 2018
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{ubl|Minister of Horticulture|Minister of Local Administration|Minister of Social Welfare}}
| minister1 = P. C. Lalthanliana
| minister1_termstart = 14 December 2013
| minister1_termend = 14 December 2018
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{ubl|Minister of Food, Civil Supplies and Consumer Affairs|Minister of Transport|Minister of Tourism}}
| minister1 = John Rotluangliana
| minister1_termstart = 14 December 2013
| minister1_termend = 14 December 2018
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Health and Family Welfare
| minister1 = [[Lal Thanzara]], MoS (I/C)
| minister1_termstart = 14 December 2013
| minister1_termend = 27 September 2017
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Lal Thanzara]]
| minister2_termstart = 27 September 2017
| minister2_termend = 14 December 2018
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Information and Communication Technology
| minister1 = [[Lal Thanzara]], MoS (I/C)
| minister1_termstart = 14 December 2013
| minister1_termend = 27 September 2017
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Zodintluanga Ralte]]
| minister2_termstart = 27 September 2017
| minister2_termend = 14 December 2018
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
| minister1 = Lalrinmawia Ralte, MoS (I/C)
| minister1_termstart = 14 December 2013
| minister1_termend = 27 September 2017
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = [[Lal Thanhawla]], CM
| minister2_termstart = 27 September 2017
| minister2_termend = 14 December 2018
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Labour, Employment, Skill Development and Entrepreneurship
| minister1 = Lalrinmawia Ralte, MoS (I/C)
| minister1_termstart = 14 December 2013
| minister1_termend = 27 September 2017
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = H. Rohluna
| minister2_termstart = 27 September 2017
| minister2_termend = 14 December 2018
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

=== Ministers of State ===

{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of State (Independent Charge) of Cooperation
| minister1 = Lalrinmawia Ralte
| minister1_termstart = 14 December 2013
| minister1_termend = 27 September 2017
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = Vanlalawmpuii
| minister2_termstart = 27 September 2017
| minister2_termend = 14 December 2018
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of State (Independent Charge) of Land Resources, Soil and Water Conservation
| minister1 = Lalrinmawia Ralte
| minister1_termstart = 14 December 2013
| minister1_termend = 27 September 2017
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = K.S. Thanga
| minister2_termstart = 27 September 2017
| minister2_termend = 14 December 2018
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{ubl|Minister of State (Independent Charge) of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary|Minister of State (Independent Charge) of Disaster Management and Rehabilitation|Minister of State (Independent Charge) of Printing and Stationery}}
| minister1 = [[C. Ngunlianchunga]]
| minister1_termstart = 14 December 2013
| minister1_termend = 14 December 2018
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{ubl|Minister of State (Independent Charge) of Sericulture|Minister of State (Independent Charge) of Fisheries}}
| minister1 = [[Buddha Dhan Chakma]]
| minister1_termstart = 14 December 2013
| minister1_termend = 21 August 2017
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
| minister2 = Vanlalawmpuii
| minister2_termstart = 27 September 2017
| minister2_termend = 14 December 2018
| minister2_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = {{ubl|Minister of State for Public Works|Minister of State for Power and Electricity}}
| minister1 = [[Lal Thanzara]]
| minister1_termstart = 14 December 2013
| minister1_termend = 27 September 2017
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Mizoram ministries|Lal Thanhawla V]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 2013|Lal Thanhawla V]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 2018|Lal Thanhawla V]]

H.M. Bane T.M. Bane

2025-11-11T17:02:31Z

Sadique: creating article.

{{Short description|Marathi-language drama TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = H.M. Bane T.M. Bane.jpg
| image_size =
| company =
| last_aired = {{End date|2020|10|22|df=y}}
| first_aired = {{Start date|2018|08|22|df=y}}
| network = [[Sony Marathi]]
| num_episodes = 553
| language = Marathi
| num_seasons =
| editor =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| writer = Amol Patil
| producer =
| country = India
| director = Sachin Gokhale
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| genre = [[Drama]]
| caption =
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| related =
}}

