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2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election

2026-05-06T03:33:11Z

SadieHagelthorn: created the post from scratch!

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = completed, no
| outgoing_members = 7th Delhi Assembly#Members of Legislative Assembly
| elected_members = 8th Delhi Assembly#Members of Legislative Assembly
| previous_election = 2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 2020
| election_date = 5 February 2025
| next_election = Next Delhi Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 2030
| seats_for_election = All 70 seats in the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 36
| turnout = 60.54% ({{decrease}} 2.28 [[percentage points|pp]])
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Chief Minister of Delhi, Smt. Rekha Gupta.jpg|bSize=125 |cWidth=110 |cHeight=150 |oTop=0 |oLeft=6 |Location=center}}
| leader1 = [[Rekha Gupta]]{{efn|BJP did not name any chief ministerial candidate for the election. Gupta's name was announced as chief minister after the elections.}}
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| alliance1 = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| leaders_seat1 = [[Shalimar Bagh Assembly constituency|Shalimar Bagh]] ''(won)''
| last_election1 = 38.51%, 8 seats
| colour1 =
| seats1 = '''48'''
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 40
| popular_vote1 = '''4,473,899'''
| percentage1 = '''47.15%'''
| swing1 = {{increase}} 8.64[[percentage points|pp]]

| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Arvind Kejriwal 2022 Official Portrail (AI enhanced).jpg |bSize=145 |cWidth=110 |cHeight=150 |oTop=0 |oLeft=15 |Location=center}}
| colour2 =
| leader2 = [[Arvind Kejriwal]]
| party2 = Aam Aadmi Party
| alliance2 =
| leaders_seat2 = [[New Delhi Assembly constituency|New Delhi]] ''(lost)''
| last_election2 = 53.57%, 62 seats
| seats2 = 22
| seat_change2 = {{decrease }} 40
| popular_vote2 = 4,133,898
| percentage2 = 43.57%
| swing2 = {{decrease}} 10.00 [[percentage points|pp]]
| map_image = 2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly Election Result Map.svg
| map_size = 300px
| map_caption = Seatwise result map of the election
| map2_image = India Delhi Legislative Assembly Election 2025.svg
| map2_caption = Structure of the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]] after the election
| map2_size = 300px
| title = [[List of chief ministers of Delhi|Chief Minister]]
| before_election = [[Atishi Marlena]]
| before_party = Aam Aadmi Party
| posttitle = [[List of chief ministers of Delhi| Elected Chief Minister]]
| after_election = [[Rekha Gupta]]
| after_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}

Legislative Assembly elections were held in [[Delhi]] on [[2025 elections in India|5 February 2025]] to elect all [[List of constituencies of the Delhi Legislative Assembly|70 members]] of the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]]. The counting of votes and declaration of results took place on 8 February 2025.

The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] won in 48 out of 70 seats, thus returning to power in Delhi after [[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|27 years]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-08 |title=Delhi Election Results: BJP secures majority after 27 years, wins 48 Assembly seats {{!}} Full list of winners |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/delhi/delhi-election-results-bjp-wins-48-assembly-seats-secures-majority-after-27-years-full-winners-list-parvesh-verma-tarvinder-marwah-latest-updates-2025-02-08-975348 |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=India TV News |language=en |archive-date=27 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327134244/https://www.indiatvnews.com/delhi/delhi-election-results-bjp-wins-48-assembly-seats-secures-majority-after-27-years-full-winners-list-parvesh-verma-tarvinder-marwah-latest-updates-2025-02-08-975348 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Rekha Gupta]], the MLA from [[Shalimar Bagh Assembly constituency|Shalimar Bagh]], took oath as the [[Chief Minister of Delhi|Chief Minister]] on 20 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-20 |title=Rekha Gupta takes oath as Delhi CM in presence of PM Modi, top NDA leaders |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rekha-gupta-takes-oath-as-delhi-cm-in-presence-of-pm-modi-top-nda-leaders/articleshow/118407994.cms |access-date=2025-10-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=4 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251004160117/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rekha-gupta-takes-oath-as-delhi-cm-in-presence-of-pm-modi-top-nda-leaders/articleshow/118407994.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Background==
The [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|previous Delhi Legislative Assembly elections]] were held in February 2020, resulting in the [[Aam Aadmi Party|Aam Aadmi Party (AAP)]] forming the state government. [[Arvind Kejriwal]] assumed the post of Chief Minister for a third consecutive term.

=== Arrest of Arvind Kejriwal ===
{{Main|Arrest of Arvind Kejriwal}}
After skipping nine summons from the [[Enforcement Directorate]] (ED), Delhi Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal was arrested<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-21 |title=What Is PMLA In Which Arvind Kejriwal Has Been Arrested? Why Bail In Money Laundering Case Is Tough |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/what-is-pmla-in-which-arvind-kejriwal-has-been-arrested-why-bail-in-money-laundering-case-is-tough-explained-article-108721495 |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> on 21 March 2024 by the ED after the [[Delhi High Court]] rejected his anticipatory bail in connection with the [[Delhi liquor scam|Delhi liquor policy money laundering case]].<ref name="Arvind Kejriwal arrested by Enforcement Directorate in Delhi Excise policy case">{{cite news |work=The Hindu |date=21 March 2024 |title=Arvind Kejriwal arrested by Enforcement Directorate in Delhi Excise policy case |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/arvind-kejriwal-arrested-by-enforcement-directorate-in-delhi-excise-policy-case/article67976688.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321170521/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/arvind-kejriwal-arrested-by-enforcement-directorate-in-delhi-excise-policy-case/article67976688.ece |archive-date=21 March 2024 |access-date=21 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2024 |title=Delhi CM Arvind Kejriwal arrested by ED in excise policy case |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/delhi-cm-arvind-kejriwal-arrested-by-enforcement-directorate-in-excise-policy-case-12504621.html |access-date=21 March 2024 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en |archive-date=17 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417093916/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/delhi-cm-arvind-kejriwal-arrested-by-enforcement-directorate-in-excise-policy-case-12504621.html |url-status=live }}</ref> This made him the first sitting chief minister of India to be arrested (all others arrested before him had resigned from their post before being arrested).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Arvind Kejriwal News {{!}} Arvind Kejriwal Arrest live updates: ED arrests Delhi CM Arvind Kejriwal after 2 hours of questioning |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/excise-policy-case-ed-officials-at-kejriwals-residence/liveblog/108683922.cms |work=The Times of India |date=21 March 2024 |access-date=21 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Jayalalithaa only other sitting CM to be arrested |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/jayalalithaa-only-other-sitting-cm-to-be-arrested/articleshow/108692428.cms |work=The Times of India |date=22 March 2024 |access-date=2 April 2024 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329141726/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/jayalalithaa-only-other-sitting-cm-to-be-arrested/articleshow/108692428.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The opposition alliance called it a fabricated case and "[[match-fixing]]" before the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 general elections]] by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] led union government.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Ellis-Petersen |first=Hannah |date=1 April 2024 |title=Delhi chief minister must stay in custody for another two weeks, court rules |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/01/arvind-kejriwal-delhi-chief-minister-custody-another-two-weeks |access-date=4 July 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The [[Delhi High Court]] dismissed Kejriwal's petition against his arrest and all his bail requests. The Supreme Court ultimately granted him interim bail from 10 May 2024 to 1 June 2024 on account of campaigning for the elections.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=Arvind Kejriwal hearing LIVE Updates: All eyes on Supreme Court over Delhi CM's bail plea |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/arvind-kejriwal-hearing-live-updates-supreme-court-may-10-delhi-excise-policy-aap-manish-sisodia-liquor-policy-101715301901261.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 May 2024 |access-date=10 May 2024 |archive-date=10 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510012833/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/arvind-kejriwal-hearing-live-updates-supreme-court-may-10-delhi-excise-policy-aap-manish-sisodia-liquor-policy-101715301901261.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rajagopal |first1=Krishnadas |date=10 May 2024 |title=Arvind Kejriwal bail: Grant of interim bail is based on individual facts of each case, Supreme Court notes |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/grant-of-interim-bail-is-based-on-the-individual-facts-of-each-case-sc-notes/article68161716.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510185113/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/grant-of-interim-bail-is-based-on-the-individual-facts-of-each-case-sc-notes/article68161716.ece |archive-date=10 May 2024 |work=The Hindu |access-date=10 May 2024}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2 June 2024 |title=Arvind Kejriwal surrenders at Tihar jail after interim bail ends, says don't know when will I return |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/arvind-kejriwal-surrender-live-updates-delhi-cm-rajghat-supreme-court-tihar-jail-excise-policy-case-11717322097569.html |work=LiveMint |archive-date=8 February 2025 |access-date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250208083129/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/arvind-kejriwal-surrender-live-updates-delhi-cm-rajghat-supreme-court-tihar-jail-excise-policy-case-11717322097569.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Following the end of his interim bail and failure to extend it on medical grounds, Kejriwal surrendered at Tihar Jail on 2 June.<ref name=":2" /> He was then sent to judicial custody until 5 June 2024.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2024 |title=After Surrender, Delhi Court Sends Arvind Kejriwal To Judicial Custody Till June 5 In Excise Policy Case |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/after-surrender-delhi-courts-sends-arvind-kejriwal-to-judicial-custody-till-june-5-in-excise-policy-case-article-110641267 |access-date=2 June 2024 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> A Delhi court denied the plea filed by Kejriwal seeking a seven-day interim bail and extended judicial custody until 19 June and subsequently till 3 July 2024.<ref>{{cite news |date=6 June 2024 |title=Court denies bail to Arvind Kejriwal, says he's fine |url=https://tribuneindia.com/news/india/court-denies-bail-to-kejriwal-says-hes-fine-628404 |access-date=8 June 2024 |work=The Tribune |archive-date=8 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608033943/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/court-denies-bail-to-kejriwal-says-hes-fine-628404 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=19 June 2024 |title=Delhi excise policy case: Arvind Kejriwal's judicial custody extended till July 3 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/arvind-kejriwals-judicial-custody-extended-till-july-3-in-delhi-excise-policy-case/article68307306.ece |access-date=19 June 2024 |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X |agency=PTI |archive-date=19 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619094002/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/arvind-kejriwals-judicial-custody-extended-till-july-3-in-delhi-excise-policy-case/article68307306.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> On 20 June 2024 Kejriwal was granted bail by the trial court on a bail bond of 100,000 INR. However, his bail was put on hold before his release as ED appealed against it in the Delhi High Court.<ref name=":3">{{cite news |date=20 June 2024 |title=Delhi CM Arvind Kejriwal granted bail in excise policy case |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/delhi-cm-arvind-kejriwal-granted-bail-in-excise-policy-case-101718893671406.html |access-date=20 June 2024 |work=Hindustan Times |archive-date=20 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620144329/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/delhi-cm-arvind-kejriwal-granted-bail-in-excise-policy-case-101718893671406.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Kejriwal was then questioned for 3 days by the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)]] and arrested on 26 June 2024 from Tihar Jail in the same case. Subsequently, he was sent to judicial custody till 12 July.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=26 June 2024 |title=Delhi Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal arrested by CBI from Tihar jail |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/politics/delhi-chief-minister-arvind-kejriwal-arrested-by-cbi-from-tihar-jail-19433670.htm |access-date=30 June 2024 |work=CNBCTV18 |archive-date=30 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630140052/https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/politics/delhi-chief-minister-arvind-kejriwal-arrested-by-cbi-from-tihar-jail-19433670.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news |date=29 June 2024 |title=Excise policy case: Arvind Kejriwal sent to 14-day judicial custody of CBI |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/excise-policy-case-arvind-kejriwal-sent-to-14-day-judicial-custody-of-cbi/articleshow/111363827.cms |access-date=30 June 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=29 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629235609/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/excise-policy-case-arvind-kejriwal-sent-to-14-day-judicial-custody-of-cbi/articleshow/111363827.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 12 July 2024, the Supreme Court granted interim bail to Kejriwal in money laundering case related to the alleged excise policy scam. However, he remained in jail due to the CBI arrest made in the previous month.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 July 2024 |title=SC grants interim bail to Arvind Kejriwal, refers plea challenging ED arrest to larger Bench |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/arvind-kejriwal-supreme-court-verdict-live-updates-july-12-2024/article68395555.ece |access-date=12 July 2024 |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=12 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712042226/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/arvind-kejriwal-supreme-court-verdict-live-updates-july-12-2024/article68395555.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite news |date=12 July 2024 |title=Arvind Kejriwal Supreme Court Verdict Live Updates: SC grants interim bail, but Delhi chief minister Arvind Kejriwal to remain in Tihar jail |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/arvind-kejriwal-supreme-court-verdict-live-updates-delhi-cm-excise-policy-case-ed-arrest-liquor-policy-case/liveblog/111676775.cms |access-date=12 July 2024 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=12 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712050142/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/arvind-kejriwal-supreme-court-verdict-live-updates-delhi-cm-excise-policy-case-ed-arrest-liquor-policy-case/liveblog/111676775.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> On 5 September 2024, the Supreme court reserved an order on his bail in the CBI case.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news |date=5 September 2024 |title=SC reserves order in Arvind Kejriwal's bail plea; Delhi CM claims CBI made 'insurance arrest' after bail in ED case |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/arvind-kejriwal-bail-plea-in-sc-delhi-cm-claims-cbi-made-insurance-arrest-after-bail-in-ed-case/articleshow/113080973.cms |access-date=5 September 2024 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=5 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905070506/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/arvind-kejriwal-bail-plea-in-sc-delhi-cm-claims-cbi-made-insurance-arrest-after-bail-in-ed-case/articleshow/113080973.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The reserved order was pronounced by the SC on 13 September 2024, granting him bail and ultimately leading to his release from [[Tihar Prisons|Tihar Jail]] after five months.<ref name=":10">{{Cite magazine |last=Sharda |first=Kanu |date=13 September 2024 |title=Dos and don'ts for Arvind Kejriwal as Supreme Court grants him bail |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/supreme-court-arvind-kejriwal-bail-conditions-2599029-2024-09-13 |magazine=India Today |access-date=13 September 2024 |archive-date=13 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913062320/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/supreme-court-arvind-kejriwal-bail-conditions-2599029-2024-09-13 |url-status=live }}</ref> However he served in prison for more than 5 months.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Farooquee |first=Neyaz |date=13 September 2024 |title=Arvind Kejriwal: Bail for Delhi chief minister after five months in jail |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8dpnj3en99o |work=BBC |access-date=22 September 2024 |archive-date=21 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921092641/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8dpnj3en99o |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 21 September 2024, Kejriwal resigned after being jailed on corruption charges, and [[Atishi Marlena]] was sworn in as the Chief Minister.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AAP's Atishi To Be Delhi's New Chief Minister, Chosen By Arvind Kejriwal |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aaps-atishi-to-be-delhis-new-chief-minister-name-proposed-by-arvind-kejriwal-6583407 |access-date=2024-09-17 |work=NDTV |archive-date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250208103435/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aaps-atishi-to-be-delhis-new-chief-minister-name-proposed-by-arvind-kejriwal-6583407 |url-status=live }}</ref> The tenure of the [[7th Delhi Assembly]] is set to conclude on 15 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List Of Upcoming Elections in India 2020 - 2021 |url=https://www.elections.in/upcoming-elections-in-india.html |access-date=2021-05-23 |website=Elections in India |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512061109/https://www.elections.in/upcoming-elections-in-india.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Deputy Chief Minister of Delhi]] [[Manish Sisodia]] had previously resigned on 28 February 2023 due to his arrest on corruption charges. He served 17 months in jail until his release on bail on 9 August 2024. Minister [[Satyendra Kumar Jain]] also resigned due to corruption charges.

==Schedule==
Election Commission of India announced the schedule for the Delhi Legislative Assembly election on 7 January 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-07 |title=Delhi election 2025: Nominations, voting day, counting of votes {{!}} Check full schedule |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/delhi-elections-2025-check-full-schedule-voting-dates-election-commission-101736244069990.html |access-date=2025-01-07 |archive-date=15 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250315182253/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/delhi-elections-2025-check-full-schedule-voting-dates-election-commission-101736244069990.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Poll event
! Schedule
|-
| Notification date
| 10 January 2025
|-
| Last date for filing nomination
| 17 January 2025
|-
| Scrutiny of nomination
| 18 January 2025
|-
| Last date for withdrawal of nomination
| 20 January 2025
|-
| Date of poll
| 5 February 2025
|-
| Date of counting of votes
| 8 February 2025
|-
|Date before which election shall be completed
|10 February 2025
|}

== Issues ==

=== Local Governance & Infrastructure Issues ===
Voters in Delhi expressed deep frustration over the failure to clean the [[Yamuna|Yamuna River]] a promise made by the AAP government in 2020 that remained unfulfilled. The sanitation and waste management crisis further fueled discontent, with over 90% of respondents in the Lokniti-CSDS Survey expressing dissatisfaction with the overall cleanliness of the city. Additionally, air pollution and the shortage of clean drinking water emerged as major concerns, with more than 80% of voters highlighting these as pressing issues. These factors collectively contributed to the electorate's growing disillusionment with the AAP government's performance on environmental and civic infrastructure matters.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=2025-02-10 |title=Why Kejriwal lost: Pollution, lack of clean drinking water behind voter anger; two-thirds saw AAP as corrupt |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/delhi-election-2025-survey-lokniti-csds-local-issues-voters-aap-bjp-9826270/ |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=11 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211172056/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/delhi-election-2025-survey-lokniti-csds-local-issues-voters-aap-bjp-9826270/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Factors that led to AAP losing Delhi's crown in the 2025 Assembly Elections |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/delhi-election-2025-aap-defeat-reasons-bjp-victory-125020800696_1.html |access-date=11 February 2025 |archive-date=12 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250212081658/https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/delhi-election-2025-aap-defeat-reasons-bjp-victory-125020800696_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Corruption Allegations & Leadership Credibility ===
According to the Lokniti-CSDS Survey, nearly two-thirds of respondents perceived the AAP government as corrupt, with 28% categorizing it as highly corrupt. Two specific controversies played a significant role in shaping public perception regarding corruption within the Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) government. The first was the alleged irregularities in the liquor policy, while the second centered on the controversial expenditures on the Chief Minister's residence, which the BJP referred to as 'Sheesh Mahal'. Both issues were prominently highlighted in the BJP's anti-corruption campaign against AAP, contributing to the party's declining credibility and electoral setbacks. Additionally, several key AAP leaders suffered electoral defeats, reflecting growing public disillusionment with the party's governance and its ability to deliver on its promises.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-10 |title='Sheesh Mahal' shows mirror to AAP, on 'liquor scam' opinion more split |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/delhi-election-results-aap-sheesh-mahal-liquor-case-opinion-9826536/ |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=10 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210015337/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/delhi-election-results-aap-sheesh-mahal-liquor-case-opinion-9826536/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":11" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=5 reasons why Arvind Kejriwal's AAP lost 2025 Delhi election and BJP returned to power after 27 years |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/5-reasons-why-kejriwals-aap-lost-2025-delhi-election-and-bjp-returned-to-power-after-27-years-101739002437717.html |access-date=12 February 2025 |archive-date=24 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250324141412/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/5-reasons-why-kejriwals-aap-lost-2025-delhi-election-and-bjp-returned-to-power-after-27-years-101739002437717.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Parties and alliances==
{| class="wikitable" width="50%" style="text-align:center;
! colspan="4" | Party/Alliance
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates |url=https://ceodelhi.gov.in/PDFFolders/2025/260380_List_of_Contesting_Candidates_Form_7A.pdf |website=CEO, Delhi |access-date=15 October 2025 |archive-date=25 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250225211339/https://ceodelhi.gov.in/PDFFolders/2025/260380_List_of_Contesting_Candidates_Form_7A.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|{{party color cell|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| colspan="3" | [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| [[File:AAP English Flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:AAP Symbol.png|50px]]
| [[Arvind Kejriwal]]
|70
|-
|Rowspan="3"{{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|Rowspan="3" |[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Delhi|Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[File:BJP flag.svg|60px]]
| [[File:BJP election symbol.png|50px]]
| [[Rekha Gupta]]<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-02-06 |title=Will come to power with over 50 seats, says Delhi BJP chief |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/delhi-assembly/will-come-to-power-with-over-50-seats-says-delhi-bjp-chief/article69189589.ece |access-date=2025-04-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=11 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211214747/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/delhi-assembly/will-come-to-power-with-over-50-seats-says-delhi-bjp-chief/article69189589.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|68
|-
|{{party color cell|Janata Dal (United)}}
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|[[File:Janata Dal (United) Flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Arrow.svg|50px]]
|Shailendra Kumar
|1
|-
|{{party color cell|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
|[[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)]]
|
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Helicopter.jpg|50px]]
|Deepak Tanwar
|1
|-
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|colspan="3" | [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[File:INC Flag Official.jpg|50px]]
| [[File:INC Hand.svg|50px]]
| [[Devender Yadav]]
| 70
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}};color:white" |
| colspan="3" |[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|[[File:Elephant Bahujan Samaj Party.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Elephant.png|50px]]
| style="text-align:center" |
|68
|-
|{{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| colspan="3" |[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Clock.png|50px]]
|
|17
|-
| {{party color cell|Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}}
|colspan="3" |[[Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)]]
| [[File:AZAD SAMAJ PARTY LOGO.webp|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Kettle.jpg|50px]]
|
| 14
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}};color:white" |
| colspan="3" |[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
|[[File:All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen logo.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Kite.png|50px]]
| Shoaib Jamei
| 2
|-
|}

== Candidates ==

* AAP announced three lists of candidates for the Delhi elections: the first with 11 candidates on 21 November 2024,<ref>{{cite web |title=AAP releases first list of 11 candidates for Delhi assembly election 2025, fields BJP, Congress turncoats |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/aap-releases-first-list-of-11-candidates-for-delhi-assembly-elections-2025-101732175645390.html |access-date=21 November 2024 |work=Hindustan Times |date=21 November 2024 |archive-date=21 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241121080947/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/aap-releases-first-list-of-11-candidates-for-delhi-assembly-elections-2025-101732175645390.html |url-status=live }}</ref> the second with 20 candidates on 9 December 2024,<ref>{{cite web |title=AAP releases 2nd list of 20 candidates for 2025 Delhi election |url=https://www.uniindia.com/news/india/aap-releases-2nd-list-of-20-candidates-for-2025-delhi-election/3341981.html |access-date=9 December 2024 |work=United News of India |archive-date=9 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209094434/http://www.uniindia.com/news/india/aap-releases-2nd-list-of-20-candidates-for-2025-delhi-election/3341981.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and the final with 38 candidates on 15 December 2024.<ref>{{cite web |date=15 December 2024 |title=Delhi polls: AAP releases final list; Kejriwal to contest from New Delhi, Atishi from Kalkaji |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/delhi-polls-aap-releases-list-of-38-candidates-arvind-kejriwal-to-contest-from-new-delhi-cm-atishi-from-kalkaji/articleshow/116335269.cms |access-date=28 December 2024 |work=The Economic Times |archive-date=28 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228033745/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/delhi-polls-aap-releases-list-of-38-candidates-arvind-kejriwal-to-contest-from-new-delhi-cm-atishi-from-kalkaji/articleshow/116335269.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The party also replaced candidates for the Narela,Mehrauli and Hari Nagar seats weeks before the election.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-16 |title=Focus on winnability, AAP changes candidates for Narela & Hari Nagar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-election-aam-aadmi-party-narela-hari-nagar-9780702/?ref=cities_hp |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=15 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215012758/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-election-aam-aadmi-party-narela-hari-nagar-9780702/?ref=cities_hp |url-status=live }}</ref>
* INC released five lists: the first with 21 candidates on 12 December 2024,<ref>{{cite web |title=Congress releases first list of 21 candidates for Delhi assembly elections; Abdul Rehman gets ticket — check full list |url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/assembly-elections/congress-releases-first-list-of-21-candidates-for-delhi-assembly-elections-abdul-rehman-gets-ticket-check-full-list-11734018688474.html |access-date=28 December 2024 |work=Mint |date=12 December 2024 |author1=Livemint |archive-date=28 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228033945/https://www.livemint.com/elections/assembly-elections/congress-releases-first-list-of-21-candidates-for-delhi-assembly-elections-abdul-rehman-gets-ticket-check-full-list-11734018688474.html |url-status=live }}</ref> the second with 26 candidates on 24 December 2024,<ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi Elections 2025: Congress releases second list of candidates ahead of Assembly Polls |url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi-elections-2025-congress-releases-second-list-of-candidates-ahead-of-assembly-polls-11735061309449.html |access-date=28 December 2024 |work=Mint|date=24 December 2024 }}</ref> the third with 16 candidates on 14 January 2025,<ref>{{cite web |title=Ex-Union Minister, councillor Ariba Khan in Congress's 3rd list for Delhi polls |date=14 January 2025 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/delhi-assembly-polls-ariba-khan-krishna-tirath-congress-list-candidates-2664788-2025-01-14 |access-date=14 January 2025 |archive-date=14 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114183111/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/delhi-assembly-polls-ariba-khan-krishna-tirath-congress-list-candidates-2664788-2025-01-14 |url-status=live }}</ref> the fourth with 5 candidates on 15 January 2025, and the fifth with 2 candidates on 16 January 2025.
* CPI(M) announced the candidates of the two contesting seats on 16 December 2024.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/cpim-to-contest-2-seats-in-delhi-assembly-election-announces-candidates/article68992629.ece | title=CPI(M) to contest 2 seats in Delhi Assembly election, announces candidates | work=The Hindu | date=16 December 2024 | access-date=17 December 2024 | archive-date=16 December 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216161931/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/cpim-to-contest-2-seats-in-delhi-assembly-election-announces-candidates/article68992629.ece | url-status=live }}</ref> After CPI(M), other Left parties also released candidate lists in some seats, as well as manifestos.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Assembly Election: वाम दल ने किया बड़ा एलान, लडेंगे दिल्ली चुनाव; जारी किया अपना घोषणा पत्र |url=https://www.amarujala.com/delhi-ncr/left-party-made-a-big-announcement-will-contest-delhi-elections-released-its-manifesto-2024-12-19 |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi |archive-date=19 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219200301/https://www.amarujala.com/delhi-ncr/left-party-made-a-big-announcement-will-contest-delhi-elections-released-its-manifesto-2024-12-19 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Under the NDA alliance, BJP announced four lists: the first with 29 candidates on 4 January 2025, the second with 29 candidates on 11 January 2025, the third with 1 candidate on 12 January 2025, and the fourth with 9 candidates on 16 January 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=First List of BJP candidates for the ensuing General Election to the Legislative Assembly of Delhi finalised by BJP CEC |url=https://www.bjp.org/pressreleases/first-list-bjp-candidates-ensuing-general-election-legislative-assembly-delhi-0 |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=Bharatiya Janata Party |archive-date=4 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104084249/https://www.bjp.org/pressreleases/first-list-bjp-candidates-ensuing-general-election-legislative-assembly-delhi-0 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="BJP Candidates List for Delhi Elections 2025: Full list of Bharatiya Janata Party candidates for Delhi polls">{{cite news |date=4 January 2025 |title=BJP Candidates List for Delhi Elections 2025: Full list of Bharatiya Janata Party candidates for Delhi polls |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/bjp-candidates-list-delhi-assembly-election-2025-bharatiya-janata-party-9759759/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104163126/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/bjp-candidates-list-delhi-assembly-election-2025-bharatiya-janata-party-9759759/ |archive-date=4 January 2025 |access-date=4 January 2025 |publisher=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-11 |title=BJP's second list for Delhi polls out, Kapil Mishra fielded from Karawal Nagar |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/bjp-second-list-delhi-polls-fields-kapil-mishra-abhay-verma-2663430-2025-01-11 |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=11 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250111182530/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/bjp-second-list-delhi-polls-fields-kapil-mishra-abhay-verma-2663430-2025-01-11 |url-status=live }}</ref> JD(U) named Shailendra Kumar as its candidate for the Burari constituency on 16 January 2025<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-17 |title=BJP names 9 candidates in final list; allies get 2 seats |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bjp-names-9-candidates-in-final-list-allies-get-2-seats/articleshow/117312320.cms |access-date=2025-10-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and LJP(RV) selected Deepak Tanwar for the Deoli constituency on 17 January 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-17 |title=Delhi Elections: देवली सीट से दीपक तंवर लड़ेंगे चुनाव, चिराग पासवान ने की घोषणा |url=https://hindi.news24online.com/state/delhi/delhi-assembly-elections-2025-ljpr-candidate-deepak-tanwar-contest-from-deoli-seat-chirag-paswan-announced/1030863/ |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=News24 Hindi |language=hi |archive-date=6 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250206231342/https://hindi.news24online.com/state/delhi/delhi-assembly-elections-2025-ljpr-candidate-deepak-tanwar-contest-from-deoli-seat-chirag-paswan-announced/1030863/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable mw-collapsible sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!District
!colspan="2"|Constituency
!colspan="3"| [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]<ref name=":0"/><ref name="Delhi polls: Full list of AAP, BJP and Congress candidates in Delhi Assembly Elections 2025">{{cite news|title=Delhi polls: Full list of AAP, BJP and Congress candidates in Delhi Assembly Elections 2025|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/aap-bjp-congress-delhi-polls-full-list-of-candidates-in-delhi-assembly-elections-2025-9722893/|accessdate=9 February 2025|publisher=The Indian Express|date=16 January 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250209153104/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/aap-bjp-congress-delhi-polls-full-list-of-candidates-in-delhi-assembly-elections-2025-9722893/|archivedate=9 February 2025|language=en}}</ref>
!colspan="3"| [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Delhi polls: Full list of AAP, BJP and Congress candidates in Delhi Assembly Elections 2025" />
!colspan="3"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Delhi polls: Full list of AAP, BJP and Congress candidates in Delhi Assembly Elections 2025" />
|-
|[[North Delhi district|North Delhi]]
!1
||[[Narela, Delhi Assembly constituency|Narela]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Sharad Chauhan]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Raj Karan Khatri]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Aruna Kumari
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Central Delhi district|Central Delhi]]
!2
| [[Burari Assembly constituency|Burari]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Sanjeev Jha]]
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|Shailendra Kumar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Mangesh Tyagi
|-
!3
| [[Timarpur Assembly constituency|Timarpur]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|Surinder Pal Singh (Bittoo)
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Surya Prakash Khatri
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Lokendra Chaudhary
|-
|rowspan=2|[[North Delhi district|North Delhi]]
!4
| [[Adarsh Nagar, Delhi Assembly constituency|Adarsh Nagar]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Mukesh Goel]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Raj Kumar Bhatia]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Shivank Singhal
|-
!5
| [[Badli, Delhi Assembly constituency|Badli]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Ajesh Yadav]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Aahir Deepak Chaudharyy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Devender Yadav]]
|-
|[[North West Delhi district|North West Delhi]]
!6
| [[Rithala Assembly constituency|Rithala]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Mohinder Goyal]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Kulwant Rana]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sushant Mishra
|-
||[[North Delhi district|North Delhi]]
!7
| [[Bawana Assembly constituency|Bawana]] (SC)
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Jai Bhagwan (politician)|Jai Bhagwan]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Ravinder Indraj Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Surender Kumar
|-
|rowspan=3|[[North West Delhi district|North West Delhi]]
!8
| [[Mundka Assembly constituency|Mundka]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|Jasbir Karala
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Gajender Drall]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Dharam Pal Lakda
|-
!9
|[[Kirari Assembly constituency|Kirari]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Anil Jha Vats]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Bajrang Shukla
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Rajesh Gupta
|-
!10
|[[Sultan Pur Majra Assembly constituency|Sultanpur Majra]] (SC)
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Mukesh Kumar Ahlawat]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Karam Singh Karma
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Jai Kishan]]
|-
|[[West Delhi district|West Delhi]]
!11
|[[Nangloi Jat Assembly constituency|Nangloi Jat]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Raghuvinder Shokeen]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Manoj Kumar Shokeen]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Rohit Chaudhary
|-
|[[North West Delhi district|North West Delhi]]
!12
|[[Mangolpuri Assembly constituency|Mangolpuri]] (SC)
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|Rakesh Jatav
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Raj Kumar Chauhan]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Hanuman Chauhan
|-
|[[North Delhi district|North Delhi]]
!13
|[[Rohini Assembly constituency|Rohini]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|Pradeep Mittal
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Vijender Gupta]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sumesh Gupta
|-
|[[North West Delhi district|North West Delhi]]
!14
| [[Shalimar Bagh Assembly constituency|Shalimar Bagh]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Bandana Kumari]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Rekha Gupta]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Praveen Jain
|-
|[[North Delhi district|North Delhi]]
!15
| [[Shakur Basti Assembly constituency|Shakur Basti]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Satyendra Kumar Jain]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Karnail Singh (politician)|Karnail Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Satish Luthra
|-
|[[North West Delhi district|North West Delhi]]
!16
| [[Tri Nagar Assembly constituency|Tri Nagar]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Preeti Tomar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Tilak Ram Gupta]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Satendra Sharma
|-
|rowspan="2" | [[North Delhi district|North Delhi]]
!17
| [[Wazirpur Assembly constituency|Wazirpur]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Rajesh Gupta]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Poonam Sharma
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Ragini Nayak
|-
!18
| [[Model Town Assembly constituency|Model Town]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Akhilesh Pati Tripathi]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Ashok Goel (politician)|Ashok Goel]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Kunwar Karan Singh
|-
|rowspan=5|[[Central Delhi district|Central Delhi]]
!19
| [[Sadar Bazar Assembly constituency|Sadar Bazar]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Som Dutt]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Manoj Kumar Jindal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Anil Bhardwaj
|-
!20
| [[Chandni Chowk Assembly constituency|Chandni Chowk]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Punardeep Sawhney|Punardeep Singh Sawhney]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Satish Jain
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Mudit Agarwal
|-
!21
| [[Matia Mahal Assembly constituency|Matia Mahal]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Aaley Mohammad Iqbal]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Deepti Indora
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Asim Ahmed Khan]]
|-
!22
| [[Ballimaran Assembly constituency|Ballimaran]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Imran Hussain (Indian politician)|Imran Hussain]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Kamal Bagri
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Haroon Yusuf]]
|-
!23
| [[Karol Bagh Assembly constituency|Karol Bagh]] (SC)
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Vishesh Ravi]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Dushyant Kumar Gautam]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Rahul Dhanak
|-
|[[New Delhi district|New Delhi]]
!24
| [[Patel Nagar Assembly constituency|Patel Nagar]] (SC)
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Pravesh Ratn]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Raaj Kumar Anand]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Krishna Tirath
|-
|rowspan=6|[[West Delhi district|West Delhi]]
!25
| [[Moti Nagar Assembly constituency|Moti Nagar]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Shiv Charan Goel]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Harish Khurana]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Rajender Namdhari
|-
!26
|[[Madipur Assembly constituency|Madipur]] (SC)
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Rakhi Birla]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Kailash Gangwal]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Jai Prakash Panwar
|-
!27
| [[Rajouri Garden Assembly constituency|Rajouri Garden]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Dhanwati Chandela]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Manjinder Singh Sirsa]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Dharmpal Chandila
|-
!28
| [[Hari Nagar Assembly constituency|Hari Nagar]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|Surinder Setia
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Shyam Sharma (politician)|Shyam Sharma]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Prem Sharma
|-
!29
| [[Tilak Nagar Assembly constituency|Tilak Nagar]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Jarnail Singh (politician, born 1981)|Jarnail Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Shweta Saini
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|PS Bawa
|-
!30
| [[Janakpuri Assembly constituency|Janakpuri]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|Pravin Kumar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Ashish Sood
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Harbani Kaur
|-
|rowspan=7|[[South West Delhi district|South West Delhi]]
!31
| [[Vikaspuri Assembly constituency|Vikaspuri]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Mahinder Yadav]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Pankaj Kumar Singh (politician)|Dr. Pankaj Kumar Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Jitender Solanki
|-
!32
| [[Uttam Nagar Assembly constituency|Uttam Nagar]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|Pooja Naresh Balyan
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Pawan Sharma]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Mukesh Sharma (Delhi politician)|Mukesh Sharma]]
|-
!33
| [[Dwarka, Delhi Assembly constituency|Dwarka]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Vinay Mishra]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Parduymn Rajput]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Adarsh Shastri]]
|-
!34
| [[Matiala Assembly constituency|Matiala]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|Sumesh Shokeen
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Sandeep Sehrawat]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Raghuvinder Shokeen
|-
!35
| [[Najafgarh Assembly constituency|Najafgarh]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|Tarun Yadav
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Neelam Pahalwan
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sushma Yadav
|-
!36
| [[Bijwasan Assembly constituency|Bijwasan]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|Surender Bharadwaj
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Kailash Gahlot]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Devinder Kumar Sehrawat|Devinder Sehrawat]]
|-
!37
|[[Palam Assembly constituency|Palam]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|Joginder Solanki
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Kuldeep Solanki]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Mange Ram
|-
|rowspan=3|[[New Delhi district|New Delhi]]
!38
|[[Delhi Cantonment Assembly constituency|Delhi Cantonment]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Virender Singh Kadian]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Bhuvan Tanwar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Pradeep Kumar Upmanyu
|-
!39
|[[Rajinder Nagar Assembly constituency|Rajinder Nagar]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Durgesh Pathak]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Umang Bajaj]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Vineet Yadav
|-
!40
|[[New Delhi Assembly constituency|New Delhi]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Arvind Kejriwal]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Parvesh Verma]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Sandeep Dikshit]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[South East Delhi district|South East Delhi]]
!41
|[[Jangpura Assembly constituency|Jangpura]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Manish Sisodia]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Tarvinder Singh Marwah]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Farhad Suri
|-
!42
|[[Kasturba Nagar Assembly constituency|Kasturba Nagar]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|Ramesh Pehelwan
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Neeraj Basoya]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Abhishek Dutt
|-
|[[South Delhi district|South Delhi]]
!43
|[[Malviya Nagar, Delhi Assembly constituency|Malviya Nagar]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Somnath Bharti]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Satish Upadhyay]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Jitendra Kumar Kochar
|-
|[[New Delhi district|New Delhi]]
!44
|[[R. K. Puram Assembly constituency|R. K. Puram]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Parmila Tokas|Pramila Tokas]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Anil Kumar Sharma (Delhi politician)|Anil Kumar Sharma]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Vishesh Tokas
|-
|rowspan=4|[[South Delhi district|South Delhi]]
!45
|[[Mehrauli Assembly constituency|Mehrauli]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|Mahender Chaudhary
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Gajender Yadav]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Pushpa Singh
|-
!46
|[[Chhatarpur, Delhi Assembly constituency|Chhatarpur]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Brahm Singh Tanwar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Kartar Singh Tanwar]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Rajinder Tanwar
|-
!47
|[[Deoli, Delhi Assembly constituency|Deoli]] (SC)
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Prem Chauhan|Prem Kumar Chauhan]]
|{{Party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
|Deepak Tanwar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Rajesh Chauhan
|-
!48
|[[Ambedkar Nagar Assembly constituency|Ambedkar Nagar]] (SC)
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Ajay Dutt]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Khushiram Chunar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Jay Prakash
|-
|[[South East Delhi district|South East Delhi]]
!49
|[[Sangam Vihar Assembly constituency|Sangam Vihar]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Dinesh Mohaniya]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Chandan Kumar Choudhary|Chandan Kumar Chaudhary]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Harsh Chaudhary
|-
|[[New Delhi district|New Delhi]]
!50
|[[Greater Kailash Assembly constituency|Greater Kailash]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Saurabh Bhardwaj]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Shikha Roy|Shikha Rai]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Gravit Singhvi
|-
|rowspan=4|[[South East Delhi district|South East Delhi]]
!51
|[[Kalkaji Assembly constituency|Kalkaji]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Atishi Marlena]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Ramesh Bidhuri]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Alka Lamba]]
|-
!52
|[[Tughlakabad Assembly constituency|Tughlakabad]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Sahi Ram]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Rohtas Bidhuri
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Virender Bidhuri
|-
!53
|[[Badarpur, Delhi Assembly constituency|Badarpur]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Ram Singh Netaji]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Narayan Dutt Sharma]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress }}
|Arjun Bhadana
|-
!54
|[[Okhla Assembly constituency|Okhla]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Amanatullah Khan]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Manish Chaudhary
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Ariba Khan
|-
|rowspan=4|[[East Delhi district|East Delhi]]
!55
|[[Trilokpuri Assembly constituency|Trilokpuri]] (SC)
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|Anjana Parcha
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Ravikant Ujjain]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Amardeep
|-
!56
|[[Kondli Assembly constituency|Kondli]] (SC)
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Kuldeep Kumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Priyanka Gautam
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Akshay Kumar
|-
!57
|[[Patparganj Assembly constituency|Patparganj]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|Avadh Ojha
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Ravinder Singh Negi]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Anil Chaudhary (politician)|Anil Chaudhary]]
|-
!58
|[[Laxmi Nagar Assembly constituency|Laxmi Nagar]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|B.B. Tyagi
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Abhay Verma (politician)|Abhay Verma]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sumit Sharma
|-
|[[Shahdara district|Shahdara]]
!59
|[[Vishwas Nagar Assembly constituency|Vishwas Nagar]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|Deepak Singla
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Om Prakash Sharma (Delhi politician)|Om Prakash Sharma]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Rajiv Chaudhary
|-
|rowspan=2|[[East Delhi district|East Delhi]]
!60
|[[Krishna Nagar Assembly constituency|Krishna Nagar]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|Vikas Bagga
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Anil Goyal|Dr. Anil Goyal]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Gurcharan Singh Raju
|-
!61
|[[Gandhi Nagar, Delhi Assembly constituency|Gandhi Nagar]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|Naveen Chaudhary
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Arvinder Singh Lovely]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Kamal Arora
|-
|rowspan=3|[[Shahdara district|Shahdara]]
!62
|[[Shahdara Assembly constituency|Shahdara]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Jitender Singh Shunty]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Sanjay Goyal]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Jagat Singh
|-
!63
|[[Seemapuri Assembly constituency|Seemapuri]] (SC)
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Veer Singh Dhingan]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Rinku Kumari
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Rajesh Lilothia]]
|-
!64
|[[Rohtas Nagar Assembly constituency|Rohtas Nagar]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Sarita Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Jitender Mahajan]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Suresh Wali Chauhan
|-
|rowspan=2|[[North East Delhi district|North East Delhi]]
!65
|[[Seelampur Assembly constituency|Seelampur]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|Chaudhary Zubair Ahmad
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Anil Gaur
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Abdul Rehman (MLA)|Abdul Rehman]]
|-
!66
|[[Ghonda Assembly constituency|Ghonda]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|Gaurav Sharma
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Ajay Mahawar]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Bheesham Sharma
|-
|[[Shahdara district|Shahdara]]
!67
|[[Babarpur Assembly constituency|Babarpur]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Gopal Rai]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Anil Vashishtha
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Mohammad Ishraque|Haji Mohd Ishraq Khan]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[North East Delhi district|North East Delhi]]
!68
|[[Gokalpur Assembly constituency|Gokalpur]] (SC)
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|[[Surendra Kumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Praveen Nimesh
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Ishwar Bagri
|-
!69
|[[Mustafabad Assembly constituency|Mustafabad]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|Adil Ahmad Khan
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Mohan Singh Bisht]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Ali Mahndi
|-
!70
|[[Karawal Nagar Assembly constituency|Karawal Nagar]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|Manoj Tyagi
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Kapil Mishra]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress }}
|P. K. Mishra
|}

== Campaigns ==
===Aam Aadmi Party===
The Aam Aadmi Party campaign was kickstarted by [[Arvind Kejriwal]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-09-21|title=Kejriwal to address event on Sunday, kick-start AAP's Delhi poll campaign|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/kejriwal-to-address-event-on-sunday-kick-start-aaps-delhi-poll-campaign/article68665455.ece|access-date=2024-09-21|website=The Hindu|language=en|archive-date=24 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124143356/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/kejriwal-to-address-event-on-sunday-kick-start-aaps-delhi-poll-campaign/article68665455.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> As part of its campaign the party announced various schemes such as the ''Mahila Samman Yojana''<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-12-13|title=Delhi govt. rolls out plan to give ₹2,100 monthly aid to women|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhi-govt-rolls-out-plan-to-give-2100-monthly-aid-to-women/article68978883.ece|access-date=2024-12-13|website=The Hindu|language=en|archive-date=18 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118063351/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhi-govt-rolls-out-plan-to-give-2100-monthly-aid-to-women/article68978883.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> that would include providing monthly financial assistance of ₹2,100 to women and the ''Pujari Granthi Samman Yojana'' that would provide financial assistance of ₹18,000 to temple [[pujari]]s and [[granthi]]s of gurudwaras.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-01-01|title=AAP starts drive to enrol temple priests, gurdwara granthis for poll scheme|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/kejriwal-visits-marghat-wale-baba-temple-launches-pujari-granthi-samman-yojana/article69046592.ece|access-date=2025-01-01|website=The Hindu|language=en|archive-date=8 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250108224038/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/kejriwal-visits-marghat-wale-baba-temple-launches-pujari-granthi-samman-yojana/article69046592.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Bharatiya Janata Party ===
The opposition BJP started its campaign with the ''Parivartan Yatra,'' highlighting the corruption of the AAP government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-02 |title=BJP to launch 'Parivartan Yatra' from December 8 to 20 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2024/Dec/02/bjp-to-launch-parivartan-yatra-from-december-8-to-20 |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=24 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124143356/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2024/Dec/02/bjp-to-launch-parivartan-yatra-from-december-8-to-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> Key issues used by the party includes controversy regarding Sheesh Mahal, [[2022 Delhi liquor policy case|liquor policy]], and [[Yamuna|Yamuna river pollution]]. Later prime minister [[Narendra Modi]] officially launched the party campaign at a rally in [[Rohini, Delhi|Rohini]], where he criticized the government on issues of water shortages, [[Air pollution in Delhi|pollution]] etc. as well as calling the government an ''"Aapda"'' (transl. Disaster).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-01-05|title='Water shortages, pollution': 'Aapda' turned every season in Delhi into emergency, PM targets AAP|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/water-shortages-pollution-aapda-turned-every-season-in-delhi-into-emergency-pm-targets-aap-12903627.html|access-date=2025-01-05|website=Moneycontrol|language=en|archive-date=8 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250108150352/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/water-shortages-pollution-aapda-turned-every-season-in-delhi-into-emergency-pm-targets-aap-12903627.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

'''Manifesto'''

The BJP's election manifesto focused on welfare, governance, and [[anti-corruption]] measures, targeting women, [[senior citizens]], and underprivileged communities. The manifesto promised to implement the Mahila Samridhi Yojana, providing ₹2,500 per month to women, along with ₹21,000 and six [[Nutrition and pregnancy|nutrition kits]] for pregnant women under the Matri Suraksha Vandana scheme.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-18 |title=BJP releases manifesto: Rs 2,500 for women, more pension for senior citizens, meals for Rs 5 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-polls-bjp-manifesto-women-lpg-cylinders-9784391/ |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=18 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118112910/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-polls-bjp-manifesto-women-lpg-cylinders-9784391/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
The BJP pledged to increase pensions for senior citizens, [[widow]]s, and [[Destitute|destitute women]], while introducing subsidies for [[Liquefied petroleum gas|LPG]] cylinders and free cylinders on [[Holi]] and [[Diwali]]. Additionally, it proposed establishing Atal Canteens to provide affordable meals for ₹5 in [[Slum|slum clusters]]. The manifesto also emphasized continuing all existing welfare schemes, including free electricity for households consuming up to 200 units and free [[Delhi Transport Corporation|DTC]] bus rides for women, while vowing to eradicate corruption and implement Central government schemes like [[Ayushman Bharat Yojana]] which have been blocked by the incumbent AAP government.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP Releases Manifesto For Delhi Polls, Announces Rs 21,000 For Pregnant Women |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rs-21-000-for-pregnant-women-rs-500-subsidy-on-lpg-cylinders-in-bjps-manifesto-for-delhi-polls-7494867 |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en |archive-date=18 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118022807/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rs-21-000-for-pregnant-women-rs-500-subsidy-on-lpg-cylinders-in-bjps-manifesto-for-delhi-polls-7494867 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-18 |title=Ayushman Bharat is 'biggest scam', says AAP leader Arvind Kejriwal |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/delhi-assembly/ayushman-bharat-is-biggest-scam-says-aap-leader-arvind-kejriwal/article69109951.ece |access-date=2025-01-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=18 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118074305/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/delhi-assembly/ayushman-bharat-is-biggest-scam-says-aap-leader-arvind-kejriwal/article69109951.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Indian National Congress ===
The [[Indian National Congress]] announced that it would hold a month-long ''Dillī Nyāya Yātrā'' in November ({{Translation|Delhi Justice March}}) to attack the state and central governments on issues such as pollution, inflation, unemployment, and garbage disposal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-16 |title=Congress begins Phase 2 of Delhi Nyay Yatra |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/congress-begins-phase-2-of-delhi-nyay-yatra-9672205/ |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=18 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241118010149/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/congress-begins-phase-2-of-delhi-nyay-yatra-9672205/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The yatra was launched by [[Himachal Pradesh]] [[List of chief ministers of Himachal Pradesh|chief minister]] [[Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu]] on 8 November<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/in-its-last-phase-congresss-dilli-nyay-yatra-awaits-senior-leaders-9705150/|title=In its last phase, Congress's Dilli Nyay Yatra awaits senior leaders|last=Husain|first=Saman|date=2024-12-04|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20241222074439/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/in-its-last-phase-congresss-dilli-nyay-yatra-awaits-senior-leaders-9705150/|archive-date=2024-12-22}}</ref> and was to cover all seventy assembly constituencies in four phases.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-28 |title=Congress to launch 'Delhi Nyay Yatra' on November 8, cover 70 seats in 4 phases |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/congress-to-launch-delhi-nyay-yatra-on-november-8-cover-70-seats-in-4-phases/article68806907.ece |access-date=2024-11-24 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=24 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124143355/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/congress-to-launch-delhi-nyay-yatra-on-november-8-cover-70-seats-in-4-phases/article68806907.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The first phase of the yatra was launched in [[Raj Ghat and associated memorials|Rajghat]] on 8 November 2024 and ended in [[Shalimar Bagh (Delhi)|Shalimar Bagh]] on 13 November, covering 15 assembly constituencies.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=PTI |date=2024-11-13 |title=Nyay Yatra received overwhelming response from people in phase 1: Delhi Congress chief |url=https://theprint.in/india/nyay-yatra-received-overwhelming-response-from-people-in-phase-1-delhi-congress-chief/2355322/ |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |archive-date=1 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201185851/https://theprint.in/india/nyay-yatra-received-overwhelming-response-from-people-in-phase-1-delhi-congress-chief/2355322/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The second phase of the yatra started from Gokulpuri in [[North East Delhi district|North East Delhi]] on 16 November until 20 November, covering 16 assembly constituencies. In the second phase, party chief Yadav highlighted sanitation, problems faced by daily wagers and hawkers as the main issues plaguing Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-15 |title=Dilli Nyay Yatra: Sanitation, problems faced by daily wagers & hawkers main issues plaguing Delhi, says Congress |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/dilli-nyay-yatra-sanitation-problems-faced-by-daily-wagers-hawkers-main-issues-plaguing-delhi-says-congress-9670516/ |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The third phase started from Valmiki Mandir at [[Palam|Palam village]] on 22 November.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Third phase of Delhi Nyay Yatra kicks off from Palam |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2024/11/22/des87-dl-cong-yatra.html |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=The Week |language=en |archive-date=1 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201174831/https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2024/11/22/des87-dl-cong-yatra.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The party accused the [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]] state government of failing to resolve basic problems, such as supply of dirty water, increased electricity bills, long wait for ration cards and pension for beneficiaries in the 10 last years.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-22 |title=Delhi Congress chief targets AAP govt, BJP at 'Nyay Yatra' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-congress-launches-nyay-yatra-to-criticize-aap-and-bjp-governance/articleshow/115575959.cms |access-date=2024-11-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123054736/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-congress-launches-nyay-yatra-to-criticize-aap-and-bjp-governance/articleshow/115575959.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The march concluded on 7 December 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/congress-delhi-nyay-yatra-concludes-central-leadership-stays-away/2393050/|title=Congress' Delhi Nyay Yatra concludes, central leadership stays away|date=2024-12-07|access-date=2024-12-22|website=ThePrint}}</ref>

[[Delhi Pradesh Congress Committee|Delhi PCC]] chief [[Devender Yadav]] criticised Kejriwal for promising ₹2,100 per month to Delhi women, saying that the AAP had failed to fulfil its promise of giving ₹1,000 per month to women in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1254451|title=Kejriwal did not fulfill promise of giving Rs 2,100 to every Delhi women: State Congress chief|date=2024-12-18|access-date=2024-12-22|website=daijiworld.com|archive-date=22 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122014454/https://daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1254451|url-status=live}}</ref>

'''Manifesto'''

The Congress party announced that it would provide universal health insurance to all Delhi residents covering costs up to ₹25 lakhs, akin to the [[Rajasthan Right to Health Care Act 2022|Right to Health Act]] it passed in Rajasthan during its rule in the state.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/elections/delhi-elections/delhi-elections-2025-congress-health-insurance-jeevan-raksha-yojana-125010800625_1.html|title=Delhi Cong promises Rs 25 lakh health cover with 'Jeevan Raksha Yojana' for Delhi|date=2025-01-08|access-date=2024-01-09|website=[[Business Standard]]|archive-date=22 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122175742/https://www.business-standard.com/elections/delhi-elections/delhi-elections-2025-congress-health-insurance-jeevan-raksha-yojana-125010800625_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/delhi-cong-promises-universal-insurance-cover-up-to-25-lakh/articleshow/117059421.cms?from=mdr|title=Delhi Cong promises universal insurance cover up to ₹25 lakh|date=2025-01-08|access-date=2024-01-09|website=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref>

On January 6, [[Karnataka]] Deputy Chief Minister [[D. K. Shivakumar]] announced the Pyari Didi Yojna, a proposed scheme that would provide financial assistance of ₹2,500 per month to women in Delhi, should the Congress party come to power. He highlighted that this initiative would be modeled after the Gruha Lakshmi scheme implemented by the Congress government in Karnataka, which he said benefited 1.22 crore women in the state. He further claimed that all guarantees made by the Congress in Karnataka were met within three months of taking office.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2025/01/06/delhi-polls-karnataka-deputy-cm-dks-announces-pyari-didi-yojana-here-s-what-women-voters-need-to-know.html|title=Delhi polls: Karnataka Deputy CM DKS announces Pyari Didi Yojana, here's what women voters need to know|date=2025-01-06|access-date=2025-01-09|website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/pyari-didi-yojana-now-congress-woos-women-with-2500/month/articleshow/117003134.cms|title=Pyari Didi Yojana: Now, Congress woos women with 2,500/month|date=2024-01-07|access-date=2024-01-09|website=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=9 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250109212405/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/pyari-didi-yojana-now-congress-woos-women-with-2500/month/articleshow/117003134.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Voting==
===Voting turnout by district===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! District
! Turnout
|-
![[North Delhi district|North Delhi]]
|59.61{{decrease}}
|-
![[North West Delhi district|North West Delhi]]
|60.71{{decrease}}
|-
![[North East Delhi district|North East Delhi]]
|66.25{{decrease}}
|-
![[West Delhi district|West Delhi]]
|60.98{{decrease}}
|-
![[Central Delhi district|Central Delhi]]
|59.12{{decrease}}
|-
![[East Delhi district|East Delhi]]
|62.49{{decrease}}
|-
![[South Delhi district|South Delhi]]
|58.20{{decrease}}
|-
![[South West Delhi district|South West Delhi]]
|61.33{{decrease}}
|-
![[South East Delhi district|South East Delhi]]
|56.40{{decrease}}
|-
![[New Delhi district|New Delhi]]
|57.23{{increase}}
|-
![[Shahdara district|Shahdara]]
|63.99{{decrease}}
|-
!Total
!60.54{{decrease}}
|}

===Voting turnout by constituency===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! District
! colspan="2" |Constituency
! Turnout
|-
|[[North Delhi district|North Delhi]]
!1
|[[Narela, Delhi Assembly constituency|Narela]]
|61.84
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Central Delhi district|Central Delhi]]
!2
|[[Burari Assembly constituency|Burari]]
|59.48
|-
!3
|[[Timarpur Assembly constituency|Timarpur]]
|55.90
|-
|rowspan=2|[[North Delhi district|North Delhi]]
!4
|[[Adarsh Nagar, Delhi Assembly constituency|Adarsh Nagar]]
|56.55
|-
!5
|[[Badli, Delhi Assembly constituency|Badli]]
|62.53
|-
|[[North West Delhi district|North West Delhi]]
!6
|[[Rithala Assembly constituency|Rithala]]
|57.88
|-
||[[North Delhi district|North Delhi]]
!7
|[[Bawana Assembly constituency|Bawana]] (SC)
|59.42
|-
|rowspan=3|[[North West Delhi district|North West Delhi]]
!8
|[[Mundka Assembly constituency|Mundka]]
|60.30
|-
!9
|[[Kirari Assembly constituency|Kirari]]
|62.39
|-
!10
|[[Sultan Pur Majra Assembly constituency|Sultanpur Majra]] (SC)
|60.25
|-
|[[West Delhi district|West Delhi]]
!11
|[[Nangloi Jat Assembly constituency|Nangloi Jat]]
|59.02
|-
|[[North West Delhi district|North West Delhi]]
!12
|[[Mangolpuri Assembly constituency|Mangolpuri]] (SC)
|64.81
|-
|[[North Delhi district|North Delhi]]
!13
|[[Rohini Assembly constituency|Rohini]]
|62.15
|-
|[[North West Delhi district|North West Delhi]]
!14
| [[Shalimar Bagh Assembly constituency|Shalimar Bagh]]
|58.28
|-
|[[North Delhi district|North Delhi]]
!15
| [[Shakur Basti Assembly constituency|Shakur Basti]]
|63.56
|-
|[[North West Delhi district|North West Delhi]]
!16
| [[Tri Nagar Assembly constituency|Tri Nagar]]
|62.21
|-
|rowspan="2" | [[North Delhi district|North Delhi]]
!17
| [[Wazirpur Assembly constituency|Wazirpur]]
|55.65
|-
!18
| [[Model Town Assembly constituency|Model Town]]
|53.40
|-
|rowspan=5|[[Central Delhi district|Central Delhi]]
!19
| [[Sadar Bazar Assembly constituency|Sadar Bazar]]
|60.40
|-
!20
| [[Chandni Chowk Assembly constituency|Chandni Chowk]]
|55.96
|-
!21
| [[Matia Mahal Assembly constituency|Matia Mahal]]
|65.10
|-
!22
| [[Ballimaran Assembly constituency|Ballimaran]]
|63.87
|-
!23
| [[Karol Bagh Assembly constituency|Karol Bagh]] (SC)
|54.55
|-
|[[New Delhi district|New Delhi]]
!24
| [[Patel Nagar Assembly constituency|Patel Nagar]] (SC)
|58.30
|-
|rowspan=6|[[West Delhi district|West Delhi]]
!25
| [[Moti Nagar Assembly constituency|Moti Nagar]]
|58.77
|-
!26
|[[Madipur Assembly constituency|Madipur]] (SC)
|63.00
|-
!27
|[[Rajouri Garden Assembly constituency|Rajouri Garden]]
|63.00
|-
!28
| [[Hari Nagar Assembly constituency|Hari Nagar]]
|60.74
|-
!29
| [[Tilak Nagar Assembly constituency|Tilak Nagar]]
|60.05
|-
!30
| [[Janakpuri Assembly constituency|Janakpuri]]
|61.50
|-
|rowspan=7|[[South West Delhi district|South West Delhi]]
!31
| [[Vikaspuri Assembly constituency|Vikaspuri]]
|58.50
|-
!32
| [[Uttam Nagar Assembly constituency|Uttam Nagar]]
|61.50
|-
!33
| [[Dwarka, Delhi Assembly constituency|Dwarka]]
|61.96
|-
!34
| [[Matiala Assembly constituency|Matiala]]
|60.37
|-
!35
| [[Najafgarh Assembly constituency|Najafgarh]]
|64.13
|-
!36
| [[Bijwasan Assembly constituency|Bijwasan]]
|61.13
|-
!37
|[[Palam Assembly constituency|Palam]]
|62.41
|-
|rowspan=3|[[New Delhi district|New Delhi]]
!38
|[[Delhi Cantonment Assembly constituency|Delhi Cantonment]]
|59.30
|-
!39
|[[Rajinder Nagar Assembly constituency|Rajinder Nagar]]
|61.25
|-
!40
|[[New Delhi Assembly constituency|New Delhi]]
|56.41
|-
|rowspan=2|[[South East Delhi district|South East Delhi]]
!41
|[[Jangpura Assembly constituency|Jangpura]]
|57.42
|-
!42
|[[Kasturba Nagar Assembly constituency|Kasturba Nagar]]
|54.10
|-
|[[South Delhi district|South Delhi]]
!43
|[[Malviya Nagar, Delhi Assembly constituency|Malviya Nagar]]
|53.04
|-
|[[New Delhi district|New Delhi]]
!44
|[[R. K. Puram Assembly constituency|R. K. Puram]]
|54.01
|-
|rowspan=4|[[South Delhi district|South Delhi]]
!45
|[[Mehrauli Assembly constituency|Mehrauli]]
|53.04
|-
!46
|[[Chhatarpur, Delhi Assembly constituency|Chhatarpur]]
|62.70
|-
!47
|[[Deoli, Delhi Assembly constituency|Deoli]] (SC)
|59.57
|-
!48
|[[Ambedkar Nagar Assembly constituency|Ambedkar Nagar]] (SC)
|59.47
|-
|[[South East Delhi district|South East Delhi]]
!49
|[[Sangam Vihar Assembly constituency|Sangam Vihar]]
|60.80
|-
|[[New Delhi district|New Delhi]]
!50
|[[Greater Kailash Assembly constituency|Greater Kailash]]
|54.50
|-
|rowspan=4|[[South East Delhi district|South East Delhi]]
!51
|[[Kalkaji Assembly constituency|Kalkaji]]
|54.59
|-
!52
|[[Tughlakabad Assembly constituency|Tughlakabad]]
|55.80
|-
!53
|[[Badarpur, Delhi Assembly constituency|Badarpur]]
|56.93
|-
!54
|[[Okhla Assembly constituency|Okhla]]
|54.90
|-
|rowspan=4|[[East Delhi district|East Delhi]]
!55
|[[Trilokpuri Assembly constituency|Trilokpuri]] (SC)
|65.29
|-
!56
|[[Kondli Assembly constituency|Kondli]] (SC)
|62.90
|-
!57
|[[Patparganj Assembly constituency|Patparganj]]
|60.70
|-
!58
|[[Laxmi Nagar Assembly constituency|Laxmi Nagar]]
|60.50
|-
|[[Shahdara district|Shahdara]]
!59
|[[Vishwas Nagar Assembly constituency|Vishwas Nagar]]
|60.50
|-
|rowspan=2|[[East Delhi district|East Delhi]]
!60
|[[Krishna Nagar Assembly constituency|Krishna Nagar]]
|64.00
|-
!61
|[[Gandhi Nagar, Delhi Assembly constituency|Gandhi Nagar]]
|61.01
|-
|rowspan=3|[[Shahdara district|Shahdara]]
!62
|[[Shahdara Assembly constituency|Shahdara]]
|62.58
|-
!63
|[[Seemapuri Assembly constituency|Seemapuri]] (SC)
|65.27
|-
!64
|[[Rohtas Nagar Assembly constituency|Rohtas Nagar]]
|65.10
|-
|rowspan=2|[[North East Delhi district|North East Delhi]]
!65
|[[Seelampur Assembly constituency|Seelampur]]
|68.70
|-
!66
|[[Ghonda Assembly constituency|Ghonda]]
|61.03
|-
|[[Shahdara district|Shahdara]]
!67
|[[Babarpur Assembly constituency|Babarpur]]
|65.99
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[North East Delhi district|North East Delhi]]
!68
|[[Gokalpur Assembly constituency|Gokalpur]] (SC)
|68.29
|-
!69
|[[Mustafabad Assembly constituency|Mustafabad]]
|69.00
|-
!70
|[[Karawal Nagar Assembly constituency|Karawal Nagar]]
|64.44
|-
!colspan="3"|Total
!60.54
|}

==Surveys and polls==
===Exit Polls===
Source<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-05 |title=BJP comeback in Delhi after 27 years, predict exit polls, big setback for AAP |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/delhi-assembly-elections-exit-polls-matrize-cvoter-peoples-pulse-pmark-bjp-win-prediction-aap-congress-arvind-kejriwal-narendra-2675346-2025-02-05 |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=5 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250205141445/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/delhi-assembly-elections-exit-polls-matrize-cvoter-peoples-pulse-pmark-bjp-win-prediction-aap-congress-arvind-kejriwal-narendra-2675346-2025-02-05 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/delhi-assembly/delhi-assembly-polls-bjp-edge-over-aap-in-exit-polls-no-gain-for-congress/article69184313.ece | title=Delhi exit polls give BJP edge over AAP, no gain for Congress | work=The Hindu | date=5 February 2025 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" |Polling Agency
| bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| style="background:gray;" |
| style="background:gray;" |
|-
! width="70" |[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
! width="70" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|NDA]]
! width="70" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! width="70" rowspan="1" | Others
!Lead
|-
|Matrize
|32-37
|35-40
|0-1
|0-0
| style="background:gray" |'''HUNG'''
|-
| P-Marq
| 21–31
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''39-49'''
| 0–1
| 0-0
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''8-28'''
|-
|People's Insight
|15
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''54'''
|1
|0
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''39'''
|-
| People's Pulse - Codemo
|10-19
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |''' 51-60'''
|0-0
|0-0
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''32-50'''
|-
|Poll Diary
|18-25
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''42-50'''
|0-2
|0-0
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''17-32'''
|-
|Chanakya Strategies
|25-28
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''39-44'''
|2-3
|0-1
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''11-19'''
|-
|DV Research
|26-34
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''36-44'''
|0-0
|0-0
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''2-18'''
|-
|JVC
|22-31
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''39-45'''
|0-2
|0-0
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''8-23'''
|-
|Mind Brink
|style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''44-49'''
|21-25
|0-1
|0-0
|style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''19-28'''
|-
|[[Weepreside]]
|style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''46-52'''
|18-23
|0-1
|0-0
|style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''23-34'''
|-
|SAS Group
|27-30
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''38-41'''
|1-3
|0-0
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''8-14'''
|-
|Superbo-Poll
|style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''38-43'''
|20-25
|7-12
|0-0
|style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |'''13-23'''
|-
|Axis My India
|15-25
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''45-55'''
|0-1
|0-0
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''20-40'''
|-
|CNX
|10-19
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''49-61'''
|0-1
|0-0
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''30-51'''
|-
|Today's Chanakya
| 13–25
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''45-57'''
| 0–1
| 0–3
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''20-44'''
|-
!Average
! 26–33
! style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''37-43'''
! 0–1
! 0-0
! style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''4-17'''
|-
!Actual Result
!22
!style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''48'''
!0
!0
!style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''26'''
|}

==Results==
===Results by alliance or party===
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Vote share by party
| other =
| label1 = National Democratic Alliance
| value1 = 47.15
| color1 = #FF9933
| label2 = Aam Aadmi Party
| value2 = 43.57
| color2 = #0072B0
| label3 = Indian National Congress
| value3 = 6.34
| color3 = #19AAED
| label4 = Others
| value4 = 2.37
| color4 = Grey
| label5 = NOTA
| value5 = 0.57
| color5 = black
}}
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Seat share by party
| label1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| value1 = 68.57
| color1 = #FF9933
| label2 = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| value2 = 31.43
| color2 = #0072B0
}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" align="center" style="text-align:center; style="font-size:85%;margin:auto"
!colspan="4" rowspan="2"|Alliance/ Party
!colspan="3"|Popular vote
! colspan="3" |Seats
|-
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
!Contested
!Won
!'''+/−'''
|-
|rowspan="4" {{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
!rowspan="4" |[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{formatnum:4323110}}
|45.56
|{{up}}7.05
|68
|48
|{{increase}} 40
|-
|{{Party color cell|Janata Dal (United)}}
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|{{formatnum:100580}}
|1.06
|{{up}}0.15
|1
|0
|{{nochange}}
|-
|-
|{{Party color cell|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
|[[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)]]
|{{formatnum:50209}}
|0.53
|{{up}}0.18
|1
|0
|{{nochange}}
|-
|colspan="2" style="color:black;background:#fef3e8"|Total
|style="color:black;background:#fef3e8"|4,473,899
|style="color:black;background:#fef3e8"|47.15
|style="color:black;background:#fef3e8"|{{up}}8.64
|style="color:black;background:#fef3e8"|70
|style="color:black;background:#fef3e8"|48
|style="color:black;background:#fef3e8"|{{increase}}40
|-
|{{Party color cell|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|colspan="3"|[[Aam Aadmi Party]]
|{{formatnum:4133898}}
|43.57
|{{down}}10.00
|70
|22
|{{decrease}}40
|-
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|colspan="3"|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{formatnum:601922}}
|6.34
|{{up}}2.08
|70
|0
|{{nochange}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|Others}}
|colspan="3"|[[#Others|Other parties]] and Independents
|{{formatnum:224825}}
|2.37
|{{up}}0.48
|70
|0
|{{nochange}}
|-
|style="background:Black; color:White"|
|colspan="3"|[[None of the above (India)|NOTA]]
|{{formatnum:53738}}
|0.57
|{{up}}0.11
!{{nochange}}
!{{nochange}}
!{{nochange}}
|-
!colspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |Total
! style="text-align:center;" |{{formatnum:9488282}}
! style="text-align:center;" |100
! style="text-align:center;" |{{nochange}}
! style="text-align:center;" |699
! style="text-align:center;" |70
! style="text-align:center;" |{{nochange}}
|}

===Results by district===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2"|District
! rowspan="2"|Seats
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |
|
|
|-
![[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
![[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
!INC
!Others
|-
![[North Delhi district|North Delhi]]
!8
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|8
|0
|0
|0
|-
![[North West Delhi district|North West Delhi]]
!7
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|5
|2
|0
|0
|-
![[North East Delhi district|North East Delhi]]
!5
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|3
|2
|0
|0
|-
![[West Delhi district|West Delhi]]
!7
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|6
|1
|0
|0
|-
![[Central Delhi district|Central Delhi]]
!7
|1
|style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}} ; color:white;"|6
|0
|0
|-
![[East Delhi district|East Delhi]]
!6
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|5
|1
|0
|0
|-
![[South Delhi district|South Delhi]]
!5
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|3
|2
|0
|0
|-
![[South West Delhi district|South West Delhi]]
!7
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|7
|0
|0
|0
|-
![[South East Delhi district|South East Delhi]]
!7
|3
|style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}} ; color:white;"|4
|0
|0
|-
![[New Delhi district|New Delhi]]
!6
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|4
|2
|0
|0
|-
![[Shahdara district|Shahdara]]
!5
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|3
|2
|0
|0
|-
!Total
!70
!style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|48
!22
!0
!0
|}

