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Jaquar

2026-05-08T06:46:21Z

SadguruCaterer: Done

{{Short description|Conglomerate based in Manesar, India}}
{{distinguish|Jaguar Cars}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Jaquar & Company Private limited
| logo = Jaquar logo.svg
| image = Jaquar global headquarter building picture.jpg
| image_caption = Jaquar global headquarter, Manesar, [[Gurugram]]
| type = Private
| area_served = Worldwide
| founded = 1960
| founder = N. L. Mehra
| hq_location_city = [[Manesar|Manesar, Haryana]]
| hq_location_country = India
| key_people = Rajesh Mehra (Director) Kishan Mehra (Director), Ajay Mehra (Director)<ref>{{cite news|title=Rajesh Mehra, Director & Promoter, Jaquar|url=http://www.indiainfoline.com/article/research-leader-speak/rajesh-mehra,-director---promoter,-jaquar-25150818_1.html|accessdate=17 December 2015|work=India Infoline.com|publisher=India Infoline Ltd.|date=5 April 2011}}</ref>
| revenue = Approx. INR 8703 Crores (2025-26)
| industry =
| products = Bathroom fixtures and lighting
| num_employees = 12000
| homepage = https://jaquar.com/int/
}}
The '''Jaquar Group''', established in 1960, is a bathroom and lighting company, offering products such as [[faucets]], [[ceramics]], flushing systems, [[shower]]s, [[bathtubs]], built-in [[saunas]], fully built [[bathroom]] systems, as well as [[water heater]]s and varied lighting products.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jaquar Lighting aims Rs 350 cr turnover by FY19|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/jaquar-lighting-aims-rs-350-cr-turnover-by-fy19-924215-2017-05-11|access-date=1 August 2017|work=India Today|date=May 11, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Jaquar set to become a complete bathroom brand|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-04-20/news/31374004_1_bathroom-jaquar-sanitary-ware|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130904011224/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-04-20/news/31374004_1_bathroom-jaquar-sanitary-ware|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 4, 2013|accessdate=17 December 2015|work=The Economic Times|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.|date=20 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Jaquar eyeing Rs 1,300 cr biz in FY 11-12|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/jaquar-eyeing-rs-1-300-cr-biz-in-fy-11-12-112032000065_1.html|accessdate=17 December 2015|work=Business Standard|publisher=Business Standard|date=17 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Behind Jaquar: How the Mehra Brothers Turned a Split Legacy into a Bathroom Biggie|url=https://www.outlookbusiness.com/magazine/behind-jaquar-how-the-mehra-brothers-turned-a-split-legacy-into-a-bathroom-biggie|work=Outlook Business |publisher=Outlookbusiness.com|date=4 May 2026}}</ref>

It employs over 12,000 people including 2400 service technicians and has 7 manufacturing units with 1 in South Korea spread over 3,30,000 sq.m. 3 upcoming manufacturing facilities will make it to 11 facilities up to 5,30,000 sq. m. area. Currently, it manufactures 52.9 million bath fittings every year for nearly 3.6 million bathrooms every year, and 28.4 million lighting products yearly. The existing lighting plant at Bhiwadi, India is pread across 68,000 sq. m. The company has more than 23 Jaquar World orientation centres in India and over 40 Jaquar World experiential showrooms globally at London, Milan, Singapore, Dubai, Kuala Lumpur and other locations.<ref>{{cite news|title= Jaquar to invest Rs 150 crore in new lighting factory|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/jaquar-to-invest-rs-150-crore-in-new-lighting-factory/story/273197.html|accessdate=22 March 2018|work=Business Today|publisher=businesstoday.in|date=March 22, 2018}}</ref>
Jaquar Group has global headquarters spread across 48,000 sq. meters<ref>{{cite news|title=An ode to water in steel: Inside Jaqaur's global HQ in Gurgaon|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/an-ode-to-water-in-steel-inside-jaqaurs-global-hq-in-gurgaon/articleshow/59085092.cms|accessdate=10 June 2017|work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |publisher=The Times Of India |date=10 June 2017}}</ref>) in Manesar, Haryana, India and presently operates in over 55 countries in [[Europe]], [[Middle East]], [[South East Asia]], [[Africa]], and [[SAARC]] region.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jaquar to set up plant in Manesar |url=http://www.mydigitalfc.com/news/jaquar-set-plant-manesar-512 |accessdate=17 December 2015 |work=mydigitalfc.com |publisher=Financial Chronicle |date=1 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222153559/http://www.mydigitalfc.com/news/jaquar-set-plant-manesar-512 |archivedate=22 December 2015 }}</ref> The unique feature of Jaquar’s core industry is that the sales are made not directly to customers but via an extensive dealer network.<ref>{{cite news|title= ads-on-tap-why-jaquar-still-values-old-school-marketing-in-the-age-of-ai-lighting-bath-fittings|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/ads-on-tap-why-jaquar-still-values-old-school-marketing-in-the-age-of-ai-lighting-bath-fittings-11775063377993.html|accessdate=30 April 2026|work=Mint|publisher=livemint.com|date=April 20, 2026}}</ref>

==History==

===1960–1985===
1960
*Mehras started the business, Rajesh Mehra's father NL Mehra started the bath fittings company and brand Essco.<ref>{{cite news|title= Jaquar: Seeing business in a new light|url=http://www.forbesindia.com/article/boardroom/jaquar-seeing-business-in-a-new-light/50913/1|accessdate= 1 Aug 2018|work=Forbes India|publisher=www.forbesindia.com|date=August 1, 2018}}</ref>
1972
*Essco started its first manufacturing plant in Haryana, and after three years rolled out a design range of bathroom fittings under the sub-brand Deluxe.<ref>{{cite news|title= Jaquar: Seeing business in a new light|url=http://www.forbesindia.com/article/boardroom/jaquar-seeing-business-in-a-new-light/50913/1|accessdate= 1 Aug 2018|work=Forbes India|publisher=www.forbesindia.com|date=August 1, 2018}}</ref>
1975
*Launch of Delux, the first designed [[faucet]] by Jaquar in India.
1985
*Launch of Marvel, first collection of bathroom fittings from Jaquar in India.

===1986–2009===
1986
*Rajesh Mehra along with brothers Ajay Mehra and Krishan Mehra launched the Jaquar brand. It is named after Jai Kaur, the grandmother of the Mehra brothers.
1987
*Jaquar launched the advanced flush valve, making Jaquar largest selling brand in its category in India.
1993
*Introduced Victorian design ‘Queen’ brand.
2000
*Expands the range of offerings to whirlpools, shower panels, showers, steam cabins and spas.
2001
*Jaquar's first Orientation Centre opens its doors to the public – a retail place where company's latest bathroom and lighting products and concepts are showcased, and advice from the experts is also offered, in addition to estimation and design assistance.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rajesh Mehra, Director & Promoter, Jaquar|url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/research-leader-speak/rajesh-mehra-director-promoter-jaquar-113111402939_1.html|accessdate= 5 April 2011|work=IndiaInfoline|publisher=indiainfoline.com|date=April 5, 2011}}</ref> Jaquar is the only Indian bath brand that has live display and demonstration at its 21 Orientation Centers.<ref>{{cite news|title=Here's why categories that used to stack high & sell cheap are embracing premiumisation|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/heres-why-categories-that-used-to-stack-high-sell-cheap-are-embracing-premiumisation/articleshow/54423182.cms|accessdate= 21 September 2016|work=The Economic Times|publisher=economictimes.indiatimes.com|date=September 21, 2016}}</ref>
2006
* Launch of a separate division for shower enclosures from designing to installation.
2007
*Jaquar builds its first manufacturing fully integrated unit at [[Bhiwadi]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Jaquar Group marks the 60th anniversary with an expansion of Bhiwadi plant making it world's largest faucet manufacturing plant in a single unit|url=https://www.constructionweekonline.in/10514-jaquar-group-marks-60th-anniversary-with-expansion-of-bhiwadi-plant-making-it-worlds-largest-faucet-manufacturing-plant-in-a|accessdate=24 July 2019|work=Construction Week|date=July 26, 2019}}</ref>
2008
* Jaquar Group builds its second manufacturing facility.<ref>{{cite news|title=Overview on the Jaquar Group|url=https://www.jaquar.com/products/press-releases|accessdate=12 Dec 2019|work=Jaquar official website|date=July 26, 2019}}</ref>
2009
*Forays into water heaters, the launch of ‘Artize’

===2010–till date===
2010
*The Group introduced a range of sanitaryware products. The third manufacturing plant was scaled up to 135,000 sq. m that becomes one of the largest plant in Asia<ref>{{cite news|title=Rajesh Mehra, Director & Promoter, Jaquar|url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/research-leader-speak/rajesh-mehra-director-promoter-jaquar-113111402939_1.html|accessdate=5 April 2011|work=Indiainfoline|publisher=indiainfoline.com|date=April 5, 2011}}</ref>
2013
Nielsen survey reports Jaquar as India’s most trusted bath fittings brand

2016
*Jaquar Group acquired a 51% majority stake in Joeyforlife—a South Korea-based luxury shower maker—in a deal worth {{USD}}1.2 million.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jaquar picks stake in Korean firm; aims to increase exports|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/jaquar-picks-stake-in-korean-firm-aims-to-increase-exports/article8876588.ece|accessdate=16 August 2016|work=Business Line|publisher=The Hindu|date=Jul 20, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Jaquar acquires majority stake in Korea-based Joeyforlife|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Jaquar-acquires-majority-stake-in-Korea-based-Joeyforlife/articleshow/53285068.cms|accessdate=16 August 2016|work=The Times of India|date=Jul 19, 2016}}</ref>
*The company has also entered the lighting industry and has launched a manufacturing unit for the same in Manesar.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jaquar to Enter LED Lighting Biz; Expand Manesar Facility|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/business/news/Jaquar-to-Enter-LED-Lighting-Biz-Expand-Manesar-Facility/2016/03/31/article3355578.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403142946/http://www.newindianexpress.com/business/news/Jaquar-to-Enter-LED-Lighting-Biz-Expand-Manesar-Facility/2016/03/31/article3355578.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 3, 2016|accessdate=16 August 2016|work=The New Indian Express|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=March 31, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Jaquar director Rajesh Mehra is focused to take the company to new heights|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/brand-equity/jaquar-director-rajesh-mehra-is-focused-to-take-the-company-to-new-heights/articleshow/57631178.cms|accessdate=10 April 2018|work=The Economic Times|date=17 May 2017}}</ref>
* Jaquar makes a new global [[headquarter]], (a Platinum [[Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design|LEED]] Certified Net [[zero-energy building]] by [[USGBC]] building in [[Manesar]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Meet the company with the most environment-friendly office in India|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/meet-the-indian-company-with-one-of-the-most-environment-friendly-office-and-products/articleshow/53532534.cms|accessdate=15 August 2016|work=Business Insider India|date=5 Aug 2016}}</ref>

2017
*Jaquar acquires sanitaryware manufacturing plant taking its production capacity to 1.8 million pieces.<ref>{{cite news|title= Jaquar acquires Euro Ceramics' sanitaryware plant|url=https://www.vccircle.com/jaquar-acquires-euro-ceramics-sanitary-ware-plant/|accessdate= 3 Dec 2017|work=VC Circle|publisher=VCCircle.com|date=April 25, 2017}}</ref>
*Jaquar Group's manufacturing units were spread over 3,29,000 sq. m, across 5 plants in India & 1 plant in South Korea.<ref>{{cite news|title= Jaquar aims USD 1 billion turnover by 2022, to open 15 stores globally|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jaquar-aims-usd-1-billion-turnover-by-2022-to-open-15-stores-globally-4965595/|accessdate= 3 Dec 2017|work=The Indian Express|publisher=Indianexpress.com|date=December 3, 2017}}</ref>
*Jaquar expanded its manufacturing facility in Bhiwadi, Rajasthan by 30,000 square meters by investing 150 [[crore]] in new faucets manufacturing plant which helped the Group to achieve the production to 1,25,000 faucets a day.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jaquar to double manufacturing facility in Rajasthan with Rs 150 crore investment|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-jaquar-to-double-manufacturing-facility-in-rajasthan-with-rs-150-crore-investment-2228062|accessdate=16 August 2016|work=DNA India|publisher=Diligent Media Corporation Ltd.|date=Jun 26, 2016}}</ref> With the expansion of Bhiwadi plant it has become the world's largest faucet manufacturing plant in a single unit.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jaquar Group marks 60th anniversary with expansion of Bhiwadi plant making it world's largest faucet manufacturing plant in a single unit|url=https://www.constructionweekonline.in/10514-jaquar-group-marks-60th-anniversary-with-expansion-of-bhiwadi-plant-making-it-worlds-largest-faucet-manufacturing-plant-in-a|accessdate=24 July 2019|work=Construction Week|date=July 26, 2019}}</ref> Jaquar's [[Bhiwadi]] plant recycles 1.5 [[lakh]] litres of water every day<ref>{{cite news|title=Jaquar's Bhiwadi plant recycles 1.5 lakh litres of water every day|url=https://indiacsr.in/csr-sustainability-jaquars-bhiwadi-plant-recycles-1-5-lakh-litres-of-water-every-day/|accessdate=4 June 2019|work=IndiaCSR.in|publisher=indiacsr.in|date=Jun 4, 2019}}</ref>

2018
*The Group announced the skill development and training of over 300 plumbers on World Youth Skill Day<ref>{{cite news|title= World Youth Skills Day|url=http://www.un.org/en/events/youthskillsday/|accessdate=15 July 2018|work=The United Nations|publisher=un.org|date=July 15, 2018}}</ref> as a part of [[Skill India]], an initiative by [[Government of India]]. The training will be imparted to the plumbers through 10 specialized training centres spread across India. The centres will train unemployed youth in specialized skill sets and develop them as trained plumbers.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jaquar Group Trains Over 300 Plumbers Pan-India on World Youth Skill Day|url=http://www.businessworld.in/article/Jaquar-Group-Trains-Over-300-Plumbers-Pan-India-on-World-Youth-Skill-Day-/14-07-2018-154821/|accessdate=15 July 2018|work=Business World|date=July 15, 2018}}</ref>
*The Group closed the turnover of INR 3588 Crores in 2018-19 and aims to achieve $1 billion turnover by 2022 and open 15 stores globally.<ref>{{cite news|title= Jaquar aims $1 billion turnover by 2022, to open 15 stores globally|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/paper-/-wood-/-glass/-plastic/-marbles/jaquar-aims-1-billion-turnover-by-2022-to-open-15-stores-globally/articleshow/61901200.cms|accessdate= 3 Dec 2017|work=The Economic Times|publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com|date=December 3, 2017}}</ref>
2019
*Rajesh Mehra, Director, and Promoter of Jaquar Group was conferred the 'EY Entrepreneur of the Year 2018' Award under the ‘Consumer Products & Retail’ category for Delivering luxurious experiences.<ref>{{cite news|title= Rajesh Mehra of Jaquar Group wins the Entrepreneur of the Year award 2018|url=http://architectureupdate.in/|accessdate=16 February 2019|work=Architecture Update|publisher=architectureupdate.in|date=February 16, 2019}}</ref>
*Jaquar Group received the second Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design ([[Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design|LEED]]) Platinum certification for its bath fittings manufacturing facility in [[Bhiwadi]], [[Rajasthan]], India.<ref>{{cite news|title= Jaquar Group achieves greater heights in sustainable manufacturing|url=https://www.manufacturingtodayindia.com/sectors/4346-jaquar-group-achieves-greater-heights-in-sustainable-manufacturing|accessdate=16 February 2019|work=Manufacturing Today India|publisher=manufacturingtodayindia.com/|date=June 6, 2019}}</ref>
*Mr. Rajesh Mehra was ranked 93rd in the [[Forbes]] India's list of 100 Richest People in 2019 Ranking.<ref>{{cite news|title= India's 100 Richest People|url=https://www.forbes.com/india-billionaires/list/#tab:overall|accessdate=16 December 2019|work=Forbes|date=December 16, 2019}}</ref>
*Jaquar group completed 60 years in manufacturing excellence.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jaquar Group July 2019 Newsletter Group|url=https://www.jaquar.com/newsletter/july-19/|accessdate=12 July 2019|work=Jaquar Newsletter July 2019|date=July 26, 2019}}</ref>

2020
*Jaquar opens the 15th Jaquar World showroom in Moscow that is designed by the Danelon Meroni design studio and showcases product ranges from Artize and Jaquar.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jaquar Group Open Doors to Jaquar World, the Flagship Showroom in Moscow|url=http://www.ptinews.com/pressrelease/40076_press-subJaquar-Group-Open-Doors-to-Jaquar-World--the-Flagship-Showroom-in-Moscow|accessdate=13 March 2020|work=PTI News|date=March 13, 2020}}</ref>
* Opens in-house manufacturing for [[LED]] lighting with 900000 sq. ft plant in [[Bhiwadi]].<ref>{{cite news|title= Jaquar Group to start production at two new factories in October |url= https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/jaquar-group-to-start-production-at-two-new-factories-in-october-120083100045_1.html|accessdate=31 August 2020|work=Business Standard|date=August 31, 2020}}</ref>

2021
* Jaquar launches the [[Sonipat]] water heater facility with capacity to produce - manual and digital models - 4.5 lakhs pcs in a year.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jaquar Group press release|url=https://www.jaquar.com/en/press-releases|accessdate=18 April 2021|work=PTI News|date=Apr 18, 2021}}</ref>
* Jaquar Group unveiled Jaquar World store in [[Lagos]], [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Jaquar World unveils showroom in Lagos|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/jaquar-world-unveils-showroom-in-lagos|location=Lagos, Nigeria|accessdate=20 November 2021|date=Nov 20, 2021|newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref>

2022
* Jaquar Group launches Laguna in collaboration with Matteo Thun and Antonio Rodrigues{{cn|date=May 2025}}
* Launch of ATELIER by Artize, a bath gallery at [[Mumbai]], Delhi and [[Bangalore]].{{cn|date=May 2025}}

2023
* Launch of Jaquar World in [[Dubai]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian luxury brand Jaquar opens showroom in Dubai|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/indian-luxury-brand-jaquar-opens-showroom-in-dubai|work=khaleejtimes.com|publisher=Khaleej Times|date=4 October 2023}}</ref>
* Launch of large [[retail format]] showroom in [[Jaipur]] and plans to open in [[Indore]] and [[Delhi]].{{cn|date=November 2023}}
*Jaquar successfully asserts rights in ARTIZE mark over [[Villeroy & Boch]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Jaquar successfully asserts rights in ARTIZE mark over Villeroy Boch|url=https://www.worldtrademarkreview.com/article/jaquar-successfully-asserts-rights-in-artize-mark-over-villeroy-boch|accessdate=23 June 2023|work=worldtrademarkreview.com|date=June 23, 2023}}</ref>
*Third edition of Canvas, an annual celebration of [[art]], [[design]] and [[architecture]], held in collaboration with [[Architectural Digest]].<ref>{{cite news|title= Canvas 2023: A soulful celebration of art, design and culture by the Jaquar Group
|url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/story/canvas-2023-a-soulful-celebration-of-art-design-and-culture-by-the-jaquar-group/|accessdate= 16 February 2024|work=Architectural Digest |publisher=www.architecturaldigest.in}}</ref>

2024
*Jaquar Group IPA Neerathon 2024 was organized for the cause of water advocating [[water conservation]] in [[New Delhi]] on 4 February 2024.<ref>{{cite news|title= Jaquar Group IPA Neerathon 2024 - A Resounding Success even in adverse weather
|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/jaquar-group-ipa-neerathon-2024-a-resounding-success-even-in-adverse-weather20240208183409/|accessdate= 8 February 2024|work=ANI News|publisher=www.aninews.in|date=February 16, 2024}}</ref>
*Court restrains a [[company]] from using 'Artize' and 'Tiaara' trade marks belonging to Jaquar.<ref>{{cite news|title= Delhi High Court restrains Ashirvad Pipes from using trademarks similar to Jaquar
|url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/delhi-high-court-restrains-ashirvad-pipes-using-trademarks-similar-jaquar|accessdate= 6 May 2024|work=barandbench.com|publisher=www.barandbench.com|date=April 2, 2024}}</ref>
*QLOUD, a thermostatic [[shower]] mixer launched for multi-mode [[showering]].<ref>{{cite news|title= Sobhita Dhulipala in Jaquar India's new campaign
|url=https://www.adgully.com/sobhita-dhulipala-in-jaquar-india-s-new-campaign-145395.html|accessdate= 6 May 2024|work=adgully|publisher=www.adgully.com|date=May 6, 2024}}</ref>

==Products==
[[File:Artize Tailwater Faucet.jpg|thumb|Artize Tailwater Faucet]]
All manufacturing plants are zero liquid discharge with recycling more than 500,000 litres of water everyday and recycling 4221 metric tones of brass every year, generating 6.23 MW of solar energy.Jaquar Group targets its products to various socio-economic segments, such as brand Artize (luxury category), brand Jaquar (Premium category) and brand Essco (value category).<ref>{{cite news|title=Jaquar's facets, beyond faucets|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/catalyst/jaquars-facets-beyond-faucets/article2343835.ece|accessdate=17 December 2015|work=Business Line|publisher=The Hindu Business Line|date=10 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Rajesh Mehra, Director & Promoter, Jaquar|url=http://www.indiainfoline.com/article/research-leader-speak/rajesh-mehra,-director---promoter,-jaquar-25150818_1.html|accessdate=17 December 2015|work=India Infoline.com|publisher=India Infoline Ltd.|date=5 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title='Jaquar's USP is our coordinated product offerings with wide range of fittings' |url=http://www.hospitalitybizindia.com/detailNews.aspx?aid=22546&sid=10 |accessdate=17 December 2015 |work=Hospitality Biz India |publisher=Saffron Synergies Pvt Ltd |date=10 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222113217/http://www.hospitalitybizindia.com/detailNews.aspx?aid=22546&sid=10 |archivedate=22 December 2015 }}</ref>

==Artize==
Artize is a luxury bathroom shower and faucets brand from Jaquar Group. In July 2018, the Tailwater [[faucet]], manufactured by the Jaquar Group's luxury brand Artize, and designed by the London-based product design consultancy DanelonMeroni Design Studio received [[Red Dot Design Award|Red Dot]] Design Award for 2018 for product design.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jaquar Group's Luxury Bath Brand Artize wins the Red Dot Design Award For Tailwater|url=http://www.architectandinteriorsindia.com/feature-s/jaquar-groups-luxury-bath-brand-artize-wins-the-red-dot-design-award-for-tailwater/|accessdate=1 May 2018|work=architectinteriorsindia.com|date=May 1, 2018}}</ref>

Jaquar successfully asserts rights in ARTIZE mark over [[Villeroy & Boch]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Jaquar successfully asserts rights in ARTIZE mark over Villeroy Boch|url=https://www.worldtrademarkreview.com/article/jaquar-successfully-asserts-rights-in-artize-mark-over-villeroy-boch|accessdate=23 June 2023|work=worldtrademarkreview.com|date=June 23, 2023}}</ref>

==Jaquar==

The Jaquar brand is a player in the premium segment of the Indian bathroom fittings market.<ref>{{cite news|title= India's Richest 2019: Jaquar's Rajesh Mehra makes fitting debut|url=http://www.forbesindia.com/article/india-rich-list-2019/indias-richest-2019-jaquars-rajesh-mehra-makes-fitting-debut/56311/1|accessdate= 26 Nov 2019|work=Forbes India|publisher=www.forbesindia.com|date=November 26, 2019}}</ref>
It manufactures shower enclosures and cubicles.<ref>{{cite news|title=Shower Enclosure and Cubicles Market Is Booming Worldwide Along with Key Trends through the Company Sections, Countries and Regions with Key Players-Duravit, Jaquar Group, Kohler, LIXIL Group, Masco, Acorn Engineering Company|url=https://3wnews.org/uncategorised/2197321/shower-enclosure-and-cubicles-market-is-booming-worldwide-along-with-key-trends-through-the-company-sections-countries-and-regions-key-players-duravit-jaquar-group-kohler-lixil-group-masco-ac/|accessdate=6 July 2020|work=3wNews|date=July 6, 2020|archive-date=7 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707073924/https://3wnews.org/uncategorised/2197321/shower-enclosure-and-cubicles-market-is-booming-worldwide-along-with-key-trends-through-the-company-sections-countries-and-regions-key-players-duravit-jaquar-group-kohler-lixil-group-masco-ac/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The company's range of products also includes faucets, showers, sanitary ware and wellness, shower enclosures, and water heaters.<ref>{{cite news|title= Jaquar Group marks 60th anniversary with expansion of Bhiwadi plant making it world's largest faucet manufacturing plant in a single unit|url=https://www.manufacturingtodayindia.com/sectors/4654-jaquar-group-marks-60th-anniversary-with-expansion-of-bhiwadi-plant-making-it-worlds-largest-faucet-manufacturing|accessdate= 24 July 2019|work=Manufacturing Today India|publisher=www.manufacturingtodayindia.com|date=July 24, 2019}}</ref>
QLOUD, a thermostatic [[shower]] mixer launched for multi-mode [[showering]] with [[Sobhita Dhulipala]] featuring in [[advertisement campaign]].<ref>{{cite news|title= Sobhita Dhulipala in Jaquar India's new campaign
|url=https://www.adgully.com/sobhita-dhulipala-in-jaquar-india-s-new-campaign-145395.html|accessdate= 6 May 2024|work=adgully|publisher=www.adgully.com|date=May 6, 2024}}</ref>

=== Faucets ===
Jaquar has in-house product design team, the Group has manufacturing capacity of producing 125,000 faucets per day.<ref>{{cite news|title= Jaquar Group marks 60th anniversary with expansion of Bhiwadi plant making it world's largest faucet manufacturing plant in a single unit|url=https://www.manufacturingtodayindia.com/sectors/4654-jaquar-group-marks-60th-anniversary-with-expansion-of-bhiwadi-plant-making-it-worlds-largest-faucet-manufacturing|accessdate= 24 July 2019|work=Manufacturing Today India|publisher=www.manufacturingtodayindia.com|date=July 24, 2019}}</ref>

=== Showers ===
Jaquar showers have overhead, hand and body showers systems.<ref>{{cite news|title= Jaquar Group's new 'Sensor and Sensibility' campaign endorses a touch-free lifestyle|url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/advertising/jaquar-groups-new-sensor-and-sensibility-campaign-endorses-a-touch-free-lifestyle/77627457|accessdate= 19 August 2020|work=ET BrandEquity.com|publisher=brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/|date=August 19, 2020}}</ref>

=== Sanitaryware ===
Jaquar Sanitaryware ranges include wash basins, offering Wall Hung, Over Counter, Under Counter and Counter-top installations.<ref>{{cite news|title= Here is the story of an Indian company gaining global fame for its home-grown products|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/advertising/brands/article/how-an-indian-company-jaquar-group-is-gaining-global-fame-for-its-home-grown-products/articleshow/78428193.cms|accessdate= 5 October 2020|work=Business Insider India|publisher=businessinsider.in|date=October 5, 2020}}</ref>

=== Wellness ===
Jaquar has range of [[whirlpools]] that are created by specialist designers from [[Europe]] and are manufactured at Jaquar’s manufacturing facilities.<ref>{{cite news|title= Here is the story of an Indian company gaining global fame for its home-grown products|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/advertising/brands/article/how-an-indian-company-jaquar-group-is-gaining-global-fame-for-its-home-grown-products/articleshow/78428193.cms|accessdate= 5 October 2020|work=Business Insider India|publisher=businessinsider.in|date=October 5, 2020}}</ref>

=== Water heaters ===

==Essco==
Essco by the Jaquar Group offers taps, sanitaryware, and accessories, has a retail footprint of over 4000 in the country and an annual turnover of over Rs 300 crores.<ref>{{cite news|title= ESSCO by Jaquar Group's launches new TVCs|url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/advertising/essco-by-jaquar-groups-launches-new-tvcs/73770570|accessdate=31 January 2020|publisher=Brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com|date=January 31, 2020}}</ref>
For over six decades Essco the bathroom brand has been in the bath industry in India. Essco, the brand is built on the pillars of quality and affordability in designing and delivering products that are functional, and aesthetics at an easy–to-own price. Essco has expanded its footprint in tier-II, III & IV cities across India, Essco has a total retail presence across 4000+ stores and the Jaquar Group aims to increase the retail strength to 5000+ outlets by the year 2022.<ref>{{cite news|title= Hindware, Jaquar see affordable housing scheme boosting their sales|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/owp1gOgunMcOebd1SkipsI/Recovery-in-realty-seen-rubbing-off-on-sanitaryware-industry.html|accessdate=22 August 2018|publisher=livemint.com|date=August 22, 2018}}</ref>
Essco unveiled digital campaign [[Hashtag]] EsscoNaBhoolPaoge highlighting the values of quality and trusted service.<ref>{{cite news|title= Essco by Jaquar Group unveils digital campaign #EsscoNaBhoolPaoge|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/marketing-news/essco-by-jaquar-group-unveils-digital-campaign-essconabhoolpaoge-115947.html|accessdate=27 September 2021|publisher=exchange4media.com|date=September 27, 2021}}</ref>

==Jaquar lighting==
The group is investing Rs 150 crore in a new lighting manufacturing facility where many lighting components would be produced in-house. Jaquar's capacity to make LED drivers is about 1.2 million a month. It currently produces around 750,000. The company first invested in lighting 15 years back when it identified a vacuum in good quality lighting. Since then, it has focussed on designer lighting such as chandeliers. The company also manufactures bulbs and tube lights - it has automated bulbs assembly at its factory in Manesar.<ref>{{cite news|title= Jaquar to invest Rs 150 crore in new lighting factory|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/jaquar-to-invest-rs-150-crore-in-new-lighting-factory/story/273197.html|accessdate=22 March 2018|work=Business Today|publisher=businesstoday.in|date=March 22, 2018}}</ref> Jaquar Group announced the Indian film actress [[Deepika Padukone]] as the [[brand ambassador]] of their lighting segment.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jaquar Lighting aims Rs 350 cr turnover by FY19|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/industry/jaquar-lighting-aims-rs-350-cr-turnover-by-fy19/664235/|accessdate=10 April 2018|work=The Financial Express|publisher=The Express Group|date=11 May 2017}}</ref>

==Training==
Jaquar Group aims to train over 10,000 more plumbers by 2020.<ref>{{cite news|title=World Youth Skill Day: Jaquar Group aims to train over 10,000 more plumbers by 2020|url=http://everythingexperiential.businessworld.in/article/World-Youth-Skill-Day-Jaquar-Group-aims-to-train-over-10-000-more-plumbers-by-2020-/15-07-2019-173328/|accessdate=17 July 2019|work=The Business World|publisher=everythingexperiential.businessworld.in/|date=15 July 2019}}</ref>

Group's existing plumber training and customer service initiative; 63,000 plumbers have been trained through PAD (Plumber Associated with Dealers) and 2,000 unskilled personnel have been trained through Jaquar Group skill development centres.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jaquar Group aims to train over 10,000 more plumbers by 2020|url=https://thecsrjournal.in/jaquar-group-aims-to-train-over-10000-more-plumbers-by-2020/|accessdate=17 July 2019|work=The CSR Journal|publisher=thecsrjournal.in/|date=15 July 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Manufacturing companies of India]]

Alipurduars Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-07T12:31:33Z

SadguruCaterer: adding the bio basic info!