'''''H.M. Bane T.M. Bane''''' is an Indian [[Marathi language]] drama series which aired on [[Sony Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=H.M. Bane T.M. Bane TV show to go off air, second season to launch soon - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/h-m-bane-t-m-bane-tv-show-to-go-off-air-second-season-to-launch-soon/articleshow/78639504.cms|access-date=2023-05-04|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It starred Pradeep Velankar, Ujjwala Jog, [[Aditi Sarangdhar]], Rani Gunaji, Ajinkya Joshi and Sachin Deshpande in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|title='ह.म.बने तु.म.बने' मालिकेला प्रेक्षकांचा उत्तम प्रतिसाद|url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/television/best-response-audience-hm-bane-tmbane-serial/|access-date=2023-05-04|website=[[Lokmat]]|language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=मुलीला पहिल्यांदा मासिक पाळी येते आणि वडील घरात एकटेच असतात तेव्हा...|url=https://lokmat.news18.com/entertainment/serial-on-sony-ham-bane-tum-bane-sensative-subject-330506.html|access-date=2023-05-04|website=[[News18 Lokmat]]|language=mr}}</ref> It is directed by Sachin Gokhale.<ref>{{Cite web|title='H.M. Bane T.M. Bane' to air a special episode on voting rights - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/hum-bane-tum-bane-to-air-a-special-episode-on-voting-rights/articleshow/68698708.cms|access-date=2023-05-04|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It premiered from 22 August 2018 and ended on 22 October 2020 completing 553 episodes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=H.M. Bane T.M. Bane to take up the issue of 'good touch and bad touch' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/hum-bane-tum-bane-to-take-up-the-issue-of-good-touch-and-bad-touch/articleshow/68153689.cms|access-date=2023-05-04|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
It is a story of a joint family consisting of 2 brothers their wives, 3 kids and parents. The story is a positive take on staying together, which highlights that It's not that difficult to stay together.<ref>{{Cite web|title='ह.म.बने तु.म.बने'मध्ये पहा बने कुटुंबियांची या गोष्टीमुळे होणार प्रचंड धावपळ|url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/hum-bane-tum-bane/|access-date=2023-05-04|website=[[Lokmat]]|language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=नक्की चुकतंय कोण? पालक की मुलं?|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/hum-bane-tum-bane-serial-on-sony-marathi-special-episode-updates-1836449/|access-date=2023-05-04|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* Pradeep Velankar as Narayan Bane
* Ujjwala Jog as Sudha Narayan Bane
* Sachin Deshpande as Makarand Narayan Bane
* Rani Gunaji as Harshada Makarand Bane
* Ajinkya Joshi as Malhar Narayan Bane
* [[Aditi Sarangdhar]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=तृतीयपंथी कलाकाराची छोट्या पडद्यावर एन्ट्री, दिसणार या मालिकेत|url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/television/third-party-artist-entry-small-screen-which-will-appear-ham-bane-tum-bane-serial/|access-date=2023-05-04|website=[[Lokmat]]|language=mr}}</ref> as Tulika Malhar Bane
* Kedar Agaskar as Parth Malhar Bane
* Mugdha Godbole as Kadambari, Sharmili's mother
* [[Kshitee Jog]] as Meghana, Tulika's sister-in-law
* Sanjeevani Jadhav as Tulika's mother
* Suhas Palshikar as Tulika's father
* Satish Salagare
* Sameer Khandekar
* Umesh Damle as Pendse
* Sanket Korlekar as Jayesh Patel
* Ketaki Kulkarni as Sharmili
* Sakhi Datar
* Purvi Shah as Reha Makarand Bane

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|qid=Q60219350}}
* [https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/h-m-bane-t-m-bane-1700000018 ''H.M. Bane T.M. Bane''] at [[SonyLIV]]

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2018 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Sony Marathi original programming]]