===Results by constituency===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;font-size:94%;"
! rowspan="2" |District
! colspan="2" |Constituency
! colspan="5" |Winner<ref name="Delhi Assembly Election Results 2025: Full list of winners constituency wise">{{cite news |title=Delhi Assembly Election Results 2025: Full list of winners constituency wise |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-elections-results-full-list-of-leading-candidates-and-parties-in-delhi-assembly-polls-2025-9822822/ |access-date=8 February 2025 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250208162724/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-elections-results-full-list-of-winner-candidates-and-parties-in-delhi-assembly-polls-2025-9822822/ |archive-date=8 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
! colspan="5" |Runner-up
! colspan="2" |Margin
|-
! #
! Name
! Candidate
!colspan="2"|Party
! data-sort-type=number|Votes
! %
! Candidates
!colspan="2"|Party
!data-sort-type=number|Votes
!%
!data-sort-type=number|Votes
!%
|-
|rowspan="1" | [[North Delhi district|North Delhi]]
|1
|[[Narela, Delhi Assembly constituency|Narela]]
|[[Raj Karan Khatri]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|87,215
|49.91
|[[Sharad Chauhan]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|78,619
|44.99
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |8,596
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |4.92
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Central Delhi district|Central Delhi]]
|2
| [[Burari Assembly constituency|Burari]]
|[[Sanjeev Jha]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|121,181
|47.57
|Shailendra Kumar
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|100,580
|39.48
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}} ; color:white;" |20,601
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}} ; color:white;" |8.09
|-
|3
| [[Timarpur Assembly constituency|Timarpur]]
| [[Surya Prakash Khatri]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|55,941
|46.03
|Surinder Pal Singh
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|54,773
|45.07
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |1,168
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |0.96
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[North Delhi district|North Delhi]]
|4
| [[Adarsh Nagar, Delhi Assembly constituency|Adarsh Nagar]]
| [[Raj Kumar Bhatia]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|52,510
|52.27
|Mukesh Kumar Goel
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|41,028
|40.84
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |11,482
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |11.43
|-
|5
| [[Badli, Delhi Assembly constituency|Badli]]
| [[Aahir Deepak Chaudharyy|Ahir Deepak Chaudhary]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|61,192
|40.56
|[[Ajesh Yadav]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|46,029
|30.51
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |15,163
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |10.05
|-
|rowspan="1" | [[North West Delhi district|North West Delhi]]
|6
| [[Rithala Assembly constituency|Rithala]]
|[[Kulwant Rana]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 104,371
| 55.76
| [[Mohinder Goyal]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| 74,755
| 39.94
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |29,616
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |15.82
|-
|rowspan="1" | [[North Delhi district|North Delhi]]
|7
| [[Bawana Assembly constituency|Bawana]] (SC)
| [[Ravinder Indraj Singh]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|119,515
|51.99
|[[Jai Bhagwan (politician)|Jai Bhagwan]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|88,040
|38.30
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |31,475
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |13.69
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[North West Delhi district|North West Delhi]]
|8
| [[Mundka Assembly constituency|Mundka]]
| [[Gajender Drall]]
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|89,839
|47.07
|Jasbir Karala
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|79,289
|41.54
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |10,550
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |5.53
|-
|9
|[[Kirari Assembly constituency|Kirari]]
| [[Anil Jha Vats]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|105,780
|52.26
|Bajrang Shukla
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|83,909
|41.45
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}} ; color:white;" |21,871
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}} ; color:white;" |10.81
|-
|10
|[[Sultan Pur Majra Assembly constituency|Sultanpur Majra]] (SC)
|[[Mukesh Kumar Ahlawat]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|58,767
|52.09
|Karam Singh Karma
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|41,641
|36.91
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}} ; color:white;" |17,126
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}} ; color:white;" |15.18
|-
|rowspan="1" | [[West Delhi district|West Delhi]]
|11
|[[Nangloi Jat Assembly constituency|Nangloi Jat]]
|[[Manoj Kumar Shokeen]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|75,272
|47.25
|[[Raghuvinder Shokeen]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|49,021
|30.77
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |26,251
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |16.48
|-
|rowspan="1" | [[North West Delhi district|North West Delhi]]
|12
|[[Mangolpuri Assembly constituency|Mangolpuri]] (SC)
| [[Raj Kumar Chauhan]]
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|62,007
|50.23
|Rakesh Jatav
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|55,752
|45.16
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |6,255
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |5.07
|-
|rowspan="1" | [[North Delhi district|North Delhi]]
|13
|[[Rohini Assembly constituency|Rohini]]
|[[Vijendra Gupta]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|70,365
|65.01
|Pardeep Mittal
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|32,549
|30.07
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |37,816
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |34.94
|-
|rowspan="1" | [[North West Delhi district|North West Delhi]]
|14
| [[Shalimar Bagh Assembly constituency|Shalimar Bagh]]
|[[Rekha Gupta]]
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|68,200
|59.95
|Bandana Kumari
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|38,605
|33.93
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |29,595
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |26.02
|-
|rowspan="1" | [[North Delhi district|North Delhi]]
|15
| [[Shakur Basti Assembly constituency|Shakur Basti]]
| [[Karnail Singh (politician)|Karnail Singh]]
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|56,869
|57.07
|[[Satyendra Jain]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|35,871
|36.00
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |20,998
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |21.07
|-
|rowspan="1" | [[North West Delhi district|North West Delhi]]
|16
| [[Tri Nagar Assembly constituency|Tri Nagar]]
|[[Tilak Ram Gupta]]
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|59,073
|53.36
|[[Preeti Tomar]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|43,177
|39.00
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |15,896
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |14.36
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[North Delhi district|North Delhi]]
|17
| [[Wazirpur Assembly constituency|Wazirpur]]
|[[Poonam Sharma]]
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|54,721
|51.24
|[[Rajesh Gupta]]
|{{party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|43,296
|40.54
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |11,425
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |10.70
|-
|18
| [[Model Town Assembly constituency|Model Town]]
|[[Ashok Goel (politician)|Ashok Goel]]
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|52,108
|54.10
|[[Akhilesh Pati Tripathi]]
|{{party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|38,693
|40.17
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |13,415
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |13.93
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Central Delhi district|Central Delhi]]
|19
| [[Sadar Bazar Assembly constituency|Sadar Bazar]]
| [[Som Dutt]]
|{{party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|56,177
|47.45
|Manoj Kumar Jindal
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|49,870
|42.12
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}} ; color:white;" |6,307
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}} ; color:white;" |5.33
|-
|20
| [[Chandni Chowk Assembly constituency|Chandni Chowk]]
|[[Punardeep Sawhney|Punardeep Singh Sawhney]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|38,993
|54.79
|Satish Jain
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|22,421
|31.50
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}} ; color:white;" |16,572
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}} ; color:white;" |23.29
|-
|21
| [[Matia Mahal Assembly constituency|Matia Mahal]]
|[[Aaley Mohammad Iqbal]]
|{{party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|58,120
|68.80
|Deepti Indora
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|15,396
|18.23
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}} ; color:white;" |42,724
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}} ; color:white;" |50.57
|-
|22
| [[Ballimaran Assembly constituency|Ballimaran]]
| [[Imran Hussain (Indian politician)|Imran Hussain]]
|{{party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|57,004
|58.00
|Kamal Bagri
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|27,181
|27.66
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}} ; color:white;" |29,823
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}} ; color:white;" |30.34
|-
|23
| [[Karol Bagh Assembly constituency|Karol Bagh]] (SC)
| [[Vishesh Ravi]]
|{{party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|52,297
|50.88
|[[Dushyant Kumar Gautam]]
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|44,867
|43.65
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}} ; color:white;" |7,430
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}} ; color:white;" |7.23
|-
|rowspan="1" | [[New Delhi district|New Delhi]]
|24
| [[Patel Nagar Assembly constituency|Patel Nagar]] (SC)
| [[Pravesh Ratn]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|57,512
|49.00
|[[Raaj Kumar Anand]]
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|53,463
|45.55
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}} ; color:white;" |4,049
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}} ; color:white;" |3.45
|-
| rowspan="6" | [[West Delhi district|West Delhi]]
|25
| [[Moti Nagar Assembly constituency|Moti Nagar]]
| [[Harish Khurana]]
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|57,565
|52.64
|[[Shiv Charan Goel]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|45,908
|41.98
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |11,657
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |10.66
|-
|26
|[[Madipur Assembly constituency|Madipur]] (SC)
| [[Kailash Gangwal]]
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|52,019
|46.08
|[[Rakhi Birla]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|41,120
|36.42
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |10,899
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |9.66
|-
|27
| [[Rajouri Garden Assembly constituency|Rajouri Garden]]
|[[Manjinder Singh Sirsa]]
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|64,132
|55.86
|A. Dhanwati Chandela
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|45,942
|40.02
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |18,190
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |15.84
|-
|28
| [[Hari Nagar Assembly constituency|Hari Nagar]]
|[[Shyam Sharma (politician)|Shyam Sharma]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|50,179
|48.70
| Surinder Setia
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|43,547
|42.26
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |6,632
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |6.44
|-
|29
| [[Tilak Nagar Assembly constituency|Tilak Nagar]]
| [[Jarnail Singh (politician, born 1981)|Jarnail Singh]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|52,134
|54.02
|Shveta Saini
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|40,478
|41.94
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}} ; color:white;" |11,656
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}} ; color:white;" |12.08
|-
|30
| [[Janakpuri Assembly constituency|Janakpuri]]
| [[Ashish Sood]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|68,986
|55.27
|[[Praveen Kumar (Delhi politician)|Praveen Kumar]]
|{{party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|50,220
|40.23
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |18,766
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |15.04
|-
| rowspan="7" | [[South West Delhi district|South West Delhi]]
|31
| [[Vikaspuri Assembly constituency|Vikaspuri]]
| [[Pankaj Kumar Singh (politician)|Pankaj Kumar Singh]]
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|135,564
|49.54
|[[Mahinder Yadav]]
|{{party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|122,688
|44.83
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |12,876
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |4.71
|-
|32
| [[Uttam Nagar Assembly constituency|Uttam Nagar]]
| [[Pawan Sharma]]
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|103,613
|52.84
|Posh Balyan
|{{party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|73,873
|37.67
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |29,740
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |15.17
|-
|33
| [[Dwarka, Delhi Assembly constituency|Dwarka]]
| [[Parduymn Rajput]]
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|69,137
|49.56
|[[Vinay Mishra]]
|{{party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|61,308
|43.95
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |7,829
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |5.61
|-
|34
| [[Matiala Assembly constituency|Matiala]]
| [[Sandeep Sehrawat]]
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|146,295
|52.46
|Sumesh Shokeen
|{{party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|117,572
|42.16
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |28,723
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |10.30
|-
|35
| [[Najafgarh Assembly constituency|Najafgarh]]
| [[Neelam Pahalwan]]
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|101,708
|56.40
|Tarun Kumar
|{{party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|72,699
|40.31
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |29,009
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |16.09
|-
|36
| [[Bijwasan Assembly constituency|Bijwasan]]
| [[Kailash Gahlot]]
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|64,951
|49.77
|Surender Bharadwaj
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|53,675
|41.13
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |11,276
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |8.64
|-
|37
|[[Palam Assembly constituency|Palam]]
|[[Kuldeep Solanki]]
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|82,046
|50.45
|Joginder Solanki
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|73,094
|44.95
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |8,952
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |5.50
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[New Delhi district|New Delhi]]
|38
|[[Delhi Cantonment Assembly constituency|Delhi Cantonment]]
|[[Virender Singh Kadian]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|22,191
|46.76
|Bhuvan Tanwar
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|20,162
|42.48
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}} ; color:white;" |2,029
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}} ; color:white;" |4.28
|-
|39
|[[Rajinder Nagar Assembly constituency|Rajinder Nagar]]
|[[Umang Bajaj]]
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|46,671
|48.01
|[[Durgesh Pathak]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|45,440
|46.74
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |1,231
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |1.27
|-
|40
|[[New Delhi Assembly constituency|New Delhi]]
|[[Parvesh Verma]]
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|30,088
|48.82
|[[Arvind Kejriwal]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|25,999
|42.20
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |4,199
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |6.64
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[South East Delhi district|South East Delhi]]
|41
|[[Jangpura Assembly constituency|Jangpura]]
|[[Tarvinder Singh Marwah]]
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|38,859
|45.44
|[[Manish Sisodia]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|38,184
|44.65
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |675
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |0.79
|-
|42
|[[Kasturba Nagar Assembly constituency|Kasturba Nagar]]
|[[Neeraj Basoya]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|38,067
|45.06
|Abhishek Dutt
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|27,019
|31.98
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |11,048
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |13.08
|-
|rowspan="1" | [[South Delhi district|South Delhi]]
|43
|[[Malviya Nagar, Delhi Assembly constituency|Malviya Nagar]]
| [[Satish Upadhyay]]
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|39,564
|46.53
|[[Somnath Bharti]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|37,433
|44.02
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |2,131
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |2.51
|-
|rowspan="1" | [[New Delhi district|New Delhi]]
|44
|[[R. K. Puram Assembly constituency|R. K. Puram]]
| [[Anil Kumar Sharma (Delhi politician)|Anil Kumar Sharma]]
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|43,260
|56.55
|[[Parmila Tokas]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|28,807
|37.65
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |14,453
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |18.90
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[South Delhi district|South Delhi]]
|45
|[[Mehrauli Assembly constituency|Mehrauli]]
| [[Gajender Yadav|Gajender Singh Yadav]]
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|48,349
|41.67
|Mahender Chaudhary
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|46,567
|40.13
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |1,782
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |1.54
|-
|46
|[[Chhatarpur, Delhi Assembly constituency|Chhatarpur]]
| [[Kartar Singh Tanwar]]
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|80,469
|48.98
|[[Brahm Singh Tanwar]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|74,230
|45.18
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |6,239
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |3.80
|-
|47
|[[Deoli, Delhi Assembly constituency|Deoli]] (SC)
| [[Prem Chauhan]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|86,889
|55.09
|Deepak Tanwar
|{{party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}}
|50,209
|31.83
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}} ; color:white;" |36,680
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}} ; color:white;" |13.26
|-
|48
|[[Ambedkar Nagar Assembly constituency|Ambedkar Nagar]] (SC)
| [[Ajay Dutt]]
|{{party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|46,285
|47.62
|Khushi Ram Chunar
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|46,055
|43.27
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}} ; color:white;" |4,230
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}} ; color:white;" |4.35
|-
|rowspan="1" | [[South East Delhi district|South East Delhi]]
|49
|[[Sangam Vihar Assembly constituency|Sangam Vihar]]
|[[Chandan Kumar Choudhary]]
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|54,049
|42.99
|[[Dinesh Mohaniya]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|53,705
|42.72
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |344
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |0.27
|-
|rowspan="1" | [[New Delhi district|New Delhi]]
|50
|[[Greater Kailash Assembly constituency|Greater Kailash]]
|[[Shikha Roy]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|49,594
|47.74
| [[Saurabh Bharadwaj]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|46,406
|44.67
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |3,188
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |3.07
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[South East Delhi district|South East Delhi]]
|51
|[[Kalkaji Assembly constituency|Kalkaji]]
|[[Atishi Marlena]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|52,154
|48.80
|[[Ramesh Bidhuri]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|48,633
|45.50
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}} ; color:white;" |3,521
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}} ; color:white;" |3.30
|-
|52
|[[Tughlakabad Assembly constituency|Tughlakabad]]
| [[Sahi Ram]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|62,155
|54.08
|Rohtash Kumar
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|47,444
|41.28
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}} ; color:white;" |14,711
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}} ; color:white;" |12.80
|-
|53
|[[Badarpur, Delhi Assembly constituency|Badarpur]]
| [[Ram Singh Netaji]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|112,991
|54.30
| [[Narayan Dutt Sharma]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|87,103
|41.86
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}} ; color:white;" |25,888
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}} ; color:white;" |12.44
|-
|54
|[[Okhla Assembly constituency|Okhla]]
| [[Amanatullah Khan]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|88,943
|42.45
|Manish Chaudhary
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|65,304
|31.17
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}} ; color:white;" |23,639
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}} ; color:white;" |11.28
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[East Delhi district|East Delhi]]
|55
|[[Trilokpuri Assembly constituency|Trilokpuri]] (SC)
| [[Ravikant Ujjain|Ravi Kant Ujjain]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|58,217
|46.10
|Anjana Parcha
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|57,825
|45.79
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |392
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |0.31
|-
|56
|[[Kondli Assembly constituency|Kondli]] (SC)
|[[Kuldeep Kumar]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|61,792
|48.00
|Priyanka Gautam
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|55,499
|43.11
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}} ; color:white;" |6,293
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}} ; color:white;" |4.89
|-
|57
|[[Patparganj Assembly constituency|Patparganj]]
|[[Ravinder Singh Negi]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|74,060
|53.41
|[[Awadh Ojha]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|45,988
|33.17
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |28,702
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |20.24
|-
|58
|[[Laxmi Nagar Assembly constituency|Laxmi Nagar]]
|[[Abhay Verma (politician)|Abhay Verma]]
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|65,858
|52.11
|B B Tyagi
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|54,316
|42.98
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |11,542
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |9.13
|-
|rowspan="1" | [[Shahdara district|Shahdara Delhi]]
|59
|[[Vishwas Nagar Assembly constituency|Vishwas Nagar]]
|[[Om Prakash Sharma (Delhi politician)|Om Prakash Sharma]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|72,141
|57.70
|Deepak Singhal
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|46,955
|37.67
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |25,042
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |20.03
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[East Delhi district|East Delhi]]
|60
|[[Krishna Nagar Assembly constituency|Krishna Nagar]]
|[[Anil Goyal]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|75,922
|52.94
|Vikas Bagga
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|56,424
|39.35
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |19,498
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |13.59
|-
|61
|[[Gandhi Nagar, Delhi Assembly constituency|Gandhi Nagar]]
|[[Arvinder Singh Lovely]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|56,858
|53.94
| Naveen Chaudhary
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|44,110
|41.85
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |12,748
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |12.09
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Shahdara district|Shahdara Delhi]]
|62
|[[Shahdara Assembly constituency|Shahdara]]
| [[Sanjay Goyal]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|62,788
|49.63
|[[Jitender Singh Shunty]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|57,610
|45.54
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |5,178
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |4.09
|-
|63
|[[Seemapuri Assembly constituency|Seemapuri]] (SC)
| [[Veer Singh Dhingan]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|66,353
|48.45
|Rinku Kumari
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|55,985
|40.88
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}} ; color:white;" |10,368
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}} ; color:white;" |7.57
|-
|64
|[[Rohtas Nagar Assembly constituency|Rohtas Nagar]]
|[[Jitender Mahajan]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|82,896
|57.44
|[[Sarita Singh]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|54,994
|38.11
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |27,902
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |19.33
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[North East Delhi district|North East Delhi]]
|65
|[[Seelampur Assembly constituency|Seelampur]]
|[[Chaudhary Zubair Ahmad]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|79,009
|59.21
|Anil Gaur
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|36,532
|27.38
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}} ; color:white;" |42,477
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}} ; color:white;" |31.83
|-
|66
|[[Ghonda Assembly constituency|Ghonda]]
|[[Ajay Mahawar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|79,987
|56.96
|Gaurav Sharma
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|53,929
|38.41
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |26,058
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |18.55
|-
|rowspan="1" | [[Shahdara district|Shahdara Delhi]]
|67
|[[Babarpur Assembly constituency|Babarpur]]
|[[Gopal Rai]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|76,192
|53.19
|Anil Vashishtha
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|57,198
|39.93
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}} ; color:white;" |18,994
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}} ; color:white;" |13.26
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[North East Delhi district|North East Delhi]]
|68
|[[Gokalpur Assembly constituency|Gokalpur]] (SC)
|[[Surendra Kumar]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|80,504
|48.48
|Praveen Nimesh
|{{party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|72,297
|43.54
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}} ; color:white;" |8,207
| style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}} ; color:white;" |4.94
|-
|69
|[[Mustafabad Assembly constituency|Mustafabad]]
|[[Mohan Singh Bisht]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|85,215
|42.36
| [[Adil Ahmad Khan]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|67,637
|33.62
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |17,578
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |8.74
|-
|70
|[[Karawal Nagar Assembly constituency|Karawal Nagar]]
|[[Kapil Mishra]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|107,367
|53.39
| Manoj Tyagi
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|84,012
|41.78
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |23,355
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;" |11.61
|-
|}

== Aftermath ==
The BJP returned to power in [[Delhi]] after 27 years. On 20 February, [[Rekha Gupta]] took oath as the new chief minister, being the fourth BJP CM from the state.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-20 |title=Rekha Gupta takes oath as Delhi CM in presence of PM Modi, top NDA leaders |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rekha-gupta-takes-oath-as-delhi-cm-in-presence-of-pm-modi-top-nda-leaders/articleshow/118407994.cms |access-date=2025-10-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2022 Delhi Municipal Corporation election]]
* [[2025 elections in India]]
* [[Elections in Delhi]]

==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}
===References===
{{Reflist}}

{{Delhi elections}}

[[Category:2025 State Assembly elections in India|Delhi Legislative Assembly election]]
[[Category:February 2025 in India|Delhi Legislative Assembly election]]
[[Category:2020s in Delhi|Legislative Assembly election]]
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Delhi]]

Suhaagan (TV series)

2026-05-03T04:43:32Z

SadieHagelthorn: Stub - done

{{<includeonly>safesubst:</includeonly>#invoke:RfD||2=Suhaagan (TV series)|month = April
|day = 23
|year = 2026
|time = 02:11
|timestamp = 20260423021109

|content=
#REDIRECT [[Colors TV]]

}}

Dinesh Chandra Yadav (Indian politician)

2026-04-24T10:59:51Z

SadieHagelthorn: Made!

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{for|the Nepali politician|Dinesh Chandra Yadav (Nepali politician)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=April 2022}}
{{BLP one source|date=April 2022}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Dinesh Chandra Yadav
| honorific_suffix =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = File:Dinesh Chandra Yadav.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1951|07|01}}<ref name="Lok Sabha Profile">{{cite news|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=527|title=Lok Sabha|access-date=11 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101010303/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=527|archive-date=1 January 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Banma]], District. Saharsa, ([[Bihar]]).<ref name=" Lok Sabha Profile " />
| disappeared_date = 
| disappeared_place =
| disappeared_status =
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| death_place =
| death_cause =
| body_discovered =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| monuments =
| education = Diploma in Civil Engineering, I.A.<ref name=" Lok Sabha Profile " />
| alma_mater = Government Polytechnic, Saharsa & C.M. Science College, [[Madhepura]], Bihar.
| occupation = Engineer, [[Horticulturist]], [[Social Worker]] & Politician.
| years_active = June 2024
| party = [[Janata Dal]] ([[Janata Dal (United)]]).<ref name=" Lok Sabha Profile " />
| criminal_status =
| spouse = Mrs. Renu Sinha.<ref name=" Lok Sabha Profile " />
| partner =
| children =
| parents = Mr. Ramdhari Yadav (father) & Mrs. Sita Devi (mother).<ref name=" Lok Sabha Profile " />
| relatives =
| callsign =
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| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
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| footnotes =
}}

'''Dinesh Chandra Yadav''' was a member of the 15th [[Lok Sabha]] of [[India]] from [[Khagaria (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khagaria]] and 17th [[Lok Sabha]] member from [[Madhepura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madhepura]] as a member of [[JDU]].<ref name=" Lok Sabha Profile " />

==Education and background==
Yadav is an Engineer by education and holds Diploma in Civil Engineering.<ref name=" Lok Sabha Profile " />

==Posts held==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! From !! To !! Position
|-
| 01 || 1990 || 1995 || Member, [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from [[Simri Bakhtiarpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Simri Bakhtiarpur]] constituency
|-
| 02 || 1991 || 1995 || Deputy Chief Whip, Bihar Legislative Assembly
|-
| 03 || 1990 || 1992 || Member, Yachika Committee, Bihar Legislative Assembly
|-
| 04 || 1992 || 1995 || Member, Prasn and Dhyanakarshan Committee, Bihar Legislative Assembly
|-
| 05 || 1996 || 1998 || Elected to 11th Lok Sabha from [[Saharsa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Saharsa]]
|-
| 06 || 1996 || 1998 || Member, Committee on Estimates
|-
| 07 || 1996 || 1998 || Member, Committee on Communications
|-
| 08 || 1996 || 1998 || Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Railways
|-
| 09 || 1996 || 1998 || Member, Parliamentary Board, Janata Dal
|-
| 10 || 1996 || 1998 || Member, Koshi Division Transport Authority, Saharsa, Government of Bihar
|-
| 11 || 1999 || 2004 || Re-elected to 13th Lok Sabha (2nd term) from [[Saharsa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Saharsa]]
|-
| 12 || 1999 || 2001 || Member, Committee on External Affairs
|-
| 13 || 2000 || 2002 || Member, Committee on members of parliament Local Area Development Scheme
|-
| 14 || 2000 || 2002 || Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Railways
|-
| 15 || 2001 || 2002 || Member, Committee on Rural Development
|-
| 16 || 2001 || 2004 || Member, Committee on Public Undertaking
|-
| 17 || 2002 || 2004 || Member, Committee on Papers Laid on the Table
|-
| 18 || 2003 || 2004 || Member, Committee on Petroleum and Natural Gas
|-
| 19 || 2003 || 2004 || Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Surface Transport & Highways
|-
| 20 || 2005 || – || Member, Bihar Legislative Assembly (second term)
|-
| 21 || 2005 || 2009 || Member, Bihar Legislative Assembly (third term)
|-
| 22 || 2005 || 2008 || Member, Estimates Committee, Bihar Legislative Assembly
|-
| 23 || 2008 || 2009 || Minister, Industries, Government of Bihar
|-
| 24 || 2009 || 2014 || Re-elected to 15th Lok Sabha (3rd term) from [[Khagaria (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khagaria]]
|-
| 25 || 2009 || Date || Member, Committee on Home Affairs
|-
| 26 || 2009 || Date || Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Coal and Statistics & Programme Implementation
|-
| 27 || 2009 || Date || Member, Rajbhasha Committee
|-
| 28 || 2009 || Date || Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Railways
|-
| 29||2015||2019<ref name="Two more JD(U) MLAs resign from Bihar assembly after being elected as MPs">{{cite news|last1=The Times of India|title=Two more JD(U) MLAs resign from Bihar assembly after being elected as MPs|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/two-more-jdu-mlas-resign-from-bihar-assembly-after-being-elected-as-mps/articleshow/69564992.cms|accessdate=23 June 2024|date=29 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623153609/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/two-more-jdu-mlas-resign-from-bihar-assembly-after-being-elected-as-mps/articleshow/69564992.cms|archivedate=23 June 2024}}</ref>|| Member, [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] (4th term) from [[Simri Bakhtiarpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Simri Bakhtiarpur]] constituency
|-
| 30||2019|| 2024|| Re-elected to 17th Lok Sabha (4th term) from [[Madhepura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madhepura]] constituency
|-
|31
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<ref name="Lok Sabha Elections 2024 Results: Full List of winners on all 543 seats2">{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/full-list-of-winners-in-lok-sabha-elections-2024-9364542/|title=Lok Sabha Elections 2024 Results: Full List of winners on all 543 seats|last1=The Indian Express|date=4 June 2024|access-date=18 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618161622/https://indianexpress.com/elections/full-list-of-winners-in-lok-sabha-elections-2024-9364542/|archive-date=18 June 2024|language=en}}</ref>
|[[Incumbent]]
|Re-elected to 18th Lok Sabha (5th term) from [[Madhepura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madhepura]] constituency
|}

==See also==
*[[List of members of the 15th Lok Sabha of India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Portal bar|India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Dinesh Chandra}}
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Bihar]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians]]
[[Category:India MPs 1996–1997]]
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:People from Saharsa district]]
[[Category:People from Khagaria district]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1990–1995]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2015–2020]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]

Narayan Das Ahirwar

2026-04-20T05:38:40Z

SadieHagelthorn: added initial details more to come...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{infobox officeholder
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| term_end =
| preceded = [[Bhanu Pratap Singh Verma]]
| constituency = [[Jalaun (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalaun]]
| office1 = [[Uttar Pradesh Council of Ministers|Nominated Minister]]: [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start1 = 2007
| term_end1 = 2011
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
}}

'''Narayan Das Ahirwar''' is an Indian politician from the [[Samajwadi Party]] (SP) and the [[Lok Sabha]] [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] representing [[Jalaun (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalaun]]. He also served as minister in the [[Uttar Pradesh Government]] from 2007 to 2011.<ref name="amar ujala">{{cite news|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/jalaun/sp-made-former-bsp-minister-narayan-das-ahirwar-its-candidate-orai-news-c-224-1-ori1001-112303-2024-03-16|title=बसपा के पूर्व मंत्री रहे नारायण दास अहिरवार को सपा ने बनाया प्रत्याशी|work=Amar Ujala}}</ref> Ahirwar had started politics in 1982 inspired by [[Kanshi Ram]] and joined [[Dalit Shoshit Samaj Sangharsh Samiti|DSSSS]]. He was a founding member of the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] and served in many organisational roles of the party. He became dissatisfied with the party policy after 2014, stopped taking major responsibilities and later started aligning with SP, helped strengthen it and officially joined the party in 2022. He contested as the SP and INDIA alliance candidate from [[Jalaun Lok Sabha constituency|Jalaun]] (SC) in the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 general election]] and was elected.<ref name="bhaskar">{{cite news|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/jalaun/news/sp-fielded-narayan-das-from-jalaun-132734188.html |title=लंबे समय तक बसपा में रहे, माया सरकार में राज्य मंत्री बने, 2022 में थामा था सपा का दामन|trans-title= Was in BSP for a long time, became state minister in Maya Government, took responsibility in SP in 2022|work=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref><ref name="Party changers {{!}} Shifting hues">{{cite news |date=13 July 2024 |title=Party changers {{!}} Shifting hues |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-party-changers-shifting-hues-2565842-2024-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250302190555/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-party-changers-shifting-hues-2565842-2024-07-13 |archive-date=2 March 2025 |access-date=22 March 2025 |publisher=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Political life==
Narayan Das Ahirwar joined politics in 1982 inspired by [[Kanshi Ram]] and became a member of the [[Dalit Shoshit Samaj Sangharsh Samiti]] (DS4). He became one of the founding members of the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] in 1984.<ref name="amar ujala"/><ref name="bhaskar"/>

From 1992 and 2000, he was chairperson of the BSP unit in [[Orai Assembly constituency|Orai]] constituency. He became the district president of the party in [[Jalaun district|Jalaun]] in 2002 and had a good performance in the state election of that year. In 2005, he was moved out of the post of district president and made the party in-charge of [[Madhogarh Assembly constituency|Konch]] constituency.<ref name="bhaskar"/>

He was the nominated minister of the [[Jal Nigam Board]] under the Government of Uttar Pradesh from 2007 to 2011, after the BSP formed a simple majority government in 2007. He was also made the zonal coordinator of the [[Bundelkhand]] division during this time.<ref name="bhaskar"/> He has also been the zonal coordinator of [[Kanpur division|Kanpur]], [[Varanasi division|Varanasi]], [[Devipatan division|Devipatan]], [[Azamgarh division|Azamgarh]] [[Gorakhpur division|Gorakhpur]], [[Basti division|Basti]] and [[Faizabad division|Faizabad]] in the years since.<ref name="bhaskar"/><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/jalaun/Jalaun-81723-39 | title=नारायणदास बने वाराणसी जोन के कोआर्डिनेटर }}</ref>

In 2013, he was given the responsibility of the BSP state unit of [[Uttarakhand]] and made the in-charge of [[Almora Assembly constituency]]. Between 2014 and 2022, he became distant from the BSP and stopped taking any major roles, coming into disagreement with the party's policy adopted after Modi came into power at the center. He also began aligning with the [[Samajwadi Party]] and helping strengthen it during this time.<ref name="bhaskar"/>

He formally left BSP and became a member of SP before the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022 Uttar Pradesh election]] and was made the SP-INDIA alliance candidate for the [[Jalaun Lok Sabha constituency|Jalaun-Garautha-Bhognipur]] in the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 general election]].<ref name="amar ujala"/><ref name="bhaskar"/>

==Personal life==
Narayan Das Ahirwar is from [[Saidnagar]] village in Dakor block, in the [[Jalaun district]] of Uttar Pradesh. He is also a resident of Hal Niwas Rajendra Nagar.<ref name="amar ujala"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{18th Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahirwar, Narayan Das}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Bahujan Samaj Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

Ranchi Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:18:22Z

SadieHagelthorn: Put up new info w/ refs

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jharkhand legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = CP Singh.jpg
| name = Ranchi
| map_image = Ranchi constituency map.svg
| state = [[Jharkhand]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Ranchi Lok Sabha constituency|Ranchi]]
| district = [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| mla = [[C.P.Singh]]
| party = [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
| established = 2000
| electors = 347064
| constituency_no = 63
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
'''Ranchi Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].<ref name=jhceo>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |title=AC & PC List- Jharkhand |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218152343/http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |archive-date=18 December 2019}}</ref>
{{Pie chart|caption=Most successful parties after separate [[Jharkhand|Jharkhand state]].|label1=[[Bharatiya Janta Party|BJP]]|value1=100|color1={{party color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Ram Ratan Ram {{Efn|2 member constituency}}
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
<ref name=vidhansabha1952>{{cite web| url = https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3886-bihar-1951/ |title = Bihar Legislative Election, 1952 | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission}}</ref>
|-
|Paul Dayal{{Efn|2 member constituency}}
|{{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Party}}
|-
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|[[Lal Chintamani Sharan Nath Shahdeo]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Nani Gopal Mitra
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Gyan Rangan
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Jai Prakash Gupta
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|[[Gulshan Lal Ajmani]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|[[Yashwant Sinha]]
|-
|1996^
|rowspan="2"|[[C. P. Singh (Indian politician)|C. P. Singh]]
|-
| [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
! colspan=4|[[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|rowspan="5"|[[C. P. Singh (Indian politician)|C. P. Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

^by-election

== Election results ==
===Assembly election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Ranchi<ref>{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 - Seats won by JMM |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=24 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124045445/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |archive-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[C. P. Singh (Indian politician)|C. P. Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,07,290 |percentage=53.91% |change={{increase}}7.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mahua Maji]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=85,341 |percentage=42.88% |change={{decrease}}0.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=900 |percentage=0.45% |change={{decrease}}0.63 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,949 |percentage=11.03% |change= {{increase}}7.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,99,027 |percentage=52.51% |change= {{increase}}3.45 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,79,039 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.21 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}7.13 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Ranchi<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/11813-jharkhand-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Jharkhand Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 February 2022 |date=6 February 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[C. P. Singh (Indian politician)|C. P. Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=79,646 |percentage=46.77% |change={{decrease}}17.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mahua Maji]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=73,742 |percentage=43.31% |change={{increase}}18.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pawan Kumar Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=6,479 |percentage=3.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Barsha Gari |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=2,603 |percentage=1.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunil Kumar Gupta |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=1,973 |percentage=1.16% |change={{decrease}}0.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay Sahay |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=895 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,845 |percentage=1.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,904 |percentage=3.47% |change= {{decrease}}36.10 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,70,276 |percentage=49.06% |change= {{increase}}0.43 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,47,064 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.43 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}17.59 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Ranchi<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3787-jharkhand-2014/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[C. P. Singh (Indian politician)|C. P. Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=95,760 |percentage=64.36% |change={{increase}}7.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mahua Maji]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=36,897 |percentage=24.80% |change={{increase}}20.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surendra Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,935 |percentage=5.33% |change={{decrease}}28.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajiv Ranjan Mishra |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=2,622 |percentage=1.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajesh Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,057 |percentage=0.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=58,863 |percentage=39.56% |change= {{increase}}16.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,48,784 |percentage=48.63% |change= {{increase}}15.72 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,05,969 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}13.44 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}7.49 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Ranchi<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3786-jharkhand-2009/ |title=Jharkhand 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=20 August 2018 |access-date= 23 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[C. P. Singh (Indian politician)|C. P. Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=66,161 |percentage=56.87% |change={{decrease}}23.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pradeep Tulsyan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=39,050 |percentage=33.57% |change={{increase}}1.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Md. Sharfuddin |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=5,174 |percentage=4.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rakesh Kumar Singh |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=1,968 |percentage=1.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jamil Aktar |party=Independent politician |votes=922 |percentage=0.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishna Mohan Singh |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=603 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=27,111 |percentage=23.31% |change= {{decrease}}5.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,16,328 |percentage=32.91% |change= {{decrease}}27.24 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,53,461 |ref = |change= {{increase}}131.40 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}23.93 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2005===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Ranchi<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3785-jharkhand-2005/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2005 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[C. P. Singh (Indian politician)|C. P. Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=74,239 |percentage=80.80% |change={{increase}}25.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopal Prasad Sahu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=48,119 |percentage=32.26% |change={{increase}}14.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishna Yadav |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=11,370 |percentage=7.62% |change={{decrease}}12.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Singh Alias Ram Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,588 |percentage=1.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mansoor Alam |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,250 |percentage=0.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Srimanim Belkhas Kujur |party=Independent politician |votes=988 |percentage=0.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Barun Kumar Saha |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=836 |percentage=0.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=26,120 |percentage=28.43% |change= {{decrease}}6.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=91,878 |percentage=60.15% |change= {{increase}}11.99 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,52,751 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}28.37 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}25.84 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2000===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Ranchi<ref>{{cite web|url = https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |title = Statistical Report on General Election, 2000 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar |access-date = 16 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005142035/https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |archive-date= 5 October 2023 |website=ceobihar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Bihar}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[C. P. Singh (Indian politician)|C. P. Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=56,445 |percentage=54.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Singh Yadav |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=20,236 |percentage=19.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pratibha Pandey |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,651 |percentage=18.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kumar Varun |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=2,339 |percentage=2.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Navin Chanchal |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=1,369 |percentage=1.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mansoor Alam |party=Independent politician |votes=780 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rakesh Kumar |party=Jharkhand Party |votes=762 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=36,209 |percentage=35.26% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,02,702 |percentage=48.59% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,13,263 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Vidhan Sabha]]
*[[List of states of India by type of legislature]]
== Notes ==
{{notelist|30em}}
==References==
*Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the [[Election Commission of India]] [http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf]
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand}}

{{coord|23.36|85.32|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Ranchi]]
[[Category:Ranchi district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2000]]

Jama Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:17:37Z

SadieHagelthorn: Starting New Details With Sources.

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jama
| type = SLA
| state = Jharkhand
| established = 2000
| abolished =
| electors = 2,05,913
| mla = [[Louis Marandi]]
| party = {{Party index link|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
| constituency_no = 11
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| district = [[Dumka district|Dumka]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Dumka Lok Sabha constituency|Dumka]]
| reservation = ST
| incumbent_image = Louis Marandi.jpg
| map_image = Jama constituency map.svg
}}
'''Jama Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]].<ref name=jhceo>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |title=AC & PC List- Jharkhand |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218152343/http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |archive-date=18 December 2019}}</ref><ref>[https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/constituency title= Cambridge dictionary]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://elections.traceall.in/vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/Jama-in-Bihar |title=Bihar Assembly Election Results (Constituency Wise) |access-date=4 June 2016 |archive-date=20 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320074613/https://elections.traceall.in/vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/Jama-in-Bihar |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Overview==
Jama Assembly constituency covers: Jama and Ramgarh Police Stations in Dumka district.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 26 January 2016 }}</ref>

This seat is reserved for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]].<ref name=delimitation/>

Jama Assembly constituency is part of [[Dumka (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! colspan=4| [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''Before 1967: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]] ||M. Hansda || {{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]] ||rowspan=3|Madan Besra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
| [[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]] ||Dewan Soren || {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]] ||[[Shibu Soren]]
|-
| [[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]] ||Mohril Murmu
|-
| [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]] ||rowspan=2|[[Durga Soren]]
|-
| [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
! colspan=4| [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2005]] || [[Sunil Soren]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || rowspan=3 | [[Sita Soren]] || {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Louis Marandi]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Jama<ref>{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 - Seats won by JMM |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=24 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124045445/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |archive-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Louis Marandi]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=76,424 |percentage=46.89% |change={{increase}}4.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suresh Murmu |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=70,686 |percentage=43.37% |change={{increase}}2.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rasik Murmu |party=Independent politician |votes=2,811 |percentage=1.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Polina Murmu |party=Independent politician |votes=2,067 |percentage=1.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanatan Dehri |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,677 |percentage=1.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajeev Basky |party=Independent politician |votes=1,481 |percentage=0.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shailendra Hembram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=956 |percentage=0.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=679 |percentage=0.42% |change={{decrease}}0.75 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,738 |percentage=3.52% |change= {{increase}}1.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,62,973 |percentage=72.40% |change= {{increase}}2.66 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,25,112 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.32 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |swing= {{increase}}4.46 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Jama<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/11813-jharkhand-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Jharkhand Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 February 2022 |date=6 February 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sita Soren]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=60,925 |percentage=42.43% |change={{increase}}2.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suresh Murmu |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=58,499 |percentage=40.74% |change={{increase}}2.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arjun Marandi |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=5,897 |percentage=4.11% |change={{decrease}}2.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bonel Kisku |party=Independent politician |votes=4,152 |percentage=2.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Steffy Teresa Murmu |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=3,351 |percentage=2.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manuel Murmu |party=Independent politician |votes=2,509 |percentage=1.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Barish Murmu |party=Independent politician |votes=1,330 |percentage=0.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=1,671 |percentage=1.16% |change={{decrease}}0.17 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,426 |percentage=1.69% |change= {{decrease}}0.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,43,591 |percentage=69.73% |change= {{decrease}}1.74 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,05,913 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.01 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |swing= {{increase}}2.63 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Jama<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3787-jharkhand-2014/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sita Soren]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=53,250 |percentage=39.80% |change={{increase}}0.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suresh Murmu |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=50,944 |percentage=38.08% |change={{increase}}11.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sukh Lal Soren |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=9,263 |percentage=6.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhola Nath Grihi |party=Independent politician |votes=3,688 |percentage=2.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Marshal Marandi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,320 |percentage=1.73% |change={{decrease}}11.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bonel Kisku |party=Independent politician |votes=2,170 |percentage=1.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raska Soren |party=Independent politician |votes=1,637 |percentage=1.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,786 |percentage=1.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,306 |percentage=1.72% |change= {{decrease}}11.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,33,785 |percentage=71.48% |change= {{increase}}11.32 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,87,170 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.88 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |swing= {{increase}}0.47 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Jama<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3786-jharkhand-2009/ |title=Jharkhand 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=20 August 2018 |access-date= 23 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sita Soren]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=38,550 |percentage=39.33% |change={{increase}}0.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manoj Kumar Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=25,844 |percentage=26.37% |change={{decrease}}19.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sushil Marandi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,948 |percentage=13.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijaya Pahan |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=2,323 |percentage=2.37% |change={{decrease}}2.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Paneshal Tudu |party=Independent politician |votes=1,886 |percentage=1.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lukhi Ram Tudu |party=Loktantrik Samata Dal |votes=1,572 |percentage=1.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=English Marandi |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=1,424 |percentage=1.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,706 |percentage=12.96% |change= {{increase}}6.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=98,013 |percentage=60.16% |change= {{increase}}2.75 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,62,923 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}1.86 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}6.91 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2005===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Jama<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3785-jharkhand-2005/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2005 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sunil Soren]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=44,073 |percentage=46.24% |change={{increase}}16.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Durga Soren]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=37,443 |percentage=39.29% |change={{decrease}}9.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manoj Kumar Singh |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=4,254 |percentage=4.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sumanti Manjhi |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,410 |percentage=2.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sona Murmu |party=Independent politician |votes=2,061 |percentage=2.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Siril Soren |party=Independent politician |votes=1,421 |percentage=1.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kaleshwar Soren |party=Independent politician |votes=896 |percentage=0.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,630 |percentage=6.96% |change= {{decrease}}12.05 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=95,308 |percentage=57.41% |change= {{increase}}0.66 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,66,017 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.04 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |swing= {{decrease}}2.71 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2000===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Jama<ref>{{cite web|url = https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |title = Statistical Report on General Election, 2000 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar|access-date = 16 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005142035/https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |archive-date= 5 October 2023 |website=ceobihar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Bihar}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Durga Soren]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=41,165 |percentage=48.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rabindra Marandi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=25,179 |percentage=29.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohril Murmu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,379 |percentage=20.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,986 |percentage=19.01% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=84,092 |percentage=57.71% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,48,175 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Jama, Dumka|Jama]]
*[[Ramgarh, Dumka|Ramgarh]]
*[[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
*[[List of states of India by type of legislature]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Politics of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Dumka district]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2000]]

Anna Mathew (volleyball)

2026-04-19T18:05:01Z

SadieHagelthorn: created the info w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian volleyball player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
'''Anna Mathew''' (born 18 March 2000) is an Indian volleyball player from [[Kerala]]. She plays for [[India women's national volleyball team]] as a middle blocker, and for Kerala in the domestic tournaments.<ref>https://women.volleybox.net/anna-mathew-p46335</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mathew Anna - AVC Women's Nations Cup 2025 - Players |url=https://en.volleyballworld.com/volleyball/competitions/avc-women-nations-cup/players/168651 |access-date=19 February 2026 |website=volleyballworld.com |language=en}}</ref>

She did her graduation at Assumption College, Changanacherry.

== Career ==
In January 2026, she represented the Kerala team that won the 72nd Senior National Volleyball Championship at Varanasi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala women outclass Railways to wear Senior National Volleyball crown again {{!}} 72nd Senior National Volleyball Championship |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/other-sports/2026/01/11/senior-national-volleyball-championship-kerala.html |access-date=19 February 2026 |website=Onmanorama |language=en}}</ref> In the semifinals, Kerala defeated hosts Uttar Pradesh 3-0.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala silence Uttar Pradesh to storm into semis of Sr National Volleyball Championship |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/other-sports/2026/01/09/senior-national-volleyball-championship-kerala-vs-uttar-pradesh-quarterfinal.html |access-date=19 February 2026 |website=Onmanorama |language=en}}</ref> In 2022-23, she also played for Kerala State Electricity Board team.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022–2023 |title=Volleyball Women's Squad 2022-23 |url=https://kseb.in/sbuarticledetail/eyJpdiI6InZyS09yUVFZZmoveDk5cFI5a3Z3Z3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiREI2N2t5czlIdEhHYmJOOUo3WUxCZz09IiwibWFjIjoiZjUxYjAzZjY3ZmNiMTg1ODAyNzUyN2ZjNjVkZmQyODBhN2YxZTI5Y2I2NWE1ODEwZjhjZmRiYTJkZDQyNTFkMyIsInRhZyI6IiJ9/eyJpdiI6InNqdzVOd0JYaWFzUThLczFxNmpOdWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoid244dDA3anhsVS8xcVFuS2tDYUd3dz09IiwibWFjIjoiNmExMGNjMmI5NjZkOTU1NDU0ZTQyZDAxZDMxZjgzODc1NWE4ZWFlNjBjMjQ5ZDVhNmZiMDQ5ZDgxY2ExYWIyOCIsInRhZyI6IiJ9 |access-date=19 February 2026 |website=kseb.in}}</ref>

In June 2025, she was part of the Indian women's volleyball team that played the 2025 AVC Women’s Nations Cup in Vietnam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2025 |title=Indian Women's Volleyball Squad 2025 Unveiled |url=https://jeetwinsports.in/other-sports/volley-ball/anusree-leads-the-indian-womens-volleyball-team-for-avc-2025-national-cup-indian-squad-and-fixture-revealed/ |website=jeetwinsports.in |access-date=19 February 2026 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In October 2018, she represented the MG University team which won the South Zone Inter-Varsity volleyball championship at [[Andhra Pradesh]] and later in December, the team won silver in the All India Inter University at Jaipur. In January 2022, she was also part of the same team that won bronze in the inter-university championship at Bhubaneshwar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sports |url=https://www.assumptioncollege.edu.in/sports/achievements/interuniversity |access-date=19 February 2026 |website=assumptioncollege.edu.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mathew, Anna}}
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women's volleyball players]]
[[Category:Volleyball players from Kerala]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Hanur Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:40:35Z

SadieHagelthorn: Starting Some Post From Scratch.

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Hanur
| type = SLA
| map_image = 221-Hanur constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Chamarajanagar district|Chamarajanagar]]
| division = [[Mysore division|Mysore]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Chamarajanagar Lok Sabha constituency|Chamarajanagar]]
| constituency_no = 221
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
| abolished =
| mla = M. R. Manjunath
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = R. Narendra
| electors = {{formatnum:221630}} (2023)<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
}}

'''Hanur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Karnataka]] in [[India]].<ref name=electors2019>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PCELE2019/GE2019_VOTERS_COUNT.pdf |title=Karnataka Loksabha Elections - 2019 - Voters Count |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |accessdate=10 February 2021 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414121135/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PCELE2019/GE2019_VOTERS_COUNT.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

It is part of [[Chamarajanagar district]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || [[H. Nagappa]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || R. Rache Gowda
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || [[G. Raju Gouda]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || K. P. Shantamurthy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || rowspan="2" | [[G. Raju Gouda]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || [[H. Nagappa]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || [[G. Raju Gouda]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || [[Parimala Nagappa]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan="3" | R. Narendra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[M. R. Manjunath]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hanur <ref name=election2023/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. R. Manjunath]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 75,632 |percentage = 41.93% |change = {{increase}}15.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Narendra |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 57,978 |percentage = 32.14% |change = {{decrease}}3.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Preethan. K. N |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 35,870 |percentage = 19.89% |change = {{decrease}}13.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Harish. K |party = Aam Aadmi Party |votes = 2,515 |percentage = 1.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. John Peter |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 1,596 |percentage = 0.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Madesha. M |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,302 |percentage = 0.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 602 |percentage = 0.33% |change = {{decrease}}0.48 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,654 |percentage = 9.79% |change = {{increase}}7.73 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 180,401 |percentage = 81.40% |change = {{decrease}}0.70 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 180,366}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 221,630 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.73 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}6.44 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hanur <ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 4 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = R. Narendra |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 60,444 |percentage = 35.49% |change = {{decrease}}2.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Preethan Nagappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 56,931 |percentage = 33.42% |change = {{increase}}32.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. R. Manjunath]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 44,957 |percentage = 26.39% |change = {{decrease}}3.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,373 |percentage = 0.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,513 |percentage = 2.06% |change = {{decrease}}5.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 170,490 |percentage = 82.10% |change = {{increase}}5.98 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 170,333}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 207,662 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.64 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}2.45 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hanur <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = R. Narendra |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 55,684 |percentage = 37.94% |change = {{decrease}}9.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Parimala Nagappa]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 44,135 |percentage = 30.07% |change = {{increase}}20.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Dattesh Kumar |party = Independent politician |votes = 13,258 |percentage = 9.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ponnachi Mahadevaswamy |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 11,629 |percentage = 7.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Puttaraju |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,981 |percentage = 2.03% |change = {{decrease}}26.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Ravi |party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes = 2,370 |percentage = 1.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Siddappa. R |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,369 |percentage = 1.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. K. Shivakumar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,323 |percentage = 0.90% |change = {{decrease}}2.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Nagaraju |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,076 |percentage = 0.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,549 |percentage = 7.87% |change = {{decrease}}10.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 137,887 |percentage = 76.12% |change = {{increase}}6.25 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 146,760}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 181,142 |ref = |change = {{increase}}0.36 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}9.36 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hanur <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = R. Narendra |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 59,523 |percentage = 47.30% |change = {{increase}}5.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Parimala Nagappa]] |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 36,383 |percentage = 28.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. Vishnukumar |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 11,446 |percentage = 9.10% |change = {{decrease}}43.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ponnachi Mahadevaswamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,087 |percentage = 5.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Somanna |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 4,110 |percentage = 3.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Selvaraj |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,352 |percentage = 1.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Nagaraju |party = Republican Party of India (A) |votes = 1,071 |percentage = 0.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Reshmabanu |party = Independent politician |votes = 848 |percentage = 0.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Rajendra |party = Independent politician |votes = 770 |percentage = 0.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23,140 |percentage = 18.39% |change = {{increase}}7.27 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 126,099 |percentage = 69.87% |change = {{decrease}}2.27 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 125,841}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 180,484 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.00 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{decrease}}5.35 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hanur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Parimala Nagappa]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 61,626 |percentage = 52.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Narendra |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 48,613 |percentage = 41.53% |change = {{decrease}}14.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Somanaika (Kellambally) |party = Janata Party |votes = 4,319 |percentage = 3.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mallu. B |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 2,491 |percentage = 2.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,013 |percentage = 11.12% |change = {{decrease}}3.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 117,295 |percentage = 72.14% |change = {{decrease}}3.96 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 117,049}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 162,593 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.00 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}3.61 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hanur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[G. Raju Gouda]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 62,314 |percentage = 56.26% |change = {{increase}}16.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. Nagappa]] |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 46,102 |percentage = 41.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Mohankumar |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,376 |percentage = 1.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,212 |percentage = 14.64% |change = {{decrease}}3.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 113,512 |percentage = 76.10% |change = {{decrease}}0.25 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 110,765}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,730 |percentage = 2.41% |change = {{increase}}0.92 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 149,167 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}0.64 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{decrease}}2.10 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hanur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. Nagappa]] |party = Janata Dal |votes = 65,851 |percentage = 58.36% |change = {{increase}}12.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[G. Raju Gouda]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 45,209 |percentage = 40.07% |change = {{decrease}}11.59 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 20,642 |percentage = 18.29% |change = {{increase}}12.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 114,613 |percentage = 76.35% |change = {{decrease}}1.59 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 112,834}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,707 |percentage = 1.49% |change = {{decrease}}2.36 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 150,122 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.20 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}6.70 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hanur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[G. Raju Gouda]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 50,008 |percentage = 51.66% |change = {{increase}}42.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. Nagappa]] |party = Janata Dal |votes = 44,510 |percentage = 45.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Shantamurthy |party = Janata Party |votes = 1,219 |percentage = 1.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,498 |percentage = 5.68% |change = {{increase}}0.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 100,691 |percentage = 77.94% |change = {{decrease}}1.86 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 96,810}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 3,881 |percentage = 3.85% |change = {{increase}}2.13 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 129,189 |ref = |change = {{increase}}27.76 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}5.04 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hanur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[G. Raju Gouda]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 36,975 |percentage = 46.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. Nagappa]] |party = Janata Party |votes = 33,213 |percentage = 41.88% |change = {{increase}}31.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Chikkamari Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 7,229 |percentage = 9.11% |change = {{decrease}}36.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Mahadeva Swamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,301 |percentage = 1.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,762 |percentage = 4.74% |change = {{increase}}2.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 80,695 |percentage = 79.80% |change = {{increase}}6.53 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 79,310}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,385 |percentage = 1.72% |change = {{decrease}}0.54 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 101,116 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.02 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}0.71 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hanur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. P. Shantamurthy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 31,357 |percentage = 45.91% |change = {{increase}}43.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[G. Raju Gouda]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 29,951 |percentage = 43.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Rache Gowda |party = Janata Party |votes = 6,995 |percentage = 10.24% |change = {{decrease}}32.20 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,406 |percentage = 2.06% |change = {{decrease}}9.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 69,882 |percentage = 73.27% |change = {{decrease}}10.53 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 68,303}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,579 |percentage = 2.26% |change = {{decrease}}0.32 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,378 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.22 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}8.18 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Hanur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[G. Raju Gouda]] |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 37,530 |percentage = 54.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. Nagappa]] |party = Janata Party |votes = 29,447 |percentage = 42.44% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Venkategowda. S |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 1,453 |percentage = 2.09% |change = {{decrease}}52.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Krishna Swamy. H |party = Independent politician |votes = 652 |percentage = 0.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,083 |percentage = 11.65% |change = {{increase}}3.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 71,220 |percentage = 83.80% |change = {{increase}}8.96 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 69,386}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,834 |percentage = 2.58% |change = {{increase}}2.58 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,991 |ref = |change = {{increase}}29.20 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}0.05 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hanur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = R. Rache Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,887 |percentage = 54.14% |change = {{increase}}2.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. N. A. Appa |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 21,930 |percentage = 45.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,957 |percentage = 8.28% |change = {{increase}}4.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 49,231 |percentage = 74.84% |change = {{decrease}}10.51 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 47,817}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 65,785 |ref = |change = {{increase}}23.56 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}2.07 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hanur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[H. Nagappa]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,939 |percentage = 52.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Venkategowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 21,113 |percentage = 47.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,826 |percentage = 4.15% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 45,443 |percentage = 85.35% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 44,052}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 53,240 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==

* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Chamarajanagar district]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}

{{Coord|12.09|77.3|display=title}}

[[Category:Chamarajanagar district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Mysore State]]

Kesaram Choudhary

2026-04-10T04:49:57Z

SadieHagelthorn: Starting Basic Details Basic Info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kesaram Choudhary<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/election/vidhan-sabha-elections/rajasthan/candidates/kesaram-choudhary-bjp-2023-marwar-junction-119-rajasthan|title=Kesaram Choudhary- Marwar Junction Assembly Election 2023 Result|publisher=[[Amar Ujala]]|access-date=2023-12-04}}</ref>
| office = Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|16th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| native_name = केसाराम चौधरी(काकू)
| native_name_lang = Hi
| constituency = [[Marwar Junction Assembly constituency|Marwar]]
| country = {{flag|India}}
| assembly = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor = Khushveer Singh
| successor =
| term_start =
| term_end =
| source =
| party = [[BJP|Bhartiya Janta Party]]
| birth_name =
| birth_place =
| occupation = Politician
| profession =
| image =
}}

'''Kesaram Choudhary''' (Kaku) is an Indian [[politician]] currently serving as a member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|16th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abplive.com/elections/marwar-junction-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-bjp-congress-bsp-aap-rajasthan-assembly-election-results-news-2551176/amp|title=Marwar Junction Election Result 2023 Live: BJP's Kesaram Choudhary wins, BSP's Gajraj Kanwar remains at second place|date=12 March 2023 |publisher=abplive. com|access-date=2023-12-04}}</ref> representing the [[Marwar Junction Assembly constituency]] as a member of the [[Bhartiya Janta Party]] .<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/marwar-junction-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470734-2023-12-03|title=Marwar Junction Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP's Kesaram Choudhary defeats INC's Khushveer Singh with 33021 votes|date=3 December 2023 |publisher=indiatoday.in|access-date=2023-12-04}}</ref>

Following the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]], he was elected as an MLA from the Marwar Junction Assembly constituency, defeating Khushveer Singh, the candidate from the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC), by a margin of 33,021 votes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/marwar-junction-rajasthan-assembly-election-results-2023-live-1830502-2023-12-03|title=Marwar Junction, Rajasthan Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: Kesaram Choudhary won in Marwar Junction by 33021 votes|date=3 December 2023 |publisher=[[Aaj Tak]]|access-date=2023-12-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/partywisewinresult-369S20.htm|title=General Elections to Assembly Constituencies:Trends & Results Dec-2023|publisher=results.eci.gov.in|access-date = 2023-12-04}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Choudhary, Kesaram}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]

{{Rajasthan-BJP-politician-stub}}

Jaiveer Singh

2026-04-10T00:42:32Z

SadieHagelthorn: Starting New Biography With Sources.

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{distinguish|Thakur Jaivir Singh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jaiveer Singh
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| website = {{URL|www.jaiveersingh.net}}
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1958|10|02}}
| image =
| spouse = Reeta Singh
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Yogi Adityanath]]
| office = Minister of Tourism & Culture [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| constituency = [[Mainpuri Assembly constituency|Mainpuri]]
| term_start = 25 March 2022
| predecessor = Neelkanth Tiwari
| term_end =
| successor =
| office1 = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 25 March 2022
| term_end1 =
| children = Atul Pratap Singh Sumit Pratap Singh Gunjan Singh
| profession = Politician
| term_start2 = 2002
| term_end2 = 2012
}}

'''Jaiveer Singh''' (born 2 October 1958) is an Indian [[politician]] and member of the 18th [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]. He is affiliated with [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and represents the [[Mainpuri Assembly constituency|Mainpuri Sadar Constituency]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-11 |title=Mainpuri Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Jayveer Singh of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/mainpuri-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-4850753.html |access-date=2022-06-12 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Mainpuri Election Result 2022: BJP's Jayveer Singh Wins Against SP's Rajkumar Urf Raju Yadav |url=https://www.india.com/uttar-pradesh/mainpuri-vidhan-sabha-chunav-result-2022-live-updates-yogi-adityanath-vote-counting-winner-loser-punjab-assembly-election-results-5277641/ |access-date=2022-06-12 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
He was appointed the Minister of Tourism & Culture in the Government of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/uttar-pradesh-cabinet-ministers-list-2022-full-list-of-ministers-in-yogi-adityanath-cabinet/2471854/|title=Uttar Pradesh Cabinet Ministers List 2022: Full list of ministers in Yogi Adityanath cabinet and their portfolio|access-date=June 15, 2022 }}</ref>
He entered politics in 1984 & after that, he was elected as MLA from Ghiror in 2002 and appointed Uttar Pradesh State Minister (Medical & Health) in 2003.
He completed his tenure by 2006. He served as Minister of State with Independent Charge for Irrigation Department in the Government of Uttar Pradesh from 2007 to 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-11 |title=Mainpuri Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Jayveer Singh of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/mainpuri-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-4850753.html |access-date=2022-06-12 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Mainpuri Election Result 2022: BJP's Jayveer Singh Wins Against SP's Rajkumar Urf Raju Yadav |url=https://www.india.com/uttar-pradesh/mainpuri-vidhan-sabha-chunav-result-2022-live-updates-yogi-adityanath-vote-counting-winner-loser-punjab-assembly-election-results-5277641/ |access-date=2022-06-12 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/up-tourism-culture-minister-pulls-up-agencies-over-low-construction-quality-101654716082221.html|title=UP tourism & culture minister pulls up agencies over low construction quality|access-date=June 15, 2022 }}</ref> He represents a near depressed, stressed faction of State politics.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

== Early life ==
Jaiveer Singh was born on 2 October 1958 in the village Karhara, district Firozabad (Erstwhile District Mainpuri). He belongs to Jadon clan of Kshatriya community. Inspired by his father's ideas of social harmony, his interest in the political field increased. He started working in Youth Congress in student life. After entering student politics, he participated in various movements as an active politician and was elected as an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] for the first time in 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/story-jane-kaun-hain-jaiveer-singh-jinhone-tod-diya-samajwadi-party-ka-tilism-ab-mantri-pad-ka-mila-gift-6104869.html|title=जानें कौन हैं जयवीर सिंह, जिन्होंने तोड़ दिया सपा का तिलिस्म, अब मंत्री पद का मिला इनाम|access-date=June 15, 2022 }}</ref>

== Political background ==

Jaiveer Singh is the Minister of Tourism & Culture in the Government of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/uttar-pradesh-cabinet-ministers-list-2022-full-list-of-ministers-in-yogi-adityanath-cabinet/2471854/|title=Uttar Pradesh Cabinet Ministers List 2022: Full list of ministers in Yogi Adityanath cabinet and their portfolio|access-date=June 15, 2022 }}</ref> After entering politics, he has been the president of Aaron Block from 1984 to 1989 & has been the village Pradhan of the Karhara Village from 1988 to 1995. He worked as General Secretary of the district Congress Committee from 1989 to 1994. After that, he worked as Vice President of the Youth Congress Committee from 1994 to 1996. He spent three tenures as the president of District Co-operative Bank Firozabad from 1999 to 2008. He has been the MLA of Ghiror Mainpuri from 2002 to 2012. In 2003 he was appointed State Minister (Medical & Health) & then, he was appointed the Minister of State with Independent Charge for the Department of Irrigation in the Government of Uttar Pradesh from 2007 to 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-profile-of-thakur-jayveer-singh-of-mainpuri-taken-oath-as-minister-in-yogi-government-upns-4151932.html|title=Yogi oath: जयवीर सिंह बनाए गए योगी सरकार में कैबिनेट मंत्री, ऐसा रहा राजनीतिक सफर|access-date=June 15, 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/up-assembly-election-2022-profile-of-thakur-jayveer-singh-bjp-candidate-from-manpuri-sadar-seat-ann-2050176|title=UP Election 2022: मैनपुरी के इस बीजेपी उम्मीदवार ने ग्राम प्रधान से शुरू की राजनीति, परिवार के इतने सदस्य हैं राजनीति में|access-date=June 15, 2022 }}</ref>
He was elected as MLA from Mainpuri Sadar, Mainpuri & working as the Minister of Tourism & Culture in the Government of Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/agra/yogi-adityanath-cabinet-mainpuri-mla-jaiveer-singh-bhadauria-took-oath-as-minister?pageId=1|title=Yogi oath: योगी सरकार 2.0: सपा के गढ़ में जीत का मिला तोहफा, मैनपुरी के विधायक जयवीर सिंह बने मंत्री|access-date=June 15, 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/up-tourism-culture-minister-pulls-up-agencies-over-low-construction-quality-101654716082221.html|title=UP tourism & culture minister pulls up agencies over low construction quality|access-date=June 15, 2022 }}</ref>

== Political career ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!S.No
!Office
!Constituency
!Year
|-
|1
|[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]], [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|[[Mainpuri Assembly constituency|Mainpuri Sadar]]
|2022
|-
|2
|[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]], [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|[[Ghiraur|Ghiraur Mainpuri]]
|2007
|-
|3
|[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]], [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|[[Ghiraur|Ghiraur Mainpuri]]
|2002
|}

== Positions held ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!S.No
!Position
!Tenure
|-
|1
|[[Uttar Pradesh Council of Ministers#Chief Minister & Cabinet Ministers|Cabinet Minister, Uttar Pradesh Council of Ministers]]
|2022
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.jaiveersingh.net/ Official website]


{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Jaiveer}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Mainpuri]]
[[Category:Members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]

Vinashak

2026-03-28T10:42:11Z

SadieHagelthorn: Stub - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vinashak - Destroyer
| image = Vinashak.jpg
| caption = Movie Poster
| director = Ravi Dewan
| producer = Xavier Marquis
| writer = [[Rajkumar Santoshi]]
| starring = [[Sunil Shetty]] [[Raveena Tandon]] [[Danny Denzongpa]]
| music = [[Viju Shah]]
| cinematography = Peter Pereira
| editing = Prashant Khedekar
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|df=y|1998|1|30}}
| runtime = 159 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Standard Hindi|Hindi]]
| budget = ₹ 6 crores
| gross = ₹ 11 crores
}}
'''''Vinashak - Destroyer''''' is a 1998 Indian [[Bollywood|Hindi]]-language [[action film]] directed by Ravi Dewan<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vinashak - Destroyer (1998)|url=https://www.radiotimes.com/movie-guide/b-hziubd/vinashak-destroyer/|access-date=14 December 2021|website=Radio Times|language=en}}</ref> starring [[Sunil Shetty]], [[Raveena Tandon]] and [[Danny Denzongpa]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|title=Vinashak – Destroyer Box Office Collection {{!}} India {{!}} Day Wise {{!}} Box Office - Bollywood Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=30 January 1998 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/vinashak-destroyer/box-office/|access-date=14 December 2021|language=en}}</ref> The film performed well at the box office. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Vinashak - Movie - Box Office India|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2598|access-date=14 December 2021|website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>

The film is loosely based on the movie ''[[Death Warrant (film)|Death Warrant (1990)]].''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vinashak on Moviebuff.com |url=https://www.moviebuff.com/vinashak |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=Moviebuff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0130348/trivia/?item=tr2125547 |title=Vinashak - Destroyer (1998) - Trivia - IMDb |language=en-US |access-date=2026-03-13 |via=www.imdb.com}}</ref>

==Plot==
Police Inspector Arjun Singh is a brave and honest police inspector stationed in Khandala. He is a very strict police officer and uses harsh ways against all the criminals. His colleague and friend is Inspector Khan who always supports him. Arjun is in love with Kaajal who is the daughter of a senior police officer, ACP Amar Agnihotri. Arjun's father does not agree with the harsh ways he uses against the criminals.
Near Mumbai, in the Central Jail, Jailer Lankeshwar uses his jail as a trade center for weapons and narcotics. ACP Amar is suspicious of Lankeshwar's actions. He requests the higher authorities to let Arjun go into the jail and gather evidence about Lankeshwar's evil deeds. The plan is that Arjun will fire a blank bullet on ACP Amar. Arjun pleads guilty in court and is sentenced to jail. In jail Arjun learns that arms, drugs and explosives are smuggled from the jail. He reports it secretly to the Home Minister and the New Police Commissioner through constable Hariram. But the fact is that ACP Amar was really killed inside the ambulance and Arjun is now trapped. Hariram is killed in jail, Arjun's sister is gang-raped and father is also killed by Lankeswar's goon Ajgar.

Inspector Khan learns of Arjun's plight and decides to help him. He sneaks into the jail and breaks Arjun's chains. Arjun destroys the jail's office with the help of Khan. However, Khan is fatally shot by the police. Soon he approaches Kaajal, who is furious with him for killing her father; however, after hearing the whole story, she forgives him and decides to help him.

Arjun plans to take his revenge in a systematic way. He becomes a one-man army and kills many of Lankeshwar's [[henchmen]]. Lankeshwar, Home Minister and Police Commissioner are now in panic as Arjun is on a killing spree. Arjun kills the Police Commissioner and Home Minister but not before getting him to confess his maldeeds over a recorder
He also kills Azjar, the right hand of Lankeshwar.

In fright Lankeshwar pleads guilty in court and is sentenced to be a prisoner in his own jail, thinking he will be safe there. But Arjun sensing his motive also pleads guilty and is imprisoned the same jail. However Lankeshwar, along with his fellow officers, decides to escape jail and cross the country border. When they escape Arjun starts a killing spree. Lankeshwar and Arjun have a final showdown in the jail. Arjun beats Lankeshwar, as the prisoners begin to weave a noose, and then drags Lankeshwar to the [[gallows]] and hangs him by the noose. The film ends with Arjun clad in a police uniform saluting with Kaajal and the Indian flag in the background, implying he is acquitted.