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in West Bengal}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Alipurduars {{Small|WB-2}}
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/West Bengal/Alipurduars.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Alipurduars Lok Sabha Constituency
| established = 1977
| reservation = ST
| incumbent_image =
| mp = [[Manoj Tigga]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| assembly_cons = [[Tufanganj Assembly constituency|Tufanganj]] [[Kumargram Assembly constituency|Kumargram]] [[Kalchini Assembly constituency|Kalchini]] [[Alipurduars Assembly constituency|Alipurduars]] [[Falakata Assembly constituency|Falakata]] [[Madarihat Assembly constituency|Madarihat]] [[Nagrakata Assembly constituency|Nagrakata]]
| electors = 17,73,252 (2024)<ref>{{cite web
|title=Electoral Roll Summary 2024
|url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526095942/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf
|archive-date=26 May 2024
|website=Election Commission of India
|format=PDF
|access-date=31 December 2024
}}</ref>
}}

'''Alipurduars Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 543 [[Lok Sabha|parliamentary]] constituencies in [[India]]. The constituency centres on [[Alipurduar]] in [[West Bengal]]. While five assembly segments of No. 2 Alipurduars Lok Sabha constituency are in [[Alipurduar district]], one segment is in [[Cooch Behar district]] and one segment is in [[Jalpaiguri district]]. The seat is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled tribes]].

==Assembly segments==
[[File:Westbengalen Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|250px|right|'''Parliamentary constituencies in West Bengal''' - 1. Cooch Behar, 2.''' Alipurduars''', 3. Jalpaiguri, 4. Darjeeling, 5. Raiganj, 6. Balurghat, 7. Maldaha Uttar, 8. Maldaha Dakshin, 9. Jangipur, 10. Baharampur, 11. Murshidabad, 12. Krishnanagar, 13. Ranaghat, 14. Bangaon, 15. Barrackpore, 16. Dum Dum, 17. Barasat, 18. Basirhat, 19. Jaynagar, 20. Mathurapur, 21. Diamond Harbour, 22. Jadavpur, 23. Kolkata Dakshin, 24. Kolkata Uttar, 25. Howrah, 26. Uluberia, 27. Serampore, 28. Hooghly, 29. Arambagh, 30. Tamluk, 31, Kanthi, 32. Ghatal, 33. Jhargram, 34. Medinipur, 35. Purulia, 36. Bankura, 37. Bishnupur, 38. Bardhaman Purba, 39. Bardhaman Durgapur, 40. Asansol, 41. Bolpur, 42. Birbhum]]

As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the [[delimitation of constituencies]] in the West Bengal, parliamentary constituency no. 2 Alipurduars, reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled tribes (ST)]], is composed of the following [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] segments from 2009:<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf |title=Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 |access-date=2009-05-27 |work=Table B – Extent of Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Government of West Bengal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619064327/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |archive-date=19 June 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|9
|[[Tufanganj Assembly constituency|Tufanganj]]
|[[Cooch Behar district|Cooch Behar]]
|[[Malati Rava Roy]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=6}}
|-
|10
|[[Kumargram Assembly constituency|Kumargram]] (ST)
| rowspan="5" |[[Alipurduar district|Alipurduar]]
|[[Manoj Kumar Oraon]]
|-
|11
|[[Kalchini Assembly constituency|Kalchini]] (ST)
|[[Bishal Lama]]
|-
|12
|[[Alipurduars Assembly constituency|Alipurduars]]
|[[Paritosh Das]]
|-
|13
|[[Falakata Assembly constituency|Falakata]] (SC)
|[[Dipak Barman]]
|-
|14
|[[Madarihat Assembly constituency|Madarihat]] (ST)
|[[Laxuman Limbu]]
|-
|21
|[[Nagrakata Assembly constituency|Nagrakata]] (ST)
|[[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]]
|[[Puna Bhengra]]
|{{party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year!!Name<ref name="Alipurduars (West Bengal) Lok Sabha Election Results 2019 -Alipurduars Parliamentary Constituency, Winning MP and Party Name till 2019">{{cite news |title=Alipurduars (West Bengal) Lok Sabha Election Results 2019 -Alipurduars Parliamentary Constituency, Winning MP and Party Name till 2019 |url=https://www.elections.in/west-bengal/parliamentary-constituencies/alipurduars.html |access-date=3 July 2025 |work= |publisher=Elections |date=2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703094052/https://www.elections.in/west-bengal/parliamentary-constituencies/alipurduars.html |archive-date=3 July 2025}}</ref><ref name="Alipurduars Lok Sabha Election Results till 2019 - Parliamentary Constituency">{{cite news |title=Alipurduars Lok Sabha Election Results till 2019 - Parliamentary Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/alipurduars-lok-sabha |access-date=3 July 2025 |work= |publisher=Result University |date=2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703094123/https://resultuniversity.com/election/alipurduars-lok-sabha |archive-date=3 July 2025}}</ref> !! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''Till 1977 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]|| rowspan="5" |[[Pius Tirkey]]
| {{Full party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|rowspan=10}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]|| rowspan="4" |[[Joachim Baxla]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]||[[Manohar Tirkey]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]||[[Dasrath Tirkey]]
| {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]||[[John Barla]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]||[[Manoj Tigga]]
|}

==General election results==
===General election 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Alipurduar]]<ref name="Alipurduars Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024">{{cite news |title=Alipurduars Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/alipurduars |access-date=3 July 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703063519/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/alipurduars |archive-date=3 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Alipurduars">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Alipurduars |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S252.htm |access-date=3 July 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703063533/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S252.htm |archive-date=3 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Manoj Tigga]]
|votes =6,95,314
|percentage =48.92
|change ={{decrease}}5.48
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Prakash Chik Baraik]]
|votes = 6,19,867
|percentage = 43.61
|change ={{increase}}6.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|candidate = Mili Oraon
|votes = 39,709
|percentage = 2.79
|change = {{decrease}}0.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Parimal Oraon
|votes = 12,584
|percentage = 0.89
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Arjun Indwar
|votes = 11,122
|percentage = 0.78
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes =21,298
|percentage =1.5
|change ={{decrease}}0.03
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 75,447
|percentage =5.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 14,21,389
|percentage = 79.76
|change ={{decrease}}4.03
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}

===General election 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general election]]: [[Alipurduar]]s}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[John Barla]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 750,804
|percentage = 54.40
|change = +27.10
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Dasrath Tirkey]]
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|votes = 506,815
|percentage = 36.72
|change = +7.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Mili Oraon
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|votes = 54,010
|percentage = 3.91
|change = -23.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Mohanlal Basumata
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 27,427
|percentage = 1.99
|change = -7.50
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 21,175
|percentage = 1.53
|change = -0.09
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 243,989
|percentage = 17.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,381,176
|percentage = 83.79
|change = +0.61
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,648,383
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing = +9.92
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: Alipurduars <ref name=loksabha2014>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf |title = General Elections 2014 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 21 June 2016 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Dasrath Tirkey]]
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|votes = 3,62,453
|percentage = 29.46
|change = +0.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Manohar Tirkey]]
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|votes = 3,41,056
|percentage = 27.72
|change = -13.50
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Birendra Bara Oraon
|votes = 3,35,857
|percentage = 27.30
|change = +5.90
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Joseph Munda]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 1,16,718
|percentage = 9.49
|change = +9.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Eliash Narjinary
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 11,039
|percentage = 0.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Paul Dexion Khariya
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 10,450
|percentage = 0.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Kapin Ch. Boro
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 7,676
|percentage = 0.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Subash Chik Baraik
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|votes = 7,131
|percentage = 0.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ishabela Kujur
|party = Rashtriya Janadhikar Suraksha Party
|votes = 5,961
|percentage = 0.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Bilkan Bara
|party = Samajwadi Jan Parishad
|votes = 5,340
|percentage = 0.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = None of the Above
|party = None of the Above
|votes = 19,885
|percentage = 1.62
|change = ---
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 21,397
|percentage = 1.74
|change = -10.34
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 13,32,409
|percentage = 83.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|swing = -6.43
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections|General Election, 2009]]: [[Alipurduar]]s<ref name=loksabha2009>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |title = General Elections, 2009 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 22 May 2014 }}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|candidate = [[Manohar Tirkey]]
|votes = 384,890
|percentage = 41.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Paban Kumar Lakra
|votes = 272,068
|percentage = 29.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Manoj Tigga]]
|votes = 199,843
|percentage = 21.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = [[Joachim Baxla]]
|votes = 18,855
|percentage = 2.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Pauldexion Khariya
|votes = 16,856
|percentage = 1.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Elias Narjinary
|votes = 14,155
|percentage = 1.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = SWJP
|candidate = Bilkan Bara
|votes = 9,659
|percentage = 1.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Thaddeus Lakra
|votes = 8,750
|percentage = 0.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Kamal Lama
|votes = 8,658
|percentage = 0.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 933,734
|percentage = 75.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 1977-2004===
Most of the contests were multi-cornered. However, only winners and runners-up are mentioned below:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan="2" |Year
! colspan="2" |Winner
! colspan="2" |Runner-up
|-
!Candidate
!Party
!Candidate
!Party
|-
|1977
| rowspan="5" |[[Pius Tirkey]]
| rowspan="9" |[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
| rowspan="2" |Tuna Oraon
|[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name="loksabha1977">{{cite web |title=General Elections, 1977 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 |access-date=22 May 2014 |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|-
|1980
|[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name="loksabha1980">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf|title=General Elections, 1980 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results|work=West Bengal|publisher=Election Commission of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175926/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf|archive-date=18 July 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=22 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1984
|Philip Minj
| rowspan="4" |[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name="loksabha1984">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf|title=General Elections, 1984 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results|work=West Bengal|publisher=Election Commission of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718184911/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf|archive-date=18 July 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=22 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1989
|Denis Lakra
|-
|1991
|Philip Minj
|-
|1996
| rowspan="4" |[[Joachim Baxla]]
|[[Pius Tirkey]]
|-
|1998
|Dhirendra Narjinarai
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<ref name="loksabha1998">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf|title=General Elections, 1998 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results|work=West Bengal|publisher=Election Commission of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718181833/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf|archive-date=July 18, 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=22 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1999
|Dhirendra Narjinarai
|-
|2004
|Manoj Tigga
|}
== Notes ==
{{notelist|30em}}

==See also==
* [[Alipurduar]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/west_bengal/alipurduars/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Alipurduarsr lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}
{{Alipurduar topics}}

{{Coord|26.50|N|89.52|E|display=title|format=dms|}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alipurduars Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Alipurduar district]]

Hadgaon Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T21:09:21Z

SadguruCaterer: New

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Hadgaon
| constituency_no = 84
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 84-Hadgaon.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Hingoli Lok Sabha constituency|Hingoli]]
| district = [[Nanded district|Nanded]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Baburao Kadam]]
| party = {{Party index link|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
| incumbent_image =
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| electors =299,252
}}
'''Hadgaon Assembly constituency'''
(Hadgaon/Himayatnagar) is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|constituencies]] of [[Maharashtra]] state, western India. This constituency is located in [[Nanded district]].

==Geographical Scope==
The delimitation of the constituency happened in 2008. It comprises [[Himayatnagar taluka]] and [[Hadgaon taluka]].<ref name="ECI-20081126">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=2008-11-26|publisher=Election Commission of India|pages=259|accessdate=19 July 2015}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#BB8ED0" | [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Waipankar Madhava Rao || {{Full party name with color|People's Democratic Front}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Anjanbai Jaiwantrao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || rowspan="2" | Bhimrao Keshavrao Deshmukh
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Palkar Ganpatrao Rangrao
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Pawar Niwruttirao Mahadji || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || [[Suryakanta Patil]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || rowspan="2" | Ashtikar Bapurao Shivram Patil || {{Full party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || rowspan="3" | [[Subhash Bapurao Wankhede]] || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || [[Jawalgaonkar Madhavrao Nivruttirao Patil]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Nagesh Bapurao Patil Ashtikar]] || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || [[Jawalgaonkar Madhavrao Nivruttirao Patil]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Baburao Kadam]] || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Hadgaon }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Baburao Kadam]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 113,245 |percentage = 52.49% |change = {{increase}}29.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Jawalgaonkar Madhavrao Nivruttirao Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 83,178 |percentage = 38.55% |change = {{increase}}0.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dilip Aala Rathod |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 11,409 |percentage = 5.29% |change = {{decrease}}0.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 600 |percentage = 0.28% |change = {{decrease}}0.07 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 30,067 |percentage = 13.94% |change = {{increase}}7.09 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 216,355 |percentage = 72.30% |change = {{increase}}2.21 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 215,755}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 299,252 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.11 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}14.40 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Hadgaon <ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Jawalgaonkar Madhavrao Nivruttirao Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 74,325 |percentage = 38.09% |change = {{increase}}3.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Baburao Kadam]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 60,962 |percentage = 31.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Nagesh Bapurao Patil Ashtikar]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 44,143 |percentage = 22.62% |change = {{decrease}}19.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bharati Sudarshan Rambharati |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 10,856 |percentage = 5.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 682 |percentage = 0.35% |change = {{decrease}}0.22 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,363 |percentage = 6.85% |change = {{decrease}}0.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 195,805 |percentage = 70.09% |change = {{decrease}}0.24 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 195,117}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 279,379 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.79 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Shiv Sena |swing = {{decrease}}4.06 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Hadgaon <ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Nagesh Bapurao Patil Ashtikar]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 78,520 |percentage = 42.15% |change = {{increase}}10.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Jawalgaonkar Madhavrao Nivruttirao Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 65,079 |percentage = 34.94% |change = {{decrease}}24.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Baliram Vishvnath Bhurke |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 22,904 |percentage = 12.30% |change = {{increase}}10.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sk. Jaker Mahmmad Chaus |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 7,669 |percentage = 4.12% |change = {{increase}}2.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Latabai Shyamsundar Kadam |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 6,908 |percentage = 3.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Deshmukh Prataprao Vinayakrao |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 1,818 |percentage = 0.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sarda Suresh Mohanlal |party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 1,647 |percentage = 0.88% |change = {{increase}}0.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,062 |percentage = 0.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,441 |percentage = 7.22% |change = {{decrease}}20.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 187,503 |percentage = 70.33% |change = {{increase}}0.33 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 186,281}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 266,610 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.28 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}17.53 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Hadgaon <ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Jawalgaonkar Madhavrao Nivruttirao Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 96,584 |percentage = 59.68% |change = {{increase}}27.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Baburao Alias Sambharao Gunaji Kadam |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 51,803 |percentage = 32.01% |change = {{decrease}}2.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nevarkar Gangadhar Ganpati |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 2,848 |percentage = 1.76% |change = {{decrease}}16.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Suresh Sitaram Jadhav |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,137 |percentage = 1.32% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chavan Babu Dhanu |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,917 |percentage = 1.18% |change = {{decrease}}0.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tikore Uttamrao Gangaram |party = Jan Surajya Shakti |votes = 1,456 |percentage = 0.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Omprakash Keshavrao Shinde |party = Shivrajya Party |votes = 1,178 |percentage = 0.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Haran (Patil) Keshav Vitthalrao |party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 1,142 |percentage = 0.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 44,781 |percentage = 27.67% |change = {{increase}}25.19 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 161,900 |percentage = 70.00% |change = {{decrease}}3.88 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 161,827}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 231,275 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.43 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Shiv Sena |swing = {{increase}}25.26 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Hadgaon }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Subhash Bapurao Wankhede]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 51,842 |percentage = 34.42% |change = {{decrease}}0.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Jawalgaonkar Madhavrao Nivruttirao Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 48,104 |percentage = 31.94% |change = {{decrease}}0.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chabharkar Gangadhar Bibhishan |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 27,966 |percentage = 18.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashtikar Bapurao Shivram Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 15,873 |percentage = 10.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hukke Maroti Kanhoba |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,386 |percentage = 1.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rathod Prakash Babarao |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,069 |percentage = 1.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Suresh Sitaram Jadhav |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,394 |percentage = 0.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Potdar Shriniwas Vaijanath |party = Independent politician |votes = 988 |percentage = 0.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,738 |percentage = 2.48% |change = {{decrease}}0.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 150,632 |percentage = 73.88% |change = {{increase}}5.02 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 150,622}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 203,892 |ref = |change = {{increase}}20.86 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing = {{decrease}}0.67 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Hadgaon <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Subhash Bapurao Wankhede]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 36,496 |percentage = 35.09% |change = {{increase}}10.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashtikar Bapurao Shivram Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 33,874 |percentage = 32.57% |change = {{increase}}16.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Baburao Yadavrao Pawar Pathradkar |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 27,004 |percentage = 25.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gajanan Chavan |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,110 |percentage = 2.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramchandra Fakira Rathod |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,791 |percentage = 1.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prof. Bharat Dhole |party = Independent politician |votes = 729 |percentage = 0.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,622 |percentage = 2.52% |change = {{decrease}}2.62 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 116,164 |percentage = 68.86% |change = {{decrease}}10.51 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 103,995}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 168,699 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.21 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing = {{increase}}10.70 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Hadgaon <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Subhash Bapurao Wankhede]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 31,478 |percentage = 24.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pawar Baburao Yadavrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 24,842 |percentage = 19.25% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shaikh Jakir Shaikh Mohammed |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 24,765 |percentage = 19.19% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashtikar Bapurao Shivram Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,252 |percentage = 15.69% |change = {{decrease}}15.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shakarge Laxmanrao Girjappa |party = Janata Dal |votes = 14,485 |percentage = 11.22% |change = {{increase}}2.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rathod Ganesh Sitaram |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,272 |percentage = 4.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shinde Shivaji Nathu |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,300 |percentage = 3.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bache Nandiappa Tukaram |party = Independent politician |votes = 932 |percentage = 0.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,636 |percentage = 5.14% |change = {{decrease}}1.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 132,300 |percentage = 79.37% |change = {{increase}}11.18 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 129,058}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 166,684 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.03 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}6.81 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Hadgaon <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Ashtikar Bapurao Shivram Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 31,739 |percentage = 31.20% |change = {{decrease}}5.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Deshmukh Prataprao Vinayakrao |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 25,449 |percentage = 25.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rathod Ganesh Sitaram |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 18,936 |percentage = 18.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhagwan Namdeorao Kadam |party = Janata Dal |votes = 8,908 |percentage = 8.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mirashe Ramrao Punjaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,856 |percentage = 8.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gunjkar Ramchandra Dattarao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,760 |percentage = 1.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kamble Mariba Rama |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,571 |percentage = 1.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gaushkhar Kareemkhan |party = Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |votes = 1,102 |percentage = 1.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,290 |percentage = 6.18% |change = {{decrease}}12.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 104,247 |percentage = 68.19% |change = {{increase}}3.25 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 101,732}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 152,881 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.56 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian Congress (Socialist) |swing = {{decrease}}24.32 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Hadgaon <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Ashtikar Bapurao Shivram Patil |party = Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 46,365 |percentage = 55.52% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Deshmukh Vinayakrao Ramrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,873 |percentage = 36.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pralhad Nagorao Dhole |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,839 |percentage = 5.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Suryawanshi Arjunrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 847 |percentage = 1.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sahebrao Ganpat Raut |party = Independent politician |votes = 583 |percentage = 0.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,492 |percentage = 18.55% |change = {{increase}}17.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 85,171 |percentage = 64.94% |change = {{decrease}}0.11 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 83,507}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 131,159 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.41 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian Congress (Socialist) |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}7.10 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Hadgaon <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Suryakanta Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 34,713 |percentage = 48.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shinde Bapurao Shivram Patil |party = Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 34,196 |percentage = 47.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Wadhve Narayan Parashram |party = Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 2,512 |percentage = 3.50% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 517 |percentage = 0.72% |change = {{increase}}0.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 73,296 |percentage = 65.05% |change = {{decrease}}8.36 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 71,694}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 112,669 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.08 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}9.21 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Hadgaon <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Pawar Niwruttirao Mahadji |party = Janata Party |votes = 29,107 |percentage = 39.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shinde Bapurao Shiwram |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 29,101 |percentage = 39.20% |change = {{decrease}}18.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Muneshwar Baliram Vithalrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,043 |percentage = 6.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gaikwad Shankarrao Baliram |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,324 |percentage = 5.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sinde Vithalrao Raghoji |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 3,741 |percentage = 5.04% |change = {{increase}}4.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Wadgaonkar Uttamrao Shivaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,802 |percentage = 2.43% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shetty Satva Bhiwsan |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,119 |percentage = 1.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6 |percentage = 0.01% |change = {{decrease}}25.62 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 76,522 |percentage = 73.41% |change = {{increase}}23.31 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 74,237}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 104,242 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}0.82 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}18.82 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Hadgaon <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Palkar Ganpatrao Rangrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 29,519 |percentage = 58.03% |change = {{increase}}0.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shinde Virendra Govindaro |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 16,481 |percentage = 32.40% |change = {{increase}}1.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kisanrao Narayanrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,797 |percentage = 3.53% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dange Kishanrao Dattram |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,481 |percentage = 2.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. S. Sadashiv |party = Independent politician |votes = 748 |percentage = 1.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sinde Vithalrao Raghoji |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 320 |percentage = 0.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,038 |percentage = 25.63% |change = {{decrease}}0.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 52,663 |percentage = 50.10% |change = {{decrease}}9.47 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 50,869}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 105,109 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.91 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}0.49 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Hadgaon <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Bhimrao Keshavrao Deshmukh |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 29,308 |percentage = 57.54% |change = {{increase}}8.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. G. Shinde |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 15,865 |percentage = 31.15% |change = {{increase}}1.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. V. Jadhare |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,673 |percentage = 5.25% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. T. Wategaonkar |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,542 |percentage = 3.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = L. D. Dange |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,048 |percentage = 2.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. S. Chaure |party = Independent politician |votes = 500 |percentage = 0.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,443 |percentage = 26.39% |change = {{increase}}7.36 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 54,969 |percentage = 59.57% |change = {{increase}}0.82 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 50,936}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,275 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.81 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}8.84 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Hadgaon <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Bhimrao Keshavrao Deshmukh |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,742 |percentage = 48.70% |change = {{decrease}}2.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nagorao Hanmantrao |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 13,246 |percentage = 29.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dattram Vyenkoji |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,988 |percentage = 17.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kondba Nagnath |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,075 |percentage = 2.41% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kishanrao Dattaram |party = Independent politician |votes = 597 |percentage = 1.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,496 |percentage = 19.03% |change = {{increase}}16.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 48,487 |percentage = 58.75% |change = {{increase}}15.76 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 44,648}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 82,527 |ref = |change = {{increase}}27.49 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}2.75 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hadgaon <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Anjanbai Jaiwantrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,317 |percentage = 51.45% |change = {{increase}}16.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bodhankar Shamrao Madhavrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 13,511 |percentage = 48.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 806 |percentage = 2.90% |change = {{decrease}}15.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 27,828 |percentage = 42.99% |change = {{increase}}4.29 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 27,828}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 64,731 |ref = |change = {{increase}}21.30 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad) |swing = {{decrease}}2.38 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election]] : Hadgaon <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Hyderabad |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606161433/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Waipankar Madhava Rao |party = People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad) |votes = 11,118 |percentage = 53.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shankar Rao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 7,237 |percentage = 35.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Govinda Hari |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 2,297 |percentage = 11.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,881 |percentage = 18.79% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 20,652 |percentage = 38.70% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 20,652}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 53,363 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad) |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|19.49|77.66|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Nanded district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bombay State]]

Javed Ahmed Rana

2026-05-03T10:10:26Z

SadguruCaterer: New

{{Short description|Kashmiri politician (born 1963)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Second Omar Abdullah ministry|Cabinet Minister]], [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]]
| predecessor =
| successor =
| lieutenant_governor = [[Manoj Sinha]]
| 1blankname = [[List of Chief Ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Omar Abdullah]]
| subterm = '''Cabinet'''
| suboffice =
| term_start = 16 October 2024
| term_end =
| 2blankname = [[Second Omar Abdullah ministry|Ministry and Departments]]
| 2namedata = *Jal Shakti
*Forest
*Ecology & Environment and Tribal Affair

| office1 = Member [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 8 October 2024
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = ''himself''
| constituency1 = [[Mendhar Assembly constituency|Mendhar]]
| term_start2 = 2014
| term_end2 = 2019
| predecessor2 = Sardar Rafiq Hussain Khan
| constituency3 = [[Mendhar Assembly constituency|Mendhar]]
| term_start3 = 2002
| term_end3 = 2007
| predecessor3 = Nisar Ahamed Khan
| profession = Politician
| party = [[File:Flag of Jammu and Kashmir (1936-1953).svg|20px]][[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]]
| education = [[University of Jammu]] ([[Bachelor of Laws|LL.B]])
}}
'''Javed Ahmed Rana''' (born 1963) is an Indian politician from [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. He is a member of [[Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly]] from [[Mendhar Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for Scheduled Tribe community. He is a cabinet minister in the government of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/jammu-and-kashmir-assembly/omar-abdullah-sworn-in-as-first-cm-of-ut-jammu-and-kashmir/article68759594.ece | title=Omar Abdullah sworn in as new CM of Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir; Surinder Kumar Choudhary to be his deputy | newspaper=The Hindu | last1=Ashiq | first1=Peerzada }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CDF MLA Mendhar {{!}} District Poonch, Government of Jammu and Kashmir {{!}} India |url=https://poonch.nic.in/sh-javed-ahmed-rana-honble-mla-mendhar/ |access-date=2024-09-21 |language=en-US}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|JKNC political party]].