Pathankot Junction railway station

2025-11-11T12:21:31Z

Sadique: content update

{{Short description|Railway station in Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Pathankot Junction
| type = [[Light rail]] & [[Commuter rail]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Pathankot junction Railway station.png
| image_caption = Pathankot Junction Railway Station
| address = [[Pathankot]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| country = {{flagu|India}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|32.2716|N|75.6438|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline, title}}
| elevation = {{convert|331|m|ft}}
| owned = [[Government of India]] (Under [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]])
| operator = [[Indian Railways]]
| line = [[Amritsar–Jammu main line]] [[Jalandhar–Jammu line]] [[Kangra Valley Railway]] [[Amritsar–Pathankot line]]
| structure = [[Intersection_(road)#At_grade_railways|At grade]]
| platform = 4 (3 broad gauge + 1 narrow gauge)
| tracks = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = No
| opened = {{start date and age|1884}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible = {{Access icon|20px}} Available
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = PTK
| zone = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Jammu}}
}}
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India Punjab
| map_dot_label = Pathankot Junction railway station
| map_size = 300
| map_caption = Location in Punjab
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways
|line=Northern Railway zone|left=Pathankot Cantonment|right=Bharoli|type=[[Jalandhar–Jammu line]]
|line2=Northern Railway zone|left2=|right2=Bharoli|type2=[[Amritsar–Pathankot line]]
|line3=Northern Railway zone|left3=|right3=Jawalamukhi Road|type3=[[Kangra Valley Railway]]}}
}}
{{Railways around Pathankot|collapse=y}}

'''Pathankot Junction Railway Station''' (station code: '''PTK''') is a located in [[Pathankot district]] in the Indian state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and serves [[Pathankot]].

==The railway station==
Pathankot railway station is at an elevation of {{convert|331|m|ft}} and was assigned the code – PTK.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://indiarailinfo.com/departures/pathankot-junction-ptk/92|title= Pathankot Junction railway station|publisher=indiarailinfo.com | access-date=10 February 2014}}</ref>

Here is a short description of the station by Ian Manning: "[[Pathankot]], being the railhead for Kashmir and several other places (a branch has been inching into Kashmir for some time, but so far it hasn’t made much difference) is a dusty trucking and military town, booming and rough. Its station grew by accumulation in length rather than in breadth, with some rather confused [[bay platform]]s at the Amritsar end. The contrasting tidy bay and loop at the far end were the passenger terminus of the Kangra Valley Railway, a {{track gauge|2ft6in}} line which penetrated into the foothills of the Himalayas."<ref>{{cite web|url= http://irfca.org/articles/manning/asr.html |title= The North-west – Amritsar; Kangra Valley |publisher= IRFCA| access-date=10 February 2014}}</ref>

==History==
The {{convert|107|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}-long {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]] Amritsar–Pathankot line was opened in 1884.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/gaz_gdr16.htm | title= Chapter VII | publisher= | access-date= 10 February 2014 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090410022057/http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/gaz_gdr16.htm | archive-date= 10 April 2009 | url-status= dead }}</ref>

The {{convert|164|km|mi|1|abbr=on}}-long {{track gauge|762mm}}-wide [[narrow-gauge]] [[Kangra Valley Railway]] from [[Pathankot]] to Joginder Nagar was commissioned in 1929.<ref>{{cite web| url= https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5401| title= The Kangra Valley Railway | publisher= UNESCO| access-date = 9 February 2014 }}</ref>

The line from Jalandhar City to Mukerian was constructed in 1915.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/gaz_hsp10.htm#ch7c | title= Hoshiarpur – Punjab District Gazetteers | work= Chapter VII Communications – Railways | publisher= | access-date= 9 February 2014 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105330/http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/gaz_hsp10.htm#ch7c | archive-date= 4 March 2016 | url-status= dead }}</ref> The Mukerian–Pathankot line was built in 1952,<ref name=timeline>{{cite web|last=R. P. Saxena|title=Indian Railway History Timeline|url=http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm|work=Irse.bravehost.com|access-date=10 February 2014|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120714085533/http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm|archivedate=14 July 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The construction of the Pathankot–Jammu Tawi line was initiated in 1965, after the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]], and opened in 1971.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history5.html | title=IR History: Part V (1970–1995) |publisher= IRFCA | access-date = 9 February 2014 }}</ref>

==Electrification==
Electrification work of the [[Jalandhar–Jammu line]] is completed as of May 2015 and now functioning.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/departures/pathankot-junction-ptk/92 Trains at Pathankot Junction]
*{{Wikivoyage-inline|Pathankot}}

{{Railway stations in the Punjab, India}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Pathankot district]]
[[Category:Jammu railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1884]]
[[Category:Transport in Pathankot]]

Sanjog (TV series)

2025-09-22T03:52:38Z

Sadique: pg!