==Cast==
*[[Suniel Shetty]] as Arjun Singh
*[[Raveena Tandon]] as Kaajal
*[[Danny Denzongpa]] as Jailer Lankeshwar
*[[Alok Nath]] as Police Commissioner Rawat
*[[Tinnu Anand]] as Home Minister Deendayal
*[[Om Puri]] as Inspector Abdul Rehman Khan
*[[Mohan Joshi]] as A.C.P. Amar Agnihotri
*[[Mukesh Rishi]] as Bhairav Singh "Ajgar", Lankeshwar's henchman.
*[[Shivaji Satam]] as Hariram
*[[Satyen Kappu]] as Arjun's father
*[[Harish Patel]] as General Store, convict

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Vinashak
| type = [[Soundtrack album]]
| artist = [[Viju Shah]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1997
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Tips Music]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s) !! Lyricist(s)
|-
| 1
| "Kho Diye"
|[[Roop Kumar Rathod]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| Deepak Chaudhary
|-
| 2
| "Godhna Godh"
| [[Sushma Shrestha|Poornima]], [[Sudesh Bhosle]]
| Kishore Shastri
|-
| 3
| "Rooba Rooba"
| [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
| Deepak Chaudhary
|-
| 4
| "Chal Chal"
| [[Udit Narayan]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
| Deepak Chaudhary
|-
| 5
| "Vinashak"
| [[Amit Kumar (singer)|Amit Kumar]]
| Deepak Chaudhary
|-
| 6
| "Moriya Moriya
| Udit Narayan, [[Sapna Mukherjee]]
| Dinesh Parihaar
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0130348}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vinashak - Destroyer}}
[[Category:1998 films]]
[[Category:1998 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1998 action films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Viju Shah]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Indian prison films]]

Amrapali Dubey

2026-03-26T22:25:00Z

SadieHagelthorn: refine content further and added references

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1987)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Amrapali Dubey
| image = Amrapali Dubey at Press Conference of Celebrity Cricket League 2016 (cropped).jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Dubey in 2016
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1987|1|11|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Gorakhpur district|Gorakhpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|host|model}}
| years_active = 2009–present
| known_for =
| partner =
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
| height =
| website = {{URL|https://amrapalidubey.com/}}
}}

'''Amrapali Dubey''' (born 11 January 1987) is an Indian actress who primarily works in [[Bhojpuri cinema|Bhojpuri]] films. One of the highest paid and prominent Bhojpuri actresses,<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Amrapali Dubey is highest paid Bhojpuri actress. See how much she earns |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/amrapali-dubey-is-highest-paid-bhojpuri-actress-see-how-much-she-earns-1215498-2018-04-19 |access-date=29 September 2023 |magazine=India Today |date=19 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=Amrapali Dubey is the highest paid actress of Bhojpuri cinema today, know how much she earns |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri-cinema/amrapali-dubey-rare-unseen-pics-highest-paid-bhojpuri-actress-know-income/articleshow/104073916.cms |access-date=11 March 2024 |website=Navbharat Times |date=30 September 2023}}</ref> Dubey is a recipient of several accolades including four [[Bhojpuri Film Awards]] and two [[International Bhojpuri Film Awards]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://amrapalidubey.com/amrapali-dubey-biography/ |title=Amrapali Dubey Biography |date=27 April 2021 |website=Amrapalidubey.com}}</ref>

Dubey made her acting debut with the television soap opera ''[[Saat Phere – Saloni Ka Safar]]'' (2009). Following her known portrayal of Suman in ''[[Rehna Hai Teri Palkon Ki Chhaon Mein]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://entertainment.in.msn.com/tv/article.aspx?cp-documentid=3073268 |title=TV – MSN India: Television News | TV Celebrity Gossip | Latest TV Stories |publisher=Entertainment.in.msn.com |date=22 January 2015 |access-date=27 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012070944/http://entertainment.in.msn.com/tv/article.aspx?cp-documentid=3073268 |archive-date=12 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> she ventured into Bhojpuri films with ''[[Nirahua Hindustani]]'' (2014). Dubey established herself as a leading Bhojpuri actress with the successful films, ''[[Nirahua Hindustani 2]]'' (2017), ''[[Border (2018 Bhojpuri film)|Border]]'' (2018), ''[[Nirahua Hindustani 3]]'' (2018), ''[[Nirahua Chalal London]]'' (2019), ''[[Sher Singh (film)|Sher Singh]]'' (2019), ''[[Aashiqui (2022 film)|Aashiqui]]'' (2022), ''Love Vivah.com'' (2022) and ''[[Doli Saja Ke Rakhna (2022 film)|Doli Saja Ke Rakhna]]'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aamrapali to make her debut on Bhojpuri screen |work=The Times of India |date=30 April 2014 |access-date=17 April 2016 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/Aamrapali-to-make-her-debut-on-Bhojpuri-screen/articleshow/34422408.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://fulfilmy.com/amrapali-dubey-future-of-bhojpuri-cinema/ |title=Amrapali Dubey : A hope of Bhojpuri Film Industry |publisher=fulfilmy.com |access-date=15 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222085830/http://fulfilmy.com/amrapali-dubey-future-of-bhojpuri-cinema/ |archive-date=22 December 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Early life==
Dubey was born on 11 January 1987 in [[Gorakhpur district]] of Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="bio">{{cite web |title=Amrapali Dubey Biography, Hot Photos, Movies |url=http://amrapalidubey.com/amrapali-dubey-biography-date-of-birth-age-movies-hometown/ |website=amrapalidubey.com |access-date=16 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="Patrika"/> She eventually moved to [[Mumbai]] with her grandfather, and completed her education there at [[Bhavan's College]].<ref name="bio"/><ref name="Patrika">{{Cite news |date=5 March 2022 |title=फीस के मामले में कई अभिनेताओं से आगे हैं टॉप एक्ट्रेस आम्रपाली, जानिये एक फिल्म के कितने करती हैं चार्ज {{!}} Bhojpuri Actress Amrapali Dubey Films Fees Lifestyle |url=https://www.patrika.com/lucknow-news/bhojpuri-actress-amrapali-dubey-films-fees-lifestyle-7379572/ |access-date=18 June 2022 |work=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref>

==Career==
Dubey started her career with television, and is known for playing Shweta Singh in ''[[Saat Phere – Saloni Ka Safar]]'', Tina in ''[[Maayka]]'', Suman Pratapsingh in ''[[Rehna Hai Teri Palkon Ki Chhaon Mein]]'' and Reet Singh in ''[[Mera Naam Karegi Roshan]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=रहना है तेरी पलकों की छांव में': आम्रपाली दुबे के साथ शोएब इब्राहिम ने किया था वो धमाकेदार सीरियल |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/photomazza/tv-photogalleries/shoaib-ibrahim-tv-debut-with-bhojpuri-actress-amarpali-dubey-rehna-hai-teri-palkon-ki-chhaon-mein-then-and-now-photo/photoshow/msid-99311723,picid-99311756.cms |website=Navbharat Times |access-date=19 November 2023}}</ref>

Dubey started her career in Bhojpuri films with ''[[Nirahua Hindustani]]''. She further established herself as a leading actress with successful films such as ''[[Patna Se Pakistan]]'',<ref>{{cite news|date=24 February 2015 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/Nirahua-back-with-Patna-Se-Pakistan/articleshow/46356370.cms |title=Nirahua back with 'Patna Se Pakistan'|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=2 July 2015}}</ref> ''[[Nirahua Hindustani 2]]'',<ref>{{Cite news|date=15 March 2020|title=निरहुआ हिंदुस्तानी 2: जोरदार है दिनेश लाल यादव की यह फिल्म|language=hi|work=[[Navbharat Times]]|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/video/movie-masti/bhojpuri/watch-bhojpuri-full-hd-movie-of-dinesh-lal-yadav-nirahua-hindustani-2/videoshow/74633697.cms|access-date=3 May 2020}}</ref> ''[[Border (2018 Bhojpuri film)|Border]]'', ''[[Nirahua Hindustani 3]]'', ''[[Nirahua Chalal London]]'',<ref>{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/bhojpuri/dinesh-lal-yadav-shares-a-glimpse-of-nirahua-chalal-london-co-starring-amrapali-dubey-watch-2130897.html|title=Dinesh Lal Yadav shares a glimpse of Nirahua Chalal London co-starring Amrapali Dubey|work=Zee News|accessdate=23 August 2018}}</ref> ''Jai Veeru'', ''[[Sher Singh (film)|Sher Singh]]'', ''[[Aashiqui (2022 film)|Aashiqui]]'', ''LoveVivah.com'' and ''[[Doli Saja Ke Rakhna (2022 film)|Doli Saja Ke Rakhna]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindirush.com/bhojpuri-news/aamrapali-dubey-has-unveiled-the-first-poster-of-her-upcoming-film-with-pawan-singh-sher-singh-123061/|title=आम्रपाली दुबे-पवन सिंह की फिल्म शेर सिंह का फर्स्ट लुक आउट, पोस्टर में दिखी दोनों की खूबसूरत बॉन्डिंग|last=Tripti Sharma|date=7 September 2019|work=Hindi Rush|access-date=7 September 2019|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=निरहुआ नहीं खेसारी लाल के साथ ठुमके लगाएंगी ब्यूटी क्वीन आम्रपाली दुबे, दोनों की 'आशिकी' के खूब हैं चर्चे |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/superstar-khesari-lal-yadav-and-beauty-queen-amrapali-dubey-new-film-aashiqui-announced-read-full-details-about-upcoming-project-abk |access-date=13 October 2022 |website=Prabhat Khabar |date=2 March 2021 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=रिलीज होने के लिए तैयार खेसारी लाल यादव फिल्म 'डोली सजा के रखना', आम्रपाली दुबे के साथ नजर आएंगे अलग अंदाज में |url=https://ndtv.in/bhojpuri-cinema/khesari-lal-yadav-film-doli-saja-ke-rakhna-will-release-at-2nd-septemper-will-be-seen-in-a-different-style-with-amrapali-dubey-3306777 |access-date=16 September 2022 |website=NDTVIndia}}</ref>

She is also known for her on-screen pairing with [[Dinesh Lal Yadav]]. Her film ''Border'', ranks as the [[List of Bhojpuri films#Highest-grossing films|fourth highest grossing Bhojpuri film]] worldwide.<ref>{{cite news |title=भोजपुरी सिनेमा की सबसे ज्यादा कमाई करने वाली फिल्में |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/movie-masti/news-from-bollywood/bhojpuri-movie-highest-box-office-collection/articleshow/66311325.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819095630/https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/movie-masti/news-from-bollywood/bhojpuri-movie-highest-box-office-collection/articleshow/66311325.cms |archive-date=19 August 2022 |access-date=17 February 2022 |website=[[Navbharat Times]] |language=hi}}</ref>

==Media image==
Dubey is considered as one of the most popular and highest paid Bhojpuri actress.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/web-stories/top-10-actresses-who-rule-the-bhojpuri-industry/photostory/91401562.cms |title=Check out the list of 10 actresses who rule the Bhojpuri film industry |work=The Times of India |access-date=11 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://hindi.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/bhojpuri-top-5-highest-paid-bhojpuri-actress-akshra-singh-amrapali-dubey-monalisa-kajal-raghwani-rani-chatterjee-5154257-page-4.html |title=From Amrapali Dubey to Monalisa: Highest paid actresses in Bhojpuri cinema |work=News18 |access-date=28 January 2024}}</ref> She is also one of the most followed Bhojpuri actress on [[Instagram]] with over 4.9 million followers.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri-cinema/most-popular-bhojpuri-actors-actresses-instagram-followers-see-list-here/articleshow/90821439.cms |title=These 10 Bhojpuri stars are a sensation on social media, know how many Instagram followers they have |work=Navbharat Times |access-date=31 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.jagrantv.com/amp-stories-hi/entertainment/monalisa-to-amrapali-dubey-these-are-the-most-followed-bhojpuri-actresses-on-instagram-ws926 |title=Monalisa to Amrapali Dubey: Most followed Bhojpuri actresses on Instagram |work=Jagran TV |access-date=24 November 2022}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"|Notes
! class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Nirahua Hindustani]]''
| Sona Chopra
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5"|2015
|''[[Patna Se Pakistan]]''
| Shahnaz
|
|
|-
|''Nirahua Rikshawala 2''
|
|
|
|-
|''Jigarwala''
|
|
|
|-
|''Baghi Bhaile Sajna Hamaar''
|
|
|
|-
|''Raja Babu''
|Kusum
|
|
|-
|rowspan="7"|2016
|''[[Bam Bam Bol Raha Hai Kashi]]''
| Suman Singh
|
|
|-
|''Doodh Ka Karz''
| {{Unknown}}
| Special appearance
|
|-
|''Aashik Awara''
| Aarti
|
|
|-
|''Nirahua Chalal Sasural 2''
|
|
|
|-
|''Ram Lakhan''
|
|
|
|-
|''Mokama 0 Kilometer''
|
|
|
|-
|''Beta''
|
|
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|2017
|''[[Satya (2017 film)|Satya]]''
| Dancer
|Special appearance in song "Rate Diya Buta Ke"
|
|-
|''[[Nirahua Hindustani 2]]''
| Chandani Nirahu Yadav
|
|
|-
|''Nirahua Satal Rahe''
|
|
|
|-
|''Kashi Amarnath''
|
|
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2018
|''[[Border (2018 Bhojpuri film)|Border]]''
|Nagma Shashtri
|
|
|-
|''[[Dulhan Ganga Paar Ke]]''
|Dancer
|Special appearance in song "Marad Abhi Bacha Ba"
|
|-
| ''[[Nirahua Hindustani 3]]''
|Champa
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://zeenews.india.com/bhojpuri/nirahua-hindustani-3-dinesh-lal-yadav-amrapali-dubey-and-shubhi-sharma-starrer-teaser-out-watch-2143092.html |title=Nirahua Hindustani 3: Dinesh Lal Yadav, Amrapali Dubey and Shubhi Sharma starrer teaser out |work=Zee News |access-date=24 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="6"|2019
|''[[Nirahua Chalal London]]''
|Julie
|
|
|-
|''[[Maine Unko Sajan Chun Liya]]''
|Dancer
|Special appearance in song "Bhatar Ko Bhi Bhul Jaogi"
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Maine Unko Sajan Chun Liya - Showtimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movie-details/maine-unko-sajan-chun-liya/movieshow/63012078.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref>
|-
|''Lagal Raha Batasha''
| Amrapali
|
|
|-
|''Jai Veeru''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/nirahua-and-aamrapali-dubey-starrer-jai-veerus-trailer-released/articleshow/69339682.cms |title=Nirahua and Aamrapali Dubey starrer 'Jai Veeru's' trailer released |last=TNN |date=15 May 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=7 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Lallu Ki Laila]]''
| Divya
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bhojpuri/dinesh-lal-yadav-and-aamrapali-dubeys-lallu-ki-laila-first-look-out-pic-2208792.html |title=Dinesh Lal Yadav and Aamrapali Dubey's 'Lallu Ki Laila' first look out |last=Zee Media Bureau |date=3 June 2019 |work=Zee News |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sher Singh (film)|Sher Singh]]''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/aamrapali-dubey-reveals-the-release-date-of-sher-singh/articleshow/70991324.cms |title=Aamrapali Dubey reveals the release date of 'Sher Singh' |last=Timesofindia.com |date=5 September 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=10 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3"|2020
| ''Muqaddar Ka Sikandar''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title='Muqaddar Ka Sikandar' trailer: Nirahua and Aamrapali Dubey promise a thrilling experience |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/muqaddar-ka-sikandar-trailer-nirahua-and-aamrapali-dubey-promise-a-thrilling-experience/articleshow/73321356.cms |access-date=3 March 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en |date=17 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
| ''Pangebaaz''
| {{Unknown}}
|Special Appearance
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Prem Singh and Tanushree Chatterjee starrer 'Pangebaaz' poster looks impressive |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/prem-singh-and-tanushree-chatterjee-starrer-pangebaaz-poster-looks-impressive/articleshow/71500642.cms |access-date=3 March 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en |date=9 October 2019}}</ref>
|-
| ''Romeo Raja''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Throwback Tuesday! Aamrapali Dubey shares memories from 'Romeo Raja' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/throwback-tuesday-aamrapali-dubey-shares-memories-from-romeo-raja/articleshow/78379166.cms |access-date=3 March 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en |date=29 September 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2021
| ''Nirahua The Leader''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nirahua The Leader: First look poster of Dinesh Lal Yadav and Aamrapali Dubey starrer is out |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/bhojpuri/nirahua-the-leader-first-look-poster-of-dinesh-lal-yadav-and-aamrapali-dubey-starrer-is-out/videoshow/71821248.cms |access-date=3 March 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en |date=30 October 2019}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="4"|2022
| ''[[Aashiqui (2022 film)|Aashiqui]]''
| Ganga
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2021 |title=Amrapali Dubey संग ऑनस्क्रीन 'आशिकी' करेंगे khesari lal yadav! फर्स्ट लुक हुआ लॉन्च |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/bhojpuri-khesari-lal-yadav-and-amrapali-dubey-film-aashiqui-first-poster-release-raya-3808409.html |access-date=13 October 2022 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
| ''Love Vivah.Com''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title='Love Vivah.Com': Aamrapali Dubey shares her look from the film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/love-vivah-com-aamrapali-dubey-shares-her-look-from-the-film/articleshow/80747207.cms |access-date=3 March 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en |date=8 February 202}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Doli Saja Ke Rakhna (2022 film)|Doli Saja Ke Rakhna]]''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pant |first=Deepanshi |date=4 September 2022 |title=Khesari Lal Yadav and Amrapali Dubey's film 'Doli Saja ke Rakhna' breaks all records, Watch Video |url=https://www.dnpindia.in/entertainment/khesari-lal-yadav-and-amrapali-dubeys-film-doli-saja-ke-rakhna-breaks-all-records-watch-video/92403/ |access-date=16 September 2022 |website=DNP INDIA |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
| ''Saajan''
|
|
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2023
|''Raja Doli Leke Aaja''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhojpuri News: गणतंत्र दिवस पर रिलीज होगी निरहुआ और आम्रपाली की सुपरहिट फिल्म 'राजा डोली लेके आजा' |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/patna/bhojpuri-movie-nirhua-and-amrapali-dubey-superhit-film-raja-doli-leke-aaja-be-released-on-republic-day-rdy |access-date=26 January 2023 |website=Prabhat Khabar |date=25 January 2023 |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|''Daag - Ego Lalchhan''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=23 February 2023 |title=रितेश-आम्रपाली की 'दाग एगो लांछन' की रिलीज डेट आई सामने, इस दिन सिनेमाघरों में देगी दस्तक |url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/bhojpuri-cinema/ritesh-pandey-amrapali-dubey-vikrant-singh-raksha-gupta-film-daag-ego-lanchan-will-release-on-24-february-watch-trailer-2341924 |access-date=23 February 2023 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|[[Maai: Pride of Bhojpuri]]
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Giri |first=Mohani |date=15 May 2023 |title=निरहुआ- आम्रपाली फिर होंगे साथ, रिलीज हुआ 'माई- प्राइड ऑफ भोजपुरी' का ट्रेलर,यहां फ्री में देख सकते फिल्म |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/bhojpuri-dinesh-lal-yadav-amrapali-dubey-new-movie-my-pride-of-bhojpuri-trailer-out-watch-video-6203453.html |work=News18 हिंदी |language=hi |access-date=17 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="5"|2024
|''Fasal''
|
|
|
|-
|''Vivah 3''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pradeep Pandey Chintu And Aamrapali Dubey's Film 'Vivah 3' Trailer Is Out! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/pradeep-pandey-chintu-and-aamrapali-dubeys-film-vivah-3-trailer-is-out/articleshow/104936603.cms |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|scope="row" style="background:#ffc; " |
''Nirahua Banal Karodpati''
{{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
|{{TBA}}
| Post-production
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nirahua Banal Karodpati': Nirahua shares an adorable photo with co-star Aamrapali Dubey from the set |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/nirahua-banal-karodpati-nirahua-shares-an-adorable-photo-with-co-star-aamrapali-dubey-from-the-set/articleshow/90801831.cms |access-date=26 February 2024 |website=The Times of India |date=12 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|scope="row" style="background:#ffc; " |
''Main Mayeke Chali Jaungi''
{{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
|{{TBA}}
| Completed
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nirahua and Aamrapali Dubey wrap up the shooting of the film 'Main Mayeke Chali Jaungi'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/nirahua-and-aamrapali-dubey-wrap-up-the-shooting-of-the-film-main-mayeke-chali-jaungi/articleshow/106271609.cms |access-date=28 December 2023 |website=The Times of India |date=25 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|scope="row" style="background:#ffc; " |
''Nirahua Hindustani 4''
{{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
|{{TBA}}
| Filming
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nirahua And Aamrapali Dubey Start Shooting For The Sequel 'Nirahua Hindustani 4' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/nirahua-and-aamrapali-dubey-start-shooting-for-the-sequel-nirahua-hindustani-4/articleshow/105722298.cms |access-date=21 January 2024 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|[[Mere Husband Ki Shadi Hai]]
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=दुबे |first=नेहा |date=29 April 2025 |title=काजल अग्रवाल और आम्रपाली के बीच फंसे निरहुआ? इस दिन यूट्यूब पर रिलीज होगी 'मेरे हसबैंड की शादी' |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/aamrapali-dubey-dinesh-lal-yadav-kajal-raghwani-new-bhojpuri-movie-mere-husband-ki-shadi-on-youtube-3260952.html |work=TV9 Bharatvarsh |language=hi |access-date=24 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" |TBA
|scope="row" style="background:#ffc; " |
''Gabbroo''
{{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
|{{TBA}}
| Completed
|
|-
|scope="row" style="background:#ffc; " | ''Veer Yoddha Mahabali'' {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
|{{TBA}}
| Completed
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhojpuri Cinema: वीर योद्धा महाबली जिसने फिल्म बाहुबली को दी थी टक्कर, ऐसे बनी भोजपुरी की सबसे महंगी फिल्म |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/bhojpuri-cinema-baahubali-veer-yoddha-mahabali-became-bhojpuri-most-expensive-film-similar-to-bahubali |access-date=19 January 2024 |website=Amar Ujala |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|scope="row" style="background:#ffc; " | ''Aayi Milan Ki Raat'' {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
|{{TBA}}
| Completed
|
|-
|scope="row" style="background:#ffc; " | ''Nirahua Chalal Sasural 3'' {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
|{{TBA}}
| Filming
|
|-
|scope="row" style="background:#ffc; " | ''Naagin 2'' {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
|{{TBA}}
| Filming
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=भोजपुरी फिल्म 'नागिन 2' की शूटिंग शुरू, एक बार फिर साथ दिखेगी आम्रपाली दुबे और प्रदीप पांडे की जोड़ी |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/bihar-jharkhand/bhojpuri-cinema/aamrapali-dubey-pradeep-pandey-and-neelam-giri-begin-shoot-for-nagin-2-in-gorakhpur/2320291/amp |access-date=25 July 2024 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[TV Wali Biwi]]
|
|First look out
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=आईएएनएस |date=2025-09-22 |title='साइकिल वाली दीदी' के बाद 'टीवी वाली बीवी' बनकर पर्दे पर लौटेंगी आम्रपाली दुबे |url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/bhojpuri-cinema/aamrapali-dubey-new-film-tv-wali-biwi-poster-released-creates-excitement-among-fans-3016936 |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=ABP News |language=hi}}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2009
| ''[[Saat Phere – Saloni Ka Safar]]''
| Shweta Singh
|
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Two new shows propel Zee TV back into the soap game, unveil new traditional woman|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/20060626-kasamh-se-and-saat-phere-boost-trp-of-zee-tv-785197-2006-06-26|website=India Today|date=26 June 2006 |accessdate=25 August 2010}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Maayka]]''
| Tina
|
| <ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/latest-headlines/story/20090810-tv-wars-the-rate-race-740405-2009-07-30|title=TV wars: The rate race|author=Kaveree Bamzai Jhilmil Motihar |accessdate=30 September 2009 |magazine=India Today}}</ref>
|-
| 2009–2010
| ''[[Rehna Hai Teri Palkon Ki Chhaon Mein]]''
| Suman Pratapsingh
|
|
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Mera Naam Karegi Roshan]]''
| Reet Singh
|
|
|-
| rowspan = "3" | 2013
| ''[[Fear Files: Darr Ki Sacchi Tasvirein]]''
| {{Unknown}}
| Episode 67
|
|-
| ''[[Haunted Nights]]''
| Wife
|
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Amrapali-Dubey-Vishal-Puri-in-Haunted-Nights/articleshow/18879418.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012020645/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-09/tv/37580445_1_episode-small-screen-actors |url-status=live |archive-date=12 October 2013 |title=Amrapali Dubey & Vishal Puri in Haunted Nights |date=9 March 2013 |work=The Times of India |access-date=27 March 2015}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Arjun (TV series)|Arjun]]''
| Urmila Satija
| Episode 70
|
|}

==Award and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Film
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2"|2015
| rowspan="5"|[[Bhojpuri Film Awards]]
| Best Actor - Female
| rowspan="2"|''[[Nirahua Hindustani]]''
| {{nom}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fulfilmy.com/bhojpuri-film-awards-2015-at-mauritius/ |title=Amrapali Dubey gets Best Debut Actress award in BIFA 2015 |publisher=fulfilmy.com |access-date=15 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222082445/http://fulfilmy.com/bhojpuri-film-awards-2015-at-mauritius/ |archive-date=22 December 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| Best Debut Actress
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|2016
| rowspan="3"|Best Actor - Female
| ''Nirhua Rickshawala 2''
| {{nom}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhojpuri Film Awards 2016 Complete Winners List|url=https://bhojpurifilmawards.com/winners-2016/|website=Bhojpuri Film Awards|access-date=24 November 2017}}</ref>
|-
| ''Raja Babu''
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="3"|2017
| ''Kashi Amarnath''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhojpuri Film Awards 2017 Complete Winners List|url=https://bhojpurifilmawards.com/|website=Bhojpuri Film Awards|access-date=26 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"|[[Sabrang Film Awards]]
| Best Actor - Female
| rowspan="2"|''Ram Lakhan''
| {{won}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite web|title=सबरंग फिल्म अवार्ड 2017 - रवि किशन मोस्ट पॉपुलर एक्टर, निरहुआ को बेस्ट एक्टर अवार्ड|url=https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/bhojpuri-cinema/ravi-kishan-and-nirahua-at-sabrang-film-awards-2017-1770440|website=NDTV India|access-date=15 May 2018}}</ref>
|-
| Most Popular Pair (with [[Dinesh Lal Yadav]])
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="3"|2018
| Most Popular Actress
| {{N/A}}
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news | date=25 February 2019| title=जब Sabrang Award Show के स्टेज पर जमकर नाचे रवि किशन, खेसारी लाल और संभावना सेठ| language=hi| work=Navbharat Times| url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/movie-masti/bhojpuri-cinema/bhojpuri-superstar-ravi-kishan-khesari-lal-rocking-dance-in-sabrang-bhojpuri-film-awards/articleshow/68153734.cms| access-date=3 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[International Bhojpuri Film Awards]]
| Best Actress - Critics
| ''[[Nirahua Hindustani 2]]''
| {{won}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bhojpuri/international-bhojpuri-film-awards-2018-superstars-gear-up-for-the-starry-event-watch-2123796.html|title=International Bhojpuri Film Awards 2018: Superstars gear up for the starry event - Watch|accessdate=11 July 2018|website=Zee News}}</ref>
|-
| YouTube Queen
| {{N/A}}
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|2019
| [[Bhojpuri cinema|Bhojpuri Cine Awards]]
| Best Actress
| rowspan="2"|''[[Nirahua Hindustani 3]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news|date=23 September 2019|title=Bhojpuri Cine Awards 2019 की पूरी लिस्ट, खेसारी लाल और आम्रपाली को बेस्ट ऐक्टर्स का अवॉर्ड|language=hi|work=Navbharat Times|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/movie-masti/bhojpuri-cinema/bhojpuri-cinema-screen-and-stage-awards-2019-khesari-lal-best-actor-and-amrapali-dubey-best-actress/articleshow/71253903.cms|access-date=2 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[Bhojpuri Film Awards]]
| rowspan="2"|Best Actor - Female
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhojpuri Film Awards 2018 Complete Winners List|url=https://bhojpurifilmawards.com/winners-2016/|website=Bhojpuri Film Awards|access-date=23 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"|2023
| ''Lagal Raha Batasha''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/bollywood-17th-bhojpuri-film-award-dinesh-lal-yadav-nirahua-pradeep-pandey-chintu-and-amrapali-dubey-win-best-actor-award-23307385.html|title=17th Bhojpuri Film Award: सांसद निरहुआ और चिंटू को मिला बेस्ट एक्टर, आम्रपाली का भी दिखा जलवा, देखें लिस्ट|access-date=28 January 2023|website=Jagaran}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bhojpuri cinema|Bhojpuri Cine Awards]]
| Best Actress
| ''[[Aashiqui (2022 film)|Aashiqui]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/bollywood-bhojpuri-cinema-award-2023-khesari-lal-yadav-dominated-the-bhojpuri-award-show-received-the-award-from-superstar-govind-23345321.html|title=Bhojpuri Cinema Award 2023: भोजपुरी अवार्ड शो में छाए खेसारी लाल यादव, सुपरस्टार गोविंद के हाथों मिला अवॉर्ड, देखें लिस्ट|access-date=28 March 2023|website=Jagaran}}</ref>
|-
|[[International Bhojpuri Film Awards]]
| Best Actress
| ''Love Vivah.com''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bhojpuri/international-bhojpuri-film-awards-2023-held-in-dubai-know-about-winners-govinda-jacqueline-pawan-amrapali-2023-03-16|title=IBFA Awards 2023: भोजपुरी अवार्ड्स में झूमकर नाचीं जैकलीन, गोविंदा के जलवों पर फिदा हुई दुबई|accessdate=16 March 2023|website=Amar Ujala|language=hi}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Bhojpuri actresses]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{official website|https://amrapalidubey.com/}}
* {{IMDb name|7372568}}
{{Commons category}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dubey, Amrapali}}
[[Category:Actresses from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bhojpuri cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:People from Gorakhpur]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]

1957 in Kerala

2026-03-24T06:51:43Z

SadieHagelthorn: created basic info initial version!

{{Year in Kerala}}
{{dynamic list}}
Events in the year '''1957''' in '''Kerala'''.

[[List of governors of Kerala|'''Governor of Kerala''']] -

* [[Burgula Ramakrishna Rao]]

[[List of chief ministers of Kerala|'''Chief minister of Kerala''']] –

* [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]]
[[Kerala High Court|'''Chief Justice of Kerala High Court''']]

* Justice K.T. Koshy

== Events ==

* 1 January - [[Malabar District]] is trifurcated into [[Palakkad district|Palghat]], [[Kozhikode district|Calicut]] and [[Kannur district|Cannannore]] districts.
* 28 Feb - 11 Mar - [[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sumeda |date=2024-04-01 |title=The rise of Red Kerala |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-election-history-1957-poll-kerala-communist-party-details/article67569056.ece |access-date=2026-01-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* 5 April - [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]] takes oath as first [[Chief Minister of Kerala]] after [[Communist Party of India]] winning 60 out of 1226 assembly seats and getting the support of five independents. He became the first [[Communism|Communist]] leader to win power through ballot.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-23 |title=An icon for millions |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/an-icon-for-millions/article6807985.ece |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref>
* 30 May - [[T. V. Thomas]] and [[K. R. Gouri Amma]] two ministers of state married each other at [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balan |first=Saritha S. |date=2019-06-21 |title=The story of Gouri Amma: One of Kerala's tallest woman politicians turns 100 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/story-gowri-amma-one-keralas-tallest-woman-politicians-turns-100-104044 |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>
* 17 August - [[Alappuzha district|Alleppey district]] formed from taluks under [[Kollam district|Quilon]], [[Kottayam district]]s as the eight district of the state.

=== Dates unknown ===

* July - [[Joseph Mundassery]] introduced [[Kerala Education Act 1958 (Act 6 of 1959)|Kerala Education Bill 1957]]
* December - [[K. R. Gouri Amma]] introduced Kerala Agrarian Bill 1957.<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE KERALA AGRARIAN RELATIONS BILL, 1957 |url=http://www.firstministry.kerala.gov.in/pdf/bills/agrn_rln.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505015813/http://www.firstministry.kerala.gov.in/pdf/bills/agrn_rln.pdf |archive-date=2014-05-05 |website=www.firstministry.kerala.gov.in}}</ref>

== Births ==

* 10 March - [[Thanu Padmanabhan]], theoretical physicst
* 20 October - [[Dennis Joseph]], writer.

== Deaths ==

* 1 October - [[A. J. John]], former Chief Minister (b.1893)

== See also ==

* [[History of Kerala]]
* [[1957 in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{Commons category-inline}}

[[Category:1950 in India]]
[[Category:Years in Kerala]]
[[Category:1950s in Kerala]]

Bharati Harish Dangre

2026-03-22T13:18:16Z

SadieHagelthorn: expand section and improved wording

{{short description|Indian judge}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bharati Harish Dangre, J.
| termend2 =
| death_date =
| birth_place =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1968|05|10}}
| successor2 =
| predecessor2 =
| appointer2 =
| nominator2 =
| termstart2 = 5 June 2017
| image =
| office2 = Judge of the [[Bombay High Court]]
| successor =
| predecessor =
| appointer =
| nominator =
| termstart =
| caption =
| imagesize =
| death_place =
}}
'''Bharati Harish Dangre''' (born 10 May 1968) is a judge of the [[Bombay High Court]] in [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. Dangre has adjudicated on several significant cases concerning constitutional law, including the validity of [[affirmative action]] in the form of [[Reservation in India|reservations]] for the [[Maratha (caste)|Maratha]] caste in Maharashtra, the interpretation of [[child sexual abuse laws in India]], and the implementation of the [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|Goods and Services Tax]] in India.

== Life ==
Dangre was educated and trained in the law in [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]]. She initially practiced law in Nagpur, and later in the Bombay High Court.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=JUSTICE SMT. BHARATI DANGRE|url=https://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/processjshowReq.php?bhcpar=bmlkPTQ0|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930221815/https://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/processjshowReq.php?bhcpar=bmlkPTQ0 |archive-date=30 September 2020 |access-date=|website=Bombay High Court}}</ref> She was appointed a government counsel in Nagpur, and represented the [[Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation]] and the [[Nagpur Improvement Trust]].<ref name=":0" />

== Judicial career ==
Dangre was appointed a judge of the Bombay High Court on 5 June 2017.<ref name=":0" />

In June 2019, Dangre and another judge, Ranjit More, upheld the constitutionality of a politically contentious legislation granting affirmative action to the [[Maratha (caste)|Maratha caste]] in Maharashtra. Dangre and More directed the Maharashtra State Government to reduce the percentage of reservations granted to the Maratha caste from 16% to 12%.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bombay High Court Confirms Maratha Quota, But Says 16% Not Justifiable|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bombay-high-court-confirms-16-per-cent-quota-for-marathas-in-jobs-educational-institutions-in-mahara-2060191|access-date=2020-10-06|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> The judgment was criticized on several grounds, including whether the affirmative action was needed for the Maratha caste, as well as for violating a previous order from the [[Supreme Court of India]] that places a limit on the maximum cumulative reservations at 50%, as the Maratha reservation, in addition to existing reservations, would exceed this limit.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Saigal|first=Sonam|date=2019-06-27|title=Bombay High Court upholds reservation for Maratha community|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bombay-high-court-upholds-reservation-for-maratha-community/article28180208.ece|access-date=2020-10-06|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Why the Bombay HC Judgment on Maratha Reservation Is Inherently Flawed|url=https://thewire.in/law/bombay-high-court-maratha-reservation|access-date=2020-10-06|website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-27|title=Bombay high court upholds Maratha quota, caps it at 13%|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bombay-high-court-upholds-maratha-reservation-given-by-maharashtra-government/story-BhyHrWV17HTemHnp6dotWN.html|access-date=2020-10-06|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> The ruling was appealed to the Supreme Court of India, which issued a preliminary opinion on September 9, 2020, stating that the Bombay High Court was mistaken in maintaining the Act and preventing the Maharashtra government from implementing it at the time. The case is still being heard.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Correspondent|first=Legal|date=2020-09-11|title=Relaxation of 50% cap on reservation for Marathas in Maharashtra unwarranted, rules SC|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/relaxation-of-50-cap-on-reservation-for-marathas-in-maharashtra-unwarranted-rules-sc/article32576850.ece|access-date=2020-10-06|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-21|title=Maratha Quota: Maha Govt Files Plea in SC for Review of Stay Order|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/maratha-quota-reservation-maharashtra-government-files-plea-in-sc-for-review-of-stay-order|access-date=2020-10-06|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=author/lokmat-english-desk|date=2020-10-01|title=Maratha morcha workers issue ultimatum to govt, call for Maharashtra Bandh on Oct 10 {{!}} english.lokmat.com|url=https://english.lokmat.com/maharashtra/maratha-morcha-workers-issue-ultimatum-to-govt-call-for-maharashtra-bandh-on-oct-10/|access-date=2020-10-06|website=Lokmat English|language=en}}</ref>

Dangre has ruled in a number of cases involving child sex abuse and the [[Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act]] (POCSO). In July 2020, Dangre held that in cases involving child sexual abuse as well as [[Caste-related violence in India|caste-related offences]], [[POCSO]] would take precedence, allowing such cases to be tried in special [[POCSO]] courts.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-07|title=If accused charged under POCSO, SC/ST Act, offences can be tried only by special POCSO court: Bombay HC|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/if-accused-charged-under-pocso-sc-st-act-offences-can-be-tried-only-by-special-pocso-court-bombay-hc-6493424/|access-date=2020-10-06|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> This ruling established that POCSO has an overriding effect on other legislation.<ref>{{Cite web|last=PTI|date=6 July 2020|title=POCSO Act has overriding effect on any other law: Bombay HC|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/pocso-act-has-overriding-effect-on-any-other-law-bombay-hc/1887784|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009045207/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/pocso-act-has-overriding-effect-on-any-other-law-bombay-hc/1887784 |archive-date=9 October 2020 |access-date=2020-10-06|website=Outlook India}}</ref> In September 2020, Dangre held that the [[Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act]] in India did not apply to cases where acts constituting such abuse were committed without "sexual intent". The case concerned the removal of a child's clothes during a physical altercation.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-12|title=Pocso Act applies only when a child is harassed with sexual intent: Bombay HC|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/pocso-act-applies-only-when-a-child-is-harassed-with-sexual-intent-bombay-hc/story-JK6ig6GAMtio53pgo2IhAI.html|access-date=2020-10-06|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> In December 2020, Dangre held that a man who restrained a 17-year-old girl by holding her arm, and made repeated romantic overtures to her despite her objections, including in person and via online messaging, had not committed offences under the POCSO Act. Dangre held that the man had "expressed his love," which was not, in her view, a violation of the Act.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-27|title=Holding hand of minor to express love, inadvertent physical touch without sexual intent not assault under POCSO: HC|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/holding-hand-of-minor-to-express-love-inadvertent-physical-touch-without-sexual-intent-not-assault-under-pocso-hc-7122358/|access-date=2020-12-28|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

In February 2018, Dangre and another judge, S.C. Dharmadhikari, criticized the [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|Goods and Services Tax]] introduced into India, stating, "the regime is not tax-friendly." They directed the Maharashtra state government and Union government to establish a system to redress taxpayers' grievances in relation to the tax. Their critique was widely reported.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-02-12|title=Bombay High Court says GST not tax-friendly, tells government to put requisite mechanism in place|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/bombay-high-court-says-gst-not-tax-friendly-tells-government-to-put-requisite-mechanism-in-place-4347895.html|access-date=2020-10-06|website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Plumber|first=Mustafa|date=2018-02-10|title=Bombay High Court tells Centre and Maha government to set up grievance mechanism for easy filing of GST tax|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-bombay-high-court-tells-centre-and-maha-government-to-set-up-grievance-mechanism-for-easy-filing-of-gst-tax-2583091|access-date=2020-10-06|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=PTI|date=12 February 2018|title=GST not tax-friendly, put requisite mechanism in place: HC|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/gst-not-taxfriendly-put-requisite-mechanism-in-place-hc/1251882|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-10-06|website=Outlook India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-02-10|title=GST not a tax-friendly regime: HC|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/gst-not-a-tax-friendly-regime-hc/article22717909.ece|access-date=2020-10-06|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Sikarwar|first=Deepshikha|title=GST regime not user-friendly, says Bombay High Court|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/gst-regime-not-user-friendly-says-bombay-high-court/articleshow/62858043.cms|access-date=2020-10-06}}</ref> The Government of India subsequently announced their intention to establish a grievance redressal mechanism.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-02-21|title=Tax department to set up GST grievance redressal system|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/tax-department-to-set-up-gst-grievance-redressal-system/1073431/|access-date=2020-10-06|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dangre, Bharati Harish}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women judges]]
[[Category:Judges of the Bombay High Court]]
[[Category:People from Maharashtra]]

Avengers: Endgame

2026-03-18T21:11:37Z

SadieHagelthorn: correct layout for consistency and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|2019 Marvel Studios film}}
{{Good article}}
{{protection padlock|reason=Persistent addition of [[BP:INTREF|unsourced or poorly sourced content]]; requested at [[BP:RfPP]]|small=yes}}
{{Use list-defined references|date=October 2022}}
{{Use American English|date=October 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Avengers Endgame poster.jpg
| alt = The theatrical release poster for "Avengers: Endgame". The characters depicted are seen on a starry background.
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Russo brothers|{{unbulleted list|Anthony Russo|Joe Russo}}]]
| producer = [[Kevin Feige]]
| screenplay = [[Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely|{{unbulleted list|Christopher Markus|Stephen McFeely}}]]
| based_on = {{Based on|[[Avengers (comics)|Avengers]]|[[Stan Lee]]|[[Jack Kirby]]}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Robert Downey Jr.]]
* [[Chris Evans (actor)|Chris Evans]]
* [[Mark Ruffalo]]
* [[Chris Hemsworth]]
* [[Scarlett Johansson]]
* [[Jeremy Renner]]
* [[Don Cheadle]]
* [[Paul Rudd]]
* [[Brie Larson]]
* [[Karen Gillan]]
* [[Danai Gurira]]
* [[Benedict Wong]]
* [[Jon Favreau]]
* [[Bradley Cooper]]
* [[Gwyneth Paltrow]]
* [[Josh Brolin]]
}}
| music = [[Alan Silvestri]]
| cinematography = [[Trent Opaloch]]
| editing = {{Plainlist|
* [[Jeffrey Ford (film editor)|Jeffrey Ford]]
* [[Matthew Schmidt]]
}}
| studio = [[Marvel Studios]]
| distributor = [[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures|Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|2019|4|22|[[Los Angeles Convention Center]]|2019|4|26|United States}}
| runtime = 181 minutes<ref name="Runtime" />
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget = $356–400{{nbsp}}million<ref name="DeadlineProfitAnalysis" /><ref name="TheNumbers" />
| gross = $2.799{{nbsp}}billion<ref name="BOM" />
}}

'''''Avengers: Endgame''''' is a 2019 American [[superhero film]] based on the [[Marvel Comics]] superhero team the [[Avengers (comics)|Avengers]]. Produced by [[Marvel Studios]] and distributed by [[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures]], it is the [[direct sequel]] to ''[[Avengers: Infinity War]]'' (2018) and [[List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films|the 22nd film]] in the [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]] (MCU). Directed by [[Anthony and Joe Russo]] and written by [[Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely]], the film features an [[ensemble cast]] that includes [[Robert Downey Jr.]], [[Chris Evans (actor)|Chris Evans]], [[Mark Ruffalo]], [[Chris Hemsworth]], [[Scarlett Johansson]], [[Jeremy Renner]], [[Don Cheadle]], [[Paul Rudd]], [[Brie Larson]], [[Karen Gillan]], [[Danai Gurira]], [[Benedict Wong]], [[Jon Favreau]], [[Bradley Cooper]], [[Gwyneth Paltrow]], and [[Josh Brolin]]. In the film, the surviving members of the [[Avengers (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Avengers]] and their allies attempt to reverse [[Thanos (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Thanos]]'s actions in ''Infinity War'', which erased half of all life in the universe.

The film was announced in October 2014 as ''Avengers: Infinity War – Part 2'', but Marvel Studios later removed this title. The Russo brothers joined as directors in April 2015, with Markus and McFeely signing on to write the script a month later. It is a conclusion to the story of the MCU up to that point, ending several main characters' story arcs. The plot revisits moments from earlier films, bringing back actors and settings from throughout the franchise. Filming began in August 2017 at [[Pinewood Atlanta Studios]] in [[Fayette County, Georgia]], shooting [[back-to-back film production|back-to-back]] with ''Infinity War'', and ended in January 2018. Additional filming took place in the [[Metro Atlanta|Metro]] and [[downtown Atlanta]] areas, [[New York state]], [[Scotland]], and [[England]]. The official title was announced in December 2018. With an estimated budget range of $356–400{{nbsp}}million, ''Endgame'' is one of the [[List of most expensive films|most expensive films]] ever produced.

''Avengers: Endgame'' premiered at the [[Los Angeles Convention Center]] on April 22, 2019, and was released in the United States on April 26 as part of [[Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Three|Phase Three]] of the MCU. The film received positive reviews from critics, with praise for its direction, acting, musical score, action scenes, visual effects, and emotional weight, with critics lauding its culmination of the 22-film story. It grossed nearly $2.8 billion worldwide, surpassing ''Infinity War''{{'s}} entire theatrical run in eleven days and setting several [[List of box office records set by Avengers: Endgame|box-office records]]. It was the [[List of highest-grossing films#Highest-grossing films|highest-grossing film of all time]] from July 2019 to March 2021, when it was surpassed by the previous record-holder, ''[[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]]'' (2009). ''Endgame'' was nominated for [[Academy Award for Best Visual Effects|Best Visual Effects]] at the [[92nd Academy Awards]], among [[List of accolades received by Avengers: Endgame|numerous other accolades]]. Two sequels, ''[[Avengers: Doomsday]]'' and ''[[Avengers: Secret Wars]]'', are scheduled for release in 2026 and 2027.

{{TOC limit|3}}

== Plot ==

In 2018, 23 days after [[Thanos (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Thanos]] erased half of all life in the universe,{{Efn|name=Timeline|Known as [[the Blip]], and depicted in ''[[Avengers: Infinity War]]'' (2018)}} [[Carol Danvers (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Carol Danvers]] rescues [[Tony Stark (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Tony Stark]] and [[Nebula (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Nebula]] from deep space. They reunite with the remaining [[Avengers (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Avengers]]—[[Bruce Banner (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Bruce Banner]], [[Steve Rogers (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Steve Rogers]], [[Thor (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Thor]], [[Natasha Romanoff (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Natasha Romanoff]], and [[James Rhodes (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|James Rhodes]]—and [[Rocket (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Rocket]] on Earth. Finding Thanos on [[Planet 0259-S|an uninhabited planet]], they plan to use the [[Infinity Stones]] to reverse his actions but learn that Thanos has destroyed them. Enraged, Thor decapitates Thanos.

Five years later, [[Scott Lang (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Scott Lang]] escapes from the [[Quantum Realm]].{{Efn|name=Timeline2|In which he was trapped at the end of ''[[Ant-Man and the Wasp]]'' (2018)}} Reaching the [[Avengers Compound (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Avengers Compound]], he says he experienced only five hours while trapped. Theorizing that the Quantum Realm allows [[time travel]], they ask a reluctant Stark to help them retrieve the Stones from the past to reverse Thanos's present actions. Stark, Rocket, and Banner, who has merged his intelligence with the Hulk's strength, build a time machine. Banner says that altering the past does not affect the present, since any changes create [[Parallel universes in fiction|alternate realities]]. Banner and Rocket travel to [[Norway]], where they visit the [[Asgardians (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Asgardian]] refugee settlement of [[New Asgard]] and recruit an overweight, despondent Thor. In Tokyo, Romanoff recruits [[Clint Barton (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Clint Barton]], who became a [[Vigilantism|vigilante]] after his family was erased.

Banner, Lang, Rogers, and Stark time-travel to New York City during [[Loki (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Loki]]'s attack in 2012.{{Efn|name=Timeline4|During the events of ''[[The Avengers (2012 film)|The Avengers]]'' (2012)}} At the [[New York Sanctum|Sanctum Sanctorum]], Banner convinces the [[Ancient One (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Ancient One]] to give him the [[Time Stone]] after promising to return the Infinity Stones to their proper points in time. At [[Stark Tower (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Stark Tower]], Rogers retrieves the [[Mind Stone]] from [[Hydra (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Hydra]] sleeper agents, but Stark and Lang's attempt to steal the [[Space Stone]] fails, allowing 2012-Loki to escape with it. Rogers and Stark travel to [[Camp Lehigh]] in 1970, where Stark obtains an earlier version of the Space Stone and encounters his father, [[Howard Stark (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Howard]]. Rogers steals [[Pym Particles (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Pym Particles]] from [[Hank Pym (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Hank Pym]] to return to the present and sees his lost love, [[Peggy Carter (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Peggy Carter]].

Rocket and Thor travel to [[Asgard (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Asgard]] in 2013.{{Efn|name=Timeline5|During the events of ''[[Thor: The Dark World]]'' (2013)}} Rocket extracts the [[Reality Stone]] from [[Jane Foster (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Jane Foster]]. Thor is encouraged by his mother, [[Frigga (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Frigga]], and retrieves his old hammer, [[Mjolnir (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Mjolnir]]. Barton, Romanoff, Nebula, and Rhodes travel to 2014. Nebula and Rhodes go to [[Morag (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Morag]] and steal the [[Power Stone (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Power Stone]] before [[Peter Quill (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Peter Quill]] can,{{Efn|name=Timeline6|As depicted in ''[[Guardians of the Galaxy (film)|Guardians of the Galaxy]]'' (2014)}} while Barton and Romanoff travel to [[Vormir (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Vormir]]. The [[Soul Stone]]'s keeper, [[Red Skull (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Red Skull]], says that it can be acquired only by sacrificing a loved one. Romanoff sacrifices herself, allowing Barton to get the Stone. Rhodes and Nebula attempt to return to their own time, but Nebula is incapacitated when her cybernetic implants link with her past self, allowing 2014-Thanos to learn about his future self's success and the Avengers' attempt to undo it. 2014-Thanos sends 2014-Nebula forward in time to prepare for his arrival.

Reuniting in the present, the Avengers place the Stones in a gauntlet that Stark, Banner, and Rocket have built. Banner, who has the most resistance to their radiation, uses the gauntlet to undo Thanos's disintegrations. Meanwhile, 2014-Nebula (impersonating her future self) uses the time machine to transport 2014-Thanos and [[Sanctuary II (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|his warship]] to the present and destroys the Avengers Compound. Present-day Nebula convinces 2014-[[Gamora (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Gamora]] to betray Thanos, but is unable to convince 2014-Nebula and kills her. Thanos overpowers Stark, Thor and a Mjolnir-wielding Rogers. He summons his army to retrieve the Stones, intent on using them to destroy the universe and create a new one. A restored [[Stephen Strange (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Stephen Strange]] arrives with [[Masters of the Mystic Arts|other sorcerers]], the restored Avengers, the [[Guardians of the Galaxy (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Guardians of the Galaxy]], the [[Ravagers (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Ravagers]], and the armies of [[Wakanda (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Wakanda]] and Asgard to fight Thanos's army. Danvers also arrives and destroys Thanos's warship, but Thanos overpowers her and seizes the gauntlet. Stark steals the Stones and uses them to disintegrate Thanos and his army, sacrificing himself.

After Stark's funeral, Thor appoints [[Valkyrie (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Valkyrie]] as the new king of New Asgard and joins the Guardians. Rogers returns the Stones and Mjolnir to their proper timelines and remains in the past to live with Carter. In the present, an elderly Rogers passes [[Captain America's shield (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|his shield]] to [[Sam Wilson (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Sam Wilson]].

== Cast ==

* [[Robert Downey Jr.]] as [[Tony Stark (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Tony Stark / Iron Man]]: The benefactor of the [[Avengers (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Avengers]] who describes himself as a "genius, billionaire, playboy, and philanthropist" with [[Iron Man's armor (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|electromechanical suits of armor]] he made.<ref name="DowneyClarify" /><ref name="RuddAvengers4" /> According to directors [[Russo brothers|Joe and Anthony Russo]], Downey was the only actor to receive the entire screenplay for the film.<ref name="ScreenRantDowney" /> Screenwriters [[Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely]] knew that Stark's death was inevitable as a "[move] to selflessness" and as an end to the "chapter" Stark began. They felt that his death was earned after granting him "the perfect retirement life ... That's the life he's been striving for [...] They got married, they had a kid, it was great. It's a good death. It doesn't feel like a tragedy. It feels like a heroic, finished life."<ref name="NYMarkusMcFeely" /> Joe Russo said that Stark "always knew he was going to die because he could never reconcile that notion in himself of not protecting the universe," and was the most defiant of the Avengers: "Stark is the most formidable of all of them [...] because of his heart."<ref name="IronManClose" /> The Russos sought Downey's approval for Stark's arc, which they had developed since ''[[Captain America: Civil War]]'' (2016).<ref name="DowneyArcApproval" />
* [[Chris Evans (actor)|Chris Evans]] as [[Steve Rogers (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Steve Rogers / Captain America]]: The leader of the Avengers, [[World War II]] veteran and former fugitive, he was enhanced to the peak of human physicality by an experimental serum and frozen in suspended animation before waking up in the modern world.<ref name="RuddAvengers4" /> Markus described Rogers as someone who is "moving toward some sort of [[enlightened self-interest]]". McFeely knew that Rogers "was going to get his dance" that he promised [[Peggy Carter (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Peggy Carter]] in ''[[Captain America: The First Avenger]]'' (2011). He initially planned to complete Rogers's story arc by killing him off, given the character's long life for his occupation, before deciding to have Rogers abandon [[Captain America's shield (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|his shield]].<ref name="NYMarkusMcFeely" /> [[Patrick Gorman (American actor)|Patrick Gorman]] provided an on-set reference for an elderly Steve Rogers.<ref name="PatrickGorman" />
* [[Mark Ruffalo]] as [[Bruce Banner (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Bruce Banner / Hulk]]: An Avenger and genius scientist who, because of exposure to [[gamma radiation]], transforms into a monster when enraged or agitated.<ref name="RuffaloAvengers4" /> Banner balances his two sides with gamma experimentation in this film, enabling him to combine his intelligence with the Hulk's strength and physical stature<ref name="ProfessorHulk2" /> based on his "Professor Hulk" comic-book identity.<ref name="ProfessorHulk" /> Compared to other heroes who were demotivated by their loss to Thanos, Banner is the only character to remain hopeful; according to Anthony Russo, "Banner is the sole character who is actually forging into a bright new future, trying to build something totally new and find something completely new [...] Banner is the one who is most heroic in a sense that he maintains his will to keep trying."<ref name="WarriorThanos" /> This concludes a character arc that was established in ''[[Thor: Ragnarok]]'' (2017) and continued in ''[[Avengers: Infinity War]]'' (2018).<ref name="RuffaloHulkArc" />
* [[Chris Hemsworth]] as [[Thor (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Thor]]: An Avenger and the king of [[Asgard (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Asgard]], based on the [[Norse mythology|Norse mythological]] deity [[Thor|of the same name]].<ref name="HemsworthEvans" /> Thor now wields a mystical axe known as [[Stormbreaker (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Stormbreaker]] after the destruction of his hammer, [[Mjolnir (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Mjolnir]], in ''Thor: Ragnarok''.<ref name="EWIWBTS" /> In the film, Thor has become an overweight, drunken ruler of Asgard's refugees in [[Tønsberg|Tønsberg, Norway]]. Hemsworth said about this drastic character change, "I just had an opinion. I wanted to do something different this time. Each film I've wanted to, in particular, the last couple, and they were on board," and added, "We shot for many hours and days and discussed how far could we push (Thor) and what we could do different."<ref name="DrunkThor" /> According to Anthony Russo, "Even though there's a lot of fun to be had in the movie with his physical condition, it's not a gag. It's a manifestation of where he is on a character level, and we think it's one of the most relatable aspects of him. I mean, it's a very common sort of response to depression and pain."<ref name="OverweightThor" /> Thor's story was Russo's favorite arc: "Part of Chris' magic as a comedic actor is his dedication to the depth of the character on a very earnest level [...] It's so devious and subversive when comedy is coming from a place of complete commitment and emotional complexity."<ref name="ThorArc" /> Hemsworth underwent around three hours of hair and makeup work for the transformation, which also required him to wear a large silicone prosthetic suit; he called himself "[[Lebowski]] Thor" on set. Thor was initially supposed to revert to his "old chiseled self" in the middle of ''Endgame'', but Hemsworth wanted to retain Thor's new physique.<ref name="LebowskiChris" />
* [[Scarlett Johansson]] as [[Natasha Romanoff (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow]]: An Avenger and a highly trained spy and former agent of [[S.H.I.E.L.D. (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|S.H.I.E.L.D.]]<ref name="JohanssonAvengers4" /><ref name="RuddAvengers4" /> Romanoff continues to command several teams from around the galaxy in the Avengers headquarters at the beginning of the film, which Joe Russo said stemmed from her inability to move on from their failure to stop Thanos: "[S]he's doing everything she can to try and hold the community together [...] She's the watcher on the wall still." On the decision for Romanoff to sacrifice herself for Barton to acquire the Soul Stone to bring everyone back, Joe Russo said that it was part of a larger theme of the desires to sacrifice or protect in ''Infinity War'': "When she gets to that [Soul Stone] scene, I think she understands that the only way to bring the community back is for her to sacrifice herself."<ref name="WidowControversalScene" /> McFeely said, "Her journey, in our minds, had come to an end if she could get the Avengers back. She comes from such an abusive, terrible, mind-control background, so when she gets to Vormir and she has a chance to get the family back, that's a thing she would trade for."<ref name="NYMarkusMcFeely" /> To prepare for the film, Johansson adopted an intense workout regimen which included [[plyometrics]], [[Olympic weightlifting]] and gymnastics and a time-restricted diet. All were supervised by her longtime trainer, Eric Johnson, with whom she had worked since ''[[Iron Man 2]]'' (2010){{snd}}the film which introduced her character.<ref name="JohanssonPrepare" />
* [[Jeremy Renner]] as [[Clint Barton (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Clint Barton / Hawkeye]]: A master archer and a former Avenger and agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. who was recently under house arrest.<ref name="RoninTrailer" /> McFeely described Barton's dark turn as "a good example of people who had much stronger stories after [[the Snap]]". The film's cold open, with the disintegration of Barton's family, was initially supposed to be in ''Infinity War'' after Thanos snapped; it was moved to ''Endgame'', however, with Markus saying that it was "going to blunt the brutality of what [Thanos] did."<ref name="NYMarkusMcFeely" /> Joe Russo called it "a very tragic scene to open the movie with. It's one of the few scenes in the movie that actually makes me tear up when I watch it, because I think about my own family [...] And then you think about what would happen to you, as a father. You'd become very self-destructive."<ref name="WarriorThanos" />
* [[Don Cheadle]] as [[James Rhodes (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|James "Rhodey" Rhodes / War Machine]]: An officer in the [[U.S. Air Force]] and an Avenger who operates the War Machine armor.<ref name="CheadleAvengers4" /> Cheadle described Rhodes's newfound belonging as an Avenger as "not so much straddling one foot in the military. He's much more on the side of The Avengers than he was prior." This is reflected on Rhodes's more instinctive and realistic worldview in the midst of encountering the fantastic; according to Cheadle, "He's definitely got some 'what-the-eff-is-happening' [attitude,] more than maybe the rest of them do, given his background. But it's a trial by fire, and he's quickly adapted to what [the threat] is, rather than what he wishes it were."<ref name="CheadleInterview" />
* [[Paul Rudd]] as [[Scott Lang (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Scott Lang / Ant-Man]]: A former petty criminal and Avenger who acquired a suit that allows him to shrink or grow in size while also increasing in strength.<ref name="RuddAvengers4" /> Lang is portrayed by twins Bazlo and Loen LeClair as a baby, by Jackson A. Dunn at age 12, and by Lee Moore at age 93.<ref name="TVGuideCast" /> This was Moore's final film before his death in August 2018.<ref name="MooreDeath" /> Markus explained that adding Lang helped with implementing time travel into the film, saying, "we had access to him in the second movie, and the fact that he was bringing a whole subset of technology that did have something to do with a different concept of time was like a birthday present."<ref name="MarkusAntManTimeTravel" />
* [[Brie Larson]] as [[Carol Danvers (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Carol Danvers / Captain Marvel]]: An ex-[[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]] fighter pilot and Avenger whose DNA was altered during an accident, giving her superhuman strength, energy projection, and flight.<ref name="LarsonAvengers4" /><ref name="LarsonAvengers4EW" /> Markus said that Danvers's powers are on a scale that has not previously existed in the MCU and compared her personality to Rogers's, "which is sort of a person who's right and knows they're right and doesn't really want to hear it when you tell them they're wrong".<ref name="MarkusMar2018" /> Danvers has little screen time in the film, which McFeely said was "not the story we're trying to tell—it's the original Avengers dealing with loss and coming to a conclusion, and she's the new, fresh blood."<ref name="NYMarkusMcFeely" /> Larson filmed her scenes for ''Endgame'' before beginning work on her solo film, ''[[Captain Marvel (film)|Captain Marvel]]'' (2019), which was released first. ''Captain Marvel'' directors [[Anna Boden and Ryan Fleck]] were present for the filming of her scenes in ''Endgame'', and gave Danvers's characterization in the film their blessing.<ref name="LarsonEndgameFirst" />
* [[Karen Gillan]] as [[Nebula (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Nebula]]: An adopted daughter of Thanos and an Avenger who was raised with Gamora.<ref name="Gillan" /> After being an antagonist or an anti-hero in previous MCU films, Nebula undergoes a redemption arc and makes amends for her past actions (including an encounter with a past version of herself); according to Gillan, she is "staring her former self in the face and it's really clear how far she's come from that angry, bitter and twisted person. She's starting to connect with other people and find some level of forgiveness." Gillan guessed that Nebula would play a prominent role in the film when she realized that ''Infinity War'' and ''Endgame'' would be adapted from ''[[The Infinity Gauntlet]]'', which she had read when she was initially cast as Nebula in ''[[Guardians of the Galaxy (film)|Guardians of the Galaxy]]'' (2014). Gillan shared several scenes, most of which were improvised, with Downey in the film's opening.<ref name="NebulaEnd" />
* [[Danai Gurira]] as [[Okoye (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Okoye]]: The general of the [[Dora Milaje (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Dora Milaje]], a group of elite women warriors.<ref name="GuriraTopBillingPolygon" />
* [[Benedict Wong]] as [[Wong (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Wong]]: A Master of the Mystic Arts and a companion of Doctor Strange.<ref name="Wong" />
* [[Jon Favreau]] as [[Happy Hogan (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Happy Hogan]]: The former head of security at [[Stark Industries (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Stark Industries]] and Stark's friend and former driver.<ref name="Favreau" />
* [[Bradley Cooper]] as [[Rocket (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Rocket]]: A member of the Guardians and an Avenger who is a genetically engineered, [[raccoon]]-based bounty hunter, mercenary, and master of weapons and battle tactics.<ref name="ScreenRantCast" /> [[Sean Gunn]] was again the stand-in for Rocket during filming, with his acting and expressions the character's motion reference.<ref name="SeanGunnAvengers4" /> Rocket's appearance continues a story arc that was established by ''Guardians of the Galaxy'' writer-director and ''Endgame'' executive producer [[James Gunn]] in the first two ''Guardians of the Galaxy'' films, was continued in ''Infinity War'' and ''Endgame'', and concluded in ''[[Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3]]'' (2023).<ref name="GunnRocketArc" />
* [[Gwyneth Paltrow]] as [[Pepper Potts (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Pepper Potts]]: Stark's wife and the CEO of Stark Industries.<ref name="PaltrowAvengers4" /> Potts wears a weaponized [[powered exosuit]] of armor made for her by Stark, based on the Rescue armor.<ref name="DeadlineNov2018" /><ref name="Rescue" /> Paltrow said this would be her final major appearance in the MCU.<ref name="PaltrowLast" />
* [[Josh Brolin]] as [[Thanos (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Thanos]]: An intergalactic warlord from [[Titan (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Titan]] who acquired all six Infinity Stones in ''Infinity War'' and triggered [[the Snap]], killing half of all life in the universe.<ref name="BrolinAvengers4" /><ref name="IWSynopsis" /> Joe Russo said that after Thanos was successful in ''Avengers: Infinity War'', he was "done" and "retired".<ref name="ThanosDec2018" /> Markus and McFeely had difficulty in factoring the older, post-''Infinity War'' Thanos into the film (because the character already had the Infinity Stones) until executive producer Trinh Tran suggested that they kill Thanos in the film's first act. Markus said that the character's early death improved his agenda.<ref name="NYMarkusMcFeely" /> Thanos has less screen time in ''Endgame'' than in ''Infinity War'', where he was considered the main character. According to McFeely, "We had to give ourselves permission to backseat the villain a little bit. I don't think anyone in the first half of the movie is going, 'Oh I wish there was a villain'. You're rolling around in the loss and the time heist, and you think it's sort of Avengers against nature." The younger version of Thanos was nicknamed "Warrior Thanos" by the filmmakers.<ref name="WarriorThanos" /> In addition to voicing the character, Brolin did the [[motion capture]].<ref name="BrolinMoCap" /> Joe Russo was a [[stand-in]] for Thanos for some scenes with Nebula.<ref name="RussoThanosStandIn" />

Several actors from ''Infinity War'' reprise their roles in ''Endgame'', including [[Benedict Cumberbatch]] as Dr. [[Stephen Strange (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Stephen Strange]],<ref name="Cumberbatch" /> [[Chadwick Boseman]] as [[T'Challa (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|T'Challa / Black Panther]],<ref name="Boseman" /> [[Tom Holland]] as [[Peter Parker (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Peter Parker / Spider-Man]], [[Zoe Saldaña]] as [[Gamora (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Gamora]],<ref name="ScreenRantCast" /> [[Elizabeth Olsen]] as [[Wanda Maximoff (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Wanda Maximoff]],<ref name="PrattOlsen" /> [[Anthony Mackie]] as [[Sam Wilson (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Sam Wilson / Falcon]],<ref name="MackieConfirm" /> [[Sebastian Stan]] as [[Bucky Barnes (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier]],<ref name="Stan" /> [[Tom Hiddleston]] as [[Loki (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Loki]],<ref name="HiddlestonInfinity" /> [[Pom Klementieff]] as [[Mantis (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Mantis]],<ref name="KlementieffAvengers4" /> [[Dave Bautista]] as [[Drax (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Drax the Destroyer]],<ref name="ScreenRantCast" /> [[Letitia Wright]] as [[Shuri (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Shuri]],<ref name="Wright" /> [[William Hurt]] as [[Thaddeus Ross (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Thaddeus Ross]], [[Cobie Smulders]] as [[Maria Hill (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Maria Hill]],<ref name="ScreenRantCast" /> [[Winston Duke]] as [[M'Baku (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|M'Baku]],<ref name="Duke" /> [[Tom Vaughan-Lawlor]] as [[Ebony Maw (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Ebony Maw]],<ref name="ScreenRantCast" /> [[Jacob Batalon]] as [[Ned Leeds (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Ned]],<ref name="RadioTimesCameos" /> [[Vin Diesel]] as [[Groot (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Groot]],<ref name="ScreenRantCast" /> [[Chris Pratt]] as [[Peter Quill (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Peter Quill / Star-Lord]],<ref name="PrattOlsen" /> [[Samuel L. Jackson]] as [[Nick Fury (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Nick Fury]], [[Ross Marquand]] as [[Red Skull (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Red Skull / Stonekeeper]], [[Michael James Shaw]] as [[Corvus Glaive (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Corvus Glaive]], [[Terry Notary]] as [[Cull Obsidian]],<ref name="ScreenRantCast" /> and [[Kerry Condon]] as the voice of Stark's suit AI [[F.R.I.D.A.Y. (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|F.R.I.D.A.Y.]]<ref name="Condon" /> [[Monique Ganderton]] again provided motion capture for [[Proxima Midnight (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Proxima Midnight]].<ref name="ScreenRantCast" />


Also reprising their roles from previous MCU films were [[Evangeline Lilly]] as [[Hope van Dyne|Hope van Dyne / Wasp]],<ref name="LillyConfirm" /> [[Tessa Thompson]] as [[Valkyrie (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Valkyrie]], [[Rene Russo]] as [[Frigga (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Frigga]], [[John Slattery]] as [[Howard Stark (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Howard Stark]], [[Tilda Swinton]] as the [[Ancient One (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Ancient One]], [[Hayley Atwell]] as [[Peggy Carter (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Peggy Carter]], [[Marisa Tomei]] as [[May Parker (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|May Parker]], [[Taika Waititi]] as [[Korg (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Korg]],<ref name="RadioTimesCameos" /> [[Angela Bassett]] as [[Ramonda (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Ramonda]],<ref name="ScreenRantCast" /> [[Michael Douglas]] as [[Hank Pym (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Hank Pym]], [[Michelle Pfeiffer]] as [[Janet van Dyne (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Janet van Dyne]], [[Linda Cardellini]] as [[Laura Barton (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Laura Barton]], [[Maximiliano Hernández]] as [[Jasper Sitwell (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Jasper Sitwell]],<ref name="RadioTimesCameos" /> [[Frank Grillo]] as [[Brock Rumlow (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Brock Rumlow]],<ref name="Grillo" /> [[Robert Redford]] as [[Alexander Pierce (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Alexander Pierce]], [[Callan Mulvey]] as [[Jack Rollins (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Jack Rollins]], and [[Ty Simpkins]] as [[Harley Keener]].<ref name="RadioTimesCameos" /> [[Sean Gunn]] reprised his role as [[Kraglin (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Kraglin]] and was credited for the role,<ref name="BFI" /> although he is not clearly visible in the film.<ref name="KraglinSeanGunn" /> [[Natalie Portman]] appears as [[Jane Foster (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Jane Foster]] in footage from a deleted ''[[Thor: The Dark World]]'' (2013) scene and a voiceover when Foster is talking in the distance.<ref name="Portman" /> [[James D'Arcy]] reprised his role as [[Edwin Jarvis (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Edwin Jarvis]] from the MCU television series ''[[Agent Carter (TV series)|Agent Carter]]'', the first time a character introduced in an MCU television series appeared in an MCU film.<ref name="D'Arcy" />

[[Hiroyuki Sanada]] played [[Akihiko (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Akihiko]], a [[Yakuza]] boss in Tokyo who opposes Barton. [[Lexi Rabe]] played [[Morgan Stark (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Morgan Stark]], Tony and Pepper's daughter.<ref name="ScreenRantCast" /><ref name="BFI" /> [[Katherine Langford]] was cast as an older Morgan, but her scene was cut from the final film.<ref name="Langford" /><ref name="LangfordCut" /> [[Emma Fuhrmann]] played an older [[Cassie Lang (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Cassie Lang]], Scott's daughter, after the character was played as a child by [[Abby Ryder Fortson]] in previous MCU films.<ref name="CassieLang" /> Avengers co-creator [[Stan Lee]] had a posthumous cameo in the film, [[De-aging in film|digitally de-aged]] as a car driver in 1970, in his final film appearance.<ref name="LeeCameo" /> [[Ken Jeong]] and [[Yvette Nicole Brown]] had cameo appearances as a storage facility guard and a S.H.I.E.L.D. employee, respectively.<ref name="RadioTimesCameos" /> Co-director Joe Russo (credited as Gozie Agbo) had a cameo appearance as a grieving gay man, the first appearance of an openly homosexual character in an MCU film.<ref name="GDL" /> Joe's daughters Ava and Lia Russo played Barton's daughter Lila and a fan of Hulk, respectively. Thanos creator [[Jim Starlin]] also appeared as a grieving man.<ref name="EWCameos" /> The character [[Howard the Duck (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Howard the Duck]] appeared in a non-speaking cameo.<ref name="HowardDuck" />

== Production ==
{{Main|Production of Avengers: Infinity War and Avengers: Endgame{{!}}Production of ''Avengers: Infinity War'' and ''Avengers: Endgame''}}
[[File:Anthony and Joe Russo by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|alt=Joe and Anthony Russo, seated; Joe wears glasses, and Anthony is in front of a microphone.|Anthony and Joe Russo, the film's directors]]
In October 2014, [[Marvel Studios]] announced a two-part sequel of ''[[Avengers: Age of Ultron]]'' (2015) entitled ''Avengers: Infinity War''. ''Part 1'' was scheduled to be released on May 4, 2018, and ''Part 2'' was scheduled for May 3, 2019.<ref name="InfinityWar" /> Marvel's plan was to film both parts of ''Infinity War'' [[Back-to-back film production|back-to-back]].<ref name="BackToBackFilming" /> [[Anthony and Joe Russo]] were hired to direct the films in April 2015.<ref name="Russos" /> The next month, [[Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely]] signed on to write the screenplays for both parts of the film.<ref name="MarkusMcFeely" /> Producer [[Kevin Feige]] said they would be "two distinct" projects with shared elements, not [[List of films split into multiple parts|one story split across two films]].<ref name="FeigeApril2015" /> The Russos decided to rename them to remove this misconception in May 2016,<ref name="Retitled" /> and Marvel left the second film untitled that July.<ref name="Retitled2" /> Feige and the Russo brothers indicated that the title was being withheld to avoid giving away plot details.<ref name="FeigeTitle" /><ref name="RussosTitle" />

[[Principal photography]] began on August 10, 2017,<ref name="FilmingStart" /> under the [[working title]] ''Mary Lou 2''<ref name="WorkingTitle" /> at [[Pinewood Atlanta Studios]] in [[Fayette County, Georgia]], with [[Trent Opaloch]] the [[director of photography]].<ref name="Atlanta" /><ref name="Pinewood" /> The film and ''Infinity War'' were shot with ARRI Alexa [[IMAX]] 2D cameras, the first time a [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] feature film was shot entirely with IMAX digital cameras.<ref name="THRIMAX" /> Filming was done that month in [[The Gulch (Atlanta)|the Gulch]] area of [[downtown Atlanta]], near the [[Five Points station|Five Points]] [[MARTA]] station, and in [[Piedmont Park]].<ref name="AtlantaAugFilming" /> Feige said that the films were originally scheduled to be filmed simultaneously but were ultimately shot back-to-back: "It became too complicated to cross-board them like that, and we found ourselves—again, something would always pay the price. We wanted to be able to focus and shoot one movie and then focus and shoot another movie."<ref name="ColliderApril2017" /> Anthony Russo originally felt that it made more sense to shoot the films simultaneously for financial and logistical reasons (including the large number of cast members),<ref name="RussosFilmingReason" /> and had suggested that "some days we'll be shooting the first movie and some days we'll be shooting the second movie. Just jumping back and forth."<ref name="Atlanta" /> The 2013 [[Asgard (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Asgard]] scenes were shot at [[Durham Cathedral]] in [[Durham, England|Durham]], England during production of ''Infinity War'' in early May 2017.<ref name="Durham" /><ref name="Durham2" /> Production [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] on January 11, 2018,<ref name="FilmingEnd" /> although additional filming took place in [[New York (state)|New York]]'s [[Dutchess County, New York|Dutchess]] and [[Ulster County, New York|Ulster]] counties in June 2018.<ref name="DutchessUlsterFilming" /> Re-shoots began by September 7, 2018,<ref name="ReshootsStart" /> and ended on October 12.<ref name="ReshootsEnd" /> More re-shoots were done in January 2019.<ref name="Jan2019Reshoots" /> Location shooting also took place in [[St Abbs]], Scotland, which doubled for [[New Asgard]] in Norway.<ref name="StAbbs" /> Evans and Hemsworth earned $15{{nbsp}}million each for the film.<ref name="EvansHemsworthPay" />

The film's official title, ''Avengers: Endgame'', and final U.S. release date of April 26, 2019, were revealed with the film's first trailer in December 2018.<ref name="TitleReveal" /> Visual effects for the film were created by [[Industrial Light & Magic]], [[Weta Digital]], [[DNEG]], [[Framestore]], [[Cinesite]], [[Digital Domain]], Rise, [[Lola VFX]], [[Cantina Creative]], Capital T, Technicolor VFX, and [[Territory Studio]].<ref name="ArtofVFX" /> Like previous MCU films, Lola worked on the de-aging scenes; the film has 200 de-aging and aging shots.<ref name="THRDeAging" /> Downey, Evans, Ruffalo, Hemsworth, Johansson, and Renner were de-aged to their 2012 appearances for scenes recreated from ''[[The Avengers (2012 film)|The Avengers]]'' (2012).<ref name="ApocalypseDeAging" /> [[Michael Douglas]], [[John Slattery]], and [[Stan Lee]] were also de-aged for the 1970 New Jersey scene,<ref name="LeeCameo" /><ref name="VultureDeAging" /> and Douglas's appearance in ''[[The Streets of San Francisco]]'' was referenced.<ref name="DouglasTSoSF" /> Lola aged Evans for the final scene, where he is an elderly man, with make-up and a stand-in.<ref name="ApocalypseDeAging" /> [[Jeffrey Ford (film editor)|Jeffrey Ford]] and [[Matthew Schmidt]] were the film's editors.<ref name="Editors" />

== Music ==
{{Main|Avengers: Endgame (soundtrack)|l1=''Avengers: Endgame'' (soundtrack)}}
[[File:Alan Silvestri 2009.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=A standing Alan Silvestri, gesturing with one hand|Alan Silvestri composed the film's score.]]
[[Alan Silvestri]], who composed the score for ''[[The Avengers (2012 film)|The Avengers]]'', was announced in June 2016 to be returning to score ''Infinity War'' and ''Endgame''.<ref name="Silvestri" /> The Russos began working with Silvestri on the ''Endgame'' score in early November 2018,<ref name="RussoNov2018PostUpdate" /> and it was completed in late March 2019.<ref name="SilvestriDone" /> A [[Avengers: Endgame (soundtrack)|soundtrack album]] with Silvestri's score was released digitally by [[Hollywood Records]] on April 26, 2019, with a physical release on May 24.<ref name="Soundtrack" /> A video for the track "Portals", composed for the climactic [[Avengers assemble scene|"Avengers assemble" scene]] in which reinforcements arrive for the Avengers, was released on June 13.<ref name="PortalsMusicVideo" />

Silvestri described the score as having the franchise's most versatile tone, ranging from "thunderous percussion and powerful brass" for the action scenes to minimalist, jazz-inspired music for Ant-Man and the Quantum Realm. He reprised his themes from the previous ''Avengers'' films and ''Captain America: The First Avenger'', including material he wrote for Thanos and the Infinity Stones in ''Infinity War''. Silvestri found writing the music to end Captain America's story poignant, since he had "been on this journey with him since the beginning".<ref name="SilvestriTHR" /> The film also used the ''[[Ant-Man (film)|Ant-Man]]'' (2015) theme by [[Christophe Beck]], the ''[[Doctor Strange (2016 film)|Doctor Strange]]'' (2016) theme by [[Michael Giacchino]], and the ''[[Captain Marvel (film)|Captain Marvel]]'' theme by [[Pinar Toprak]].<ref name="MCUThemes" /> The songs "[[Come and Get Your Love]]" by [[Redbone (band)|Redbone]] and "[[It's Been a Long, Long Time]]" by [[Jule Styne]] and [[Sammy Cahn]] were also used after previously being heard in ''Guardians of the Galaxy'' and ''[[Captain America: The Winter Soldier]]'' (2014), respectively.<ref name="Songs" /><ref name="LongLongTime" />

== Marketing ==
The marketing campaign for ''Endgame'' cost over $200 million, the most for any Marvel Studios film. Promotional partners included [[Stand Up to Cancer]], [[Mastercard]], [[Ulta Beauty]], the [[Audi e-tron GT]] concept car (which appears in the film), [[McDonald's]], [[GEICO]], [[Coca-Cola]], [[Google]], [[General Mills]], [[The Hertz Corporation|Hertz]], [[Ziploc]], [[Oppo]], and [[Synchrony Financial]].<ref name="PromoCosts" /> A year before the film's release, Germain Lussier of ''[[io9]]'' spoke on the approach Marvel might have to take in marketing the film, given the end of ''Infinity War'' where many established characters die. He questioned if those characters would appear on posters and in toy campaigns, and if the actors playing them would participate in press events leading up to the film's release. Lussier felt that Disney and Marvel could focus on the original Avengers team members (most of the living characters), but noted that it would be more beneficial to show the return of the dead characters; this would create a "mystery and curiosity about {{em|how}} they come back" and a "whole new level of interest" for the film "while having all the stars front and center".<ref name="MarketingMay2018" /> Feige said in June 2018 that the dead characters would not be featured in the film's marketing.<ref name="FeigeMarketingJun2018" /> He presented a behind-the-scenes video from the film at [[CineEurope]],<ref name="CineEurope" /><ref name="CineEuropeClarify" /> and said that its marketing campaign would begin at the end of 2018.<ref name="FeigeTitleJun2018" /> In early December 2018, before the first trailer's release, Graeme McMillan of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' spoke about the "fevered anticipation" surrounding it and felt it "remarkable", mostly "fan-created, without [the] noticeable direction from Marvel or the filmmakers involved"; knowledge about the film, without promotion was, "a kind of brand awareness" that was unusual. McMillan urged Marvel not to release any trailers for the film, since "the advanced level of enthusiasm [...] [was] likely to build" before its release; a trailer would take away the "[[Schrödinger's cat]]-esque position", as it was "almost guaranteed" to disappoint fans.<ref name="THRTrailerAnticipation" />

The first trailer for the film was released on December 7, 2018.<ref name="THRTrailer1Newby" /> Dustin Sandoval, vice president of [[digital marketing]] for Marvel Studios, said that the marketing team decided to omit the "title or hashtag" for the film in its trailer posts, allowing fans to see the trailer without spoiling it by watching "at the end".<ref name="SandovalTrailer" /> Richard Newby, also of ''The Hollywood Reporter'', felt that although little new material was revealed in the trailer, it offered a "somber glimpse of a universe made unrecognizable" and let the viewer consider "the ending of ''Avengers: Infinity War'' and our questions of loss". Newby noted that the trailer highlighted the characters' "humble beginnings" with its visual language, and left viewers with "just as many questions as we had before".<ref name="THRTrailer1Newby" /> Austen Goslin of ''[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]'' said that the title references a line by Doctor Strange to Tony Stark in ''Infinity War'' and a line by Stark in ''Age of Ultron''. Goslin said, "The scene surrounding this line in ''Age of Ultron'' is one of the most important ones in the movie. Things look dark, and the group of heroes face an enemy they don't think they can defeat." The ''Endgame'' trailer "mirrors this perfectly", and "shows us that the Avengers' two most prominent characters are who they've always been: Iron Man, a pessimist who keeps fighting no matter how hopeless things look, and Captain America, an optimist who believes that nothing is hopeless when the world's heroes fight together."<ref name="PolygonTrailer1" /> The trailer was viewed 289 million times in its first 24 hours and was the most-viewed trailer in that time period, surpassing the record of ''Avengers: Infinity War'' (230 million views). It set a record for [[Twitter]] conversation for a film trailer in the first 24 hours, generating 549,000 mentions.<ref name="FirstTrailerViews" /> By January 3, 2019, ''[[BoxOffice]]''{{'s}} "Trailer Impact" metric service indicated that 77 to 78 percent of people surveyed who viewed the ''Endgame'' trailer in the past three weeks had expressed interest in seeing the film. In the three weeks it was measured by the service, the trailer was number one for all and had the top two percent of respondents express interest in seeing the film since the service's introduction in March 2018.<ref name="TrailerImpactData" />