== Early life and education ==
Rana is from Kalaban village, [[Mendhar Tehsil|Mendhar]] tehsil, Poonch district, Jammu and Kashmir. He is the son of Babu Faiz Ahmed and is the younger brother of the prominent former [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer and [[Chancellor (education)|vice chancellor]] of [[Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University]] [[Rajouri]], [[Masud Choudhary]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/jammu/javed-ahmed-rana-from-student-leader-to-cabinet-minister/ |title=Javed Ahmed Rana: From student leader to cabinet minister |website=greaterkashmir.com |date=2024-10-17 |access-date=2024-12-31}}</ref> He completed his BA and later did LLB in 1989 at the University of Jammu.<ref name="myneta">{{Cite web |title=Javed Ahmed Rana(Jammu & Kashmir National Conference):Constituency- MENDHAR (ST)(POONCH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/JammuKashmir2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=452 |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> He is a lawyer and married Hamida Begum Rana, a businesswoman.<ref name="myneta"/> Together, they have four children: Tahir Javed Rana, Sayema Javed Rana, Zeeshan Javed Rana and Mahpara Javed Rana.<ref name="ceojk">{{cite web|url=https://ceojk.nic.in/LAEAFF2014/AC86AFF/Javed-Ahmed-Rana.pdf|title= Affidavit to be filed by the candidate alongwith nomination paper before the Returning Officer for election to J&K Legislative Assembly|access-date=2024-09-23}}</ref>

== Career ==
Rana was first elected as an MLA in the [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] from Mendhar on JKNC ticket.<ref name="etvbharat"/> He won from Mendhar Assembly constituency representing the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]] in the [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 31,186 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Mohd Mahroof Khan of [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party]], by a margin of 9,025 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-23 |title=Jammu and Kashmir Assembly election winners list |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2015/jammu-and-kashmir/story/jammu-kashmir-election-winners-list-assembly-polls-results-bjp-congress-pdp-nc-232557-2014-12-23 |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

In [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024 Assembly election]], he was nominated again by the JKNC to contest from Mendhar and won with a margin of 14,906 votes, defeating Murtaza Ahmed Khan of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="etvbharat">{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2024-09-04 |title=J&K Assembly Polls: Mendhar Seat To Witness Triangular Contest Among NC, PDP And BJP Candidates |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!state/j-and-k-assembly-polls-mendhar-seat-to-witness-triangular-contest-among-nc-pdp-and-bjp-candidates-enn24090401425 |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref> On 16 October 2024, he took oath as a cabinet minister in the government of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dash |first=Nivedita |date=2024-10-16 |title=Omar Abdullah takes oath as Jammu-Kashmir CM: Javid Ahmed Dar to Satish Sharma, list of new Cabinet ministers |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/jammu-and-kashmir/omar-abdullah-takes-oath-as-j-k-cm-javid-ahmed-dar-to-satish-sharma-list-of-new-cabinet-ministers-updates-2024-10-16-957392 |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref> On 18 October 2024, following an order issued by [[Manoj Sinha|Lieutenant Governor Sinha]] to allocate portfolios to [[Second Omar Abdullah ministry|council of ministers]] on the advice of chief minister, Rana was given the charge of Jal Shakti, Forest, Ecology & Environment, and Tribal Affairs.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-18 |title=J&K L-G allocates portfolios; who gets what in newly inducted Omar Abdullah-led cabinet |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jammu-and-kashmir/jk-l-g-allocates-portfolios-who-gets-what-in-newly-inducted-omar-abdullah-led-cabinet/article68767814.ece |access-date=2024-10-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election !! Constituency !! colspan="2"|Party !! Result !! Votes % !! Opposition Candidate !! colspan="2"|Opposition Party !! Opposition vote %|| Ref
|-
|[[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]||[[Mendhar Assembly constituency|Mendhar]]||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}||{{Won}}||38.89%||Murtaza Ahmed Khan||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||20.87%||<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bandipora|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|access-date=10 October 2024|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010072117/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|archive-date=10 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]]||[[Mendhar Assembly constituency|Mendhar]]||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||{{Won}}||47.75%||Mohammed Mahroof Khan||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}||33.93%||<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]]||[[Mendhar Assembly constituency|Mendhar]]||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||{{Lost}}||46.42%||Sardar Rafiq Hussain Khan||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}||47.63%||<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]]||[[Mendhar Assembly constituency|Mendhar]]||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||{{Won}}||51.39%||Rafiq Hussain Khan||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||34.92%||<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127192246/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1996]]||[[Mendhar Assembly constituency|Mendhar]]||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||{{Lost}}||31.95%||Nisar Ahmed Khan||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||37.47%||<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117084805/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rana, Javed Ahmad}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jammu & Kashmir National Conference politicians]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2002–2008]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2014–2018]]
[[Category:People from Poonch District, India]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:University of Jammu alumni]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Independent politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]

Northbrook Gate

2026-04-30T04:55:35Z

SadguruCaterer: starting a info!

{{More citations needed|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox building
|name = Northbrook Gate
|image = Northbrook Gate.jpg
|caption = Known as Gateway of Assam. The photograph was taken in early 20th century
|coordinates = {{coord|26.1879|91.7387|region:IN_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
|pushpin_map =
|location = Sukreswar Park, [[Guwahati]] [[Assam]], [[India]]
|architect =
|client = [[British India]]
|engineer =
|construction_start_date =
|completion_date = {{start date and age|1874}}
|demolished_date =
|cost =
|structural_system = Brick and white limestone
|architectural_style = [[British architecture]]
|size =
}}

'''The Northbrook Gate''', was constructed to welcome British viceroy [[Lord Northbrook]] who visited [[Guwahati]] in 1874. The gate was built near [[Sukreswar Ghat]] where the viceroy anchored his ship. It is the only monument of its kind in this part of Assam and the lone surviving brick architecture from colonial times. For the last 140 years, it has remained a silent spectator of many developments of Guwahati.

British officials named the Northbrook Gate the 'Gateway of Assam'. It is alleged that the Lord Northbrook Gate is battling for survival, as no competent authority has stepped in to save the historic structure.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Northbrook Gate needs immediate restoration|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=aug1312/city05|access-date=2020-11-29|website=The Assam Tribune Online|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225018/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=aug1312/city05|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Recently, State Govt. is taking initiative for restoration of the gate.

==History==
The Northbrook Gate in Guwahati, located on the banks of the [[Brahmaputra]], was built to mark the arrival of then Viceroy of [[India]] Thomas George Baring, better known as [[Thomas Baring, 1st Earl of Northbrook|Lord Northbrook]], in Guwahati on 27 August 1874. The gate was constructed near Sukreswar Ghat, where Northbrook got down from the ship, which brought him from [[Calcutta]]. The gate has since then become an important landmark of the city.
[[File:Northbrook Gate situated near Sukreswar Ghat, Guwahati 07.jpg|left|thumb|Northbrook Gate ar Sukreswar Ghat, Guwahati]]
In 1874, when the then Governor General, Lord Northbrook decided to visit Assam, the local administration focused its attention on a grand welcome for Northbrook. They decided to welcome the Governor General by building an arch at the point of his embarkation in [[Guwahati]] which would be named the 'Gate of Honour'. Later the place adjacent to the [[Sukreswar Temple|Sukreswar Devalaya]], was selected as the spot where the Governor General's ship would anchor. And construction of the gate started at the location.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040925/asp/guwahati/story_3768660.asp |title=An arch of honour for the gateway to the Northeast |access-date=17 December 2014 |archive-date=18 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218074218/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040925/asp/guwahati/story_3768660.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The Governor General had arrived on a ship at the [[Sukreswar Ghat]] on 27 August 1874. After the gun salute, Lord Northbrook entered Guwahati, through the newly constructed Northbrook Gate. The gate became the landmark of [[Guwahati]].

The same gate welcomed [[Lord Curzon]] during his visit to the city in December 1900 with [[Mary Curzon, Baroness Curzon of Kedleston|Lady Curzon]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/127/1273012625.pdf | title=Kurzon, Miri and Kaziranga | publisher=Kaziranga Centenary 1905-2005}}</ref>

It is said the [[urn]] containing the ashes of Mahatma Gandhi was stored near the gate before its immersion in the Brahmaputra.

==Design==
[[United Kingdom|British]] government had decided that the gate would be designed after the famous King's College Chapel arches of [[England]]. The rectangular structure has a total of 12 [[arche]]s, five each in the two longer sides and one in each side of its breadth. The gate was built of brick and white limestone. The structure was enhanced by the simplicity of design and the unusual lack of decorative carving of the arches. The unique aspect of the gate is that while the arches are of [[gothic architecture|gothic]] design, the spires on the gate are inspired by Indian temple designs - so the overall impression is of an [[Indo-gothic architecture]].<ref name= Restoration/>

==Restoration==
The gate stands more than 140 years. From beginning, it had been restored several times. In 2015, [[Directorate of Tourism, Government of Assam]], Kamrup District Administration owns the Sukreswar Park on which the gate stands, joined hands with the Assam Archaeology Department, the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) and the state chapter of INTACH (Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage) restoration work was done only by 4 persons of INTACH, Late Rathin Borthakur (engineer), late Manik Borah (noted artist, news editor), Jayanta Sharma (Convenor, INTACH, Assam State Chapter) Bikash J. Goswami (life member INTACH) on behalf of the Government committee formed by the District Administration of Kamrup Metro. Fund was rooted through ATDC, INTACH took charge of supervising the repairs. Accordingly, the restoration work has been done but unfinished as the sanctioned amount remained partially pending in the hand of ATDC.<ref name="Restoration">{{cite web|last=Pisharoty|first=Sangeeta Barooah|date=December 18, 2015|title=At Assam's entrance|url=http://m.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/know/northbrook-gate-an-important-marker-of-colonial-history-in-the-northeast/article8000600.ece|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=29 November 2020|website=thehindubusinessline.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/g/019pho000000913u00024000.html Photograph of Northbrook in 1860 "Gowhatty from the River" by Mallitte, Oscar Jean Baptiste]

[[Category:Gates in India]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Assam]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Guwahati]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Guwahati]]
[[Category:Cultural history of Assam]]

Kuldeep Indora

2026-04-25T15:38:24Z

SadguruCaterer: Stub

{{Short description|Member of Lok Sabha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kuldeep Indora
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha
| constituency = Ganganagar
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = Abhay Tanwar
| birth_date = 30 October 1969
| birth_place = Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, India
| party = Indian National Congress
| spouse = Seema Indora
| children = 2
| occupation = Politician
}}

'''Kuldeep Indora''' ({{IPA|hi|kʊl.d̪iːp ɪn̪d̪ɔːɾaː}}) is an Indian [[politician]] and a member of the [[Lok Sabha]] from the [[Ganganagar Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="eci">{{Cite web |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S201.htm |title=Election Commission of India |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="eci"/> In the 2024 general election of India, he defeated Priyanka Balan Meghwal of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] by 88,153 votes.<ref name="eci"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/lok-sabha-election-2024/story/ganganagar-rajasthan-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-chunav-parinam-news-in-hindi-1957717-2024-06-04 |title=Ganganagar, Rajasthan Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 Highlights |publisher=[[Aaj Tak]] |access-date=2 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="Kuldeep Indora Wins From Ganganagar Constituency">{{cite news |last1=TimelineDaily |title=Kuldeep Indora Wins From Ganganagar Constituency |url=https://timelinedaily.com/lok-sabha-election-2024/kuldeep-indora-wins-from-ganganagar-constituency |access-date=12 September 2024 |date=5 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Wildcards {{!}} Surprise elements">{{cite news |date=13 July 2024 |title=Wildcards {{!}} Surprise elements |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-wildcards-surprise-elements-2565861-2024-07-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250712170947/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-wildcards-surprise-elements-2565861-2024-07-13 |archivedate=12 July 2025 |accessdate=12 July 2025 |publisher=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Indian National Congress]]
*[[2024 Indian general election]]
*[[Ganganagar Lok Sabha constituency]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indora, Kuldeep}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:People from Sri Ganganagar district]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]

{{Rajasthan-INC-politician-stub}}

Nallasopara Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:31:35Z

SadguruCaterer: Made new details

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nallasopara
| constituency_no = 132
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = 2024
| map_image = 132-Nallasopara.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Palghar Lok Sabha constituency|Palghar]]
| district = [[Palghar district|Palghar]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Rajan Naik]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata party |BJP]]
| incumbent_image =
| alliance =
| electors =608,609
}}
'''Nalasopara Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|constituencies]] of [[Maharashtra]] state, western India. This constituency is located in [[Palghar district]].<ref name="ECI-20081126" />

==Geographical scope==
The constituency comprises parts of [[Vasai taluka]] viz. revenue circles Virar and [[Vasai-Virar Municipal Corporation]].<ref name="ECI-20081126">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=2008-11-26|publisher=Election Commission of India|pages=262|accessdate=2015-08-05}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nalasopara Vidhan Sabha Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/nalasopara.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
| colspan="4"|{{center|''Until 2008: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Kshitij Thakur]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Vikas Aghadi|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| rowspan="1" | [[Rajan Naik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=1}}
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nallasopara<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Nallasopara">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Nallasopara |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13132.htm |accessdate=24 December 2024 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241224064938/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13132.htm |archivedate=24 December 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Rajan Naik|Rajan Balkrishna Naik]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 165,113 |percentage = 47.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Kshitij Thakur|Kshitij Hitendra Thakur]] |party=Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi |votes = 128,238 |percentage = 36.96% |change={{decrease}}19.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vinod Shankar More |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 16,949 |percentage = 4.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sandeep Amarnath Pandey |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 16,355 |percentage = 4.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dhananjay Vithal Gawade |party=Prahar Janshakti Party |votes = 14,561 |percentage = 4.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 3,137 |percentage = 0.90% |change={{decrease}}0.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Suchit Suresh Gaikwad |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 2,246 |percentage = 0.65% |change={{decrease}}0.66 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 36,875 |percentage = 10.63% |change= {{decrease}}5.82 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 350,142 |percentage = 57.53% |change= {{increase}}5.81 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 347,005}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 608,609|ref = |change= {{increase}}17.23 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi |swing= {{decrease}}8.79 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nallasopara<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Kshitij Thakur|Kshitij Hitendra Thakur]] |party=Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi |votes = 149,868 |percentage = 56.37% |change={{increase}}5.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Pradeep Sharma|Pradeep Rameshwar Sharma]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 106,139 |percentage = 39.92% |change={{increase}}21.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pravin Prakash Gaikwad |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 3,487 |percentage = 1.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 3,221 |percentage = 1.21% |change={{increase}}0.36 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 43,729 |percentage = 16.45% |change= {{decrease}}7.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 269,070 |percentage = 51.83% |change= {{decrease}}5.30 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 265,849}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 519,160|ref = |change= {{increase}}31.02 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi |loser = Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi |swing= {{increase}}5.66 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nallasopara<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Kshitij Thakur|Kshitij Hitendra Thakur]] |party=Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi |votes = 113,566 |percentage = 50.72% |change={{decrease}}2.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Rajan Naik|Rajan Balkrishna Naik]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 59,067 |percentage = 26.38% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chavhan Shirish Jayram |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 40,321 |percentage = 18.01% |change={{decrease}}10.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ashok Vinayak Pendhari |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 4,555 |percentage = 2.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mandavkar Vijay Sonu |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 3,860 |percentage = 1.72% |change={{decrease}}10.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,898 |percentage = 0.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 54,499 |percentage = 24.34% |change= {{increase}}0.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 225,866 |percentage = 57.00% |change= {{increase}}8.45 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 223,922}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 396,240|ref = |change= {{increase}}12.71 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi |loser = Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi |swing= {{decrease}}2.13 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nallasopara<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Kshitij Thakur|Kshitij Hitendra Thakur]] |party=Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi |votes = 89,284 |percentage = 52.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chavhan Shirish Jayram |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 48,502 |percentage = 28.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vivek Atmaram Keluskar |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 20,749 |percentage = 12.28% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dhule Ishwar Balu |party=Republican Party of India (A) |votes = 4,795 |percentage = 2.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Virpalsingh R Kashyap |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,791 |percentage = 1.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khairnar Santosh Sukhdeo |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,446 |percentage = 0.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bait Narendra Harishchandra |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,091 |percentage = 0.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 40,782 |percentage = 24.14% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 168,973 |percentage = 48.06% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 168,960}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 351,555|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|19.422|72.820|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Palghar district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Vasai-Virar]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Krishnaraja Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:47:25Z

SadguruCaterer: New!

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Krishnaraja
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 216
| map_image = 216-Krishnaraja constituency.svg
| map_caption = Map of Assembly constituency
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Mysore district|Mysore]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mysore Lok Sabha constituency|Mysore]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:250435}} (2023)<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
| mla = [[T. S. Srivatsa]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[S. A. Ramadas]]
}}
[[File:ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCY MAP - MYSORE DISTRICT.pdf|thumb|Assembly Constituencies of Mysore district]]
'''Krishnaraja Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 constituencies in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] of [[Karnataka]], having all the areas under the zone of [[Mysore South]] such as [[Ashokapuram, Mysore|Ashokapuram]], [[Vidyaranyapuram]], JP Nagar, [[Srirampura]], [[Mysore Palace]], [[Agrahara Belaguli|Agrahara]], KR circle, and Vishweranagara. It is also part of [[Mysore Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/karnataka/assembly-constituencies/krishnaraja.html|title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Krishnaraja Assembly constituency|website=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008|website=www.eci.nic.in}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || S. Channaiah || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || D. Suryanarayana || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || H. Gangadharan || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || N. H. Gangadhara || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Vedant Hemmige || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || K. N. Somasundaram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || rowspan="2" | [[S. A. Ramadas]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || [[M. K. Somashekar]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || [[S. A. Ramadas]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || [[M. K. Somashekar]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || [[S. A. Ramadas]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[T. S. Srivatsa]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Krishnaraja <ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Krishnaraja">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Krishnaraja |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10216.htm?ac=216 |access-date=13 May 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250513124951/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10216.htm?ac=216 |archive-date=13 May 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[T. S. Srivatsa]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 73,670 |percentage = 49.01% |change = {{decrease}}4.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. K. Somashekar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 66,457 |percentage = 44.21% |change = {{increase}}8.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. V. Mallesh |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 5,027 |percentage = 3.34% |change = {{decrease}}4.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,306 |percentage = 0.87% |change = {{decrease}}0.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sumalatha. S |party = Uttama Prajaakeeya Party |votes = 1,159 |percentage = 0.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,213 |percentage = 4.80% |change = {{decrease}}13.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 151,322 |percentage = 60.42% |change = {{increase}}0.88 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 150,322}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 250,435 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.34 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}4.47 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Krishnaraja }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[S. A. Ramadas]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 78,573 |percentage = 53.48% |change = {{increase}}13.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. K. Somashekar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 52,226 |percentage = 35.55% |change = {{decrease}}9.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. V. Mallesh |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 11,607 |percentage = 7.90% |change = {{increase}}1.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,441 |percentage = 0.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 26,347 |percentage = 17.93% |change = {{increase}}12.69 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 147,135 |percentage = 59.54% |change = {{increase}}0.41 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 146,908}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 247,135 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.23 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}8.03 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Krishnaraja <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. K. Somashekar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 52,611 |percentage = 45.45% |change = {{increase}}7.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[S. A. Ramadas]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 46,546 |percentage = 40.21% |change = {{decrease}}14.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. V. Rajeeva |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 15,573 |percentage = 13.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vasu. H |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 7,486 |percentage = 6.47% |change = {{increase}}1.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Naveena. C. K |party = Lok Satta Party |votes = 1,245 |percentage = 1.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Mohankumar |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 799 |percentage = 0.69% |change = {{decrease}}0.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Pradeep Kumar |party = Independent politician |votes = 765 |percentage = 0.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,065 |percentage = 5.24% |change = {{decrease}}11.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 127,914 |percentage = 59.13% |change = {{increase}}2.91 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 115,764}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 216,340 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.76 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}9.11 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Krishnaraja <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[S. A. Ramadas]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 63,314 |percentage = 54.56% |change = {{increase}}17.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. K. Somashekar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 43,892 |percentage = 37.82% |change = {{increase}}23.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivabasappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 5,398 |percentage = 4.65% |change = {{decrease}}38.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Somashekar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,107 |percentage = 0.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. N. Sundar Raju |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,005 |percentage = 0.87% |change = {{decrease}}0.91 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,422 |percentage = 16.74% |change = {{increase}}11.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 116,096 |percentage = 56.22% |change = {{increase}}0.46 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 116,042}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 206,516 |ref = |change = {{increase}}94.31 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{increase}}11.54 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Krishnaraja <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. K. Somashekar]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 25,439 |percentage = 43.02% |change = {{increase}}12.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[S. A. Ramadas]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 22,045 |percentage = 37.28% |change = {{decrease}}8.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramesh. S |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 8,605 |percentage = 14.55% |change = {{decrease}}6.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajashekar. V. B |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,054 |percentage = 1.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ravindra Ms |party = Janata Party |votes = 792 |percentage = 1.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Janardhan. N |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 554 |percentage = 0.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramdas |party = Independent politician |votes = 379 |percentage = 0.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,394 |percentage = 5.74% |change = {{decrease}}9.19 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 59,263 |percentage = 55.76% |change = {{decrease}}3.65 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 59,136}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 106,282 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}3.36 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}2.63 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Krishnaraja <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[S. A. Ramadas]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 29,813 |percentage = 45.65% |change = {{decrease}}1.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. K. Somashekar]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 20,061 |percentage = 30.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. S. Ravishankar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,511 |percentage = 20.69% |change = {{increase}}10.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Suneel |party = Kannada Chalavali Vatal Paksha |votes = 797 |percentage = 1.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. S. M. Sheshanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 697 |percentage = 1.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. V. Venkatesubbarao |party = Independent politician |votes = 422 |percentage = 0.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,752 |percentage = 14.93% |change = {{decrease}}0.86 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 65,332 |percentage = 59.41% |change = {{increase}}3.46 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 65,301}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 17 |percentage = 0.03% |change = {{decrease}}1.58 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 109,974 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.10 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}1.90 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Krishnaraja <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[S. A. Ramadas]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 28,190 |percentage = 47.55% |change = {{increase}}37.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Vedantha Hemmige |party = Janata Dal |votes = 18,827 |percentage = 31.76% |change = {{decrease}}1.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. N. Somasundaram |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 6,336 |percentage = 10.69% |change = {{decrease}}40.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kiran |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,224 |percentage = 3.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Srinivasa Murthy |party = Janata Party |votes = 944 |percentage = 1.59% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. P. Shankar |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 785 |percentage = 1.32% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,363 |percentage = 15.79% |change = {{decrease}}1.40 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 60,262 |percentage = 55.95% |change = {{decrease}}0.97 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 59,279}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 970 |percentage = 1.61% |change = {{decrease}}2.69 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 107,707 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.64 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}3.19 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Krishnaraja <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. N. Somasundaram |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 28,722 |percentage = 50.74% |change = {{increase}}18.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Vedantha Hemmige |party = Janata Dal |votes = 18,990 |percentage = 33.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Veerarhadraiah |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 5,830 |percentage = 10.30% |change = {{decrease}}1.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. N. N. Murthy |party = Janata Party |votes = 2,871 |percentage = 5.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,732 |percentage = 17.19% |change = {{increase}}1.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 59,148 |percentage = 56.92% |change = {{increase}}4.97 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 56,607}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,541 |percentage = 4.30% |change = {{increase}}3.17 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 103,921 |ref = |change = {{increase}}25.00 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}2.37 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Krishnaraja <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Vedant Hemmige |party = Janata Party |votes = 20,657 |percentage = 48.37% |change = {{increase}}27.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Srikanta Sharma |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,965 |percentage = 32.70% |change = {{increase}}15.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Gangadharan |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 5,146 |percentage = 12.05% |change = {{decrease}}36.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Jnana Shankar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,043 |percentage = 2.44% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. Dasappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 949 |percentage = 2.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Boregowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 302 |percentage = 0.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,692 |percentage = 15.67% |change = {{decrease}}12.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 43,195 |percentage = 51.95% |change = {{decrease}}6.61 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 42,707}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 488 |percentage = 1.13% |change = {{decrease}}1.03 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 83,140 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.12 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}0.56 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Krishnaraja <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = N. H. Gangadhara |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 21,163 |percentage = 48.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. V. Srinivasa Rao |party = Janata Party |votes = 9,116 |percentage = 21.07% |change = {{decrease}}39.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = J. Kamalaraman |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 7,459 |percentage = 17.24% |change = {{increase}}15.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. Venkataesh |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,406 |percentage = 7.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Nataraj |party = Independent politician |votes = 556 |percentage = 1.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vittala Rao |party = Independent politician |votes = 348 |percentage = 0.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. K. Athmaram |party = Independent politician |votes = 341 |percentage = 0.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Lakshminarayana Rao |party = Independent politician |votes = 306 |percentage = 0.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,047 |percentage = 27.85% |change = {{increase}}3.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 44,209 |percentage = 58.56% |change = {{decrease}}4.81 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 43,256}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 953 |percentage = 2.16% |change = {{increase}}0.34 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 75,497 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.88 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}11.36 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Krishnaraja <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = H. Gangadharan |party = Janata Party |votes = 25,091 |percentage = 60.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. S. Suryanarayana Rao |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 15,150 |percentage = 36.41% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. S. Neamath Khan |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 736 |percentage = 1.77% |change = {{decrease}}42.27 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,941 |percentage = 23.89% |change = {{decrease}}1.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 42,386 |percentage = 63.37% |change = {{increase}}12.98 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 41,615}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 771 |percentage = 1.82% |change = {{increase}}1.82 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 66,884 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.41 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}16.25 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Krishnaraja <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = D. Suryanarayana |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,150 |percentage = 44.04% |change = {{increase}}18.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Gangadharan |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 5,994 |percentage = 18.66% |change = {{increase}}3.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Venkatalingaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,502 |percentage = 10.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. A. Belliappa |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 3,122 |percentage = 9.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Srikanta Sharma |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,367 |percentage = 7.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Vedantha Hemmige |party = Samyukta Socialist Party |votes = 1,414 |percentage = 4.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Siddaiah |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 1,236 |percentage = 3.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. K. Anantha |party = Independent politician |votes = 245 |percentage = 0.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,156 |percentage = 25.38% |change = {{increase}}17.64 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 33,235 |percentage = 50.39% |change = {{increase}}3.76 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 32,130}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 65,955 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.86 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}10.74 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Krishnaraja <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. Channaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,041 |percentage = 33.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. N. Swamy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 6,940 |percentage = 25.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Sharma |party = Sanghata Socialist Party |votes = 5,649 |percentage = 20.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = J. K. Raman |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 4,084 |percentage = 15.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Sannaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,115 |percentage = 4.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. C. B. Rangaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 320 |percentage = 1.18% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,101 |percentage = 7.74% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 29,328 |percentage = 46.63% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 27,149}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 62,896 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Independent politician |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Mysore City South Assembly constituency]]
* [[Mysore City North Assembly constituency]]
* [[Mysore Taluk Assembly constituency]]
* [[Mysore South]]
* [[Mysore district]]
* [[Mysore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mysore Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|12.276|76.630|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Mysore district]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Mysore State]]

Gajakesariyogam

2026-04-05T11:07:26Z

SadguruCaterer: Done

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gajakesariyogam
| image = Gajakesariyogam.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[P. G. Viswambharan]]
| producer =
| writer = Babu. G. Nair (Story)
[[Kaloor Dennis]] (Screenplay)
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]]
* [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]]
}}
| music = [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]]
| cinematography = Saroj Padi
| editing = G.Murali
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1990|11|7|df=y|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web |title=ഗജകേസരിയോഗം (1990) |url=https://www.malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?2272 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415163146/https://www.malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?2272 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |access-date=15 April 2022 |website=malayalasangeetham.info |language=ml}}</ref>}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}
'''''Gajakesariyogam''''' ({{translation|A good period of time<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2019 |title=Malayalam films which had animals as pivotal characters |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/malayalam-films-which-had-animals-as-pivotal-characters/photostory/67771137.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406071029/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/malayalam-films-which-had-animals-as-pivotal-characters/photostory/67771137.cms |archive-date=6 April 2022 |access-date=14 April 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> / The fate of owning an elephant<ref name=toi />}}) is a 1990 Indian Malayalam-language film directed by [[P. G. Viswambharan]] and stars [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] and [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]]. The film is about the struggles faced by Ayyappan Nair after purchasing an elephant named Sreevidya from a North Indian circus company that only knows Hindi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=BR |first=Rohith |date=20 April 2018 |title=Jharkhand mahouts to get Kannada lessons, jumbos to learn Hindi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/jharkhand-mahouts-to-get-kannada-lessons-jumbos-to-learn-hindi/articleshow/63836669.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929065522/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/jharkhand-mahouts-to-get-kannada-lessons-jumbos-to-learn-hindi/articleshow/63836669.cms |archive-date=29 September 2019 |access-date=14 April 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukherjee B. |first=Saswati |date=10 June 2014 |title=This jumbo needs to unlearn Marathi, learn Kannada |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/this-jumbo-needs-to-unlearn-marathi-learn-kannada/articleshow/36316734.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415040128/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/this-jumbo-needs-to-unlearn-marathi-learn-kannada/articleshow/36316734.cms |archive-date=15 April 2022 |access-date=14 April 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It was one of the many films in which Innocent and K.P.A.C Lalitha play an on-screen couple. The film became a box office success.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180312204919/http://www.sify.com/entertainment/movies/malayalam/fullstory.php?id=14945617 Veteran Malayalam director P G Viswambharan dead] - ''Sify,'' Wednesday, 16 June, 2010, 17:17</ref>

==Plot==
Ayyappan Nair, a mahout, wants to own an elephant. He takes a loan to buy an elephant, however, trouble brews when he is unable to repay it.