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{About|the 2022 television series|the 2010 television series|Sanjog Se Bani Sangini}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Sanjog (TV series).jpg
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator = Rashmi Sharma
| starring = [[Rajneesh Duggal]] [[Shefali Sharma]] [[Kamya Punjabi]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 72 
| producer = Rashmi Sharma
| location = [[Mumbai]]
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 min approx.
| company = Rashmi Sharma Telefilms
| network = [[Zee TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|08|22|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2022|11|25|df=yes}}
}}
'''''Sanjog''''' ({{Translation}} ''Coincidence'') is an Indian [[Hindi]] language drama television series that premiered on 22 August 2022 on [[Zee TV]] and digitally streamed on [[ZEE5]].<ref name="Z">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/tale-of-two-mothers-412633|title=Zee TV's new fiction offering Sanjog presents two mothers with contrasting worlds|website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref> Produced by Rashmi Sharma under the banner of Rashmi Sharma Telefilms, the series stars [[Shefali Sharma]], [[Rajneesh Duggal]] and [[Kamya Punjabi]]. It replaced [[Kashibai Bajirao Ballal]] in its timeslot. It went off-air on 25 November 2022 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/amp/entertainment/television-news/article/shefali-sharma-shares-an-emotional-video-as-the-show-sanjog-goes-off-air-today-23257450|title=Sanjog's show lead actor Shefali Sharma shares an emotional video as the show goes off air today|website=Mid Day|date=25 November 2022}}</ref> and was replaced by [[Rabb Se Hai Dua]] in its timeslot.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanjog Going Off Air, Climax, Ending Date, Last Episode, Season 2, Latest Updates |url=https://www.tellybest.com/news/sanjog-going-off-air-climax-ending-date-last-episode-season-2-latest-updates |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=www.tellybest.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Plot==
Amrita is married to Rajiv and belongs to the rich Kothari family. She is desperate to be a mother, while her husband is having an affair with her best friend Rakshita. Gauri is married to Gopal. They earn their living by petty theft. Gauri wishes to live a luxurious life.

Both their life collides and they end up in the same hospital for the delivery of their child. Accidentally, their daughters are swapped at the time of birth. Amrita gives birth to Chanda and Gauri gives birth to Tara.

===7 years later===
Amrita's daughter Chanda grows up with Gauri while Gauri's daughter Tara grows up with Amrita. They are still confused about their daughters and their contrasting personalities. Eventually, everyone discovers that Chanda is Rajiv and Amrita's biological daughter while Tara is Gauri and Gopal's biological daughter. The show ends with Gauri and Rakshita killing Amrita and Rajiv deciding to raise Tara and Chanda as his own.

==Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Shefali Sharma]] as Amrita Kothari – Alok's sister, Rajeev's wife, Rakshita's best friend, Chanda's biological and Tara's foster mother (2022) (Dead)
* [[Rajneesh Duggal]] as Rajeev Kothari – Rajeshwari's son, Amrita's husband, Rakshita's boyfriend, Chanda's biological and Tara's foster father (2022)
* [[Kamya Panjabi]] as Gauri – Gopal's wife, Tara's biological and Chanda's foster mother. Amrita's killer. (2022)
* Rajat Dahiya as Gopal – Gauri's husband, Sarita's son, Tara's biological and Chanda's foster father (2022)
* Sonyaa Ayodhya as Rakshita – Rajeev's girlfriend, Amrita's best friend and killer. (2022)
* [[Ishaan Singh Manhas]] as Inspector Alok Agarwal – Amrita's brother, Chanda's uncle (2022)

=== Recurring ===
* Hetvi Sharma as Chandini "Chanda" Kothari - Amrita and Rajeev's biological daughter, Gouri and Gopal's foster daughter (2022)
* Hazel Shah as Tara Kothari – Gouri and Gopal's biological daughter, Amrita and Rajeev's foster daughter (2022)
* [[Dolly Minhas]] as Rajeshwari Kothari – Rajeev and Anjali's mother, Amrita's mother-in-law, Chanda's biological and Tara's foster grandmother (2022)
* Sunny Ghansani as Sanjay Oswal – Anjali's husband, Rajeev's brother-in-law (2022)
* Amita Yadav as Anjali Oswal – Rajeshwari's daughter, Rajeev's sister, Sanjay's wife (2022)
* [[Vaishali Thakkar]] as Sarita – Gopal's mother, Gouri's mother-in-law, Tara's biological and Chanda's foster grandmother (2022)