The second trailer for the film and its theatrical release poster were released on March 14, 2019. All 13 actors on the poster received top billing except for Danai Gurira, whose name appeared in the poster's bottom [[billing block]] with Benedict Wong, Jon Favreau, and Gwyneth Paltrow (none of whom appeared on the poster). Despite this, her exclusion from the top billing prompted criticism from some fans.<ref name="GuriraTopBillingPolygon" /><ref name="GuriraTopBillingEW" /> Petrana Radulovic of ''Polygon'' said that how an actor is credited on a poster "is a complex process" based on "dealing with agents, fees, and movie star demands."<ref name="GuriraTopBillingPolygon" /> Marvel Studios released an updated poster later that day, with Gurira in the top billing.<ref name="GuriraTopBillingPolygon" /><ref name="GuriraTopBillingEW" /> The second trailer was viewed 268 million times in the first 24 hours, becoming the second-most-viewed trailer in that time period (behind the first trailer).<ref name="SecondTrailerViews" />

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
''Avengers: Endgame'' had its world premiere at the [[Los Angeles Convention Center]] on April 22, 2019.<ref name="LAPremiere" /><ref name="LAConventionCenter" /> Disney converted the convention center's Hall K for the film's premiere, working with [[Dolby]] and [[QSC Audio]] to install a {{convert|70|foot|abbr=off|adj=on}} screen, [[Dolby Vision]] projectors, and a [[Dolby Atmos]] sound system. The convention center also held the red carpet arrival and after-party for the premiere.<ref name="LAConventionCenter" /> The film was released in Australia, China, and other parts of Asia and Europe on April 24,<ref name="DeadlineTracking2" /> in the United Kingdom on April 25,<ref name="UKRelease" /> in the United States and India on April 26,<ref name="TitleReveal" /><ref name="DeadlineTracking2" /> and in Russia on April 29<ref name="DeadlineTracking2" /> in [[IMAX]] and [[3D film|3D]].<ref name="IMAXRelease" /><ref name="3DRelease" /> It was originally scheduled to be released in the United States on May 3.<ref name="InfinityWar" /> [[Radio Liberty]] alleged that the [[Russian government]] postponed the film's release in that country to promote Russian-produced films.<ref name="RussianDelay" /> ''Avengers: Endgame'' is part of [[Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Three|Phase Three]] of the MCU.<ref name="PhaseThree" />

Following the release of the second trailer for Marvel Studios' ''[[Spider-Man: Far From Home]]'' (2019) on May 6, Marvel began showing it at the end of ''Endgame'' screenings with a message before the film from ''Far From Home'' star Tom Holland telling the audience to stay until the end of the credits to see the trailer.<ref name="FarFromHomeTrailer" /> In June, Feige announced that ''Avengers: Endgame'' would be re-released in theaters with seven minutes of new post-credits footage which included a Stan Lee tribute, an unfinished deleted scene, and the opening scene of ''Far From Home''. A limited-edition poster would be given out at select theaters. The re-release began on June 28 in 1,040 theaters in the United States.<ref name="Rerelease2" /><ref name="Rerelease" />

''Endgame'' will be re-released in theaters on September 25, 2026, in anticipation of its sequel, ''[[Avengers: Doomsday]]'', releasing in December 2026.<ref name="2026Rerelease" />

=== Home media ===
The film was released for [[Digital distribution|digital download]] by [[Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment]] on July 30, 2019, and on [[Ultra HD Blu-ray]], [[Blu-ray]], and [[DVD-Video|DVD]] on August 13.<ref name="HomeMedia" /> Streaming became exclusive to [[Disney+]] on November 12, 2019.<ref name="DisneyStreaming" /> The digital and Blu-ray releases include behind-the-scenes featurettes, audio commentary, deleted scenes, and a blooper reel.<ref name="HomeMedia" /> Despite being filmed with IMAX cameras and released in IMAX theaters in the 1.90:1 [[aspect ratio]], the home-media release has the cropped [[2.39:1]] aspect-ratio version used for non-IMAX screenings.<ref name="HomeNotImax" /> The IMAX Enhanced version of the film was made available on Disney+ on November 12, 2021.<ref name="IMAXEnhanced" /> The film earned {{US$|107.8{{nbsp}}million|long=no}} from DVD and Blu-ray sales in the US.<ref name="TheNumbers" />

== Reception ==
=== Box office ===
{{Main|List of box office records set by Avengers: Endgame|l1=List of box office records set by ''Avengers: Endgame''}}
''Avengers: Endgame'' grossed {{US$|858.4{{nbsp}}million|long=no}} in the United States and Canada and {{US$|1.941{{nbsp}}billion|long=no}} in other territories for a worldwide total of {{US$|2.799{{nbsp}}billion|long=no}}.<ref name="BOM" /> It was the [[List of highest-grossing films#Highest-grossing films|highest-grossing film of all time]]<ref name="HighestGrossingFilm1" /> until it was surpassed by ''[[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]]'' (2009) due to the 2021 re-release in China,<ref name="AvatarBeatsEndgame" /> and was the [[List of highest-grossing films in the United States and Canada#Not adjusted for inflation|second-highest-grossing film of all time in the United States and Canada]].<ref name="TheNumbersDomesticRankings" /> ''[[Gone with the Wind (film)|Gone with the Wind]]'' (1939) remains the highest-grossing film (adjusted for inflation), and ''Avengers: Endgame'' is the [[List of highest-grossing films|fifth-highest-grossing film of all time worldwide]].<ref name="HighestGrossingFilm2" />

The film had a worldwide opening of $1.2{{nbsp}}billion, the [[List of highest-grossing openings for films#Biggest worldwide openings on record|biggest of all time]], and nearly double ''Infinity War''{{'s}} previous record of $640{{nbsp}}million.<ref name="DeadlineINT" /> It is the fastest film to reach the $1{{nbsp}}billion and $1.5{{nbsp}}billion marks, doing so in five and eight days respectively.<ref name="MoreRecordsBroken" /> ''[[Deadline Hollywood]]'' estimated that the film would [[break even]] five days after release, "unheard of for a major studio tentpole during its opening weekend".<ref name="DeadlineProfitAnalysis" /> The website calculated ''Avengers: Endgame''{{'s}} final net profit as $890{{nbsp}}million, accounting for production budgets, marketing, talent participation, and other costs; box-office grosses and home-media revenue placed it first on its list of 2019's "Most Valuable Blockbusters".<ref name="DeadlineProfitAnalysisFinal" />

On May 4, the film's earnings at the global box office surpassed the theatrical run of ''Infinity War''. It was the fastest film to gross $2{{nbsp}}billion worldwide, reaching that threshold in 11 days; ''Avatar'' did so in 47 days.<ref name="BillionRecord" /> ''Avengers: Endgame'' was the fifth film to surpass this threshold (after ''Avatar'', ''[[Titanic (1997 film)|Titanic]]'' (1997), ''[[Star Wars: The Force Awakens]]'' (2015), and ''Infinity War''),<ref name="PassThreshold" /> and reached the $2.5{{nbsp}}billion mark in 20 days; ''Avatar'' did so in 72.<ref name="2.5Billion" />

==== Pre-sale records ====
''Endgame'' was one of 2019's most anticipated films in late December 2018, ranked second by [[IMDb]] and first by [[Fandango Media|Fandango]] and [[Atom Tickets]].<ref name="IMDbFandangoAnticipation" /><ref name="AtomTicketsAnticipation" /> Due to high demand when pre-sale tickets became available in the U.S. on April 2, 2019, customers on Atom Tickets and Fandango experienced long wait times and system delays; [[AMC Theatres]]' website and app [[Crash (computing)|crashed]] for several hours. Fandango announced that day that the film was its top-selling pre-sale film for the first 24 hours, breaking ''Star Wars: The Force Awakens''{{'s}} record in six hours. Atom said that the film was the website's bestselling first-day film (outselling ''[[Aquaman (film)|Aquaman]]'' (2018) by four times), and [[Regal Cinemas]] reported that ''Endgame'' had sold more tickets in its first eight hours than ''Infinity War'' did in its first week.<ref name="PreSale" /> The film grossed $120–140{{nbsp}}million in pre-sales.<ref name="DeadlineTracking2" /> Fandango announced the day before release that ''Endgame'' was its biggest pre-selling film of all time, surpassing ''The Force Awakens'' with over 8,000 sold-out showtimes across the US.<ref name="FandangoSellout" />

In India, the film sold one million tickets in one day for its English, Hindi, Tamil, and Telugu-language screenings; 18 tickets were sold every second.<ref name="DeadlineTracking2" /> In China, pre-sale tickets became available on April 12; a record one million were sold in six hours, surpassing ''Infinity War''{{'s}} first-24-hours total in the first hour<ref name="ChinaTickets" /> and earning $114.5{{nbsp}}million ([[RMB]] 770 million) in pre-sales.<ref name="DeadlineChina" />

==== United States and Canada ====
[[File:North American Domestic Box Office.png|thumb|upright=1.3|alt=Multicolored line graph|Chart of the North American box-office gross of ''Avengers: Endgame'' against the four [[List of highest-grossing films in the United States and Canada|highest-grossing films in the market]]]]
On April 4, industry tracking projected that the film would gross $200–250{{nbsp}}million domestically during its opening weekend; some insiders saw those figures as conservative, and expected a $260–300{{nbsp}}million debut.<ref name="VarietyTracking" /><ref name="DeadlineTracking" /> By the week of its release, domestic estimates had risen to $260–270{{nbsp}}million and some insiders suggested that a $300{{nbsp}}million debut was possible. The film played in 4,662 theaters, 410 of which were in IMAX; it was the widest release ever, surpassing the record of ''[[Despicable Me 3]]''{{'s}} (2017) 4,529 theaters.<ref name="DeadlineTracking2" /><ref name="THRRecordsBroken" /> ''Avengers: Endgame'' [[List of highest-grossing openings for films|earned $357.1{{nbsp}}million in its opening weekend]], breaking ''Infinity War''{{'s}} record by nearly $100{{nbsp}}million. It set records for Friday ($157.5{{nbsp}}million, including $60{{nbsp}}million from Thursday night previews), Saturday ($109.3{{nbsp}}million), and Sunday ($90.4{{nbsp}}million) totals, and had a higher total weekend gross than the previous box-office high of all films combined ($314{{nbsp}}million).<ref name="DEADopening" /> The film earned an average of $76,601 per theatre, breaking records for highest per-theatre average for a nationwide release ($59,982 for ''The Force Awakens'') and the inflation-adjusted record held by ''[[Return of the Jedi]]'' (approximately $66,400, set in 1983).<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=April 28, 2019 |title=Avengers: Endgame Assembles a Global Cultural Event for Unprecedented $357 Million Domestic, $1.2 Billion Global Debut |url=https://www.boxofficepro.com/domestic-global-weekend-update-avengers-endgame/ |access-date=July 25, 2023 |magazine=[[Boxoffice Pro]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Opening Theater Averages |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/chart/top_opening_weekend_theater_avg/?by_release_scale=wide |access-date=July 25, 2023 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> It earned $36.9{{nbsp}}million the following Monday and $33.1{{nbsp}}million on Tuesday, both the third-highest of all time.<ref name="MondayGross" /><ref name="TuesdayGross" /> In its second weekend, the film made $147.4{{nbsp}}million (the second-best second weekend ever) for a 10-day total of $621.3{{nbsp}}million. It was the fastest film to pass the $600{{nbsp}}million mark, ahead of ''The Force Awakens''{{'s}} 12 days and less than half the 26 days it took ''Infinity War''.<ref name="DEADwknd2" /> The film grossed $64.8{{nbsp}}million the following week, the fourth-best third weekend ever. It passed the $700{{nbsp}}million mark, tying ''The Force Awakens''{{'s}} record of 16 days.<ref name="DEADwknd3" /> ''Endgame'' was finally dethroned in its fourth weekend by newcomer ''[[John Wick: Chapter 3 – Parabellum]]'' (2019).<ref name="Weekend4" /> It earned $17.2{{nbsp}}million the following weekend (a total of $22.3{{nbsp}}million over the four-day Memorial Day weekend), crossing the $800{{nbsp}}million threshold domestically.<ref name="Weekend5" /> The film was added to 1,040 theaters during its tenth-weekend re-release and earned $6.1{{nbsp}}million, an increase of 207 percent from the previous weekend.<ref name="DeadlineRerelease" /> It earned $1.2{{nbsp}}million in its thirteenth weekend, breaking ''Avatar''{{'s}} all-time record.<ref name="RecordWknd" />

==== Other territories ====
''Endgame'' was projected to gross around $680{{nbsp}}million internationally over its first five days, for a global debut of $850–950{{nbsp}}million.<ref name="THRTracking" /><ref name="VarietyTracking2" /><ref name="DeadlineTracking2" /> The film was initially projected to gross $250–280{{nbsp}}million in China in its opening weekend,<ref name="DeadlineTracking2" /> but earned a record $107.5{{nbsp}}million (RMB 719 million) in the country on its first day; this included $28.2{{nbsp}}million (RMB 189{{nbsp}}million) from midnight, 3 am and 6 am screenings, eclipsing ''[[The Fate of the Furious]]''{{'s}} (2017) record of $9.1{{nbsp}}million. Due to the record-breaking first day and word of mouth (with a 9.1 on local review aggregator [[Douban]] and a 9.3 on ticket website [[Maoyan]]), debut projections were increased to over $300{{nbsp}}million.<ref name="DeadlineChina" /> The film made $169{{nbsp}}million on its first day, the highest total of all time. Its largest markets after China were India ($9{{nbsp}}million), South Korea ($8.4{{nbsp}}million, the largest non-holiday single-day gross ever), Australia ($7.1{{nbsp}}million), France ($6{{nbsp}}million), and Italy ($5.8{{nbsp}}million). The film over-performed, opening with $866{{nbsp}}million overseas. Its largest markets, setting records for the best-ever opening in each country, were China ($330.5{{nbsp}}million, RMB 2.22{{nbsp}}billion), the United Kingdom ($53.8{{nbsp}}million), South Korea ($47.4{{nbsp}}million), Mexico ($33.1{{nbsp}}million), Australia ($30.8{{nbsp}}million), Brazil ($26{{nbsp}}million), Spain ($13.3{{nbsp}}million), Japan ($13{{nbsp}}million),<ref name="DeadlineINT" /> and Vietnam ($10{{nbsp}}million).<ref name="EIUEG" /> The film earned $21.6{{nbsp}}million over its first four days in Russia after a government-caused delay of its premiere.<ref name="RussianDelay" /><ref name="RussianDelay2" /><ref name="RussianDelay3" />

In its first week, the film's top five largest international markets were China ({{US$|459.4{{nbsp}}million|long=no}}), the United Kingdom ({{US$|68.2{{nbsp}}million|long=no}}), South Korea ({{US$|60.3{{nbsp}}million|long=no}}), Mexico ({{US$|48.6{{nbsp}}million|long=no}}), and India ({{US$|40.9{{nbsp}}million|long=no}}).<ref name="FiveInternationalMarkets" /> A week after its release, it became the highest-grossing foreign film of all time in China and India.<ref name="ChinaForeign" /><ref name="IndiaForeign" /> The film's running total passed $1.569{{nbsp}}billion from international markets in its second weekend, passing ''Titanic'' as the second-highest film overseas of all time.<ref name="PassThreshold" /> By January 2021, its top international markets were China ($632{{nbsp}}million), the United Kingdom ($115{{nbsp}}million), South Korea ($105{{nbsp}}million), Brazil ($86{{nbsp}}million), and Mexico ($78{{nbsp}}million).<ref name="BOM" />

=== Critical response ===
{{Multiple image|perrow = 3|total_width=300
|image1 = Robert Downey Jr 2014 Comic Con (cropped).jpg
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|image3 = Mark Ruffalo in 2017 by Gage Skidmore.jpg
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|image4 = Chris Hemsworth by Gage Skidmore 2 (cropped).jpg
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|footer = The performances of ''(top, L–R)'' [[Robert Downey Jr.]], [[Chris Evans (actor)|Chris Evans]], [[Mark Ruffalo]], ''(bottom, L–R)'' [[Chris Hemsworth]], [[Scarlett Johansson]], and [[Jeremy Renner]] as the original six Avengers were widely praised by critics.<ref name="CBRReviewRoundup" />
}}
[[Review aggregator]] [[Rotten Tomatoes]] reported an approval rating of {{RT data|score}}, with an average score of {{RT data|average}} based on {{RT data|count}} reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Exciting, entertaining, and emotionally impactful, ''Avengers: Endgame'' does whatever it takes to deliver a satisfying finale to Marvel's epic [[Infinity Saga]]."<ref name="RottenTomatoes">{{Cite Rotten Tomatoes |id={{RT data|rtid|noprefix=y}} |type=m |title=Avengers: Endgame |access-date={{RT data|access date}}}}{{RT data|edit}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[Metacritic]] (which uses a [[Weighted arithmetic mean|weighted average]]) gave the film a score of 78 out of 100 based on 57 critics, indicating "generally favorable" reviews.<ref name="Metacritic">{{Cite Metacritic |id=avengers-endgame |type=movie |title=Avengers: Endgame |access-date=November 24, 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Audiences polled by [[CinemaScore]] gave the film an A+ grade on an A+ to F scale, the third Marvel film to receive the grade after ''[[The Avengers (2012 film)|The Avengers]]'' and ''[[Black Panther (film)|Black Panther]]'' (2018). [[PostTrak]] audiences gave the film five stars out of five and an 85-percent "definite recommend".<ref name="DEADopening" />

Writing for [[NPR]], [[Glen Weldon]] gave the film a positive review and found it a worthy sequel to its predecessor: "The Russos' decision to stick close to the experiences of the remaining Avengers proves a rewarding one, as they've expressly constructed the film as an extended victory lap for the Marvel Cinematic Universe writ large. Got a favorite character from any Marvel movie over the past decade, no matter how obscure? Prepare to get serviced, fan."<ref name="NPRWeldon" /> In his ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' review, [[Peter Travers]] gave the film four stars out of five: "You don't have to make jokes about the clichéd time travel plot – the film is ready, willing and able to make its own, with ''[[Back to the Future]]'' coming in for a serious ribbing."<ref name="RollingStoneTravers" />

Peter Debruge of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' wrote, "After the must-see showdown that was ''Infinity War'', the Russo brothers deliver a more fan-facing three-hour follow-up, rewarding loyalty to Marvel Cinematic Universe."<ref name="VarietyReview" /> J. R. Kinnard of ''[[PopMatters]]'' wrote, "Big budget action filmmaking doesn't get much better than this."<ref name="PM" /> [[Todd McCarthy]] of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' said, "[W]hat comes across most strongly here, oddly enough for an effects-driven comic-book-derived film, is the character acting, especially from Downey, Ruffalo, Evans, Hemsworth, Brolin, and Paul Rudd".<ref name="THRReview" /> [[Richard Roeper]], writing for the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'', gave the film four stars and praised its "emotional punch" and the "funny, well-paced, smart, expertly rendered screenplay by Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely, crisp direction from Anthony Russo and Joe Russo, [...] and the universally stellar performances".<ref name="SunTimesReview" />

''[[The New York Times]]'' reviewer [[A. O. Scott]] gave the film a positive-but-guarded review: "''Endgame'' is a monument to adequacy, a fitting capstone to an enterprise that figured out how to be good enough for enough people enough of the time. Not that it's really over, of course: Disney and Marvel are still working out new wrinkles in the time-money continuum. But the Russos do provide the sense of an ending, a chance to appreciate what has been done before the timelines reset and we all get back to work."<ref name="NewYorkTimesScott" /> [[Justin Chang]] of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' wrote that "''Avengers: Endgame'' achieves and earns its climactic surge of feeling, even as it falls just short of real catharsis".<ref name="LATReview" /> Some called the film a notable improvement over its predecessor, ''Avengers: Infinity War'', including Brian Tallerico of ''[[RogerEbert.com]]'': ''Endgame'' is "a more patient, focused film [than ''Infinity War''], even as its plot draws in elements of a dozen other movies."<ref name="RogerEbertTallerico" /> [[Matt Zoller Seitz]], also of ''RogerEbert.com'', compared the film positively to ''Infinity War'', which he considered "too crowded, too rushed and yet too long". Seitz called ''Endgame'' "a heartfelt and satisfying experience" and a "surprisingly relaxed, character-driven, self-aware yet sincere comedy [for] two-thirds of [the film]. Much of the script suggests a laid-back [[Richard Linklater]] movie with superheroes".<ref name="RogerEbertSeitz" /> [[Joe Morgenstern]] of ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' cited ''Avengers: Endgame'' as the conclusion of the Infinity Saga, calling the final battle "inevitably unwieldy [...] but thrilling all the same, and followed by a delicate [[wikt:coda|coda]]. So many stories. So many adventures. So much to sort out before the next cycle starts."<ref name="MorgensternEndgame" />

[[Richard Brody]] was more critical of the film in ''[[The New Yorker]]'', saying that its good acting was not matched by comparable skill from its directors: "The Russos have peculiarly little sense of visual pleasure, little sense of beauty, little sense of metaphor, little aptitude for texture or composition; their spectacular conceit is purely one of scale, which is why their finest moments are quiet and dramatic ones".<ref name="NewYorkerBrody" /> [[Anthony Lane]] of ''The New Yorker'' gave the film a negative review, finding it overwrought: "The one thing you do need to know about ''Avengers: Endgame'' is that it runs for a little over three hours, and that you can easily duck out during the middle hour, do some shopping, and slip back into your seat for the climax. You won't have missed a thing."<ref name="NewYorkerLane" />

=== Accolades ===
{{Main|List of accolades received by Avengers: Endgame|l1=List of accolades received by ''Avengers: Endgame''}}
At the [[92nd Academy Awards]], ''Avengers: Endgame'' received a nomination for [[Academy Award for Best Visual Effects|Best Visual Effects]].<ref name="Oscars" /> The film's other nominations include an [[Annie Award]] (which it won),<ref name="AnnieAwards" /> a [[British Academy Film Award]],<ref name="BAFTA" /> and three [[Critics' Choice Movie Awards]] (winning two).<ref name="CriticsChoice" /> Its [[Bharatpedia]] page was [[Bharatpedia:2019 Top 50 Report|the most-viewed article of 2019]], with 44.2 million views.<ref name="TopBharatpediaArticle2019" /> ''Endgame'' ranked 41st in a March 2020 ''[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]'' magazine poll of the 100 greatest films of the 21st century.<ref name="EmpireRanking" /> The [[Avengers assemble scene|Avengers' assembling moment]] was one of five finalists for an Oscars Cheer Moment in the "[[Oscars Fan Favorite]]" contest for the [[94th Academy Awards]] in February 2022, despite the film's ineligibility for other Academy Awards that year.<ref name="OscarsCheerMoment" />

== Sequels ==
{{Main|Avengers: Doomsday{{!}}''Avengers: Doomsday''}}
{{Further|Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Six#Avengers: Secret Wars (2027)}}

In May 2018, [[the Walt Disney Company]] CEO [[Bob Iger]] said Marvel Studios was focusing on new characters and franchises for the MCU following ''Endgame'', but another ''[[Avengers (film series)|Avengers]]'' film could happen eventually given the popularity of the previous films.<ref name="IgerTHR" /> Shortly after the film's premiere, the Russo brothers said that they were not opposed to returning to the MCU in the future due to their positive relationship with Marvel Studios, but did not plan to do so at that time.<ref name="RussosFuture" /> Feige said in January 2021 that another ''Avengers'' film would happen eventually.<ref name="FeigeFuture" />

At the 2022 [[San Diego Comic-Con]], Feige announced ''Avengers: The Kang Dynasty'' and ''[[Avengers: Secret Wars]]''. The films would conclude [[Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Six|Phase Six]] of the MCU.<ref name="SDCC2022" /> Feige later said that the Russos would not return to direct the films.<ref name="RussosNotReturning" /> [[Destin Daniel Cretton]], who directed ''[[Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings]]'' (2021), was set to direct ''The Kang Dynasty'',<ref name="Cretton" /> with a script from ''[[Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania]]'' (2023) writer [[Jeff Loveness]].<ref name="Loveness" /> ''[[Loki (TV series)|Loki]]'' [[Loki season 1|season one]] (2021) [[head writer]] and ''[[Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness]]'' (2022) writer [[Michael Waldron]] was set to write the screenplay for ''Secret Wars''.<ref name="Waldron" /> By November 2023, Cretton had stepped down as director of ''The Kang Dynasty'',<ref name="KangDynastyCrettonExit" /> when Waldron was hired to replace Loveness as the writer for the film.<ref name="WaldronAKD" /> [[Jonathan Majors]], who portrayed [[Kang the Conqueror (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Kang the Conqueror]] and was expected to appear in both films, was fired by Disney and Marvel Studios in December 2023 [[Jonathan Majors#2023 assault|after he was convicted of assault]]. By then, Marvel was referring to ''The Kang Dynasty'' internally as ''Avengers 5''.<ref name="MajorsFiredTHR" />

At the 2024 San Diego Comic-Con, the Russos were announced to be directing the next two ''Avengers'' films. They revealed that ''Avengers 5'' was now titled ''[[Avengers: Doomsday]]'' and would feature [[Victor von Doom (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Doctor Doom]] as the main antagonist rather than Kang. Downey was revealed to have been cast as Doom for both films, and McFeely had joined as a co-writer.<ref name="SDCC2024Avengers" /> Numerous MCU cast members reprise their roles in ''Doomsday'', along with several actors who starred in [[20th Century Fox]]'s [[X-Men (film series)|''X-Men'' film series]].<ref name="DoomsdayCastTHR" /> Evans also reprises his role as Rogers, despite his "definitive ending" in ''Endgame'', with the Russos calling him "the character that changed our lives... it was always going to come back" to his story.<ref name="EvansDoomsdayTrailerOnline" /> ''Doomsday'' is scheduled to be released on December 18, 2026, with ''Secret Wars'' following on December 17, 2027.<ref name="May2025ReleaseDelay" />

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=

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<ref name="BOM">{{Cite Box Office Mojo |id=4154796 |title=Avengers: Endgame |access-date=February 14, 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref>



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<ref name="Cumberbatch">{{Cite magazine |last=Collis |first=Clark |date=October 13, 2016 |title=Doctor Strange will play a 'Very, Very Important' Role in the MCU, Marvel Studios President Says |url=https://www.ew.com/article/2016/10/13/doctor-strange-kevin-feige-benedict-cumberbatch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161015090636/http://www.ew.com/article/2016/10/13/doctor-strange-kevin-feige-benedict-cumberbatch |archive-date=October 15, 2016 |access-date=October 14, 2016 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref>

<ref name="MackieConfirm">{{Cite web |last=Palmer |first=Frank |date=March 20, 2017 |title=Exclusive: Anthony Mackie Says Falcon Won't Die |url=http://www.screengeek.net/2017/03/20/anthony-mackie-says-falcon-wont-die/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322055816/http://www.screengeek.net/2017/03/20/anthony-mackie-says-falcon-wont-die/ |archive-date=March 22, 2017 |access-date=March 21, 2017 |website=Screen Geek}}</ref>

<ref name="IWSynopsis">{{Cite web |last=Peters |first=Megan |date=May 19, 2017 |title=''Avengers: Infinity War'' Synopsis Released |url=https://comicbook.com/marvel/2017/05/19/avengers-infinity-war-synopsis-description/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519062423/http://comicbook.com/marvel/2017/05/19/avengers-infinity-war-synopsis-description/ |archive-date=May 19, 2017 |access-date=May 19, 2017 |website=[[ComicBook.com]]}}</ref>

<ref name="JohanssonAvengers4">{{Cite web |last=Welch |first=Alex |date=August 22, 2017 |title=Black Widow Heads to Japan in ''Avengers 4'' Set Photos |url=https://screenrant.com/avengers-4-images-japan-black-widow/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823002522/http://screenrant.com/avengers-4-images-japan-black-widow/ |archive-date=August 23, 2017 |access-date=August 22, 2017 |website=[[Screen Rant]]}}</ref>

<ref name="PaltrowAvengers4">{{Cite web |last=Damore |first=Meagan |date=August 22, 2017 |title=''Avengers 4'' Set Photos Capture Iron Man Character's Return |url=http://www.cbr.com/avengers-4-pepper-potts-set-photo/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823120645/http://www.cbr.com/avengers-4-pepper-potts-set-photo/ |archive-date=August 23, 2017 |access-date=August 22, 2017 |website=[[Comic Book Resources]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Stan">{{Cite web |last=Ellwood |first=Gregory |date=September 11, 2017 |title=Sebastian Stan Says Marvel Studios Training Put to Good Use On ''I, Tonya'' [Interview] |url=https://theplaylist.net/sebastian-stan-marvel-tonya-interview-20170911/2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725063554/https://theplaylist.net/sebastian-stan-marvel-tonya-interview-20170911/2/ |archive-date=July 25, 2018 |access-date=September 15, 2017 |website=The Playlist}}</ref>

<ref name="CheadleAvengers4">{{Cite web |last=Damore |first=Meagan |date=September 21, 2017 |title=Paltrow Confirms ''Avengers 4'' Role for Cheadle's War Machine |url=http://www.cbr.com/avengers-4-don-cheadle-war-machine/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922051024/http://www.cbr.com/avengers-4-don-cheadle-war-machine/ |archive-date=September 22, 2017 |access-date=September 21, 2017 |website=[[Comic Book Resources]]}}</ref>

<ref name="KlementieffAvengers4">{{Cite web |last=Sandwell |first=Ian |date=September 29, 2017 |title=Another ''Guardians of the Galaxy'' Star Confirms They'll Be Coming Back for ''Avengers 4'' |url=http://www.digitalspy.com/movies/the-avengers/news/a839336/guardians-of-the-galaxy-avengers-4-mantis/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930154038/http://www.digitalspy.com/movies/the-avengers/news/a839336/guardians-of-the-galaxy-avengers-4-mantis/ |archive-date=September 30, 2017 |access-date=September 30, 2017 |website=[[Digital Spy]]}}</ref>

<ref name="RuffaloHulkArc">{{Cite web |last=Eisenberg |first=Eric |date=October 10, 2017 |title=Apparently Mark Ruffalo and Kevin Feige Have Planned a Special Trilogy for the Hulk |url=https://www.cinemablend.com/news/1712449/apparently-mark-ruffalo-and-kevin-feige-have-planned-a-special-trilogy-for-the-hulk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011114751/https://www.cinemablend.com/news/1712449/apparently-mark-ruffalo-and-kevin-feige-have-planned-a-special-trilogy-for-the-hulk |archive-date=October 11, 2017 |access-date=October 10, 2017 |website=[[CinemaBlend]]}}</ref>

<ref name="RuddAvengers4">{{Cite web |last=Mithaiwala |first=Mansoor |date=October 28, 2017 |title=Robert Downey Jr. Announces ''Avengers 4'' Return |url=https://screenrant.com/robert-downey-jr-avengers-4/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171104020809/https://screenrant.com/robert-downey-jr-avengers-4/ |archive-date=November 4, 2017 |access-date=November 4, 2017 |website=[[Screen Rant]]}}</ref>

<ref name="BrolinAvengers4">{{Cite web |last=Dolloff |first=Matt |date=July 30, 2017 |title=Josh Brolin Announces Return For ''Avengers 4'' Filming |url=https://screenrant.com/avengers-4-thanos-return-josh-brolin-announcement/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171104020809/https://screenrant.com/robert-downey-jr-avengers-4/ |archive-date=November 4, 2017 |access-date=November 23, 2017 |website=[[Screen Rant]]}}</ref>

<ref name="LarsonAvengers4">{{Cite magazine |last=Robinson |first=Joanna |date=November 28, 2017 |title=What ''RoboCop'' Has to Do with the Future of the Marvel Cinematic Universe |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2017/11/the-future-of-the-marvel-cinematic-universe-robocop |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129081902/https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2017/11/the-future-of-the-marvel-cinematic-universe-robocop |archive-date=November 29, 2017 |access-date=November 28, 2017 |magazine=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]}}</ref>

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<ref name="MarkusMar2018">{{Cite web |last=Keyes |first=Rob |date=March 23, 2018 |title=''Avengers 4'' Writers Had Fun With Captain Marvel's Unprecedented Power Level |url=https://screenrant.com/avengers-4-captain-marvel-powers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323220951/https://screenrant.com/avengers-4-captain-marvel-powers/ |archive-date=March 23, 2018 |access-date=March 23, 2018 |website=[[Screen Rant]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Boseman">{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Spencer |date=October 26, 2017 |title=More ''Avengers 4'' Set Photos Featuring Hulk, Black Panther, and More |url=https://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/898375-more-avengers-4-set-photos-featuring-hulk-black-panther-and-more |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327144653/http://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/898375-more-avengers-4-set-photos-featuring-hulk-black-panther-and-more |archive-date=March 27, 2018 |access-date=March 26, 2018 |website=[[ComingSoon.net]]}}</ref>

<ref name="LarsonAvengers4EW">{{Cite magazine |last=Coggan |first=Devan |date=September 5, 2018 |title=Brie Larson Takes Flight as Captain Marvel on this Week's EW Cover |url=https://ew.com/movies/2018/09/05/captain-marvel-ew-cover-brie-larson/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905214742/https://ew.com/movies/2018/09/05/captain-marvel-ew-cover-brie-larson/ |archive-date=September 5, 2018 |access-date=September 5, 2018 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref>

<ref name="RuffaloAvengers4">{{Cite web |last=McMillian |first=Graeme |date=September 7, 2018 |title=Mark Ruffalo Suggests ''Avengers 4'' Is Still 'In Flux' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/mark-ruffalo-suggests-avengers-4-is-still-flux-1140981 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908024543/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/mark-ruffalo-suggests-avengers-4-is-still-flux-1140981 |archive-date=September 8, 2018 |access-date=September 8, 2018 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="SeanGunnAvengers4">{{Cite news |last=Tramel |first=Jimmie |date=September 23, 2018 |title=Tulsa-Bound Actor Sean Gunn Knows Marvel-ous Details, but Can't Share Yet |url=http://www.tulsaworld.com/scene/columnists/jimmietramel/jimmie-tramel-tulsa-bound-actor-sean-gunn-knows-marvel-ous/article_523cea85-c4a8-5599-af6d-4d60a41ca4d2.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924050823/https://www.tulsaworld.com/scene/columnists/jimmietramel/jimmie-tramel-tulsa-bound-actor-sean-gunn-knows-marvel-ous/article_523cea85-c4a8-5599-af6d-4d60a41ca4d2.html |archive-date=September 24, 2018 |access-date=September 25, 2018 |work=[[Tulsa World]]}}</ref>

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<ref name="Wright">{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Mike Jr. |date=November 8, 2018 |title=Hot Package: John Boyega, Letitia Wright to Star in Mike Cahill-Directed Sci-Fi ''Hold Back The Stars'' |url=https://deadline.com/2018/11/john-boyega-letitia-wright-hold-back-the-stars-science-fiction-star-wars-black-panther-mike-cahill-katie-khan-1202498688/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109111910/https://deadline.com/2018/11/john-boyega-letitia-wright-hold-back-the-stars-science-fiction-star-wars-black-panther-mike-cahill-katie-khan-1202498688/ |archive-date=November 9, 2018 |access-date=November 9, 2018 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

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<ref name="RoninTrailer">{{Cite web |last=Cardona |first=Ian |date=December 7, 2018 |title=''Avengers 4'' Trailer Reveals First Look at Jeremy Renner as Ronin |url=http://www.cbr.com/avengers-endgame-ronin-jeremy-renner/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181208140916/https://www.cbr.com/avengers-endgame-ronin-jeremy-renner/ |archive-date=December 8, 2018 |access-date=December 7, 2018 |website=[[Comic Book Resources]]}}</ref>

<ref name="ThanosDec2018">{{Cite web |last=Schmidt |first=J. K. |date=December 22, 2018 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'' Directors Explain How Thanos and the MCU Have Changed |url=https://comicbook.com/marvel/2018/12/23/avengers-endgame-thanos-retired-mcu-united/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223061222/https://comicbook.com/marvel/2018/12/23/avengers-endgame-thanos-retired-mcu-united/ |archive-date=December 23, 2018 |access-date=December 24, 2018 |website=[[ComicBook.com]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Duke">{{Cite web |last=Baumgartner |first=Scott |date=March 31, 2019 |title=Winston Duke on How ''Avengers'' Will Top Itself with ''Endgame'' |url=http://www.etonline.com/winston-duke-on-how-avengers-will-top-itself-with-endgame-exclusive-122455 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401010653/https://www.etonline.com/winston-duke-on-how-avengers-will-top-itself-with-endgame-exclusive-122455 |archive-date=April 1, 2019 |access-date=April 1, 2019 |website=[[Entertainment Tonight]]}}</ref>

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<ref name="LarsonEndgameFirst">{{Cite web |last=Lussier |first=Germain |date=April 9, 2019 |title=Why Captain Marvel Has on More Make-Up in ''Endgame'' Than Her Solo Movie |url=https://gizmodo.com/why-captain-marvel-has-on-more-make-up-in-endgame-than-1833895029 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409193011/http://io9.gizmodo.com/why-captain-marvel-has-on-more-make-up-in-endgame-than-1833895029 |archive-date=April 9, 2019 |access-date=April 11, 2019 |website=[[Gizmodo]]}}</ref>

<ref name="ScreenRantDowney">{{Cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Michael |date=April 18, 2019 |title=RDJ Was the Only Avenger to Read the Entire ''Endgame'' Script |url=https://screenrant.com/avengers-endgame-robert-downey-jr-read-entire-script/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419121507/https://screenrant.com/avengers-endgame-robert-downey-jr-read-entire-script/ |archive-date=April 19, 2019 |access-date=April 23, 2019 |website=[[Screen Rant]]}}</ref>

<ref name="DrunkThor">{{Cite web |last=Mallenbaum |first=Carly |date=April 26, 2019 |title=Chris Hemsworth Wanted a 'Different' Thor in ''Avengers: Endgame'': Here's How Fans Reacted |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/entertainthis/2019/04/26/chris-hemsworth-thor-endgame-change-different/3578618002/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426130622/https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/entertainthis/2019/04/26/chris-hemsworth-thor-endgame-change-different/3578618002/ |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |access-date=April 26, 2019 |website=[[USA Today]]}}</ref>

<ref name="ProfessorHulk2">{{Cite web |last=Knight |first=Rosie |date=April 25, 2019 |title=What's Up with Banner and Hulk in ''Avengers: Endgame''? |url=https://nerdist.com/article/avengers-endgame-hulk-banner-comics/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426033959/https://nerdist.com/article/avengers-endgame-hulk-banner-comics/ |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |access-date=April 26, 2019 |website=[[Nerdist Industries]]}}</ref>

<ref name="PaltrowLast">{{Cite magazine |last=Setoodeh |first=Ramin |date=February 19, 2019 |title=Gwyneth Paltrow Announces Retirement from Marvel Cinematic Universe |url=https://variety.com/2019/film/news/gwyneth-paltrow-marvel-exit-1203142428/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405155046/https://variety.com/2019/film/news/gwyneth-paltrow-marvel-exit-1203142428/ |archive-date=April 5, 2019 |access-date=April 26, 2019 |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

<ref name="RadioTimesCameos">{{Cite magazine |last=Allen |first=Ben |date=April 25, 2019 |title=All of the Cameos in ''Avengers: Endgame'' |url=https://www.radiotimes.com/news/film/2019-04-25/avengers-endgame-cameos-marvel-character-callbacks/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425192612/https://www.radiotimes.com/news/film/2019-04-25/avengers-endgame-cameos-marvel-character-callbacks/ |archive-date=April 25, 2019 |access-date=April 26, 2019 |magazine=[[Radio Times]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Portman">{{Cite magazine |last=Breznican |first=Anthony |author-link=Anthony Breznican |date=April 26, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'' Explained: Does Natalie Portman's Jane Foster Return? |url=https://ew.com/movies/2019/04/26/avengers-endgame-natalie-portman/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426233416/https://ew.com/movies/2019/04/26/avengers-endgame-natalie-portman/ |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |access-date=April 26, 2019 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref>

<ref name="ProfessorHulk">{{Cite magazine |last=Breznican |first=Anthony |author-link=Anthony Breznican |date=April 27, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'' Explained: The Hulk's Closing Scene |url=https://ew.com/movies/2019/04/27/avengers-endgame-hulk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427165619/https://ew.com/movies/2019/04/27/avengers-endgame-hulk/ |archive-date=April 27, 2019 |access-date=April 27, 2019 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref>

<ref name="GDL">{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Mike Jr. |date=April 25, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'' Directors Joe & Anthony Russo Address Inclusion of First Openly Gay Character in Marvel Superhero Film |url=https://deadline.com/2019/04/avengers-endgame-marvel-first-openly-gay-character-directors-joe-russo-anthony-russo-discuss-1202601583/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426145528/https://deadline.com/2019/04/avengers-endgame-marvel-first-openly-gay-character-directors-joe-russo-anthony-russo-discuss-1202601583/ |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |access-date=April 27, 2019 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

<ref name="EWCameos">{{Cite magazine |last=Breznican |first=Anthony |author-link=Anthony Breznican |date=April 27, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'' Explained: Cameos from Thanos Creator, ''Community'' Stars, and More |url=https://ew.com/movies/2019/04/27/avengers-endgame-cameos/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427210124/https://ew.com/movies/2019/04/27/avengers-endgame-cameos/ |archive-date=April 27, 2019 |access-date=April 27, 2019 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref>

<ref name="MooreDeath">{{Cite web |date=August 16, 2018 |title=Lee Moore {{!}} Obituary |url=http://obituaries.dailyitem.com/obituary/lee-moore-2018-1067964508 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917130802/https://obituaries.dailyitem.com/obituary/lee-moore-1067964508 |archive-date=September 17, 2020 |access-date=April 28, 2019 |website=[[The Daily Item (Sunbury)|The Daily Item]]}}</ref>

<ref name="ScreenRantCast">{{Cite web |last=Hood |first=Cooper |date=April 27, 2019 |title=Every Character in ''Avengers: Endgame'' |url=https://screenrant.com/avengers-endgame-cast-every-character-return/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426133414/https://screenrant.com/avengers-endgame-cast-every-character-return/ |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |access-date=April 28, 2019 |website=[[Screen Rant]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Condon">{{Cite web |last=Dillon |first=Niamh |date=April 26, 2019 |title=Tipperary Actress Kerry Condon Lends Her Voice to New ''Avengers: Endgame'' Blockbuster |url=https://www.tipperarylive.ie/news/what-s-on/378348/tipperary-actress-kerry-condon-lends-her-voice-to-new-avengers-endgame-blockbuster.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428152625/https://www.tipperarylive.ie/news/what-s-on/378348/tipperary-actress-kerry-condon-lends-her-voice-to-new-avengers-endgame-blockbuster.html |archive-date=April 28, 2019 |access-date=April 28, 2019 |website=[[The Nationalist (Tipperary)|The Nationalist]]}}</ref>

<ref name="D'Arcy">{{Cite web |last=Baysinger |first=Tim |date=April 26, 2019 |title=It's Finally All Connected: How ''Avengers: Endgame'' Finally Acknowledged the MCU's TV Universe |url=https://www.thewrap.com/avengers-endgame-mcu-tv-agent-carter-edwin-jarvis/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427002019/https://www.thewrap.com/avengers-endgame-mcu-tv-agent-carter-edwin-jarvis/ |archive-date=April 27, 2019 |access-date=April 28, 2019 |website=[[TheWrap]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Rescue">{{Cite web |last=Carter |first=Justin |date=April 28, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'' Finally Gives Pepper Potts One of Her Famous Comic Moments |url=https://www.polygon.com/2019/4/28/18520821/avengers-endgame-pepper-potts-rescue |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428195929/https://www.polygon.com/2019/4/28/18520821/avengers-endgame-pepper-potts-rescue |archive-date=April 28, 2019 |access-date=April 30, 2019 |website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]}}</ref>

<ref name="OverweightThor">{{Cite magazine |last=Breznican |first=Anthony |author-link=Anthony Breznican |date=May 1, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'' Filmmakers Defend Thor's Startling Look |url=https://ew.com/movies/2019/05/01/avengers-endgame-directors-thor-weight/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501153321/https://ew.com/movies/2019/05/01/avengers-endgame-directors-thor-weight/ |archive-date=May 1, 2019 |access-date=May 2, 2019 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Langford">{{Cite web |last=Chitwood |first=Adam |date=May 6, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'': Here's Why Katherine Langford's Big Scene Was Cut |url=https://collider.com/who-did-katherine-langford-play-in-avengers-endgame/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506155155/http://collider.com/who-did-katherine-langford-play-in-avengers-endgame/ |archive-date=May 6, 2019 |access-date=May 6, 2019 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref>

<ref name="LangfordCut">{{Cite magazine |last=Bradley |first=Laura |date=May 6, 2019 |title=Why ''Avengers: Endgame'' and the Russos Cut Katherine Langford's Role |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2019/05/avengers-endgame-katherine-langford-role-details-why-cut?verso=true |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507040754/https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2019/05/avengers-endgame-katherine-langford-role-details-why-cut?verso=true |archive-date=May 7, 2019 |access-date=May 9, 2019 |magazine=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]}}</ref>

<ref name="KraglinSeanGunn">{{Cite web |date=May 7, 2019 |title=Robert Downey Jr. Reveals Kraglin's Unseen Appearance in New ''Avengers: Endgame'' Photo |url=https://comicbook.com/marvel/2019/05/08/avengers-endgame-spoilers-kraglin-sean-gunn-guardians-of-the-galaxy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509091804/https://comicbook.com/marvel/2019/05/08/avengers-endgame-spoilers-kraglin-sean-gunn-guardians-of-the-galaxy/ |archive-date=May 9, 2019 |access-date=May 12, 2019 |website=[[ComicBook.com]]}}</ref>

<ref name="NebulaEnd">{{Cite web |last=Yamato |first=Jen |date=May 10, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame''{{'s}} Karen Gillan Tells All About Nebula's Surprising Redemption (and Marvel Future) |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-avengers-endgame-spoilers-nebula-karen-gillan-20190510-story.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513080116/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-avengers-endgame-spoilers-nebula-karen-gillan-20190510-story.html |archive-date=May 13, 2019 |access-date=May 14, 2019 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref>

<ref name="NYMarkusMcFeely">{{Cite news |last=Itzkoff |first=Dave |author-link=Dave Itzkoff |date=April 29, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'': The Screenwriters Answer Every Question You Might Have |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/29/movies/avengers-endgame-questions-and-answers.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514173025/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/29/movies/avengers-endgame-questions-and-answers.html |archive-date=May 14, 2019 |access-date=May 15, 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

<ref name="WidowControversalScene">{{Cite magazine |last=Breznican |first=Anthony |author-link=Anthony Breznican |date=May 2, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'' Directors Defend Controversial Black Widow Scene |url=https://ew.com/movies/2019/05/02/avengers-endgame-directors-black-widow-scene/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507013118/https://ew.com/movies/2019/05/02/avengers-endgame-directors-black-widow-scene/ |archive-date=May 7, 2019 |access-date=May 15, 2019 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref>

<ref name="JohanssonPrepare">{{Cite web |last=Romeyn |first=Kathryn |date=April 26, 2019 |title=Scarlett Johansson's ''Avengers'' Workout: How to Get a Black Widow Body |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/scarlett-johanssons-avengers-workout-how-get-a-black-widow-body-1204043 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502183033/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/scarlett-johanssons-avengers-workout-how-get-a-black-widow-body-1204043 |archive-date=May 2, 2019 |access-date=May 15, 2019 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="IronManClose">{{Cite magazine |last=Breznican |first=Anthony |author-link=Anthony Breznican |date=May 3, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'' Directors Dismantle Iron Man's Closing Scene |url=https://ew.com/movies/2019/05/03/avengers-endgame-directors-iron-man/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517154231/https://ew.com/movies/2019/05/03/avengers-endgame-directors-iron-man/ |archive-date=May 17, 2019 |access-date=May 18, 2019 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref>

<ref name="CheadleInterview">{{Cite magazine |last=Breznican |first=Anthony |author-link=Anthony Breznican |date=April 11, 2019 |title=Don Cheadle Barely Knows What Happens in ''Avengers: Endgame'' — and He's in It |url=https://ew.com/movies/2019/04/11/don-cheadle-avengers-endgame/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505015428/https://ew.com/movies/2019/04/11/don-cheadle-avengers-endgame/ |archive-date=May 5, 2019 |access-date=May 18, 2019 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref>

<ref name="DowneyArcApproval">{{Cite web |last=Couch |first=Aaron |date=May 1, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'' Directors on Seeking Robert Downey Jr.'s Blessing and Marvel's First Gay Character |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/robert-downey-jr-had-mixed-emotions-avengers-endgame-ending-1206174 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504165520/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/robert-downey-jr-had-mixed-emotions-avengers-endgame-ending-1206174 |archive-date=May 4, 2019 |access-date=May 18, 2019 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="MarkusAntManTimeTravel">{{Cite web |last=Couch |first=Aaron |date=May 11, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'' Writers Share Ideas Abandoned Along the Way |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/avengers-endgame-writers-suggested-x-men-storyline-marvel-1209732 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512173143/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/avengers-endgame-writers-suggested-x-men-storyline-marvel-1209732 |archive-date=May 12, 2019 |access-date=May 18, 2019 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="GunnRocketArc">{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Mike Jr. |date=May 15, 2019 |title=''Guardians of the Galaxy'' Director James Gunn Breaks Silence on High-Profile Disney Firing, & What He Learned from the Career Crisis That Followed – Deadline Disruptors |url=https://deadline.com/2019/05/james-gunn-guardians-of-the-galaxy-suicide-squad-offensive-tweets-interview-news-1202610248/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517103817/https://deadline.com/2019/05/james-gunn-guardians-of-the-galaxy-suicide-squad-offensive-tweets-interview-news-1202610248/ |archive-date=May 17, 2019 |access-date=May 18, 2019 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

<ref name="ThorArc">{{Cite magazine |last=Seetodeh |first=Ramin |date=May 28, 2019 |title=How Chris Hemsworth Found His Way as a Movie Star with Thor and ''The Avengers'' |url=https://variety.com/2019/film/features/chris-hemsworth-avengers-thor-men-in-black-international-1203225799/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531221441/https://variety.com/2019/film/features/chris-hemsworth-avengers-thor-men-in-black-international-1203225799/ |archive-date=May 31, 2019 |access-date=June 1, 2019 |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

<ref name="LebowskiChris">{{Cite magazine |last=Setoodeh |first=Ramin |date=May 28, 2019 |title=Chris Hemsworth on Secrets of Playing 'Lebowski Thor' in ''Avengers: Endgame'' |url=https://variety.com/2019/film/news/chris-hemsworth-fat-thor-avengers-endgame-1203226429/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529212103/https://variety.com/2019/film/news/chris-hemsworth-fat-thor-avengers-endgame-1203226429/ |archive-date=May 29, 2019 |access-date=June 1, 2019 |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

<ref name="WarriorThanos">{{Cite magazine |last=Travis |first=Ben |date=June 7, 2019 |title=''Avengers Endgame'': 26 Spoilers Explained by the Directors and Writers |url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/avengers-endgame-26-spoilers-explained-directors-writers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609231031/https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/avengers-endgame-26-spoilers-explained-directors-writers/ |archive-date=June 9, 2019 |access-date=June 9, 2019 |magazine=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]}}</ref>

<ref name="RussoThanosStandIn">{{Cite web |last=Bonomolo |first=Cameron |date=November 8, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'' Director Played Thanos in Karen Gillan's Nebula Scenes |url=https://comicbook.com/marvel/2019/11/08/avengers-endgame-director-joe-russo-played-thanos-karen-gillan-nebula-scenes/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216135813/https://comicbook.com/marvel/2019/11/08/avengers-endgame-director-joe-russo-played-thanos-karen-gillan-nebula-scenes/ |archive-date=December 16, 2019 |access-date=February 15, 2020 |website=[[ComicBook.com]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Wong">{{Cite web |last=Dumaraog |first=Ana |date=September 21, 2018 |title=''Avengers 4'' Reshoots: Chris Hemsworth Headed to Set, Benedict Wong Already There |url=https://screenrant.com/avengers-4-reshoots-chris-hemsworth-benedict-wong-set/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001041526/https://screenrant.com/avengers-4-reshoots-chris-hemsworth-benedict-wong-set/ |archive-date=October 1, 2020 |access-date=October 19, 2020 |website=[[Screen Rant]]}}</ref>

<ref name="TVGuideCast">{{Cite web |title=''Avengers: Endgame'' Cast & Crew |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/avengers-endgame/cast/2000251027/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201122628/https://www.tvguide.com/movies/avengers-endgame/cast/2000251027/ |archive-date=February 1, 2021 |access-date=February 1, 2021 |website=[[TV Guide]]}}</ref>

<ref name="BFI">{{Cite web |title=''Avengers Endgame'' |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/5d1f7a24a98a1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201131448/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/5d1f7a24a98a1 |archive-date=February 1, 2021 |access-date=February 1, 2021 |website=[[British Film Institute]]}}</ref>

<ref name="PatrickGorman">{{Cite web |last=Peters |first=Megan |date=May 21, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame''{{'s}} Body Double for Old Man Captain America Has Been Found |url=https://comicbook.com/marvel/news/avengers-endgame-body-double-captain-america-old-man/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204074737/https://comicbook.com/marvel/news/avengers-endgame-body-double-captain-america-old-man/ |archive-date=February 4, 2021 |access-date=February 4, 2021 |website=[[ComicBook.com]]}}</ref>

<ref name="CassieLang">{{Cite web |last=Gemmill |first=Allie |date=December 10, 2020 |title=''Ant-Man 3'' Title and Kathryn Newton Casting for MCU Threequel Revealed |url=https://collider.com/ant-man-3-title-ant-man-and-the-wasp-quantumania-kathryn-newton-cast/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211040744/https://collider.com/ant-man-3-title-ant-man-and-the-wasp-quantumania-kathryn-newton-cast/ |archive-date=December 11, 2020 |access-date=April 9, 2021 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Favreau">{{Cite web |last=Hornshaw |first=Phil |date=May 1, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame''—All the MCU Characters Who Appear in the Movie |url=https://www.gamespot.com/gallery/avengers-endgame-all-the-mcu-characters-who-appear/2900-2735/#35 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126145800/https://www.gamespot.com/gallery/avengers-endgame-all-the-mcu-characters-who-appear/2900-2735/ |archive-date=January 26, 2021 |access-date=January 14, 2022 |website=[[GameSpot]]}}</ref>

<ref name="HowardDuck">{{Cite web |last=Barnhardt |first=Adam |date=May 7, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'' Almost Didn't Include Howard the Duck Cameo |url=https://comicbook.com/marvel/news/avengers-endgame-howard-the-duck-cameo/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808032451/https://comicbook.com/marvel/news/avengers-endgame-howard-the-duck-cameo/ |archive-date=August 8, 2020 |access-date=December 21, 2023 |website=[[ComicBook.com]]}}</ref>



<ref name="InfinityWar">{{Cite web |last=Watts |first=Steve |date=October 29, 2014 |title=''Avengers: Infinity War'' Announced as 2-Part Film |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2014/10/28/avengers-infinity-war-announced-as-2-part-film |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031033552/https://www.ign.com/articles/2014/10/28/avengers-infinity-war-announced-as-2-part-film |archive-date=October 31, 2014 |access-date=October 22, 2023 |website=[[IGN]]}}</ref>

<ref name="BackToBackFilming">{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Mike Jr. |date=November 14, 2014 |title=Daniel Bruhl to Play Villain in ''Captain America: Civil War'' |url=https://deadline.com/2014/11/daniel-bruhl-captain-america-robert-downey-jr-chris-evans-1201284648/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141117014407/http://deadline.com/2014/11/daniel-bruhl-captain-america-robert-downey-jr-chris-evans-1201284648/ |archive-date=November 17, 2014 |access-date=October 11, 2023 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Russos">{{Cite news |last=Ward |first=Rachel |date=April 7, 2015 |title=Russo Brothers Set to Direct ''Avengers Infinity War'' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/11491390/Russo-Brothers-set-to-direct-Avengers-Infinity-War.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407044745/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/11491390/Russo-Brothers-set-to-direct-Avengers-Infinity-War.html |archive-date=April 7, 2021 |access-date=April 7, 2021 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]}}</ref>

<ref name="FeigeApril2015">{{Cite web |last1=Zalben |first1=Alex |last2=Horowitz |first2=Josh |date=April 12, 2015 |title=Marvel's Movie Future: Here's Everything You Need to Know Through... Phase 4? |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2130574/kevin-feige-marvel-movie-future/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415020136/http://www.mtv.com/news/2130574/kevin-feige-marvel-movie-future/ |archive-date=April 15, 2015 |access-date=April 12, 2015 |website=[[MTV]]}}</ref>

<ref name="MarkusMcFeely">{{Cite magazine |last=McNary |first=Dave |author-link=Dave McNary |date=May 7, 2015 |title=''Avengers: Infinity War'' Movies Land ''Captain America'' Writers |url=https://variety.com/2015/film/news/avengers-infinity-war-to-be-written-by-captain-america-scribes-1201490001/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407044856/https://variety.com/2015/film/news/avengers-infinity-war-to-be-written-by-captain-america-scribes-1201490001/ |archive-date=April 7, 2021 |access-date=April 7, 2021 |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

<ref name="THRIMAX">{{Cite web |last=Vlessing |first=Etan |date=May 7, 2015 |title=Marvel's ''Avengers: Infinity War'' to Be Shot Entirely with Imax/Arri 2D Camera |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/marvels-avengers-infinity-war-be-794031 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509190745/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/marvels-avengers-infinity-war-be-794031 |archive-date=May 9, 2015 |access-date=May 7, 2015 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Atlanta">{{Cite web |last=Cabin |first=Chris |date=January 14, 2016 |title=''Captain America: Civil War'' Directors on Landing Spider-Man, ''Infinity War'' Shooting Schedule |url=https://collider.com/captain-america-civil-war-avengers-3-infinity-war-updates-russo-brothers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117100732/http://collider.com/captain-america-civil-war-avengers-3-infinity-war-updates-russo-brothers/ |archive-date=January 17, 2016 |access-date=January 14, 2016 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Retitled">{{Cite web |last=Ryan |first=Mike |date=May 4, 2016 |title=Russo Brothers Confirm: ''Avengers: Infinity War 1 and 2'' Will Be Retitled |url=http://uproxx.com/movies/russo-brothers-confirm-avengers-infinity-war-title-change/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505025041/http://uproxx.com/movies/russo-brothers-confirm-avengers-infinity-war-title-change/ |archive-date=May 5, 2016 |access-date=May 4, 2016 |website=[[Uproxx]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Retitled2">{{Cite magazine |last=McNary |first=Dave |author-link=Dave McNary |date=July 29, 2016 |title=Marvel's ''Avengers: Infinity War'' Will Be One Movie, Not Two |url=https://variety.com/2016/film/news/disney-marvel-avengers-infinity-war-will-be-only-one-movie-1201826862/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906013956/https://variety.com/2016/film/news/disney-marvel-avengers-infinity-war-will-be-only-one-movie-1201826862/ |archive-date=September 6, 2018 |access-date=October 27, 2018 |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

<ref name="ColliderApril2017">{{Cite web |last=Chitwood |first=Adam |date=April 21, 2017 |title=''Avengers: Infinity War'' and ''Avengers 4'' Are Being Shot Separately, Says Kevin Feige |url=https://collider.com/avengers-infinity-war-avengers-4-filming-separately/#marvel |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421224617/http://collider.com/avengers-infinity-war-avengers-4-filming-separately/#marvel |archive-date=April 21, 2017 |access-date=April 21, 2017 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref>

<ref name="FeigeTitle">{{Cite web |last=Eisenberg |first=Eric |date=April 23, 2017 |title=Why ''Avengers 4'' Doesn't Have a Title Yet, According to Kevin Feige |url=https://www.cinemablend.com/news/1650510/why-avengers-4-doesnt-have-a-title-yet-according-to-kevin-feige |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424193903/http://www.cinemablend.com/news/1650510/why-avengers-4-doesnt-have-a-title-yet-according-to-kevin-feige |archive-date=April 24, 2017 |access-date=April 24, 2017 |website=[[CinemaBlend]]}}</ref>

<ref name="RussosFilmingReason">{{Cite web |last=Pape |first=Stefan |date=April 27, 2016 |title=Exclusive Interview: The Russo Brothers Address the Possibility of a New Captain America After ''Avengers: Infinity War'' |url=http://www.heyuguys.com/russo-brothers-interview-civil-war/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427195403/http://www.heyuguys.com/russo-brothers-interview-civil-war/ |archive-date=April 27, 2016 |access-date=April 28, 2016 |website=HeyUGuys}}</ref>

<ref name="WorkingTitle">{{Cite web |last=Marc |first=Christopher |date=June 14, 2017 |title=''Avengers 4'' aka ''Mary Lou 2'' Shoots July–December in Atlanta |url=http://omegaunderground.com/2017/06/14/avengers-4-aka-mary-lou-2-shoots-july-december-atlanta/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617155603/http://omegaunderground.com/2017/06/14/avengers-4-aka-mary-lou-2-shoots-july-december-atlanta/ |archive-date=June 17, 2017 |access-date=June 14, 2017 |website=Omega Underground}}</ref>

<ref name="Pinewood">{{Cite web |last=Melrose |first=Kevin |date=July 14, 2017 |title=''Avengers: Infinity War'' Appears to Have Wrapped Filming |url=http://www.cbr.com/avengers-infinity-war-wraps-filming/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715203023/http://www.cbr.com/avengers-infinity-war-wraps-filming/ |archive-date=July 15, 2017 |access-date=July 14, 2017 |website=[[Comic Book Resources]]}}</ref>

<ref name="FilmingStart">{{Cite web |last=Perry |first=Spencer |date=August 10, 2017 |title=''Avengers 4'' Filming Has Begun! |url=https://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/878425-avengers-4-filming-has-begun#/slide/1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811011230/http://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/878425-avengers-4-filming-has-begun#/slide/1 |archive-date=August 11, 2017 |access-date=August 10, 2017 |website=[[ComingSoon.net]]}}</ref>

<ref name="AtlantaAugFilming">{{Cite magazine |last=Walljasper |first=Matt |date=August 24, 2017 |title=What's Filming in Atlanta Now? ''Avengers: Infinity War'', ''Ant-Man and the Wasp'', ''Valor'', ''Uncle Drew'', Plus the Marvel Film That Got Away |url=https://www.atlantamagazine.com/news-culture-articles/whats-filming-in-atlanta-now-avengers-infinity-war-ant-man-wasp-valor-uncle-drew-plus-marvel-film-got-away/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826164130/http://www.atlantamagazine.com/news-culture-articles/whats-filming-in-atlanta-now-avengers-infinity-war-ant-man-wasp-valor-uncle-drew-plus-marvel-film-got-away/ |archive-date=August 26, 2017 |access-date=August 26, 2017 |magazine=[[Atlanta (magazine)|Atlanta]]}}</ref>

<ref name="FilmingEnd">{{Cite web |last=Trumbore |first=Dave |date=January 11, 2018 |title=''Avengers 4'' Wraps Filming as the Russo Brothers Move into Post-Production |url=https://collider.com/avengers-4-wraps-filming-russo-brothers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112014920/http://collider.com/avengers-4-wraps-filming-russo-brothers/ |archive-date=January 12, 2018 |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref>

<ref name="RussosTitle">{{Cite web |last=Sandwell |first=Ian |date=March 21, 2018 |title=Here's Why We Won't Get ''Avengers 4''{{'s}} Title Until After ''Infinity War'' |url=http://www.digitalspy.com/movies/the-avengers/news/a852828/avengers-4-title-infinity-war-spoilers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322143433/http://www.digitalspy.com/movies/the-avengers/news/a852828/avengers-4-title-infinity-war-spoilers/ |archive-date=March 22, 2018 |access-date=March 21, 2018 |website=[[Digital Spy]]}}</ref>

<ref name="ReshootsStart">{{Cite web |last=Dumaraog |first=Ana |date=September 7, 2018 |title=''Avengers 4'' Reshoots Officially Begin as Directors Post Set Photo |url=https://screenrant.com/avengers-4-reshoots-begin-directors-set-photo/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908071451/https://screenrant.com/avengers-4-reshoots-begin-directors-set-photo/ |archive-date=September 8, 2018 |access-date=September 8, 2018 |website=[[Screen Rant]]}}</ref>

<ref name="EvansHemsworthPay">{{Cite web |last1=Siegel |first1=Tatiana |last2=Kit |first2=Borys |date=October 11, 2018 |title=Scarlett Johansson Lands $15 Million Payday for ''Black Widow'' Movie |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/black-widow-movie-scarlett-johansson-lands-15-million-payday-1151328 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011163221/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/black-widow-movie-scarlett-johansson-lands-15-million-payday-1151328 |archive-date=October 11, 2018 |access-date=October 11, 2018 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="ReshootsEnd">{{Cite web |last=Hood |first=Cooper |date=October 12, 2018 |title=''Avengers 4'' Reshoots: Russo Brothers Announce Filming Has Wrapped |url=https://screenrant.com/avengers-4-reshoots-wrapped-russo-brothers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013075110/https://screenrant.com/avengers-4-reshoots-wrapped-russo-brothers/ |archive-date=October 13, 2018 |access-date=October 13, 2018 |website=[[Screen Rant]]}}</ref>

<ref name="TitleReveal">{{Cite news |last=Truitt |first=Brian |date=December 7, 2018 |title=It's Finally Here! Watch the First Trailer for Marvel's Newly Titled ''Avengers: Endgame'' |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/entertainthis/2018/12/07/avengers-endgame-watch-first-trailer-marvels-anticipated-film/2212076002/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207154503/https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/entertainthis/2018/12/07/avengers-endgame-watch-first-trailer-marvels-anticipated-film/2212076002/ |archive-date=December 7, 2018 |access-date=December 7, 2018 |work=[[USA Today]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Editors">{{Cite web |last=Hullfish |first=Steve |date=April 29, 2018 |title=Art of the Cut with ''Avengers – Infinity War'' Editor, Jeffrey Ford, ACE |url=http://www.provideocoalition.com/art-of-the-cut-with-avengers-infinity-war-editor-jeffrey-ford-ace/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223050048/http://www.provideocoalition.com/art-of-the-cut-with-avengers-infinity-war-editor-jeffrey-ford-ace/ |archive-date=December 23, 2018 |access-date=December 22, 2018 |website=Pro Video Coalition}}</ref>

<ref name="ArtofVFX">{{Cite web |last=Frei |first=Vincent |date=December 7, 2018 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'' |url=http://www.artofvfx.com/avengers-endgame/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326112102/https://www.artofvfx.com/avengers-endgame/ |archive-date=March 26, 2019 |access-date=December 7, 2018 |website=Art of VFX}}</ref>

<ref name="DutchessUlsterFilming">{{Cite web |last=Barry |first=John W. |date=December 17, 2018 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'' Films Along Hudson River in Dutchess |url=https://www.poughkeepsiejournal.com/story/entertainment/2018/12/17/avengers-endgame-films-dutchess-ulster-hudson-river/2334960002/ |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218014339/https://www.poughkeepsiejournal.com/story/entertainment/2018/12/17/avengers-endgame-films-dutchess-ulster-hudson-river/2334960002/ |archive-date=December 18, 2018 |access-date=December 18, 2018 |website=[[Poughkeepsie Journal]]}}</ref>

<ref name="LeeCameo">{{Cite magazine |last=Breznican |first=Anthony |author-link=Anthony Breznican |date=April 26, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'' Explained: Stan Lee's Final Cameo |url=https://ew.com/movies/2019/04/26/avengers-endgame-stan-lee-cameo/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426155931/https://ew.com/movies/2019/04/26/avengers-endgame-stan-lee-cameo/ |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |access-date=April 26, 2019 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref>

<ref name="DouglasTSoSF">{{Cite web |date=May 18, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'' VFX Supervisor Reveals Secrets to Aging, De-Aging Characters in 'Behind the Screen' Podcast |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/behind-screen/avengers-endgame-vfx-supervisor-reveals-secrets-behind-screen-podcast-1210924 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518213252/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/behind-screen/avengers-endgame-vfx-supervisor-reveals-secrets-behind-screen-podcast-1210924 |archive-date=May 18, 2019 |access-date=May 19, 2019 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="StAbbs">{{Cite web |date=May 6, 2019 |title=St Abbs 'Twinned' with ''Avengers'' Village |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-south-scotland-48174224 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508011413/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-south-scotland-48174224 |archive-date=May 8, 2019 |access-date=June 21, 2019 |website=[[BBC News]]}}</ref>

<ref name="THRDeAging">{{Cite web |last=Giardina |first=Carloyn |date=July 29, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'' Contains 200 Aging and De-Aging VFX Shots |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/behind-screen/avengers-endgame-200-aging-de-aging-vfx-shots-1227747 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730034651/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/behind-screen/avengers-endgame-200-aging-de-aging-vfx-shots-1227747 |archive-date=July 30, 2019 |access-date=July 30, 2019 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="ApocalypseDeAging">{{Cite web |last=Sonak |first=Divij |date=May 19, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'' VFX Supervisor Talks Aging & De-Aging Effects |url=http://www.appocalypse.co/entertainment/avengers-endgame-vfx-breakdown-de-aging/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730065401/http://www.appocalypse.co/entertainment/avengers-endgame-vfx-breakdown-de-aging/ |archive-date=July 30, 2019 |access-date=July 30, 2019 |website=Appocalypse.com}}</ref>

<ref name="VultureDeAging">{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Nate |date=April 30, 2019 |title=Who Is in ''Avengers: Endgame'' the Least? |url=https://www.vulture.com/2019/04/who-is-in-avengers-endgame-the-least.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603205204/https://www.vulture.com/2019/04/who-is-in-avengers-endgame-the-least.html |archive-date=June 3, 2019 |access-date=July 30, 2019 |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Durham">{{Cite web |last=Lussier |first=Germain |date=August 12, 2019 |title=All of the Coolest Trivia Revealed on the ''Avengers: Endgame'' Blu-ray |url=https://gizmodo.com/all-of-the-coolest-trivia-revealed-on-the-avengers-end-1837006830 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914010835/https://io9.gizmodo.com/all-of-the-coolest-trivia-revealed-on-the-avengers-end-1837006830 |archive-date=September 14, 2019 |access-date=September 26, 2019 |website=[[Gizmodo]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Durham2">{{Cite web |last=Connor |first=Rachel |date=April 29, 2017 |title=Durham Cathedral Transformed for Filming of Marvel's ''Avenger: Infinity War'' |url=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/15254655.durham-cathedral-transformed-filming-marvels-avengers-infinity-war/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123162650/https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/15254655.durham-cathedral-transformed-filming-marvels-avengers-infinity-war/ |archive-date=January 23, 2022 |access-date=March 26, 2022 |website=[[The Northern Echo]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Jan2019Reshoots">{{Cite web |last=Shepherd |first=Jack |date=January 17, 2019 |title=''Avengers Endgame'': Zoe Saldana's dead Gamora returns for reshoots |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/avengers-endgame-gamora-dead-alive-zoe-saldana-reshoots-karen-gillan-thanos-a8732441.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217065636/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/avengers-endgame-gamora-dead-alive-zoe-saldana-reshoots-karen-gillan-thanos-a8732441.html |archive-date=February 17, 2019 |access-date=December 21, 2023 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref>



<ref name="Silvestri">{{Cite web |last=Burlingame |first=Russ |date=June 6, 2016 |title=''Avengers'' Composer Alan Silvestri to Return for ''Infinity War'' |url=https://comicbook.com/2016/06/07/avengers-composer-alan-silvestri-to-return-for-infinity-war/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608184822/http://comicbook.com/2016/06/07/avengers-composer-alan-silvestri-to-return-for-infinity-war/ |archive-date=June 8, 2016 |access-date=June 6, 2016 |website=[[ComicBook.com]]}}</ref>

<ref name="RussoNov2018PostUpdate">{{Cite web |last=McMillan |first=Graeme |date=November 8, 2018 |title=''Avengers 4'' Runtime Is Currently 3 Hours |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/avengers-4-runtime-is-3-hours-making-it-longest-marvel-movie-ever-1159618 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109021337/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/avengers-4-runtime-is-3-hours-making-it-longest-marvel-movie-ever-1159618 |archive-date=November 9, 2018 |access-date=November 28, 2018 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="SilvestriDone">{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Brandon |date=March 22, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'' Score Officially Complete |url=https://comicbook.com/marvel/2019/03/22/avengers-endgame-score-complete-music-silvestri/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323164908/http://comicbook.com/marvel/2019/03/22/avengers-endgame-score-complete-music-silvestri/ |archive-date=March 23, 2019 |access-date=March 26, 2019 |website=[[ComicBook.com]]}}</ref>

<ref name="SilvestriTHR">{{Cite web |last=Burton |first=Byron |date=April 26, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'' Composer on Finding a Poignant Ending for the Journey |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/avengers-endgame-composer-his-poignant-journey-score-1204799 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427043843/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/avengers-endgame-composer-his-poignant-journey-score-1204799 |archive-date=April 27, 2019 |access-date=April 27, 2019 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Soundtrack">{{Cite web |last= |date=April 25, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'' Soundtrack Details |url=http://filmmusicreporter.com/2019/04/25/avengers-endgame-soundtrack-details/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426123619/http://filmmusicreporter.com/2019/04/25/avengers-endgame-soundtrack-details/ |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |access-date=April 27, 2019 |website=Film Music Reporter}}</ref>