== Cast ==
{{Colbegin}}
* [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as Ayyappan Nair<ref name=toi />
* [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] as Vinayachandran aka Vinayan<ref name=toi />
* [[Jagadish]] as Parasuraman<ref name=toi />
* [[Sunitha (actress)|Sunita]] as Karthika<ref name=toi />
* [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]] as Madhavi<ref name=toi />
* [[Mamukkoya]] as Raghavan Nair<ref name=toi />
* [[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]] as Vasu<ref name=toi />
* [[Paravoor Bharathan]] as Khader<ref name=toi />
* [[Thesni Khan]] as Suhara, Khader's daughter and Karthika's friend<ref name=toi />
* [[Baiju Santhosh|Baiju]] as Gireesh, Thahasildhar's brother
* [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Collector
* [[Oduvil Unnikrishnan]] as Thahasildhar
* [[Philomina]] as Thahasildhar's mother
* [[Sukumaran]] as Sethu
* [[Kunchan (actor)|Kunchan]] as Ajayan
* [[Balan K Nair]] as Nambiar
* [[Zainuddin (actor)|Sainuddin]] as Minister Veera Raghava Pillai
{{Colend}}

== Production ==
K. P. A. C. Lalitha shot for this film in [[Shoranur]] along with another film by her husband [[Bharathan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=[[Kaloor Dennis]] |date=22 February 2022 |title=KPAC Lalitha was a terrible actor in real life |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/02/23/kpac-lalitha-terrible-actor-real-life.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415040128/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/02/23/kpac-lalitha-terrible-actor-real-life.html |archive-date=15 April 2022 |access-date=14 April 2022 |website=[[Malayala Manorama|Manorama Online]]}}</ref>

== Themes and influences ==
Innocent plays a Malayali man who learns Hindi in this film. Innocent went on to play a Hindi-speaking politician in ''[[Sandesham]]'' (1991).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Soumya |date=17 September 2019 |title='Ek gaon mein ek kisan raghu thatha': Bhagyaraj on why he wrote the Hindi-fail scene |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ek-gaon-mein-ek-kisan-raghu-thatha-bhagyaraj-why-he-wrote-hindi-fail-scene-109030 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190930171035/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ek-gaon-mein-ek-kisan-raghu-thatha-bhagyaraj-why-he-wrote-hindi-fail-scene-109030 |archive-date=30 September 2019 |access-date=14 April 2022 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> The film explores the bond between a man and an elephant. This bond is seen in other films, such as ''[[Aanachandam]]'' (2006).<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2021 |title=From Kumki to 777 Charlie: Six moving films that explore the human-animal bond |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kumki-777-charlie-six-moving-films-explore-human-animal-bond-155531 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410054109/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kumki-777-charlie-six-moving-films-explore-human-animal-bond-155531 |archive-date=10 April 2022 |access-date=14 April 2022 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> A scene in the film was based on an incident in the unreleased Malayalam film ''Chottanikkara Bhagawathi''. The incident revolved around an art director who was scared of the elephant and started moving after the director called action although the elephant and the mahout did not move.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sebastian |first=Shevlin |date=6 December 2017 |title=Location Diaries: A leaping lion |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/columns/2017/dec/06/location-diaries-a-leaping-lion-3428.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512174527/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/columns/2017/dec/06/location-diaries-a-leaping-lion-3428.html |archive-date=12 May 2021 |access-date=14 April 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack of the film was composed by [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]] and the lyrics were written by [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]]. The film features two songs and one of which is "Aanachantham" with Innocent and the elephant. It is one of the "cutest songs of Mollywood" according to the ''New Indian Express''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S. |first=Bechu |date=15 August 2021 |title=Stealing the show with sniffs and trumpets: Malayalam cinema's favourite animals |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/aug/15/stealing-the-show-with-sniffs-and-trumpets-malayalam-cinemas-favourite-animals-2344668.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216183334/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/aug/15/stealing-the-show-with-sniffs-and-trumpets-malayalam-cinemas-favourite-animals-2344668.html |archive-date=16 December 2021 |access-date=14 April 2022 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" width="60%"
! Song title !! Singer(s)
|-
| "Aanachandam" || [[Innocent (actor)| Innocent]]
|-
| "Niramaalakkaavil" || [[Unni Menon]], [[Sujatha Mohan]], Chorus
|}

== Reception and legacy ==
In a review of the film in December 2021, Silpa Rajan of ''[[The Times of India]]'' opined that "The movie is absolutely engaging, entertaining, and heartwarming and also lays out the problems faced by naïve and gold-hearted people who {{sic|step foot}} into the uncharted waters of business".<ref name="toi">{{Cite web |last=Rajan |first=Silpa |date=10 December 2021 |title=#FilmyFriday: Gajakesariyogam: An elephant starrer headlined by Innocent |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/filmyfriday-gajakesariyogam-an-elephant-starrer-headlined-by-innocent/articleshow/88200844.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406071024/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/filmyfriday-gajakesariyogam-an-elephant-starrer-headlined-by-innocent/articleshow/88200844.cms |archive-date=6 April 2022 |access-date=14 April 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

The scenes where Mukesh's character teaches Innocent's character Hindi became famous.<ref>{{Cite web |title='എനിക്ക് ഹിന്ദി അറിഞ്ഞൂടാന്ന് ഈ മറുതായോടൊന്ന് പറഞ്ഞ് കൊടുക്കെടാ' മലയാളി പൊട്ടിച്ചിരിച്ച 10 രംഗങ്ങൾ |trans-title='If I know Hindi, please do not tell me this': 10 scenes where a Malayalee bursts out laughing |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/movies-how-malayalam-cinema-celebrated-hindi-dialogues-update-mm-157735.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415040131/https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/movies-how-malayalam-cinema-celebrated-hindi-dialogues-update-mm-157735.html |archive-date=15 April 2022 |access-date=14 April 2022 |website=[[News18]] |language=ml}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt0279090}}

[[Category:Films directed by P. G. Viswambharan]]
[[Category:Films about elephants]]
[[Category:Films shot in Palakkad]]
[[Category:1990 Indian films]]
[[Category:1990 Malayalam-language films]]

Krimila

2026-03-30T20:49:29Z

SadguruCaterer: New

{{Infobox Historic Site
| name = Kṛmilā Adhiṣṭhāna
कृमिला अधिष्ठान
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| location = [[Lakhisarai district]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|25.1571|N|86.0952|E|display=inline,title}}
| locmapin = India#India Bihar
| map_caption = Location of Krimila
| built = 8th-9th century CE
| nearest_city = [[Lakhisarai]]
| governing_body = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| website =
}}
'''Kṛmilā''' was a [[Buddhist]] religious and administrative centre located in what is now [[Lakhisarai district]] in [[Bihar]].
Spread in an area around 25–30 square kilometres, the city has a large number of historical monuments, particularly Buddhist [[Stupa]]s and Hindu temples. [[Joseph David Beglar|Beglar]] and [[Alexander Cunningham|Cunningham]] explored the area and reported on the antiquity of the region in the 19th century.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Anil |first1=Kumar |title=Kṛimilā: A Forgotten Adhiṣṭhāna of Early Medieval Eastern India |journal=Indian Historical Review |date=2011 |volume=38 |doi=10.1177/037698361103800102 |s2cid=220720306 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/037698361103800102|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

It is known to contain the first hilltop Buddhist [[monastery]] in the [[Gangetic plains]].<ref>{{cite news |title=First hilltop Buddhist monastery found in Bihar's Lakhisarai |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/first-hilltop-buddhist-monastery-found-in-bihar-s-lakhisarai/story-mbgH6ZPvDvDV76H27Ho6rI.html |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==History==
The site was built sometime during the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] or [[Pala Empire|Pāla]]-period in the [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] region. The monastery at the site was known as '''''Śrīmaddharmavihārik āryabhikṣusaṅghasya''''' which translates as "'''the council of [[Buddhist monk|monks]] of Śrīmaddharma Vihāra'''".
The monastery was mentioned by [[Xuanzang]] during his travels through the region. He also stated that the [[Buddha]] himself stayed here.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kumar|first1=Anil|title=Interesting Early Medieval Sculptures of Magadh: A Case Study of Sculptures from "Krimila Adhisthana" |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147749|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|year=2009 |volume=70|pages=1034–1048|jstor=44147749 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=RECENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL FINDS AT KRIMILA: THEIR IMPLICATIONS ON THE HISTORIOGRAPHY OF EARLY MEDIEVAL INDIAN HISTORY |journal=Journal of Indian Research |date=2016 |url=http://mujournal.mewaruniversity.in/JIR4-4/JIR44.pdf#page=25}}</ref>
Recent evidence has also led to speculation that the monastery was led by a [[Bhikkhunī|female monk]] called '''''Vijayaśrī Bhadra'''''.<ref>{{cite news |title=The recently excavated monastery holds evidence that the it was run by a female monk; it's also a vital key in resurrecting the lost city of Krimila |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/travelnews/story/71148/the-newly-discovered-buddhist-monastery-at-lal-pahari-bihar-holds-vital-in-resurrecting-the-lost-city-of-krimila |agency=Outlook India}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Buddhist holy sites in Bihar]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Bihar]]

Balochi language

2026-03-29T18:32:26Z

SadguruCaterer: fixed issues

{{Short description|Western Iranian language}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Balochi
| nativename = {{lang|bal|بلۏچی}} {{Clear}} {{transliteration|bal|Balòci}}
| pronunciation = {{IPA|bal|bəˈloːt͡ʃiː|}}
| image = Balochi written in the Balochi alphabet.svg
| imagescale = 0.6
| imagecaption = ''Balòci'' (Balochi) written [[#Writing system|Balo-Rabi]] in [[Nastaliq]] style.
| states = [[Pakistan]], [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]]
| region = [[Balochistan]]
| ethnicity = [[Baloch people|Baloch]]
| speakers = {{sigfig|8.784850|2}} million
| date = 2017{{ndash}}2020
| ref = e26
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Iranian languages|Iranian]]
| fam4 = [[Western Iranian languages|Western Iranian]]
| fam5 = [[Northwestern Iranian languages|Northwestern]]
| nation =
| minority =
| agency = [[Balochi Academy]], Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan [[Balochi Academy Sarbaz]], Sarbaz, Iran
| iso2 = bal
| iso3 = bal
| lc1 = bgp
| ld1 = Eastern Balochi
| lc2 = bgn
| ld2 = Western Balochi
| lc3 = bcc
| ld3 = Southern Balochi
| lingua = 58-AAB-a
| glotto = balo1260
| glottorefname = Balochic
| map = Iranian_tongues_de.svg
| mapcaption = The position of Balochi language among Iranian languages.<ref>{{cite web |title=worldhistory|url=https://titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de/didact/karteng/iran/irann.htm |access-date=2022-02-20 |website=titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de}}</ref>
| notice = IPA
| script = [[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic script]] ([[Balochi alphabets|Balochi alphabet]])
}}
{{Contains special characters|Baluchi}}
[[File:WIKITONGUES- Malek speaking Eastern Balochi.webm|thumb|A speaker of Eastern Balochi]]
{{Baloch people}}

'''Balochi''' ({{lang|bal|بلۏچی|rtl=yes}}, romanized: {{Transliteration|bal|Balòci}}) is a [[Northwestern Iranian language]],<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Balochic |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/balo1260 |access-date=11 December 2025 |website=Glottolog}}</ref> spoken by [[Baloch people|Baloch]] in the [[Balochistan|Balochistan region]] of [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Pakistan]], [[Sistan and Baluchestan province|Iran]] and [[Balochistan, Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]. In addition, there are speakers in [[Oman]], the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[East Africa]] and in diaspora communities in other parts of the world.<ref name="Spooner2011">{{cite book |last1=Spooner |first1=Brian |editor1-last=Schiffman |editor1-first=Harold F. |title=Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors |date=2011 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-9004201453 |page=319 |chapter=10. Balochi: Towards a Biography of the Language |quote=It [Balochi] is spoken by three to five million people in Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan, Oman and the Persian Gulf states, Turkmenistan, East Africa, and diaspora communities in other parts of the world.}}</ref> The total number of speakers, according to ''[[Ethnologue]]'', is {{sigfig|8.750850|2}} million.<ref name=e26/> Of these, 6.28 million are in Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Table 11 – Population by Mother Tongue, Sex and Rural/Urban |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2017/tables/pakistan/Table11n.pdf |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=[[Pakistan Bureau of Statistics]]}}</ref>

Balochi varieties constitute a dialect continuum and collectively at least have 10 million native speakers. The main varieties of Balochi are Eastern (Soleimani), [[Makrani dialect|Southern]] (Makrani) and [[Rakhshani dialect|Western]] (Rakhshani).<ref name=":zone">{{cite book |last1= Donald L. Stilo, Haig, Schreiber, Mahand, Schiborr|first1= Geoffrey , Laurentia, Mohammad, Rasekh, Nils |title=Language Science Press |date=2024|page=122|publisher= BoD – Books on Demand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LRs3EQAAQBAJ|language=en|isbn=9783985541218}}</ref> The [[Koroshi dialect|Koroshi]] dialect is a dialect of the Balochi language, spoken mainly in the provinces of [[Fars province|Fars]] and [[Hormozgan province|Hormozgan]].<ref name=":Anousha">{{cite book |last= Sedighi |first=Anousha |year=2023 |title=Iranian and Minority Languages at Home and in Diaspora|publisher= De Gruyter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ogGdEAAAQBAJ&dq=balochi+dialect&pg=PA22|isbn=9783110694314}}</ref><ref name=":zone" /><ref>{{cite book |last1= Asadpour, Jügel|first1= Hiwa , Thomas|title=Word Order Variation|date=2022|page=93,225|publisher= Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q0R6EAAAQBAJ|language=en|isbn=9783110790368}}</ref>

According to [[Brian Spooner (anthropologist)|Brian Spooner]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Spooner |first1=Brian |editor1-last=Schiffman |editor1-first=Harold F. |title=Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors |date=2011 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-9004201453 |page=320 |chapter=10. Balochi: Towards a Biography of the Language}}</ref>{{blockquote|Literacy for most Baloch-speakers is not in Balochi, but in [[Urdu]] in Pakistan and [[Persian language|Persian]] in Afghanistan and Iran. Even now, very few Baloch read Balochi in any of the countries, regardless of the alphabet in which it is printed.}}

Balochi belongs to the [[Western Iranian languages|Western Iranian]] subgroup, and its original homeland is suggested to be around the central [[Caspian Sea|Caspian]] region.<ref name="Elfenbein 1988">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baluchistan-iii |title=Baluchistan iii. Baluchi Language and Literature |first=J. |last=Elfenbein |date=1988 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia Iranica]] |access-date=30 December 2014}}</ref>

== Classification ==
Balochi is an [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European language]], spoken by the [[Baloch people|Baloch]] and belonging to the [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] branch of the family. As an [[Iranian languages|Iranian language]], it is classified in the [[Western Iranian languages|Northwestern group]].

''[[Glottolog]]'' classifies four different varieties, namely [[Koroshi dialect|Koroshi]], Southern Balochi and Western Balochi (grouped under a "Southern-Western Balochi" branch), and Eastern Balochi, all under the "Balochic" group.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Glottolog 4.3 – Balochic|url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/balo1260|access-date=2021-05-13|website=glottolog.org}}</ref>

According to the research of [[Carina Jahani]], ISO 639-3 groups Southern, Eastern, and Western Baloch under the Balochi macrolanguage, keeping Koroshi separate.<ref name=":The Baloch and Their Neighbours">{{cite book |last1=Carina،Korn |first1= Jahani،Korn|title=The Baloch and Their Neighbours |date=2003|publisher= Reichert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b3IMAQAAMAAJ|isbn=9783895003660}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Carin|first1= Jahani|title=A Grammar of Modern Standard Balochi |date=2019|publisher= Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=crdpzQEACAAJ|isbn=9789151308203}}</ref>

== Dialects ==
{{Main|Rakhshani dialect | Makrani dialect|Eastern Balochi (dialect)}}
These dialects are broadly categorized into three main groups:<ref name=":Uppsala">{{cite web |title=The Balochi Language Project|url=https://www.uu.se/en/department/linguistics-and-philology/research/proj/the-balochi-language|website=[[Uppsala University]] |date=25 November 2024 |access-date=December 17, 2024}}</ref>

*'''[[Eastern Balochi (dialect)|Eastern group]]''' (the Soleimani dialect group): Found mainly in [[eastern Balochistan]], covering parts of Pakistan, particularly in areas like [[Quetta]], [[Kalat, Balochistan|Kalat]], and [[Khuzdar]].
*'''Southern group or [[Makrani dialect]]''' (part of the Makrani dialect group): Spoken in the southern parts of Balochistan, including coastal areas like [[Gwadar]], [[Chabahar]], and southern Pakistan.<ref name=":Uppsala"/>
*'''Western group''' (part of the [[Rakhshani dialect]] group) : Predominantly spoken in western Balochistan, including parts of Iran and Afghanistan. Commonly spoken in [[Sistan and Baluchestan province|Sistan and Balochestan]] province and [[Khorasan province|Khorasan]] in Iran.<ref name=":Anousha"/><ref name=":Uppsala"/>

[[Koroshi dialect|Koroshi]] is also classified as Balochi.<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90021 Ethnologue report for Southwestern Iranian languages]</ref>

Elfenbein divides the dialects of the Balochi language into six categories: Rakhshani (subdialects: Kalati and Sarhaddi), Panjguri, Saravani, Lashari, Kechi, and Coastal Dialects.<ref name="Elfenbein 1988" />

'''Rakhshani''' <ref name="Elfenbein 1988" />
*Kalati (areas between [[Lasbela District|Las Bela]] in the north of Karachi to [[Mastung District|Mastung]] in the south of Quetta [[Chagai District|Chaghi]] and [[Kharan District|Kharan]] (northern areas of Balochistan, Pakistan, including [[Nushki|Noshki]], [[Dalbandin]], Kharan, and Kalat).
*Panjguri(southern and southwestern areas of Afghanistan, mainly the areas around the Helmand River).
*Sarhadhi (an area that extends from the east to Dalbandin in Pakistan and from the northeast to [[Chahar Burjak District|Chahar Burjak]] in Afghanistan, and includes [[Merv]] in the Republic of Turkmenistan and Sistan in Iran, with [[Nosratabad]] in Balochistan, Iran, forming its southernmost part).

'''Panjguri'''<ref name=":The Iranian Languages">{{cite book |last= Windfuhr |first=Gernot |year=2013 |title=The Iranian Languages|publisher= Taylor & Francis |page=637 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QtpQZ1DD6tEC|isbn=9781135797041}}</ref><ref name=":The Baloch and Their Neighbours" />
It includes most of the Kharan region, with the [[kech River]] forming its southern border and the [[Rakshan River|Rakhshan River]] its northern border, and Kolwa located to its east.<ref name="Elfenbein 1988" />

'''Saravani'''<ref name=":The Iranian Languages" />
[[Saravan, Iran|Saravan]] and its surrounding areas, with [[Khash, Iran|Khash]] as its northern border and Espidan as its western border. In later works, Elfenbein, [[Iranshahr, Iran|Iranshahr]], and [[Bampur]] are also considered to be within the Saravani dialect area.<ref name="Elfenbein 1988" /><ref name=":The Baloch and Their Neighbours" />

'''Kechi'''<ref name=":The Iranian Languages" />
Kich region in Balochistan, including [[Turbat]].<ref name="Elfenbein 1988" /><ref name=":The Baloch and Their Neighbours" />

'''Lashari'''<ref name="Elfenbein 1988" />
centered on the village of Lashar, south of Iranshahr where Balochi close to Persian and Baskardi.<ref name=":The Baloch and Their Neighbours" />

'''Coastal dialects'''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jahani |first1=Carina |title=Standardization and Orthography in the Balochi Language |date=1989|publisher=Uppsala University|isbn=978-91-554-2487-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3XEbAQAAIAAJ}}</ref><ref name=":Agnes">{{cite book |last1=Korn|first1=Agnes|title=Towards a Historical Grammar of Balochi |publisher=Reichert|date=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NHoLAQAAMAAJ&q=Coastal%20dialects|isbn=9783895003677}}</ref>
Including [[Qasr-e Qand]], Nikshahr, [[Rask, Iran|Rask]] and the southern coastal areas of Balochistan from near [[Bandar Abbas]] to Karachi Port, including the ports of [[Chabahar|Chahbahar]], [[Gwadar]], [[Pasni (city)|Pasni]].<ref name="Elfenbein 1988" />

There are two main dialects: the dialect of the Mandwani (northern) tribes and the dialect of the Domki (southern) tribes.<ref name="Dames1">{{harvnb|Dames|1922|p=1}}.</ref> The dialectal differences are not very significant.<ref name="Dames1" /> One difference is that grammatical terminations in the northern dialect are less distinct compared with those in the southern tribes.<ref name="Dames1" /> An isolated dialect is [[Koroshi dialect|Koroshi]], which is spoken in the Qashqai tribal confederation in the [[Fars province]]. Koroshi distinguishes itself in grammar and lexicon among Balochi varieties.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Borjian |first1=Habib |date=December 2014 |title=The Balochi dialect of the Korosh |url=https://www.academia.edu/8651533 |journal=Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=453–465 |doi=10.1556/AOrient.67.2014.4.4}}</ref>

The [[Balochi Academy Sarbaz]] has designed a [[Balochi Standard Alphabet|standard alphabet]] for Balochi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-16 |title=Main Balochi Language( Rèdagèn Balòci Zubàn ) |url=http://www.balochiacademy.ir/en/2023/02/16/main-balochi-language-redagen-baloci-zuban/ |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=[[Balochi Academy Sarbaz]]}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=June 2023}}

[[Uppsala University]] offers a course titled Balochi A, which provides basic knowledge of the phonetics and syntax of the Balochi language.<ref name=":Uppsala"/> [[Carina Jahani]] is a prominent Swedish [[Iranian studies|Iranologist]] and professor of [[Iranian languages]] at Uppsala University, deeply researching in the study and preservation of the Balochi language.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jahani |first1=Carina |title=Standardization and Orthography in the Balochi Language |date=1989|publisher=Uppsala University|isbn=978-91-554-2487-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3XEbAQAAIAAJ&q=balochi}}</ref>

== Phonology ==
=== Vowels ===
The Balochi vowel system has at least eight vowels: five [[Vowel length|long]] and three [[Vowel length|short]].<ref>{{harvnb|Farrell|1990}}. {{harvnb|Serge|2006}}.</ref>{{Page needed|date=January 2020}} These are {{IPA|/aː/}}, {{IPA|/eː/}}, {{IPA|/iː/}}, {{IPA|/oː/}}, {{IPA|/uː/}}, {{IPA|/a/}}, {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/u/}}. The short vowels have more [[Relative articulation#Centralized|centralized]] phonetic quality than the long vowels. The variety spoken in [[Karachi]] also has nasalized vowels, most importantly {{IPA|/ẽː/}} and {{IPA|/ãː/}}.<ref>{{harvnb|Farrell|1990}}.</ref>{{Page needed|date=January 2020}} In addition to these eight vowels, Balochi has two vowel glides, that is /aw/ and /aj/.<ref name=":0" />

=== Consonants ===
The following table shows consonants which are common to both Western (Northern) and Southern Balochi.<ref>{{harvnb|Serge|2006}}. {{harvnb|Farrell|1990}}.</ref>{{Page needed|date=January 2020}} The consonants /s/, /z/, /n/, /ɾ/ and /l/ are articulated as [[Alveolar consonant|alveolar]] in Western Balochi. The plosives /t/ and /d/ are dental in both dialects. The symbol ń is used to denote [[nasalization]] of the preceding [[vowel]].<ref name=":0" />

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="2" |
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]/ [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Plosive]]/ [[Affricate]]
!{{small|voiceless}}
| {{IPA link|p}}
|{{IPA link|t̪|t}}
| {{IPA link|ʈ}}
| {{IPA link|t͡ʃ}}
| {{IPA link|k}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ʔ}}
|-
!{{small|voiced}}
| {{IPA link|b}}
|{{IPA link|d̪|d}}
| {{IPA link|ɖ}}
| {{IPA link|d͡ʒ}}
| {{IPA link|ɡ}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Fricative]]
!{{small|voiceless}}
|{{IPA link|f}}
| {{IPA link|s}}
|
| {{IPA link|ʃ}}
|
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|h}}{{efn|Word-initial {{IPA|/h/}} is dropped in Balochi as spoken in Karachi.}}
|-
!{{small|voiced}}
|
| {{IPA link|z}}
|
| {{IPA link|ʒ}}{{efn|Words with {{IPA|/ʒ/}} are uncommon.{{dubious|date=September 2024}}}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
|
| {{IPA link|ɾ}}
| {{IPA link|ɽ}}{{efn|The retroflex tap has a very limited distribution.}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}}
| {{IPA link|n}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant]]
| {{IPA link|w}}
| {{IPA link|l}}
|
| {{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|}
{{notelist}}

In addition, {{IPA|/f/}} occurs in a few words in Southern Balochi. {{IPA|/x/}} (voiceless velar fricative) in some [[loanword]]s in Southern Balochi corresponding to {{IPA|/χ/}} (voiceless uvular fricative) in Western Balochi; and {{IPA|/ɣ/}} (voiced velar fricative) in some loanwords in Southern Balochi corresponding to {{IPA|/ʁ/}} (voiced uvular fricative) in Western Balochi.

In Eastern Balochi, it is noted that the stop and glide consonants may also occur as aspirated allophones in word initial position as {{IPA|[pʰ tʰ ʈʰ t͡ʃʰ kʰ]}} and {{IPA|[wʱ]}}. Allophones of stops in postvocalic position include for voiceless stops, {{IPA|[f θ x]}} and for voiced stops {{IPA|[β ð ɣ]}}. {{IPA|/n l/}} are also dentalized as {{IPA|[n̪ l̪]}}.<ref>{{harvnb|JahaniKorn|2009|pp=634–692}}.</ref>

=== Intonation ===
Difference between a question and a statement is marked with the tone, when there is no question word. Rising tone marks the question and falling tone the statement.<ref name=":0" /> Statements and questions with a question word are characterized by falling intonation at the end of the sentence.<ref name=":0" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+Falling Intonation – Statement
!Language
!Example
|-
|Latin
|(Á) wassh ent.
|-
|Perso-Arabic with Urdu alphabet
| .آ) وشّ اِنت)
|-
|English
|He is well.
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Falling Intonation – Question
!Language
!Example
|-
|Latin
|(Taw) kojá raway?
|-
|Perso-Arabic with Urdu alphabet
|تئو) کجا رئوئے؟)
|-
|English
|Where are you going?
|}
Questions without a question word are characterized by rising intonation at the end of the sentence.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Jahani |first=Carina |url=https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-397659 |title=A Grammar of Modern Standard Balochi |date=2019 |publisher=Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Rising Intonation – Question
!Language
!Example
|-
|Latin
|(Á) wassh ent?
|-
|Perso-Arabic with Urdu alphabet
|آ) وشّ اِنت؟)
|-
|English
|Is he well?
|}
Both coordinate and subordinate clauses that precede the final clause in the sentence have rising intonation. The final clause in the sentence has falling intonation.<ref name=":0" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+Rising Intonation – In clauses that precede the final clause
!Language
!Example
|-
|Latin
|Shahray kuchah o damkán hechkas gendaga nabut o bázár angat band at.
|-
|Perso-Arabic with Urdu alphabet
|شهرئے کوچه ءُ دمکان هچکَس گندگَ نبوت ءُ بازار انگت بند اَت.
|-
|English
|Nobody was seen in the streets of the town, and the marketplace was still closed.
|}

== Grammar ==
The normal word order is [[subject–object–verb]]. Like many other Indo-Iranian languages, Balochi also features [[split ergativity]]. The subject is marked as nominative except for the past tense constructions where the subject of a [[transitive verb]] is marked as [[oblique case|oblique]] and the verb agrees with the [[grammatical object|object]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nvtc.gov/lotw/months/february/balochi.html |title=Balochi |work=National Virtual Translation Center |access-date=20 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071118155049/http://www.nvtc.gov/lotw/months/february/balochi.html |archive-date=18 November 2007 |language=en-US}}</ref> Balochi, like many Western Iranian languages, has lost the [[Old Iranian]] gender distinctions.<ref name="Elfenbein 1988"/>

=== Numerals ===
Much of the Balochi number system is identical to [[Persian language|Persian]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Korn |first1=Agnes |title=Indoiranskoe jazykoznanie i tipologija jazykovyx situacij. Sbornik statej k 75-letiju professora A. L. Grjunberga (1930–1995) |year=2006 |publisher=Nauka |pages=201–212 |chapter-url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01500154 |chapter=Counting Sheep and Camels in Balochi |access-date=16 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref> According to [[Mansel Longworth Dames]], Balochi writes the first twelve numbers as follows:<ref>{{harvnb|Dames|1922|pp=13–15}}.</ref>

{{col-float|width=15em}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Cardinal numerals
!Balochi
!Standard Alphabet(Balòrabi)
!English
|-
|Yak
| یکّ
|One{{efn|The latter ''ya'' is with nouns while ''yak'' is used by itself.}}
|-
|Do
|دو
|Two
|-
|Sae
|سئ
|Three
|-
|Chàr
|چار
|Four
|-
|Panch
|پنچ
|Five
|-
|Shash
|شش
|Six
|-
|Hapt
| ھپت
| Seven
|-
|Hasht
| ھشت
| Eight
|-
|Noh
|نُھ
|Nine
|-
|Dah
|دَہ
|Ten
|-
|Yàzhdah
| یازدہ
|Eleven
|-
|Dwàzhdah
| دوازدھ
|Twelve
|}
{{col-float-break}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Ordinal numerals
!Balochi
!Standard Alphabet(Balòrabi)
!English
|-
|Awali / Pèsari
|اولی / پݔسَری
|First
|-
|Domi
|دومی
|Second
|-
|Sayomi
|سئیُمی
|Third
|-
|Cháromi
|چارمی
|Fourth
|-
|Panchomi
|پنچُمی
|Fifth
|-
|Shashomi
|شَشُمی
|Sixth
|-
|Haptomi
|ھپتُمی
|Seventh
|-
|Hashtomi
|ھشتمی
|Eighth
|-
|Nohmi
|نُھمی
|Ninth
|-
|Dahomi
|دھمی
|Tenth
|-
|Yázdahomi
|یازدھمی
|Eleventh
|-
|Dwázdahomi
|دوازدھمی
|Twelfth
|-
|Goďďi
|گُڈڈی
|Last
|}
{{col-float-end}}

;Notes
{{notelist}}

== Writing system ==
Balochi was not a written language before the 19th century,<ref name="Dames3">{{harvnb|Dames|1922|p=3}}.</ref> and the [[Persian alphabet|Persian script]] was used to write Balochi wherever necessary.<ref name="Dames3" /> However, Balochi was still spoken at the Baloch courts.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}

British colonial officers first wrote Balochi with the Latin script.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hussain |first1=Sajid |title=Faith and politics of Balochi script |url=https://balochistantimes.com/faith-and-politics-of-balochi-script/ |access-date=16 January 2020 |work=Balochistan Times |date=18 March 2016 |language=en}}</ref> Following the creation of Pakistan, Baloch scholars adopted the [[Persian alphabet]]. The first collection of poetry in Balochi, [[Gulbang]] by [[Mir Gul Khan Nasir]], was published in 1951 and incorporated the [[Arabic Script]]. It was much later that Sayad Zahoor Shah Hashemi wrote a comprehensive guidance on the usage of Arabic script and standardized it as the Balochi Orthography in Pakistan and Iran. This earned him the title of the 'Father of Balochi'. His guidelines are widely used in Eastern and Western Balochistan. In Afghanistan, Balochi is still written in a modified Arabic script based on [[Persian language|Persian]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Austin |first=Peter |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/One_Thousand_Languages/Q3tAqIU0dPsC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=balochi+afghanistan+script&pg=PA152&printsec=frontcover |title=One Thousand Languages: Living, Endangered, and Lost |date=2008 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-25560-9 |pages=152 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2002, a conference was held to help standardize the script that would be used for Balochi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Script for Balochi language discussed |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/63991 |access-date=16 January 2020 |work=Dawn |date=28 October 2002 |location=Quetta |language=en}}</ref>

=== Old Balochi Alphabet ===

{{Further|Syed Zahoor Shah Hashmi}}
The following alphabet was used by [[Syed Zahoor Shah Hashmi]] in his lexicon of Balochi ''Sayad Ganj'' ({{lang|bal|{{nq|سید گنج}}}}) (lit. ''Sayad's Treasure'').<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shah Hashemi |first1=Sayad Zahoor |title=The First Complete Balochi Dictionary |url=http://sayadganj.albaloch.com/ |website=Sayad Ganj |access-date=16 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sayad Zahoor Shah Hashmi: A one-man institution |url=https://balochistantimes.com/sayad-zahoor-shah-hashmi-one-man-institution/ |access-date=16 January 2020 |work=Balochistan Times |date=14 November 2016 |language=en}}</ref> Until the creation of the [[Balochi Standard Alphabet]], it was by far the most widely used alphabet for writing Balochi, and is still used very frequently.