==Production==
===Development===
The series was announced by 'Rashmi Sharma Telefilms' in July 2022 by [[Zee TV]].<ref name="Z" /> The series follows the story of two distinct mothers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/shefali-sharma-kamya-punjabi-to-portray-two-distinct-mothers-in-upcoming-show-sanjog-1975348-2022-07-14|title=Shefali Sharma, Kamya Punjabi to portray two distinct mothers in upcoming show Sanjog|date=2 July 2022|website=India Today}}</ref>

===Casting===
In July 2022, [[Rajneesh Duggal]] was cast for lead role in the series, making his fiction show debut.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gujaratimidday.com/entertainment-news/television-news/article/rajneesh-duggal-signed-for-fictional-family-show-sanjog-on-zeetv-172635|title=Rajneesh Duggal signed for fictional family show Sanjog on zeetv|રજનીશ દુગ્ગલ હવે 'સંજોગ'માં જોવા મળશે|date=20 July 2022|website=www.gujaratimidday.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-rajniesh-duggall-to-make-his-daily-soap-debut-with-sanjog/articleshow/92848448.cms|title=Exclusive! Rajniesh Duggall to make his daily soap debut with Sanjog - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=13 July 2022 }}</ref>

[[Shefali Sharma]] was cast as the female lead, marking her television comeback after 6 years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shefali-sharma-returns-to-tv-after-six-years-with-sanjog/articleshow/92719478.cms|title=Shefali Sharma returns to TV after six years with Sanjog - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=7 July 2022 }}</ref> [[Kamya Panjabi]] was signed as the other female lead.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-kamya-panjabi-is-all-set-to-return-to-tv-with-sanjog-the-actress-was-last-seen-in-shakti-astitva-ke-ehsaas-ki/articleshow/92676485.cms|title=Exclusive! Kamya Panjabi is all set to return to TV with Sanjog, the actress was last seen in Shakti – Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=5 July 2022 }}</ref>

===Filming===
The series is mainly shot at the [[Film City, Mumbai]]. The shooting of the series began in July 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/shefali-sharma-shoots-for-her-upcoming-show-sanjog/videoshow/92917713.cms|title=Shefali Sharma shoots for her upcoming show Sanjog | TV - Times of India Videos|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/videos/tv-news/kamya-panjabi-continues-to-shoot-for-sanjog-even-after-suffering-a-hairline-fracture-video-95278084/amp|title=Kamya Panjabi continues to SHOOT for Sanjog even after suffering a hairline fracture; Video|website=Zoom TV}}</ref>

===Cancellation===
The series went off-air on 25 November 2022, due to low viewership.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/karan-wahis-channa-mereya-to-sangita-ghoshs-swaran-ghar-5-tv-shows-going-off-air-in-november-2022-1198253?amp|title=Karan Wahi's Channa Mereya to Shefali Sharma's Sanjog: 5 TV shows going off air in November 2022|website=Pinkvilla|date=10 November 2022}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of programmes broadcast by Zee TV]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=21280118}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/sanjog/0-6-4z5185799 ''Sanjog''] on [[ZEE5]]

{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]

Sarai, Singrauli

2025-09-15T10:28:28Z

Sadique: data

{{Short description|Town in Singrauli, Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sarai
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.05|N|82.20|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{Flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of Division/ Zone]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Singrauli district]]
}}

'''Sarai''' is a town and a [[Nagar Parishad]] in [[Singrauli District]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. It is also a [[Tehsil]] headquarter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://singrauli.nic.in/en/tehsil/|title=Tehsil | District Singrauli | India}}</ref>

As per [[Census of India 2011]] Sarai Town has population of 5,454 of which 2,829 are males while 2,625 are females.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/503871-sarai-madhya-pradesh.html|title=Sarai Village Population - Deosar - Singrauli, Madhya Pradesh|website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

Sarai is located on {{Coord|24.05|N|82.20|E}}. It is at an elevation of 394 m.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Sarai16.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Sarai, India|website=www.fallingrain.com}}</ref> [[Waidhan]] is 50 km away from Sarai.

Sarai has a railway station with the [[Katni]]–[[Singrauli]] line passing through Sarai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/sarai-gram-sgam/2470|title=12 Departures from Sarai Gram WCR/West Central Zone - Railway Enquiry|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Tehsils of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Singrauli district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Singrauli district]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-geo-stub}}