<ref name="Songs">{{Cite web |last=Burwick |first=Kevin |date=April 27, 2019 |title=Why the ''Avengers: Endgame'' Opening Song Is Perfect |url=https://movieweb.com/avengers-endgame-opening-song-traffic-dear-mr-fantasy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428103457/https://movieweb.com/avengers-endgame-opening-song-traffic-dear-mr-fantasy/ |archive-date=April 28, 2019 |access-date=April 28, 2019 |website=[[MovieWeb]]}}</ref>

<ref name="MCUThemes">{{Cite web |last=Farrow |first=Max |date=May 18, 2019 |title=''Avengers Endgame'' Rectifies One of the MCU's Oldest Problems |url=https://screenrant.com/avengers-endgame-fix-mcu-problem-music-theme/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201124226/https://screenrant.com/avengers-endgame-fix-mcu-problem-music-theme/ |archive-date=February 1, 2021 |access-date=February 1, 2021 |website=[[Screen Rant]]}}</ref>

<ref name="PortalsMusicVideo">{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Brandon |date=June 13, 2019 |title=Official ''Avengers: Endgame'' Music Video for Portals Released |url=https://comicbook.com/marvel/news/avengers-endgame-portals-score-marvel-music-video/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407050334/https://comicbook.com/marvel/news/avengers-endgame-portals-score-marvel-music-video/ |archive-date=April 7, 2021 |access-date=April 7, 2021 |website=[[ComicBook.com]]}}</ref>

<ref name="LongLongTime">{{Cite magazine |last=Robinson |first=Joanna |date=April 25, 2019 |title=''Avengers'': The Hidden Meaning Behind That Final ''Endgame'' Song |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2019/04/avengers-endgame-song-long-long-time-cap-peggy-dance |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112023037/https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2019/04/avengers-endgame-song-long-long-time-cap-peggy-dance |archive-date=November 12, 2020 |access-date=March 26, 2022 |magazine=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]}}</ref>



<ref name="MarketingMay2018">{{Cite web |last=Lussier |first=Germain |date=May 7, 2018 |title=The Sequel to ''Spider-Man Homecoming'' Spans the Globe |url=https://gizmodo.com/thanks-to-infinity-war-marvel-may-need-a-new-strategy-1825787133 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507234322/http://io9.gizmodo.com/thanks-to-infinity-war-marvel-may-need-a-new-strategy-1825787133 |archive-date=May 7, 2018 |access-date=May 8, 2018 |website=[[Gizmodo]]}}</ref>

<ref name="CineEurope">{{Cite web |last=Ritman |first=Alex |date=June 13, 2018 |title=CineEurope: Disney Offers Glimpses of ''Toy Story 4'', ''Avengers 4'', ''Wreck-It Ralph 2'' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/disney-previews-toy-story-4-avengers-4-at-cineeurope-1119825 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614071843/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/disney-previews-toy-story-4-avengers-4-at-cineeurope-1119825 |archive-date=June 14, 2018 |access-date=June 14, 2018 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="FeigeMarketingJun2018">{{Cite web |last=Lussier |first=Germain |date=June 26, 2018 |title=''The Avengers 4'' Trailers Are Going to Have a Weird Marketing Problem |url=http://www.gizmodo.com.au/2018/06/the-avengers-4-trailers-are-going-to-have-a-weird-marketing-problem/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626030221/https://www.gizmodo.com.au/2018/06/the-avengers-4-trailers-are-going-to-have-a-weird-marketing-problem/ |archive-date=June 26, 2018 |access-date=June 26, 2018 |website=[[Gizmodo]]}}</ref>

<ref name="FeigeTitleJun2018">{{Cite web |last=Chitwood |first=Adam |date=June 25, 2018 |title=''Avengers 4'' Title Likely Won't Be Revealed Until the End of the Year, Says Kevin Feige |url=https://collider.com/avengers-4-title-reveal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626030454/http://collider.com/avengers-4-title-reveal/ |archive-date=June 26, 2018 |access-date=June 26, 2018 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref>

<ref name="CineEuropeClarify">{{Cite web |last=Whitbrook |first=James |date=June 15, 2018 |title=Don't Believe the Ridiculous ''Avengers 4'' Rumors Floating Around Right Now |url=https://gizmodo.com/dont-believe-the-ridiculous-avengers-4-rumors-floating-1826865608 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018043410/https://io9.gizmodo.com/dont-believe-the-ridiculous-avengers-4-rumors-floating-1826865608 |archive-date=October 18, 2018 |access-date=October 17, 2018 |website=[[Gizmodo]]}}</ref>

<ref name="THRTrailerAnticipation">{{Cite web |last=McMillan |first=Graeme |date=December 4, 2018 |title=What ''Avengers 4'' Trailer Fever Should Teach Marvel |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/why-avengers-4-trailer-should-never-be-released-1166311 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205023049/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/why-avengers-4-trailer-should-never-be-released-1166311 |archive-date=December 5, 2018 |access-date=December 6, 2018 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="THRTrailer1Newby">{{Cite web |last=Newby |first=Richard |date=December 7, 2018 |title=The Tragic Symmetry of ''Avengers: Endgame'' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/avengers-4-trailer-calls-back-early-marvel-movies-endgame-1167417 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207213852/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/avengers-4-trailer-calls-back-early-marvel-movies-endgame-1167417 |archive-date=December 7, 2018 |access-date=December 7, 2018 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="FirstTrailerViews">{{Cite magazine |last=Spangler |first=Todd |date=December 8, 2018 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'' Trailer Smashes 24-Hour Video Views Record |url=https://variety.com/2018/digital/news/avengers-endgame-record-trailer-worldwide-24-hour-views-1203085074/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209014232/https://variety.com/2018/digital/news/avengers-endgame-record-trailer-worldwide-24-hour-views-1203085074/ |archive-date=December 9, 2018 |access-date=December 8, 2018 |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

<ref name="PolygonTrailer1">{{Cite web |last=Goslin |first=Austen |date=December 7, 2018 |title=''Avengers: Endgame''{{'s}} Title Ties Together a Long-Running ''Avengers'' Theme |url=http://www.polygon.com/2018/12/7/18130503/avengers-endgame-title-age-of-ultron |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207212144/https://www.polygon.com/2018/12/7/18130503/avengers-endgame-title-age-of-ultron |archive-date=December 7, 2018 |access-date=December 10, 2018 |website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]}}</ref>

<ref name="TrailerImpactData">{{Cite magazine |last=Rifkin |first=Jesse |date=January 3, 2019 |title=Trailer Impact: ''Lego Movie 2'' Posts Highest Recall w/ 24.7%; ''Avengers: Endgame'' Posts Near-Record Interest in a Cinema View at 78.1% |url=http://pro.boxoffice.com/trailer-impact-1-3-19/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104021740/https://pro.boxoffice.com/trailer-impact-1-3-19/ |archive-date=January 4, 2019 |access-date=January 3, 2019 |magazine=[[BoxOffice (magazine)|BoxOffice]]}}</ref>

<ref name="SandovalTrailer">{{Cite web |last=Carbone |first=Gina |date=March 17, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'' Doesn't Need Another Trailer, Marvel VP and Fans Seem to Agree |url=https://www.cinemablend.com/news/2468506/avengers-endgame-doesnt-need-another-trailer-marvel-vp-and-fans-seem-to-agree |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128140756/https://www.cinemablend.com/news/2468506/avengers-endgame-doesnt-need-another-trailer-marvel-vp-and-fans-seem-to-agree |archive-date=January 28, 2021 |access-date=January 28, 2021 |website=[[CinemaBlend]]}}</ref>

<ref name="PromoCosts">{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=April 17, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'' $200M+ Promo Campaign Is Marvel's Biggest Ever, Surpassing ''Infinity War'' & More |url=https://deadline.com/2019/04/avengers-endgame-mcdonalds-google-coca-cola-ultra-beauty-audi-all-time-record-marketing-campaign-videos-1202595738/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417184716/https://deadline.com/2019/04/avengers-endgame-mcdonalds-google-coca-cola-ultra-beauty-audi-all-time-record-marketing-campaign-videos-1202595738/ |archive-date=April 17, 2019 |access-date=April 17, 2019 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

<ref name="GuriraTopBillingPolygon">{{Cite web |last=Radulovic |first=Petrana |date=March 14, 2019 |title=Marvel Changes ''Avengers: Endgame'' Poster After Fan Outcry Over Danai Gurira's Credit Omission |url=http://www.polygon.com/2019/3/14/18266126/marvel-avengers-endgame-poster-danai-gurira-credits |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328114716/https://www.polygon.com/2019/3/14/18266126/marvel-avengers-endgame-poster-danai-gurira-credits |archive-date=March 28, 2019 |access-date=March 14, 2019 |website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]}}</ref>

<ref name="GuriraTopBillingEW">{{Cite magazine |last=Breznican |first=Anthony |author-link=Anthony Breznican |date=March 14, 2019 |title=Marvel Updates ''Avengers: Endgame'' Poster to Include Danai Gurira's Name |url=https://ew.com/movies/2019/03/14/danai-gurira-avengers-endgame-poster/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318201307/https://ew.com/movies/2019/03/14/danai-gurira-avengers-endgame-poster/ |archive-date=March 18, 2019 |access-date=March 14, 2019 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref>

<ref name="SecondTrailerViews">{{Cite magazine |last=Martinez |first=Jose |date=March 17, 2019 |title=Latest ''Avengers: Endgame'' Trailer Becomes Second-Most Watched Trailer Ever in First 24 Hours |url=http://www.complex.com/pop-culture/2019/03/latest-avengers-endgame-trailer-second-most-watched-trailer-ever-24-hours |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329143034/https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/2019/03/latest-avengers-endgame-trailer-second-most-watched-trailer-ever-24-hours |archive-date=March 29, 2019 |access-date=March 20, 2019 |magazine=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]}}</ref>




<ref name="IMAXRelease">{{Cite web |last=Lieberman |first=David |date=February 22, 2017 |title=Disney Films to Show on Imax Through 2019 with New Distribution Deal |url=https://deadline.com/2017/02/disney-films-show-imax-through-2019-new-distribution-deal-star-wars-1201938700/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223125955/http://deadline.com/2017/02/disney-films-show-imax-through-2019-new-distribution-deal-star-wars-1201938700/ |archive-date=February 23, 2017 |access-date=February 22, 2017 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

<ref name="3DRelease">{{Cite magazine |last=Kroll |first=Justin |date=September 12, 2017 |title=''Star Wars: Episode IX'' Release Date Moves to December 2019 |url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/star-wars-episode-ix-release-date-jj-abrams-1202555963/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912213141/http://variety.com/2017/film/news/star-wars-episode-ix-release-date-jj-abrams-1202555963/ |archive-date=September 12, 2017 |access-date=September 13, 2017 |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

<ref name="LAPremiere">{{Cite web |last=Ridgely |first=Charlie |date=April 15, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'' Being Called 'One of the Biggest Movies of Our Lifetime,' Theater Chains Adding Additional Showtimes |url=https://comicbook.com/marvel/2019/04/15/avengers-endgame-theaters-adding-showtimes/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415163010/https://comicbook.com/marvel/2019/04/15/avengers-endgame-theaters-adding-showtimes/ |archive-date=April 15, 2019 |access-date=April 15, 2019 |website=[[ComicBook.com]]}}</ref>

<ref name="LAConventionCenter">{{Cite web |last=Giardina |first=Carolyn |date=April 23, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'' Premiere: Disney, Dolby Build High-Tech Theater in LA Convention Center |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/behind-screen/avengers-endgame-premiere-disney-dolby-build-high-tech-la-theater-1203843 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423134553/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/behind-screen/avengers-endgame-premiere-disney-dolby-build-high-tech-la-theater-1203843 |archive-date=April 23, 2019 |access-date=April 23, 2019 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="FarFromHomeTrailer">{{Cite web |last=Alexander |first=Julia |date=May 10, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'' Gets ''Spider-Man: Far From Home'' Trailer as a Post-Credits Scene |url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/5/10/18564526/avengers-endgame-post-credits-spider-man-far-from-home-trailer-marvel |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510181553/https://www.theverge.com/2019/5/10/18564526/avengers-endgame-post-credits-spider-man-far-from-home-trailer-marvel |archive-date=May 10, 2019 |access-date=May 11, 2019 |website=[[The Verge]]}}</ref>

<ref name="UKRelease">{{Cite magazine |last=Travis |first=Ben |date=January 30, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'' UK Release Date Moves Forward One Day |url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/avengers-endgame-uk-release-date-moves-forward-one-day/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205083804/https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/avengers-endgame-uk-release-date-moves-forward-one-day/ |archive-date=February 5, 2021 |access-date=February 5, 2021 |magazine=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]}}</ref>

<ref name="PhaseThree">{{Cite web |last1=McEwan |first1=Cameron K. |last2=Longridge |first2=Chris |date=August 7, 2019 |title=Marvel's 'Phases' Explained: What Goes When & Why |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a871567/marvel-phase-4-3-2-1-mcu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820174736/https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a871567/marvel-phase-4-3-2-1-mcu/ |archive-date=August 20, 2019 |access-date=June 3, 2021 |website=[[Digital Spy]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Rerelease">{{Cite web |last=Ridgely |first=Charlie |date=June 19, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'' Officially Getting Re-Released with New Footage (Exclusive) |url=https://comicbook.com/marvel/2019/06/19/avengers-endgame-theatrical-re-release-extra-footage-kevin-feige/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619151218/https://comicbook.com/marvel/2019/06/19/avengers-endgame-theatrical-re-release-extra-footage-kevin-feige/ |archive-date=June 19, 2019 |access-date=June 19, 2019 |website=[[ComicBook.com]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Rerelease2">{{Cite web |last=Yehl |first=Joshua |date=June 19, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'' Re-Release Runtime, Release Date, Tribute Subject Revealed |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2019/06/20/avengers-endgame-rerelease-release-date-runtime-new-footage-description |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620024340/https://www.ign.com/articles/2019/06/20/avengers-endgame-rerelease-release-date-runtime-new-footage-description |archive-date=June 20, 2019 |access-date=June 20, 2019 |website=[[IGN]]}}</ref>

<ref name="2026Rerelease">{{Cite web |last=Kit |first=Borys |date=December 5, 2025 |title='Avengers: Endgame' to Be Re-Released in 2026 Ahead of 'Avengers: Doomsday' (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/avengers-endgame-to-be-re-released-in-2026-ahead-of-avengers-doomsday-exclusive-1236443462/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251205185612/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/avengers-endgame-to-be-re-released-in-2026-of-doomsday-1236443462/ |archive-date=December 5, 2025 |access-date=December 5, 2025 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>



<ref name="HomeMedia">{{Cite web |last=Chitwood |first=Adam |date=June 26, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'' Digital and Blu-ray Release Date, Details, and Trailer Revealed |url=https://collider.com/avengers-endgame-digital-bluray-release-date-details-bonus-content/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626140121/http://collider.com/avengers-endgame-digital-bluray-release-date-details-bonus-content/ |archive-date=June 26, 2019 |access-date=June 26, 2019 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref>

<ref name="DisneyStreaming">{{Cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Matt |date=November 6, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'' Will Debut on Disney+ Earlier Than Expected |url=https://collider.com/when-will-avengers-endgame-be-on-disney-plus/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106210729/https://collider.com/when-will-avengers-endgame-be-on-disney-plus/ |archive-date=November 6, 2019 |access-date=November 6, 2019 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref>

<ref name="HomeNotImax">{{Cite web |last=Salan |first=Taylor |date=August 12, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'' 4K UHD Blu-Ray Review – Marvel's Finest Hour |url=https://www.superherohype.com/movies/461905-avengers-endgame-4k-uhd-blu-ray-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208221646/https://www.superherohype.com/movies/461905-avengers-endgame-4k-uhd-blu-ray-review |archive-date=February 8, 2021 |access-date=February 8, 2021 |website=[[SuperHeroHype]]}}</ref>

<ref name="IMAXEnhanced">{{Cite web |last=Byford |first=Sam |date=November 8, 2021 |title=Disney Plus Is Upgrading Marvel Movies to IMAX Aspect Ratio |url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/11/8/22764957/marvel-disney-plus-imax-expanded-aspect-ratio |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108184841/https://www.theverge.com/2021/11/8/22764957/marvel-disney-plus-imax-expanded-aspect-ratio |archive-date=November 8, 2021 |access-date=November 8, 2021 |website=[[The Verge]]}}</ref>




<ref name="DeadlineProfitAnalysis">{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=April 27, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'' to Near Rare Breakeven Point with $1.1B Global Opening |url=https://deadline.com/2019/04/avengers-endgame-breakeven-profit-after-opening-weekend-box-office-marvel-1202603237/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427184123/https://deadline.com/2019/04/avengers-endgame-breakeven-profit-after-opening-weekend-box-office-marvel-1202603237/ |archive-date=April 27, 2019 |access-date=April 27, 2019 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

<ref name="BillionRecord">{{Cite magazine |last=Rubin |first=Rebecca |date=May 5, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'' Crushes $2 Billion Milestone in Record Time |url=https://variety.com/2019/film/news/avengers-endgame-2-billion-record-time-1203205293/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505194032/https://variety.com/2019/film/news/avengers-endgame-2-billion-record-time-1203205293/ |archive-date=May 5, 2019 |access-date=May 6, 2019 |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

<ref name="PassThreshold">{{Cite web |last=Tartaglione |first=Nancy |date=May 5, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'' Passes ''Titanic'' to Become #2 Film Ever Worldwide with $2.189B – International Box Office |url=https://deadline.com/2019/05/avengers-endgame-second-weekend-china-global-international-box-office-1202607401/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504212730/https://deadline.com/2019/05/avengers-endgame-second-weekend-china-global-international-box-office-1202607401/ |archive-date=May 4, 2019 |access-date=May 5, 2019 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

<ref name="2.5Billion">{{Cite web |last=Barnhardt |first=Adam |date=May 14, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'' Inches Closer to $2.5 Billion Worldwide in Pursuit of ''Avatar'' Record |url=https://comicbook.com/marvel/2019/05/14/avengers-endgame-box-office-closing-in-on-avatar-record/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516085145/https://comicbook.com/marvel/2019/05/14/avengers-endgame-box-office-closing-in-on-avatar-record/ |archive-date=May 16, 2019 |access-date=June 4, 2019 |website=[[ComicBook.com]]}}</ref>

<ref name="HighestGrossingFilm1">{{Cite web |last=McClintock |first=Pamela |date=July 20, 2019 |title=Box Office: ''Avengers: Endgame'' Passes ''Avatar'' to Become No. 1 Film of All Time |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/avengers-endgame-passes-avatar-become-no-1-film-all-time-1225121 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721035520/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/avengers-endgame-passes-avatar-become-no-1-film-all-time-1225121 |archive-date=July 21, 2019 |access-date=July 21, 2019 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="HighestGrossingFilm2">{{Cite web |last=Scott |first=Ryan |date=July 23, 2019 |title=''Gone with the Wind'' Still Beats ''Avengers: Endgame'' at the Box Office When Adjusted for Inflation |url=https://movieweb.com/avengers-endgame-gone-with-the-wind-box-office-inflation/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204071932/https://movieweb.com/avengers-endgame-gone-with-the-wind-box-office-inflation/ |archive-date=February 4, 2021 |access-date=February 4, 2021 |website=[[MovieWeb]]}}</ref>

<ref name="MoreRecordsBroken">{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=July 29, 2019 |title=Russo Brothers Break More Records with ''Avengers: Endgame'' as FandangoNOW Reports All-Time Home Presales: A List of All B.O. Benchmarks for Marvel Pic |url=https://deadline.com/2019/07/avengers-endgame-box-office-records-broken-russo-brothers-fandangonow-presales-1202656364/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227103954/https://deadline.com/2019/07/avengers-endgame-box-office-records-broken-russo-brothers-fandangonow-presales-1202656364/ |archive-date=February 27, 2021 |access-date=February 27, 2021 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

<ref name="DeadlineProfitAnalysisFinal">{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=April 24, 2020 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'' Is No. 1 in ''Deadline''{{'s}} 2019 Most Valuable Blockbuster Tournament; How Its Billion-Dollar Opening Rocked Exhibition and Generated a $900M Profit |url=https://deadline.com/2020/04/avengers-endgame-movie-profits-one-year-anniversary-of-marvel-record-box-office-1202917380/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424235226/https://deadline.com/2020/04/avengers-endgame-movie-profits-one-year-anniversary-of-marvel-record-box-office-1202917380/ |archive-date=April 24, 2020 |access-date=April 24, 2020 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

<ref name="AvatarBeatsEndgame">{{Cite web |last=Tartaglione |first=Nancy |date=March 13, 2021 |title=''Avatar'' Overtakes ''Avengers: Endgame'' as All-Time Highest-Grossing Film Worldwide; Rises to $2.8B Amid China Reissue – Update |url=https://deadline.com/2021/03/avatar-overtakes-avengers-endgame-highest-grossing-film-all-time-worldwide-box-office-china-james-cameron-disney-1234713788/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313180044/https://deadline.com/2021/03/avatar-overtakes-avengers-endgame-highest-grossing-film-all-time-worldwide-box-office-china-james-cameron-disney-1234713788/ |archive-date=March 13, 2021 |access-date=March 13, 2021 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

<ref name="TheNumbersDomesticRankings">{{Cite web |title=All Time Domestic Box Office |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/box-office-records/domestic/all-movies/cumulative/all-time |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614142554/https://www.the-numbers.com/box-office-records/domestic/all-movies/cumulative/all-time |archive-date=June 14, 2021 |access-date=June 14, 2021 |website=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]]}}</ref>



<ref name="IMDbFandangoAnticipation">{{Cite magazine |last=McNary |first=Dave |author-link=Dave McNary |date=December 28, 2018 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'', ''Captain Marvel'' Among Fandango and IMDb's Most Anticipated Movies of 2019 |url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/most-anticipated-movies-2019-fandango-imdb-1203096324/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103060122/https://variety.com/2018/film/news/most-anticipated-movies-2019-fandango-imdb-1203096324/ |archive-date=January 3, 2019 |access-date=January 2, 2019 |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

<ref name="AtomTicketsAnticipation">{{Cite web |last=Hayes |first=Dade |date=December 31, 2018 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'', ''Captain Marvel'' Rated by Atom Tickets as Most Anticipated 2019 Film Releases |url=https://deadline.com/2018/12/avengers-endgame-captain-marvel-rated-by-atom-tickets-as-most-anticipated-2019-film-releases-1202527366/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101121603/https://deadline.com/2018/12/avengers-endgame-captain-marvel-rated-by-atom-tickets-as-most-anticipated-2019-film-releases-1202527366/ |archive-date=January 1, 2019 |access-date=January 2, 2019 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

<ref name="PreSale">{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=April 2, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'' Presales Set First-Hour Records; Ticket Sites Crash – CinemaCon |url=https://deadline.com/2019/04/avengers-endgame-presales-record-atom-fandango-amc-website-crash-1202586799/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402145125/http://deadline.com/2019/04/avengers-endgame-presales-record-atom-fandango-amc-website-crash-1202586799/ |archive-date=April 2, 2019 |access-date=April 2, 2019 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

<ref name="ChinaTickets">{{Cite web |last=Pedersen |first=Erik |date=April 12, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'' China Presales Blast Off to Unprecedented Levels |url=https://deadline.com/2019/04/avengers-endgame-china-presales-record-1202594805/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412185438/https://deadline.com/2019/04/avengers-endgame-china-presales-record-1202594805/ |archive-date=April 12, 2019 |access-date=April 12, 2019 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

<ref name="DeadlineTracking2">{{Cite web |last1=D'Alessandro |first1=Anthony |last2=Tartaglione |first2=Nancy |date=April 22, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'': Is a $1B Global Opening Even Possible? If so, Here's How It Would Go Down – B.O. Preview |url=https://deadline.com/2019/04/avengers-endgame-global-box-office-opening-projection-1-billion-1202599885/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422211632/https://deadline.com/2019/04/avengers-endgame-global-box-office-opening-projection-1-billion-1202599885/ |archive-date=April 22, 2019 |access-date=April 22, 2019 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

<ref name="FandangoSellout">{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=April 25, 2019 |title=More Proof That ''Avengers: Endgame'' Is Headed Toward a Record Opening: Marvel Pic Is Fandango's Biggest Preseller of All-Time |url=https://deadline.com/2019/04/avengers-endgame-fandango-biggest-preseller-of-all-time-1202602025/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425181338/https://deadline.com/2019/04/avengers-endgame-fandango-biggest-preseller-of-all-time-1202602025/ |archive-date=April 25, 2019 |access-date=April 25, 2019 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>



<ref name="VarietyTracking">{{Cite magazine |last=Rubin |first=Rebecca |date=April 4, 2019 |title=Box Office: ''Avengers: Endgame'' Headed for Epic $200–$250 Million Domestic Launch |url=https://variety.com/2019/film/box-office/box-office-avengers-endgame-headed-for-epic-200-250-million-domestic-launch-1203175293/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405125205/http://variety.com/2019/film/box-office/box-office-avengers-endgame-headed-for-epic-200-250-million-domestic-launch-1203175293/ |archive-date=April 5, 2019 |access-date=April 4, 2019 |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

<ref name="DeadlineTracking">{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=April 4, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'' U.S. Opening Weekend Projections: Can Sequel Get Close To $300M? |url=https://deadline.com/2019/04/avengers-endgame-u-s-opening-weekend-projections-can-sequel-get-close-to-300m-1202588329/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405141836/http://deadline.com/2019/04/avengers-endgame-u-s-opening-weekend-projections-can-sequel-get-close-to-300m-1202588329/ |archive-date=April 5, 2019 |access-date=April 4, 2019 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

<ref name="THRRecordsBroken">{{Cite web |last=McClintock |first=Pamela |date=April 28, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'' Box Office: All the Records Broken in $1.2B Global Bow |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/avengers-endgame-box-office-all-records-broken-12b-bow-1205398/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509033226/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/avengers-endgame-box-office-all-records-broken-12b-bow-1205398/ |archive-date=May 9, 2021 |access-date=December 24, 2023 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="DEADopening">{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=April 28, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'' Rests At $357M+ Opening Record; Eyes $33M+ Monday & Record $180M 2nd Frame; Weekend Biz Hits $401M+ High |url=https://deadline.com/2019/04/avengers-endgame-opening-weekend-box-office-record-1202602445/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427235856/https://deadline.com/2019/04/avengers-endgame-opening-weekend-box-office-record-1202602445/ |archive-date=April 27, 2019 |access-date=April 28, 2019 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

<ref name="MondayGross">{{Cite web |last=Galuppo |first=Mia |date=April 30, 2019 |title=Box Office: ''Avengers: Endgame'' Scores $36.7M Monday |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/avengers-endgame-scores-367-million-monday-at-box-office-1205794 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430172149/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/avengers-endgame-scores-367-million-monday-at-box-office-1205794 |archive-date=April 30, 2019 |access-date=April 30, 2019 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="TuesdayGross">{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=May 1, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'' $33M+ Tuesday Is Best for Disney MCU |url=https://deadline.com/2019/05/avengers-endgame-tuesday-box-office-marvel-record-1202605214/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501143338/https://deadline.com/2019/05/avengers-endgame-tuesday-box-office-marvel-record-1202605214/ |archive-date=May 1, 2019 |access-date=May 1, 2019 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

<ref name="DEADwknd2">{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=May 5, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'' Mows Down ''Long Shot'', ''Intruder'' & ''UglyDolls'' with $145M+ Second Weekend, Crosses $600M in Record Time |url=https://deadline.com/2019/05/avengers-endgame-box-office-second-weekend-uglydolls-charlize-theron-seth-rogen-long-shot-1202606827/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504214711/https://deadline.com/2019/05/avengers-endgame-box-office-second-weekend-uglydolls-charlize-theron-seth-rogen-long-shot-1202606827/ |archive-date=May 4, 2019 |access-date=May 5, 2019 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

<ref name="DEADwknd3">{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=May 12, 2019 |title=''Pokémon Detective Pikachu'' Grabs $58M in ''Endgame'' Dominated Universe; Marvel Pic 3rd Highest Domestic With $724M+ – Sunday Update |url=https://deadline.com/2019/05/pokemon-detective-pikachu-avengers-endgame-box-office-weekend-1202611690/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512032057/https://deadline.com/2019/05/pokemon-detective-pikachu-avengers-endgame-box-office-weekend-1202611690/ |archive-date=May 12, 2019 |access-date=May 12, 2019 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Weekend4">{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=May 19, 2019 |title=''John Wick: Chapter 3'' Takes Out ''Avengers'' With $56M+ Opening, but ''Endgame'' Bests ''Avatar'' as 2nd Highest Grossing Pic Ever at Domestic B.O. |url=https://deadline.com/2019/05/john-wick-chapter-3-avengers-endgame-pokemon-detective-pikachu-weekend-box-office-1202617131/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517170757/https://deadline.com/2019/05/john-wick-chapter-3-avengers-endgame-pokemon-detective-pikachu-weekend-box-office-1202617131/ |archive-date=May 17, 2019 |access-date=May 19, 2019 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Weekend5">{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=May 28, 2019 |title=''Aladdin''{{'s}} $116M-$117M Opening Reps a Whole New World for Disney at Memorial Day B.O. |url=https://deadline.com/2019/05/aladdin-memorial-day-box-office-1202621906/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528021043/https://deadline.com/2019/05/aladdin-memorial-day-box-office-1202621906/ |archive-date=May 28, 2019 |access-date=May 28, 2019 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

<ref name="DeadlineRerelease">{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=June 30, 2019 |title=''Toy Story 4'' Holds Down No. 1 with $58M+ Before ''Spider-Man'' Swoops in, ''Annabelle 3'' Stabs 31M+ 5-Day, ''Yesterday'' $17M+ – Sunday Update |url=https://deadline.com/2019/06/toy-story-4-yesterday-annabelle-comes-home-weekend-box-office-1202639398/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628163200/https://deadline.com/2019/06/toy-story-4-yesterday-annabelle-comes-home-weekend-box-office-1202639398/ |archive-date=June 28, 2019 |access-date=June 30, 2019 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

<ref name="RecordWknd">{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=July 22, 2019 |title=Disney's Busy Weekend: ''Lion King'' Rips Up July Record With $192M Following Marvel Slate Announcement, ''Endgame'' Notching All-Time $2.8B B.O. Record |url=https://deadline.com/2019/07/the-lion-king-weekend-box-office-july-records-1202648944/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904202332/https://deadline.com/2019/07/the-lion-king-weekend-box-office-july-records-1202648944/ |archive-date=September 4, 2019 |access-date=July 22, 2019 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>



<ref name="THRTracking">{{Cite web |last=McClintock |first=Pamela |date=April 23, 2019 |title=Box Office Preview: ''Avengers: Endgame'' Preps for Record $850M-$900M Global Bow |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/avengers-endgame-box-office-preps-record-850m-900m-global-bow-1203880 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427144148/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/avengers-endgame-box-office-preps-record-850m-900m-global-bow-1203880 |archive-date=April 27, 2019 |access-date=May 4, 2019 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="VarietyTracking2">{{Cite magazine |last=Rubin |first=Rebecca |date=April 23, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'' Expected to Shatter Box Office Records |url=https://variety.com/2019/film/news/avengers-endgame-box-office-opening-weekend-record-2-1203194128/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427174213/https://variety.com/2019/film/news/avengers-endgame-box-office-opening-weekend-record-2-1203194128/ |archive-date=April 27, 2019 |access-date=May 5, 2019 |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

<ref name="DeadlineChina">{{Cite web |last=Tartaglione |first=Nancy |date=April 24, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'' Blasts into China with $107M+ Record Opening Day |url=https://deadline.com/2019/04/avengers-endgame-china-midnights-record-opening-weekend-international-box-office-1202600409/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423184948/https://deadline.com/2019/04/avengers-endgame-china-midnights-record-opening-weekend-international-box-office-1202600409/ |archive-date=April 23, 2019 |access-date=April 24, 2019 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

<ref name="DeadlineINT">{{Cite web |last=Tartaglione |first=Nancy |date=April 28, 2019 |title=Oh, Snap! ''Avengers: Endgame'' Crushes $1.2B+ Global & $859M Overseas Record Bows; Propels MCU Pics to $20B WW – International Box Office |url=https://deadline.com/2019/04/avengers-endgame-opening-weekend-record-global-china-international-box-office-1202601752/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428165317/https://deadline.com/2019/04/avengers-endgame-opening-weekend-record-global-china-international-box-office-1202601752/ |archive-date=April 28, 2019 |access-date=April 29, 2019 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

<ref name="EIUEG">{{Cite web |last=Nguyen |first=An |date=May 5, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'' Sets New Box Office Record in Vietnam |url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/life/culture/avengers-endgame-sets-new-box-office-record-in-vietnam-3918571.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510130959/https://e.vnexpress.net/news/life/culture/avengers-endgame-sets-new-box-office-record-in-vietnam-3918571.html |archive-date=May 10, 2019 |access-date=May 10, 2019 |website=[[VnExpress International]]}}</ref>

<ref name="RussianDelay">{{Cite news |date=April 23, 2019 |script-title=ru:Премьеру ''Мстителей'' перенесли из-за российского фильма |trans-title=''The Avengers'' Premiere Was Postponed Due to the Russian Film |url=https://www.svoboda.org/a/29898358.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426013604/https://www.svoboda.org/a/29898358.html |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |access-date=May 3, 2019 |work=[[Радио Свобода]] |language=ru}}</ref>

<ref name="RussianDelay2">{{Cite web |title=''Мстители: Финал'' |trans-title=Avengers: Endgame |url=http://ekinobilet.fond-kino.ru/films/detail/121005519/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501173208/http://ekinobilet.fond-kino.ru/films/detail/121005519/ |archive-date=May 1, 2019 |access-date=May 2, 2019 |website=Ekinobilet.fond-kino.ru |language=ru}}</ref>

<ref name="RussianDelay3">{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2019 |title=Финальная часть ''Мстителей'' собрала в прокате миллиард рублей за три дня |trans-title=The Final Part of ''The Avengers'' Collected a Billion Rubles at the Box Office in Three Days |url=https://www.rbc.ru/technology_and_media/01/05/2019/5cc732729a7947b730c512f1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501223218/https://www.rbc.ru/technology_and_media/01/05/2019/5cc732729a7947b730c512f1 |archive-date=May 1, 2019 |access-date=May 2, 2019 |website=[[РБК]] |language=ru}}</ref>

<ref name="FiveInternationalMarkets">{{Cite web |last=Tartaglione |first=Nancy |date=May 2, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'' Overtakes ''Force Awakens'' & ''Furious 7'' Overseas with $1.2B+; Globally Now #6 Pic Ever At $1.66B+ |url=https://deadline.com/2019/05/avengers-endgame-first-week-china-global-international-box-office-results-records-1202604612/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503014810/https://deadline.com/2019/05/avengers-endgame-first-week-china-global-international-box-office-results-records-1202604612/ |archive-date=May 3, 2019 |access-date=May 3, 2019 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

<ref name="ChinaForeign">{{Cite news |date=May 1, 2019 |title=Headlines from China: ''Avengers: Endgame'' Is Now the Highest-Grossing Foreign Film in China |url=http://chinafilminsider.com/headlines-from-china-avengers-endgame-is-now-the-highest-grossing-foreign-film-in-china/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503061610/http://chinafilminsider.com/headlines-from-china-avengers-endgame-is-now-the-highest-grossing-foreign-film-in-china/ |archive-date=May 3, 2019 |access-date=May 2, 2019 |work=China Film Insider}}</ref>

<ref name="IndiaForeign">{{Cite web |last=Bhushan |first=Nyay |date=May 3, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'' Becomes Top Hollywood Release Ever in India |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/avengers-endgame-becomes-top-hollywood-release-india-1207188 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503111916/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/avengers-endgame-becomes-top-hollywood-release-india-1207188 |archive-date=May 3, 2019 |access-date=May 3, 2019 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>



<ref name="VarietyReview">{{Cite magazine |last=Debruge |first=Peter |date=April 23, 2019 |title=Film Review: ''Avengers: Endgame'' |url=https://variety.com/2019/film/reviews/avengers-endgame-review-marvel-cinematic-universe-1203196048/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424124328/https://variety.com/2019/film/reviews/avengers-endgame-review-marvel-cinematic-universe-1203196048/ |archive-date=April 24, 2019 |access-date=April 24, 2019 |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

<ref name="THRReview">{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Todd |author-link=Todd McCarthy |date=April 23, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'': Film Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/avengers-endgame-review-1203971 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424222653/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/avengers-endgame-review-1203971 |archive-date=April 24, 2019 |access-date=April 24, 2019 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="SunTimesReview">{{Cite news |last=Roeper |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Roeper |date=April 24, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'': Three hours of Action and Emotion, and Worth Every Second |url=http://chicago.suntimes.com/entertainment/avengers-endgame-review-movie-marvel-richard-roeper/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423233946/https://chicago.suntimes.com/entertainment/avengers-endgame-review-movie-marvel-richard-roeper/ |archive-date=April 23, 2019 |access-date=April 24, 2019 |work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]}}</ref>

<ref name="LATReview">{{Cite news |last=Chang |first=Justin |author-link=Justin Chang |date=April 23, 2019 |title=Review: ''Avengers: Endgame'' Brings the Marvel Saga to a Thrilling, Time-Twisting Conclusion — for Now |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-avengers-endgame-review-20190423-story.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424001001/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-avengers-endgame-review-20190423-story.html |archive-date=April 24, 2019 |access-date=April 24, 2019 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref>

<ref name="NPRWeldon">{{Cite web |last=Weldon |first=Glen |author-link=Glen Weldon |date=April 24, 2019 |title=Mourning Has Broken Them: ''Avengers: Endgame'' |url=http://www.npr.org/2019/04/24/716315111/mourning-has-broken-them-avengers-endgame |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424230912/https://www.npr.org/2019/04/24/716315111/mourning-has-broken-them-avengers-endgame |archive-date=April 24, 2019 |access-date=April 25, 2019 |website=[[NPR]]}}</ref>

<ref name="RollingStoneTravers">{{Cite magazine |last=Travers |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Travers |date=April 24, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'' Review: The MCU's Long Goodbye Is an Emotional Wipeout |url=http://www.rollingstone.com/movies/movie-reviews/avengers-endgame-movie-review-marvel-825435/ |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425012610/https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/movie-reviews/avengers-endgame-movie-review-marvel-825435/ |archive-date=April 25, 2019 |access-date=April 25, 2019 |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]}}</ref>

<ref name="NewYorkTimesScott">{{Cite news |last=Scott |first=A. O. |author-link=A. O. Scott |date=April 23, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'' Review: The Real Heroes Were the Friends We Made Along the Way |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/23/movies/avengers-endgame-review.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425012520/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/23/movies/avengers-endgame-review.html |archive-date=April 25, 2019 |access-date=April 25, 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

<ref name="NewYorkerBrody">{{Cite magazine |last=Brody |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Brody |date=April 26, 2019 |title=Review: What ''Avengers: Endgame'' Could Have Been |url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/the-front-row/review-what-avengers-endgame-could-have-been |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427132859/https://www.newyorker.com/culture/the-front-row/review-what-avengers-endgame-could-have-been |archive-date=April 27, 2019 |access-date=April 27, 2019 |magazine=[[The New Yorker]]}}</ref>

<ref name="PM">{{Cite web |last=Kinnard |first=J. R. |date=April 24, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'' Satisfies on Every Level |url=https://www.popmatters.com/avengers-endgame-russo-brothers-2635403075.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502140143/https://www.popmatters.com/avengers-endgame-russo-brothers-2635403075.html |archive-date=May 2, 2019 |access-date=April 29, 2019 |website=[[PopMatters]]}}</ref>

<ref name="CBRReviewRoundup">{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Taylor |date=April 23, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'' Reviews Call It a Fitting End to the Infinity Saga |url=https://www.cbr.com/avengers-endgame-review-roundup/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509010815/https://www.cbr.com/avengers-endgame-review-roundup/ |archive-date=May 9, 2019 |access-date=May 8, 2019 |website=[[Comic Book Resources]]}}</ref>

<ref name="RogerEbertTallerico">{{Cite web |last=Tallerico |first=Brian |date=April 24, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'' Movie Review (2019) |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/avengers-endgame-2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503221913/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/avengers-endgame-2019 |archive-date=May 3, 2019 |access-date=May 9, 2019 |website=[[RogerEbert.com]]}}</ref>

<ref name="RogerEbertSeitz">{{Cite web |last=Seitz |first=Matt Zoller |author-link=Matt Zoller Seitz |date=April 29, 2019 |title=''Avengers'', MCU, ''Game of Thrones'', and the ''Content Endgame'' |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/mzs/avengers-mcu-and-the-content-endgame |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505144659/https://www.rogerebert.com/mzs/avengers-mcu-and-the-content-endgame |archive-date=May 5, 2019 |access-date=May 9, 2019 |website=[[RogerEbert.com]]}}</ref>

<ref name="MorgensternEndgame">{{Cite journal |last=Morgenstern |first=Joe |author-link=Joe Morgenstern |date=April 25, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'' Review: A Marvelous Wrap |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/avengers-endgame-review-a-marvelous-wrap-11556124677 |url-status=live |journal=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603071256/https://www.wsj.com/articles/avengers-endgame-review-a-marvelous-wrap-11556124677 |archive-date=June 3, 2019 |access-date=June 3, 2019}}</ref>

<ref name="NewYorkerLane">{{Cite magazine |last=Lane |first=Anthony |author-link=Anthony Lane |date=April 26, 2019 |title=''The White Crow'' and ''Avengers: Endgame'', Reviewed |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/05/06/-the-white-crow-and-the-difficulty-with-dance-movies |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429020055/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/05/06/-the-white-crow-and-the-difficulty-with-dance-movies |archive-date=April 29, 2019 |access-date=June 4, 2019 |magazine=[[The New Yorker]]}}</ref>



<ref name="CriticsChoice">{{Cite web |last1=Nordyke |first1=Kimberly |last2=Howard |first2=Annie |date=January 12, 2020 |title=Critics' Choice Awards: ''Once Upon a Time in Hollywood'' Named Best Picture; Full Winners List |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/2020-critics-choice-awards-winners-list-full-1267901/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113034136/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/2020-critics-choice-awards-winners-list-full-1267901/ |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=August 24, 2022 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

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}}

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Lothal

2026-03-11T05:44:40Z

SadieHagelthorn:

{{Short description|Prominent city of the ancient Indus valley civilization (present-day Gujarat, India)}}
{{For|the fictional planet|Lothal (Star Wars)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox ancient site
| name = lothal

| native_name =
| alternate_name =
| image = The drainage system at Lothal 2.JPG
| alt =
| caption = Archaeological remains of the drainage system, 2012
| map_type = India Gujarat#India#South Asia
| map_alt =
| relief = y
| map_size = 270
| coordinates = {{Coord|22|31|17|N|72|14|58|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
| region =
| type = Settlement
| part_of =
| length =
| width =
| area = {{convert|7|ha|abbr=on}}<ref name="Unesco1" />
| height =
| builder =
| material =
| built = {{circa|2300 BC}}<ref name="Unesco1" />
| abandoned =
| epochs =
| cultures = [[Indus Valley Civilization]]
| dependency_of =
| occupants =
| discovered = 1954
| excavations = 1955–1960
| archaeologists =
| condition = Ruined
| ownership = Public
| management = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| public_access = Yes
| website = 
| notes =
}}
[[File:Lothal information Plaque.jpg|thumb|Lothal Archaeological information]]
'''Lothal''' ({{IPA|gu|lot̪ʰəl}}) was one of the southernmost sites of the ancient [[Indus Valley civilization|Indus Valley civilisation]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cntraveller.in/story/india-via-gujarat/|title=Where does history begin?|date=19 October 2017}}</ref> located in the [[Bhal region]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Gujarat]]. Construction of the city is believed to have begun around 2300 BCE.<ref>{{cite book|title= History of India |first= Herman |last= Kulke |publisher= Routledge |year=2004 |page=25 |isbn= 9780415329200 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RoW9GuFJ9GIC&q=india++history}}</ref>

==Discovery==
The [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI), the official [[Government of India|Indian government]] [[List of agencies of the government of India|agency]] for the preservation of ancient monuments, discovered Lothal in 1954. Excavation work in Lothal commenced on 13 February 1955 and continued till 19 May 1960.

According to the ASI, Lothal arguably had the world's earliest known [[dock (maritime)|dock]], which connected the city to an ancient course of the [[Sabarmati River]] on the [[trade route]]. This trade route stretched between [[Harappa]]n cities in [[Sindh]] and the [[Kathiawar|Kathiawar Peninsula]] where the surrounding [[Kutch]] desert of today was a part of the [[Arabian Sea]]. However, this interpretation has been challenged by other [[archaeologist]]s, who argue [[Khufu]]'s [[Red Sea]] harbour at [[Wadi al-Jarf]] ([[Egypt]]) is older, dating its construction to between 2580 and 2550 BCE<ref>{{Cite web|title=World's First Port Discovered in Red Sea|url=http://www.hic-mena.org/activitydetails.php?id=pWtpag#.YhULMRqnyhC|access-date=2022-02-22|website=www.hic-mena.org}}</ref> and that Lothal was a comparatively small town, and that the "dock" was primarily an [[irrigation tank]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Leshnik|first=Lawrence S.|date=1968|title=The Harappan "Port" at Lothal: Another View|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/669756|journal=American Anthropologist|volume=70|issue=5|pages=911–922|doi=10.1525/aa.1968.70.5.02a00070 |jstor=669756 |issn=0002-7294|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>Leshnik, "The Harappan 'Port' at Lothal"</ref>

The [[National Institute of Oceanography, India|National Institute of Oceanography]] in [[Goa]] discovered [[foraminifera]] (marine [[microfossil]]s) and salt, [[gypsum]] crystals in the rectangular structure clearly indicating that sea water once filled the structure and it was definitely a dockyard.<ref name="researchgate.net">{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/27667625 |title=Foraminifera as an additional tool for archaeologists – Examples from the Arabian Sea |date=25 September 2015 }}</ref>

Lothal was a vital and thriving trade centre in ancient times, with its trade of [[bead]]s, [[gemstone|gems]] and valuable ornaments reaching the far corners of West Asia and Africa. The techniques and tools they pioneered for bead-making and in [[metallurgy]] have stood the test of time for over 4,000 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_gujarat.asp|title=Excavations – Important – Gujarat|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|access-date=25 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011172932/http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_gujarat.asp|archive-date=11 October 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Lothal is situated near the village of Saragwala in the [[Dholka Taluka]] of [[Ahmedabad district]]. It is six kilometres south-east of the Lothal-Bhurkhi railway station on the [[Ahmedabad]]-[[Bhavnagar]] railway line. It is also connected by all-weather roads to the cities of Ahmedabad (85 km/53 mi), Bhavnagar, [[Rajkot]] and [[Dholka]]. The nearest cities are Dholka and Bagodara. Resuming excavation in 1961, archaeologists unearthed trenches sunk on the northern, eastern and western flanks of the mound, bringing to light the inlet channels and ''nullah'' ("ravine", or "gully") connecting the dock with the river. The findings consist of a [[mound]], a township, a [[marketplace]], and the 'dock'. Adjacent to the excavated areas stands the Archaeological Museum, where some of the most prominent collections of [[Harappa]]-era antiquities in India are displayed.

The Lothal site was nominated, in April 2014, as a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]], and its application is pending on the tentative list of UNESCO.<ref>[https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5918/ https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5918/], UNESCO</ref><ref name="Unesco1">{{Cite web|title=Archaeological remains of a Harappa Port-Town, Lothal|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5918/|access-date=2021-09-16|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en}}</ref>

==Archaeology==
[[File:Lothal-layout-en.svg|thumb|Layout of Lothal]]
[[File:Indus Valley Civilization, Mature Phase (2600-1900 BCE).png|thumb|left|300px|Extent and major sites of the [[Indus Valley civilization]]]]
When [[Partition of India|British India was partitioned]] in 1947, most Indus sites, including [[Mohenjo-daro]] and [[Harappa]], became part of [[Pakistan]]. The Archaeological Survey of India undertook a new program of exploration, and excavation. Many sites were discovered across northwestern India. Between 1954 and 1958, more than 50 sites were excavated in the [[Kutch]] (notably [[Dholavira]]), and [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] peninsulas, extending the limits of [[Harappan civilisation]] by {{convert|500|km|mi|abbr=off}} to the river Kim, where the [[Bhagatrav]] site accesses the valley of the rivers [[Narmada River|Narmada]] and [[Tapti]]. Lothal stands {{convert|670|km|mi|abbr=off|sp=us}} from [[Mohenjo-daro]], which is in [[Sindh]].<ref name="Fam5">{{cite book
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vDmgMC-l17IC&q=Lothal&pg=PA276
| title = Rajasthan and Gujarat Handbook: The Travel Guide
| publisher = Footprint Travel Guides
| author = Robert W. Bradnock, Anil Mulchandani
| page = 276
| format = PHP
| isbn =1-900949-92-X
| access-date = 26 October 2006
| year = 2001
}}</ref>

The meaning of Lothal (a combination of ''Loth'' and ''(s) thal'') in [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] is "the mound of the dead". This is not unusual, as the name of the city of [[Mohenjo-daro]] in [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] translates to the same. People in villages neighbouring to Lothal had known of the presence of an ancient town and human remains. As recently as 1850, boats could sail up to the mound. In 1942, timber was shipped from [[Bharuch|Broach]] to Saragwala via the mound. A silted creek connecting modern Bholad with Lothal and Saragwala represents the ancient flow channel of a river or creek.<ref name="Rao1">{{cite book
| title = Lothal
| publisher = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| author = S. R. Rao
| author-link = S. R. Rao
| pages = 2–3
| year = 1985
}}</ref>

Speculation suggests that owing to the comparatively small dimensions of the main city ({{convert|7|ha|acre|}}),<ref name="Unesco1" /> Lothal was not a large settlement at all, and its "dock" was perhaps an irrigation tank.<ref name = "JSTOR"/> However, the ASI and other contemporary archaeologists assert that the city was a part of a major river system on the trade route of the ancient peoples from Sindh to [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] in Gujarat. Lothal provides with the largest collection of antiquities in the archaeology of modern India.<ref name="Rao2">{{cite book
| title = Lothal
| publisher = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| author = S. R. Rao
| author-link = S. R. Rao
| pages = 30–31
| year = 1985
}}</ref> It is essentially a single culture site—the Harappan culture in all its variances is evidenced.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}} An indigenous [[micaceous]] Red Ware culture also existed, which is believed to be{{who|date=May 2015}} [[indigenous peoples|autochthonous]] and pre-Harappan.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}} Two sub-periods of Harappan culture are distinguished: the same period (between 2400 and 1900 BCE) is identical to the exuberant culture of [[Harappa]] and [[Mohenjo-daro]].{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}

[[File:Gujarat Gulfs.jpg|thumb|300px|To the northwest of Lothal lies the [[Kutch]] (see also [[Dholavira]]) peninsula, which was a part of the [[Arabian Sea]] until very recently in history. Owing to this, and the proximity of the [[Gulf of Khambhat]], Lothal's river provided direct access to sea routes. Although now sealed off from the sea, Lothal's topography and geology reflects its maritime past.]]

After the core of the [[Indus Valley civilization|Indus]] civilisation had decayed in [[Mohenjo-daro]] and [[Harappa]], Lothal seems not only to have survived but to have thrived for many years.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}} Its constant threats – tropical storms and floods – caused immense destruction, which destabilised the culture and ultimately caused its end. [[Topography|Topographical analysis]] also shows signs that at about the time of its demise, the region suffered from [[aridity]] or weakened [[monsoon]] rainfall. Thus the cause for the abandonment of the city may have been changes in the [[climate]] as well as natural disasters, as suggested by environmental magnetic records.<ref name = "PDF"/> Lothal is based upon a mound that was a [[salt marsh]] inundated by tide. Remote sensing and topographical studies published by Indian scientists in the ''Journal of the Indian Geophysicists Union'' in 2004 revealed an ancient, meandering river adjacent to Lothal, {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=off}} in length according to [[satellite imagery]]— an ancient extension of the northern river channel bed of a tributary of the Bhogavo river. Small channel widths ({{convert|10|–|300|m|ft|abbr=on| disp=or}}) when compared to the lower reaches ({{convert|1.2|–|1.6|km|mi|abbr=on| disp=or}}) suggest the presence of a strong tidal influence upon the city—tidal waters ingressed up to and beyond the city. Upstream elements of this river provided a suitable source of [[fresh water]] for the inhabitants.<ref name="PDF">{{cite web
| url = http://www.igu.in/8-1/5khadkikar.pdf
| title = Paleoenvironments around Lothal
| publisher = Journal of the Indian Geophysics Union (Vol. 8, No. 1)
| author = Khadkikar| year = 2004
|display-authors=etal}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:CiviltàValleIndoMappa.png|thumb|Location of Lothal in the [[Indus Valley]] and extent of [[Indus Valley Civilization]] (green)]]
Before the arrival of [[Harappa]]n people (c. 3000 BCE), Lothal was a small village next to the river providing access to the mainland from the [[Gulf of Khambhat]]. The indigenous people maintained a prosperous economy, attested by the discovery of copper objects, beads and semi-precious stones. Ceramic wares were of fine clay and smooth, [[mica]]ceous red surface. A new technique of firing [[pottery]] under partly oxidising and reducing conditions was improved by them—designated black-and-red ware, to the micaceous Red Ware. Harappans were attracted to Lothal for its sheltered harbour, rich cotton and rice-growing environment and bead-making industry. The beads and gems of Lothal were in great demand in the west. The settlers lived peacefully with the Red Ware people, who adopted their lifestyle, evidenced from the flourishing trade and changing working techniques. Harappans began producing the indigenous ceramic goods, adopting the manner from the natives.<ref name="Rao3">{{cite book
| title = Lothal
| publisher = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| author = [[S. R. Rao]]
| page = 5
| year = 1985
}}</ref>

===Town planning===
A flood destroyed village foundations and settlements ({{Circa|2350 BCE}}). Harappans based around Lothal and from Sindh took this opportunity to expand their settlement and create a planned township on the lines of greater cities in the Indus valley.<ref name="Rao10">{{cite book
| title = Lothal
| publisher = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| author = S. R. Rao
| author-link = S. R. Rao
| page = 6
| year = 1985
}}</ref> Lothal planners engaged themselves to protect the area from consistent floods. The town was divided into blocks of 1- 2m high (3–6 ft) platforms of sun-dried bricks, each serving 20–30 houses of thick mud and brick walls. The city was divided into a [[citadel]], or [[acropolis]] and a lower town. The rulers of the town lived in the acropolis, which featured houses with paved bathing platforms, underground and surface drains (built of kiln-fired bricks) and potable water well. The acropolis also housed the towns warehouse, with a ramp down to the basin, on the towns eastern flank. The lower town was subdivided into two parts. A north–south arterial street was the main commercial area. It was flanked by shops of rich and ordinary merchants and craftsmen. The residential area was located to either side of the marketplace. The lower town was also periodically enlarged during Lothal's years of prosperity.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}

[[File:Ancient site at Lothal16.jpg|thumb|Pottery from Lothal]]
All the construction were made of fire dried bricks, lime and sand mortar and not by sun-dried bricks as bricks are still intact after 4,000 years and still bonded together with each other with the mortar bond.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://static.panoramio.com/photos/large/78538322.jpg |title=Archived copy |access-date=25 April 2014 |archive-date=1 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201193030/http://static.panoramio.com/photos/large/78538322.jpg |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Economy and urban culture===
[[File:Pot furnace lothal.jpg|thumb|Pot furnace at Lothal]]
[[File:Lothal - ancient well.jpg|thumb|An ancient well, and the city drainage canals]]
The uniform organization of the town and its institutions make it evident that the Harappans were very disciplined people.<ref name="Rao1A">{{cite book
| title = Lothal
| publisher = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| author = S. R. Rao
| author-link = S. R. Rao
| page = 8
| year = 1985
}}</ref> Commerce and administrative duties were performed according to standards laid out. Municipal administration was strict – the width of most streets remained the same over a long time, and no encroached structures were built. Householders possessed a sump, or collection chamber to deposit solid waste in order to prevent the clogging of city drains. Drains, manholes, and cesspools deposited the waste in the river which was washed out during high tide maintaining the cleanliness of the city. A new provincial style of Harappan art and painting was pioneered. The new approaches included realistic portrayals of animals in their natural surroundings. Metalware, gold and jewellery and tastefully decorated ornaments attest to the culture and prosperity of the people of Lothal.

Most of their equipment: metal tools, weights, measures, seals, earthenware and ornaments were of the uniform standard and quality found across the Indus civilization. Lothal was a major trade centre, importing ''en masse''{{citation needed|date=January 2022}} raw materials like copper, [[chert]] and semi-precious stones from [[Mohenjo-daro]] and [[Harappa]], and mass distributing to inner villages and towns. It also produced large quantities of bronze [[celt (tool)|celts]], fish-hooks, chisels, spears and ornaments. Lothal exported its beads, gemstones, ivory and shells. The stone blade industry catered to domestic needs—fine chert was imported from the [[Larkana]] valley or from [[Bijapur, Karnataka|Bijapur]] in modern [[Karnataka]]. [[Bhagatrav]] supplied semi-precious stones while ''chank'' shell came from [[Dholavira]] and [[Bet Dwarka]]. An intensive trade network gave the inhabitants great prosperity.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}} The network stretched across the frontiers to [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]], Bahrain and [[Sumer]].<ref name="RaoY"/> One of the evidence of trade in Lothal is the discovery of typical Persian gulf seals, a circular button seal<ref>[[Bridget Allchin|Bridget]], [[F. Raymond Allchin]], ''The rise of civilization in India and Pakistan'', p. 187</ref>

===Architectural development===
[[File:Lothal - bathroom structure.jpg|thumb|The bathroom-toilet structure of the ruler's house in Lothal]]
While the wider debate over the end of [[Indus Valley civilization|Indus civilisation]] continues, archaeological evidence gathered by the ASI appears to point to natural catastrophes, specifically floods and storms as the source of Lothal's downfall. A powerful flood submerged the town and destroyed most of the houses, with the walls and platforms heavily damaged. The acropolis was levelled (2000–1900 BCE), and inhabited by common tradesmen and newly built makeshift houses. The worst consequence was the shift in the course of the river, cutting off access to the ships and dock.<ref name="Rao12">{{cite book
| title = Lothal
| publisher = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| author = S. R. Rao
| author-link = S. R. Rao
| page = 12
| year = 1985
}}</ref> The people built a new but shallow inlet to connect the flow channel to the dock for sluicing small ships into the basin. Large ships were moored away.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}} Houses were rebuilt, yet without removal of flood debris, which made them poor-quality and susceptible to further damage. Public drains were replaced by soakage jars. The citizens did not undertake encroachments, and rebuilt public baths. However, with a poorly organised government, and no outside agency or central government, the public works could not be properly repaired or maintained. The heavily damaged warehouse was never repaired properly, and stocks were stored in wooden canopies, exposed to floods and fire. The economy of the city was transformed.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} Trade volumes reduced greatly, though not catastrophically, and resources were available in lesser quantities.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} Independent businesses caved, allowing a merchant-centric system of factories to develop where hundreds of craftsmen worked for the same supplier and financier.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} The bead factory had ten living rooms and a large workplace courtyard. The coppersmith's workshop had five furnaces and paved sinks to enable multiple artisans to work.<ref name="Rao13">{{cite book
| title = Lothal
| publisher = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| author = S. R. Rao
| author-link = S. R. Rao
| page = 13
| year = 1985
}}</ref>

The declining prosperity of the town, paucity of resources and poor administration increased the woes of a people pressured by consistent floods and storms.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} Increased salinity of soil made the land inhospitable to life, including crops.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} This is evidenced in adjacent cities of [[Rangpur, Gujarat|Rangpur]], [[Rojdi]], [[Rupar]] and Harappa in [[Punjab region|Punjab]], [[Mohenjo-daro]] and [[Chanhudaro]] in [[Sindh]]. A massive flood ({{Circa|1900 BCE}}) completely destroyed the flagging township in a single stroke.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}} Archaeological analysis shows that the basin and dock were sealed with silt and debris, and the buildings razed to the ground. The flood affected the entire region of Saurashtra, Sindh and south [[Gujarat]], and affected the upper reaches of the [[Indus river|Indus]] and [[Sutlej]], where scores of villages and townships were washed away. The population fled to inner regions.<ref name="Rao134">{{cite book
| title = Lothal
| publisher = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| author = S. R. Rao
| author-link = S. R. Rao
| pages = 13–14
| year = 1985
}}</ref>
[[File:Lothal - Gujarat, India (5933608331).jpg|thumb|Archaeological feature]]

===Later Harappan culture===
[[File:Lothal - warehouse.jpg|thumb|upright 1.5|The warehouse of Lothal]]
Archaeological evidence shows that the site continued to be inhabited, albeit by a much smaller population devoid of urban influences. The few people who returned to Lothal could not reconstruct and repair their city, but surprisingly continued to stay and preserved religious traditions,{{citation needed|date=January 2022}} living in poorly built houses and reed huts. That they were the Harappan peoples is evidenced by the analyses of their remains in the cemetery. While the trade and resources of the city were almost entirely gone, the people retained several Harappan ways in writing,{{citation needed|date=January 2022}} pottery, and utensils. About this time ASI archaeologists record a mass movement of refugees from Punjab and Sindh into Saurashtra and to the valley of [[Sarasvati River|Sarasvati]] (1900–1700 BCE).<ref name="RV">{{cite book
| title = Lothal
| publisher = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| author = S. R. Rao
| author-link = S. R. Rao
| pages = 13–15
| year = 1985
}}</ref> Hundreds of ill-equipped settlements have been attributed to this people as [[Cemetery H culture|''Late Harappans'']] a completely de-urbanised culture characterised by rising illiteracy,{{citation needed|date=January 2022}} less complex economy, unsophisticated administration and poverty.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}} Though Indus seals went out of use, the system of weights with an 8.573 gram (0.3024 [[avoirdupois|oz avoirdupois]]) unit was retained. Between 1700 and 1600 BCE, trade would revive again. In Lothal, Harappan ceramic works of bowls, dishes and jars were mass-produced. Merchants used local materials such as [[chalcedony]] instead of [[chert]] for stone blades. Truncated sandstone weights replaced hexahedron chert weights. The sophisticated painting style reduced itself to wavy lines, loops and fronds.

==Science and engineering==
{{Further|Sanitation of the Indus Valley Civilization}}
[[File:Lothal bricks in drainage.jpg|thumb|A block of bricks placed in the main drainage canal with four holes, from which the net to filter out solid waste was installed]]
A thick ring-like shell object found with four slits each in two margins served as a [[compass]] to measure angles on plane surfaces such as housing alignments, roads or land surveys. S.R. Rao also suggested that it could have functioned as an instrument for measuring angles and perhaps the position of stars and thus for navigation like a sextant.<ref name="Rao401">{{cite book
| title = Lothal
| publisher = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| author = S. R. Rao
| author-link = S. R. Rao
| pages = 40–41
| year = 1985
}}</ref> Lothal contributes one of three measurement scales that are integrated and linear (others found in Harappa and Mohenjodaro). An ivory scale from Lothal has the smallest-known decimal divisions in Indus civilisation. The scale is 6 millimetres (0.2 inches) thick, {{convert|15|mm|in|abbr=on}} broad and the available length is {{convert|128|mm|in|abbr=on}}, but only 27 graduations are visible over {{convert|46|mm|in|abbr=on}}, the distance between graduation lines being {{convert|1.70|mm|in|abbr=on}} (the small size indicates use for fine purposes). The sum total of ten graduations from Lothal is approximate to the ''angula'' in the ''[[Arthashastra]]''.<ref name="Rao394">{{cite book
| title = Lothal
| publisher = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| author = S. R. Rao
| author-link = S. R. Rao
| pages = 39–40
| year = 1985
}}</ref> The Lothal craftsmen took care to ensure durability and accuracy of stone weights by blunting edges before polishing.<ref name="Rao39">{{cite book
| title = Lothal
| publisher = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| author = S. R. Rao
| author-link = S. R. Rao
| page = 39
| year = 1985
}}</ref>

For their renowned draining system, Lothal engineers provided [[corbel]]led roofs, and an apron of kiln-fired bricks over the brick face of the platform where the sewerage entered the cesspool. Wooden screens inserted in grooves in the side drain walls held back solid waste. The well is built of radial bricks, {{convert|2.4|m|ft|abbr=off}} in diameter and {{convert|6.7|m|ft|abbr=off}} deep. It had an immaculate network of underground drains, silting chambers and cesspools, and inspection chambers for solid waste. The extent of drains provided archaeologists with many clues regarding the layout of streets, organisation of housing and baths. On average, the main sewer is {{convert|20|–|46|cm|in|abbr=on}} in depth, with outer dimensions of 86 × 68 × 33 cm (34 × 27 × 13 in). Lothal brick-makers used a logical approach in manufacture of bricks, designed with care in regards to thickness of structures. They were used as headers and stretchers in same and alternate layers. Archaeologists estimate that in most cases, the bricks were in ratio 1:0.5:0.25 on three sides, in dimensions which were integral multiples of large graduations of Lothal scale of {{convert|25|mm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name="RaoL">{{cite book
| title = Lothal
| publisher = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| author = S. R. Rao
| author-link = S. R. Rao
| page = 41
| year = 1985
}}</ref>

==Religion==
[[File:Ancient site at Lothal14.jpg|thumb|Twin burial from Lothal]]
The people of Lothal worshipped a fire god who is speculated to be the horned deity depicted on seals. The presence of private and public fire-altars where religious ceremonies were hosted further testifies to their spiritual beliefs. Archaeologists have discovered gold pendants, charred ashes of terra-cotta cakes and pottery, bovine remains, beads and other signs that may indicate the practice of the Gavamayana sacrifice, associated with the ancient [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic religion]].<ref name="RaoDA">{{cite book
| title = Lothal
| publisher = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| author = S. R. Rao
| author-link = S. R. Rao
| pages = 43–45
| year = 1985
}}</ref> Animal worship is also evidenced, but not the worship of the [[Mother Goddess]] that is evidenced in other [[Harappa]]n cities—experts consider this a sign of the existence of diversity in religious traditions. However, it is believed that a sea goddess, perhaps cognate with the general Indus-era Mother Goddess, was worshipped. Today, the local villagers likewise worship a sea goddess, ''Vanuvati Sikotarimata'', suggesting a connection with the ancient port's traditions and historical past as an access to the sea.<ref name="R2">{{cite book
| title = Lothal
| publisher = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| author = S. R. Rao
| author-link = S. R. Rao
| page = 2
| year = 1985
}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title = India|encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica|year=2006|publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-46833/India|access-date=6 April 2006}}</ref> But the archaeologists also discovered that the practice had been given up by 2000 BCE (determined by the difference in burial times of the [[carbon dating|carbon-dated]] remains). It is suggested that the practice occurred only on occasion. It is also considered that given the small number of graves discovered—only 17 in an estimated population of 15,000—the citizens of Lothal also practised [[cremation]] of the dead. Post-cremation burials have been noted in other Indus sites like Harappa, Mehi and Damb-Bhuti.<ref name="Rao45">{{cite book
| title = Lothal
| publisher = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| author = S. R. Rao
| author-link = S. R. Rao
| page = 45
| year = 1985
}}</ref>

===Metallurgy and jewellery===
[[File:Lothal seals.jpg|thumb|Lothal seals]]
Lothal copper is unusually pure, lacking the [[arsenic]] typically used by coppersmiths across the rest of the Indus valley. The city imported [[ingot]]s from probable sources in the Arabian peninsula. Workers mixed tin with copper for the manufacture of [[celt (tool)|celts]], arrowheads, fishhooks, chisels, bangles, rings, drills, and spearheads, although weapon manufacturing was minor. They also employed advanced metallurgy in following the ''cire perdue'' technique of casting, and used more than one-piece moulds for casting birds and animals.<ref name="Rao43VA">{{cite book
| title = Lothal
| publisher = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| author = S. R. Rao
| author-link = S. R. Rao
| page = 42
| year = 1985
}}</ref> They also invented new tools such as curved saws and twisted drills unknown to other civilisations at the time.<ref name="Rao412">{{cite book
| title = Lothal
| publisher = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| author = S. R. Rao
| author-link = S. R. Rao
| pages = 41–42
| year = 1985}}</ref>

Lothal was one of the most important centres of production for shell-working, owing to the abundance of chank shell of high quality found in the [[Gulf of Kutch]] and near the [[Kathiawar]] coast.<ref name="Rao43VA"/> Gamesmen, beads, [[unguent]] vessels, [[chank]] shells, ladles and inlays were made for export and local consumption. Components of stringed musical instruments like the [[plectrum]] and the [[bridge (instrument)|bridge]] were made of shell.<ref name = "Rao43"/> An ivory workshop was operated under strict official supervision, and the domestication of elephants has been suggested. An ivory seal, and sawn pieces for boxes, combs, rods, inlays and ear-studs were found during excavations.<ref name="Rao43">{{cite book
| title = Lothal
| publisher = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| author = S. R. Rao
| author-link = S. R. Rao
| page = 43
| year = 1985
}}</ref> Lothal produced a large quantity of gold ornaments—the most attractive item being microbeads of gold in five strands in necklaces, unique for being less than 0.25 millimetres (0.010 inches) in diameter. Cylindrical, globular and jasper beads of gold with edges at right angles resemble modern pendants used by women in [[Gujarat]] in plaits of hair. A large disc with holes recovered from a sacrificial altar is compared to the ''rukma'' worn by Vedic priests. Studs, cogwheel and heart-shaped ornaments of [[faience]] and [[steatite]] were popular in Lothal. A ring of thin copper wire turned into double spirals resembles the gold-wire rings used by modern Hindus for weddings.<ref name="RaoVI">{{cite book
| title = Lothal
| publisher = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| author = S. R. Rao
| author-link = S. R. Rao
| pages = 33–34
| year = 1985
}}</ref>

===Art===
[[File:Ancient site at Lothal115.jpg|thumb|Archaeological Museum of Lothal, replica of seal]]
[[File:Lothal pottery.png|thumb|Pieces of red [[clay]] pottery]]
The discovery of etched [[carnelian]] beads and non-etched barrel beads in [[Kish (Sumer)|Kish]] and [[Ur]] (modern [[Iraq]]), [[Jalalabad]] ([[Afghanistan]]) and [[Susa]] ([[Iran]]) attest to the popularity of the Indus bead industry across West Asia.<ref name="RaoS">{{cite book
| title = Lothal
| publisher = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| author = S. R. Rao
| author-link = S. R. Rao
| pages = 31–33
| year = 1985
}}</ref> The [[lapidary|lapidaries]] select stones of variegated colours, producing beads of different shapes and sizes. The methods of Lothal bead-makers were so advanced that no improvements have been noted over 4,000 years—modern makers in the [[Khambhat]] area follow the same technique. Double-eye beads of [[agate]] and collared or gold-capped beads of [[jasper]] and carnelian beads are among those attributed as uniquely from Lothal. It was very famous for micro-cylindrical beads of [[steatite]] (chlorite).<ref name="RaoVI"/>
The Lothal excavation yielded 213 seals, third in volume amongst all Indus sites. Seal-cutters preferred short-horned bulls, mountain goats, tigers and composite animals like the elephant-bull for engravings. There is a short inscription of [[intaglio (jewellery)|intaglio]] in almost every seal. Stamp seals with inserted copper rings in a perforated button were used to seal the cargo with impressions of packing materials like mats, twisted cloth, and cords. These seals were only verified at Lothal. Quantitative descriptions along with seals of rulers and owners were stamped on goods. A unique seal found here is from [[Bahrain]]—circular, with motif of a dragon flanked by jumping gazelles.<ref name="Rao3G">{{cite book
| title = Lothal
| publisher = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| author = S. R. Rao
| author-link = S. R. Rao
| pages = 35–36
| year = 1985
}}</ref>

Lothal offers two new types of pottery, a convex bowl with or without stud handle and a small jar with flaring rim, both of which were found in the [[mica]]ceous Red Ware period and not in contemporary Indus cultures. Lothal artists introduced a new form of realistic painting.<ref name="V457">{{cite book
| title = Lothal
| publisher = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| author = S. R. Rao
| author-link = S. R. Rao
| pages = 45–47
| year = 1985
}}</ref> Paintings depict animals in their natural surroundings. On one large vessel, the artist depicts birds with fish in their beaks, resting in a tree, while a fox-like animal stands below. This scene bears resemblance to the story of [[The Fox and the Crow (Aesop)|The Fox and the Crow]] in the ''[[Panchatantra]]''.<ref name="Rao46F">{{cite book
| title = Lothal
| publisher = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| author = S. R. Rao
| author-link = S. R. Rao
| page = 46
| year = 1985
}}</ref> Artistic imagination is also suggested via careful portrayals—for example, several birds with legs aloft in the sky suggest flight, while half-opened wings suggest imminent flight. On a miniature jar, the story of the thirsty crow and deer is depicted – of how the deer could not drink from the narrow-mouth of the jar, while the crow succeeded by dropping stones in the jar. The features of the animals are clear and graceful. Movements and emotions are suggested by the positioning of limbs and facial features—in a {{convert|15|x|5|cm|in|abbr=on}} jar without overcrowding.<ref name="Rao46F"/>

A complete set of terra-cotta gamesmen, has been found in Lothal—animal figures, pyramids with ivory handles and castle-like objects (similar to the chess set of Queen [[Hatshepsut]] in Egypt).<ref name="Ra5">{{cite book
| title = Lothal
| publisher = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| author = S. R. Rao
| author-link = S. R. Rao
| pages = 47–48
| year = 1985
}}</ref> The realistic portrayal of human beings and animals suggests a careful study of anatomical and natural features. The bust of a male with slit eyes, sharp nose, and square-cut beard is reminiscent of [[Sumer]]ian figures, especially stone sculptures from [[Mari, Syria|Mari]]. In images of men and women, muscular and physical features are sharp, prominently marked. Terra-cotta models also identify the differences between species of dogs and bulls, including those of horses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_gujarat.asp|title=Excavation Sites in Gujarat – Archaeological Survey of India|website=asi.nic.in|access-date=2018-06-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011172932/http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_gujarat.asp|archive-date=11 October 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Animal figures with wheels and a movable head may have been utilised as toys.