{{lang|bal|{{nq|آ، ا، ب، پ، ت، ٹ، ج، چ، د، ڈ، ر، ز، ژ، س، ش، ک، گ، ل، م، ن، و، ھ ہ، ء، ی ے}}}}

=== Standard Perso-Arabic Alphabet ===
{{Arabic-script sidebar|Balochi}}
{{Main|Balochi Standard Alphabet}}

The '''Balochi Standard Alphabet''', standardized by Balochi Academy Sarbaz, consists of 29 letters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Balochi Standarded Alphabet |url=http://balochiacademy.ir/page/alphabets |website=BalochiAcademy.ir |access-date=16 January 2020 |archive-date=27 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327075350/http://balochiacademy.ir/page/alphabets |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is an extension of the [[Perso-Arabic script]] and borrows a few glyphs from [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]]. It is also sometimes referred to as Balo-Rabi or Balòrabi. Today, it is the preferred script to use in a professional setting and by educated folk.

=== Latin alphabet ===
The following Latin-based alphabet was adopted by the International Workshop on "Balochi Roman Orthography" (University of Uppsala, Sweden, 28–30 May 2000).<ref>{{cite web |title=Baluchi Roman ORTHOGRAPHY |url=http://www.phrasebase.com/archive/baluchi/45-baluchi-roman-orthography.html |work=Phrasebase.com |access-date=23 October 2015 |archive-date=23 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123080603/http://www.phrasebase.com/archive/baluchi/45-baluchi-roman-orthography.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

;Alphabetical order:

{{nowrap|a á b c d ď e f g ĝ h i í j k l m n o p q r ř s š t ť u ú v w x y z ž ay aw}} (33 letters and 2 digraphs)

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Letter
!IPA
!Example words<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jahani |first=Carina |title=A grammar of modern standard Balochi |date=2019 |publisher=Uppsala Universitet |isbn=978-91-513-0820-3 |series=Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Studia Iranica Upsaliensia |location=Uppsala}}</ref>
|-
| A / a
|{{IPAblink|a}}
| style="text-align:left" | asp (horse), garm (warm), mard (man)
|-
| Á / á
|{{IPAblink|aː}}
| style="text-align:left" | áp (water), kár (work)
|-
| B / b (''bé'')
|{{IPAblink|b}}
| style="text-align:left" |barp (snow, ice), bám (dawn), bágpán (gardener), baktáwar (lucky)
|-
| Ch / ch (''ché'')
|{{IPAblink|tʃ}}
| style="text-align:left" |chamm (eye), bacch (son), kárch (knife)
|-
| D / d (''de'')
|{{IPAblink|d}}
| style="text-align:left" |dard (pain), drad (rainshower), pád (foot), wád (salt)
|-
| Dh / dh
|{{IPAblink|ɖ}}
|style="text-align:left"| ''dhawl (''shape''), gwandh (short), chondh (piece)''
|-
| E / e
|{{IPAblink|i}}
|style="text-align:left"|esh (this), pet (father), bale (but)
|-
|É / é
|{{IPAblink|eː}}
|éraht (harvest), bér (revenge), shér (tiger) dér (late, delay), dém (face, front)
|-
| F / f (''fe'')
|{{IPAblink|f}}
| style="text-align:left" | ''Only used for loanwords:'' fármaysí (pharmacy).
|-
| G / g (''ge'')
|{{IPAblink|ɡ}}
|style="text-align:left"|gapp (talk), ganók (mad), bág (garden), bagg (herd of camels), pádag (foot), Bagdád (Baghdad)
|-
| Gh / gh
|{{IPAblink|ɣ}}
|style="text-align:left"| ''Like [[Ghain|ĝhaen]] in Perso-Arabic script.'' ''Used for loanwords and in eastern dialects:'' ghair (others), ghali (carpet), ghaza (noise)
|-
| H / h (''he'')
|{{IPAblink|h}}
|style="text-align:left"|hár (flood), máh (moon), kóh (mountain), mahár (rein), hón (blood)
|-
| I / i (''i'')
|{{IPAblink|iː}}
| style="text-align:left" |imán (faith), shir (milk), pakir (beggar), samin (breeze), gáli (carpet)
|-
| J / j (''jé'')
|{{IPAblink|dʒ}}
| style="text-align:left" |jang (war), janag (to beat), jeng (lark), ganj (treasure), sajji (roasted meat)
|-
| K / k (''ké'')
|{{IPAblink|k}}
| style="text-align:left" |Kermán (Kirman), kárch (knife), nákó (uncle), gwask (calf), kasán (small)
|-
| L / l (''lé'')
|{{IPAblink|l}}
| style="text-align:left" |láp (stomach), gal (joy), gal (party, organization), goll (cheek), gol (rose)
|-
| M / m (''mé'')
|{{IPAblink|m}}
| style="text-align:left" |mát (mother), bám (dawn), chamm (eye), master (leader, bigger)
|-
| N / n (''né'')
|{{IPAblink|n}}
| style="text-align:left" |nagan (bread), nók (new, new moon), dhann (outside), kwahn (old), nákó (uncle)
|-
| O / o
|{{IPAblink|u}}
| style="text-align:left" |oshter (camel), shomá (you), ostád (teacher), gozhn (hunger), boz (goat)
|-
| Ó / ó (''ó'')
|{{IPAblink|oː}}
|style="text-align:left"|óshtag (to stop), ózhnág (swim), róch (sun), dór (pain), sochag (to burn)
|-
| P / p (''pé'')
|{{IPAblink|p}}
|style="text-align:left"|Pád (foot), shap (night), shapád (bare-footed), gapp (talk), haptád (70)
|-
| R / r (''ré'')
|{{IPAblink|ɾ}}
| style="text-align:left" |rék (sand), barag (to take away), sharr (good), sarag (head)
|-
| Rh / rh (''rhé'')
|{{IPAblink|ɽ}}
| style="text-align:left" |márhi (building), nájórh (sick)
|-
| S / s (''sé'')
|{{IPAblink|s}}
| style="text-align:left" |sarag (head), kass (someone), kasán (little), bass (enough), ás (fire)
|-
| Sh / sh (''shé'')
|{{IPAblink|ʃ}}
| style="text-align:left" |shap (night), shád (happy), mésh (sheep), shwánag (shepherd), wašš (happy, tasty)
|-
| T / t (''té'')
|{{IPAblink|t}}
| style="text-align:left" |tagerd (mat), tahná (alone) tás (bowl), kelitt (key)
|-
| Th / th (''thé'')
|{{IPAblink|ʈ}}
| style="text-align:left" |thong (hole), thilló (bell), batth (cooked rice), batthág (eggplant)
|-
| U / u (''u'')
|{{IPAblink|uː}}
| style="text-align:left" | zurag (to take), bezur (take), dur (distant)
|-
| W / w (''wé'')
|{{IPAblink|w}}
| style="text-align:left" | warag (food, to eat), warden (provision), dawár (abode), wád (salt), kawwás (learned)
|-
| X / x
|{{IPAblink|x}}
|style="text-align:left"| ''Like [[Ḫāʾ|xa]] in Perso-Arabic script.'' ''Used for loanwords and in eastern dialects:''
|-
| Y / y (''yé'')
|{{IPAblink|j}}
| style="text-align:left" | yád (remembrance), yár (friend), yázdah (eleven), beryáni (roasted meat), yakk (one)
|-
| Z / z (''zé'')
|{{IPAblink|z}}
| style="text-align:left" | zarr (monay), zi (yesterday), mozz (wages), móz (banana), nazzíkk (nearby)
|-
| Zh / zh (''zhé'')
|{{IPAblink|ʒ}}
| style="text-align:left" | zhand (tired), zháng (bells), pazhm (wool), gazzhag (to swell), gozhnag (hungry)
|-
| colspan="3" | '''Latin digraphs'''
|-
| Ay / ay
|[aj]
|style="text-align:left"|ayb (fault), say (three), kay (who)
|-
| Aw / aw
|[aw]
|style="text-align:left"|awali (first), hawr (rain), kawl (promise), gawk (neck)
|}

==== Soviet alphabet ====
In 1933, the [[Soviet Union]] adopted a Latin-based alphabet for Balochi as follows:

{| cellpadding=4 style="font-size:large; text-align: center;" summary="Thirty one letters of the Balochi Latin alphabet, lowercase" align=center
|+ style="font-size:smaller;" | '''The Balochi alphabet in Latin'''
|{{lang|bal-Latn|a}}
|{{lang|bal-Latn|ə}}
|{{lang|bal-Latn|ʙ}}
|{{lang|bal-Latn|c}}
|{{lang|bal-Latn|ç}}
|{{lang|bal-Latn|d}}
|{{lang|bal-Latn|ᶁ}}
|{{lang|bal-Latn|e}}
|{{lang|bal-Latn|f}}
|{{lang|bal-Latn|g}}
|{{lang|bal-Latn|h}}
|{{lang|bal-Latn|i}}
|{{lang|bal-Latn|j}}
|{{lang|bal-Latn|k}}
|{{lang|bal-Latn|ʟ}}
|-
|{{lang|bal-Latn|m}}
|{{lang|bal-Latn|n}}
|{{lang|bal-Latn|o}}
|{{lang|bal-Latn|p}}
|{{lang|bal-Latn|q}}
|{{lang|bal|ʼ}}
|{{lang|bal-Latn|r}}
|{{lang|bal-Latn|s}}
|{{lang|bal-Latn|t}}
|{{lang|bal-Latn|ƫ}}
|{{lang|bal-Latn|u}}
|{{lang|bal-Latn|v}}
|{{lang|bal-Latn|w}}
|{{lang|bal-Latn|x}}
|{{lang|bal-Latn|z}}
|{{lang|bal-Latn|ƶ}}
|}

The alphabet was used for several texts, including children's books, newspapers, and ideological works. In 1938, however, the official use of Balochi was discontinued.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Axenov |first=Sergei |title=Language in Society: Eight Sociolinguistic Essays on Balochi |date=2000 |isbn=91-554-4679-5 |series=Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Studia Iranica Upsaliensia |publisher=Uppsala Universitet |pages=71–78 |location=Uppsala}}</ref>

=== Cyrillic alphabet ===
In 1989, Mammad Sherdil, a teacher from the [[Turkmen SSR]], approached Balochi language researcher Sergei Axenov with the idea of creating a [[Cyrillic]]-based alphabet for Balochi. Before this, the Cyrillic script was already used for writing Balochi and was used in several publications but the alphabet was not standardized. In 1990, the alphabet was finished. It included the following letters:

{| cellpadding=4 style="font-size:large; text-align: center;" summary="Forty two letters of the Balochi Cyrillic alphabet, lowercase" align=center
|+ style="font-size:smaller;" | '''The Balochi alphabet in Cyrillic'''
|{{lang|bal-Cyrl|а}}
|{{lang|bal-Cyrl|а̄}}
|{{lang|bal-Cyrl|б}}
|{{lang|bal-Cyrl|в}}
|{{lang|bal-Cyrl|г}}
|{{lang|bal-Cyrl|ғ}}
|{{lang|bal-Cyrl|д}}
|{{lang|bal-Cyrl|д̨}}
|{{lang|bal-Cyrl|е}}
|{{lang|bal-Cyrl|ё}}
|{{lang|bal-Cyrl|ж}}
|{{lang|bal-Cyrl|җ}}
|{{lang|bal-Cyrl|з}}
|{{lang|bal-Cyrl|и}}
|{{lang|bal-Cyrl|ӣ}}
|{{lang|bal-Cyrl|й}}
|{{lang|bal-Cyrl|к}}
|{{lang|bal-Cyrl|қ}}
|{{lang|bal-Cyrl|л}}
|{{lang|bal-Cyrl|м}}
|{{lang|bal-Cyrl|н}}
|-
|{{lang|bal-Cyrl|о}}
|{{lang|bal-Cyrl|п}}
|{{lang|bal-Cyrl|р}}
|{{lang|bal|ꝑ}}
|{{lang|bal-Cyrl|с}}
|{{lang|bal-Cyrl|т}}
|{{lang|bal-Cyrl|т̵}}
|{{lang|bal-Cyrl|у}}
|{{lang|bal-Cyrl|ӯ}}
|{{lang|bal-Cyrl|ф}}
|{{lang|bal-Cyrl|х}}
|{{lang|bal-Cyrl|ц}}
|{{lang|bal-Cyrl|ч}}
|{{lang|bal-Cyrl|ш}}
|{{lang|bal-Cyrl|щ}}
|{{lang|bal-Cyrl|ъ}}
|{{lang|bal-Cyrl|ы}}
|{{lang|bal-Cyrl|ь}}
|{{lang|bal-Cyrl|э}}
|{{lang|bal-Cyrl|ю}}
|{{lang|bal-Cyrl|я}}
|}

The project was approved with some minor changes ({{lang|bal-Cyrl|қ}}, {{lang|bal|ꝑ}}, and {{lang|bal-Cyrl|ы}} were removed due to the rarity of those sounds in Balochi, and {{lang|bal-Cyrl|о̄}} was added). From 1992 to 1993, several primary school textbooks were printed in this script. In the early 2000s, the script fell out of use.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kokaislova P. |first=Kokaisl P. |title={{lang|ru|Центральная Азия и Кавказ}} |date=2012 |issn=1403-7068 |language=ru}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last1=Dames |first1=Mansel Longworth |url=https://archive.org/details/textbookofbaloch00damerich |title=A Text Book of the Balochi Language: Consisting of Miscellaneous Stories, Legends, Poems, and a Balochi-English Vocabulary |location=Lahore |publisher=Punjab Government Press |year=1922 |access-date=16 January 2020 |language=en }}
* {{cite book |last1=Farrell |first1=Tim |title=Basic Balochi: an introductory course |year=1990 |publisher=Università degli Studi di Napoli "L'Orientale" |location=Naples |oclc=40953807 |language=en }}
* {{cite book |last1=Jahani |first1=Carina |last2=Korn |first2=Agnes |editor1-last=Windfuhr |editor1-first=Gernot |title=The Iranian languages |year=2009 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-0-7007-1131-4 |pages=634–692 |edition=1st |series=Routledge Language Family Series |chapter=Balochi |language=en }}
* {{cite book |last1=Serge |first1=Axenov |title=The Balochi language of Turkmenistan: a corpus based grammatical description |date=2006 |publisher=Uppsala Universitet |location=Stockholm |isbn=978-91-554-6766-1 |oclc=82163314 |language=en }}
* {{cite conference |editor1-last=Jahani |editor1-first=Carina |editor2-last=Korn |editor2-first=Agnes |others=In cooperation with Gunilla Gren-Eklund |title=The Baloch and Their Neighbours: Ethnic and Linguistic Contact in Balochistan in Historical and Modern Times |date=2003 |publisher=Reichert |location=Wiesbaden |isbn=978-3-89500-366-0 |oclc=55149070 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Jahani |editor1-first=Carina |title=Language in society: eight sociolinguistic essays on Balochi |date=2000 |publisher=Uppsala University |isbn=978-91-554-4679-6 |series=Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis |oclc=44509598 |language=en}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|2}}
;Dictionaries and lexicographical works
* Gilbertson, George W. 1925. ''English-Balochi colloquial dictionary''. Hertford: Stephen Austin & Sons.
* Ahmad, K. 1985. ''Baluchi Glossary: A Baluchi-English Glossary: Elementary Level''. Dunwoody Press.
* Badal Khan, S. 1990. ''Mán Balócíá Darí Zubánání Judá''. Labzánk Vol. 1(3): pp. 11–15.
* Abdulrrahman Pahwal. 2007. ''Balochi Gálband: Balochi/Pashto/Dari/English Dictionary''. Peshawar: Al-Azhar Book Co. p. 374.
* Mír Ahmad Dihání. 2000. ''Mír Ganj: Balócí/Balócí/Urdú''. Karachi: Balóc Ittihád Adabí Akedimí. p. 427.
* Bruce, R. I. 1874. ''Manual and Vocabulary of the Beluchi Dialect''. Lahore: Government Civil Secretariat Press. vi 154 p.
* Ishák Xámúś. 2014. ''Balochi Dictionary: Balochi/Urdu/English''. Karachi: Aataar Publications. p. 444.
* Nágumán. 2011. ''Balócí Gál: Ambáre Nókáz (Balochi/English/Urdu)''. Básk. p. 245.
* Nágumán. 2014. ''Jutgál. Makkurán: Nigwar Labzánkí Majlis''. p. 64.
* Ghulám Razá Azarlí. 2016. ''Farhange Kúcak: Pársí/Balúcí''. Pársí Anjuman.
* Hashmi, S. Z. S. 2000. ''Sayad Ganj: Balochi-Balochi Dictionary''. Karachi: Sayad Hashmi Academy. P. 887.
* Ulfat Nasím. 2005. ''Tibbí Lughat''. Balócí Akademí. p. 260.
* Gulzár Xán Marí. 2005. ''Gwaśtin''. Balócí Akedimí. p. 466.
* Raśíd Xán. 2010. ''Batal, Guśtin, Puźdánk, Ghanŧ''. Tump: Wafá Labzání Majlis. p. 400.
* Śe Ragám. 2012. ''Batal, Gwaśtin u Gálband''. Balócí Akademí. p. 268.
* Abdul Azíz Daolatí Baxśán. 1388. ''Nám u Ném Nám: Farhang Námhá Balúcí''. Tihrán: Pázína. p. 180.
* Nazeer Dawood. 2007. ''Balochi into English Dictionary''. Gwádar: Drad Publications. p. 208.
* Abdul Kaiúm Balóc. 2005. ''Balócí Búmíá''. Balócí Akademí. p. 405.
* Ján Mahmad Daśtí. 2015. ''Balócí Labz Balad [Balochi/Balochi Dictionary]''. Balócí Akademí. p. 1255.
* Bogoljubov, Mixail, et al. (eds.). ''Indoiranskoe jazykoznanie i tipologija jazykovyx situacij. Sbornik statej k 75-letiju professora A. L. Gryunberga''. St. Pétersbourg (Nauka). pp. 201–212.
* Marri, M. K. and Marri, S. K. 1970. ''Balúcí-Urdú Lughat''. Quetta: Balochi Academy. 332 p.
* Mayer, T. J. L. 1900. ''English-Baluchi Dictionary''. Lahore: Government Press.

;Orthography
* Jahani, Carina. 1990. ''Standardization and orthography in the Balochi language''. Studia Iranica Upsaliensia. Uppsala, Sweden: Almqvist & Wiksell Internat.
* Sayad Háśumí. 1964. ''Balócí Syáhag u Rást Nibíssag''. Dabai: Sayad Háśumí Balóc. p. 144.
* Ghaos Bahár. 1998. Balócí Lékwaŕ. Balócí Akademí. p. 227.
* Ziá Balóc. 2015. ''Balócí Rást Nibíssí''. Raísí Cáp u Śingjáh. p. 264.
* Axtar Nadím. 1997. ''Nibiśta Ráhband''. Balócí Akedimí. p. 206.
* Táj Balóc. 2015. ''Sarámad (Roman Orthography)''. Bahren: Balóc Kalab. p. 110.

;Courses and study guides
* Barker, Muhammad A. and Aaqil Khan Mengal. 1969. ''A course in Baluchi''. Montreal: McGill University.
* Collett, Nigel A. 1986. ''A Grammar, Phrase-book, and Vocabulary of Baluchi (As Spoken in the Sultanate of Oman)''. Abingdon: Burgess & Son.
* Natawa, T. 1981. ''Baluchi (Asian and African Grammatical Manuals 17b)''. Tokyo. 351 p.
* Munazzih Batúl Baóc. 2008. ''Ásán Balúcí Bólcál''. Balócí Akademí. p. 152.
* Abdul Azíz Jázimí. ''Balócí Gappe Káidaián''. p. 32.
* Muhammad Zarrín Nigár. ''Dastúr Tatbíkí Zabáne Balúcí bá Fársí''. Íránśahr: Bunyáde Naśre Farhange Balóc. p. 136.
* Gilbertson, George W. 1923. ''The Balochi language. A grammar and manual''. Hertford: Stephen Austin & Sons.
* Bugti, A. M. 1978. ''Balócí-Urdú Bólcál''. Quetta: Kalat Publications.
* Ayyúb Ayyúbí. 1381. ''Dastúr Zabán Fársí bih Balúcí''. Íránśahr: Intiśárát Asátír. p. 200.
* Hitturam, R. B. 1881. ''Biluchi Nameh: A Text-book of the Biluchi Language''. Lahore.

;Etymological and historical studies
* Elfenbein, J. 1985. Balochi from Khotan. In: Studia Iranica. Vol. XIV (2): 223–238.
* Gladstone, C. E. 1874. Biluchi Handbook. Lahore.
* Hashmi, S. Z. S. 1986. Balúcí Zabán va Adab kí Táríx [The History of Balochi language and Literature: A Survey]. Karachi: Sayad Hashmi Academy.
* Korn, A. 2005. Towards a Historical Grammar of Balochi. Studies in Balochi Historical Phonology and Vocabulary [Beiträge zur Iranistik 26]. Wiesbaden (Reichert).
* Korn, A. 2009. The Ergative System in Balochi from a Typological Perspective // Iranian Journal for Applied Language Studies I. pp. 43–79.
* Korn, A. 2003. The Outcome of Proto-Iranian *ṛ in Balochi // Iran : Questions et connaissances. Actes du IVe congrès européen des études iraniennes, organisé par la Societas Iranologica Europaea, Paris, 6–10 septembre 1999. III : Cultures et sociétés contemporaines, éd. Bernard HOURCADE [Studia Iranica Cahier 27]. Leuven (Peeters). pp. 65–75.
* Mengal, A. K. 1990. A Persian-Pahlavi-Balochi Vocabulary I (A-C). Quetta: Balochi Academy.
* Morgenstiene, G. 1932. Notes on Balochi Etymology. Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap. p. 37–53.
* Moshkalo, V. V. 1988. Reflections of the Old Iranian Preverbs on the Baluchi Verbs. Naples: Newsletter of Baluchistan Studies. No. 5: pp. 71–74.
* Moshkalo, V. V. 1991. Beludzskij Jazyk. In: Osnovy Iranskogo Jazykozanija. Novoiranskie Jazyki I. Moscow. p. 5–90.

;Dialectology
* Dames, M. L. 1881. A Sketch of the Northern Balochi Language. Calcutta: The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.
* Elfenbein, J. 1966. The Baluchi Language. A Dialectology with Text. London.
* Filipone, E. 1990. Organization of Space: Cognitive Models and Baluchi Dialectology. Newsletter of Baluchistan Studies. Naples. Vol. 7: pp. 29–39.
* Gafferberg, E. G. 1969. Beludzhi Turkmenskoi. SSR: Ocherki Khoziaistva Material'oni Kultuy I Byta. sn.
* Geiger, W. 1889. Etymologie des Baluci. Abhandlungen der I. Classe der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Vol. XIX(I): pp. 105–53.
* Marston, E. W. 1877. Grammar and Vocabulary of the Mekranee Beloochee Dialect. Bombay.
* Pierce, E. 1874. A Description of the Mekranee-Beloochee Dialect. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. Vol. XI: 1–98.
* Pierce, E. 1875. Makrani Balochi. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 11: N. 31.
* Rossi, A. V. 1979. Phonemics in Balochi and Modern Dialectology. Naples: Instituto Universitario Orientale, Dipartimento di Studi Asiatici. Iranica, pp. 161–232.
* Rahman, T. 1996. The Balochi/Brahvi Language Movements in Pakistan. ''Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies''. Vol. 19(3): 71–88.
* Rahman, T. 2001. The Learning of Balochi and Brahvi in Pakistan. ''Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies''. Vol. 24(4): 45–59.
* Rahman, T. 2002. Language Teaching and Power in Pakistan. ''Indian Social Science Review''. 5(1): 45–61.

;Language contact
* Elfenbein, J. 1982. Notes on the Balochi-Brahui Linguistic Commensality. In: TPhS, pp. 77–98.
* Foxton, W. 1985. Arabic/Baluchi Bilingualism in Oman. Naples: Newsletter of Baluchistan Studies. N. 2 pp. 31–39.
* Natawa, T. 1970. The Baluchis in Afghanistan and their Language. pp. II:417-18. In: Endo, B. et al. Proceedings, VIIIth International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, 1968, Tokyo and Kyoto. Tokyo: Science Council of Japan.
* Rzehak, L. 1995. Menschen des Rückens – Menschen des Bauches: Sprache und Wirklichkeit im Verwandtschaftssystem der Belutschen. pp. 207–229. In: Reck, C. & Zieme, P. (ed.); Iran und Turfan. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
* Elfenbein, Josef. 1997. "Balochi Phonology". In Kaye, Alan S. Phonologies of Asia and Africa. 1. pp. 761–776.
* Farideh Okati. 2012. The Vowel Systems of Five Iranian Balochi Dialects. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis: Studia linguistica Upsaliensia. p. 241.

;Grammar and morphology
* Farrell, Tim. 1989. A study of ergativity in Balochi.' M.A. thesis: School of Oriental & African Studies, University of London.
* Farrell, Tim. 1995. Fading ergativity? A study of ergativity in Balochi. In David C. Bennett, Theodora Bynon & B. George Hewitt (eds.), Subject, voice, and ergativity: Selected essays, 218–243. London: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.
* Korn, Agnes. 2009. Marking of arguments in Balochi ergative and mixed constructions. In Simin Karimi, VIda Samiian & Donald Stilo (eds.) Aspects of Iranian Linguistics, 249–276. Newcastle upon Tyne (UK): Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
* Abraham, W. 1996. The Aspect-Case Typology Correlation: Perfectivity Triggering Split Ergativity. Folia Linguistica Vol. 30 (1–2): pp. 5–34.
* Ahmadzai, N. K. B. M. 1984. The Grammar of Balochi Language. Quetta: Balochi Academy, iii, 193 p.
* Andronov, M. S. 2001. A Grammar of the Balochi Language in Comparative Treatment. Munich.
* Bashir, E. L. 1991. A Contrastive Analysis of Balochi and Urdu. Washington, D.C. Academy for Educational Development, xxiii, 333 p.
* {{cite journal |last=Jahani |first=C. |date=1994 |title=Notes on the Use of Genitive Construction Versus Izafa Construction in Iranian Balochi |journal=Studia Iranica |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=285–98 |doi=10.2143/SI.23.2.2014308}}
* {{cite journal |last=Jahani |first=C. |date=1999 |title=Persian Influence on Some Verbal Constructions in Iranian Balochi |journal=Studia Iranica |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=123–143 |doi=10.2143/SI.28.1.2003920}}
* {{cite journal |last=Korn |first=A. |date=2008 |title=A New Locative Case in Turkmenistan Balochi |journal=[[Iran and the Caucasus]] |volume=12 |pages=83–99 |doi=10.1163/157338408X326226}}
* Jahani, Carina. ''[https://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1372275&dswid=8949 A Grammar of Modern Standard Balochi]''. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2019. {{ISBN|978-91-513-0820-3}}.
* Leech, R. 1838. Grammar of the Balochky Language. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. Vol. VII(2): p. 608.
* Mockler, E. 1877. Introduction to a Grammar of the Balochee Language. London.
* Nasir, K. A. B. M. 1975. Balócí Kárgónag. Quetta.
* Sabir, A. R. 1995. Morphological Similarities in Brahui and Balochi Languages. International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics. Vol. 24(1): 1–8.