===Cultivation and Diet===

Rice was the major food crop but Ragi, jowar was also popular in lothal. Various types of lentils were also part of the diet. The bones of many animals including domesticated and wild give the indication of a wide food culture.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Achaya |first=K. T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bk9RHRCqZOkC |title=The Story of Our Food |date=2003 |publisher=Universities Press |isbn=978-81-7371-293-7 |pages=12–13 |language=en}}</ref>

==Excavated Lothal==
[[File:Lothal - water well.jpg|thumb|The main well]]
On plan, Lothal stands {{convert|285|m|ft|abbr=off}} north-to-south and {{convert|228|m|ft|abbr=off}} east-to-west. At the height of its habitation, it covered a wider area since remains have been found {{convert|300|m|ft|abbr=off}} south of the mound. Due to the fragile nature of unbaked bricks and frequent floods, the superstructures of all buildings have receded. However, the dwarfed walls, platforms, two wells, drains, and paved bathing platforms are visible.<ref name="RaoY"/> The dock walls were also preserved beyond the great deluge (c.1900 BCE) due to the loam that was deposited by persistent floods. Erosion and brick robbery are responsible for the absence of high standing walls as well as the ancient [[nullah]], inlet channel, and riverbed. The flood-damaged peripheral wall of mud-bricks is visible near the warehouse area. The remnants of the north–south sewer are burnt bricks in the cesspool. Cubical blocks of the warehouse on a high platform are also visible.<ref name="RaoY">{{cite book
| title = Lothal
| publisher = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| author = S. R. Rao
| author-link = S. R. Rao
| pages = 11–17
| year = 1985
}}</ref>

The ASI has covered the peripheral walls, the wharf, and many houses of the early phase with earth to protect from natural phenomena, but the entire archaeological site is nevertheless facing grave concerns about necessary preservation.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ancient Lothal crumbling under modern neglect|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19981214/34851124.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030919082503/http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19981214/34851124.html|archive-date=19 September 2003|newspaper=Indian Express|date=14 December 1998|location=India}}</ref> [[Salinity]] ingress and prolonged exposure to the rain and sun are gradually eating away the remains of the site. Heavy rain in the region has damaged the remains of the sun-dried mud brick constructions. Stagnant rain water has lathered the brick and mud work with layers of moss. Due to [[silt]]ation, the dockyard's draft has been reduced by {{convert|3|–|4|m|ft}} and saline deposits are decaying the bricks. Officials blame the salinity on [[capillary action]] and point out that cracks are emerging and foundations weakening even as restoration work slowly progresses.<ref name="IE">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/india-news/ie20010820/top7.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20090227003900/http://www.indianexpress.com/india-news/ie20010820/top7.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 February 2009 |title=Harappan mound needs the kiss of life |work=The [[Indian Express]] |author=Janyala Sreenivas |access-date=27 October 2006 }}</ref>

==Dockyard==
[[File:Dock_at_lothal.JPG|thumb|The dock, with a canal opening to allow water to flow into the river, thereby maintaining a stable water level]]
[[File:Mechanism to control water flow at the "Dockyard.JPG|thumb|Remains of, meter square, sluice gate, south face, built with burnt bricks]]
The trapezoidal, burn brick, structure is located on the east of the town and away from the main river channel, to possibly avoid deposition of silt. The north–south length averages {{convert|215|m|ft|abbr=off}}, and east–west width of {{convert|35|m|ft|abbr=off}}.<ref name="Rao2819">{{cite book
| title = Lothal
| publisher = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| author = S. R. Rao
| author-link = S. R. Rao
| pages = 28–29
| year = 1985
}}</ref> An inlet approximately {{convert|7|m|ft}} wide and {{convert|0.9|m|ft}} in depth survives in the north of the structure, and a {{convert|1|m|ft}} square sluice gate or spillway, that appears could have been dammed by a wooden gate, exists in the south face of the structure.<ref name=":0" />
When the river changed its course in 2000 BCE, a canal approximately {{convert|7|m|ft|abbr=off}} wide and {{convert|2|km|mi|abbr=off}} long, was dug to the new river course.<ref name="Rao2819"/>

Facilitating the movement of cargo was a [[mudbrick]] [[wharf]], {{convert|220|m|ft|abbr=off}} long, built on the western arm of the dock, with a ramp leading to the warehouse and acropolis, built on a packed mud platform, original {{convert|4.26|m|ft|abbr=off}} in height (Now it is {{convert|3.35|m|ft|abbr=off| disp=or}}.) on the south western flank of the basin.<ref name="Rao5A">{{cite book
| title = Lothal
| publisher = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| author = S. R. Rao
| author-link = S. R. Rao
| pages = 7–8
| year = 1985
}}</ref> The warehouse was originally built on sixty-four cubical blocks, {{convert|3.6|m|ft|abbr=off}} square, with {{convert|1.2|m|ft|abbr=off|adj=on}} passages, and based on a {{convert|3.5|m|ft|abbr=off|adj=on}} mud-brick podium. The pedestal was very high to provide maximum protection from floods. Brick-paved passages between blocks served as vents, and a direct ramp led to the dock to facilitate loading. The warehouse was located close to the acropolis, to allow tight supervision by ruling authorities. Despite elaborate precautions, the major floods that brought the city's decline destroyed all but twelve blocks, which became the makeshift storehouse.<ref name="Rao171">{{cite book
| title = Lothal
| publisher = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| author = S. R. Rao
| author-link = S. R. Rao
| pages = 17–18
| year = 1985
}}</ref>

Rao's identification of basin as a dock was challenged by Leshnik in 1968 and later Yule in 1982,<ref>
| title = Lothal
| publisher = [[C.H. Beck]]
| author = [[Paul Alan Yule|Paul Yule]]
| pages = 31
| year = 1982
</ref><ref name = "JSTOR"/>
who offered an alternative assessment of the feature as primarily an irrigation tank. In their assessment the dimensions of the "inlet" are not large enough to accommodate the [[Draft (hull)|draft]] of ocean going vessels, with inland craft having to be used to ferry goods to ocean going vessels birthed elsewhere. The identification of just two wells in the town, one on the southern edge of the dock and the other on the acropolis, were also offered to support the alternative primary purpose, as a tank to irrigate vegetables in the adjoining fields, a place to bathe, and a quay to unload river boats.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="JSTOR">{{cite journal |last1=Leshnik |first1=Lawrence S. |title=The Harappan "Port" at Lothal: Another View |journal=American Anthropologist |date=1968 |volume=70 |issue=5 |pages=911–922 |jstor=669756 |doi=10.1525/aa.1968.70.5.02a00070}}</ref>

The National Institute of Oceanography, Goa discovered foraminifera (marine microfossils) and salt, gypsum crystals (due to evapouration of seawater) in the rectangular structure clearly indicating that sea water once filled the structure, though Leshnik argued these could have been left through flood events.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="researchgate.net"/>

The purpose of the 5 stone weights found around the basin, as to whether they were anchors or [[Shadoof]] weights has also been debated, as have the source of the estuarine shells from the dock,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/a-e-Types-of-stone-anchors-found-along-the-Gujarat-coast-of-India-Sila-Tripati-f-k_fig2_301522406 |title=Stone anchors of India: Findings, Classification and Significance |date=January 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://nmma.nic.in/nmma/nmma_doc/Indian%20Archaeology%20Review/Indian%20Archaeology%201961-62%20A%20Review.pdf |title=Indian Archaeology 1961-62 A Review }}</ref> 5 terracotta models of boats and a circular Persian Gulf seal from Bahrain.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/shipping-and-maritime-trade-of-the-indus-people/ |title=Shipping and Maritime Trade of the Indus People |publisher=Expedition Magazine|date=1965 }}</ref>

It is speculated that Lothal engineers studied tidal movements, and their effects on brick-built structures, since the walls are of kiln-burnt bricks. This knowledge also enabled them to select Lothal's location in the first place, as the [[Gulf of Khambhat]] has the highest tidal amplitude and ships can be sluiced through flow tides in the river estuary.

The main inlet is {{convert|12.8|m|ft|abbr=off}} wide, and another is provided on the opposite side. To counter the thrust of water, offsets were provided on the outer wall faces.
At high tide flow of {{convert|2.1|–|2.4|m|ft}} of water would have allowed ships to enter. Provision was made for the escape of excess water through the outlet channel, {{convert|96.5|m|ft|abbr=off}} wide and {{convert|1.7|m|ft|abbr=off}} high in the southern arm.

There was an important public building opposite to the warehouse whose superstructure has completely disappeared. Throughout their time, the city had to brace itself through multiple floods and storms. Dock and city peripheral walls were maintained efficiently.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} The town's zealous rebuilding ensured the growth and prosperity of the trade.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} However, with rising prosperity, Lothal's people failed to upkeep their walls and dock facilities, possibly as a result of over-confidence in their systems. A flood of moderate intensity in 2050 BCE exposed some serious weaknesses in the structure, but the problems were not addressed properly.<ref name="RaoY"/>

==Acropolis and lower town==
[[File:Lothal - lower town.jpg|thumb|The lower town]]
The town center of Acropolis was the political and commercial heart of Lothal measuring at {{convert|127.4|m|ft|abbr=off}} east-to-west by {{convert|60.9|m|ft|abbr=off}} north-to-south. There were three streets and two lanes running east–west, and two streets running north–south. The four sides of the rectangular platform on which houses were built are formed by mud-brick structures of {{convert|12.2|–|24.4|m|ft}} thickness and {{convert|2.1|–|3.6|m|ft}} high.<ref name="Rao191">{{cite book
| title = Lothal
| publisher = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| author = S. R. Rao
| author-link = S. R. Rao
| pages = 19–21
| year = 1985
}}</ref> The identified bathing platforms are located in the acropolis, and part of mostly two-roomed houses with open courtyards. The bricks used for paving the bathing platforms were polished to prevent seepage. The pavements were lime-plastered, and edges were [[wainscoted]] (wooden panels) by thin walls. The ruler's residence was {{convert|43.92|m2|ft2|abbr=off}} and hosted a {{convert|1.8|m2|ft2|abbr=off}} bathing platform with contiguous squat [[latrine]] which was also connected to an outside drain that discharged into the dock. The lower town marketplace was on the main north–south street {{convert|6|–|8|m|ft}} wide. Built in straight rows on either side of the street are residences and workshops, although brick-built drains and early period housing has now disappeared. The street maintained a uniform width and did not undergo encroachment during the reconstructive periods after deluges. There are multiple two-roomed shops and workplaces of coppersmiths and blacksmiths.<ref name="Rao234">{{cite book
| title = Lothal
| publisher = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| author = S. R. Rao
| author-link = S. R. Rao
| pages = 23–24
| year = 1985
}}</ref>

The bead factory, which performs a very important economic function, possesses a central courtyard and eleven rooms, a store, and a guardhouse. There is a cinder dump as well as a double-chambered circular kiln with stoke-holes for fuel supply. Four [[flue]]s are connected with each other, the upper chamber and the stokehold. The mud plaster of the floors and walls are vitrified owing to intense heat during work. The remnants of raw materials such as reed, cow dung, sawdust, and agate are found, giving archaeologists hints of how the kiln was operated.<ref name="Rao23">{{cite book
| title = Lothal
| publisher = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| author = S. R. Rao
| author-link = S. R. Rao
| page = 23
| year = 1985
}}</ref> A large mud-brick building faces the factory, and its significance is noted by its plan. Four large rooms and a hall, with an overall measurement of {{convert|17.1|x|12.8|m|ft}}. The hall has a large doorway and a raised floor in the southern corner of the building.

==Trade==
A coastal route may have existed linking sites such as Lothal and [[Dholavira]] to [[Sutkagan Dor]] on the Makran coast.<ref name=singh1>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Upinder|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India : from the Stone Age to the 12th century|year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788131711200|page=167|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&q=chanhudaro}}</ref> Lothal also had trade relations with the [[Sumerian civilization]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Achaya |first=K. T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bk9RHRCqZOkC |title=The Story of Our Food |date=2003 |publisher=Universities Press |isbn=978-81-7371-293-7 |pages=15 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[List of Indus Valley Civilization sites]]
* [[Bhagatrav]], a small port
* [[Rangpur, Gujarat]], a sea port
* [[National Maritime Heritage Complex]], a tourism complex under construction near Lothal

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*[[S. Srikanta Sastri]], "[http://www.srikanta-sastri.org/#/harappa-town-planning/4570840460 Harappa Town Planning]" (published in "Uttar Pradesh" in November 1961).
*[[S. R. Rao]], ''Lothal'' (published by the Director General, [[Archaeological Survey of India]], 1985)
*[http://www.igu.in/8-1/5khadkikar.pdf A.S. Khadikar, N. Basaviah, T. K. Gundurao and C. Rajshekhar ''Paleoenvironments around the Harappan port of Lothal, Gujarat, western India, in Journal of the Indian Geophysicists Union''] (2004)
*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/669756 Lawrence S. Leshnik, ''The Harappan "Port" at Lothal: Another View'' American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 70, No. 5 (Oct., 1968), pp. 911–922]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=vDmgMC-l17IC&dq=Lothal&pg=PA276 Robert Bradnock, ''Rajasthan and Gujarat Handbook: The Travel Guide''] {{ISBN|1-900949-92-X}}
*S. R. Rao, ''Lothal and the Indus Civilisation'' {{ISBN|0-210-22278-6}}
*S. R. Rao, ''Lothal: A Harappan Port Town (1955–1962) (Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India)'' [https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0006E4EAC ASIN: B0006E4EAC]
*Paul Yule, ''Lothal. Stadt der Harappa-Kultur in Nordwest-Indien''. Materialien zur Allgemeinen und Vergleichenden Archäologie 9, Munich, 1982 = AVA-Materialien, {{ISBN|3406090583}}
*Sir John Marshall, ''Mohenjo-daro and Indus Civilisation I–III'' (1932)
*Dennys Frenez & Maurizio Tosi ''The Lothal Sealings: Records from an Indus Civilization Town at the Eastern End of the Maritime Trade Circuits across the Arabian Sea'', in M. Perna (Ed.), Studi in Onore di Enrica Fiandra. Contributi di archeologia egea e vicinorientale, Naples 2005, pp. 65–103.
*[[S. P. Gupta]] (ed.), ''The Lost Sarasvati and the Indus Civilization'' (1995), Kusumanjali Prakashan, [[Jodhpur]]
*[[Jonathan Mark Kenoyer]], ''Ancient cities of the Indus Valley Civilization'' (1998) [[Oxford University Press]], {{ISBN|0-19-577940-1}}
*{{Cite news |last=Sengupta |first=Arjun |date=29 September 2024 |title=Story of Lothal and new proof on its dockyard |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/story-of-lothal-and-new-proof-on-its-dockyard-9593412/ |access-date=30 September 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213254/http://www.ahmedabadcity.com/tourism/html/lothal.html Lothal]
*[http://www.harappa.com/lothal/index.html A Walk through Lothal]
*[http://www.harappa.com/indus2/timeline.html Ancient Civilizations Timeline]
*[http://www.archaeologyonline.net/artifacts/harappa-mohenjodaro.html The Harappan Civilization]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060206105038/http://www.hindunet.org/hindu_history/sarasvati/html/artefacts.htm Indus artefacts]
*[http://www.penn.museum/information/press-room/press-releases-research/982-cache-of-seal-impressions-discovered-in-western-india-offers-surprising-new-evidence-for-cultural-complexity-in-little-known-ahar-banas-culture-circa-3000-1500-bc Cache of Seal Impressions Discovered in Western India Offers Surprising New Evidence For Cultural Complexity in Little-known Ahar-banas Culture, Circa 3000-1500 B.C]
*{{cite web |url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucgadkw/members/indus.html |title= Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070101164930/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucgadkw/members/indus.html |archive-date=1 January 2007}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060127203735/http://lah.ru/fotoarh/megalit/asia/india.htm Collection of images]

{{Indus Valley Civilization}}
{{Archaeological sites in India}}
{{Ancient seafaring}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Populated places established in the 3rd millennium BC]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Former populated places in India]]
[[Category:Indian Ocean]]
[[Category:Indus Valley Civilisation sites]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns in India]]
[[Category:1954 archaeological discoveries]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Ahmedabad district]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Gujarat]]
[[Category:World Heritage Tentative List for India]]
[[Category:Water Heritage Sites in India]]
[[Category:Archaeological discoveries in India]]

GHS Chirakkara

2026-03-10T20:13:12Z

SadieHagelthorn: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[Puthenkulam#Nearby educational institutions]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Sabaash Mapillai

2026-03-04T05:15:46Z

SadieHagelthorn: Put up initial stub needs work

{{distinguish|Sabaash Meena}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sabaash Mapillai
| image = Sabaash Mapillai.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = S. Raghavan
| story = Essar
| producer = S. Raghavan
| starring = [[M. G. Ramachandran]] [[M. R. Radha]] [[Malini (Tamil actress)|Malini]]
| cinematography = U. Rajagopal
| editing = S. Suriya R. Purusothaman
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| studio = Ragavan Productions
| released = {{Film date|1961|07|14|df=y}}
| runtime = 166 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Sabaash Mapillai''''' ({{translation|Bravo Bridegroom}}) is a 1961 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy film]] directed and produced by S. Raghavan. The film stars [[M. G. Ramachandran]], [[M. R. Radha]] and Malini. Relative to other Ramachandran films, this one had a mediocre run for 70 days in theatres.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sri Kantha |first=Sachi |author-link=Sachi Sri Kantha |date=9 June 2019 |title=MGR Remembered – Part 52 {{!}} Concepts on Humor and Comedians |url=https://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-52/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909131644/https://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-52/ |archive-date=9 September 2021 |access-date=18 February 2021 |website=[[Ilankai Tamil Sangam]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Table: Chronological List of MGR's Movies released between 1960 and 1967 |url=https://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-52/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909131644/https://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-52/ |archive-date=9 September 2021 |access-date=18 February 2021 |website=[[Ilankai Tamil Sangam]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=April 2021}}

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[M. G. Ramachandran]]
* [[M. R. Radha]]
* [[Malini (Tamil actress)|Malini]]
* [[V. R. Rajagopal]]
* T. K. Ramachandran
* K. Chandrakantha
* P. G. Lakshmirajam
* Wahab Kashmiri
* 'Vairam' Krishnamoorthy
* C. P. Kittan
* V. P. S. Mani
* K. Sairam
* M. Lakshmi Prabha
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]]. All lyrics were by [[A. Maruthakasi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sabash Mappillai |url=http://play.raaga.com/tamil/album/sabash-mappillai-t0001472 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141122165729/http://play.raaga.com/tamil/album/sabash-mappillai-t0001472 |archive-date=22 November 2014 |access-date=22 November 2014 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Jidu Jidu" || [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]] || 03:20
|-
| "Maappillai" || Seerkazhi Govindarajan, [[P. Susheela]] || 03:18
|-
| "Manathil" || Seerkazhi Govindarajan, P. Susheela || 03:59
|-
| "Muthupole" || Seerkazhi Govindarajan, [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]] || 03:04
|-
| "Sirippavar Silaper" || Seerkazhi Govindarajan || 03:29
|-
| "Vellipanathukkum" || [[P. B. Sreenivas]] || 03:15
|-
| "Yaarukku Yaar Sonthamo" || Seerkazhi Govindarajan, P. Susheela || 03:30
|}

== Reception ==
Kanthan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' negatively reviewed the film, but appreciated Ramachandran for displaying his skill at a rare comical role.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=10 September 1961 |title=சபாஷ் மாப்பிளே! |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1961/sep/10-09-1961/p23.jpg |url-status=dead |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta |page=23 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220722112016/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1961/sep/10-09-1961/p23.jpg |archive-date=22 July 2022 |access-date=13 December 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|1470914}}

[[Category:1961 Indian films]]
[[Category:1961 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1961 comedy films]]
[[Category:1961 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Yaakkai

2026-03-03T03:14:36Z

SadieHagelthorn: Stub

{{Short description|2017 Indian film by Kuzhandhai Velappan}}
{{No plot|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Yaakkai poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Kuzhandai Velappan
| producer = Muthukumaran
| writer = Kuzhandai Velappan
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Krishna (Tamil actor)|Krishna]]
*[[Swathi Reddy]]
*[[Prakash Raj]]
}}
| music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| cinematography = Sathya Ponmar
| editing = [[V. J. Sabu Joseph]]
| studio = Prim Pictures
| released = {{film date|2017|3|3|df=yes}}
| runtime = 127 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Yaakkai''''' ({{Translation|Body}})<ref>{{Cite web |title=yakkai meaning in english - யாக்கை |url=http://www.tamilword.com/tamil-english/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88-meaning |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306091156/http://www.tamilword.com/tamil-english/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88-meaning |archive-date=6 March 2017 |access-date=5 March 2017 |website=tamilword.com}}</ref> is a 2017 Indian Tamil [[romance film|romantic]] [[crime film|crime]] [[thriller film]] directed by Kuzhandhai Velappan, starring [[Krishna (Tamil actor)|Krishna]] and [[Swathi Reddy]] in the leading roles. Featuring music composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], the film was released on 3 March 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Thinkal v. |date=12 June 2015 |title=Kreshna is the lead in Vijayalakshmi's film |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150611/entertainment-kollywood/article/kreshna-lead-vijayalakshmi%E2%80%99s-film |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703231625/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150611/entertainment-kollywood/article/kreshna-lead-vijayalakshmi%E2%80%99s-film |archive-date=3 July 2015 |access-date=2022-08-17 |publisher=Deccanchronicle.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Krishna (Tamil actor)|Krishna]] as Kathir
*[[Swathi Reddy]] as Kavitha
*[[Prakash Raj]] as Sagayam
*[[Radha Ravi]] as Krishnamurthy
*[[Guru Somasundaram]] as Sriram
*[[M. S. Bhaskar]] as Kathir's father
*[[G. Marimuthu]] as Kavitha's father
*[[Singampuli]] as Muniyappan (Police)
*[[Mayilsamy]] as Bar Patron
*Melvin M. Ranjan as Melvin
*[[Hari Krishnan (Tamil actor)|Hari Krishnan]] as Noor
* Aathma Patrick
{{colend}}

==Production==
In November 2013, Kuzhandhai Velappan, who debuted with ''[[Aanmai Thavarael]]'' (2011), and Krishna announced that they would make a film titled ''Idhayam'', and that the latter had purchased the title rights from the makers of the [[Idhayam (film)|1991 film of the same name]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kazhugu Krishna will be doing a movie titled Idhayam |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-13/kazhugu-krishna-will-be-doing-a-movie-titled-idhayam.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924044108/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-13/kazhugu-krishna-will-be-doing-a-movie-titled-idhayam.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=28 June 2015}}</ref> The film underwent a title change from ''Idhayam'' to ''Yaakkai'' in November 2014, after the team had shot for six days and had cast [[Prakash Raj]] as a police officer and [[Swathi Reddy]] as the heroine.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kreshna's Idhayam is Yakkai |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/kreshnas-idhayam-is-yakkai.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821023634/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/kreshnas-idhayam-is-yakkai.html |archive-date=21 August 2015 |access-date=28 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kreshna's 'Idhayam' is 'Yaakai' now |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kreshnas-idhayam-is-yaakai-now-news-tamil-olpkRCgeggdbf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924182353/http://www.sify.com/movies/kreshnas-idhayam-is-yaakai-now-news-tamil-olpkRCgeggdbf.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film was later put on hold until the completion of the lead pair's other ongoing project, ''[[Yatchan]]'' (2015).

The film then progressed throughout 2016, with [[Guru Somasundaram]] joining the cast to portray an antagonist in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 September 2016 |title=Guru Somasundaram turns villain in Yaakkai |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/guru-somasundaram-turns-villain-in-yaakkai/article9119535.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030013847/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/Guru-Somasundaram-turns-villain-in-Yaakkai/article14985575.ece |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=1 October 2016 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> Shoots were predominantly held in college campuses across Chennai, while scenes were also shot in Coimbatore, Ooty and Kothagiri.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Yaakkai' is a breezy romantic film |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Yaakkai-is-a-breezy-romantic-film/articleshow/51040558.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408060415/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Yaakkai-is-a-breezy-romantic-film/articleshow/51040558.cms |archive-date=8 April 2019 |access-date=1 October 2016 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film entered its post-production stages in July 2016, with Krishna dubbing for his portions in a single day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2016 |title=Kreshna completes Yaakkai dubbing in a day |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/100616/krishna-completes-yaakkai-dubbing-in-a-day.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011212632/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/100616/kreshna-completes-yaakkai-dubbing-in-a-day.html |archive-date=11 October 2016 |access-date=1 October 2016}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==

Two songs from the film were released as promotional singles, prior to the release of the film's album. "Nee" sung by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] was released to coincide with Valentine's Day in 2016, while another song titled "Solli Tholaiyen Ma" sung by [[Dhanush]] was released during July 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2016 |title=Guru Somasundaram to play villain in Kreshna's Yaakkai |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/joker-fame-guru-somasundaram-to-play-villain-in-kreshnas-yaakkai.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930063437/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/joker-fame-guru-somasundaram-to-play-villain-in-kreshnas-yaakkai.html |archive-date=30 September 2016 |access-date=1 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Vishal |date=4 June 2016 |title=Good times for Kollywood |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/kulandai-velappan-on-making-criticallyacclaimed-aanmai-thavarael/article8690772.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604131632/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/kulandai-velappan-on-making-criticallyacclaimed-aanmai-thavarael/article8690772.ece |archive-date=4 June 2016 |access-date=1 October 2016 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=30 April 2016 |title=Dhanush, Yuvan team up for Krishna |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/dhanush-yuvan-team-up-for-krishna/article8538297.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002120203/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/dhanush-yuvan-team-up-for-krishna/article8538297.ece |archive-date=2 October 2016 |access-date=1 October 2016 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

{{tracklist
| headline = Track-List
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 14:06
| title1 = Neee
| lyrics1 = [[Na. Muthukumar]]
| extra1 = Yuvan Shankar Raja
| length1 = 3:25
| title2 = Solli Tholaiyen Maa
| lyrics2 = [[Vignesh Shivan]]
| extra2 = [[Dhanush (actor)|Dhanush]]
| length2 = 3:23
| title3 = Naan Ini Kaatril
| lyrics3 = [[Pa. Vijay]]
| extra3 = Yuvan Shankar Raja, [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
| length3 = 3:45
| title4 = Ennullae
| lyrics4 = Pa. Vijay
| extra4 = [[Tanvi Shah]]
| length4 = 3:33
}}

==Critical reception==
''Sify'' wrote "Throughout the film, the director takes the audiences for granted with amateurish writing and execution. Except for the visuals and Yuvan’s score nothing really works. To conclude, this is nothing but clumsy writing and execution."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yaakkai review- Underwhelming and boring |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/yaakkai-review--underwhelming-and-boring-review-tamil-rddlBwfabdjdi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303111048/http://www.sify.com/movies/yaakkai-review--underwhelming-and-boring-review-tamil-rddlBwfabdjdi.html |archive-date=3 March 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ''New Indian Express'' wrote "Of about 127 minutes of viewing time, 'Yaakkai' is a monotonous journey, unexciting and uninteresting."<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2017 |title=Yaakkai review: Plot is an oft-told one |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/mar/03/yaakkai-review-plot-is-an-oft-told-one-1577065.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306035440/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/mar/03/yaakkai-review-plot-is-an-oft-told-one-1577065.html |archive-date=6 March 2017 |access-date=5 March 2017}}</ref> Baradwaj Rangan of Film Companion wrote "It comes and goes, and the only interesting aspect of the film, it turns out, is a trick built around the timeline of the narrative. But like everything else, it’s not pulled off well."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2017 |title=Yaakkai Movie Review |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/yaakkai-movie-review-baradwaj-rangan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206074205/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/yaakkai-movie-review-baradwaj-rangan |archive-date=6 December 2022 |access-date=2 September 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010s romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2017 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Medical-themed films]]
[[Category:Romantic crime films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic thriller films]]

Itty Achudan

2026-02-24T08:58:07Z

SadieHagelthorn: Starting The Details Basic Info

{{More footnotes|date=March 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Itty Achudan
| image = Itty_Achudan_Vaidyan.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth year|1640}}
| birth_place = [[Cherthala]], [[Venad (kingdom)|Venad]] (modern-day [[Kerala]], [[India]])
| death_date =
| death_place = [[Cochin]], [[Kingdom of Cochin]] (modern-day Kerala, India)
| occupation = Ayurvedic physician, Botanical expert, incumbent "Kollat Vaidyan" during the period 1670–1700
}}
'''Itty Achudan ''' (forename also spelt as ''Itty Achuden ''in English, and ''Itti Achudem'' in [[Latin]]), was an Indian Herbalist, Botanist and Physician. He belonged to an [[Ezhava]] family<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cerulli |first=Anthony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RYBbEAAAQBAJ&dq=itty+achudan+ezhava&pg=PA193 |title=The Practice of Texts: Education and Healing in South India |date=2022-03-15 |publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-38355-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Menon |first=A. Sreedhara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S9RMxjdjUVAC&dq=itty+achudan+ezhava&pg=PA70 |title=Legacy of Kerala |date=2010-07-12 |publisher=D C Books |isbn=978-81-264-3798-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jacobs |first=Nancy J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t8ffCwAAQBAJ&dq=itty+achudan+ezhava&pg=PA65 |title=Birders of Africa: History of a Network |date=2016-01-01 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-20961-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gangadharan |first=G. G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NiQrEAAAQBAJ&dq=itty+achudan+ezhava&pg=PT13 |title=Ayurveda: The True Way to Restore Your Health and Happiness |date=2021-06-07 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-90914-70-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dorfman |first=Eric |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1fFBQAAQBAJ&dq=itty+achudan+ezhava&pg=PT107 |title=Intangible Natural Heritage: New Perspectives on Natural Objects |date=2011-08-25 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-48165-9 |language=en}}</ref> in Kerala who practised pre-Ayurvedic systems of traditional medicine. The Kollatt family are natives of [[Kadakkarappally]], a coastal village, north-west of [[Cherthala]] town, in [[Kerala]], [[India]]. Itty Achudan was the most remarkable Indian figure associated with ''[[Hortus Malabaricus]]'', the botanical treatise on the medicinal properties of flora in [[Malabar (Northern Kerala)|Malabar]] (present day Kerala), in the 17th-century. It was compiled by the Dutch Governor of Malabar, [[Hendrik van Rheede]], and Itty Achudan was Van Rheede's key informant who disclosed the pre-Ayurvedic [[traditional knowledge]] about the plants of Malabar to him. ''[[Hortus Malabaricus]]'' was published posthumously in [[Amsterdam]] between 1678 and 1693. The preface to ''[[Hortus Malabaricus]]'' includes a mentioning about Itty Achudan and a testimony revealing his contribution in his own hand writing.<ref>[https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/On-the-English-edition-of-Van-Rheede%27s-Hortus-by-K.-Ram/49b1a8a0ad3e186da4ba3480ab3ce9ac6bf9bb8e] On the English edition of Van Rheede's Hortus Malabaricus by K. S. Manila' (2003) - H. Y. Mohan Ram, Current Science, Vol. 89, No. 10, 25 November 2005 at Retrieved on 7 June 2021.</ref> Itty Achudan was introduced to Van Rheede by Veera Kerala Varma, the then ruler of the erstwhile state of [[Kingdom of Cochin|Kochi]].

==Contributions to ''Hortus Malabaricus''==
In the article 'On the English edition of Van Rheede's Hortus Malabaricus by K. S. Manilal' published in Current Science (November, 2005, Vol. 89, No. 10), H.Y.Mohan Ram states that the ethno-medical information presented in ''[[Hortus Malabaricus]]'', was culled from palm leaf manuscripts by Itty Achudan, who dictated the material in Malayalam, which was then scrutinized by three [[Konkani people|Konkani]] [[Brahmanas]]{{mdash}}gymnosophist priest-physicians (referred to in the text as ‘brahmins’) Ranga Bhat, Vinayaka Pandit and Appu Bhat, followed by a process of thorough verification, discussion with other scholars and general agreement.<ref>[https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/On-the-English-edition-of-Van-Rheede%27s-Hortus-by-K.-Ram/49b1a8a0ad3e186da4ba3480ab3ce9ac6bf9bb8e] On the English edition of Van Rheede's Hortus Malabaricus by K. S. Manila' (2003) - H. Y. Mohan Ram, Current Science, Vol. 89, No. 10, 25 November 2005 at Retrieved on 7 June 2021.</ref>

Volume 1 of the Hortus Malabaricus contains a testimony by Itty Achudan, dated 20 April 1675, which can be translated as follows: ''"As intended by the hereditary Malayalam physician born in Kollatt house in Codacarappalli village of Carrapurram and residing therein. Having come to Cochin fort on the orders of Commodore Van Rheede and having examined the trees and seed varieties described in this book, the descriptions of and the treatment with each of them known from our books and classified as in the illustrations and notes and explained in detail to Emmanuel Carnerio, the interpreter of the Honourable Company, clearing doubts thus supplied the information as accepted without any doubt by this gentlemen of Malabar"''.

In the same volume, Emmanuel Carnerio, in his testimony dated 20 April 1675, states that: ''"As intended by Emmanuel Carneiro, the interpreter of the Honourable Company, born, married and residing at Cochin. According to the Command of Commodore Henrik Van Rheede, the trees, shrubs, twines and herbs and their flowers, fruits, seeds, juices and roots and their powers and properties described in the famed book of the Malayalee physician born at Carrapurram, of the Chekava caste and of the name Colladan, have been dictated separately in Portuguese language and Malayalam language. Thus, for writing this truthfully, without any doubt, my signature"''.

Richard H. Grove, in his book 'Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens and the Origins', states that Itty Achudan and his team selected the plants which were to be drawn and included in Hortus Malabaricus, with accurate identification and mentioning of vernacular (local) name of the plants. Itty Achudan also disclosed the medicinal and other uses of the plants which was known to him from his own experience as a herbal physician and from the 'palmleaf scripture' carried by his family as 'wealth of knowledge'. Achudan dictated the material, in his native [[Malayalam]] language, which was then translated into Latin.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=h6xSzhlmNdoC]. Grove, Richard H. 'Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens and the Origins of Environmentalism, 1600–1860'(Studies in Environment and History), Cambridge University Press, at Retrieved on 7 June 2021.</ref> Itty Achudan used the ''"[[Kolezhuthu]]"'' [[Malayalam]] script to write his declaration in the Hortus Malabaricus.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Girija |first=K. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7yhHEAAAQBAJ&dq=itty+achudan+ezhava&pg=PT88 |title=Mapping the History of Ayurveda: Culture, Hegemony and the Rhetoric of Diversity |date=2021-11-25 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-48142-6 |language=en}}</ref>

Many of the descriptions that accompany each plant in Hortus Malabaricus thus remains as cultural storehouse of the incidental sociological situation and social affinities carried by the flora of those times. This was one among the true contributions of Itty Achudan to knowledge base created and contained by Hortus Malabaricus. It is also important to note that at [[University of Leiden]], Arnold Syen and Jan Commelin tried to follow the order and classification of the plants as prescribed by Itty Achudan and his fellow physicians, though Europe had its own standard system of classification of plants.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=h6xSzhlmNdoC]. Grove, Richard H. 'Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens and the Origins of Environmentalism, 1600–1860'(Studies in Environment and History), Cambridge University Press, at Retrieved on 7 June 2021.</ref>

==The Buddhist Healing Tradition==
In the research paper published in the journal Global Histories, entitled 'Plants, Power and Knowledge: An Exploration of the Imperial Networks and the Circuits of Botanical Knowledge and Medical Systems on the Western Coast of India Against the Backdrop of European Expansionism', Malavika Binny states that Kerala had medical traditions that existed even prior to Ayurvedic tradition. As per the author, Tradition of Healing Practices or 'Vaidyam', as it is called, was prominent among other medical traditions that existed in Kerala which involved a considerable contribution from Buddhism which was a major force from the sixth century to about the eleventh century. This Buddhist tradition of treatment of diseases using plants and the knowledge of the indigenous plants preserved by the natives was exploited by the European endeavour as suggested by the inclusion of Itty Achudan in the compilation of Hortus Malabaricus which is basically an ethno-botanical treatise on the flora of Malabar.<ref>[http://www.globalhistories.com/index.php/GHSJ/article/view/33/paper/Plants, Power and Knowledge:/]{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Plants, Power and Knowledge: An Exploration of the Imperial Networks and the Circuits of Botanical Knowledge and Medical Systems on the Western Coast of India Against the Backdrop of European Expansionism (2015) - Malavika Binny, Global Histories, Vol. 1, No. 1 (Dec. 2015), pp. 3–20 at Retrieved on 9 June 2021.</ref>

==Research on Itty Achudan’s life==
[[File:Itty Achudan 1716 Reference.jpg|right|thumb|Listing of the name of Itty Achudan, Doctor, of Chekava origin under the Asia Section of the 1716 ''Historical Directory of Natural History Studies of Swiss Prodomus - Bibliotheca Scriptorum Historiae Naturali omnium Terrae Regionum inservientum Historiae naturalis Helvetiae Prodomus'']]

[[Calicut University]] [[botany]] [[taxonomist]] Professor [[K. S. Manilal]], of [[Kozhikode]], devoted over 35 years to research, translation and annotation of the [[Latin]] ''Hortus Malabaricus''. This revealed a wealth of botanical information on Malabar that had remained largely inaccessible to English-speaking scholars. Manilal's work is also of historic and socio-cultural importance, as it brought insights into the life and times of Itty Achudan and the 17th century Malabar, information concerning the former being previously known only to the Kollat family.<ref>[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.270.4319&rep=rep1&type=pdf]. Hortus Malabaricus and the Ethnoiatrical knowledge of Ancient Malabar, Ancient Science of Life, Vol. IV, No.2 October 1984, Page 96-99 at Retrieved on 7 June 2021.</ref>

In 1996, Manilal also authored a separate book in the Malayalam language; the title which translates as ''A Study on the Role of Itty Achuden in the Compilation of Hortus Malabaricus''. This book was the result of specific additional research undertaken with the objective of collecting factual evidence and clarifying various misconceptions, about the original ''Hortus Malabaricus''. However, a book which can be raised to the status of an exclusive biography of Itty Achudan and his contributions to ''Hortus Malabaricus'' was done by A.N. Chidambaran, which was published by [[Kerala Sahithya Akademy]].<ref>[http://210.212.229.146/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=8980&query_desc=au%3AChidambaran%2C%20A.%20N]. 'Horthoosum Itty Achuthanum: Sathyavum Midhyayum, (2011) by A.N. Chidambaran published by Kerala Sahithya Akademy at Retrieved on 9 June 2021.</ref> An updated documentation of all the available information on Itty Achudan can be had from 'Horthoos Malabarikoos Charithravum Sasthravum' authored by N. S. Arunkumar.<ref>[https://keralabookstore.com/book/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D-%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D-%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82/10607/]. 'Horthoos Malabarikoos Charithravum Sasthravum' (2014) by N. S. Arunkumar published by Kerala State Institute of Languages at Retrieved on 9 June 2021.</ref>

==Memorial==
[[File:Itty Achudan's Vilakku Maadam.jpg|300px|right|thumb|Itty Achudan's ''Vilakku Maadam'' (lamp house) at the Kollatt house]]
Although none of the Kollatt family members today practise ayurvedic medicine, the family house at Kadakkarapally still has an ancient ''vilakku-maadam'' (lamp house) or ‘kuriala’, maintained, over the centuries in honour of Itty Achudan. The family home also has remains of a botanical garden, '<nowiki/>''kaavu''', which includes ancient trees and medicinal plants.<ref>[https://hortusmalabaricus.net/333rd-anniversary-hortus-malabaricus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607013438/https://hortusmalabaricus.net/333rd-anniversary-hortus-malabaricus|date=7 June 2021}}. 'Kollatt Itty Achuthan Vaidyan memorial trust'. Retrieved on 22 June 2015.</ref> In 2014 October, the Kerala State Department of Archeology declared the ‘kuriala’ and the botanical garden as protected monuments. The wooden pen, 'narayam', used by Achudan, the cane-basket that once held the palm-leaf scripture and the silk and bangle received by Achudan, gifted by the erstwhile King of Cochin were also declared to be protected as per the preliminary gazette published in July 2013, which was later modified regarding the area of the land.<ref>[https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2014/oct/23/kuriala-of-itty-achuthan-declared-a-protected-monument-674523.html]. 'Kuriala' of Itty Achuthan Declared a Protected Monument, The New Indian Express, Published: 23 October 2014. Retrieved on 7 June 2021.</ref>

==Recognition==
During the 19th century, [[Carl Ludwig Blume]], a renowned botanist, decided that Achudan should be honoured and thus named a genus in his honour, ''[[Achudemia]],'' which is now been included under ''Pilea'' ([[Urticaceae]]).<ref>[https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2020/07/02/2020.07.01.180109.full.pdf]. Phylogeny of the species-rich PileaLindl. (Urticaceae) supports its revised delimitation and 1infrageneric classification, including the resurrection of Achudemia Blume. Retrieved on 7 June 2021.</ref>

The Kollat family members have set up a socio-charitable trust in honour of Itty Achudan. In [[Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute]] (JNTBGRI), Palode in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] district, as per a declaration from the [[Government of Kerala]], a herbal garden in the name of Itty Achudan was established. A portion of the JNTBGRI Garden was set aside to introduce plants listed in ''Hortus Malabaricus''. Several architectural features are also incorporated in the garden, which include ‘Kottyambalam’ style entrance, 'Kalvilakku', 'Thulasithara' and a boundary wall made of clay adorned with wall lamps.<ref>[https://jntbgri.res.in/index.php/research/plant-genetic-resources/medicinal-aromatic-and-spice-plants-unit]. Itty Achuthan Vaidyan’s Garden, Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram. Retrieved on 7 June 2021.</ref> A similar attempt to develop a botanical garden dedicated to Itty Achudan was also made by Malabar Botanical Garden and Institute for Plant Sciences, in [[Kozhikode]], Kerala.<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/in-the-fragrant-garden-of-malabar/article7709669.ece]. In the fragrant garden of Malabar, The Hindu, 1 October 2015, at Retrieved on 9 June 2021.</ref>

==External links==
* [https://archive.org/details/reviewofreferen00dillrich Review of reference to Hortus Malabaricus]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100512190811/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/b11939795 A scanned copy of Hortus Malabaricus]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174708/http://indiasocial.org/cgi/news.asp?id=2890&sel=4 325-year-old Dutch work on Kerala's plant wealth revived]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070826010312/http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/08/stories/2006120801800200.htm Malayalam version of Hortus Malabaricus]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040323054708/http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/19/stories/2004021911630300.htm `Hortus Malabaricus' - a feather in the varsity's cap]
* [https://shenoi.wordpress.com/hortus-malabaricus/ 'Hortus Malabaricus' - A Great Contribution of Konkanis]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160916021202/https://sites.google.com/site/saratchandrashenoi/home/hortus 'Hortus Malabaricus' - A Great Contribution of Konkanis Continuation]
* [http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/memorial-to-pay-tribute-to-coauthors-of-hortus-malabaricus/article7910901.ece Memorial to pay tribute to co-authors of 'Hortus Malabaricus']

==References==
{{reflist}}
* Horthoos Malabarikkoosum Itty Achudanum – [[Malayalam]] book by Dr. K.S. Manilal. A Study on the role of Itty Achudan in the compilation of Hortus Malabaricus – {{ISBN|81-900324-1-0}}.
* Horthoosum Itty Achudanum: Sathyaum Midhyayum – [[Malayalam]] book by A.N. Chidambaran. A documentation of the contributions to Hortus Malabaricusmade by Itty Achudan published by Kerala Sahithya Akademi.
* Horthoos Malabaricus: Charithravum Sasthravum – [[Malayalam]] book by N.S.Arunkumar. An updation of details about Itty Achudan and his contributions to Hortus Malabaricusmade published by Kerala State Institute of Languages.
* Hortus Malabaricus - compiled by Hendrik A. Van Rheede tot Draakestein.
* The Botany and History of Hortus Malabaricus - by Manilal, K. S. - A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands/Oxford & IBH, New Delhi, 1980.
* Published paper - "On the English edition of Van Rheede’s Hortus Malabaricus by K. S. Manilal (2003)" by H. Y. Mohan Ram.
* Published paper - "From the shadows of legitimacy: problems and prospects of folk healing in India" by M. D. Subash Chandran (2016). Journal of Traditional and Fol Practices, 02, 03 & 04 (1), pp. 74–95

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Achudan, Itty}}
[[Category:17th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Hortus Malabaricus]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Alappuzha]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Kerala]]
[[Category:17th-century male writers]]

Srinivasa Murthy

2026-02-12T02:53:11Z

SadieHagelthorn: cleanup

{{Short description|Indian actor, director, and producer}}
{{for|the dubbing artist|Srinivasa Murthy (dubbing artist)}}
{{BLP sources|date=December 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Srinivasa Murthy
| image =
| birth_name = J. K. Srinivasa Murthy
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1949|05|15|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Jadalathimmanahalli, [[Kolar district|Kolar]], [[Mysore State]] (now in [[Chikkaballapura district|Chikkaballapura]], [[Karnataka]]), India
| occupation = Actor, television director
| other_names =
| spouse =
| children = [[Naveen Krishna]]
}}
'''Jadalathimmanahalli Krishnappa Srinivasa Murthy''' (born 15 May 1949),<ref name="ig1"/> known popularly as '''Srinivasa Murthy''', is an Indian actor and [[television director]]. He is mostly known for his work as a director having made many television series in [[Kannada]], beginning in 2001, based on the lives of various Kannada philosophers and poets, and adaptations of the works of popular Kannada writers. As an actor, he is known for his work in [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada cinema]], appearing often in supporting roles. He began his career as a stage artiste in both professional and [[amateur theatre]], before taking to films in 1977.

== Career ==
=== Films ===

Srinivasa Murthy became a producer of Kannada films quite early. He started off producing films with his friend [[Jai Jagadish (Kannada actor)|Jai Jagadish]]. He made films like Maathru Devo Bhava and a comedy film Thaayigobba Tharlemaga with Kashinath and cast [[Chandrika (Kannada actress)]]. Followed by Nambidare Nambi Bittare Bidi directed by Umesh which introduced [[Shruti (actress)|Shruthi]] and [[Hosamane Aliya]] with [[Anant Nag]] and [[Bhavya]]. He then became a director with the children film Devara Makkalu that won lot of appreciation from critics. It also won an award for Best Children Film from the State government of Karnataka.<ref>{{cite web|title=Unusual children's film|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/10/17/stories/2003101701640500.htm|access-date=22 August 2015|archive-date=20 November 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041120135529/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/10/17/stories/2003101701640500.htm|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Television ===
Parallel to his career in films, Murthy directed and starred in many [[Soap opera|television soaps]]. He made his debut as a director in 2001, with a [[Kannada]] series Anna Basavanna, also starring as the eponymous lead role [[Basava]], a 12th-century philosopher and Kannada poet. The 70-episode series concluded in April 2002, and was aired on [[Colors Kannada|ETV Kannada]]. Following this, in the same year, he directed Pathala Bhairavi, a children fantasy series consisting of 52 episodes, based on the 11th-century Kashmiri poet [[Kshemendra]]'s work of the same. Murthy appeared in the role of a [[Mantrik]] in the series.<ref>{{cite web|title=Anna Basavanna By Srinivasamurthy|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/interviews/3379-anna-basavanna-by-srinivasamurthy.html|publisher=chitraloka.com|access-date=22 August 2015|archive-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923203349/http://www.chitraloka.com/interviews/3379-anna-basavanna-by-srinivasamurthy.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2007, he directed Triveni Sangama, a series based on the works of [[Anasuya Shankar]] (pen name, Triveni). He also starred in the series alongside [[C. R. Simha]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Committed murthy|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/committed-murthy-kannada-news-28277.html|website=indiaglitz.com|access-date=22 August 2015|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924170813/http://www.indiaglitz.com/committed-murthy-kannada-news-28277.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014, he made a series based on the life of [[Kanaka Dasa]], a 16th-century philosopher and Kannada poet.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kanaka Dasa Starts|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/kanaka-dasa-starts-kannada-news-111651.html|website=indiaglitz.com|access-date=22 August 2015|archive-date=25 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825001326/http://www.indiaglitz.com/kanaka-dasa-starts-kannada-news-111651.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Srinivasa Murthy was born on 15 May 1949 to Krishnappa and Nagamma in a village, Jadalathimmanahalli, in the [[Kolar district]] of the erstwhile [[Mysore State]] (in present-day [[Chikkaballapura district]] in [[Karnataka]]). Murthy served in the Survey Department under the Government of Karnataka, before entering films in 1977 with ''Hemavathi''.<ref name="ig1">{{cite web|title=Srinivasamurthy @ BH|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/srinivasamurthy--bh-kannada-news-93938.html|website=indiaglitz.com|access-date=22 August 2015|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924185447/http://www.indiaglitz.com/srinivasamurthy--bh-kannada-news-93938.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= January 2023}}

=== As actor ===
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''Hemavathi'' (1977)
* ''I Love You'' (1979)
* ''[[Guru Shishyaru (1981 film)|Guru Shishyaru]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Keralida Simha]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Hosa Belaku]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Joodi Jeeva]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Parajitha]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Kaviratna Kalidasa]]'' (1983) as [[Bhoja]]
* ''[[Bhakta Prahlada (1983 film)|Bhaktha Prahlada]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Dharani Mandala Madhyadolage]]'' (1983)...cameo
* ''[[Marali Gudige]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Kanoonige Saval]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanoonige Saval (1984) Kannada movie: Cast & Crew |url=https://chiloka.com/movie/kanoonige-saval-1984 |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=chiloka.com}}</ref>'' (1984)...Amara Krishna
* ''[[Shapatha]]'' (1984)...Sudama
* ''[[Avala Antharanga]]'' (1986)
* ''Thayi Karulu'' (1988)
* ''Manmatha Raja'' (1989)...Umapathi
* ''[[Shabarimale Swamy Ayyappa]]'' (1990)
* ''Ashoka Chakra'' (1990)...Dayananda
* ''Thrinethra'' (1990)...Police commissioner
* ''[[Kaliyuga Seethe]]'' (1992)
* ''Bhagavan Sri Saibaba'' (1993)...Shyama Pandit
* ''[[Dore (film)|Dore]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Mutthinantha Hendathi]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Ibbara Naduve Muddina Aata]]'' (1996)
* ''Mane Mane Ramayana'' (1996)
* ''[[Mungarina Minchu]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Chandramukhi Pranasakhi]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Shrirasthu Shubhamasthu]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Mahalakshmi (film)|Mahalakshmi]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Appu (2002 film)|Appu]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Sri Ram (film)|Sri Ram]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Mane Magalu]]'' (2003)
* ''Vijayadashami'' (2003) as Narasimha
* ''[[Saradara]]'' (2004)...Gowda<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/kannada/review.php?id=13625441&ctid=5&cid=2427|title=Review: Saradara|author=Moviebuzz|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=20 August 2024|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041221210457/http://sify.com/movies/kannada/review.php?id=13625441&ctid=5&cid=2427|archive-date=21 December 2004}}</ref>
* ''[[Udees]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Valmiki (2005 film)|Valmiki]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Mr. Bakra]]'' (2005)...Bettappa
* ''[[My Autograph]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Ashoka (2006 film)|Ashoka]]'' (2006)
* ''[[No 73, Shanthi Nivasa]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Bandhu Balaga]]'' (2008)...Anantharamaiah
* ''[[Yodha (2009 film)|Yodha]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Gilli (film)|Gilli]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Mr. Painter]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Aptharakshaka]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Prithvi (2010 film)|Prithvi]]'' (2010) as Prithvi Kumar's father
* ''[[CID Eesha]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Haggada Kone]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Shivam (2015 Kannada film)|Shivam]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Mahakali (film)|Mahakali]]'' (2015)
* ''Mana Mechida Bangaru'' (2015)
* ''[[Thippaji Circle]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Vamshodharaka]]'' (2015)
* ''Tyson'' (2016)
* ''Yuva Samrat'' (2016)
* ''Sri Omkara Ayyappane'' (2016)
* ''[[Doddmane Hudga]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Bangara s/o Bangarada Manushya]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Raj Vishnu]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Natasaarvabhowma]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Rajatantra]]'' (2021)
* ''Talaq Talaq Talaq'' (2021)
* ''[[Krishnam Pranaya Sakhi]]'' (2024)
{{div col end}}

== Television ==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= January 2023}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Show !! Character !! Notes !! Channel
|-
| 2001–2002
| ''Anna Basavanna''
| [[Basava]]
| Also director
| [[Colors Kannada|ETV Kannada]]
|-
| 2002
| ''Pathala Bhairavi''
| A [[mantrik]]
| Also director
| ETV Kannada
|-
| 2009
| ''Rathasapthami''
|
|
| [[Udaya TV]]
|-
| 2007
| ''Triveni Sangama''
|
| Also director
|
|-
|
| ''Shakthi''
|
|
|
|-
| 2020–present
| ''Sathya''
| Ramachandra
|
| Zee Kannada
|-
|-
|2021
|''[[Kasturi Nivasa (TV series)|Kasthuri Nivasa]]''
|Brahmachari
|Special appearance
|[[Udaya TV]]
|-
|-
|}

== Awards ==
{{BLP sources section|date= January 2023}}
;[[Karnataka State Film Awards]]
* 1981–82: Best Supporting Actor—''Naari Swargakke Daari''
* [[1999–2000 Karnataka State Film Awards|1999–2000]]: [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]—''[[Shrirasthu Shubhamasthu]]''
* Awarded Honorary [[Dr. Rajkumar Award|Dr. Rajkumar Lifetime Achievement Award]] in [[Karnataka State Film Awards]] 2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/karnataka-state-film-awards-2018-raghavendra-rajkumar-and-meghana-raj-bag-top-honours-check-out-all-winners/articleshow/73186197.cms|title=KARNATAKA STATE FILM AWARDS 2018: RAGHAVENDRA RAJKUMAR AND MEGHANA RAJ BAG TOP HONOURS; CHECK OUT ALL WINNERS|date=10 January 2020|access-date=21 January 2020|website=Bangalore Mirror|archive-date=25 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125091339/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/karnataka-state-film-awards-2018-raghavendra-rajkumar-and-meghana-raj-bag-top-honours-check-out-all-winners/articleshow/73186197.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|5675977|Srinivasa Murthy}}
* [http://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/srinivasa-murthy/filmography.html Srinivasa Murthy filmography]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Murthy, Srinivasa}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:People from Kolar district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kannada male actors]]
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada television]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Rajyotsava Award 2016]]

[[ml:വിനയ പ്രസാദ്]]

Jitendra Nath Pande

2026-02-07T23:05:13Z

SadieHagelthorn: Starting Initial Post Initial Version

{{Short description|Indian pulmonologist (1941–2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Jitendra Nath Pande
|image =
|image_size =
|caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1941|6|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Shikohabad]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2020|5|23|1941|6|14|df=y}}
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| parents = Shri Madan Mohan Pande and Smt. Kamla Devi Pande
| spouse = Yvette Pande
| alma_mater = MBBS and MD (Medicine) from [[AIIMS, New Delhi]]
|occupation = Senior Consultant (Medicine) at Sitaram Bhartia Institute of Science & Research and former Professor & Head of Medicine, [[AIIMS, New Delhi]]
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
}}

'''Jitendra Nath Pande''' or '''J. N. Pande''' (14 June 1941 – 23 May 2020) was an Indian [[Pulmonologist]] and Professor and Head of Medicine at the [[AIIMS, New Delhi|All India Institute of Medical Studies]] (AIIMS). He was working as Senior Consultant (Medicine) at Sitaram Bhartia Institute of Science & Research, [[New Delhi]]. He died on 23 May 2020 during sleep when he was home quarantined due to [[COVID-19]] positivity during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]], in New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sitarambhartia.org/doctors/|title=Sitaram Bhartia Doctors - Sitaram Bhartia Hospital|access-date=24 May 2020|archive-date=11 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160711085840/https://www.sitarambhartia.org/doctors/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/nm12/aiims-an-institute-of-moribund-scientists/article1-112826.aspx|title=AIIMS: An Institute of Moribund Scientists - Hindustan Times|date=6 December 2014|access-date=9 August 2021|archive-date=6 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206171503/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/nm12/aiims-an-institute-of-moribund-scientists/article1-112826.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-jitendra-nath-pande-famed-ex-aiims-doctor-dies-of-covid-19/articleshow/75931166.cms|title=Delhi: Jitendra Nath Pande, famed ex-AIIMS ..|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 May 2020|access-date=24 May 2020|archive-date=24 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524180257/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-jitendra-nath-pande-famed-ex-aiims-doctor-dies-of-covid-19/articleshow/75931166.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

He was posthumously awarded India's fourth highest civilian award, the [[Padma Shri]] in 2021.<ref name="auto">{{cite web | url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1692337 | title=Padma Awards 2021 announced | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs | access-date=26 January 2021 | archive-date=25 January 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125161945/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1692337 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="The Times of India">{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/shinzo-abe-tarun-gogoi-ram-vilas-paswan-among-padma-award-winners-complete-list/articleshow/80453596.cms | title=Shinzo Abe, Tarun Gogoi, Ram Vilas Paswan among Padma Award winners: Complete list | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=25 January 2021 | access-date=25 January 2021 | archive-date=28 January 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128190946/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/shinzo-abe-tarun-gogoi-ram-vilas-paswan-among-padma-award-winners-complete-list/articleshow/80453596.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal and family details==
Pande was born in [[Shikohabad]], [[India]], to Shri Madan Mohan Pande and Smt. Kamla Devi Pande. His parents were from [[Uttar Pradesh]].

He was younger brother of [[Gyan Pande|Prof. Gyan N Pande]], Emeritus Professor, [[Swansea University]] and President, International Centre for Computational Engineering.

==Education==
Pande obtained both his MBBS in 1963 and MD (Medicine) in 1966 degrees from [[AIIMS, New Delhi]].

==Work and important assignments==
Pande specialised in respiratory medicine and clinical epidemiology. He set up the first intensive care unit in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/dr-jn-pande-pioneer-and-teacher-who-inspired-all/story-3Ao3dQqBPYxaWdzeuns3dO.html|title=Hindustan Times|access-date=23 July 2021|archive-date=23 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723123632/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/dr-jn-pande-pioneer-and-teacher-who-inspired-all/story-3Ao3dQqBPYxaWdzeuns3dO.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

He treated many famous personalities from public life like [[President of India]], [[Prime Minister of India]], politicians, etc. Some of his famous patients are former Power Minister [[Rangarajan Kumaramangalam]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000822/nation.htm|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Nation|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=24 May 2020|archive-date=26 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926070612/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000822/nation.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Raj Kapoor]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19880531-raj-kapoor-doyen-of-indian-cinema-lies-critically-ill-797282-1988-05-31|title=Raj Kapoor: Doyen of Indian cinema lies critically ill|first=Simran|last=Bhargava|date=31 May 1988|website=India Today|accessdate=5 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19880630-even-as-he-lay-dying-raj-kapoor-fought-a-valiant-battle-with-a-horde-of-diseases-797391-1988-06-30|title=Even as he lay dying, Raj Kapoor fought a valiant battle with a horde of diseases|first=Pankaj|last=Pachauri|date=30 June 1988|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@swetatiwary82/jitendra-nath-pande-ep-2-unsung-hero-in-medical-field-df7f1e00412a|title=Jitendra Nath Pande- EP 2-Unsung Hero In medical field|first1=Shwetha|last1=Tiwary|date=14 October 2019|website=Medium|access-date=7 August 2019|archive-date=7 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807121526/https://medium.com/@swetatiwary82/jitendra-nath-pande-ep-2-unsung-hero-in-medical-field-df7f1e00412a|url-status=live}}</ref>

Important assignments of Pande include:
* Personal doctor to the [[President of India]].
* Director Clinical Epidemiology Unit, All India Institute Medical Sciences, New Delhi
* Chief, SRB Center of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, All India Institute Medical Sciences, New Delhi
* Head, Department of Medicine, [[AIIMS, New Delhi|All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]]<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Drug-resistance-major-hurdle-in-treating-TB/articleshow/916017.cms|title=Drug resistance major hurdle in treating TB | India News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=24 December 2006|access-date=24 May 2020|archive-date=11 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311113637/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Drug-resistance-major-hurdle-in-treating-TB/articleshow/916017.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Professor, [[AIIMS, New Delhi|All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]]<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/>
* Associate Professor, All India Institute Medical Sciences, New Delhi
* Assistant Professor, All India Institute Medical Sciences, New Delhi
* Member, Review Committee [[Bhopal disaster|Bhopal Gas Disaster]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://bhopal.bard.edu/resources/documents/ICMR-EPIDEMIOLOGICALREPORTPARTONEHealtheffectstechnicalreport19851994maintext.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=30 March 2016 |archive-date=9 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409172443/http://bhopal.bard.edu/resources/documents/ICMR-EPIDEMIOLOGICALREPORTPARTONEHealtheffectstechnicalreport19851994maintext.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Research impact==
The 1997–98 study of Pande titled 'Outdoor air pollution and emergency room visits at a hospital in Delhi'<ref name="l822">{{cite journal | last1=Pande | first1=J. N. | last2=Bhatta | first2=Narendra | last3=Biswas | first3=Dilip | last4=Pandey | first4=Ravindra M. | last5=Ahluwalia | first5=Gautam | last6=Siddaramaiah | first6=Naveen H. | last7=Khilnani | first7=G. C. | title=Outdoor air pollution and emergency room visits at a hospital in Delhi | journal=The Indian Journal of Chest Diseases & Allied Sciences | volume=44 | issue=1 | date=2002 | issn=0377-9343 | pmid=11845928 | pages=13–19 | url=http://medind.nic.in/iae/t02/i1/iaet02i1p13.pdf | access-date=30 March 2016 | archive-date=26 June 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626111304/http://medind.nic.in/iae/t02/i1/iaet02i1p13.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Towards Cleaner Air |url=http://www.dpcc.delhigovt.nic.in/pdf/cleanerair.pdf |publisher=Department of Environment, Government of NCT of Delhi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223174342/http://www.dpcc.delhigovt.nic.in/pdf/cleanerair.pdf |archive-date=December 23, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> was cited by Supreme Court of India in its CNG judgement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/seven-years-ago-everyone-saw-delhis-air-take-a-deadly-u-turn-but-no-one-did-a-thing/|title=Seven years ago, everyone saw Delhi's air take a deadly U-turn but no one did a thing|date=31 March 2015|access-date=24 May 2020|archive-date=13 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213230529/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/seven-years-ago-everyone-saw-delhis-air-take-a-deadly-u-turn-but-no-one-did-a-thing/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Publication==
Pande published more than 170 papers in national and international journals apart from delivering many prestigious orations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Directory of Emeritus Professors |url=https://nams-india.in/docs_pdfs/directory%20of%20emer.pdf |website=National Academy of Medical Sciences |access-date=6 July 2024}}</ref>

==Awards==
Pande was conferred many prestigious awards, some of them are mentioned below:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.healthkonnect.com/en/doctors/general-physician/india/new-delhi/dr-j-n-pande-e185r841z4998m|title=Dr J N Pande General Physician in New Delhi|website=HealthKonnect|access-date=24 May 2020|archive-date=17 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217143322/https://www.healthkonnect.com/en/doctors/general-physician/india/new-delhi/dr-j-n-pande-e185r841z4998m|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Padma Shri]] by [[Government of India]]<ref name="auto"/><ref name="The Times of India"/>
* Emeritus Professor by [[National Academy of Medical Sciences]]
* Ranbaxy Science by Foundation Award
* Sri Omprakash Bhasin by Foundation Award in Health and Technology

==Honors==
* Council Member, National Academy of Medical Sciences.<ref name=nams>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nams-india.in/webpages/councilmembers.html|title=Council Members|access-date=27 November 2014|archive-date=7 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007173946/http://www.nams-india.in/webpages/councilmembers.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Fellow, [[National Academy of Medical Sciences]].<ref name=nams/>
* Fellow, National Academy of Sciences<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nasi.nic.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=P|title=The National Academy of Sciences, India - Fellows|website=nasi.nic.in|access-date=27 November 2014|archive-date=4 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204120146/http://nasi.nic.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=P|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Guest Editor, The Indian Journal of Medical Research (IJMR)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://medind.nic.in/iby/t04/i10/ibyt04i10c.shtml|title=Indian Journal of Medical Research|website=medind.nic.in|access-date=27 November 2014|archive-date=20 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720012136/http://medind.nic.in/iby/t04/i10/ibyt04i10c.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Speaker, NCCP (I) – Prof. Raman Vishwanathan Memorial Chest Oration, Amritsar, 1995 (Previously known as '''Raman Vishwanathan Memorial Oration / Lecture''')<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nccpindia.com/awards/|title=RAMAN VISHWANATHAN MEMORIAL ORATION / LECTURE|access-date=27 November 2014|archive-date=16 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816081953/http://nccpindia.com/awards|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Fellow, National College Chest Physicians
* Member, Indian Council Medical Research
* Vice President, Chest Institute
* Member, Chest Institute
* Vice President, Indian Council Medical Research
* Editor, ''Indian Journal Chest Diseases and Allied Sciences''
* Editor, ''Annals of National Academy Medical Sciences''

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pande, Nitendra Nath}}
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:Indian medical educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:Indian public health doctors]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]]
[[Category:All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Medical Sciences]]
[[Category:People from Firozabad district]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:Indian medical administrators]]
[[Category:Indian medical academics]]
[[Category:Om Prakash Bhasin Award recipients]]

Uran railway station

2026-02-05T03:08:46Z

SadieHagelthorn: Stub - done

{{Short description|Railway Station in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|50px|up|link=Mumbai Suburban Railway]] Uran
| type = [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] station
| style = Mumbai Suburban Railway
| image = Uran railway station.jpg
| image_caption = [[Uran]] railway station
| address = [[Uran]], [[Raigad district|Raigad]], [[Navi Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.878412|N|72.952493|E|display=inline,title}}
| line = [[Port line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Port line]]
| other = Auto stand
| elevation = {{convert|6|m|ft}}
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| platform = 2
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 4
| parking = No
| bicycle = No
| opened = {{Start date and age|2024|01|12|df=y}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = U
| zone = [[Central Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Mumbai CR}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Central Railway zone]]
| status = Operational
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Mumbai Suburban Railway|line=Port|left=Dronagiri}}
| route_map = {{MSR Port line}}
| mapframe = Yes
| mapframe-caption = Location of [[Uran]] railway station
| map_state = collapsed
| map_type = Maharashtra
| map_dot_label = Uran
}}

'''Uran''' is a railway station in [[Raigad district]], [[Maharashtra]]. Its station code is '''URAN'''. It serves [[Uran]], a node of [[Navi Mumbai]]. This station has 2 platforms.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Residents celebrate the launching of Kharkopar-Uran train service|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/residents-celebrate-the-launching-of-kharkopar-uran-train-service-101705087130825.html|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Navi Mumbai: Train Services Up To Uran Likely To Start From Jan 14|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/navi-mumbai-train-services-up-to-uran-likely-to-start-from-jan-14|website=The Free Press Journal}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Railway stations in Maharashtra}}
{{Mumbai – Suburban Railway, Nerul-Uran/Panvel-Karjat}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Raigad district]]
[[Category:Mumbai CR railway division]]
[[Category:Transport in Navi Mumbai]]
[[Category:Mumbai Suburban Railway stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2024]]

{{Maharashtra-railstation-stub}}

Geetha Poduval

2026-02-03T14:30:34Z

SadieHagelthorn: Details!

{{short description|Entrepreneur and activist for disabled people}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Geeta Poduval
|image = [[File:Geeta Poduval.png|Geeta Poduval]]
|caption =
|image_size =
|birth_date =
|birth_place = [[Ahmedabad]]
|occupation = {{hlist|Entrepreneur|activist}}
|years_active = 2012-present
}}

'''Geeta Poduval''' is a social entrepreneur, [[motivational speaker]], and activist for disabled people. She is the founder of DRZYA, a firm that trains disabled people to perform and provides a platform for disabled performances, talks and workshops. She is also the founder of Drzyashakti Trust, an NGO for the services of disabled people.

She was previously an actress and news anchor. The two notable films to her credit are Sukumarji's ''Kandethal''<ref>{{cite web |author= |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Sukumarji%E2%80%99s-Kandethal-Traces-the-Journey-in-Search-of-Inner-Peace/2014/02/10/article2047654.ece |title=Sukumarji's Kandethal Traces the Journey in Search of Inner Peace |publisher=Newindianexpress.com |date=2014-02-10 |accessdate=2015-03-30 |archive-date=2016-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604053323/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Sukumarji%E2%80%99s-Kandethal-Traces-the-Journey-in-Search-of-Inner-Peace/2014/02/10/article2047654.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[Madhu Kaithapram]]'s ''[[Vellivelichathil]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/at-home-in-an-alien-land/article6423846.ece |title=At home in an alien land |newspaper=The Hindu |publisher=Thehindu.com |date=2014-09-19 |accessdate=2015-03-30}}</ref>

==Early life and background==
In 2017 she founded Drzya,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/a-stage-for-differently-abled-performers/article19923570.ece|title = A stage for differently-abled performers|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 26 October 2017|last1 = Mumbai|first1 = Varda Sharma}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newzhook.com/story/geeta-poduval-drzya-arts-sports-disabled-mumbai/|title=Geeta Poduval believes arts has the power to transform the lives of disabled people|date=20 December 2019}}</ref> a firm that offers disabled artists opportunity to showcase their talent professionally and participate in inspirational talks and workshops. Later in 2018 she founded Drzyashakti Trust<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsband.in/?tag=drzyashakti-trust|title = Drzyashakti Trust Archives}}</ref> to serve and promote the causes of disabled people. Presently she is involved in capacity building of disabled people, counselling and mentoring them, delivering workshops and inspirational talks.

==Acting==
Geeta has acted in films, TV serials, corporate films and advertisements.
* ''Vellivelichatthil – In the Limelight<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wfEeSoGwCUc |title=Vellivelichathil - Official Trailer |publisher=YouTube |date=2014-08-04 |accessdate=2016-05-15}}</ref>'' ([[Malayalam]], released 2014). She played the second heroine in the film as [[John Brittas]]’ wife. Directed by [[Madhu Kaithapram]].
* ''Kandethal – The Revelation''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/film-on-runaway-children/article6168441.ece|title=Film on runaway children|work=The Hindu|date=2 July 2014|accessdate=15 May 2016}}</ref> (Malayalam, released 2016). She played the female protagonist. Directed by Sukumarji.
* ''Crime Branch'' (Malayalam, TV serial, 2014). Played the lead role of Assistant Commissioner of Police for eight episodes for [[Kairali TV]] Channel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nettv4u.com/about/Malayalam/tv-serials/crime-branch?alink|title=Malayalam Tv Serials Crime Branch - Nettv4u|work=nettv4u|accessdate=15 May 2016}}</ref>

==Training and speaking==
Geeta has been a speaker at various forums and events. She was a speaker at TEDxYouth@JGIS.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/26678|title= TEDx @JGIS Theme: How to Face Failure|publisher=|accessdate=15 May 2016}}</ref> She was invited as the Keynote speaker during the Daughters’ Day celebration of the Bengaluru chapters of PRCI and YCC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://prapport.blogspot.in/2015/07/grass-root-action-to-break-glass-ceiling.html|title=Grass root action to Break the Glass Ceiling! - PRapport|publisher=|accessdate=15 May 2016|archive-date=4 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604004452/http://prapport.blogspot.in/2015/07/grass-root-action-to-break-glass-ceiling.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
She has been conducting training programs and motivational talks for corporate houses and government organisations for many years on a wide range of topics including women leadership, diversity and inclusion, POSH, managing life and life goals among others.{{fact|date=April 2025}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Poduval, Geeta}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]

St. Ignatius Orthodox Syrian Church, Kanjiramattom

2026-01-31T20:39:19Z

SadieHagelthorn: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[Kochi Orthodox Diocese]]

{{R from subsidiary}}

Bharatpedia:WikiProject Gujarat

2025-12-30T21:32:50Z

SadieHagelthorn: Info

{{WikiProject status|inactive|parent=India|type=geo|sc1=WP:GUJ}}
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Navigation}}
[[Wikipedia:Wikipedians|Wikipedians]] from [[Gujarat]] have formed a [[Wikipedia:WikiProject|project]] to improve organisation and standardised look and feel of articles related to the [[India|Indian]] state of [[Gujarat]], its [[Culture_of_Gujarat|culture]], its [[Gujarati_cuisine|food]], its [[Gujarati people|people]] and everything else that is [[Gujarati]].

If you would like to help, please inquire on the [[{{NAMESPACE}} talk:{{PAGENAME}}|talk page]] and see the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Gujarat/to do|to-do list]] there.

== Participants ==
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject Gujarat/Participants}}

==Scope==
The scope of this article fundamentally is loosely defined as all articles and sections relating to [[Gujarat]]. Almost all of these will be (eventually) categorised under [[:Category:Gujarat]] and [[:Category:India]]

===Goals===

# Creation of a generally standard look and feel for all Gujarat-related article
# To produce as many [[Wikipedia:Featured articles|Featured Articles]] as possible related to Gujarat.

==Parentage==
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India]]
**[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/States|Indian states]]

==Similar WikiProjects==
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Karnataka|WikiProject Karnataka]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Maharashtra|WikiProject Maharasthra]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/West Bengal|WikiProject West Bengal]]

== Discussion ==
*[[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Gujarat]]

==Naming conventions==
*[[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Indic)]]

==Structure==
Refer to
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indian_states#Sections]] for state articles
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indian_districts#Sections]] for district articles
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indian_cities#Sections]] for city articles

== WikiProject Gujarat notice ==

Place this WikiProject notice {{tl|WP India}} at the top of an article's Talk page to direct editors to the WikiProject Gujarat for guidelines.

To use it, place
'''<nowiki>{{WP India|gujarat=yes|gujarat-importance=}}</nowiki>'''
at the top of an article's Talk page.
This will produce:
{{WP India|gujarat=yes|category=no}}

==Stubs==
For Gujarat related stubs use the '''<nowiki>{{gujarat-stub}}</nowiki>''' template. If it is about the geography of Gujarat, the '''<nowiki>{{Gujarat-geo-stub}}</nowiki>''' may also be used in addition. This will go into the [[:Category:Gujarat geography stubs]] category and [[:Category:Gujarat stubs]].

==Featured CONTENT==
This is a list of Featured articles related to Gujarat:

;FA {{icon|FA}}
* [[Lothal]]

;GA {{icon|GA}}
*[[Ahmedabad]]
*[[Mahatma Gandhi]]
*[[Manilal Dwivedi]]
*[[Irfan Pathan]]
*[[Freddie Mercury]]
*[[Siddhantasara]]

==Articles currently in [[Wikipedia:Featured article candidates|FAC]]==

==Articles currently in [[Wikipedia:Peer review|PR]]==

* none at this moment.

==News and DYK==
===''Gujarat and India news''===
{{Transclude selected current events| Gujarat | Gujarati | India |not=Indiana}}

===''Did you know...''===
{{Transclude selected recent additions | Gujarat | Gujarati  | not1= Indiana | not2=Indianpolis | months=48 | max=6 | latest= | none= No new articles added recently. You can create one. | more= }}

==Tools==
{{WikiProject cleanup listing}}
{{Article alerts box}}
:''Main tool page: [[tools:~dispenser/view/Tools|toolserver.org]]''
*[[tools:~dispenser/view/Reflinks|Reflinks]] - Edits bare references - adds title/dates etc. to bare references
*[[tools:~dispenser/view/Checklinks|Checklinks]] - Edit and repair external links
*[[tools:~dispenser/view/Dab_solver|Dab solver]] - Quickly resolve ambiguous links.
*[[tools:~dispenser/view/Peer_reviewer|Peer reviewer]] - Provides hints and suggestion to improving articles.

{{Wikipedia policies and guidelines|state=collapsed}}
{{WikiProject Footer}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gujarat}}
[[Category:WikiProject Gujarat| ]]
[[Category:Wikipedians from Gujarat| ]]
[[Category:India-related WikiProjects]]
[[Category:WikiProjects participating in Wikipedia 1.0 assessments]]

Showkat Hussain Ganie

2025-12-20T16:55:40Z

SadieHagelthorn: Done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Zainapora Assembly constituency|Zainapora]]
| term_start = 8 October 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor =
| party = [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]
}}

'''Showkat Hussain Ganie''' is an Indian politician, serving as a member of [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly]]. A member of [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]], he represents [[Zainapora Assembly constituency|Zainapora assembly constituency]] since October 2024. He was elected during the [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024 assembly election]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Zainapora, J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: JKNC's Showkat Hussain Ganie with 28251 defeats JAMAAT's Aijaz Ahmad Mir |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/zainapora-jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612904-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=LIVE Updates {{!}} Zainapora Vidhan Sabha Chunav Result 2024: Showkat Hussain Ganie won from Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/zainapora-vidhan-sabha-chunav-result-2024-live-winner-and-loser-candidate-gh-mohi-ud-din-wani-vs-shokat-hussian-ganie-total-votes-margin-bjp-congress-jknc-eci-jammu-kashmir-assembly-election-result-2804139.html |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>

He has also served as a member of the Jammu and Kashmir state legislative council (MLC) twice.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || Showkat Hussain Ganie || {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Zainapora<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Zainapora|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0836.htm|access-date=9 July 2025|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709152916/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0836.htm|archive-date=9 July 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Showkat Hussain Ganie |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |votes=28,251 |percentage=46.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aijaz Ahmad Mir |party=Independent politician |votes=15,018 |percentage=24.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohi-Ud-Din Wani |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=6,209 |percentage=10.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gowhar Hussain Wani |party=Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party |votes=5,163 |percentage=8.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=2,082 |percentage=3.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Suhaib Bhat |party=Independent politician |votes=1,152 |percentage=1.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Umar Hamid Malla |party=Independent politician |votes=731 |percentage=1.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mashooq Ahmad Dar |party=Garib Democratic Party |votes=629 |percentage=1.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Rehman Bhat |party=Liberal Democratic Party |votes=578 |percentage=0.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammad Yousuf Mir |party=Independent politician |votes=538 |percentage=0.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nazir Ahmed Najar |party=Jammu and Kashmir Nationalist People's Front |votes=513 |percentage=0.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,233 |percentage=21.74% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=60,864 |percentage=56.10% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,08,493 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ganie, Showkat Hussain}}
[[Category:Jammu & Kashmir National Conference politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Shopian district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Members of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Council]]

{{JammuKashmir-politician-stub}}

Large Prajñāpāramitā Sūtras

2025-12-19T21:34:01Z

SadieHagelthorn: starting new post

{{short description|Sutra in Mahāyāna Buddhism}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
[[File:Illustrated frontispiece to the Mahaprajnaparamita Sutra, 12th century, Honolulu Museum of Art6.JPG|thumb|Illustrated frontispiece to the Great Perfection of Wisdom Sutra, Japan, [[Heian period]], late 12th century, handscroll, gold on blue paper, [[Honolulu Museum of Art]]]]
[[File:Great Wisdom Sutra from the Chusonji Temple Sutra Collection (Chusonjikyo), 2002.447.1.jpg|thumb|Great Wisdom Sutra from [[Chūson-ji|Chūsonji]] Collection (Chūsonjikyō), [[Heian period]], ca. 1175, Japan, handscroll; gold and silver on indigo-dyed paper, Metropolitan Museum of Art.]]

The '''Large Prajñāpāramitā Sūtras''' ([[Sanskrit|Skt.]] ''Mahāprajñāpāramitā,'' {{zh|t=摩訶般若波羅蜜多經|p=Móhē Bōrě Bōluómìduō Jīng|l=Large Perfection of Wisdom Sutra}}) is a group or family of [[Mahayana sutras]] of the [[Prajñāpāramitā]] (PP) genre.<ref name=":5">Zacchetti 2005 p. 17.</ref><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /> Modern scholars consider these to be later expansions based on the earlier ''[[Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra]]'', which is seen as a prototype of the Larger sutras.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sparham |first=Gareth |date=2022 |title=The Perfection of Wisdom in Eighteen Thousand Lines |url=https://read.84000.co/translation/toh10.html |website=84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha}}</ref><ref name="nattier158 202">Nattier 1992, pp. 158, 202</ref><ref name=":6">Conze, Edward (1974). ''The Gilgit manuscript of the Aṣṭādaśasāhasrikāprajñāpāramitā, chapters 70 to 82, corresponding to the 6th, 7th and 8th Abhisamayas''. Series Orientale Roma, 46, Roma, 1962, reprint 1974.</ref><ref name=":7">Buswell Jr., Robert E; Lopez Jr. Donald S. (2013). ''The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism'', p. 618. Princeton University Press.</ref><ref name=":1">Prebish, Charles S. (2010). ''Buddhism: A Modern Perspective,'' p. 70. Penn State Press.</ref>

The various versions and translations of the "Large" Prajñāpāramitā Sūtras contain much shared content, as well as various differences, including being significantly different in terms of length (which is measured in [[Shloka|ślokas]], often translated as "lines").<ref name=":0" /><ref>Conze, Edward (1994). ''The Perfection of Wisdom in Eight Thousand Lines and Its Verse Summary (Bibliotheca Indo-Buddhica)'', p. xi. South Asia Books; New edition, October 19, 1994. {{ISBN|978-81-7030-405-0}}.</ref>

== Overview ==
[[File:Sutra mahaprajnaparamita, XII secolo (coll. priv.).jpg|thumb|A page from a 12th-century copy of the Large sutra translated into Chinese by [[Xuanzang|Xuánzàng]].<ref>Muller, Charles A. (1995). 大般若波羅蜜多經 Basic Meaning: Mahāprajñāpāramitā-sūtra. Digital Dictionary of Buddhism (電子佛教辭典), July 1995.</ref>]]
[[File:MET 55 121 36 3 B O1.jpg|thumb|A folio from an Indian 11th century manuscript of the ''Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā'']]
In the Tibetan Buddhist tradition, Prajñāpāramitā sutras are divided into long, medium, and short texts.<ref name=":0" /><ref>ACI (1993). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20180823004220/http://theknowledgebasearchive.com/files/teachings/aci02/aci02-1993-newyork-geshemichael/aci02-ny93-transcript.pdf Buddhist Refuge, Class 1 (PDF)]''. Asian Classics Institute Course II: Buddhist Refuge-November 1993. Archived from the original (PDF) August 23, 2018.</ref> [[Edward Conze]], one of the first Western scholars to extensively study this literature, saw the three largest Prajñāpāramitā sutras as being different versions of one sutra, which he just called the "Large Prajñāpāramitā".<ref name=":3">Makransky, John J. (1997). ''Buddhahood Embodied: Sources of Controversy in India and Tibet,'' pp. 109. SUNY Press.</ref> Similarly, [[Lewis Lancaster]] writes that these three sutras "contain basically the same text, their length being determined by the amount of repetition."<ref name=":1" />

However, other scholars like Stefano Zachetti disagree that they are one text. According to Zachetti, this is a "textual family," which he terms the "Larger Prajñāpāramitā" and is:<blockquote>a group of texts that share a number of common features in structure, content, wording, etc. They exhibit a [[family resemblance]], so to speak, fluid and not always easy to define, but significant enough to set them apart from other texts (especially the [[Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra|''Aṣṭasāhasrikā'']] PP) as a distinct group. Yet the members of this Larger PP group are differentiated by complex patterns of variation at a variety of levels significant enough to prevent us from classifying them just as one single text.<ref name=":8">Zacchetti 2005 p. 36.</ref></blockquote>According to Zacchetti, there are a "considerable number of [Sanskrit] manuscripts" belonging to the "textual family" he calls the "Larger PP texts".<ref name=":5" /> Zachetti writes that these manuscripts "greatly differ in age, origin, and size - from sometime around the 6th century to the 19th century AD, and from tiny fragments to complete or nearly complete manuscripts."<ref name=":5" />

According to Shogo Watanabe "as the number of Prajñāpāramitā texts multiplied in India, it became necessary to give them separate designations for the sake of identification. This was accomplished at a later date by naming them according to the number of lines that they contained."<ref name=":4">Shogo Watanabe, ''A comparative study of the 'Pancavimsatisahasrika Prajnaparamita'.'' The Journal of the American Oriental Society Vol.114 No.3 (July-Sep 1994), pp.386-396.</ref> However, Watanabe notes that this naming convention was not often used in China and Chinese translations are instead often named according to the first chapter of the sutra.<ref name=":4" /> The number of "lines" listed in these titles are also not exact and they often vary in different manuscripts and editions (sometimes by hundreds of verses). The three main Large Prajñāpāramitā sutra versions are the Prajñāpāramitā in 18,000, 25,000 and 100,000 lines.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>Williams, Paul (2008). ''Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundation'', p. 48. Routledge.</ref> According to Lenagala Siriniwasa Thero, there is also a Nepalese manuscript of a ''"Mūlabruhatprajñāpāramitā Sutra"'' that contains over 125,000 lines.<ref>Thero, Lenagala Siriniwasa. ''[https://www.academia.edu/35964186/S%C5%ABnyat%C4%81v%C4%81da_with_reference_to_A%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADas%C4%81hasrik%C4%81_praj%C3%B1%C4%81p%C4%81ramit%C4%81_s%C5%ABtra_and_Mah%C4%81su%C3%B1%C3%B1ata_sutta_docx A comparative study on Sūnyatāvāda with reference to Aṣṭasāhasrikā prajñāpāramitā sūtra and Mahāsuññata sutta in Theravāda]'' Buddhist and Pali University of Sri Lanka.</ref>

According to Joseph Walser, the three Large Prajñāpāramitā sutras show some doctrinal connection with the [[Dharmaguptaka]] school.<ref name=":10">Walser, Joseph (2005). ''Nagarjuna in Context: Mahayana Buddhism and Early Indian Culture Hardcover,'' pp. 233-234. Columbia University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-231-13164-3}}.</ref> Walser notes that the 25,000 and the 100,000 line sutras reproduce a list of six kinds of emptinesses found in the Dharmaguptaka ''[[Śāriputrābhidharma|Śāriputrābhidharma-śāstra]].<ref name=":10" />''

Zacchetti notes that this division into three main versions (of 18, 25, and 100 thousand [[Shloka|ślokas]] or akṣaras) does not appear in Buddhist sources until the time of [[Bodhiruci]] (6th century). Before this time, the term "Larger Prajñāpāramitā" was used rather loosely to refer to PP sutras larger than 17,000 lines. It is likely that this way of classifying the Longer PP sutras only became widespread later (after the 6th century), when it became the main schema for classifying three different long versions in the translations of [[Xuanzang|Xuánzàng]] (7th century) as well as in the [[Tibetan Buddhist canon|Tibetan canon]].<ref>Zacchetti 2005 p. 40.</ref>

Chinese sources also use the term "Large Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra" to refer to an [[Prajnaparamita#Xuánzàng's Prajñāpāramitā Library|entire collection of 16 Prajñāpāramitā Sūtras which was translated by Xuánzàng]].<ref>Wittern, Christian (2002). T05N0220 大般若波羅蜜多經. WWW Database of Chinese Buddhist texts, versjon 2A, 2. desember 2002.</ref>

=== The texts ===

==== ''Aṣṭadaśasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra'' ====
The ''Aṣṭadaśasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra'' (''18,000 line'' ''Perfection of Wisdom Sutra,'' Tibetan: ''’phags pa shes rab kyi pha rol tu phyin pa khri brgyad stong pa zhes bya ba theg pa chen po’i mdo'', Chinese: 會第, pinyin: ''Sānhuì dì sānhuì xù'') is preserved in Sanskrit, and Tibetan, Chinese and Mongolian translations. The earliest Sanskrit manuscript of any the Larger Sutra texts is the [[Gilgit]] Manuscript of the ''Aṣṭadaśasāhasrikā,'' dating to the 5th or 6th century CE''.<ref name=":0" />''<ref name=":6"/> Zacchetti estimates that the Gilgit manuscript contains between 18,000 and 20,000 slokas.<ref>Zacchetti 2005 p. 22.</ref>

==== ''Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra'' ====
The ''Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra'' (''25,000 line Perfection of Wisdom Sutra,'' T: ''shes rab kyi pha rol tu phyin pa stoq phrag nyi shu lnga pa, dum bu dang po'', C: 摩訶般若波羅蜜經, pinyin: ''móhē bōyě bōluómì jīng'') is found in several Sanskrit manuscripts from [[Nepal]] and [[Kashmir]]. There are two Tibetan translations (in the Tōhoku catalog, they are Tōh. 9 and Tōh. 3790).<ref>Ui, Hukuju; Suzuki, Munetada; Kanakura, Yenshō; Tada, Tōkan (1934). ''The Complete Catalog of the Tibetan Buddhist Canons (Bkaḩ-ḩgyur and Bstan-ḩgyur),'' pp. 4, 570. Tōhoku Imperial University and Saitō Gratitude Foundation, Sendai, Japan, August 1934.</ref>

This sutra also survives in four Chinese translations by four different translators: Moksala (c. 291 CE), Dharmaraksha (c. 286 CE), Kumārajīva (C. 403 CE), and Xuanzang (c. 660 - 663 CE).<ref>Taishō Shinshū Daizōkyō (大正新修大大), volume 8, text no. 221 Zhōnghuá dàzángjīng (大日本續藏經), volume 7, text no. 2</ref><ref>Taishō Shinshū Daizōkyō (大正新修大大藏經), volume 8, text no. 222 Zhōnghuá dàzángjīng (大日本續藏經), volume 7, text no. 4</ref><ref>Taishō Shinshū Daizōkyō (大正新修大大藏經), volume 8, text no. 223 Zhōnghuá dàzángjīng (大日本續藏經), volume 7, text no. 3</ref><ref>Taishō Shinshū Daizōkyō (大正新修修大藏經), volume 7, text no. 220 [2], scrolls 401-478 Zhōnghuá dàzángjīng (大日本續藏經), volume 1-6, text no. 1 [2]</ref>

Some Sanskrit manuscripts divide the sutra according to the eight sections of the ''[[Abhisamayalankara|Abhisamayālaṃkāra]]'', Watanabe calls these "revised" editions (as opposed to an "unrevised" versions). The revised editions also includes numerous other additions and changes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Perfection of Wisdom {{!}} 84000 Reading Room |url=https://read.84000.co/section/O1JC114941JC14665.html |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=84000 Translating The Words of The Buddha |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> According to Shogo Watanabe's comparative study of the various Large PP sutra sources, the ''Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā'' and the ''Aṣṭadaśasāhasrikā'' "are variant texts deriving from the same source." He posits an [[Urtext (biblical studies)|urtext]] from which both sutras developed.<ref name=":4" />

Watanabe also notes that the Chinese translations by Xuanzang contain the most expansions and additions and this shows how the text grew over time.<ref name=":4" />

==== ''Śatasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra'' ====
[[File:Perfection of Insight, Folio from a Shatasahasrika Prajnaparamita (The Perfection of Wisdom in 100,000 Verses) LACMA M.81.90.8 (1 of 2).jpg|thumb|Folio from a Perfection of Wisdom in 100,000 Verses manuscript]]
[[File:Prajnaparamita with Devotees, Folio from a Shatasahasrika Prajnaparamita (The Perfection of Wisdom in 100,000 Verses) LACMA M.81.90.6 (1 of 6).jpg|thumb|Folio from a Perfection of Wisdom in 100,000 Verses manuscript depicting the bodhisattva [[Prajnaparamita|Prajñāpāramitā]]]]
The ''Śatasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra'', (''100,000 line'' ''Perfection of Wisdom Sutra,'' T: ''shes rab kyi pha rol tu phyin pa strong phrag brgya pa'', C: 初會, pinyin: ''chū hùi'') exists in several Nepalese Sanskrit manuscripts.<ref>Bendall, Cecil (1883). ''Catalog of the Buddhist Sanskrit Manuscripts in the University Library, Cambridge. With Introductory Notices and Illustrations of the Paleography and Chronology of Nepal and Bengal (PDF),'' pp. 145-146''.'' University Press, Cambridge, May 1883. Filed from the original (PDF) February 14, 2015.</ref><ref>Pagngnaloka Thero, Deniyaye. ''On the Satasahasrika Prajnaparamita Manuscripts Preserved in Japan'', University of Kelanya, Sri Lanka.</ref> There is also a Tibetan translation by [[Jnanasutra|Yeshé Dé]] (730–805) and a Chinese translation by [[Xuanzang]] in 400 scrolls entitled “The Initial Assembly” (初會, chū huì).<ref>Stanley, D. Phillip (2005). [https://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/canons/kt/catalog.php#cat=d (D.9) Catalog Record.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803001139/http://www.thlib.org/encyclopedias/literary/canons/kt/catalog.php#cat=d |date=3 August 2021 }} The Tibetan and Himalayan Library, 2005.</ref><ref>Taishō Shinshū Daizōkyō (大正新修修大藏經藏經), Volumes 5–6, Text No. 220 [1] Zhōnghuá dàzángjīng (大日本續藏經), Volumes 1-6, Text No. 1 [1]</ref>

==== Recensions ====
Zachetti writes that when one analyses the different texts in the Larger PP family, "we find that, intricate as their patterns of correspondence may be...they generally do not fall into groups along the lines of the version-classification."<ref name=":9">Zacchetti 2005 p. 42.</ref> This means that, for example, the ''Pañcaviṃśati'' in the Tibetan Kanjur is not actually closer to other texts which are also called ''Pañcaviṃśati'' (like Xuanzang's ''Pañcaviṃśati'' or the Nepalese recension), but it is actually more similar to the Sanskrit ''Śatasāhasrikā.<ref name=":9" />'' Thus, Zachetti argues that there are different lines of transmission of a "Larger PP Ur-text" and that "each of these lines of transmission (or groups of texts), which I call recensions, may include (or might have included) different versions."''<ref name=":9" />''

Zachetti's hypothetical schema of some of these different lines of transmission (which focuses on the ''Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā'') outlines the following "main groupings of Larger PP texts":<ref>Zacchetti 2005 pp. 42-44.</ref>

* Group A. The Tibetan ''Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā'' in the Kanjur and the Sanskrit ''Śatasāhasrikā.''
* Group B. [[Xuanzang]]'s ''Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā'' and his ''Śatasāhasrikā.''
* Group C. The Nepalese version of the ''Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā.''
* Group D. The three earlier Chinese translations of the ''Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā.''
Zachetti adds that "at the level of versions, we see that a certain basic text, reflecting a certain recension, may easily be expanded or condensed by manipulating the lists found in this scripture." Thus, the various versions (18,000, 25,000 and 100,000) "are to be seen as particular textual generative principles, rather than as rigidly established "texts" in traditional terms."<ref>Zacchetti 2005 p. 46.</ref>

Thus, the size of the text is not particularly indicative of the content or of the age of the text itself, since any recension can be enlarged by expanding the various lists found in the sutras. This also means that different versions (based on size) can be created within different recensions.<ref>Zacchetti 2005 pp. 47-49.</ref>

== Commentaries ==
{{buddhism}}
The Large Perfection of Wisdom texts have been influential works in [[Mahayana Buddhism]]. This is indicated the number of commentaries written on these sutras.

In [[East Asian Buddhism]], the ''[[Da zhidu lun|Dà zhìdù lùn]]'' (大智度論, *''Mahāprajñāpāramitopadeśa,'' T no. 1509), which is a large and encyclopedic commentary to the ''Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā'' translated into Chinese by [[Kumārajīva]] (344–413 CE)'','' remains an important source for numerous Prajñaparamita topics.<ref name=":2">See: Lamotte, Etienne (French trans.); Karma Migme Chodron (English trans.); ''The Treatise on the Great Virtue of Wisdom of Nagarjuna -'' ''Mahāprajñāpāramitāśāstra'', Vol I, Introduction.</ref> This is the earliest known commentary to any of the Large PP sutras.<ref>Zacchetti 2005 p. 6.</ref>

Another Chinese commentary to the 25,000 line sutra was written by [[Jizang|Jízáng]] (549–623), an important figure of the Chinese Madhyamaka school.<ref>Taishō Shinshū Daizōkyō (大正新修大藏經), volume 33, text no. 1696</ref>

In [[Tibetan Buddhism]], the ''Prajñāpāramitā'' tradition focuses around the ''[[Abhisamayālaṅkāra]]'' (''Ornament of clear realization'', date unknown) and its numerous commentaries. According to John J. Makransky, the ''Ornament'' was probably written based on the 25,000 line Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra.<ref name=":3" /> The commentary on the ''Ornament'' by Ārya Vimuktisena (c. 6th century), is also a commentary on the ''25,000 line Perfection of Wisdom Sutra.''<ref>Sparham, Gareth (translator). ''Abhisamayalamkara with Vrtti and Aloka'' (in four volumes). Jain Publishing Company, 2006 (vol. 1) and 2008 (vol. 2).</ref>

Furthermore, a [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] scholar named Daṃṣṭrasena (Diṣṭasena, c. late eighth or early ninth century) wrote two commentaries that survive in Tibetan translation:

* ''A Commentary on Prajñāpāramitā in 100,000 Verses'' (Sanskrit: ''Shatasāhashrikā Prajñāpāramitābrhattīkā'', Tibetan: ''Shes rab kyi pha rol tu phyin pa vbum pa rgya cher vgrel pa'') which was translated by Surendrabodhi and Yeshe De.<ref>Derge Tenguyr, Shes Phyin, volumes 193–194, text no. 3807</ref>
* ''The Long Explanation of the Noble Perfection of Wisdom in One Hundred Thousand, Twenty-Five Thousand, and Eighteen Thousand Lines'' (''*Āryaśatasāhasrikāpañcaviṃśatisāhasrikāṣṭādaśasāhasrikāprajñāpāramitābṛhaṭṭīkā,'' Tibetan: ''P'hags pa shes rab kyi pha rol tu phyin pa vbum pa daq nyi khri lqa stoq pa daq khri brgyad stoq pavi rgya cher bshad pa''), also translated into Tibetan by Surendrabodhi and Yeshes De.<ref>Derge Tenguyr, Shes Phyin, volume 195, text no. 3808</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=The Long Explanation of the Noble Perfection of Wisdom in One Hundred Thousand, Twenty-Five Thousand, and Eighteen Thousand Lines / 84000 Reading Room |url=https://read.84000.co/translation/toh3808.html |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=84000 Translating The Words of The Buddha |language=en}}</ref> Some sources claim that this is by [[Vasubandhu]], but there are textual issues with this attribution.<ref name=":11" />
There are also two more Indian commentaries on the 25,000 line sutra which survive in Tibetan, one by Bhadanta Vimuktisena (a student of Ārya Vimuktasena) and one by Dharmakīrtishrī (Tōh. 3794).<ref>Ruegg, David (1969). ''Ārya and Bhadanta Vimuktisena on the Gotra-Theory of the Prajñāpāramitā''. Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Südasiens, vols. 12-13 [Frauwallner Festschrift] (1968-1969). pp. 303-317.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Perfection of Wisdom {{!}} 84000 Reading Room |url=https://read.84000.co/section/O1JC76301JC10416.html |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=84000 Translating The Words of The Buddha |language=en}}</ref>

One Indian commentary by Smṛtijñānakīrti (Tōh. 3789) (c. 12th century) is a commentary on all three Large sutras and the ''Abhisamayālaṅkāra''. It is titled: ''The meaning of the three works, the 100,000, the 25,000 and the 8,000 verses, as presented consistently in the 'Jewel of Cognition''<nowiki/>'" (Tibetan: ''Bum dang nyi-khri lnga stong-pa dang khri-brgyad stong-pa gsum don mthun-par-mngon-rtogs brgyad-du bstan-pa bzhugs-so'').<ref>Derge Tenguyr, Shes Phyin, volume 183, text no. 3789</ref>

The Tibetan [[Nyingma]] author Lochen Dharmaśrī (1654–1717) composed a commentary on the 100,000 line sutra entitled ''A Complete Commentary on Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra in 100,000 Verses'' (''Stoq-phrag-brgya-pavi rnam-par bshad-pa zhes-bya-ba'').<ref>Derge Tenguyr, Shes Phyin, volume 190, text no. 3802</ref>

Another Tibetan commentary was written by the [[Gelug]] figure Longdol Lama Ngawang Lobzang (1719–1794), it is titled: ''A Brief Explanation of the 108 Topics Treated in Shatasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā'' (''<nowiki/>'bum-gyi' grel-rkang brgya-rtsa-brgyad ngos-'dzin'').<ref>To 6542, Da, folios 1-16 in the 1st volume of the printed Gsung 'bum («collected works» by Tibetan and Mongolian Lamas and mystics)</ref>

== English Translations ==
The first English translation from the Large sutras was by [[Edward Conze]]. Conze's 1973 ''The Large Sutra of Perfect Wisdom'' is a composite translation which mostly contains material from the 25,000 line sutra and the 18,000 line sutra (as well as passages from the 8,000 and 100,000 line versions) arranged based on the divisions found in the ''Abhisamayālaṅkāra''. As such, this version is a scholarly construct by Conze.''<ref name=":0" />''<ref>Conze, Edward (1985). ''The Large Sutra on Perfect Wisdom: With the Divisions of the Abhisamayalankara,'' pp. x-xi. Center for South and Southeast Asia Studies, University of California, Berkeley, California (Book 18), 24. january 1985. {{ISBN|978-0-520-05321-2}}.</ref>

A recent translation of the full 18,000 line version from the [[Tibetan Buddhist canon|Tibetan canon]] has been published by [[Gareth Sparham]]''.<ref name=":0" />''

An ongoing translation of [[Xuanzang]]'s ''Śatasāhasrikā'' (''100,000 line'' ''Perfection of Wisdom Sutra'') is currently being undertaken by Naichen Chen, who has published 12 volumes so far as of October 2025.<ref>See: Naichen Chen's ''The Great Prajna Paramita Sutra'', Volumes 1 to 12 (2017, 2018, 2019, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025) Wheatmark, Inc.</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* Conze, Edward (1985). ''The Large Sutra on Perfect Wisdom: With the Divisions of the Abhisamayalankara''. Center for South and Southeast Asia Studies, University of California, Berkeley, California. {{ISBN|978-0-520-05321-2}}.
* Conze, Edward (1978). ''The Prajñāpāramitā Literature (2nd Edition).'' The Reiyukai, Tokyo.
* Conze, Edward (1974). ''The Gilgit manuscript of the Aṣṭādaśasāhasrikāprajñāpāramitā, chapters 70 to 82, corresponding to the 6th, 7th and 8th Abhisamayas''. Series Orientale Roma, 46, Roma, 1962, reprint 1974.
* Makransky, John J. (1997). ''Buddhahood Embodied: Sources of Controversy in India and Tibet.'' SUNY Press.
* Nattier, Jan. ''The Heart Sutra: A Chinese Apocryphal Text?''. Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies Vol. 15 Nbr. 2 (1992)
* Red Pine. ''The Heart Sutra: The Womb of the Buddhas'' (2004) Shoemaker 7 Hoard. {{ISBN|1-59376-009-4}}.
* Walser, Joseph (2005). ''Nagarjuna in Context: Mahayana Buddhism and Early Indian Culture.'' Columbia University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-231-13164-3}}.
* Zacchetti, Stefano (2005). ''In Praise of the Light : a critical synoptic edition with an annotated translation of chapters 1-3 of Dharmarakṣa's Guang zan jing 光讚經, being the earliest Chinese translation of the Larger Prajñāpāramitā.'' Tokyo: The International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology, Soka University. Bibliotheca philologica et philosophica buddhica, v. 8.

{{Buddhism topics}}
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[[Category:Mahayana sutras]]

Lady Castlereagh (1803 EIC ship)

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| renamed =
| struck =
| reinstated =
| honours =
| honors =
| captured =
| fate = Condemned and sold for breaking up October 1818
| notes =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| class =
| tons_burthen=821,<ref name=BL>[http://searcharchives.bl.uk/IAMS_VU2:IAMS045-001115255 ''British Library: Lady Castlereagh''.]</ref> 821{{small|{{frac|8|94}}}},{{sfn|Hackman|2001|p=137–138}} or 847,<ref name=LoM>{{Cite web |url=http://www.1812privateers.org/Great%20Britain/marque1793-1815.pdf |title=Letter of Marque, p.72 - accessed 25 July 2017. |access-date=13 October 2018 |archive-date=20 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020052005/http://www.1812privateers.org/Great%20Britain/marque1793-1815.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> or 848<ref name=LR1818/> ([[Builder's Old Measurement|bm]])
| length =*Overall:{{cvt|146|ft|5+1/2|in|m|1|abbr=on}}<ref name=BL/>
*Keel:{{cvt|118|ft|10|in|m|1|abbr=on}}<ref name=BL/>
| beam ={{cvt|36|ft|0+1/2|in|m|1|abbr=on}}<ref name=BL/>
| draught =
| draft =
| hold_depth = {{cvt|14|ft|9+1/2|in|m|1|abbr=on}}<ref name=BL/>
| propulsion =
| sail_plan =
| complement =*1803:101<ref name=LoM/>
*1805:101<ref name=LoM/>
*1809:101<ref name=LoM/>
*1811:120<ref name=LoM/>
| armament =*1803:27 × 18-pounder [[carronades]]<ref name=LoM/>
*1805:27 × 18-pounder carronades<ref name=LoM/>
*1809:27 × 18-pounder carronades<ref name=LoM/>
*1811:26 × 18-pounder guns<ref name=LoM/>
| notes =
}}
}}

'''''Lady Castlereagh''''' was launched in 1803. She made six apparently uneventful voyages to India and one to China for the British [[East India Company]] (EIC). She left the EIC's service and made one voyage [[transportation (punishment)|transporting]] [[convicts]] to Australia. She was returning from having delivered her convicts to [[Port Jackson]] and [[Van Diemen's Land]] when she was damaged in October 1818 a gale at Madras. She was surveyed there, condemned, and sold for breaking up.

==Career==
===1st EIC voyage (1803−1804)===
Captain William Edmeades (or Edmeader) acquired a [[letter of marque]] on 16 July 1803,<ref name=LoM/> i.e., it was issued after he had already sailed from [[The Downs (ship anchorage)|the Downs]] on 6 April, bound for Bengal. ''Lady Castlereagh'' reached Madeira on 27 April and arrived at [[Diamond Harbour]] on 14 September. Homeward bound, she was at [[Sagar Island|Saugor]] on 18 February, and [[Bencoolen Presidency|Bencoolen]] on 13 May. She reached [[Saint Helena|St Helena]] on 14 August.<ref name=BL/> Homeward bound, she left St Helena on 10 September in company with the whalers {{ship||Cornwall|1794 ship|2}} and {{ship||Ocean|1799 ship|2}}.<ref>''[[Lloyd's List]]'' [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.c2735021?urlappend=%3Bseq=387 №4501.]</ref> ''Lady Castlereagh'' arrived back at the Downs on 8 November.<ref name=BL/>

===2nd EIC voyage (1805−1806)===
Captain Thomas Garland Murray acquired a letter of marque on 15 March 1805.<ref name=LoM/> He sailed from Portsmouth on 25 April 1805, bound for St Helena and Bengal. ''Lady Castlereagh'' reached St Helena on 20 July and arrived at Diamond Harbour on 10 December. Homeward bound, she was at Saugor on 23 January 1806, reached St Helena on 15 May, and arrived back at the Downs on 18 July.

===3rd EIC voyage (1807−1808)===
Captain Murray sailed from Portsmouth on 18 April 1807, bound for [[Chennai|Madras]] and Bengal. ''Lady Castlereagh'' reached Madras on 9 September and arrived at Diamond Harbour on 28 November. Homeward bound, she was at Saugor on 16 January 1808, reached St Helena on 12 June, and arrived back at the Downs on 14 August.<ref name=BL/>

===4th EIC voyage (1809−1810)===
Captain William Hamilton acquired a letter of marque on 19 January 1809.<ref name=LoM/> He sailed from Portsmouth on 22 February, bound for St Helena and Bengal. ''Lady Castlereagh'' reached St Helena on 8 May and arrived at Diamond Harbour on 18 August. Homeward bound, she was at Saugor on 30 October and sailed down the west coast of India, reaching [[Visakhapatnam|Vizagapatam]] on 31 December and Madras on 13 January 1810. she was at St Helena on 3 May and arrived at the Downs on 6 July.

===5th EIC voyage (1811−1813)===
Captain George Simpson acquired a letter of marque on 11 May 1811.<ref name=LoM/> He sailed from Torbay on 30 May 1811, bound for Bengal. ''Lady Castlereagh'' reached Madeira on 21 June.<ref name=BL/> On 11 November she grounded at [[Khejuri II#Khijri|Kedgeree]] and was ordered to go up to [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] to go into dock.<ref>''[[Lloyd's List]]'' [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.c2735025?urlappend=%3Bseq=297 №4666.]</ref> and arrived at Calcutta on 16 December. Homeward bound, she was at Saugor on 15 April 1812. From there she sailed to Bencoolen, which she reached on 9 June, and Madras, which she reached on 22 August. She was at the [[Cape of Good Hope]] on 25 December, reached St Helena on 26 January 1813, and arrived at the Downs on 13 May.<ref name=BL/>

===6th EIC voyage (1814−1815)===
Captain Simpson sailed from Portsmouth on 8 June 1814, bound for Bengal. ''Lady Castlereagh'' reached Madeira on 23 June and arrived at Saugor on 28 November. Homeward bound, she was at Madras on 21 February 1815 and Colombo on 23 March. She was at the Cape on 31 May, reached St Helena on 5 July, and arrived at the Downs on 19 September.<ref name=BL/>

===7th EIC voyage (1816−1817)===
Captain Simpson sailed from Plymouth on 20 March 1816, bound for St Helena and China. ''Lady Castlereagh'' reached St Helena on 28 May and [[Batavia (Dutch East Indies)|Batavia]] on 5 September, before arriving at [[Whampoa Anchorage]] on 2 November. Homeward bound, she crossed the [[Pearl River (China)|Second Bar]] on 22 January 1817, reached st Helena on 10 April, and arrived at the Downs on 6 June.<ref name=BL/>

===Convict transport===
In 1817 ''Lady Castlereagh'' was sold. ''[[Lloyd's Register]]'' for 1818 showed her with Welton, master, Robinson, owner, and trade London–New South Wales.<ref name=LR1818>[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015005686806?urlappend=%3Bseq=343 ''Lloyd's Register'' (1818), Seq.№L31.]</ref>

Captain George Weltden sailed from England on 22 December 1817. ''Lady Castlereagh'' arrived at Port Jackson on 26 April 1818 and landed 39 convicts. She sailed on 4 May to Hobart where she arrived on 11 June.{{sfn|Bateson|1959|pp=306–307}} She had embarked 300 male convicts and landed the remaining 261 at Hobart.{{sfn|Bateson|1959|p=327}}

==Fate==
''Lady Castlereagh'' left Hobart on 26 May and returned to Port Jackson. There she embarked 150 men from the [[46th (South Devonshire) Regiment of Foot|46th Regiment of Foot]] for Madras. She arrived at Madras on 12 September. A gale on 24 October caused her to slip her cable and put out to sea.<ref>[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.c2735029?urlappend=%3Bseq=106 ''Lloyd's List'' №5372.]</ref> She was seen the next morning to have lost her foremast.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.32044050816529?urlappend=%3Bseq=101 |title=The Marine List |journal=Lloyd's List |issue=5371 |date=23 March 1819 |hdl=2027/hvd.32044050816529?urlappend=%3Bseq=101 }}</ref> A gale on 25 October dismasted her and she was so damaged that she was condemned.<ref>[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.c2735029?urlappend=%3Bseq=133 ''Lloyd's List'' №5379.]</ref> She was surveyed at Madras, condemned, and sold for breaking up.{{sfn|Hackman|2001|p=137–138}}

==Citations==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
* {{cite book |title =The Convict Ships, 1787-1868 | first =Charles | last =Bateson | year =1959 | publisher =Brown, Son & Ferguson | oclc =3778075}}
* {{cite book |last=Hackman |first=Rowan |year=2001 |title=Ships of the East India Company |location=Gravesend, Kent |publisher=World Ship Society |isbn=0-905617-96-7 }}

{{1818 shipwrecks}}

{{italic title}}

[[Category:1803 ships]]
[[Category:Ships of the British East India Company]]
[[Category:Age of Sail merchant ships of England]]
[[Category:Convict ships to New South Wales]]
[[Category:Convict ships to Tasmania]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1818]]

Seema Punia

2025-12-08T10:19:43Z

SadieHagelthorn: correct information further for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian discus thrower (born 1983)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| image = XIX Commonwealth Games-2010 Delhi Winners of Discus (Women’s) Krishna Poonia of India (Gold), Harwant Kaur of India (Silver) and Seema Antil of India (Bronze) during the medal presentation ceremony of the event (cropped) - Seema Antil.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Punia at the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1983|7|27}}
| birth_place = [[Khewra, Sonipat|Khewra]], [[Haryana]], India
| height = 1.82 m
| sport = [[Sport of athletics|Athletics]]
| event = [[Discus throw]]
| pb = 64.84 m ([[Kyiv]], 2004)
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Women's [[Sport of athletics|athletics]]}}[[File:Athletics pictogram.svg|30px]]
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2014 Asian Games|2014 Incheon]]|[[Athletics at the 2014 Asian Games – Women's discus throw|Discus throw]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2018 Asian Games|2018 Jakarta]]|[[Athletics at the 2018 Asian Games – Women's discus throw|Discus throw]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Athletics at the 2022 Asian Games – Women's discus throw|Discus throw]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2006 Commonwealth Games|2006 Melbourne]]|[[Athletics at the 2006 Commonwealth Games – Women's discus throw|Discus throw]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2014 Commonwealth Games|2014 Glasgow]]|[[Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's discus throw|Discus throw]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2018 Commonwealth Games|2018 Gold Coast]]|[[Athletics at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Women's discus throw|Discus throw]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2010 Commonwealth Games|2010 Delhi]]|[[Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's discus throw|Discus throw]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[World Athletics U20 Championships|World Junior Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2002 World Junior Championships in Athletics|2002 Kingston]]|[[2002 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Women's discus throw|Discus throw]]}}
}}

'''Seema Punia''' ([[née]] '''Antil''') (born 27 July 1983) is an Indian [[discus throw]]er.<ref>{{cite news |title=Seema Antil profile |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/london-olympics-2012/olympics-2012-players/seemaantil.cms |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Early and personal life ==
Seema was born in [[Khewra, Sonipat]] in [[Haryana]]. Her sporting career began at the age of 11 years as a [[Hurdling|hurdler]] and a [[Long jump|long-jumper]], but later took to [[discus throw]]. She studied in the [[Sonipat#Colleges|Government College, Sonipat]].

Seema is married to Ankush Punia, her coach, and a former discus thrower who represented India at the [[2004 Summer Olympics|2004 Athens Olympics]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=8 February 2011 |title=CWG medallist ties the knot |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110208/haryana.htm#9 |website=tribuneindia.com}}</ref>

==Career==
Seema originally won a gold medal at the [[2000 World Junior Championships in Athletics|2000 World Junior Championships]], where she earned the nickname: ''Millennium Child'' – but she was stripped off her medal due to a positive dope test for [[pseudoephedrine]].<ref>{{cite news |date=29 September 2014 |title=Asian Games 2014: Two no-shows and two doping charges later, Seema Punia spins gold |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/asian-games-2014-with-gold-discus-thrower-seema-punia-moves-past-doping-cloud/ |newspaper=The Indian Express}}</ref> As per the rules in force at that time for such an offence, her National Federation issued her a public warning after stripping her of the medal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/10/02/stories/07020116.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011023023217/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/10/02/stories/07020116.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=23 October 2001 |title=The Hindu : Seema Antil loses gold medal on ephedrine violation |publisher=Hinduonnet.com |date=2001-10-02 |access-date=2014-08-25}}</ref> She won a bronze medal at the next [[2002 World Junior Championships in Athletics|World Junior Championships in 2002]].

She won a silver medal at the [[2006 Commonwealth Games]], and was honoured with Bhim Award by the [[Government of Haryana]] on 26 June 2006. Her absence from the [[2006 Asian Games]] attracted considerable media attention.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ia.rediff.com/sports/2006/dec/09dohalead02.htm |title=Seema Antil not to take part in Doha |publisher=Ia.rediff.com |date=2004-12-31 |access-date=2014-08-25}}</ref> She had tested positive for a steroid ([[stanozolol]]) prior to the Games but was cleared to participate by her National Federation. She, however, opted out of the team for the Games.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/09/stories/2006120910962000.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070105021218/http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/09/stories/2006120910962000.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-01-05 |title=Seema cleared, opts out |date=2006-12-09 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2014-08-25}}</ref>

She won a bronze medal at the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]]. She finished 12th at the [[2012 Summer Olympics|2012 London Olympics]]. In 2014, she won a silver medal at the [[2014 Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]] and a gold at the [[2014 Asian Games|Asian Games]].<ref>{{cite magazine |title= India's discus thrower Seema Punia clinches gold at Asian Games |url= https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/asian-games-2014/story/india-seema-punia-clinches-discus-gold-at-asian-games-301412-2014-09-29 |magazine= India Today |date= 29 September 2014 |access-date= 6 October 2014}}</ref>

== International competitions ==
{| {{AchievementTable|Event=yes}}
|-
! colspan="6" |Representing {{IND}}
|-
|2002
|[[2002 World Junior Championships in Athletics|World Junior Championships]]
|[[Kingston, Jamaica]]
|bgcolor=cc9966|3rd
|[[2002 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Women's discus throw|Discus throw]]
|55.83 m
|-
|2004
|[[Athletics at the 2004 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]
|[[Athens, Greece]]
|14th
|[[Athletics at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's discus throw|Discus throw]]
|60.64 m
|-
|2006
|[[Athletics at the 2006 Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]
|[[Melbourne]], [[Australia]]
|bgcolor=silver|2nd
|[[Athletics at the 2006 Commonwealth Games – Women's discus throw|Discus throw]]
|60.56 m
|-
|2010
|[[Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]
|[[Delhi]], [[India]]
|bgcolor=cc9966|3rd
|[[Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's discus throw|Discus throw]]
|58.46 m
|-
|2012
|[[Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]
|[[London, England]]
|12th
|[[Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's discus throw|Discus throw]]
|61.91 m
|-
|rowspan=2|2014
|[[Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]
|[[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]]
|bgcolor=silver|2nd
|[[Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's discus throw|Discus throw]]
|58.44 m
|-
|[[Athletics at the 2014 Asian Games|Asian Games]]
|[[Incheon]], [[South Korea]]
|bgcolor=gold|1st
|[[Athletics at the 2014 Asian Games – Women's discus throw|Discus throw]]
|61.03 m
|-
|2016
|[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]
|[[Rio de Janeiro, Brazil]]
|20th
|[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's discus throw|Discus throw]]
|57.58 m
|-
|2018
|[[Athletics at the 2018 Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]
|[[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]], [[Australia]]
|bgcolor=silver|2nd
|[[Athletics at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Women's discus throw|Discus throw]]
|60.41 m
|-
|2021
|[[Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]
|[[Tokyo, Japan]]
|16th (q)
|[[Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's discus throw|Discus throw]]
|60.57 m
|-
|2023
|[[Athletics at the 2022 Asian Games|Asian Games]]
|[[Hangzhou, China]]
|bgcolor=cc9966|3rd
|[[Athletics at the 2022 Asian Games – Women's discus throw|Discus throw]]
|58.62 m
|}

==See also==
*[[List of sportspeople sanctioned for doping offences]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{World Athletics|id=14282762}}

{{Asian Games Champions Athletics Discus Throw Women}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Punia, Seema}}
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women discus throwers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:Olympic athletes for India]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2020 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for India]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2006 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2010 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2014 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2018 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games athletes for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Haryana]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Sonipat]]
[[Category:Doping cases in the sport of athletics]]
[[Category:Indian sportspeople in doping cases]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Athletes from Haryana]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2018 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:World Athletics Championships athletes for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists in athletics]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists in athletics]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in athletics (track and field)]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)]]

Vidima Village

2025-11-28T02:29:01Z

SadieHagelthorn: Location

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Vidima
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Village]] and [[Metropolitan area]]
| image =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| image_map1 =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Nagaland#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Kirha
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Administrative divisions of India#Regions|Region]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Northeast India]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nagaland]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Chümoukedima district|Chümoukedima District]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_footnotes =
| government_type =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| total_type = 
| area_footnotes =
| area_magnitude = 
| area_total_km2 = 
| area_land_km2 = 
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent =
| area_urban_km2 =
| area_metro_km2 =
| area_blank1_title =
| area_blank1_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m =
| elevation_min_m =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_rank =
| population_total = 562<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/nagaland/dimapur/chumukedima/vidima-population.html|title=Census of India 2011 – Vidima data|website=www.censusindia.com|access-date=7 January 2023}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_urban =
| population_density_urban_km2 =
| population_metro =
| population_density_metro_km2 =
| population_blank1_title = [[Demonym]]
| population_blank1 =
| population_density_blank1_km2 =
| population_blank2_title = Official
| population_blank2 = [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 797113
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| website = {{URL|nagaland.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Vidima''' is a village located in the [[Chümoukedima district|Chümoukedima District]] of [[Nagaland]] and is a suburb of [[Chümoukedima]], the district headquarters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://morungexpress.com/govt-notifies-jurisdiction-for-three-new-districts|title=Govt notifies jurisdiction for three new districts|date=20 December 2021|website=[[The Morung Express]]|access-date=7 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mapsofindia.com/villages/nagaland/dimapur/chumukedima/vidima.html|title=Map of Vidima|website=www.mapsofindia.com|access-date=4 January 2023}}</ref>

==Demographics==
Vidima is situated in the Chümoukedima District of Nagaland. As per the Population Census 2011, there are a total 121 households in Vidima. The total population of Vidima is 562.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiagrowing.com/Nagaland/Dimapur/Chumukedima/Vidima|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227075240/https://www.indiagrowing.com/Nagaland/Dimapur/Chumukedima/Vidima|url-status=usurped|archive-date=December 27, 2022|title=Census of India 2011 – Vidima data|website=indiagrowing.com|access-date=27 December 2022}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Chümoukedima district|Chümoukedima District]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|India}}

[[Category: Villages in Chümoukedima district]]

Muharram in Kashmir

2025-11-14T14:31:58Z

SadieHagelthorn: added initial entry added tags...

{{Short description|Religious period of mourning for Shia Muslims in Kashmir}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
[[File:Tasu'a and Ashura Hosseini ceremony in Kashmir 01 (4).jpg|thumb|[[Ashura]] procession in [[Kashmir Valley]]]]
In [[Kashmir]], the Islamic month of [[Muharram]] is observed with deep reverence, particularly by the [[Shia Islam|Shia Muslim]] community, who commemorate the martyrdom of [[Husayn ibn Ali]] at the [[Battle of Karbala]]. The observance, called Azadari-i-Muharram,{{Efn|{{Langx|ur|عزاداریِ محرم}}}} is marked by processions, rituals, and expressions of grief and solidarity. However, the practice has faced historical challenges, including restrictions and bans, which have influenced its manifestation in the region.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2023-07-29 |title=Why Shia celebrate Muharram, why was it banned in Kashmir? Here is the 30-yr-long Kashmir story |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/how-to/why-shia-celebrate-muharram-why-was-it-banned-in-kashmir-here-is-30-yr-long-kashmir-story/articleshow/102229314.cms |access-date=2025-10-15 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name="RW2010">{{cite web|author1=Islamic Republic News Agency|author-link=Islamic Republic News Agency|title=India: Govt clamps curfew to stop main Ashura procession in Kashmir|url=http://img.static.reliefweb.int/report/india/india-govt-clamps-curfew-stop-main-ashura-procession-kashmir|publisher=[[ReliefWeb]]|accessdate=11 April 2015|date=17 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102161119/http://img.static.reliefweb.int/report/india/india-govt-clamps-curfew-stop-main-ashura-procession-kashmir|archive-date=2 November 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Observance and rituals ==
Muharram in Kashmir is marked by solemn mourning rituals observed by the Shia community. The practices include:<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-06-26 |title=Muharram Observances Begin In Kashmir |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2025/06/26/muharram-observances-begin-in-kashmir/ |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=Kashmir Observer |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wani |first=Ayaan |date=5 July 2025 |title=Thousands join 8th Muharram procession in Srinagar |url=http://brighterkashmir.com//news/thousands-join-8th-muharram-procession-in-srinagar |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=Brighter Kashmir}}</ref>

* [[Alam (finial)|Alam]] Processions: Processions carrying [[Alam (finial)|alams]] (standards or flags) symbolizing the [[List of casualties in Husayn's army at the Battle of Karbala|martyrs of Karbala]], especially on 5th of Muharram.<ref>{{Cite web |last=YUSUF |first=SHABIR IBN |date=2025-07-01 |title=5th Muharram Alam Shareef processions carried with reverence in city |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/city/5th-muharram-alam-shareef-processions-carried-with-reverence-in-city/ |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-07-12 |title=On 5th Muharram, Alam Procession Carried Out In Srinagar |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2024/07/12/on-5th-muharram-alam-procession-carried-out-in-srinagar/ |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=Kashmir Observer |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Zuljanah]] Procession: A ceremonial procession featuring a decorated replica of [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn’s]] horse ([[Zuljanah]]), representing the martyr’s journey to [[Karbala]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-07-06 |title=Youm-e-Ashura: Elaborate arrangements in place for smooth passage of Zuljanah processions across Kashmir, says IGP Birdi {{!}} Free Press Kashmir |url=https://freepresskashmir.news/2025/07/06/youm-e-ashura-elaborate-arrangements-in-place-for-smooth-passage-of-zuljanah-processions-across-kashmir-says-igp-birdi/ |access-date=2025-10-15 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-17 |title=Zuljanah Procession Begins As Shia Mourners March From Bota Kadal To Zadibal |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2024/07/17/zuljanah-procession-begins-as-shia-mourners-march-from-bota-kadal-to-zadibal/ |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=Kashmir Observer |language=en-US}}</ref> Usually two main zuljanah processions are observed on Ashura in Kashmir. One in the capital city of Srinagar, and one another in [[Budgam]] district. The procession of capital city is authorised to All Jammu and Kashmir Shia Association and Anjuman-e-Sharie Shia Jammu and Kashmir alternately, while procession of budgam is undertaken by Anjuman-e-Sharie Shia, Jammu and Kashmir, alone.
* [[Noha|Nowheh]] Khawani: Recitation of [[Noha#Kashmiri Nowheh|Kashmiri Nowheh]] in [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], and urdu that narrate the suffering of [[Husayn ibn Ali]] and his followers, that follows a chest beating ritual like Latmiya.
* [[Majlis]] (Religious gathering): Sermons and recitations are held in [[Husayniyya|Imambaras]], where scholars recount the events of Karbala and deliver discourses on themes of sacrifice, justice.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-07-20 |title=All Jammu & Kashmir Shia Association Holds Majlis-e-Aza and Marsiya Khawani Across Valley |url=https://www.knskashmir.com/all-jammu-and-kashmir-shia-association-holds-majlis-e-aza-and-marsiya-khawani-across-valley-196547 |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=KNS |language=en-GB |publication-place=[[Srinagar]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Burhan |first=Syed Mohammad |date=2025-07-21 |title=25th Muharram Observed with Majalis, Processions Across Kashmir |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2025/07/21/25th-muharram-observed-with-majalis-processions-across-kashmir/ |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=Kashmir Observer |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Niyaz and Sabeel: Food and water are distributed as acts of charity, symbolizing the thirst of [[Husayn ibn Ali]] and his companions at [[Karbala]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-30 |title=The Spirit of Sabeel-e-Hussain Lives On in Kashmir’s Moharram Traditions |url=https://www.morningkashmir.com/the-spirit-of-sabeel-e-hussain-lives-on-in-kashmirs-moharram-traditions/ |access-date=2025-10-15 |language=en-US}}</ref>
<gallery mode="nolines" widths="170">
File:Tasu'a and Ashura Hosseini ceremony in Kashmir 01 (20).jpg|[[Alam (finial)|Alam]] procession in kashmir
File:Tasu'a and Ashura Hosseini ceremony in Kashmir 01 (16).jpg|[[Latmiya]] (ritual chest beating) in [[Srinagar]]
File:Tasu'a and Ashura Hosseini ceremony in Kashmir 01 (11).jpg|alt=Shia Muslims attending a Majlis in Kashmir, with a cleric delivering a sermon at the microphone during Muharram observances.|Shia Muslims attending a [[Majlis]] in [[Kashmir]], with a cleric delivering a [[sermon]].
File:Tasu'a and Ashura Hosseini ceremony in Kashmir 01 (10).jpg|Children serving refreshments at sabeel stalls
</gallery>Major public processions in Srinagar traditionally began at Abi Guzar, passed through [[Maisuma]], and ended at Zadibal. These processions are the central feature of Muharram observance in [[Kashmir]], usually taking place on the 8th and 10th days of the month and lasting several hours. In addition, smaller processions are held in other districts, including [[Baramulla]], [[Kulgam]], [[Leh]], and [[Kargil]], reflecting the widespread regional participation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last= |date=2025-07-04 |title=Srinagar Muharram procession sees thousands participate peacefully |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jammu-and-kashmir/thousands-take-part-in-muharram-procession-in-srinagar/article69771482.ece |access-date=2025-10-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-29 |title=Story of the Muharram procession in Srinagar, back after three decades |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-history/story-of-the-muharram-procession-in-srinagar-back-after-three-decades-8865710/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731144228/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-history/story-of-the-muharram-procession-in-srinagar-back-after-three-decades-8865710/ |archive-date=2023-07-31 |access-date=2025-10-15 |work=The Indian Express |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-03 |title=Strict Timings, Tight Security for Kashmir’s Biggest Muharram Procession Today |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2025/07/03/strict-timings-tight-security-for-kashmirs-biggest-muharram-procession-today/ |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=Kashmir Observer |language=en-US}}</ref>

== History ==
The tradition of [[Mourning of Muharram|Muharram processions]] in [[Kashmir]] dates back several centuries. Under the rule of the [[Dogra dynasty|Dogra]] kings in the early 20th century, the Shia community faced restrictions on their religious practices. In the 1920s, the Dogra administration mandated that Muharram processions conclude before sunrise, citing concerns over Shia–Sunni tensions. Despite these restrictions, the community continued to observe the month with devotion, often defying the imposed limitations.<ref name=":0" />

For decades, the [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]] had maintained a ban on major mourning processions, a restriction put in place since the rise of [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|insurgency in the region]] in the 1990s. While smaller gatherings were permitted in predominantly Shia areas like [[Baramulla]], [[Kulgam]], [[Leh]], and [[Kargil]], the traditional route in [[Srinagar]], running from Abi Guzar, through [[Maisuma]], and ending at [[Imambara Zadibal|Imambara]] in [[Zadibal]], was closed to mourners, often leading to clashes with police forces.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashiq |first=Peerzada |date=2019-09-07 |title=Muharram processions banned in Kashmir Valley |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/muharram-processions-banned-in-valley/article29362910.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=2025-10-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-28 |title=Restrictions in parts of Kashmir to prevent Muharram processions |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/restrictions-parts-of-kashmir-prevent-muharram-processions-6573526/ |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=6 July 2025 |title=Youm-e-Ashura... |url=https://epaper.greaterkashmir.com/4029824/Greater-Kashmir/06-07-2025#page/8 |work=[[Greater Kashmir]] |page=8 |language=en |type=Newspaper}}</ref>

=== Recent developments ===
In 2023, after a hiatus of 34 years, the [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir administration]] permitted the 8th Muharram procession along its traditional route in [[Srinagar]]. This decision was met with a mix of relief and scepticism within the community. While some viewed it as a restoration of religious rights, others perceived it as a political move to project normalcy in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Qayoom |first=Aatif |date=2025-07-05 |title=Thousands participate in 8th Muharram procession in Srinagar |url=https://risingkashmir.com/thousands-participate-in-8th-muharram-procession-in-srinagar-2/ |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=Rising Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 Jul 2023 |title=Traditional Kashmir Muharram procession allowed for first time in decades |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/27/shia-mourners-in-kashmir-allowed-muharram-procession-after-three-decades |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-05 |title=Historic 8th Muharram Procession Returns to Srinagar Streets for Third Year |url=https://www.morningkashmir.com/historic-8th-muharram-procession-returns-to-srinagar-streets-for-third-year/ |access-date=2025-10-15 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Communal harmony and participation ==
In recent years, [[Mourning of Muharram|Muharram observances]] in [[Kashmir]] have often been marked by displays of communal harmony and inter-sect unity. Both [[Shia Islam|Shia]] and [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslims]] have participated jointly in mourning processions, with volunteers from different sects organizing sabeels to distribute refreshments to mourners. The resumption of major processions in [[Srinagar]], including those on the 8th and 10th of [[Muharram]], has also seen the participation and support of [[Hindus|Hindu]], [[Sikhs|Sikh]], and [[Kashmiri Pandits|Kashmiri Pandit]] residents, reflecting broader social solidarity. Religious leaders and community representatives, through coordination committees and public appeals, have emphasized restraint, mutual respect, and the preservation of Muharram’s sanctity. The events have come to symbolize inter-communal cooperation, peace, and renewed normalcy in the Valley following decades of restrictions.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-07-17 |title=Jammu And Kashmir: Centuries-old Interfaith Harmony Evident During Ashura Procession In Srinagar |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!state/jammu-and-kashmir-centuries-old-interfaith-harmony-evident-during-ashura-procession-in-srinagar-enn24071706570 |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shia–Sunni bonhomie shines in Srinagar during Muharram |url=http://brighterkashmir.com//news/shiasunni-bonhomie-shines-in-srinagar-during-muharram |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=Brighter Kashmir}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Shia Islam
}}

* [[Muharram in Bahrain|Persecution of Kashmiri Shias]]
* [[Azadari in Lucknow]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Islam in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Mourning of Muharram]]

Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology

2025-11-14T09:02:47Z

SadieHagelthorn: article!

{{Short description|University in Chennai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{COI|date=March 2017}}
{{advert|date=March 2017}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2023}}
}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology
| image = Veltech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology logo.png
| image_size = 200px
| established = {{start date and age|1997}}
| type = [[Deemed University]]
| founder = Dr. R. Rangarajan
| accreditation = Naac A++
| academic_affiliation = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], [[MHRD]]
| chairperson = Dr.Rangarajan Mahalakshmi K
| chancellor = R. Rangarajan
| vice_chancellor = Prof. Rajat Gupta
| website = {{URL|https://veltech.edu.in/}}
| other_name = Vel Tech University
| city = [[Avadi, Chennai, Tamil Nadu]]
| state = Tamil Nadu
| country = India
| address = No.42, Avadi-Vel Tech Road, Vel Nagar
| location =
| coordinates = {{coord|display=inline,title|type:edu}}
| campus_type = Suburban
| campus_size = {{Convert|66.75|acre}}
}}

'''Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology''', formerly known as '''Vel Tech Dr. R. R. & Dr. S. R. University and''' commonly referred to as '''Vel Tech''', is a private institute located in [[Avadi, Chennai, Tamil Nadu]]. It offers [[undergraduate]], [[postgraduate]] and Doctoral programmes in [[engineering]] and [[technology]], in addition to a [[Master of Business Administration]]. It consists of four other campuses such as the Multi Tech, High Tech, And the Arts and Science.

==History==
Vel Tech was established in 1997 by Dr. R. Rangarajan and Dr. Sagunthala Rangarajan as an engineering college affiliated to the [[University of Madras]], with courses in [[computer science|computer science & engineering]], [[electronic engineering|electronics & communication engineering]] and [[electrical engineering|electrical & electronics engineering]]. From 2001 the college was affiliated to [[Anna University]]. The college was recognised as a [[deemed-to-be-university]] in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/deemed_uniinfo.aspx?id=156|title=University|website=www.ugc.ac.in|access-date=2019-09-13}}</ref>

==Accreditation==
In November 2014 Vel Tech received Tier I accreditation from the [[National Board of Accreditation]] for its aeronautical and mechanical engineering undergraduate programs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://epaper.newindianexpress.com/378741/EDEX/24-11-2014#dual/6/1 |title=VELTECH University courses get accredited by the NBA |publisher=New Indian Express |date=24 November 2014 |access-date=18 April 2016}}</ref> In December 2015 the university was accredited with an "A" grade by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]].<ref name=NAAC>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/varsity-gets-a-grade/article8015756.ece |title=Varsity gets 'A' grade |work=The Hindu |date=22 December 2015 |access-date=18 April 2016}}</ref> law. In February 2023, the university was accredited with an "A++" grade (the highest grade) by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]].<ref name="NAAC" /> law.

Vel Tech was ranked 87 among the engineering colleges inking Framework]] (NIRF) in 2022.<ref name=Rankings_NIRF_E_2022/> Naac A++ .Recognised as category 1 Deemed to be university by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|university grants commission]].

==Academic activities==
Vel Tech has adapted the new pedagogical process called "Conceive-Design-Implement-Operate" ([[CDIO Initiative|CDIO]]) approach.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdio.org/|title=CDIO |date=2016}}</ref> CDIO imbibed syllabus helps the students to acquire professional, personal and inter-personal skills systematically.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://epaper.newindianexpress.com/c/9377785/|title= first Indian Institute in CDIO|date=2016}}</ref>

==Location==
Vel Tech has a campus of about {{convert|66.75|acre}}. The campus is located in the [[Outer Ring Road, Chennai|Outer Ring Road]] in West Chennai, [[Avadi]].

== Academics ==
Academic programmes are offered in engineering, management, media technology and law.

The Choice Based Credit System (CBCS) gives student's flexibility to choose the course of their choice and learn at their own pace. CDIO methodology is also practiced in the curriculum. The Institution is the first member from India to implement and practice CDIO methodology.

*School of Sciences and Humanities
*School of Computing
*School of Electrical and Communication
*School of Mechanical and Construction
*School of Management
*School of Commerce
*School of Law
*School of Media Technology & Communication

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Education in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala RandD Institute of Science and Technology}}
[[Category:All India Council for Technical Education]]
[[Category:Deemed universities in Tamil Nadu|Chennai]]
[[Category:Universities in Chennai]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Chennai]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1997]]
[[Category:1997 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Academic institutions formerly affiliated with the University of Madras]]

B. N. Suresh

2025-10-23T06:28:05Z

SadieHagelthorn: quick adjust intro and corrected details

{{short description|Indian scientist}}
{{about|the engineer|carnatic flautist|B. N. Suresh (musician)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{COI|date=October 2021}}
{{BLP sources|date=October 2021}}
{{Resume-like|date=September 2024}}
}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}

'''Byrana Nagappa Suresh''' (born 12 November 1943) is an Indian aerospace scientist. He serves as chancellor of the [[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram|Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology]] (IIST) in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and is a professor at [[ISRO]] Headquarters.

== Early life and education ==
Suresh's father was an agriculturist in Hosakere, Andagar, a small village near [[Koppa, India|Koppa]], situated near [[Sringeri]] in [[Karnataka]], India.<ref name="From a coffee planter's son to a great scientist - CIOL">{{Cite web |date=2013-02-01 |title=Dr BN Suresh: From a coffee planter's son to a great scientist - CIOL |url=https://www.ciol.com/dr-bn-suresh-from-coffee-planters-son-scientist/ |access-date=2022-08-16 |website=CIOL |language=en-US}}</ref> He attended his entire schooling in Andagar and Koppa and studied in Kannada medium. After Suresh earned his bachelor's degree in science in 1963 and engineering in 1967 from [[Mysore University]], he took his master's degree in mechanical engineering from [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras]] in 1969.<ref name="Dr. BN Suresh">{{Cite web |title=Dr. BN Suresh |url=https://www.vssc.gov.in/Suresh.html |access-date=2022-08-16 |website=www.vssc.gov.in}}</ref> He completed his doctorate in control systems from [[University of Salford|Salford University]], in 1978.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

== Career ==
He was president of the Indian National Academy of Engineering (INAE) in Delhi from 2015 to 2018 and director of the [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]] (VSSC) in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] from 2003 to 2007,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Research Webinar 2021 {{!}} National Level Webinar |url=https://www.iae.education/speaker/dr-bn-suresh/5 |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=www.iae.education}}</ref> where he contributed to the development of Indian launch vehicles and the [[Space Capsule Recovery Experiment]]s (SRE), as well as research and development management.<ref>{{cite news |title = Accuracy of return unbelievable: B.N. Suresh |url = http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/23/stories/2007012306171200.htm |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070210080315/http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/23/stories/2007012306171200.htm |url-status = dead |archive-date = 10 February 2007 |date = 23 January 2007 |work = [[The Hindu]] |access-date = 17 June 2009 }}</ref>

Suresh was also the founding director of the IIST,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iist.ac.in/aboutus/former-director|title=B. N. Suresh|publisher=IIST|access-date=25 December 2009}}</ref> a position he held until his retirement in November 2010. Following his retirement, he served as the Vikram Sarabhai Distinguished Professor at ISRO Headquarters for five years. Additionally, he was a professor at IIT Mumbai and MIT Manipal for three years. He was a member of the Board of Governors at IIT Madras for seven years, until July 2018, and later became vice chair for the Design Division of the Aeronautical Society of India. He contributed as an associate editor of the book ''[[From Fishing Hamlet To Red Planet]]'' and co-authored ''[[Ever Upwards: ISRO in Images]],'' both of which document the history of the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO).

Suresh is president of the Jnanadeepa Senior Secondary School and the Sri Aurobindo Foundation for Education in Shivamogga, Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite book|title=From Fishing Hamlet to Red Planet: India's Space Journey|last=Organization|first=Indian Space Research|date=2015-12-28|publisher=Harper Collins India|isbn=9789351776895|language=en|id= {{ASIN|9351776891|country=in}}}}</ref>

Suresh has received several honors, including the Padma Bhushan in 2013 and the Padma Shri in 2002.<ref name="Welcome to Institute for Academic Excellence">{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Institute for Academic Excellence |url=https://www.iae.education/speaker/dr-bn-suresh/5 |access-date=2022-08-16 |website=www.iae.education}}</ref> He also received the Aryabhata Award from the Astronautical Society of India in 2009.<ref name="Welcome to Institute for Academic Excellence" /><ref name="Chancellor">{{Cite web |last=SpaSci1157Tec |date=2018-01-15 |title=Chancellor |url=https://www.iist.ac.in/aboutus/chancellor |access-date=2022-08-16 |website=www.iist.ac.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Byrana Nagappa Suresh |url=https://www.asianscientist.com/scientist/byrana-nagappa-suresh/ |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Asian Scientist Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==
=== Articles ===
* {{Cite journal |last1=Shine |first1=S.R. |last2=Sunil Kumar |first2=S. |last3=Suresh |first3=B.N. |date=2012 |title=A new generalised model for liquid film cooling in rocket combustion chambers |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0017931012003195 |journal=International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer |language=en |volume=55 |issue=19–20 |pages=5065–5075 |doi=10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2012.05.006|bibcode=2012IJHMT..55.5065S |url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=S. |last2=Suresh |first2=B. N. |last3=Sivan |first3=K. |date=2007 |title=Evolution of Indian launch vehicle technologies |journal= Current Science|volume=93 |issue=12 |pages=1697–1714 |language=en |jstor=24102066}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Shine |first1=S. R. |last2=Kumar |first2=S. Sunil |last3=Suresh |first3=B. N. |date=2012 |title=Internal Wall-Jet Film Cooling with Straight Cylindrical Holes |url=https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/10.2514/1.T3847 |journal=Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer |language=en |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=439–449 |doi=10.2514/1.T3847 |issn=0887-8722|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Suresh |first1=B.N. |last2=Sivan |first2=K. |date=2015 |title=Integrated Design for Space Transportation System |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-81-322-2532-4 |language=en |location=New Delhi |publisher=Springer India |doi=10.1007/978-81-322-2532-4 |isbn=978-81-322-2531-7}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Suresh |first=B.N. |date=2009 |title=Roadmap of Indian space transportation |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0094576508003226 |journal=Acta Astronautica |language=en |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=395–402 |doi=10.1016/j.actaastro.2008.09.009|bibcode=2009AcAau..64..395S |url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Shine |first1=S. R. |last2=Sunil Kumar |first2=S. |last3=Suresh |first3=B. N. |date=2012 |title=Influence of coolant injector configuration on film cooling effectiveness for gaseous and liquid film coolants |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00231-011-0936-z |journal=Heat and Mass Transfer |language=en |volume=48 |issue=5 |pages=849–861 |doi=10.1007/s00231-011-0936-z |bibcode=2012HMT....48..849S |s2cid=119561918 |issn=0947-7411|url-access=subscription }}

=== Books ===
* {{Cite book |last=Suresh |first=B.N. |title=Integrated Design for Space Transportation System |date=2015 |publisher=Springer India |isbn=978-81-322-2532-4 |location=New Delhi |oclc=1194490782}}
* {{Cite book |title=Space and beyond : professional voyage of K. Kasturirangan |date=2021 |isbn=978-981-336-510-0 |location=Singapore |oclc=1247939545|last1=Suresh |first1=B. N. }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Rao |first1=P. V. Manoranjan |url=https://www.amazon.in/Ever-Upwards-Images-Manoranjan-Rao-ebook/dp/B07VGKFM37/ref=sr_1_1?qid=1660585085&refinements=p_27%253ABN+Suresh&s=books&sr=1-1 |title=Ever Upwards: ISRO in Images |last2=Suresh |first2=B. N. |last3=Balagangadharan |first3=V. P. |date=2019-07-17 |publisher=Universities Press |language=English}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.isro.org/pressrelease/Feb21_2006.htm ISRO News]
*[http://www.cmmacs.ernet.in/cmmacs/News_clips/iitm_news_357.pdf cmmacs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061006005229/http://www.cmmacs.ernet.in/cmmacs/News_clips/iitm_news_357.pdf |date=6 October 2006 }}
*[http://inae.in/expert-search/index.php/b-n-suresh INAE profile]
* {{Cite web |title=B. N. Suresh - Semantic Scholar |url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/B.-N.-Suresh/95951149 |access-date=2022-08-16 |website=www.semanticscholar.org |language=en}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{s-bef|before=[[G. Madhavan Nair]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Director, [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]]|years=2003 - 2007}}
{{s-aft|after=[[K. Radhakrishnan]]}}
{{end}}

{{2000s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2010–19}}
{{Indian space programme}}

{{authority control}}

* https://www.incose.org/events-and-news/incose-and-se-news/2018/08/06/incose-recognizes-dr-b-n-suresh-(isro)-with-pioneer-award

{{DEFAULTSORT:Suresh, B. N.}}
[[Category:IIT Madras alumni]]
[[Category:ISRO people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Salford]]
[[Category:Scientists from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian aerospace engineers]]
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:University of Mysore alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Engineers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:People from Belagavi district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Rajyotsava Award 2014]]

Kanchanmala Pande

2025-10-19T05:59:22Z

SadieHagelthorn: Starting New Article V1

{{short description|Indian swimmer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Kanchanmala Pande
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Kanchanmala Pande
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1990|12|31}}
| birth_place = [[Amravati]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| height =
| weight =
| sport = [[Swimming (sport)|Swimming]]
| position = World champion 2017 IPC para world championship Mexico City
| disability = Visually Impaired
| disability_class = S11, SB11, SM11
| event = [[Breaststroke]], Backstroke, Freestyle and [[Individual medley]]
| highest_ranking =
| date_of_highest_ranking =
| current_ranking =
| date_of_current_ranking =
| country = India
| handedness =
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalSport|Women's [[Para-swimming classification|Para-Swimming]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[IDM Berlin]]}}
{{MedalSilver| [[2015 German Swimming Championships|2017 Mexico City]] |Women's 200m IM}}
}}
'''Kanchanmala D Pande''' is a blind international female [[swimmer]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://presidentofindia.nic.in/sp181113.html? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506113017/http://presidentofindia.nic.in/sp181113.html |archive-date=6 May 2014 |title=SPEECH BY THE PRESIDENT ON THE PRESENTATION OF THE BOOK 'THE LIGHT WITHIN' BY MS. SIPRA DAS |location=Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi |date=18 November 2013 |website=The President of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/sports/Guangzhouparagames/2010-12/14/content_11700479.htm |title=Indian whiz at home in the pool |first=Sun |last=Xiaochen |work=China Daily |date=2010-12-14 |access-date=7 May 2024}}</ref> She has won several medals at international, National and State level since she was a child. Her current medal tally stands at 120 including 115 gold, 4 silver and 1 bronze at international, national and state levels. She has competed successfully with sighted swimmers at all levels.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JlaAqlT9R9E |title=Nazar Ya Nazariya Episode 10 Sports & Recreation |via=YouTube |publisher=Eyeway India |date=November 22, 2013}}</ref>

Pande has won eleven international medals, including the world championship in 2017 at Mexico apart from participation in [[Commonwealth Games]], 2006 at Australia,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://melbourne2006.com.au/Participants/Participants?ID=106091 |title=PANDE Kanchanmala |website=Melbourne 2006 Commonwealth Games |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830150913/http://melbourne2006.com.au/Participants/Participants?ID=106091 |archive-date=30 August 2006 |access-date=6 May 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/.../article3054348.ece?|title = Rich hauls by Indians|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 29 November 2006}}</ref> [[FESPIC Games]] 2006 at Malaysia,<ref>http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/sports/.../2010-12/.../content_11700479.htm? {{Dead link|date=February 2022 |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Para-Asian games 2010, at China and numerous other tournaments.
She has always been a<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=leJOqO2-zUs |title=Nazar Ya Nazariya Episode 10 Sports & Recreation Short Version with Subtitle |via=YouTube |publisher=Eyeway India |date=22 November 2013}}</ref> gold medalist at national and state levels.
She has made a remarkable comeback after her maternity by winning three golds in the national championship and intends to participate in forthcoming national and international tournaments including Asian para games.
She is class I officer in the Reserve Bank of India

==Honours and awards==
Kanchanmala has been honored with numerous awards, including:

* NCPEDP-Mindtree Special jury Helen Keller award 2021.