;Semantics
* Elfenbein, J. 1992. Measurement of Time and Space in Balochi. Studia Iranica, Vol. 21(2): pp. 247–254.
* Filipone, E. 1996. Spatial Models and Locative Expressions in Baluchi. Naples: Instituto Universitario Orietale, Dipartimento di Studi Asiatici. 427 p.

;Miscellaneous and surveys
* Baloch, B. A. 1986. Balochi: On the Move. In: Mustada, Zubeida, ed. The South Asian Century: 1900–1999. Karachi: Oxford University Press. pp. 163–167.
* Bausani, A. 1971. Baluchi Language and Literature. Mahfil: A Quarterly of South Asian Literature, Vol. 7 (1–2): pp. 43–54.
* Munazzih Batúl Baóc. 2008. ''Ásán Balúcí Bólcál''. Balócí Akademí. p. 633–644.
* Elfenbein, J. 1989. Balochi. In: SCHMITT, pp. 350–362.
* Geiger, W. 1901. Die Sprache der Balutschen. Geiger/Kuhn II, P. 231–248, Gelb, I. J. 1970. Makkan and Meluḫḫa in Early Mesopotamian Sources. Revue d'Assyriologie. Vol. LXIV: pp. 1–8.
* Gichky, N. 1986. Baluchi Language and its Early Literature. Newsletter of Baluchistan Studies. No. 3, pp. 17–24.
* Grierson, G. A. 1921. Balochi. In: Linguistic Survey of India X: Specimens of Languages of Eranian Family. Calcutta. pp. 327–451.
* Ibragimov, B. 1973. Beludzhi Pakistana. Sots.-ekon. Polozhenie v Pakist. Beludhistane I nats. dvizhnie beludzhei v 1947–1970. Moskva. 143 p.
* Jaffrey, A. A. 1964. New Trends in the Balochi Language. Bulletin of the Ancient Iranian Cultural Society. Vol. 1(3): 14–26.
* Jahani, C. Balochi. In: Garry, J. and Rubino, C. (eds.). Facts About World's Languages. New York: H. W. Wilson Company. pp. 59–64.
* Kamil Al-Qadri, S. M. 1969. Baluchi Language and Literature. Pakistan Quarterly. Vol. 17: pp. 60–65.
* Morgenstiene, G. 1969. The Baluchi Language. Pakistan Quarterly. Vol. 17: 56–59.
* Nasir, G. K. 1946. Riyásat Kalát kí Kaumí Zabán. Bolan.
* Rooman, A. 1967. A Brief Survey of Baluchi Literature and Language. Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society. Vol. 15: 253–272.
* Rossi, A. V. 1982–1983. Linguistic Inquiries in Baluchistan Towards Integrated Methodologies. Naples: Newsletter of Baluchistan Studies. N.1: 51–66.
* Zarubin, I. 1930. Beiträge zum Studium von Sprache und Folklore der Belutschen. Zapiski Kollegii Vostokovedov. Vol. 5: 653–679.
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Incubator|bal|lang1=Balochi (macrolanguage)|3=bgn|5=bcc|7=bgp}}
{{Wikivoyage|Balochi phrasebook|Balochi|phrasebook}}

* {{commons category-inline}}
* Collett, N. A. [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/collett/ A grammar, phrase book and vocabulary of Baluchi]: (as spoken in the Sultanate of Oman). 2nd ed. [Camberley]: [N.A. Collett], 1986.
* [[Mansel Longworth Dames|Dames, Mansel Longworth]]. [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/dames-sketch/ A sketch of the northern Balochi language], containing a grammar, vocabulary and specimens of the language. Calcutta: Asiatic Society, 1881.
* Mumtaz Ahmad. [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/mumtaz/ Baluchi glossary]: a Baluchi-English glossary: elementary level. Kensington, Md.: Dunwoody Press, 1985.
* [http://www.eurobaluchi.com/dictionary/index.htm EuroBalúči online translation tool] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090329120156/http://www.eurobaluchi.com/dictionary/index.htm |date=29 March 2009 }} – translate Balochi words to or from English, Persian, Spanish, Finnish and Swedish
* [http://www.ijunoon.com/balochidic/ iJunoon English to Balochi Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212073336/http://www.ijunoon.com/balochidic/ |date=12 February 2008 }}
* [http://www.eurobaluchi.com/ EuroBalúči] – Baluchi alphabet, grammar and music
* {{Cite Americana|wstitle=Baluchi|short=x}}
*Jahani, C. 2019. [http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1372275&dswid=-5364 A Grammar of Modern Standard Balochi]

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[[Category:Balochi language| ]]
[[Category:Languages of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Arabic alphabets for South Asian languages]]

Mohammad Ali Jauhar

2026-03-27T17:43:50Z

SadguruCaterer: added info

{{Short description|Indian Muslim activist (1878–1931)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Muhammad Ali Jawhar
| image = File:Molana-Muhammad-Ali.jpg
| caption = Jawhar, before 1931
| order =
| office = 10th [[List of presidents of the All-India Muslim League|President]] of [[All-India Muslim League]]
| term_start = 30 December 1917
| term_end = 1 January 1918
| predecessor = [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]
| successor = [[Mohammad Ali Mohammad Khan]]
| office1 = 41st [[List of presidents of the Indian National Congress|President]] of [[Indian National Congress]]
| term_start1 = 1923
| term_end1 = 1923
| predecessor1 = [[Chittaranjan Das]]
| successor1 = [[Abul Kalam Azad]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1878|12|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Najibabad|Rampur]], [[Rampur State]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1931|1|4|1878|12|10|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[London]], [[England]]
| resting_place = [[Jerusalem]]
| parents = Abdul Ali Khan (father) [[Abadi Bano Begum]] (mother)
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Amjadi Bano]] Begum|1902|1931}}
| relations = [[Shaukat Ali (politician)|Shaukat Ali]] (brother) Zulfiqar Ali Khan (brother) Gauhar Ali Khan (brother)
| occupation = [[Journalist]], [[scholar]], [[political activist]], poet
| known_for = [[Khilafat movement]]
| party = [[All India Muslim League]]
| otherparty = [[Indian National Congress]]
| blank1 = Religion
| data1 = [[Islam]]
| blank2 = Founder of
| data2 = [[Jamia Millia Islamia]]
}}

'''Muhammad Ali Jawhar''' (10 December 1878{{Snd}}4 January 1931) was an Indian politician and activist of the Indian independence movement. He was a co-founder of the [[All-India Muslim League]] and [[Jamia Millia Islamia]].

Born into an anti-colonial family, Jawhar was a member of the [[Aligarh Movement|Aligarh movement]]. He was elected president of the [[Indian National Congress]] in 1923, but his tenure lasted only a few months owing to disagreements with the organization—particularly with Gandhi—over the abrupt ending of the Non-Cooperation Movement. In the following years, he ended up being antithetical to it and accused Gandhi and Motilal Nehru of succumbing to the appeasement of Hindus as they regarded Muslims “the minorities” in India and refused to accommodate Muslim demands in the political representation. Being one of the founders, esteemed member and 10th president of the [[All-India Muslim League]], he represented the party in the first round-table conference held in London.<ref name="foundation">{{Cite book |last=Pirzada |first=Syed Sharifuddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kc4KAQAAIAAJ&q=foundation+of+pakistan |title=Foundations of Pakistan: All-India Muslim League Documents, 1906-1947 |date=1970 |publisher=National Publishing House |language=en}}</ref><ref name="muslimsofindia" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_uG0AAAAIAAJ&q=establishment+of+full+independence+in+the+form+of+a+federation+of+free+democratic+states+in+which+interests+of+the+1937+Musalmans+and+other+minorities+are+adequately+effectively+safeguarded+in+the+Constitution |title=Chronology of Pakistan Movement: December 29, 1930-August 14, 1947 |date=1985 |publisher=National Archives of Pakistan |language=en}}</ref>

[[Indian people|Indian]] Muslim freedom [[activist]], one of the founders of [[All-India Muslim League]], a pre-eminent member of [[Indian National Congress]], [[journalist]] and a poet, a leading figure of the [[Khilafat Movement]] and one of the founders of [[Jamia Millia Islamia]].<ref name="storyofpakistan" /><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://global.oup.com/academic/product/muhammad-ali-jauhar-and-the-mutiny-trial-9780195978940?cc=pk&lang=en&
|title=Muhammad Ali Jauhar and the Mutiny Trial
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|access-date=6 September 2023
|archive-date=29 October 2014
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029155508/http://global.oup.com/academic/product/muhammad-ali-jauhar-and-the-mutiny-trial-9780195978940?cc=pk&lang=en&
|url-status=dead
|author=Rahmat Farrukhabadi}}</ref><ref name="Jafri">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PTEFAQAAQBAJ|title=Biography of Muhammad Ali Jauhar: seerat E Maulana M Ali Jauhar|last=Jafri|first=Raees Ahmed|publisher=Urdu Movies|language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/syed-ahmad-khan-aligarh-movement-consequences-objectives-1444624799-1|title=Syed Ahmad Khan, Aligarh Movement: Consequences & Objectives|date=2015-10-12|website=Jagranjosh.com|access-date=2019-07-07}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Muhammad Ali was born in 1878 at [[Rampur State|Rampur]] in [[North-Western Provinces]], [[British India]].<ref name=storyofpakistan/><ref name=cybercity/><ref name="asir">{{Cite book|title=Tazkirah Mashāhīr-e-Hind: Karwān-e-Rafta|author=Asir Adrawi|author-link=Asir Adrawi|page=234|location=[[Deoband]]|publisher= Darul Muallifeen |language=ur |edition = 2 April 2016}}</ref> He was born to a wealthy family with roots in the city of [[Najibabad]]. His father, ''Abdul Ali Khan'', died when he was five years old.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lelyveld |first=David |date=1975 |publisher=University of Cambridge|title=Three Aligarh Students: Aftab Ahmad Khan, Ziauddin Ahmad and Muhammad Ali |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/311961 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=227–240 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00004984 |jstor=311961 |issn=0026-749X|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=Dawn>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1154854 |title=Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar- a man who chose the pen above the sword |publisher=Dawn (newspaper) |date=4 January 2015 |access-date=5 September 2023}}</ref> His brothers were [[Shaukat Ali (politician)|Shaukat Ali]], who became a leader of the [[Khilafat Movement]], and Zulfiqar Ali. His mother [[Abadi Bano Begum|Abadi Begum]] (1852 – 1924), affectionately known as 'Bi Amman', inspired her sons to take up the mantle of the struggle for freedom from the British colonial rule. To this end, she was adamant that her sons were properly educated. Due to the efforts, determination and sacrifice of their mother, he and his brothers were able to get a good quality education.<ref name=Dawn/><ref name=storyofpakistan/>

Despite the early death of his father, Jawhar attended [[Aligarh Muslim University]] and the [[University of Allahabad|Allahabad University]], eventually moving to [[England]] in 1898, attending [[Lincoln College, Oxford]] to study modern history.<ref name=storyofpakistan/><ref name="Jafri" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mohammad Ali Jauhar - Profile & Biography|url=https://www.rekhta.org/poets/mohammad-ali-jauhar/profile|access-date=2023-09-06|website=Rekhta.org website|language=en}}</ref>

Upon his return to India, he served as education director for the Rampur state, and later joined the [[Baroda State|Baroda]] civil service.<ref name=storyofpakistan/> He became a writer and an orator of the first magnitude and a farsighted political leader, writing articles in major British and Indian newspapers like ''[[The Times]]'', London, ''[[The Manchester Guardian]]'' and ''[[The Observer]]''.<ref name=storyofpakistan>{{cite web|url=http://storyofpakistan.com/maulana-muhammad-ali-jouhar|title=Mohammad Ali Jauhar profile|website=Storyofpakistan.com website|archive-date=30 October 2018|access-date=5 September 2023|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030191816/http://storyofpakistan.com/maulana-muhammad-ali-jouhar}}</ref> He launched the [[English language|English]] weekly ''[[The Comrade]]'' in 1911 in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]. It quickly gained circulation and influence internationally. He moved to [[Delhi]] in 1912 and there he launched an [[Urdu]]-language daily newspaper ''Hamdard'' in 1913.<ref name=muslimsofindia/> He married [[Amjadi Bano|Amjadi Bano Begum]] (c. 1886–1947) in 1902. Amjadi Begum was actively involved in the national and Khilafat movement.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Masooma|first1=Syed|title=Amjadi Begum|url=http://www.dostpakistan.pk/amjadi-begum/|publisher=dostpakistan.pk|access-date=8 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628050858/http://www.dostpakistan.pk/amjadi-begum/|archive-date=28 June 2013|date=3 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Begum Mohammed Ali Passes Away|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=3odhAAAAIBAJ&pg=3270%2C6413483|website=The Indian Express|access-date=8 September 2023|page=5|date=29 March 1947}}</ref>

Jawhar worked hard to expand the Aligarh Muslim University, then known as the [[Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College]], and was one of the co-founders of the [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] in 1920, which was later moved to Delhi.<ref name=storyofpakistan/>

==Khilafat movement in India==
[[File:1920 Mohammad Ali Jauhar.jpg|thumb|[[Autochrome]] portrait by Auguste Léon, 1920]]
Jawhar had attended the founding meeting of the [[All India Muslim League]] in [[Dhaka|Dacca]] in 1906, and served as its president in 1918.<ref name="storyofpakistan" /> He remained active in the League till 1928. Jawhar "had the unique distinction of having directed the affairs of the three most important political parties/movements in the country — The [[Indian National Congress]], the [[All India Muslim League]] and the [[Khilafat movement]]."<ref name="cybercity">{{cite web|url=http://www.cybercity-online.net/pof/maulana_mohamed_ali_jauhar.html|url-status=dead|title=Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar - profile and commemorative postage stamp|website=Cybercity-online.net website|archive-date=29 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729042456/http://www.cybercity-online.net/pof/maulana_mohamed_ali_jauhar.html|access-date=6 September 2023}}</ref>

He represented the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] delegation that travelled to [[England]] in 1919 to convince the British government to influence the Turkish nationalist [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Mustafa Kemal]] not to depose the [[List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire|Sultan of Turkey]], who was the [[List of caliphs|Caliph of Islam]] and the presumed leader of all the [[Muslim world|Islamic nations]] of that time.<ref name=MAJ>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.436019|title=Kalam Johar|last=Muhammad Ali Johar|date=1938}}</ref> British government's rejection of their demands resulted in the formation of the [[Khilafat Movement|Khilafat]] committee which directed Muslims all over India to protest and boycott the British government.<ref name=MAJ/>

In 1921, Jawhar formed a broad coalition with the nationalist leaders like [[Shaukat Ali (politician)|Shaukat Ali]], [[Abul Kalam Azad]], [[Hakim Ajmal Khan]], [[Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari]], [[Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari]] as well as [[Mahatma Gandhi]], who then enlisted the support of the [[Indian National Congress]] and many thousands of Hindus, who joined the Muslims in a demonstration of unity against the British government. Jawhar also wholeheartedly supported Gandhi's call for a national civil resistance movement and inspired many hundreds of protests and strikes all over India. He was arrested by British authorities and imprisoned for two years for what was termed as a seditious speech at the meeting of the Khilafat Conference.<ref name="Jafri"/><ref name=storyofpakistan/>

==Alienation from Congress==
Jauhar was disillusioned by the end of Khilafat movement and Gandhi's suspension of [[Non-cooperation movement (1909–22)|non-cooperation movement]] in 1922, owing to the [[Chauri Chaura incident]]. This incident, on 4 February 1922, when a large group of protesters, participating in Gandhi's non-cooperation movement clashed with police, who opened fire and killed three protesters. In retaliation, the demonstrators attacked and set fire to a police station, killing 22 policemen. The [[Indian National Congress]] suspended the non-cooperation movement on the national level as a direct result of this incident.<ref>Shefalee Vasudev (20 October 2003) [https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/offtrack/story/20031020-chauri-chaura-village-that-became-metaphor-for-gandhism-gets-entangled-in-criminal-violence-791593-2003-10-19 Chauri Chaura village that became metaphor for Gandhism gets entangled in criminal violence] India Today newspaper. Retrieved on 2023-09-08</ref>

He restarted his daily ''Hamdard'' and left the Congress Party. He opposed the [[Nehru Report]], which was a document proposing constitutional reforms and a dominion status of an independent nation within the [[British Empire]], written by a committee of [[Hindu]] and [[Muslim]] members of the Congress Party headed by President [[Motilal Nehru]]. It was a major protest against the [[Simon Commission]] which had arrived in India to propose reforms but having no local Indian member nor making any effort to listen to the Indians' voices and aspirations. Mohammad Ali was put in jail.<ref name=MAJ/> So All Parties Conference on Nehru report was represented by Shaukat Ali, Begum Mohammad Ali and 30 other members of the Central Khilafat Committee which included [[Abdul Majid Daryabadi]], Azad Subhani, [[Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi]], [[Abul Muhasin Muhammad Sajjad]] and others. Mohammad Ali opposed the part of the Nehru Report's 'acception' of separate electorates for Muslims, and supported the ''Fourteen Points'' of [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] and the Muslim League.<ref name=storyofpakistan/><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wasti|first=Syed Tanvir|date=2002|title=The Circles of Maulana Mohamed Ali|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|volume=38|issue=4|pages=51–62|issn=0026-3206|jstor=4284258|doi=10.1080/714004494|s2cid=145545924}}</ref> He became a critic of Gandhi, breaking with fellow Muslim leaders like Abul Kalam Azad, Hakim Ajmal Khan and Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari, who continued to support Gandhi and the Indian National Congress.<ref name=MAJ/>

==Imprisonment in Karachi==
In 1921, the British government established a court in [[Khaliq Dina Hall|Khaliqdina Hall]] in [[Karachi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://global.oup.com/academic/product/muhammad-ali-jauhar-and-the-mutiny-trial-9780195978940?cc=pk&lang=en&|title=Muhammad Ali Jauhar and the Mutiny Trial|publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=6 September 2023|archive-date=29 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029155508/http://global.oup.com/academic/product/muhammad-ali-jauhar-and-the-mutiny-trial-9780195978940?cc=pk&lang=en&|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=cybercity/> and punished him with two-and-a-half years' imprisonment in [[Central Jail Karachi|Karachi central jail]]. Besides this jail sentence, he had served many and frequent jail sentences due to his anti-government activities. However, he kept fighting for [[All-India Muslim League|the Muslim League]].<ref name=Dawn/>

== 1930 Round Table Conference in London ==
Ultimately Mohammad Ali's frequent jail sentences, his diabetes and lack of proper nutrition while jailed, made him very sick. Despite his failing health, he wanted to attend the first [[Round Table Conferences (India)|Round Table Conference]] held in [[London]] in 1930.<ref name=Dawn/><ref name=storyofpakistan/><ref name=cybercity/> Ali attended the 'Conference' in [[London]] (the chairman being [[Aga Khan III|Sir Agha Khan]] of the Muslim delegation) to show that only the Muslim League spoke for India's Muslims. Reportedly his words to the British government were that he would not return to India alive unless the country was set free, "I would prefer to die in a foreign country so long as it is a free country, and if you do not give us freedom in India, you will have to give me a grave here."<ref name=muslimsofindia/><ref name=cybercity/>

==Death and legacy==
{{Main|List of institutions and places named after Mohammad Ali Jauhar}}
[[File:Grave of Moulana Mohammad Ali Johar.jpg|thumb|Grave of Mohammad Ali Jauhar in Jerusalem]]
He died of a stroke in [[London]] on 4 January 1931 and was buried in [[Jerusalem]] by the choice of his relatives, friends and admirers.<ref name=storyofpakistan/><ref name=cybercity/> The inscription on his grave in the [[Khatuniyya Madrasa (Jerusalem)|Khātūniyya Madrasa]],<ref name="official_al-Aqsa_guide_AR">{{cite web |quote= المدرسة الخاتونية (مدفن مجموعة من الأعلام، منهم آل الحسيني)[…] وفيها قبر موقفتها أغل خاتون إلى جانب قبور كل من الأمير محمد علي الهندي وهو أمير هندي ناضل في سبيل القضية الفلسطينية |title= دليل |publisher= The Hashemite Fund, [[Amman]]; Dept. of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs & [[Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs|PASSIA]], Jerusalem |year= 2020 |url= https://haramalaqsa.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/aqsa-jordan-final.pdf |language= ar }} [structure number 88 on PDF's p. 40 (= p. 79). Text also [https://almasjedalaqsa.com/index.php/news/View?id=85 available here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723173012/https://almasjedalaqsa.com/index.php/news/View?id=85 |date=23 July 2022 }}. ]</ref> which is near the [[Dome of the Rock]], says: "Here lies al-Sayyid Muhammad Ali al-Hindi."<ref name=muslimsofindia>{{cite web|url=http://muslims-india.info/index.php/History/Know-our-heros-Maulana-Muhammad-Ali-Jauhar.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 October 2007| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008201806/http://muslims-india.info/index.php/History/Know-our-heros-Maulana-Muhammad-Ali-Jauhar.html|title= Profile of Mohammad Ali Jauhar|website=Muslims of India website|access-date=6 September 2023}}</ref>

==Commemorative postage stamp==
[[Pakistan Post|Pakistan Postal Services]] issued a commemorative postage stamp for Muhammad Ali Jawhar in its 'Pioneers of Freedom' series on his birth anniversary in 1978.<ref name=cybercity/> A number of educational intuitions like [[Mohammad Ali Jauhar University]] in [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]], India, Maulana Muhammad Ali Jawhar Academy of International Studies in Jamia Millia Islamia in Delhi, India, [[Maulana Mohammad Ali College]] in Bangladesh and places including [[Johar Town]], [[Jauharabad]], [[Gulistan-e-Jauhar]] in Pakistan are named after Jawhar .

== In popular culture ==
''Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar'' is a 1984 [[documentary film]] directed by Saiyed Ahmad and produced by the [[Government of India]]'s [[Films Division of India|Films Division]], it covers his political career and life as an [[Indian independence movement|Indian freedom fighter]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=MAULANA MOHAMMAD ALI 'JAUHAR' |url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/maulana-mohammad-ali-jauhar|access-date=2023-09-08|website=filmsdivision.org, Government of India website}}</ref>

==Speeches==
"I had long been convinced that here in this Country of hundreds of millions of human beings, intensely attached to religion, and yet infinitely split up into communities, sects and denominations, Providence had created for us the mission of solving a unique problem and working out a new synthesis, which was nothing low than a Federation of Faiths … For more than twenty years I have dreamed the dream of a federation, grander, nobler and infinitely more spiritual than the United States of America, and today when many a political Cassandra prophesies a return to the bad old days of Hindu-Muslim dissensions I still dream that old dream of 'United Faiths of India.'" —Mohammad Ali Jauhar; from the Presidential Address, I.N.C. Session, 1923, Cocanada (now Kakinada).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Yumitro|first=Gonda|title=The Roles of Muhammad Ali Jauhar in Indian Politics and Khilafat Movement|url=https://www.academia.edu/13037086|language=en|website=Academia.com website}}</ref>

However later, he started supporting the concept of Pakistan and the [[Pakistan Movement]].<ref name=storyofpakistan/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}

{{refbegin}}
;Biographical pages
* {{cite book
|title = Muhammad Ali Jauhar and the Mutiny Trial (محمد علی جوہر ۱ور مقدمہِ بغاوت) in Urdu
|author = [[Rehmat Farrukhabadi]]
|publisher = Oxford University Press
|year = 2005
|isbn = 9780195978940
|url = http://global.oup.com/academic/product/muhammad-ali-jauhar-and-the-mutiny-trial-9780195978940?cc=pk&lang=en&
|access-date = 5 September 2023
|archive-date = 29 October 2014
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141029155508/http://global.oup.com/academic/product/muhammad-ali-jauhar-and-the-mutiny-trial-9780195978940?cc=pk&lang=en&
|url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite web
|title=Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar
|work=Profile of Mohammad Ali Jauhar on 'Pioneers of Freedom' website
|url=http://www.cybercity-online.net/pof/maulana_mohamed_ali_jauhar.html
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729042456/http://www.cybercity-online.net/pof/maulana_mohamed_ali_jauhar.html
|archive-date=29 July 2013
|url-status=dead
}}
* {{cite web
|title=Ali brothers
|work=nazariapak.info website
|url=http://www.nazariapak.info/data/history/fighters/alibrothers.asp
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040916231646/http://www.nazariapak.info/data/history/fighters/alibrothers.asp
|archive-date=16 September 2004
}}
* {{cite web
|title=Presidents of Indian national Congress (Mohammad Ali Jauhar listed as President in 1923)
|website=Kamat.com website
|url=https://www.kamat.com/kalranga/freedom/congress/presidents.htm
}}
{{refend}}

{{Indian National Congress Presidents}}
{{Pakistan Movement}}

{{Indian Independence Movement}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ali, Mohammad, Maulana}}
[[Category:1878 births]]
[[Category:1931 deaths]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of Lincoln College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Indian National Congress]]
[[Category:People from Rampur, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Translators of the Quran into Urdu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Jamia Millia Islamia]]
[[Category:Rohilkhand]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]]
[[Category:Indian editors]]
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Journalists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Leaders of the Pakistan Movement]]
[[Category:People from Bijnor district]]
[[Category:Founders of Jamia Millia Islamia]]

Akhanda

2026-03-24T06:57:38Z

SadguruCaterer: updated article for consistency and cleaned formatting for consistency

{{Short description|2021 film directed by Boyapati Srinu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Akhanda
| image = Akhanda Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Boyapati Srinu]]
| producer = Miryala Ravinder Reddy
| writer = '''Story''' & '''Screenplay''': Boyapati Srinu '''Dialogues''': M. Rathnam
| starring = {{Ubl|[[Nandamuri Balakrishna]]|[[Pragya Jaiswal]]|[[Jagapathi Babu]]|[[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]]}}
| music = [[Thaman S]]
| cinematography = [[ Ram Prasad (cinematographer)|C. Ramprasad]]
| editing = [[Kotagiri Venkateshwara Rao]] Tammiraju
| studio = Dwaraka Creations
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2021|12|2}}
| runtime = 169 minutes<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/akhanda-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdawotc1|title=Akhanda|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|access-date=1 December 2021|archive-date=30 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130094057/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/akhanda-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdawotc1|url-status=live}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR|60–70}} crore{{efn|While ''[[The Hans India]]'' estimates the budget as 60 [[crore]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vyas|date=2020-11-10|title=High budget for Balayya and Boyapati's movie?|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/high-budget-for-balayya-and-boyapatis-movie-655616|website=The Hans India}}</ref> ''[[The News Minute]]'' and [[Sakshi (media group)|''Sakshi Post'']] report it as 70 crore.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-25|title=Balakrishna's next with Boyapati Srinu put on hold?|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/balakrishnas-next-boyapati-srinu-put-hold-114739|website=The News Minute|access-date=4 December 2021|archive-date=6 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806052710/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/balakrishnas-next-boyapati-srinu-put-hold-114739|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-05|title=Akhanda Day 3 Collections: Nandamuri Balakrishna Unstoppable at Box Office|url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/tollywood/akhanda-day-3-collections-nandamuri-balakrishna-unstoppable-box-office-147642|website=Sakshi Post|access-date=5 December 2021|archive-date=5 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205053851/https://english.sakshi.com/news/tollywood/akhanda-day-3-collections-nandamuri-balakrishna-unstoppable-box-office-147642|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| gross = {{estimation}}{{INR|150}} crore<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2022 |title=Akhanda : అఖండ మరో రికార్డ్.. 110 కోట్ల క్లబ్‌లో బాలయ్య.. |url=https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/balakrishna-akhanda-creates-new-record-joins-250-cr-club-here-are-the-details-sr-1166666-page-7.html |access-date=12 May 2022 |website=[[News18]] |language=te|archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415015758/https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/balakrishna-akhanda-creates-new-record-joins-250-cr-club-here-are-the-details-sr-1166666-page-7.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

'''''Akhanda''''' ({{translation|Undivided}}) is a 2021 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[fantasy film|fantasy]] [[action drama film]] co-written and directed by [[Boyapati Srinu]]. It was produced by Miryala Ravinder Reddy, under Dwaraka Creations. It stars [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] in a [[dual role]] alongside [[Pragya Jaiswal]], [[Jagapathi Babu]] and [[Srikanth (actor, born 1968)|Srikanth]]. The film featured original score and soundtrack was composed by [[Thaman S]]. In the film, twin brothers Akhanda and Murali Krishna are separated at birth. They grow up to lead completely separate lives, Murali as a local hero, and Akhanda as a secluded Shiva devotee. But when the lives of Murali and his family are in danger, his long-lost brother finally returns.