* The National award for Persons with Disabilities in the best sports person category on 3 December 2018, at the hands of Vice President of India Shree Venkaiah Naidu.

* Featured in "The light within A Different Vision of Life" by Sipra Das {{ISBN|9789381523629}}

* Featured in ‘Nazar ya Nazariya’ National tele-serial by Eye way, and ‘Yeh Hai Raushni ka Karvan’ a National Radio Serial by Score Foundation.

* "Outstanding Sportsman Special Award" Awarded by IBSA (Indian Blind Sports Association) New Delhi on 10 Jan. 2012.

* "ASPIRE Talent Award 2009" Awarded by H.R.D. Minister Shri Kapil Sibble at Gurgaon (New Delhi) on 27 Aug. 2009.

* EKLAVYA KRIDA PURASKAR 2008, Awarded by Govt. of Maharashtra State (at the hand of Governor of Maharashtra Shri Jamir) On 2 Aug. 2009

* "Neelam Kanga Award 2009" Awarded at Mumbai by Dy. Chief Minister Shri Chhagan Bhujbal on 19 Jan. 2009.

* Krida Ratna Purskar 2006, Awarded by Commissioner, Amravati Municipal Corporation, Amravati on 29 March 2006.

* AIASHA Jagatik Kartrutwan Mahila Purskar 2005, Awarded by All India Stri Heeth Association, Mumbai.

* March 2004 'Parakh Khel Ratna Purskar' Awarded by Parakh Samaj Kalyan Sanstha, Nagpur.

* 26 January 2003 Awarded by Vilasrao Balkrushna Patil, Minister Maharashtra state & Palak Mantri.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite news|url=https://www.paralympic.org/kanchanmala-pande |title=Kanchanmala Pande |newspaper=International Paralympic Committee |publisher=Paralympic Movement |access-date=2019-12-03}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pande, Kanchanmala}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female swimmers]]
[[Category:Indian blind people]]
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:People from Amravati]]
[[Category:FESPIC Games competitors]]

Gulam Rabbani Taban

2025-10-16T17:14:40Z

SadieHagelthorn: Made

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gulam Rabbani Taban
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = 14 February 1914
| birth_place = [[Kaimganj]], [[Farrukhabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| death_date = 7 February 1993
| death_place = [[Jamia Nagar]], [[New Delhi]], India
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Urdu poet
| yearsactive =
| known for =
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] [[Sahitya Akademi Award]]
}}
'''Gulam Rabbani''' was an Indian lawyer and poet of [[Urdu literature]] who wrote under the nom de plume ''''Taban''''.<ref name="A song to Delhi's unsung poet...">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/30/stories/2002093000550200.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030914020927/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/30/stories/2002093000550200.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=14 September 2003 | title=A song to Delhi's unsung poet... | date=30 September 2002 | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | accessdate=28 May 2015}}</ref> He wrote several poems in Urdu, especially [[ghazals]],<ref name="Ghazals of Taban Ghulam Rabbani">{{cite web | url=https://rekhta.org/poets/taban-ghulam-rabbani | title=Ghazals of Taban Ghulam Rabbani | publisher=Rekhta | date=2015 | accessdate=28 May 2015}}</ref> and was known for his works, ''Zauq-i safar'',<ref name="Zauq-i safar">{{cite book | asin=B0000CRMIC | url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0000CRMIC | title=Zauq-i safar | publisher=Habbah Taban | author=Ghulam Rabbani Taban | year=1970 | pages=192}}</ref> ''Nava-e-avara'',<ref name="Nava-e-avara">{{cite book | url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0000CR9TR | title=Nava-e-avara | publisher=Rajapala enda Sanza | author=Ghulam Rabbani Taban | year=1980 | pages=79 | asin=B0000CR9TR}}</ref> ''Poetics to politics''<ref name="Poetics to politics">{{cite book | title=Poetics to politics | publisher=Peoples Publishing House | author=Ghulam Rabbani Taban | year=1987 | pages=97 | isbn=978-8170070603}}</ref> and ''Saz-i larzan''.<ref name="Saz-i larzan">{{cite book | url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0000CRPAQ | title=Saz-i larzan | publisher=Indian Literary Society | author=Ghulam Rabbani Taban | pages=140 | asin=B0000CRPAQ}}</ref> He received the [[Sahitya Akademi award]] in 1979 for his work, ''Nava-e-avara''.<ref name="Sahitya Akademi Award winners">{{cite web | url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp | title=Sahitya Akademi Award winners | publisher=Sahitya Akademi Award | date=2015 | accessdate=28 May 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084937/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He was honoured by the [[Government of India]] in 1971 with [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest Indian civilian award.<ref name="Padma Shri">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Shri | publisher=Padma Shri | date=2015 | accessdate=11 November 2014 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Biography==
Gulam Rabbani was born at [[Kaimganj]], a small hamlet in [[Farrukhabad district]] in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] on 15 February 1914 in a rich family of [[Zamindar]]s.<ref name="A song to Delhi's unsung poet..." /> He did his early schooling at the local village school and passed the intermediate examination from [[Aligarh]]. He graduated from [[St. John's College, Agra]] where he mixed with students most of whom were attracted to leftist ideology and took a degree in law.<ref name="A song to Delhi's unsung poet..." />

Rabbani started writing during the college days under the pseudonym, ''Farchat'' but later, changed it to ''Taban''.<ref name="A song to Delhi's unsung poet..." /> His leftist leanings got him into trouble with the British authorities and post independence, with the Indian law and order and he had to suffer incarceration on two occasions. Around this time, he joined ''Maktaba-e-Jamia'', a Delhi-based publishing group<ref name="Maktaba-e-Jamia">{{cite web | url=https://openlibrary.org/publishers/Maktaba_Jamia_Ltd | title=Maktaba-e-Jamia | publisher=Open Library | date=2015 | accessdate=28 May 2015}}</ref> and took to serious writing.<ref name="A song to Delhi's unsung poet..." /> He stayed with the organization for a number of years as its general manager till his retirement in 1975.<ref name="A song to Delhi's unsung poet..." />

After retirement, he continued writing while engaging in journalism as well. The [[Government of India]] awarded him the civilian honour of [[Padma Shri]] in 1971.<ref name="Padma Shri" /> He received the [[Sahitya Akademi award]] in 1979 for his anthology, ''Nava-e-avara''.<ref name="Sahitya Akademi Award winners" />

Rabbani had three sons and three daughters.<ref name="Ghulam Rabbani Taban">{{cite web | url=https://urduyouthforum.wordpress.com/2012/12/05/ghulam-rabbani-taban-3/ | title=Ghulam Rabbani Taban | publisher=Urdu Youth Forum | date=2015 | accessdate=28 May 2015}}</ref> Azra Rizvi, one of his daughters, was among the trio of writers, the others being Ajmal Ajmali and Sughra Mehdi, who wrote Rabbani's biography published by Mahnamah Kitab Numa, New Delhi in 1993 under the name, ''Ghulam Rabbani Taban : shakhsiyat aur adabi khidmat''.<ref name="Ghulam Rabbani Taban: shakhsiyat aur adabi khidmat">{{cite book | url=http://www.abebooks.com/Ghulam-Rabbani-Taban-shakhsiyat-aur-adabi/196273703/bd | title=Ghulam Rabbani Taban: shakhsiyat aur adabi khidmat | publisher=Mahnamah Kitab Numa | author=Ajaml Ajmali, Sughra Mehdi and Azra Rizvi | year=1993 | pages=160}}</ref> He died in 1992.<ref name="Ghulam Rabbani Taban" />

==See also==
{{Div col}}
* [[Ghazal]]
{{div col end}}
{{Portal|India|Literature}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | title=Gulam Rabbani Taban: shakhsiyat aur adabi khidmat | publisher=Mahnamah Kitab Numa | author=Ajaml Ajmali, Sughra Mehdi and Azra Rizvi | year=1993 | pages=160}}
* {{cite book | title=Gulam Rabbani Taban: Hayat aur sha°iri | publisher=Na®i Avaz | author=Shafiqunnisa Quraishi | year=1980 | pages=148 | asin=B0000E7EFW}}
* {{cite book | asin=B0000CRMIC | title=Zauq-i safar | publisher=Habbah Taban | author=Gulam Rabbani Taban | year=1970 | pages=192}}
* {{cite book | title=Nava-e-avara | publisher=Rajapala enda Sanza | author=Gulam Rabbani Taban | year=1980 | pages=79 | asin=B0000CR9TR}}
* {{cite book | title=Poetics to politics | publisher=Peoples Publishing House | author=Gulam Rabbani Taban | year=1987 | pages=97 | isbn=978-8170070603}}
* {{cite book | title=Saz-i larzan | publisher=Indian Literary Society | author=Gulam Rabbani Taban | pages=140 | asin=B0000CRPAQ}}

==External links==
* {{cite AV media | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UiXGmWqeH60 | title=Urdu Poet: Ghulam Rabbani Taban - Interview | publisher=Urdu Academy, Delhi | date=12 July 2012 | interviewer1=Sharib Rudaulvi |interviewer2=Syeda Sayidain | interviewer-link2=Syeda Saiyidain Hameed | interviewer3=Hameed Ajmal Ajmali | medium=Humayun Zafar Zaidi}}
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t8M52sYrHz0 | title=Ghulam Rabbani Taban - Ghazal | publisher=Mahakavi | work=[[YouTube]] video | date=6 October 2009 | accessdate=28 May 2015}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Taban, Gulam Rabbani}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Urdu]]
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:1992 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian people of Pashtun descent]]
[[Category:People from Farrukhabad district]]
[[Category:Poets from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

Organ donation in India

2025-10-03T18:25:10Z

SadieHagelthorn: Put up some entry added tags

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}
'''Organ donation in India''' is regulated by the [[Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act, 1994]]. The law allows both deceased and living donors to [[Organ donation|donate their organs]]. It also identifies brain death as a form of death.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.organindia.org/organ-transplant-laws-made-easy/|title=Organ Transplantation in India {{!}} Organ Transplant Governing Laws|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref> The National Organ and Tissue Transplant Organisation (NOTTO) functions as the apex body for activities relating to procurement, allotment and distribution of organs in the country.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://dghs.gov.in/content/1353_3_NationalOrganTransplantProgramme.aspx|title=Directorate General Of Health Services|website=dghs.gov.in|access-date=2020-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330210333/https://dghs.gov.in/content/1353_3_NationalOrganTransplantProgramme.aspx|archive-date=30 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

Although India performed the second largest number of transplants in the world in 2019 (after United States), it lags far behind the western nations like [[Spain]] (35.1 per million population or pmp), [[United States]] (21.9 pmp) and [[United Kingdom]] (15.5 pmp) in national donation with a donation rate of only 0.65 per million population (2019) due to its huge population.<ref name="journal12">{{Cite journal|last1=Vipin|first1=Koushal|last2=Raman|first2=Sharma|last3=Ashok|first3=Kumar|year=2018|title=Impact of green corridors in organ donation: A single-center experience|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326063513|journal=Indian Journal of Transplantation|volume=12|issue=2|pages=110–112|doi=10.4103/ijot.ijot_11_18|via=[[ResearchGate]]|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr. Harsh Vardhan presides over the 10th Indian Organ Donation Day|url=http://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1594355|website=pib.gov.in|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref> According to the [[World Health Organization]], only around 0.01 percent of people in India donate their organs after death.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Need For Organ Donation In India - Organ Donation Information in India {{!}} Donate Life |url=https://www.donatelife.org.in/need-in-india|website=www.donatelife.org.in|access-date=2020-06-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|first=T.S.|last=Ranganath|year=2016|title=ORGAN DONATION|url=http://rguhs.ac.in/inst_pubhealth_rguhs/2016/journal/I1Editorial.pdf|journal=RGUHS National Journal of Public Health|volume=1}}</ref> Some of the reasons behind such poor performance are lack of public awareness,<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|title=An opt-out model for organ donation|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/panorama/an-opt-out-model-for-organ-donation-763526.html|date=2019-09-23|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|access-date=2020-06-01}}</ref> religious or superstitious beliefs among people, and strict laws.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hundreds die in India due to lack of organs|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/health/comment-hundreds-die-in-india-due-to-lack-of-organs-1870199|last=Chakrabarty|first=Sreeparna|date=2013-08-05|website=DNA India|language=en|access-date=2020-06-01}}</ref> There is a huge [[#Gender_disparity|gender disparity]] among organ donors in the country as women donate disproportionately high while being disproportionately low number of organ recipients.<ref name="TNM-gender-disparity">{{cite news |last1=Rajkumar |first1=Akchayaa |last2=Shaji |first2=Sukanya |last3=Raju |first3=Maria Teresa |title=Why are 80% of organ donors in India women? Transplant surgeons weigh in |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/why-are-80-of-organ-donors-in-india-women-transplant-surgeons-weigh-in |access-date=25 November 2023 |date=24 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124130449/https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/why-are-80-of-organ-donors-in-india-women-transplant-surgeons-weigh-in |archive-date=24 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2019, the [[Government of India]] implemented the National Organ Transplant Programme with a budget of {{INRConvert|149.5|c|lk=y}} for promoting deceased organ donation.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newsonair.com/Main-News-Details.aspx?id=365484|title=Govt puts in place National Organ Transplant Programme|website=www.newsonair.com|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref>

== Background ==
The Government of India enacted the [[Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act, 1994|Transplantation of Human Organs Act]] in 1994 to curb [[Organ trade|organ trading]] and promote deceased organ donation. After facing a [[Gurgaon kidney scandal|multi-billion rupee kidney scandal]] in 2008, an amendment was proposed in 2009<ref name="dhar2009">{{cite news|author=Dhar, Aarti|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/organ-transplant-bill-tabled/article67126.ece|title=Organ Transplant Bill tabled|date=December 19, 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=March 8, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308032121/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/organ-transplant-bill-tabled/article67126.ece|archive-date=March 8, 2014}}</ref> and passed in 2011 to get rid of loopholes which previously made illegal organ trading possible.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lok Sabha approves tougher organ transplant Bill|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/lok-sabha-approves-tougher-organ-transplant-bill-139258-2011-08-13|access-date=2020-06-23|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref name="zeenews20110317">{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/govt-amends-transplantation-of-human-organs-act_693974.html|title=Govt amends Transplantation of Human Organs Act|date=March 17, 2011|work=[[Zee News]]|access-date=March 7, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308005425/http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/govt-amends-transplantation-of-human-organs-act_693974.html|archive-date=March 8, 2014|location=India}}</ref><ref name="hindu20110813">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/illegal-organ-transplant-can-attract-10year-jail/article2351612.ece|title=Illegal organ transplant can attract 10-year jail|date=August 13, 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=March 8, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308035000/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/illegal-organ-transplant-can-attract-10year-jail/article2351612.ece|archive-date=March 8, 2014}}</ref>

The states of [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]] were the frontrunners in organ donation during the initial years. Following the establishment of the Indian Network for Organ Sharing (INOS) in 2000, the two states retrieved 1,033 organs and tissues between 2000 and 2009.<ref name="mohan">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mohanfoundation.org/organ-donation-transplant-resources/organ-donation-in-india.asp|title=Deceased Organ Donation in India|website=www.mohanfoundation.org|access-date=2020-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228235824/http://www.mohanfoundation.org/organ-donation-transplant-resources/organ-donation-in-india.asp|archive-date=28 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="mohaninosfigs">{{cite web|url=http://www.mohanfoundation.org/cadaveric-organ-donation-figures.asp?state=Andhra%20Pradesh|title=Cadaveric Organ Donation Figures|publisher=MOHAN Foundation|at=INOS Figures (2000–2009)|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102231124/http://www.mohanfoundation.org/cadaveric-organ-donation-figures.asp?state=Andhra%20Pradesh|archive-date=January 2, 2014|access-date=March 8, 2014}}</ref> In 2018, Tamil Nadu had an organ donation rate of 1.8 pmp, which was seven times higher than the national average (0.05-0.08).<ref name="journal12" />

The number of deceased organ donations in India grew gradually from 2012. The total number of multi-organ deceased donors in 2012 throughout India was 196 (0.16 pmp). The deceased organ donation rate doubled from 196 donors (0.16 pmp) in 2012 to 411 (0.34 pmp) in 2014.<ref name="mohan" />

== Law ==
{{Further|Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act, 1994}}
Organ donors can be living or dead. The type of organ donations are as follows:

=== Living donors ===
Living donors are permitted to donate the following:<ref name=":1" />

* one of their kidneys
* portion of pancreas
* part of the liver

Living donors must be over 18 years of age and are limited to donating only to their immediate blood relatives or, in some special cases, out of affection and attachment towards the recipient.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nhp.gov.in/donation-and-transplantation-of-human-organs-and-tissues_pg|title=Donation and Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues|website=National Health Portal|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217141428/https://www.nhp.gov.in/donation-and-transplantation-of-human-organs-and-tissues_pg|archive-date=17 February 2020|access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref>

=== Deceased donors ===
[[File:Indian states with deceased organ donation activities.png|thumb|Indian states with organ donation activities for deceased donors in 2015<ref name="mohan" />|alt=]]
Deceased donors may donate six life-saving organs: [[kidney]]s, [[liver]], [[heart]], [[lung]]s, [[pancreas]], and [[Gastrointestinal tract|intestine]]. [[Uterus]] transplant is also performed, but it is not regarded as a life-saving organ.<ref name="The Health">{{cite news|author=Nitin|url=https://thehealth.today/types-of-organ-donation-in-india/|title=Types Of Organ Donation In India|date=March 24, 2019|work=[[The Health]]|access-date=August 27, 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825182024/https://thehealth.today/types-of-organ-donation-in-india/|archive-date=August 25, 2019}}</ref> Organs and tissues from a person declared legally dead can be donated after consent from the family has been obtained. [[Brainstem death]] is also recognized as a form of death in India, as in many other countries. After a natural [[Cardiac arrest|cardiac death]], organs that can be donated are [[cornea]], [[bone]], [[skin]], and [[blood vessel]]s, whereas after brainstem death about 37 different organs and tissues can be donated, including the above six life-saving organs.<ref name=":0" />

== Organ transplantation ==
Organ [[Organ transplantation|transplantation]] is a medical procedure where one organ removed from one person and placed in the body of a recipient.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-11-22|title=Donate Life: What You Need To Know About Organ Donation in India|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/75687/organ-donation-india/|access-date=2021-05-07|website=The Better India|language=en-US}}</ref> Vital organs such as the heart, pancreas, liver, kidneys, and lungs can be transplanted from the donor to a person whose organs are failing, known as the receiver.

== Green corridors ==
Studies have suggested that the chances of the transplantation being successful are enhanced by reducing the time delay between harvest and transplant of the organ.<ref name="journal12" /> Therefore, transportation of the organ is a critical factor. For this purpose, "green corridors" have been created in many parts of India.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Lanes Of Hope: How Green Corridors Help Save Lives|url=https://sites.ndtv.com/moretogive/lanes-of-hope-how-green-corridors-help-save-lives-1131/|date=2016-11-15|website=NDTV-Fortis More to Give: Be an Organ Donor|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026173346/https://sites.ndtv.com/moretogive/lanes-of-hope-how-green-corridors-help-save-lives-1131/|archive-date=26 October 2018|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref> A "green corridor" refers to a route that is cleared out for an ambulance carrying the harvested organs to ensure its delivery at the destination in the shortest time possible.<ref name=":5" /> The hospitals involved in a transplantation, city traffic authorities, and in certain cases, airport authorities collaborate to transport an organ from one hospital to the next.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|title=Green Corridor System - Organ Donation Information in India |url=https://www.donatelife.org.in/green-corridor-system|website=www.donatelife.org.in|access-date=2020-05-25}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite news|last=Shelar|first=Jyoti|date=2019-06-29|title=Green corridors for speedy organ transport see a rise|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/green-corridors-for-speedy-organ-transport-see-a-rise/article28222023.ece|access-date=2020-05-25|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The formal name of "green corridor" was given in July 2014 when a hospital and police in [[Chennai]] coordinated to transport a heart from one hospital to another in half the regular time.<ref name=":2" /> The system has been used effectively in cities such as [[Mumbai]], [[Gurgaon]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Bangalore]], [[Kolkata]], and [[Indore]].<ref name=":10" />

Green corridors are generally used for transporting heart and liver, which have the shortest preservation times of four to six and 12 to 15 hours, respectively.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|title=Awareness About The Concept Of Green Corridor Among Medical Student And Doctors In A Rural Medical College Of Maharashtra, India|url=https://ijcbr.com/index.php/ijcbr/article/download/211/198/|website=ijcbr.com|access-date=23 May 2020}}</ref> The means of transportation is often by road, but [[Air medical services|air ambulances]] are also employed when the organs require transportation to different cities or states.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Three Green Corridors created|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/three-green-corridors-created|website=Free Press Journal|language=en|access-date=2020-05-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Heart from Mumbai transported through green corridors in 2.5 hours|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/heart-from-mumbai-transported-through-green-corridors-in-2-5-hours/articleshow/64757446.cms|date=June 27, 2018|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201033312/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/heart-from-mumbai-transported-through-green-corridors-in-2-5-hours/articleshow/64757446.cms|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Usage of green corridors expedites organ transplantations while also ensuring that there is no organ wastage.<ref name=":10" /> But the process of setting up a green corridor is complex, since it requires coordination of multiple stakeholders.<ref name=":11" /> Due to the inconvenience to the public when using roads for this purpose, more prevalent usage of air ambulances or drones<ref>{{Cite web|first=Jessica|last=Wapner |date=2016-01-25|title=Medical transport drones could transform health care in overcrowded cities|url=https://www.newsweek.com/2016/02/05/india-organ-transplant-drones-419013.html|access-date=2020-10-22|website=Newsweek|language=en}}</ref> has been suggested to the government.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Deshmukh|first1=Chinmay|last2=Baheti|first2=Akshay|date=2020-03-13|title=Need, process and importance of organ transplantation|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341071359|journal=Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology|volume=6|issue=2|pages=126–131|doi=10.31024/ajpp.2020.6.2.6|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Deceased organ donation by state ==
All states participate in the federal legislation except [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Organ Transplantation in India|url=https://www.organindia.org/organ-transplant-laws-made-easy/|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref> with Andhra Pradesh having its own law.<ref name=":3" /> As of 2019, the nationwide deceased donation rate is around 0.34 per million population, much lower than [[Developed country|developed countries]]. Some developed countries have adopted an [[Mandated choice|opt-out]] system, which considers every citizen an organ donor unless they decide to 'opt-out'. Usage of such a system in India has been recommended by medical experts.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=World Kidney Day: With just 0.01% Indians donating organs, an 'opt-out' model is nation's only hope of saving lives|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/world-kidney-day-with-just-0-01-indians-donating-organs-an-opt-out-model-is-nations-only-hope-of-saving-lives-4381187.html|website=Firstpost|date=8 March 2018 |access-date=2020-06-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Organ transplant and presumed consent: towards an 'opting out' system |url=http://ijme.in/articles/organ-transplant-and-presumed-consent-towards-an-opting-out-system/?galley=html|language=en|access-date=2020-06-01}}</ref> However, some others believe that it may not improve donation rates in India due to its high illiteracy rate and lack of public awareness.<ref name=":12" />

As of 2019, 13 of the 36 [[States and union territories of India|states and union territories]] have contributed to deceased donation in India.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.itnnews.co.in/indian-transplant-newsletter/issue57/Has-the-Deceased-Donation-Programme-Slowed-Down-in-India-923.htm|title=Has the Deceased Donation Programme Slowed Down in India|website=www.itnnews.co.in|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref> Most of the deceased donation programs have been developed in the southern states.<ref name="srinivasan2013">{{cite journal|author=Srinivasan, Sandhya|year=2013|title=Has Tamil Nadu turned the tide on the transplant trade?|url=http://www.bmj.com/content/346/bmj.f2155|journal=[[BMJ]]|volume=346|article-number=f2155|doi=10.1136/bmj.f2155|pmid=23585066|s2cid=31085086|access-date=29 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325141216/https://www.bmj.com/content/346/bmj.f2155|archive-date=25 March 2020|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}{{closed access}}</ref> The potential for deceased organ donations due to brain death is high in the country. About 80,000 persons die due to road accidents every year. An estimated 50% of such deaths are due to brain death. If the country's donation rate were to be improved to 1 per million population, it would satisfy the country's organ requirement completely.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Deceased donation programme in India and its future - Dr. Sunil Shroff|url=https://www.itnnews.co.in/indian-transplant-newsletter/issue27/Editorial-Desk-314.htm|website=www.itnnews.co.in|access-date=2020-05-22}}</ref> The deceased donation rate consistently rose from 2012 to 2017, increasing more than four times. But since 2018, it has slowed throughout the country.<ref name=":4" />

=== Andhra Pradesh ===
The Government of Andhra Pradesh has its own law to regulate organ donation in the state. The Andhra Pradesh Transplantation of Human Organs Act, 1995, was enacted by the government shortly after the central act.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://jeevandan.gov.in/PDF%27s/GOMS184.pdf|title=The Andhra Pradesh Transplantation of Human Organs Act, 1995|website=jeevandan.gov.in|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024000813/http://jeevandan.gov.in/PDF's/GOMS184.pdf|archive-date=24 October 2019|access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref> The deceased donor program functions under the banner of Jeevandan since January 2013 in the state. The deceased organ donation rate as of 2014 is 0.6 pmp.<ref name="mohan" />

=== Karnataka ===
The Zonal Coordination Committee of Karnataka is the government body that oversees the transplantation process in the state of [[Karnataka]]. Between 2007 and 2012, Karnataka has recorded 58 deceased organ donations. However, there was a huge gap between the number of organs donated and the number of recipients waiting for a transplant.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mohanfoundation.org/organ-donation-transplant-resources/organ-donation-in-karnataka.asp|title=Organ Donation in Karnataka|website=www.mohanfoundation.org|access-date=2020-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106025029/http://www.mohanfoundation.org/organ-donation-transplant-resources/organ-donation-in-karnataka.asp|archive-date=6 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, the state registered 90 organ donations. Over 90% of the donations came from private hospitals.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|title=Telangana tops in cadaver organ donations, Karnataka at 4th spot|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/telangana-tops-in-cadaver-organ-donations-karnataka-at-4th-spot/articleshow/67449301.cms|last=Rao R|first=Sunitha|website=The Times of India|date=9 January 2019 |language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111233255/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/telangana-tops-in-cadaver-organ-donations-karnataka-at-4th-spot/articleshow/67449301.cms|archive-date=11 January 2019|access-date=2020-05-05}}</ref>

=== Madhya Pradesh ===
The city of Indore in Madhya Pradesh had 34 green corridors as of 2018, all created within the previous three years. It became the first city to have a green corridor in the air after using an aircraft to transport organs in July 2017.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=34 Green Corridors In 34 Months: How Indore Is Saving Lives Through Effective Time Management|url=https://sites.ndtv.com/moretogive/organ-donation-organ-transplant-indore-green-corridors-success-stories-2517/|date=2018-11-05|website=NDTV-Fortis More to Give: Be an Organ Donor|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630230304/https://sites.ndtv.com/moretogive/organ-donation-organ-transplant-indore-green-corridors-success-stories-2517/|archive-date=30 June 2019|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref>

=== Maharashtra ===
The Zonal Transplant Coordination Center (ZTCC) in [[Mumbai]] and [[Nagpur]] oversees organ transplantation activities in [[Maharashtra]].<ref name="mohan" /> Between 2012 and 2014, the state recorded 116 organ transplants.<ref name="mohan" /> In 2018, 135 donations were recorded.<ref name=":6" /> In 2019, Maharashtra overtook Tamil Nadu and Telangana in organ donations with 447 organ transplantations.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/governance/improving-healthcare-maharashtra-overtakes-tamil-nadu-telangana-in-organ-donation-transplants-6294656/|title=Improving Healthcare: Maharashtra overtakes Tamil Nadu, Telangana in organ donation, transplants|date=2020-03-02|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302164354/https://indianexpress.com/article/governance/improving-healthcare-maharashtra-overtakes-tamil-nadu-telangana-in-organ-donation-transplants-6294656/|archive-date=2 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> The ZTCC has also conducted programs together with more than 20 [[NGO]]s to improve public awareness.<ref name=":7" />

=== Tamil Nadu ===
{{Main|Organ transplantation in Tamil Nadu}}
The state of Tamil Nadu had the most deceased organ donations in the country until 2018. It ranks first in deceased organ donation rate at 1.8 pmp as of 2018,<ref>{{Cite journal|first=Sunil|last=Shroff|date=2016-07-01|title=Current trends in kidney transplantation in India|journal=Indian Journal of Urology |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=173–174 |doi=10.4103/0970-1591.185092 |pmid=27555672 |pmc=4970385 |url=https://www.indianjurol.com/article.asp?issn=0970-1591;year=2016;volume=32;issue=3;spage=173;epage=174;aulast=Shroff |doi-access=free }}</ref> a figure seven times higher than the national average.<ref name="journal12"/> In 2008, the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] made brain death certification mandatory in the state and established the Cadaver Transplant Programme.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Organ Donation: What Tamil Nadu Got Right|url=https://sites.ndtv.com/moretogive/india-needs-learn-tamil-nadu-organ-donation-1252/|date=2016-11-17|website=NDTV-Fortis More to Give: Be an Organ Donor|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408111804/https://sites.ndtv.com/moretogive/india-needs-learn-tamil-nadu-organ-donation-1252/|archive-date=8 April 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last1=Annadurai|first1=Kalaivani|last2=Mani|first2=Geetha|last3=Danasekaran|first3=Raja|date=2015-03-16|title=Road Map to Organ Donation in Tamil Nadu: An Excellent Model for India|journal=International Journal of Preventive Medicine|volume=6|page=21|doi=10.4103/2008-7802.153443|issn=2008-7802|pmc=4378030|pmid=25830010 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

A major stimulus for organ transplantation awareness in the state is said to be a motorcycle accident incident in 2008, after which the physician parents of the 15-year-old accident victim donated all of their son's organs.<ref name="NDTV">{{Cite web|url=https://sites.ndtv.com/moretogive/india-needs-learn-tamil-nadu-organ-donation-1252/|title=Organ Donation: What Tamil Nadu Got Right {{!}} Features|date=2016-11-17|website=NDTV-Fortis More to Give: Be an Organ Donor|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408111804/https://sites.ndtv.com/moretogive/india-needs-learn-tamil-nadu-organ-donation-1252/|archive-date=8 April 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":8" /> This incident generated widespread attention and support for deceased organ donation in the state and was dubbed the "Hithendran effect" after the name of the donor.<ref name=":8" /><ref name="TNM2">{{Cite web|title=Tamil Nadu's incredible organ transplantation record: How did it happen?|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tamil-nadu-s-incredible-organ-transplantation-record-how-did-it-happen-53779|date=3 December 2016|website=thenewsminute.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317030301/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tamil-nadu-s-incredible-organ-transplantation-record-how-did-it-happen-53779|archive-date=17 March 2020|access-date=2020-04-22}}</ref>

However, from 2018, organ donations in the state dropped due to a controversy over preference given to foreign patients.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/aug/16/noble-cause-87-cadaver-organ-donations-so-far-in-tn-this-year-2019551.html|title=Noble cause: 87 cadaver organ donations so far in TN this year|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2020-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914020135/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/aug/16/noble-cause-87-cadaver-organ-donations-so-far-in-tn-this-year-2019551.html|archive-date=14 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, Tamil Nadu recorded only 128 donors.<ref name="Hindu2">{{Cite news|last=M|first=Serena Josephine|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/which-state-tops-transplants-in-india/article30153421.ece|title=T.N. gets a pat on the back for its transplant record|date=2019-12-04|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-04-22|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207125319/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/which-state-tops-transplants-in-india/article30153421.ece|archive-date=7 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> By 2019, the state had transplanted 7,783 organs from deceased donors.<ref name="Hindu2"/>

== Organisations ==
Numerous government and non-government organisations work in the domain of organ donation in India.

=== Government ===
{{columns-list|*Andhra Pradesh - Jeevandan programme
*Karnataka – Zonal Coordination Committee of Karnataka for Transplantation
*Kerala – Mrithasanjeevani – The Kerala Network for Organ Sharing
*Maharashtra – Zonal Transplant Coordination Center in Mumbai
*Rajasthan – Navjeevan – The Rajasthan Network of Organ Sharing
*Tamil Nadu – Cadaver Transplant Programme, TRANSTAN|colwidth=30em}}{{small|Source}}<ref name="mohan"/>

==== Regional Organ and Tissue Transplant Organization (ROTTO) ====
{| class="wikitable"
!ROTTO
!States/UTs covered
|-
|[[King Edward Memorial Hospital and Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College|King Edward Memorial Hospital and Seth Medical College]], [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
|[[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]], [[Goa]], [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Chhattisgarh]]
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu Government Multi Super Speciality Hospital|Government Multispecialty Hospital]], [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
|Tamil Nadu, [[Kerala]], [[Telangana]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Andaman & Nicobar Islands]], [[Lakshadweep]]
|-
|[[IPGMER and SSKM Hospital|Institute of PG Medical Education and Research]], [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
|[[West Bengal]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Sikkim]], [[Bihar]] and [[Odisha]]
|-
|[[Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research|PGIMER Chandigarh]], [[Chandigarh]]
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Uttarakhand]]
|-
|[[Gauhati Medical College and Hospital]], [[Assam]]
|[[Assam]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Manipur]], [[Nagaland]], [[Mizoram]], [[Tripura]].
|}
{{small|Source}}<ref name=":0" />

=== Non-government ===
{{columns-list|* Apex Kidney Foundation
* Gift Your Organ
*[[MOHAN Foundation]]
*[[Narmada Kidney Foundation]]
* Shatayu|colwidth=30em}}{{small|Source}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=NGO's in Organ Donation {{!}} Organizations of Organ Donation|url=https://www.organindia.org/ngos-in-organ-donation/|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215150500/http://www.organindia.org/ngos-in-organ-donation/|archive-date=15 December 2018|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref>

==Gender disparity==
In India, there is a huge gender gap putting women at disadvantage in terms of organ donations. A report by the NGO MOHAN Foundation found that 80% of live organ donors in the country during the years 1995 and 2021 were women, while being only 18.9% of the recipients. According to the surgeons, the disparity can be due to many factors, such as women lacking independent income which economically incentivizes men as primary bread-winners to be prioritized,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-26 |title=In Asia, organ donors are mostly women and transplants go mainly to men: study |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/people/article/3242710/asia-organ-donors-are-overwhelmingly-women-and-transplants-go-mainly-men-study |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> having little bodily autonomy, conditioning of women to be emotionally givers by the society and vulnerability of women being victims of [[Domestic violence in India|domestic violence]].

Another factor is men being more prone to liver diseases due to their relatively more consumption of alcohol compared to women, so men will need more livers compared to women. It was also found that offering kidneys to their husbands by women is very common but the converse is not. When a woman has a liver disease, mostly children donate organs to the woman as her husband is, in many cases, too old to be a donor.<ref name="TNM-gender-disparity" />

One way to reduce gender disparity, surgeons suggest, is to replace live transplants with cadaver transplants - to harvest organs from dead bodies for transplants - although it won't be sufficient as enrollment of recipients is expected to be skewed towards men due to factors such as women's priority being low in Indian families and women don't have a lot of agency to make such decisions.<ref name="TNM-gender-disparity" />

== See also ==
* [[Organ transplantation in Tamil Nadu]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://notto.gov.in/|name=National Organ and Tissue Transplant Organisation}}
{{Health in India}}{{Organ transplantation}}

[[Category:Organ donation|India]]
[[Category:Organ transplantation in India]]
[[Category:Healthcare in India]]

Chemmalamattam

2025-09-09T03:18:31Z

SadieHagelthorn: small fix citations for clarity also and updated info

{{moresources|date=June 2018}}
[[File:Chemmalamattam.jpg|thumb|The View of Eratupetta City near the Western Ghats.]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chemmalamattam
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = 9°38'14"N 76°46'35"E
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|9.6376|N|76.7771|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 686529
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 914828
| registration_plate = KL-05/KL-35
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kanjirappally]], [[Kottayam]], [[Erattupetta]], [[Thodupuzha]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = 1:1 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank3_info_sec1 = 100%
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = Pathanamthitta
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Tropical monsoon]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| blank2_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|32|°C|°F}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|18|°C|°F}}
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Chemmalamattam'''(otherwise known as '''Chemmalamattom''') is a village in the Thidanadu Panchayat, in the [[Kottayam district]] of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It is located about 40 km east of [[Kottayam]] and 19 km west of [[Mundakkayam]] and is 9.5 km north of [[Kanjirappally]] towards [[Erattupetta]].

==Location==
The village headquarters is at [[Kondoor]], the [[taluk]] headquarters is located at [[Meenachil]], and the district headquarters at [[Kottayam]]. This village is part of the [[Poonjar Legislative Assembly]] and [[Pathanamthitta Lok Sabha constituency|Pathanamthitta LokSabha constituency]]. Local people mostly work as farmers, cultivating [[cash crop]]s such as [[rubber]] and [[Theobroma cacao|cocoa]], and [[Agriculture|agricultural]] crops such as [[cassava]] and [[Plantain (cooking)|plantain]].

==Transportation==
The nearest railway stations are at Kottayam (40 km), Changanacherry (43 km) or Ettumanoor (30 km). The nearest airport, [[Cochin International Airport]] is 66 km away.

==Landmarks==
Locally, [[the XII Apostles' Church]] is a [[Roman Catholic]] church.<ref>[http://smcim.smonline.org/chemmalamattam/index.htm 12 Apostles' Church] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424040312/http://smcim.smonline.org/chemmalamattam/index.htm |date=24 April 2012 }} website</ref>

==How to Reach==
* '''Thiruvananthapuram''' - Kottarakkara - Adoor - Pathanamthitta - Ranni - Erumeli - Kanjirappally - '''Chemmalamattam'''
* '''Kottayam''' - Ettumanoor - Pala - Erattupetta - '''Chemmalamattam'''
* '''Kochi/Cochin''' - Trhippunithura - Poothotta - Thalayolapparambu - Ettumanoor - Pala - Erattupetta - '''Chemmalamattam'''

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Kottayam district}}
[[Category:Villages in Kottayam district]]

{{Kottayam-geo-stub}}

Bhojasar, Jhunjhunu

2025-07-21T01:50:36Z

SadieHagelthorn: created first article w/ infobox!

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Other uses|Bhojasar (disambiguation){{!}}Bhojasar}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhojasar
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.023|N|75.241|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jhunjhunu district|Jhunjhunu]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]]
| leader_party =
| leader_title = [[Sarpanch]]
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 334
| population_total = 2457
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Jhunjhunu district|Jhunjhunu]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Distance from [[Mandawa]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = {{convert|16|km|mi}} ([[National highways of India|land]])
| blank3_name_sec1 = Distance from [[Jhunjhunu]]
| blank3_info_sec1 = {{convert|25|km|mi}} ([[National highways of India|land]])
| blank1_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank1_info_sec2 = 40-42 °C
| blank2_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank2_info_sec2 = 4-8 °C
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 333041
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91-1592
| registration_plate = RJ-18
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|RJ-IN]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bhojasar''' is a village within the [[Jhunjhunu]] [[tehsil|administrative region]] of [[Jhunjhunu district]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. The village lies {{Convert|25|km}} west of [[Jhunjhunu district|Jhunjhunu]] and {{Convert|16|km}} east from [[Mandawa]].

The {{convert|961|hectare|km2}} village has an overall population of about 2457.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhojasar Village Population - Jhunjhunu - Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/71038-bhojasar-rajasthan.html |access-date=2025-07-19 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1036/download/3158/DH_2011_0805_PART_A_DCHB_JHUNJHUNUN.pdf |title=Census of India 2011: DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK |publisher=DIRECTORATE OF CENSUS OPERATIONS |year=2011 |pages=276 |language=en-IN}}</ref> Nearby other villages are Sanjay Nagar (west), Shyampura (east) and Harnathpura (north).

==References==
<references/>
{{Rajasthan-geo-stub}}
[[Category:Villages in Jhunjhunu district]]

Cyananthus lobatus

2025-06-06T14:49:16Z

SadieHagelthorn: Done!

{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Cyananthus lobatus.jpg
| genus = Cyananthus
| species = lobatus
| authority = Wall. ex Benth.
| synonyms = *''Cyananthus farreri'' {{small|(C.Marquand) C.Marquand}}
*''Cyananthus insignis'' {{small|R.E.Grahame}}
*''Cyananthus lobatus'' f. ''albiflorus'' {{small|J.Luo & Shu L.Wang}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref>{{Cite POWO|id=141885-1|title=''Cyananthus lobatus''|access-date=13 April 2022}}</ref>
}}

'''''Cyananthus lobatus''''', commonly known as the '''lobed-leaved [[Cyananthus|cyananth]]''' or '''trailing bellflower''', is an [[ornamental plant|ornamental flowering plant]] of the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Campanulaceae]].

== Description ==
''Cyananthus lobatus'' is a [[perennial plant]] which grows into a low mat up to {{Cvt|10|cm|in}} tall and {{Cvt|10-50|cm|in}} wide. It usually takes two to five years to reach its maximum size.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Royal Horticultural Society |title=Cyananthus lobatus |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/30961/cyananthus-lobatus/details |access-date=2022-04-12 |website=www.rhs.org.uk |language=en-gb}}</ref>

=== Roots ===
Its roots are shaped like carrots, and can be up to {{Cvt|1.3|cm|in}} wide. They have a sturdy [[caudex]] (rootstock) which is branched and has scales towards its end. These scales are [[Ovate (botany)|ovate]] (egg-shaped) or [[lanceolate]] (lance-shaped) and are roughly 4 mm in size.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200022952 |title=Flora of China |publisher=[[Missouri Botanical Garden]] |year=2011 |isbn=9781935641049 |editor-last=Zhengyi |editor-first=Wu |volume=19 |location=St. Louis |pages=507}}</ref>

=== Stems and leaves ===
Its many [[Plant stem|stems]] grow prostrate, or along the ground, and are each {{Cvt|10-25|cm|in}} long.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Girija |first=Thingnam |title=''Cyananthus lobatus'' - Trailing bellflower |url=https://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Trailing%20Bellflower.html |access-date=12 April 2022 |website=Flowers of India}}</ref> They are clustered in a dense turf, and on the ends they are villous, sparsely covered with both long and short soft hairs.<ref name=":3" />

[[File:Leaf morphology obovate.png|left|thumb|150x150px|''C. lobatus'' has obovate leaves and petals]]
The [[Leaf|leaves]] are {{Cvt|1-2.5|cm|in}} long, are dull green in color, and have either a deeply [[lobed]] or toothed shape.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> They are placed alternate, across the stem from one another, and are [[Sessility (botany)|sessile]] (directly connected to the stem) or have very short [[Petiole (botany)|leaf stalks]] which are less than 5 mm long. At the base, there is a wedge shape which tapers into this connection point.<ref name=":3" />

The leaf blades are obovate, a reverse [[Ovate (botany)|ovate]] shape which is narrower towards the base and broadening towards the tip. They can also be several other shapes, including that of a reverse lanceolate shape, a broad tip and narrow base, or a [[rhombus]]-like shape. The texture of the leaf is slightly [[Leather|leathery]]; the bottom side is covered in shaggy hairs and the upper side has sparse stiff hairs or lacks hairs altogether. The edges of the blade are slightly rolled under towards the [[midrib]] of the leaf.<ref name=":3" />

=== Inflorescence ===
The species' [[Flower|flowers]] are the most showy part of the plant. They can be up to {{Cvt|3-4|cm|in}} in diameter. The [[sepal]] tube is prominent and covered in black hairs. It is {{Cvt|1.5-2|cm|in}} long, and a third of it is lobed.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> The [[Pedicel (botany)|pedicels]] which connect the flowers to the stem are {{Cvt|1-3|cm|in}} long and have course, rough hairs. The [[Calyx (botany)|calyx]] tube is cylindrical and has dense brown-red bristle-like hairs.<ref name=":3" />

Each flower has five [[Petal|petals]], which can vary widely in color. They are usually a bright blue-purple, but can also be a paler shade or rarely completely white. The petals are also an obovate shape, similar to that of the species' leaves. Each petal is hairy in the throat, or center, of the flower.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=''Cyananthus lobatus'' |url=http://encyclopaedia.alpinegardensociety.net/plants/Cyananthus/lobatus |access-date=12 April 2022 |website=Alpine Garden Society}}</ref>

== Taxonomy ==
''Cyananthus lobatus'' was described by [[Nathaniel Wallich]] in first volume of the journal ''Illustrations of the Botany of the Himalayan Mountains'' in 1836.<ref name=":3" /> It has a [[Ploidy|chromosome number]] of 2n=28.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gupta |first=Raghbir |last2=Malik |first2=Reyaz |last3=Singh |first3=Vijay |last4=Kumari |first4=Santosh |date=2014 |title=Chromosome numbers and abnormal male meiosis in six species of Campanulaceae from Northwestern Himalayas |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Vijay-Singh-15/publication/264116956_Chromosome_numbers_and_male_meiosis_is_six_species_of_Campanulaceae_from_Northwestern_Himalayas/links/56e5b4fa08ae68afa112a9c9/Chromosome-numbers-and-male-meiosis-is-six-species-of-Campanulaceae-from-Northwestern-Himalayas.pdf |journal=International Journal of Botany and Research |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=39-59 |issn=2277-4815 |via=Research Gate}}</ref>

=== Etymology ===
In English, the species is commonly referred to as the '''lobed-leaved cyananth<ref name=":0" />''' or as '''trailing bellflower'''.<ref name=":1" /> In [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] it is called '''裂叶蓝钟花''' (Liè yè lán zhōng huā).<ref name=":3" />

=== Infraspecifics ===
''C. lobatus'' var. ''insignis'' is a [[Variety (botany)|variety]] of the species, which has larger flowers that can be up to {{Cvt|5|cm|in}} wide.<ref name=":2" /> While the variety was described as its own species under the name ''Cyananthus insignis'' by R.E. Grahame in 1940, according to the ''[[International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants|Vienna Code]]'' this description was invalid due to the lack of a Latin description and diagnosis, and thus is not accepted.<ref name=":3" />

== Distribution and habitat ==
''Cyananthus lobatus'' is native to the [[Himalayas]], and its range stretches from the [[Himachal Pradesh]] in [[India]] to [[Tibet]] and [[Yunnan]] in [[China]].<ref name=":2" /> It can be found at altitudes of {{Cvt|3300-4500|m|ft}}<ref name=":1" /> and its habitat is grassy slopes and forests.<ref name=":3" />

== Ecology ==
While ''Cyananthus lobatus'' is typically disease free, it can be affected by pests like [[Aphid|aphids]] and [[Tetranychus urticae|glasshouse red spider mites]] when it is grown in a [[greenhouse]].<ref name=":0" />

== Cultivation ==
[[File:RHSAGM.png|border|left|75x75px]]
[[File:Cyananthus lobatus Phadjoling DW Ms.jpg|thumb]]
''Cyananthus lobatus'' was awarded the [[Royal Horticultural Society]] [[Award of Garden Merit]], a designation which signifies that the species is a reliable plant and is suitable for [[Horticulture|cultivation]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Royal Horticultural Society |title=RHS Award of Garden Merit (AGM) plant, fruit & veg award winners |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/trials-awards/award-of-garden-merit |access-date=2022-04-12 |website=www.rhs.org.uk |language=en-gb}}</ref>

The species is capable of being grown in poor soil, but performs better in rich [[humus]]. It requires moist soil with proper drainage, and prefers the ground to be neutral to slightly acidic in [[pH]]. It should be kept cool and at least partially shaded. It is typically grown in gravel or [[Rock garden|rock gardens]] or indoors in pots, and does not require any pruning.<ref name=":0" />

''C. lobatus'' can be [[Propagation of Christmas trees|propagated]] by either seed or cuttings. When propagating by seed, it should be [[Sowing|sown]] as soon as it is ripe; when propagating by cuttings, rooting [[softwood]] should be used in late spring or early summer. The species flowers in the late summer, but will display [[foliage]] from spring to fall.<ref name=":0" />

=== Cultivars ===
The 'Sheriff's Variety' [[cultivar]] of ''Cyananthus lobatus'' has larger flowers which are more pale and lavender in color.<ref name=":2" /> The 'Giant Form' cultivar is larger in size, with a diameter of up to {{Cvt|60|cm|in}}, roughly {{Cvt|10|cm|in}} larger than standard plants of the species. It is sold for use as a cascading plant in rock gardens.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Cyananthus lobatus Giant Form |url=https://www.edrom-nurseries.co.uk/shop/pc/Cyananthus-lobatus-Giant-Form-p7796.htm |access-date=13 April 2022 |website=Edrom Nurseries}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}{{Commonscat-inline}}{{Cyananthus Navbox}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q5197489}}

[[Category:Campanuloideae]]

Amol Jungade

2025-06-03T09:11:50Z

SadieHagelthorn: basic add article per sources and improved wording

#Redirect[[List of Vidarbha cricketers]]
{{R from list entry}}

Mini Menon

2025-05-18T20:22:53Z

SadieHagelthorn: added some stub w/ infobox...

{{short description|Indian journalist and author}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{COI|date=July 2014}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Mini Menon
| image = Mini Menon.jpg
| caption =
| birthname =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education = Graduation [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]] Masters in Communication Research, [[University of Pune]]
| occupation = [[Co-Founder]] at ''Peepul Tree World''
| years_active =
| alias =
| status =
| title =
| family =
| website = https://www.peepultree.world/
| spouse =
| children =
| relatives =
| credits =
}}

'''Mini Menon''' is an Indian journalist, author, and co-founder of [https://www.peepultree.world/ Peepul Tree World]. She was also the co-founder and editor of Live History India (now [https://www.peepultree.world/livehistoryindia Peepul Tree Stories]).

Menon was formerly the Executive Editor of [[Bloomberg TV India]], where she was in charge of news and feature shows.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianwomanpower.com/2016/01/27/mini-menon/|title=Mini Menon|last=Mohan|first=Rohini|date=27 January 2016|website=Indian Woman Power|access-date=12 February 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216183721/http://indianwomanpower.com/2016/01/27/mini-menon/|archive-date=16 February 2016}}</ref> She has also reported on political, economic, and business news.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.bestmediainfo.com/2015/07/bloomberg-tv-india-to-launch-deal-street-series/|title = Bloomberg TV India to Launch Deal Street Series|date = 16 July 2015|work = Best Media Info|access-date = 12 February 2016}}</ref> She has won awards for her work as a news anchor and journalist. In 2013, ''Impact'' magazine<ref>{{cite web |date=2013 |title=Impact Magazine |url=http://www.impactonnet.com/images/50women.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317035543/http://www.impactonnet.com/images/50women.pdf |archive-date=17 March 2015 |access-date=12 February 2016 |publisher=Colors Viacom 18}}</ref> named Menon of the 10 most influential women in Indian marketing, advertising, and media.

== Biography ==
Menon was born in [[Jammu]]. Her father was in the army, so her early years were spent across India as her father (the late Lt. Gen. P. E. Menon) was posted in different parts of the country.

Menon graduated from [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi|St Stephen’s College, Delhi]], with a degree in History. She did her Masters in Communication Studies at the [[Savitribai Phule Pune University|University of Pune]]. In 1996, she won the [[Femina Miss India]] Asia Pacific title after her second year in college.<ref>{{cite web |date=6 May 2010 |title=Mini Menon-Profile |url=http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/photoshow/7883149.cms?curpg=15 |access-date=12 February 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> In 2001, she won the [[Chevening Scholarship|Chevening scholarship]] and went to study broadcast journalism in the UK.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content.spencerstuart.com/sswebsite/pdf/lib/WLF2_web.pdf|title=SpencerStuart.com}}</ref>

=== Career ===
Menon is co-founder of [https://www.peepultree.world/ Peepul Tree World], an e-commerce company focused on Indian artisanal hand-crafted products for the home. Before that, she co-founded Live History India, a digital media company focusing on stories from Indian history (now [https://www.peepultree.world/livehistoryindia Peepul Tree Stories]).

Menon first started working at TVi and then moved on to Star TV Network.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}} She was the news anchor for Goodlife on [[CNBC]] TV18 in 2004.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2004/09/29/stories/2004092901030100.htm|title = This Anchor's Firmly Rooted|date = 29 September 2004|work = [[The Hindu]]|access-date = 12 February 2016}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

At [[Bloomberg TV India]], Menon presented popular series, "Inside India's Best Known Companies", where she interviewed India's leading businessmen and CEOs. She also led feature programming and was responsible for creating cutting-edge shows like "The Pitch" and "Assignment" and award-winning documentaries like "In Focus".

In 2013, Menon published ''Riding the Wave,'' a book on seven of India's leading businessmen. The book covers how these businessmen took advantage of the opening up of the Indian economy to build businesses and shape their industries.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url = http://indiannerve.com/riding-the-wave-by-mini-menon-book-review-5935-13042/|title = 'Riding The Wave' – By Mini Menon {{!}} Book Review|last = Katdare|first = Ankita|date = 6 December 2013|work = Indian Nerve|access-date = 12 February 2016}}</ref>

In 2019 and 2020 Mini also edited the Quirky History series which was published by HarperCollins.

=== Awards and recognition ===
In 2008–2009, Menon was named ''Best Business News'' ''Anchor'' by the Indian Broadcast Federation. She also received the Zee Astitva Award for Journalism, the Rajiv Gandhi Award for Excellence as a Young Achiever, and the 1996 Miss India Asia Pacific.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Crown winners' Not-so-Glamorous careers |url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-india/crown-winners-not-so-glamorous-careers/eventshow/39043759.cms |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=www.femina.in |language=en}}</ref>

=== Initiatives and associations ===
2012: invited to be a member of CII’s National Committee on Marketing; 2014: took over as the Regional Chairperson of CII's Indian Women Network, IWN.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.fnbnews.com/article/detnews.asp?articleid=33840&sectionid=19|title = CII–BCG Report, 'Winning With Uncertainty' Released At CII Retail Meet|date = 13 June 2013|access-date = 12 February 2016|website = FnB News}}</ref>

In 2014, Menon joined the National Advisory Board of Enactus.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.enactusindia.org/national_advisory_board.html|title = National Advisory Board|access-date = 12 February 2016|website = Enactus|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160215130829/http://www.enactusindia.org/national_advisory_board.html|archive-date = 15 February 2016|url-status = dead}}</ref>

2022: Menon paired with Anish Williams to launch Peepultree.world, an e-commerce company focused on hand-crafted artisanal products from India.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* https://web.archive.org/web/20130503093104/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13333.html
* https://web.archive.org/web/20140529155143/http://www.nasscom.in/sites/default/files/Speakers/Mini%20Menon-%20Final.pdf
* http://www.indiantelevision.com/special/y2k4/cnbc_team.htm
* https://web.archive.org/web/20130916191617/http://harpercollins.co.in/author.asp?Author_Code=2454

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Menon, Mini}}
[[Category:Journalists from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Jammu (city)]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women journalists]]

MV Alondra Rainbow

2025-03-05T20:49:49Z

SadieHagelthorn: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[INS Prahar]]

Rajendra Gurjar

2025-01-30T02:15:12Z

SadieHagelthorn:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rajendra Gurjar
| office = Member of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Deoli-Uniara Assembly constituency|Deoli-Uniara]]
| predecessor = [[Harish Chandra Meena]]
| term_start = 23 November 2024
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| profession = Politician
}}
'''Rajendra Gurjar''' is an Indian politician from Rajasthan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan Deoli-Uniara By Election Result Live: देवली उनियारा विधानसभा उपचुनाव में 40 हजार से अधिक वोटों से हारे 'थप्पड़बाज' नेता, बीजेपी के राजेंद्र गुर्जर विजयी |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/rajasthan/tonk/rajasthan-deoli-uniara-by-election-result-2024-live-bjp-rajendra-gurjar-indp-naresh-meena-vote-counting-deoli-uniara-vidhan-sabha-upchunav-parinam/articleshow/115556991.cms |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref> He is a [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] since 2024, representing [[Deoli-Uniara Assembly constituency]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].He was MLA from AC Deoli-Uniara, District Tonk, Rajasthan during 2013-18. <ref>{{cite web |title=Deoli-Uniara Bypoll Election Result 2024 LIVE: Rajendra Gurjar of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/deoli-uniara-bypoll-election-result-2024-live-leading-winner-mla-9130422.html |website=News18 |access-date=23 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rajasthan Bypolls 2024 Results Live: BJP Ahead In 4 Seats, BAP Leads In Chorasi, Salumber |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/rajasthan-bypolls-2024-results-live-jhunjhunu-ramgarh-dausa-deoli-uniara-khinvsar-salumber-chorasi-bjp-congress-beniwal-2823461.html/amp |website=zeenews.india.com |access-date=23 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rajasthan ByPolls Election Results: BJP wins 5 seats, Congress one |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rajasthan-byelection-results-2024-bjp-leads-in-5-seats/amp_articleshow/115587811.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of chief ministers of Rajasthan]]
* [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gurjar, Rajendra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Rajasthan-BJP-politician-stub}}

Savarkhed Ek Gaon

2024-09-11T19:25:13Z

SadieHagelthorn: New - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Savarkhed Ek Gaon film.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Rajiv Patil]]
| producer = Laxmikant Bhattad Shankar Bhattad Rahul Bhattad
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Ankush Chaudhari]]
*[[Shreyas Talpade]]
*[[Vikram Gokhale]]
*Sharvari Jamenis
*[[Sonali Khare]]
*[[Sadashiv Amrapurkar]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Sanjay Jadhav]]
| editing = Jafar Sultan
| music = [[Ajay-Atul]]
| studio = Eera Films
| released = {{Film date|2004|04|01|df=yes}}
| runtime = 95 minutes
| country = India
| language = Marathi
}}

'''''Savarkhed Ek Gaon''''' ({{Translation|Savarkhed: A village}}) is a 2004 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[Thriller film|thriller]] film directed by [[Rajiv Patil]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Savarkhed Ek Gaon |url=https://mubi.com/films/savarkhed-ek-gaon |publisher=[[Mubi (streaming service)|Mubi]] |language=en |access-date=2023-02-24 |archive-date=2023-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224194706/https://mubi.com/films/savarkhed-ek-gaon |url-status=live }}</ref> Produced by Laxmikant Bhattad, Shankar Bhattad and Rahul Bhattad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Savarkhed: Ek Gaav (2004) |url=https://www.radiotimes.com/movie-guide/b-6ixicz/savarkhed-ek-gaav/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224200208/https://www.radiotimes.com/movie-guide/b-6ixicz/savarkhed-ek-gaav/ |archive-date=2023-02-24 |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=[[Radio Times]] |language=en}}</ref> The film starring [[Ankush Chaudhari]], [[Shreyas Talpade]], Sharvari Jamenis, [[Sonali Khare]], [[Vikram Gokhale]], [[Sadashiv Amrapurkar]] in lead roles and [[Makarand Anaspure]], [[Upendra Limaye]] in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Savarkhed Ek Gaon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/photofeatures/upendra-limaye-movies-of-the-marathi-star-that-you-should-not-miss/savarkhed-ek-gaon/photostory/64174782.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224194706/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/photofeatures/upendra-limaye-movies-of-the-marathi-star-that-you-should-not-miss/savarkhed-ek-gaon/photostory/64174782.cms |archive-date=2023-02-24 |access-date=2023-02-24 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Savarkhed has been awarded as a model village by the government. MLA Patil and Sampatrao More are two politicians who are enmity against each other due to different ideologies. Patil's son Rahul returns to the village after completing his education in Israel. Ajay, Ishwar, Baban, Samita are his friends from the village. Sneha, a reporter from Mumbai, comes to the village and stays with Patil to cover the news of the village, making Rahul feel close to her Jealousy. Things are going well in everyone's lives until Patil leaves on a business trip and some strange things start happening that lead to the death of a few people. Rahul and his friends have been infiltrated in their village by some unknown people who only work in the dark. They decide to stop this but wonder why these people are targeting their village.

== Cast ==

* [[Vikram Gokhale]] as Amdar/MLA Patil
* [[Sadashiv Amrapurkar]] as Sampatrao More
* [[Ankush Chaudhari]] as Rahul Patil
* [[Sonali Khare]] as Priya; Rahul's love interest
* [[Shreyas Talpade]] as Ajay
* Sharvari Jamenis as Sneha
* [[Makarand Anaspure]] as Ishya
* [[Upendra Limaye]] as Suresh
* [[Balkrishna Shinde]] as Baban
* Sanjyot Hardikar as Sameeta; Ajay's love interest
* Prashant Patil as Ghorpade<ref>{{Cite news |title=Savarkhed Ek Gaon |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/photofeatures/upendra-limaye-movies-of-the-marathi-star-that-you-should-not-miss/savarkhed-ek-gaon/photostory/64174782.cms |access-date=2023-02-24 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224194706/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/photofeatures/upendra-limaye-movies-of-the-marathi-star-that-you-should-not-miss/savarkhed-ek-gaon/photostory/64174782.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Savarkhed: Ek Gaav (2004) |url=https://www.avclub.com/film/reviews/savarkhed-ek-gaav-2004 |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=[[The A.V. Club]] |language=en |archive-date=2023-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224194707/https://www.avclub.com/film/reviews/savarkhed-ek-gaav-2004 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Release ==
The film was theatrically released on 1 April 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Sawarkhed Ek Gaon Full HD Movie Online on ZEE5 |url=https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/sawarkhed-ek-gaon/0-0-savarkhedekgaon |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224194709/https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/sawarkhed-ek-gaon/0-0-savarkhedekgaon |archive-date=2023-02-24 |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=[[ZEE5]] |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Savarkhed Ek Gaon
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Ajay-Atul]]
| released = 22 April 2014
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=12|s=3}}
| language = Marathi
| label = Video Palace
| prev_title = [[Aga Bai Arrecha!]]
| prev_year = 2004
| year = 2004
| next_title = [[Gayab]]
| next_year = 2004
| chronology = Ajay-Atul
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|w8a8R6A4i7c|Savarkhed Ek Gaon - Full Album}}
}}
}}
Music is composed by [[Ajay-Atul]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Savarkhed Ek Gaon (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - Single by Ajay-Atul |date=2014-04-22 |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/savarkhed-ek-gaon-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/871953423 |access-date=2023-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224194706/https://music.apple.com/in/album/savarkhed-ek-gaon-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/871953423 |archive-date=2023-02-24 |url-status=live |publisher=[[YouTube]] |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Savarkhed Ek Gaon soundtrack |url=https://tidal.com/browse/album/29333399 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224194707/https://tidal.com/browse/album/29333399 |archive-date=2023-02-24 |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=[[Tidal (service)|Tidal]]}}</ref> Background score is by Chandresh, Siddharth and Suhas.
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer (s)
| title1 = [[Varyavarati Gandh Pasarla]]
| length1 = 4:55
| extra1 = [[Kunal Ganjawala]]
| title2 = Aai Bhavani Tuzya Krupene
| length2 = 4:06
| extra2 = [[Ajay-Atul|Ajay Gogawale]]
| title3 = Hoshiyaar
| length3 = 3:02
| extra3 = Swapnil Bhandodkar, Yogita Godbole
| total_length = 12:03
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|id=1003290|name=''Savarkhed Ek Gaon''}}
* ''[https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/savarkhed-ek-gaon Savarkhed Ek Gaon]'' at [[Rotten Tomatoes]]

[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:2004 thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2000s Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language thriller films]]
[[Category:2004 directorial debut films]]

Surrendar Saini

2024-09-03T11:56:16Z

SadieHagelthorn: added references

{{Short description|Indian social worker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Surrendar Saini
| birth_place = India
| occupation = Social worker
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]]
}}
'''Surrendar Saini''' is an Indian social worker and the chairperson of the ''Bhavan Institute of Indian Art and Culture''.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} She is the Pradesh chairperson of the ''Bharat Sevak Samaj'', [[Delhi]]<ref name="Our Reference">{{cite web | url=http://www.bssve.in/ref4.html | title=Our Reference | publisher=BSS | date=2016 | access-date=28 March 2016}}</ref> and the chairperson of the ''Delhi Social Welfare Advisory Board'', a State Government sponsored organization for women and child welfare.<ref name="Insider and Outsider Views Of the Bharat Sadhu Samaj">{{cite web | url=http://www.hinduismtoday.com/modules/smartsection/item.php?itemid=3168 | title=Insider and Outsider Views Of the Bharat Sadhu Samaj | publisher=Hinduism Today | date=2016 | access-date=28 March 2016}}</ref> She was a member of the committee set up by the [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment]] in 1999 for proposing amendments to the '' Persons with Disabilities Act'' of 1995.<ref name="Disabilities Act">{{cite web | url=http://www.aarogya.com/support-groups/disability/disabilities-act.html | title=Disabilities Act | publisher=Aarogya | date=2016 | access-date=28 March 2016}}</ref> The Government of India awarded her the third highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Bhushan]], in 1970, for her contributions to society.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2016 | access-date=3 January 2016}}</ref>

== References ==
{{portal|India}}
{{Reflist}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1970–79}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saini, Surrendar}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in social work]]
[[Category:Social workers from Delhi]]
[[Category:Women educators from Delhi]]
[[Category:Educators from Delhi]]

{{India-bio-stub}}

Tilaru railway station

2024-07-29T03:17:31Z

SadieHagelthorn: Entry - done

{{Short description|Railway station in Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Tilaru railway station
| type = [[Slow and fast passenger trains in India|Passenger train]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Tilaru railway station name board.jpg
| image_caption = Tilaru Railway Station platform
| address = [[National Highway 16 (India)|NH 16]], [[Tilaru, Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.470486|84.072681|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| map_type = India#India Andhra Pradesh
| elevation = {{cvt|51|m}}
| line = [[Howrah–Chennai main line]]
| other =
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| platform = 4
| tracks = 4
| entrances =
| parking =
| opened = 1899
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = TIU
| zone = [[East Coast Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Waltair}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = East Coast Railway
| status = {{color|green|Functioning}}
| former = [[East Coast State Railway]]
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_locator =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=East Coast Railway zone|left=Harishchandrapuram|right=Urlam|to-left=Howrah Junction|to-right=Chennai Central|type=[[Howrah–Chennai main line]]}}
}}
{{ Khurda Road–Visakhapatnam section|collapse=y}}

'''Tilaru railway station''' is a railway station on [[Khurda Road–Visakhapatnam section]], part of the [[Howrah–Chennai main line]] under [[Waltair railway division]] of [[East Coast Railway zone]]. It is situated beside [[National Highway 16 (India)|NH 16]] at [[Tilaru]] in [[Srikakulam district]] in the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tilaru Railway Station Picture & Video Gallery – Railway Enquiry|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/gallery/videos-pictures-tilaru-tiu/2342|access-date=2020-08-22|website=India Rail Info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tilaru Railway Station. Station location and description. Division – Waltair – eRailway.co.in|url=https://erailway.co.in/stations/TIU|access-date=2020-08-22|website=erailway.co.in}}</ref>

==History==
In between 1893 and 1896, the coastal railway track from [[Cuttack Junction railway station|Cuttack]] to [[Vijayawada Junction railway station|Vijayawada]] was built and opened to traffic by [[East Coast State Railway]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1|title=South Eastern Railway|date=1 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401151628/http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1|url-status=live|access-date=22 August 2020|archive-date=2013-04-01}}</ref> The route was electrified in several phases. Khurda–Visakhapatnam section was completely electrified by 2002 and Howrah–Chennai route was fully electrified in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history7.html|title=Indian Railways FAQ: IR History: Part 7|publisher=IRFCA|access-date=22 August 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1899]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Srikakulam district]]
[[Category:Waltair railway division]]

{{AndhraPradesh-railstation-stub}}

Hariom Verma

2024-07-27T12:22:04Z

SadieHagelthorn:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}

{{Infobox Politician
| name = Hariom Verma
| office = Member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2022
| predecessor = Devendra Pratap
| constituency = [[Amanpur Assembly constituency|Amanpur]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1983|1|1}}
| birth_place = Munir Nagar, [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Sadhana Verma|2001}}
| children = 2 sons, 2 daughters
| father = Ramchandra Verma
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| source = https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/18101/18
}}

'''Hariom Verma''' (popularly known as '''Hariom''') is an Indian politician who is serving as Member of [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] from [[Amanpur Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sitting Members |url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/ElectedMembers/18 |website=Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh Election Results 2022: Full list of winners |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/uttar-pradesh-assembly-polls-2022/story/uttar-pradesh-election-2022-latest-result-full-list-leading-trailing-candidates-winners-party-wise-1922724-2022-03-10 |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Constituencies |url=https://kasganj.nic.in/constituencies/ |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=Kasganj, Government of India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-03-10 |title=Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2022: Constituency-wise full list of winners |url=https://www.news9live.com/elections/up-state-assembly-election-2022/uttar-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2022-constituency-wise-full-list-of-leading-candidates-158120 |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=News9Live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hariom from BJP Won Amanpur Assembly Election Result 2022: Candidates List and Winner in Amanpur Constituency |url=https://indiatoday.in/know-your-candidatesuttar-pradesh-assembly-election-2022/amanpur-constituency-candidates-list/ |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> In the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], he got 96,377 or 50.4% votes<ref>{{Cite web |title=GEN ELECTION TO VIDHAN SABHA TRENDS & RESULT MARCH-2022 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS24101.htm?ac=101 |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=अमांपुर में भाजपा ने 40 हजार से ज्यादा मतों से सपा प्रत्याशी को दी शिकस्त |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/agra/kasganj-election-result-2022-bjp-candidate-hari-om-verma-defeated-sp-candidate-satyabhan-shakya-in-amanpur-vidhansabha |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=अमांपुर सीट पर भाजपा के हरिओम वर्मा जीते, सपा के सत्यभान को करीब 32000 वोट से दी मात |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/kasganj-kasganj-amanpur-assembly-seat-result-live-update-bjp-hariom-verma-sp-satyabhan-shakya-bsp-subhash-shakya-cong-divya-sharma-4036927.html |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=News18 India |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=अमांपुर में थमी नहीं भाजपा की रफ्तार, हरिओम जीते |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/agra/story-bjp-39-s-pace-did-not-stop-in-amanpur-hariom-won-5998820.html |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=Live Hindustan |language=hindi}}</ref> and he was elected two times as Jila panchayat in Sadasy dist. Kasganj.

== Personal life ==
His age is 37 years and his profession is agriculture land and jigsaw machine work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hariom-हरि ओम Bjp Candidate Amanpur Election Result 2022 |url=https://www.amarujala.com/election/vidhan-sabha-elections/uttar-pradesh/candidates/hariom-bjp-2022-amanpur-79-uttar-pradesh |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=HARIOM(BJP):Constituency- AMANPUR(KASGANJ) - Expense Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/uttarpradesh2022/expense.php?candidate_id=1799 |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Verma, Hariom}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Mokhada taluka

2024-05-13T16:51:13Z

SadieHagelthorn: added a article basic info

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}

'''Mokhada taluka''' is a [[taluka]] in [[Palghar district]] of Maharashtra an Indian state.<ref name="Prahar-20141127">{{cite news|url=http://prahaar.in/prahaarhelpline/269444|title=महाराष्ट्रातील सर्व तालुके - महाराष्ट्रातील सर्व जिल्ह्यांतील तालुके महसुली विभागांनिहाय जाणून घ्या.|date=2014-11-27|work=Prahar|accessdate=2015-08-15|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722032645/http://prahaar.in/prahaarhelpline/269444|archivedate=22 July 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Thane district==
On 1 August 2014, the talukas of Mokhada, [[Jawahar taluka|Jawahar]], [[Talasari taluka|Talasari]], [[Vikramgad taluka|Vikramgad]], [[Wada taluka|Wada]], [[Dahanu taluka|Dahanu]], [[Palghar taluka|Palghar]] and [[Vasai taluka|Vasai]] were separated from the erstwhile [[Thane district]] to form a new district [[Palghar district|Palghar]].<ref name="TimesOfIndia-20140614">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thane/Thane-district-will-finally-be-split-into-2-parts-from-August-15/articleshow/36516533.cms|title=Thane district will finally be split into 2 parts from August 15|last=Tembhekar|first=Chittaranjan |author2=Sanjeev Shivadekar |date=2014-06-14|work=Times of India|accessdate=16 August 2015}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Mokhada taluk (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Maharashtra|Hinduism]]|darkorange|96.85}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Maharashtra|Islam]]|green|1.80}}
{{bar percent|[[Marathi Buddhists|Buddhism]]|mediumblue|1.14}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.21}}
}}

Mokhada taluka has a population of 83,453 according to the 2011 census. Mokhada had a literacy rate of 56.48% and a sex ratio of 1002 females per 1000 males. 14,678 (17.59%) are under 7 years of age. The entire population lived in rural areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 1.94% and 92.08% of the population respectively.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Thane |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/834/download/36204/DH_2011_2721_PART_A_DCHB_THANE.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages of Mokhada taluk (2011)<ref name="langs" />
|label1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value1 = 97.05 |color1 = red
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 2.06 |color2 = orange
|label3 = Others |value3 = 0.89 |color3 = grey
}}

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 97.05% of the population in the district spoke [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and 2.06% [[Hindi]] as their first language.<ref name="langs">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10212/download/13324/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Palghar district topics}}

{{coord|19.9333|N|73.3333|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Talukas in Palghar district]]
{{Palghar-geo-stub}}

Muthunur

2024-05-11T14:38:37Z

SadieHagelthorn: added initial post basic info...

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{refimprove|date=March 2014}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Muthunoor
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.8|N|79.4|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Karimnagar district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 505526
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08724
| registration_plate =TS 02
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest town
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Jagityal]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 = 9 %
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Karimnagar]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 =
| website = {{URL|telangana.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Muthunoor''' (also '''Muthunur''') is a village in [[Velgatoor|Velgatoor mandal]] in the [[Jagitial district|Jagitial District]], [[Telangana]], India.<ref name="Muthunoor">{{Citation|title=Muthunoor the village in the Karimanagar District|url=http://www.onefivenine.com/india/villages/Karimnagar/Velgatoor/Muthunoor}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Muthunoor is situated near the bank of [[Godavari River|river Godavari]]. The village is positioned between Ramnoor and Mokkatraopet. [[Hyderabad]] is about 178 km from this hinterland. Agriculture is the main source of income. [[Paddy (unmilled rice)|Paddy]] and [[Cotton]] are the main crops grown here.

== Assembly constituency ==
This village comes under [[Dharmapuri]] assembly constituency.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Karimnagar district}}

[[Category:Villages in Karimnagar district]]