Released on 2 December 2021, ''Akhanda'' opened to mixed reviews from the critics and positive response from audience.<ref>{{Cite news|title='Akhanda' Box Office collection: Nandamuri Balakrishna's film collects Rs.20.8 cr on the release day! - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/akhanda-box-office-collection-nandamuri-balakrishnas-film-collects-rs-20-8-cr-on-the-release-day/articleshow/88068938.cms|access-date=2021-12-05|website=The Times of India| language=en}}</ref> The film became a success, grossing over {{INR|150}} crore worldwide, emerging as the third [[List of Telugu films of 2021|highest-grossing Telugu film]] of the year and the highest-grossing film in Balakrishna's career then.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Akhanda : అఖండ మరో రికార్డ్.. 250 కోట్ల క్లబ్‌లో బాలయ్య..|url=https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/balakrishna-akhanda-creates-new-record-joins-250-cr-club-here-are-the-details-sr-1166666.html|access-date=2022-01-18|website=News18 Telugu|date=17 January 2022|language=te|archive-date=18 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118134906/https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/balakrishna-akhanda-creates-new-record-joins-250-cr-club-here-are-the-details-sr-1166666.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Akhanda'' was featured at the [[53rd International Film Festival of India]] in the Indian Panorama mainstream section.<ref name="fest">{{Cite news|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1870193|title=53RD IFFI 2022 official|access-date=22 October 2022|archive-date=22 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022072007/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1870193|url-status=live}}</ref>

''Akhanda'' won the Telangana state Gaddar Award for Second Best Feature Film. A sequel, titled ''[[Akhanda 2]]'', was released on 12th December 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nandamuri Balakrishna's powerful teaser of Akhanda 2: Thandavam is out now {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/nandamuri-balakrishnas-powerful-teaser-of-akhanda-2-thandavam-is-out-now-74577.html |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
In a dense, impenetrable forest, the Indian Army hunts a feared brigand named Gajendra Sahu. During a violent encounter, Gajendra is gravely injured but is rescued by the head of a spiritual organization called Maha Rudra Peetam. The chieftain preaches that God exists in nature and that it must be protected at all times. However, people blindly worship the chieftain more than the truth he represents. Angered by this hypocrisy, Gajendra kills the chieftain and his followers and begins exploiting nature for personal gain. Before dying, the chieftain warns him never to challenge fate, the Creator, and the universe.

At the same time in Anantapur, a couple, Ramachandraiah and Dharani, are blessed with twin sons, one of whom is stillborn. An Aghora appears and reveals that one child represents nature, while the other is a destructive force born of Shiva’s wrath. He takes the stillborn child to Kashi, where the child miraculously comes back to life in a temple and is raised by Aghoras.

Years later, Murali Krishna, the surviving twin, becomes a powerful and respected arbitrator who works to eliminate factionalism and bring prosperity to the region. Saranya Bachupally, a newly appointed District Collector, clashes with Murali at first but soon falls in love with him after understanding his ideals. Meanwhile, Varadarajulu, a ruthless gangster, runs illegal uranium mining operations in a protected forest, exploiting workers under inhumane conditions. Gajendra Sahu supports Varadarajulu’s operations. Saranya orders Principal Secretary Padmavati to conduct a secret investigation into these illegal activities.

Murali and Saranya marry and have a baby girl. Soon, children in the region start falling mysteriously ill, and doctors fail to find the cause. Padmavati uncovers the truth about Varadarajulu’s uranium mining and warns Murali that the entire region will become a graveyard if it is not stopped. Murali confronts Varadarajulu, but his associate, Central Minister Bharat Reddy, intervenes. Gajendra plants a bomb at the hospital, killing several people, including Bharat Reddy. Murali is falsely implicated and arrested by NIA officer Krishnamacharya Perumal.

When Murali’s own daughter falls sick, Saranya rushes her to a hospital. On the way, Varadarajulu’s men attack her. While escaping, she enters an ancient cave temple where she encounters Akhanda Rudra Sikandar Aghora, Murali’s elder brother, who possesses supernatural powers and is on a mission to restore sacred temples. Akhanda saves Saranya, revives the baby, and protects them. Gajendra, realizing Akhanda’s divine power, begins to fear him.

Varadarajulu’s brother, DSP Ranjan, captures Saranya and Murali’s family, but Akhanda intervenes, kills the corrupt officers, and warns Gajendra by throwing Ranjan’s dead body at him. Dharani, the twins’ mother, learns the truth about her sons and tries to reunite with Akhanda, but he declares that he has dedicated his life to God. Though detached, Akhanda develops a deep affection for Murali’s child.

Akhanda later discovers that Padmavati has been brutally tortured and raped by Varadarajulu for exposing the mining scam. Enraged, Akhanda attacks the mining site, defeats Varadarajulu’s forces, and frees the enslaved workers. Krishnamacharya also learns of Murali’s innocence and clears his name. Desperate, Gajendra seeks help from a tantric named Prachanda to kill Akhanda.

They cast a deadly curse on Murali’s child. To counter it, Akhanda begins a sacred Maha Mrityunjaya Homam, as advised by Kedari Aghori Baba. While performing the ritual, Akhanda is attacked by Gajendra and Prachanda, but he endures the pain and completes it with Murali’s help. Empowered by Lord Shiva, Akhanda destroys both Gajendra and Prachanda. After restoring balance, he leaves, promising Murali’s child that he will return whenever they need him again.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]] in a [[dual role]] as
**Akhanda Rudra Sikandar Aghora
**Bala Murali Krishna
* [[Pragya Jaiswal]] as Saranya Bachupally [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]], Murali's wife
* [[Jagapathi Babu]] as Aghora Baba
* [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]] as Anthapuram Varadarajulu, the owner of the [[copper]] [[mining]]
* Nithin Mehta as Gajendra Sahu
* [[Shamna Kasim|Poorna]] as Padmavathi IAS, [[Principal secretary (India)|Principal Secretary]]
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Ramachandriah; Akhanda and Murali's father
* [[Viji Chandrasekhar]] as Dharani, Akhanda and Murali's mother
* [[Sharath Lohitashwa]] as Krishnamacharya Perumal, an NIA officer
* [[Suresh Chandra Menon]] as Jagajith Chauhan, a businessman
* [[Subbaraju]] as [[Central ministers of india|Central Minister]] A. Bharath Reddy
* [[Prabhakar (Telugu actor)|Prabhakar]] as [[Deputy superintendent of police|DSP]] Ranjan, Varadarajulu's younger brother
* Sravan as Varadarajulu's youngest brother
* [[Ayyappa P. Sharma]] as Prachanda, an evil Tantrik
* Naga Mahesh as Rajappa
* [[Chammak Chandra]] as Murali's fan
* Baby Deshna Javaji<ref>{{Cite web|title=Akhanda child artist: 'అఖండ' సినిమాలో బాలయ్య కూతురుగా నటించిన ఈ చిన్నారి బ్యాగ్రౌండ్ తెలుసా..?|url=https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/here-the-interesting-details-and-facts-about-akhanda-child-artist-who-acted-as-balakrishna-daughter-pk-1116874-page-6.html|access-date=2021-12-10|website=News18 Telugu|date=9 December 2021|language=te|archive-date=10 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210125814/https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/here-the-interesting-details-and-facts-about-akhanda-child-artist-who-acted-as-balakrishna-daughter-pk-1116874-page-6.html|url-status=live}}</ref> as Janani, Saranya and Murali's daughter
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
The film marks the third collaboration between Balakrishna and Boyapati Srinu after [[Simha (film)|''Simha'']] (2010) and [[Legend (2014 film)|Legend]] (2014).<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-06-12|title=Actor Balakrishna upbeat about his third film with director Boyapati Srinu|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/actor-balakrishna-upbeat-about-his-third-film-with-director-boyapati-srinu/article31811665.ece|access-date=2021-12-04|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=4 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204063214/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/actor-balakrishna-upbeat-about-his-third-film-with-director-boyapati-srinu/article31811665.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> It was formally launched at a private event held at [[Hyderabad]] in December 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-25|title=Balakrishna's next with Boyapati Srinu put on hold?|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/balakrishnas-next-boyapati-srinu-put-hold-114739|access-date=2021-12-04|website=The News Minute|language=en|archive-date=6 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806052710/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/balakrishnas-next-boyapati-srinu-put-hold-114739|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was tentatively titled as ''BB3'' and ''NBK106''. In April 2021, the film's official title was unveiled as ''Akhanda''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Balakrishna-Boyapati Srinu film titled Akhanda|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/apr/13/balakrishna-boyapati-srinu-film-titled-akhanda-23917.html|access-date=2021-04-13|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=13 April 2021|language=en|archive-date=25 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025033115/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/apr/13/balakrishna-boyapati-srinu-film-titled-akhanda-23917.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=అఖండ హిందీ కలెక్షన్లపై ఓ లుక్కేయండి |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/balakrishna-akhanda-hindi-day-1-expected-collections-in-world-wide-121674265736808.html |access-date=21 January 2023 |publisher=[[Hindustan Times Telugu]] |archive-date=21 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121021311/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/balakrishna-akhanda-hindi-day-1-expected-collections-in-world-wide-121674265736808.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Cast and crew ===
[[Sayyeshaa]] was cast for the film for an undisclosed role in November 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-12|title=Sayyeshaa to team up with Nandamuri Balakrishna in Boyapati's next Telugu film|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/sayyeshaa-to-team-up-with-nandamuri-balakrishna-in-boyapati-s-next-telugu-film/story-HHBy1gWcCidiblGA2RvANI.html|access-date=2021-12-04|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=4 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204063212/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/sayyeshaa-to-team-up-with-nandamuri-balakrishna-in-boyapati-s-next-telugu-film/story-HHBy1gWcCidiblGA2RvANI.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Later, she left the project due to an unknown reason. It was also reported that [[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]] will be part of the film.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} In March 2021, it was also reported that the action director duo [[Ram Lakshman (stunt choreographers)|Ram-Laxman]] has left the film after working for few action scenes. They were later replaced by [[Stunt Silva]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-06|title=బాలయ్య సినిమా నుంచి ఆ ఇద్దరూ ఔట్‌!|url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/fight-masters-quit-balakrishna-and-boyapati-movie-1348034|access-date=2021-12-04|website=Sakshi|language=te|archive-date=4 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204064715/https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/fight-masters-quit-balakrishna-and-boyapati-movie-1348034|url-status=live}}</ref> Speaking to the media, in December 2021, Siva told that "I allocated 80 days for 'Akhanda'. Of them, up to 65 days went into mounting action sequences. The rest of the days went into discussing with the director how to elevate the scenes. Ever since the director narrated the story, I started thinking about how to make the fights novel".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-05|title=బాలయ్య ఓ పవర్‌హౌస్‌!|url=https://www.ntnews.com/news/akhanda-fight-master-stun-siva-interview-340315|access-date=2021-12-06|website=Namasthe Telangana|language=en-US|archive-date=6 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206163858/https://www.ntnews.com/news/akhanda-fight-master-stun-siva-interview-340315|url-status=live}}</ref> Initially [[Prayaga Martin]] was cast for the lead actress role. Few scenes were also shot featuring her, but was later replaced by [[Pragya Jaiswal]].{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} Pragya was cast in November 2020 after which she joined the production in December 2020. She was part of a 33-day first schedule shot at Hyderabad, Tamil Nadu and [[Goa]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dundoo|first=Sangeetha Devi|date=2021-11-22|title=Pragya Jaiswal: I took up 'Akhanda' with the trust I have in director Boyapati Srinu|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pragya-jaiswal-i-took-up-akhanda-with-the-trust-i-have-in-director-boyapati-srinu/article37624464.ece|access-date=2021-12-04|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=4 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204064358/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pragya-jaiswal-i-took-up-akhanda-with-the-trust-i-have-in-director-boyapati-srinu/article37624464.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In an interview with ''[[The Times of India]]'', she said that "I had to join the film sets as soon as I was roped in, so my prep time was very little. It took me a while to transform myself into the character, and that happened on the sets of 'Akhanda'. I had taken a few references from the real-life lady cops and noted every detail related to their dressing, mannerisms, and small-big details".<ref>{{Cite news|title=Akhanda: Pragya Jaiswal shares her experience working with Nandamuri Balakrishna|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/akhanda-pragya-jaiswal-shares-her-experience-working-with-nandamuri-balakrishna/articleshow/87848234.cms|access-date=2021-12-04|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=4 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204065603/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/akhanda-pragya-jaiswal-shares-her-experience-working-with-nandamuri-balakrishna/articleshow/87848234.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Stylist and costume designer Raamz has been roped for designing costumes in the film. Speaking to Neeshita Nyayapati about designing costumes for Balakrishna's dual characters, he told that "Given Balakrishna's larger-than-life persona, I wanted to create looks that would remain memorable for years to come. Boyapati Srinu's (the film's director) Akhanda Movie is a Devotional Action Movie which will impress the audience.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} We also designed his tattoos and the Shiva Lingam locket that he uses in fight scenes".<ref>{{Cite news|title=Meet Raamz, the man behind Balakrishna's intense avatar in Akhanda – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/meet-raamz-the-man-behind-balakrishnas-intense-avatar-in-akhanda/articleshow/88212301.cms|access-date=2021-12-11|website=The Times of India|language=en|last1=Nyayapati|first1=Neeshita|archive-date=11 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211045137/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/meet-raamz-the-man-behind-balakrishnas-intense-avatar-in-akhanda/articleshow/88212301.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[File:10. The Venkataramana Temple of Gingee was also called the 1000 pillar temple.JPG|thumb|[[Gingee Venkataramana Temple]], where climax scenes were shot]]
[[Principal photography]] of the film began in March 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|title=బాలయ్య కొత్త చిత్రం షూటింగ్‌ స్టార్ట్‌|url=https://m.sakshi.com/news/movies/nandamuri-balakrishna-and-boyapati-srinu-new-film-shooting-starts-1267663|date=2 March 2021|access-date=2 December 2021|work=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]]|language=Te|archive-date=2 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202173358/https://m.sakshi.com/news/movies/nandamuri-balakrishna-and-boyapati-srinu-new-film-shooting-starts-1267663|url-status=live}}</ref> After the filming was halted due to [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-13|title=Balakrishna resumes shooting for 'Akhanda' in Hyderabad|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/balakrishna-resumes-shooting-akhanda-hyderabad-152224|access-date=2021-12-03|website=The News Minute|language=en|archive-date=3 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203152015/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/balakrishna-resumes-shooting-akhanda-hyderabad-152224|url-status=live}}</ref> final schedule of the film was resumed in July 2021 at Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-13|title=Balakrishna's 'Akhanda' resumes shoot|url=https://telanganatoday.com/balakrishnas-akhanda-resumes-shoot|access-date=2021-12-03|website=Telangana Today|language=en-US|archive-date=14 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714032544/https://telanganatoday.com/balakrishnas-akhanda-resumes-shoot|url-status=live}}</ref> Few scenes of the film were shot at [[Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management, Hyderabad Campus]]. Filming of climax scenes of the film began in end-July 2021 at [[Tamil Nadu]]. Most of the action scenes were features Balakrishna and Srikanth.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Climax shoot of Nandamuri Balakrishna and Pragya Jaiswal starrer Akhanda in progress|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/climax-shoot-of-nandamuri-balakrishna-and-pragya-jaiswal-starrer-akhanda-in-progress/articleshow/84674930.cms|access-date=2021-12-03|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> These action scenes were choreographed by Shiva. It was reported that the scenes were shot at [[Gingee Venkataramana Temple]] in [[Viluppuram district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-24|title=Balakrishna, Boyapati Srinu shoot Akhanda climax in Villupuram|url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2021/07/24002358/1308322/Balakrishna-Boyapati-Srinu-shoot-Akhanda-climax-in-.vpf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725050207/https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2021/07/24002358/1308322/Balakrishna-Boyapati-Srinu-shoot-Akhanda-climax-in-.vpf|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 July 2021|access-date=2021-12-03|website=dtNext.in|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-24|title=Nandamuri Balakrishna shoots 'Akhanda' climax in Tamil Nadu|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/nandamuri-balakrishna-shoots-akhanda-climax-in-tamil-nadu-23184353|access-date=2021-12-04|website=mid-day.com|language=en|archive-date=4 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204063212/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/nandamuri-balakrishna-shoots-akhanda-climax-in-tamil-nadu-23184353|url-status=live}}</ref> As part of the final schedule, the team next headed to [[Goa]] in September 2021 to shoot songs of the film.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nandamuri Balakrishna to jet off to Goa for his next schedule of 'Akhanda' where he will shoot for songs|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/latest-update-on-nandamuri-balakrishnas-akhanda/articleshow/86113156.cms|access-date=2021-12-04|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=4 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204065604/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/latest-update-on-nandamuri-balakrishnas-akhanda/articleshow/86113156.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Vyas|date=2021-09-13|title=Balakrishna heads to Goa|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/balakrishna-heads-to-goa-706218|access-date=2021-12-04|website=thehansindia.com|language=en|archive-date=4 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204065607/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/balakrishna-heads-to-goa-706218|url-status=live}}</ref> Filming was [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped up]] in October 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nandamuri Balakrishna, Boyapati Srinu, Dwaraka Creations' Akhanda Shooting Wrapped Up|url=https://industryhit.com/t/nandamuri-balakrishna-boyapati-srinu-dwaraka-creations-akhanda-shooting-wrapped-up/|date=5 October 2021|access-date=2 December 2021|work=industryhit.com|archive-date=2 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202072129/https://industryhit.com/t/nandamuri-balakrishna-boyapati-srinu-dwaraka-creations-akhanda-shooting-wrapped-up/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Main|Akhanda (soundtrack)}}
The [[film score]] and [[soundtrack album]] of the film is composed by [[Thaman S]]. The first single from the soundtrack, "Adigaa Adigaa" was released on 18 September 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|title='Akhanda' first single out: Nandamuri Balakrishna, Pragya Jaiswal's 'Adigaa Adigaa' is a magical melody – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/akhanda-first-single-out-nandamuri-balakrishna-pragya-jaiswals-adigaa-adigaa-is-a-magical-melody/articleshow/86335225.cms|access-date=2021-12-05|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=17 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217024951/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/akhanda-first-single-out-nandamuri-balakrishna-pragya-jaiswals-adigaa-adigaa-is-a-magical-melody/articleshow/86335225.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The second single "Akhanda Title Song" was released on 8 November 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-06|title=Title Song of Nandamuri Balakrishna's Akhanda to be Released on Nov 8|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/title-song-of-nandamuri-balakrishnas-akhanda-to-be-released-on-nov-8-4412162.html|access-date=2021-12-05|website=News18|language=en|archive-date=5 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205064335/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/title-song-of-nandamuri-balakrishnas-akhanda-to-be-released-on-nov-8-4412162.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The last single of the album "Jai Balayya" was released on 27 November 2021, during the pre-release event of the film held at Hyderabad.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} The music rights were acquired by [[Lahari Music]].

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
The film was initially planned to be released on 28 May 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 1, 2021|first=Shivam|last=Parashar|title=Balakrishna and Boyapati Sreenu's 3rd collaboration to release on May 28|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/balakrishna-and-boyapati-sreenu-s-3rd-collaboration-to-release-on-may-28-1764648-2021-02-01|access-date=2021-12-04|website=India Today|language=en|archive-date=4 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204063214/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/balakrishna-and-boyapati-sreenu-s-3rd-collaboration-to-release-on-may-28-1764648-2021-02-01|url-status=live}}</ref> But due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]], the film was delayed to 2 December 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-17|title=Dil Raju to distribute Balakrishna's 'Akhanda' in Nizam: Report|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/dil-raju-to-distribute-balakrishnas-akhanda-in-nizam-report-1041381.html|access-date=2021-12-04|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|archive-date=17 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017063657/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/dil-raju-to-distribute-balakrishnas-akhanda-in-nizam-report-1041381.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Tamil language|Tamil]] dubbed version of the film was released on 28 January 2022.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/akhanda-tamil-version-to-release-in-theaters-this-friday/articleshow/89134993.cms|title= 'Akhanda' Tamil version to release this Friday|website= [[The Times of India]]|archive-date= 12 February 2022|access-date= 12 February 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220212194513/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/akhanda-tamil-version-to-release-in-theaters-this-friday/articleshow/89134993.cms|url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/akhanda-to-ala-vaikunthapuramulo-five-telugu-blockbusters-that-were-dubbed-in-tamil/photostory/89138122.cms|title= 'Akhanda' to 'Ala Vaikunthapuramulo': Five Telugu blockbusters that were dubbed in Tamil|website= [[The Times of India]]|date= 28 January 2022|access-date= 12 February 2022|archive-date= 12 February 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220212201036/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/akhanda-to-ala-vaikunthapuramulo-five-telugu-blockbusters-that-were-dubbed-in-tamil/photostory/89138122.cms|url-status= live}}</ref> The film was also dubbed in [[Hindi]] under the same title and released on 20 January 2023.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

=== Home media ===
[[Digital distribution]] rights of the film were acquired by [[JioHotstar]] for ₹15 crore.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Vyas|date=2021-04-19|title=Hotstar acquires digital rights of 'Akhanda'|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/hotstar-acquires-digital-rights-of-akhanda-682544|access-date=2021-12-04|website=thehansindia.com|language=en|archive-date=4 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204071137/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/hotstar-acquires-digital-rights-of-akhanda-682544|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-03|title=Akhanda OTT Release Date Confirmed: Deets Inside|url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/entertainment/akhanda-ott-release-date-confirmed-deets-inside-147527|access-date=2021-12-03|website=Sakshi Post|language=en|archive-date=3 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203152849/https://english.sakshi.com/news/entertainment/akhanda-ott-release-date-confirmed-deets-inside-147527|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-04|title=Akhanda : నటసింహం అఖండ డిజిటల్ రైట్స్ దక్కించుకుంది ఎవరో తెలుసా..|url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/tollywood/disney-hotstar-gets-nandamuri-balakrishnas-akhanda-digital-rights-590030.html|access-date=2021-12-04|website=TV9 Telugu|language=te|archive-date=4 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204070930/https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/tollywood/disney-hotstar-gets-nandamuri-balakrishnas-akhanda-digital-rights-590030.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Satellite rights of the film were purchased by [[Star Maa]]. The film was premiered on Hotstar on 21 January 2022 <ref>{{Cite tweet |user=DisneyPlusHS |number=1481559261524422660 |title=Ee sankranti season lo mee gadapa munduki vacchestunnadu. Hear "#Akhanda roar ! #AkhandaOnHotstar streaming from Jan 21st, 6pm. #AkhandaSankranthiSambaralu #NandamuriBalakrishna #Boyapatisreenu}}</ref> and became the most watched regional film on OTT platforms.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-22 |title=Akhanda Shatters Records on OTT |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/entertainment/akhanda-shatters-records-ott-150177 |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en |archive-date=21 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521222403/https://english.sakshi.com/news/entertainment/akhanda-shatters-records-ott-150177 |url-status=live }}</ref> The movie had its television premiere on [[Star Maa]] on 10 April 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-13|title=New Trailer Released Ahead of 50 Days of Akhanda|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/new-trailer-released-ahead-of-50-days-of-akhanda-4652438.html|access-date=2022-01-18|website=News18|language=en|archive-date=18 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118141359/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/new-trailer-released-ahead-of-50-days-of-akhanda-4652438.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The satellite rights of the Hindi dub were sold to [[Zee Cinema]].

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
A reviewer from ''[[The Hans India]]'' rated 3 out of 5 stars, and called it Balakrishna's "one man show", adding "Living up to the expectations, Akhanda also showers a mass treat on the fans. The film is impressive in the way it was made." However, the reviewer was critical of predictable plot and screenplay.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Akhanda movie Review & Rating {3/5}|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/movie-reviews/akhanda-movie-review-rating-35-78571|date=2 December 2021|access-date=2 December 2021|work=The Hans India}}</ref>

Writing for ''[[The Times of India]]'', Neeshita Nyayapati wrote, "While the basic premise of ''Akhanda'' is interesting, especially the way Boyapati sets it up by weaving a historical story with mass moments in a way only he can, he soon loses the plot (literally) and gets carried away with giving Akhanda and Murali mass moments that are sure to elicit whistles but don't do anything for the story."<ref>{{Citation|title=Akhanda Movie Review: Strictly for Balakrishna's fans|newspaper=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/akhanda/movie-review/88047385.cms|access-date=2021-12-03|archive-date=3 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203044244/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/akhanda/movie-review/88047385.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In her review for ''[[The Hindu]]'', Sangeetha Devi Dundoo also echoes the same. "The film gets tiresome post intermission and the incessantly high voltage background score doesn't help either," she added.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dundoo|first=Sangeetha Devi|date=2021-12-02|title='Akhanda' movie review: An ultra high decibel roar|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/akhanda-movie-review-an-ultra-high-decibel-roar/article37803962.ece|access-date=2021-12-03|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019103826/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/akhanda-movie-review-an-ultra-high-decibel-roar/article37803962.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

''[[The Indian Express]]'' critic Manoj Kumar R said that the film was "an assault on the senses". Kumar was critical of Boyapati's usage of spirituality to provide a moral justification for the character to slaughter people with impunity while trying to appear as pro-progress and pro-rational.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-03|title=Akhanda review: Nandamuri Balakrishna film is an assault on the senses|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/akhanda-movie-review-nandamuri-balakrishna-film-is-an-assault-on-the-senses-7652464/|website=The Indian Express|access-date=3 December 2021|archive-date=19 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819080815/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/akhanda-movie-review-nandamuri-balakrishna-film-is-an-assault-on-the-senses-7652464/|url-status=live}}</ref> In another negative review, Ram Venkat Srikar of [[The New Indian Express|''Cinema Express'']], wrote: "''Akhanda'' is a quintessential Boyapati Sreenu outing where logic dies a brutal death even before the title appears and the audience die a slow death for the next 167 minutes."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-03|title=Akhanda Movie Review: Balakrishna punches the goons, this film punches the audience|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2021/dec/02/akhanda-movie-review-28177.html|access-date=|website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
''Akhanda'' collected ₹20.8 crore in the [[Telugu states]] on its opening day.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vyas|date=2021-12-03|title=Day One: Akhanda Collections|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/day-one-akhanda-collections-718024|access-date=2021-12-05|website=thehansindia.com|language=en|archive-date=5 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205061101/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/day-one-akhanda-collections-718024|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-03|title=Akhanda box office day 1: Nandamuri Balakrishna film earns Rs 23 cr, exceeds expectations|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/akhanda-box-office-day-1-nandamuri-balakrishna-film-earns-rs-23-cr-7653704/|access-date=2021-12-05|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=3 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203150614/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/akhanda-box-office-day-1-nandamuri-balakrishna-film-earns-rs-23-cr-7653704/|url-status=live}}</ref> Whereas, it has collected a total of ₹29.60 crore worldwide on its opening day.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Akhanda 1st day WW collections: 'అఖండ' ఫస్ట్ డే ఏరియా వైజ్ కలెక్షన్స్.. బాక్సాఫీస్‌ను ఊచకోత కోసిన బాలకృష్ణ..|url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/boyapati-sreenu-akhanda-movie-1st-day-worldwide-collections-and-nandamuri-balakrishna-rules-the-box-office-and-shutters-the-records-pk-1109498.html|access-date=2021-12-05|website=News18 Telugu|date=3 December 2021|language=te|archive-date=3 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203064256/https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/boyapati-sreenu-akhanda-movie-1st-day-worldwide-collections-and-nandamuri-balakrishna-rules-the-box-office-and-shutters-the-records-pk-1109498.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film collected ₹44 crore, by the second day of its release.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-04|title=Vaartha Online Edition ముఖ్యాంశాలు|url=https://www.vaartha.com/akhanda-2-days-collections/|access-date=2021-12-05|website=Vaartha|language=en-US|archive-date=4 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204173459/https://www.vaartha.com/akhanda-2-days-collections/|url-status=live}}</ref> At the [[United States]] box office, it collected of more than $500,000 within two days of its release.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Balakrishna's 'Akhanda' grosses $500,000 in the US – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/balakrishnas-akhanda-grosses-500000-in-the-us/articleshow/88091158.cms|access-date=2021-12-05|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=5 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205061101/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/balakrishnas-akhanda-grosses-500000-in-the-us/articleshow/88091158.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Balakrishna's 'Akhanda' grosses $500,000 in the US|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/balakrishnas-akhanda-grosses-500000-in-the-us-news-bollywood-vmekPsafieggd.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205061100/https://www.sify.com/movies/balakrishnas-akhanda-grosses-500000-in-the-us-news-bollywood-vmekPsafieggd.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 December 2021|access-date=2021-12-05|website=[[Sify]]|language=en}}</ref> By the third day of the film's release, it had collected ₹56.90 crore worldwide. After four days, the film collected ₹66.7 crores.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-06|title=Balakrishna's Akhanda Takes Box Office by Storm, Rakes in Over Rs 44 Cr in 4 Days|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/balakrishnas-akhanda-takes-box-office-by-storm-rakes-in-over-rs-44-cr-in-4-days-4524455.html|access-date=2021-12-06|website=News18|language=en|archive-date=6 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206170002/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/balakrishnas-akhanda-takes-box-office-by-storm-rakes-in-over-rs-44-cr-in-4-days-4524455.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

By the end of first week, the film grossed ₹79.9 crore worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-09|title=అఖండ మూవీతో 100 కోట్ల మార్క్‌ను అందుకోబోతున్న బాలయ్య {{!}} Prajasakti|url=https://www.prajasakti.com/akhamda-mauvaiitaoo-100-kaootala-maaarakanau-amdaukaoobaootaunana-baaalayaya|access-date=|website=Prajasakti|language=te|archive-date=10 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210064651/https://www.prajasakti.com/akhamda-mauvaiitaoo-100-kaootala-maaarakanau-amdaukaoobaootaunana-baaalayaya|url-status=live}}</ref> The film crossed the {{INR}}95.9 crore worldwide gross in 11 days.<ref name="saks">{{cite news|url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/akhanda-box-office-collection-balakrishna-akhanda-enters-rs-1000-crore-club|title=Akhanda Box Office Collection: 'అఖండ'జోరు.. సెంచరీ కొట్టిన బాలయ్య|date=12 December 2021|work=Sakshi|language=te|archive-date=13 December 2021|access-date=13 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213142754/https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/akhanda-box-office-collection-balakrishna-akhanda-enters-rs-1000-crore-club|url-status=live}}</ref> By the end of its run, the film grossed ₹133.20 crores. In theatres, the film completed 50 days in 103 centres.<ref name=r1>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2022-01-20 |title=Balakrishna's 'Akhanda' completes 50 days in theatres successfully |url=https://telanganatoday.com/balakrishnas-akhanda-completes-50-days-in-theatres-successfully |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col"| Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organizations are in alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
!scope="row" |[[Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[67th Filmfare Awards South|9 October 2022]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Telugu|Best Film – Telugu]]
|Miryala Ravinder Reddy
|{{Nominated}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners Of The Filmfare Awards South 2022 - Telugu |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2022/telugu/winners |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en |archive-date=7 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307011918/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2022/telugu/winners |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|}

== Sequels ==
{{Main|Akhanda 2: Thaandavam}}

On 12 October 2024, a sequel titled [[Akhanda 2: Thaandavam|''Akhanda 2: Thaandavam'']], went on floors with a pooja ceremony.<ref>{{cite news |title='Akhanda 2 - Thaandavam': Nandamuri Balakrishna's next with Boyapati Sreenu launched |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/akhanda-2-thaandavam-nandamuri-balakrishnas-next-with-boyapati-sreenu-launched/article68759858.ece |work=The Hindu |date=16 October 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Akhanda 2: Balakrishna and Boyapati Srinu reunite for a grand sequel |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/akhanda-2-balakrishna-and-boyapati-srinu-reunite-for-a-grand-sequel-2617705-2024-10-16 |work=India Today |date=16 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Later, a teaser was released on 10 June 2025.<ref>{{cite news |date=10 June 2025 |title=Akhanda 2: Thaandavam' teaser: Balakrishna returns as Lord Shiva's ferocious, trishul-slinging soldier |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/akhanda-2-thaandavam-teaser-balakrishna-returns-as-lord-shivas-ferocious-trishul-slinging-soldier/article69677580.ece |access-date=11 June 2025}}</ref> It was originally supposed to release on 25 September 2025, during the Dussehra (Vijayadashami) festival holidays.<ref>{{cite news |date=10 June 2025 |title=Akhanda 2: Release date, budget, villain and cast – What we know so far |work=[[India TV]] |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/regional-cinema/akhanda-2-release-date-budget-villain-and-cast-what-we-know-so-far-2025-06-10-994012 |access-date=11 June 2025}}</ref> The film released on 12 December 2025.<ref>{{cite news |date=10 June 2025 |title='Akhanda 2' release date out: Nandamuri Balakrishna's film to hit the screens on THIS date - Reports |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/akhanda-2-release-date-out-nandamuri-balakrishnas-film-to-hit-the-screens-on-this-date-reports/articleshow/124105053.cms |access-date=25 September 2025}}</ref>

A third installment in the ''Akhanda'' franchise, titled ''[[Jai Akhanda]],'' was teased during the sequel.<ref>{{cite web |title=Akhanda 3 reveal planned in Akhanda 2 climax; here’s the title of the Balakrishna starrer |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/akhanda-3-reveal-planned-in-akhanda-2-climax-heres-the-tile-of-the-balakrishna-starrer/d442ac87e9163 |website=OTTplay}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|11773378}}
{{Boyapati Srinu}}
[[Category:2020s masala films]]
[[Category:2021 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2021 action drama films]]
[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Andhra Pradesh Police]]
[[Category:Film productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]
[[Category:Films about criminals]]
[[Category:Films about Hinduism]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Films about terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Films based on Asian myths and legends]]
[[Category:Films scored by Thaman S]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films set in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot at Ramoji Film City]]
[[Category:Films shot in Goa]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Twins in Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy action films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy drama films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Films about mining]]
[[Category:Works about mining]]

Rajgad

2026-03-24T02:45:57Z

SadguruCaterer: starting new info!

{{short description|Hill fort in Pune district, Maharashtra, India}}
{{distinguish|Raigad Fort}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox military installation
| name = Rajgad Fort
| partof = on Maharashtra
| location = [[Pune District, Maharashtra]]
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_mapsize = 300
| pushpin_map_caption = Shown within [[Maharashtra]]
| coordinates = {{coord|18.2459862|73.6821929|type:landmark_region:IN-MH|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| type = Hill fort
| height = 1376 m
| architect = Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj
| ownership = *[[Maratha Empire]] (1656–1689; 1707–1818)
*[[Mughal Empire]] (1689–1707)
*[[East India Company]] (1818–1858)
*[[British Empire]] (1858–1947)
*[[Government of India]] (1947–present)
| open_to_public = Yes
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 16
| module = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
|child = yes
|Part_of = [[Maratha Military Landscapes of India]]
|ID = 1739-006
|Year = 2025
|Criteria = Cultural: iv, vi
}}
| image = Suvela machi,Rajgad fort, Maharashtra,India July2015.jpg
| caption = Rajgad Fort
}}
'''Rajgad''' (literal meaning ''ruling fort'') is a Hill region fort situated in the [[Pune]] district of [[Maharashtra]], India. Formerly known as ''Murumbdev'', the fort was the first capital of the [[Maratha Empire]] under the rule of [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]] for almost 26 years, after which the capital was moved to the [[Raigad Fort]].<ref name="Kulkarni2008">{{cite book|author=Prof. A. R. Kulkarni|title=Medieval Maratha Country|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OY5LDwAAQBAJ|date=1 July 2008|publisher=Diamond Publications|isbn=978-81-8483-072-9|chapter=Rajgad: The first capital of Shivaji}}</ref> Treasures discovered from an adjacent fort called [[Torna Fort|Torna]] were used to completely build and fortify the Rajgad Fort.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}}

The Rajgad Fort is located around {{Convert|60|km|mi|abbr=on}} to the south-west of Pune and about {{Convert|15|km|mi|abbr=on}} west of [[Nasrapur]] in the [[Sahyadris]] range. The fort lies {{Convert|1376|m|ft|abbr=on}} above the sea level. The fort's base had a diameter of about {{Convert|40|km|mi|abbr=on}}, making it difficult to lay siege to, thereby enhancing its strategic value. The fort's ruins consist of palaces, water cisterns, and caves. This fort was built on a hill called Murumbadevi Dongar (''mountain of the goddess Murumba''). Rajgad boasts of the highest number of days Shivaji spent on any fort. {{citation needed|date=July 2017}} This Fort was inscribed in 2025 as a component site of the ''Maratha Military Landscapes of India'', which were added to the UNESCO World Heritage List during the 47th session of the World Heritage Committee.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Maratha Military Landscapes of India inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List
|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/maratha-military-landscapes-india-inscribed-unesco-world-heritage-list-indias-44th-world-heritage-0
|publisher=UNESCO
|date=27 July 2025
|access-date=19 January 2026
}}</ref>

==History==

The fort has stood witness to many significant historic events including the birth of Shivaji's son [[Rajaram I]], the death of Shivaji's wife [[Maharani Saibai|Saibai]], the return of Shivaji from [[Agra]], the burial of [[Afzal Khan (general)|Afzal Khan]]'s head in the Mahadarwaja walls of Balle Killa, the strict words of Sonopant Dabir to Shivaji.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}}

The Rajgad Fort was also one of the 12 forts that Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj kept when he signed the [[Treaty of Purandar (1665)|Treaty of Purandar]] in 1665, with the Mughal general [[Jai Singh I]], leader of the Mughal forces. Under this treaty, 23 forts were handed over to the Mughals.<ref>{{cite web |url =http://www.travelomy.com/rajgarh-fort/ |title =Rajgarh Fort History |publisher =Travelomy |access-date =2012-02-08 |archive-date =6 January 2019 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20190106104753/http://www.travelomy.com/rajgarh-fort/%20 |url-status =dead }}</ref>

===List of chronological events===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
| 1647 || || Chhatrapati Shivaji captures the fort.
|-
| 1649 || || Repairs on the fort began, and Shamrao Neelkanth Ranzekar was appointed as the [[Peshwa]].
|-
| 1654 || || The fort was renamed as "Rajgad". Construction on new fortifications and buildings commenced.
|-
| 1658 || 14 January || Shivaji returns to Rajgad after conquering North Konkan.
|-
| 1659 || 11 July || Shivaji shifts to [[Pratapgad]] in order to battle with [[Afzal Khan (general)|Afzal Khan]].
|-
| 1659 || 5 September || [[Sai Bhosale|Maharani Saibai]] (Shivaji's wife) died in the Rajgad Fort.
|-
| 1660 || July || Shivaji escaped from Siddi Jouhar's siege of Panhala and came to Vishalgad and then to Rajgad.
|-
| 1661 || July || The idol of [[Bhavani]]mata, which was to be established in Pratapgad, was first brought to Rajgad to be inspected by [[Jijabai]].
|-
| 1662 || January || The construction of the Rajgad fort was completed, and Shivaji returned to the fort after capturing Pen and Kalyan.
|-
| 1664 || February || The booty of Surat was brought to Rajgad.
|-
| 1665 || 30 April || The Mughals were unsuccessful in their attack on the fort.
|-
| 1665 || June || Shivaji's letter of accepting defeat was sent to Jaisingh.
|-
| 1670 || 24 February || Rajaram was born on the Fort.
|-
| 1671 || || The repairing of the fort began at an expected cost of 10,000 hons.
|-
| 1674 || 6 June || Coronation of Shivaji happened on Riagard Fort {{citation needed|date=May 2022}}
|-
| 1689 || June || The fort was captured by the Mughals after [[Sambhaji]] was murdered.
|-
| 1692 || || Shankarji Narayan captured the fort from the Mughals.
|-
| 1697 || || Rajaram returned to Maharashtra and made Rajgad his new capital<ref name="Kulkarni2008"/>
|-
| 1701 || 4 August || Shahaji Mohite was made the havaldar of Padmavati Machi
|-
| 1704 || 18 February || The fort was handed over to [[Aurangzeb]] as part of a treaty. The fort was renamed to ''Nabishahagad''. Sidojirao Thopte and Santaji Shilimkar were killed here by Aurangzeb.
|-
| 1707 || 29 May || Gunaji Sawant captured the fort, and the Maratha War of Independence ended.
|-
| 1709 || || [[Shahu I|Shahu]] made provisions for the repairs of the fort.
|-
| 1818 || || The Rajgad Fort passed into the hands of the British.
|}

==Tourism==
The fort is a significant tourist destination, especially during the [[monsoon]]. Visitors prefer to stay overnight at the fort, as it is huge and cannot be explored in a single day. The Padmavati temple on the fort can accommodate around 50 people. Water tanks provide fresh water year-round. Villagers from the foothills of Rajgad sell local antiques and items to these tourists.

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Gadancha Raja, Rajancha Gad.jpg|Suvela machi
File:Rajgad 28.JPG|Main door bastion
File:Rajgad Fort.jpg|Bastion
File:Rajgad 30.JPG|steps
File:Rajgad 37.JPG|Pali darwaza
File:Rajgad3.jpg|Duba
File:Rajgad5.jpg|Duba view
File:Rajgad012.jpg|Fort mountain
File:Bali Khila Rajgad Maharashtra.jpg|Bale Killa of Rajgad
File:Ballekilla, Rajgad.jpg|Ballekilla, Rajgad
File:Sanjivani Machi-view from Rajgad Mahadwar.jpg|Suvela Machi view from Rajgad balekilla Mahadwar
File:.... Rajgad 16.JPG|Sanjeevani machi
File:Nedha- TheNeedle Head of Fort Rajgad 01.jpg|Nedha at Suvela machi
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
*[[List of forts in Maharashtra]]

{{Clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Clear}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Rajgad Fort}}
* [http://www.amazingmaharashtra.com/2012/12/rajgad.html Amazing Maharashtra]
* [https://marathisuchak.com/rajgad-fort-information-marathi/ Rajgad Fort Information in Marathi]
* [http://www.punetrekkers.com/rajgad-fort Pune Trekkers]

{{Forts in Maharashtra}}
{{Forts in India}}
{{MarathaEmpire}}

[[Category:Forts in Pune district]]
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures of the Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:Maratha Military Landscapes of India]]

Sectarianism

2026-03-23T04:14:51Z

SadguruCaterer: corrected lead and improved wording

{{Short description|Conflict between groups related to the form of government they live under}}
{{about|sectarianism and its different conceptual interpretations|sectarianism as a characteristic of sects|sect}}
'''Sectarianism''' is a debated concept. Some scholars and journalists define it as pre-existing fixed communal categories in society, and use it to explain political, cultural, or [[Religious violence|religious conflicts]] between groups.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Sayed |first=Linda |title=In Practising Sectarianism |publisher=Stanford:Stanford University Press |year=2022 |pages=31–51 |chapter=Negotiating Citizenship}}</ref> Others conceive of sectarianism as a set of social practices where daily life is organized on the basis of communal norms and rules that individuals strategically use and transcend.<ref name=":16">{{Cite book |last=Sbaiti |first=Nadya |title=In Practising Sectarianism |publisher=Stanford:Stanford University Press |year=2022 |pages=14–30 |chapter=“No Room for This Story”}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite book |last=L. Deeb, T. Nalbantian, N. Sbaiti |title=In Practicing sectarianism |publisher=Stanford: Stanford University Press |year=2022 |pages=1–13 |chapter=Introduction}}</ref> This definition highlights the co-constitutive aspect of sectarianism and people's agency, as opposed to understanding sectarianism as being fixed and incompatible communal boundaries.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":16" /><ref name=":17" />

While sectarianism is often labelled as religious or political, the reality of a sectarian situation is usually much more complex. In its most basic form, sectarianism has been defined as 'the existence, within a locality, of two or more divided and actively competing communal identities, resulting in a strong sense of dualism which unremittingly transcends commonality, and is both culturally and physically manifest.'<ref>{{Cite book|last=Roberts|first=Keith Daniel|title=Liverpool Sectarianism: The Rise and Demise|publisher=Liverpool University Press|year=2017|isbn=978-1-78694-010-0|location=Liverpool|pages=19}}</ref>

== Definition ==
The term "sectarianism" is defined in the Oxford English Dictionary as "excessive attachment to a particular sect or party, especially in religion".<ref name=":4">{{Citation |last=Dixon |first=Paul |title=Beyond Sectarianism in the Middle East? |date=2018-02-01 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190876050.003.0002 |work=Beyond Sunni and Shia |pages=11–36 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/oso/9780190876050.003.0002 |isbn=978-0-19-087605-0 |access-date=2022-05-23|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The phrase "[[sectarian conflict]]" usually refers to violent conflict along religious or political lines, such as the conflicts between [[Irish Nationalism|Nationalists]] and [[Unionism in Ireland|Unionists]] in [[Northern Ireland]] (religious and class-divisions may play major roles as well). It may also refer to general philosophical, political disparity between different schools of thought, such as that between [[Shia Islam|Shia]] and [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] [[Muslim]]s. Non-sectarians see free association and tolerance of different beliefs as the cornerstones to successful, peaceful human interaction. They adopt political and religious [[Pluralism (political philosophy)|pluralism]].

=== Polemics against the term "sectarianism" ===
Some scholars identify the problems with using the term "sectarianism" in articles.<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |last1=Hashemi |first1=Nader |last2=Postel |first2=Danny |date=2017-07-03 |title=Sectarianization: Mapping the New Politics of the Middle East |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2017.1354462 |journal=The Review of Faith & International Affairs |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.1080/15570274.2017.1354462 |s2cid=149047635 |issn=1557-0274}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Citation |last=Haddad |first=Fanar |title=Sunni–Shi'a Relations |date=2020-03-15 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197510629.003.0006 |work=Understanding 'Sectarianism' |pages=167–216 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/oso/9780197510629.003.0006 |isbn=978-0-19-751062-9 |access-date=2022-05-23|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Western mainstream media and politicians often presume "sectarianism" as ancient and long-lasting. For example, [[Barack Obama|Obama]] in his final State of the Union address phrased the sectarian violence in the Middle East as "rooted in conflicts that dated back millennia", but many pointed out that some sectarian tensions don't even date back a decade.<ref>{{cite news |last=Adam |first=Karla |date=2016 |title= Obama ridiculed for saying conflicts in the Middle East “date back millennia.” (Some don’t date back a decade.) |newspaper= Washington Post |pages=np |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/01/13/obama-ridiculed-for-saying-conflicts-in-the-middle-east-date-back-millennia-some-dont-date-back-a-decade/ |access-date=May 24, 2022}}</ref> "Sectarianism" is also too ambiguous, which makes it a slogan whose meanings are up to the observers.<ref name=":14"/> Scholars argued that the use of term "sectarianism" has become a catch-all explanation to conflicts, which drives analytical attention away from underlying political and socioeconomic issues, lacks coherence, and is often associated with emotional negativity.<ref name=":03"/><ref name=":14"/> Many scholars find the term "sectarianism" problematic, and therefore three alternatives are proposed.

==== Alternative: sectarianization ====
Hashemi and Postel and other scholars differentiate between "sectarianism" and "sectarianization".<ref name=":03"/> While "sectarianism" describes antipathy, prejudice, and discrimination between subdivisions within a group, e.g. based on their religious or ethnic identity, the latter describes a process mobilized by political actors operating within authoritarian contexts to pursue their political goals that involve popular mobilization around religious or identity markers.<ref name=":03" /> The use of the word ''sectarianism'' to explain [[sectarian violence]] and its upsurge, i.e. in the [[Middle East]], is insufficient as it does not take into account complex political realities.<ref name=":03" /> In the past and present, religious identities have been [[Politicization|politicized]] and mobilized by state actors inside and outside of the Middle East in pursuit of [[Political opportunism|political gain]] and [[Power in international relations|power]]. The term ''sectarianization'' conceptualizes this notion.<ref name=":blabla">Hashemi, Nader, and Danny Postel. "Introduction: The Sectarianization Thesis." In [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/957133611 ''Sectarianization: Mapping the New Politics of the Middle East''], edited by Nader Hashemi and Danny Postel. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017. pp. 3, 5, 6, 10. {{ISBN|978-0-19-937-726-8}}.</ref> Sectarianization is an active, multi-layered process and a set of practices, not a static condition, that is set in motion and shaped by political actors pursuing political goals.<ref name=":blabla" /><ref name=":blabla1">Weiss, Max. [https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674052987 ''In the Shadow of Sectarianism : Law, Shi`ism, and the Making of Modern Lebanon'']. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2010. pp. 3, 4, 9–11, 11–128, 127, 129, 229. {{ISBN|978-0-674-05298-7}}.</ref><ref name=":blabla4">Hashemi, Nader. [https://en.qantara.de/content/interview-with-political-scientists-nader-hashemi-and-danny-postel-the-wests-intellectually The West's "intellectually lazy" obsession with sectarianism]. Interview by Emran Feroz. Qantara, 17 October 2018.</ref> The sectarianization thesis focuses on the intersection of politics and sectarian identity from a top-down state-centric perspective.<ref name=":03" /> Sectarianization would be more precise if you're referring to how sectarian identities and divisions are systematically created or reinforced by the state or other institutions, while sectarianism would be more appropriate when discussing the ideology or attitude that underpins sectarian divisions. While religious identity is salient in the Middle East and has contributed to and intensified conflicts across the region, it is the politicization and mobilization of popular sentiments around certain identity markers ("sectarianization") that explains the extent and upsurge of sectarian violence in the Middle East.<ref name=":blabla" /> The Ottoman [[Tanzimat]], [[colonialism|European colonialism]] and [[authoritarianism]] are key in the process of sectarianization in the Middle East.<ref name=":blabla" /><ref name=":blabla1" /><ref name=":blabla3">Makdisi, Ussama Samir. [https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520218468/the-culture-of-sectarianism ''The Culture of Sectarianism: Community, History, and Violence in Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Lebanon'']. California: University of California Press, 2000. p. 2. {{ISBN|0-520-21845-0}}</ref><ref name=":blabla2">Makdisi, Ussama Samir. [https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/17534/ISIM_8_Understanding_Sectarianism.pdf?sequence=1 "Understanding Sectarianism."] ''ISIM Newsletter'' 8, no.1 (2001), p. 19.</ref>

==== Alternative: sectarian as a prefix ====
Haddad argues "sectarianism" cannot capture sectarian relations in reality nor represent the complex expressions of sectarian identities.<ref name=":14"/> Haddad calls for an abandonment of -''ism'' in "sectarianism" in scholarly research as it "has overshadowed the root" and direct use of 'sectarian' as a qualifier to "direct our analytical focus towards understanding sectarian ''identity''".<ref name=":14" /> Sectarian identity is "simultaneously formulated along four overlapping, interconnected and mutually informing dimensions: doctrinal, subnational, national, and transnational".<ref name=":14" /> The relevance of these factors is context-dependent and works on four layers in chorus. The multi-layered work provides more clarity and enables more accurate diagnoses of problems at certain dimensions to find more specific solutions.

==== Alternative: sextarianism ====
In her book Sextarianism, Mikdashi emphasizes the relationship between sect, sex and sexuality.<ref name=":25">{{Cite book |last=Mikdashi |first=Maya |title=Sextarianism |publisher=University Press Stanford |year=2022}}</ref> She argues that sectarianism cannot be studied in isolation because it operates alongside the systems of gender and [[sexism]]. Moreover, she states that the category 'sect' is already a [[Patriarchy|patriarchal]] inheritance. For this reason she proposes the term "sextarianism". She argues that sex, [[Human sexuality|sexuality]], and sect together structure citizenship and belonging, making sextarianism central to the legal and bureaucratic systems of the state.<ref name=":21">{{Cite book |last=Mikdashi |first=Maya |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781503631564/html |title=Sextarianism: Sovereignty, Secularism, and the State in Lebanon |date=2022-05-03 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-1-5036-3156-4 |pages=23–50 |language=English |doi=10.1515/9781503631564}}</ref> It emphasizes how state power articulates, disarticulates, and manages sexual difference bureaucratically, ideologically, and legally.<ref name="Mikdashi 2022 3">{{Cite book |last=Mikdashi |first=Maya |title=Sextarianism |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=2022 |pages=3}}</ref> To further illustrate the dimensions by which the dynamics of sextarianism in Lebanese society can be explained, Mikdashi refers to two central concepts: Evangelical Secularism, and the Epidermal State.<ref name="doi.org">Mikdashi, M. (2022). The Epidermal State: Violence and the Materiality of Power. In Sextarianism (pp. 153–182). Stanford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781503631564-007</ref><ref>Mikdashi, M. (2022). Are You Going to Pride? Evangelical Secularism and the Politics of Law. In Sextarianism (pp. 117–152). Stanford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781503631564-006</ref>

Mikdashi traces the origins of this sextarian system to the 1932 [[Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon|French Mandate]] census, which she argues acted as a foundational biopolitical technology<ref name=":25" />. This means that the census did not simply reflect pre-existing demographics, but actively produced sectarian divisions by creating bureaucratic categories In the modern Lebanese census registry, citizens are organized by region, family, personal status, and sex<ref name=":25" />. Crucially, women cannot be registered as heads of families, as they are recorded as legal dependents of their fathers and are bureaucratically transferred to their husband's family registry upon marriage<ref name=":25" />. This also means that sect is automatically passed on from father to child at birth<ref name=":25" />.

Mikdashi stresses the difference between sect, personal status and religion<ref name=":25" />. Sect is a broad political and historical identity inherited at birth<ref name=":25" />. Personal status is the bureaucratic category the state uses to apply family law<ref name=":25" />. [[Religion]] refers to an internal spiritual belief<ref name=":25" />. Historically, Lebanese citizens have used religious conversion as a way to change their personal status law in their favor, for example for claiming an inheritance<ref name=":25" />. However, this does not mean they have changed their internal religion or sectarian identity<ref name=":25" />.

Based on [[Carole Pateman]], sexual difference is political difference, while sexual difference is not merely a biological or cultural distinction but a fundamental mechanism of power relations. She argues that sexual difference functions as a process through which sectarian, [[gender]]ed, and sexual positions are structurally produced, represented, imagined, desired, and managed. In this view, the construction of sexual difference is inseparable from political structures, shaping not only individual identities but also the broader organization of social and political life.<ref name=":23" />

'''Dimension of sextarianism: evangelical secularism'''

''Sextarianism'' builds on [[Joan Wallach Scott|Joan Scott]]'s theorization of the constitutive nature of sexual difference to the history of secularism.<ref name="Mikdashi 2022 3"/> According to Mikdashi, sectarianism provided her with the chance to examine the Lebanese state without separating or favoring sectarian differences from sexual differences. This approach is rooted in the ways the state regulates and creates both sexual and sectarian distinctions. The Lebanese legal system shapes sexual difference across various areas of law, with sexual difference playing a far more significant role as a legal category than sectarian difference. The Lebanese state handles both sexual and sectarian differences through its judicial and governmental/bureaucratic structures.<ref name=":21" /> Mikdashi furthermore ties this development to the concepts of the evangelical and state based secularism which by emphasising the sectarian sphere through its sovereignty, securitisation, and citizenship laws, manages to enshrine its view into society.<ref name=":23">Mikdashi, M. (2022). Afterlives of a Census: Rethinking State Power and Political Difference. Sextarianism: Sovereignty, Secularism, and the State in Lebanon. (pp 24-47). Stanford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781503631564-002</ref> The second important component - the epidermal state - is used by Mikdashi to show the locus and mode with which states manifest their power to enforce sextarianism.<ref name="doi.org"/>

Mikdashi also refers to the idea that sextarianism unpacks how [[heterosexuality]], the [[Gender binary|sex binary]], and civil and [[criminal law]] are key to secularism’s management of sexual and religious difference, with secularism’s investment in sex manifesting as the regulation of straight and [[queer]] sexualities and a sex-gender binary system.<ref name=":21" />

==== Alternative: practicing sectarianism ====

In their book "Practicing Sectarianism" Deep, Nalbantian and Sbaiti (2022) emphasise that sectarianism does not need to remain a historical/anthropological pre-requisite for analyses but benefits from an understanding of the micro-level experiences of individuals, and how they relate, react, and contradict a static framing of "political" sectarianism. They also highlight that the concept - at least when focussing on the prominent example of Lebanon - should be understood as multi-dimensional with (1) political sectarianism, (2) Civil Sectarianism, and (3) Socio-Economic Sectarianism.<ref>Deeb, L., Tsolin, N., Sbaiti, N., & Nalbantian, T. (2022). Introduction: Practicing Sectarianism in Lebanon. In Practicing Sectarianism (pp. 1–13). Stanford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781503633872-003</ref>

== Intersectionality in sectarianism ==
The analytical framework of [[intersectionality]] in examining sectarianism has gained increasing prominence in the study of this subject. Intersectionality highlights the nature of religious, ethnic, political, and social identities in contexts marked by sectarian tensions and conflicts.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Makofsky |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B21_EAAAQBAJ&q=intersectionality+sectarianism |title=Religious Fundamentalism in an Age of Conflict |last2=Unal |first2=Bayram |date=2022-08-04 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-5275-8599-7 |language=en}}</ref> Acknowledging that individuals' experiences of sectarianism are shaped not only by their religious affiliation or other sectarian categories but also by other dimensions such as sex, class, and nationality among others, are essentially contributing to those experiences.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aldoughli |first=Rahaf |date=2023-08-07 |title=Missing Gender: Conceptual Limitations in the Debate on "Sectarianism" in the Middle East |journal=Middle East Critique |volume=33 |language=en |pages=143–162 |doi=10.1080/19436149.2023.2243178 |issn=1943-6149|doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Religious dimension ===
Intersectionality reveals that factors like sex, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status intersect with religious identity to shape individuals' experiences of sectarianism. Authors such as Maya Mikdashi introduced the concept of 'Sextarianism', particularly showing how the role of gender is crucially influencing the individual's experience of religious sectarian differences in political sectarian systems such as in Lebanon.<ref name=":21" /> In the case of [[Sectarianism in Lebanon]], she highlights how Sextarian differences are decisive vectors in determining woman's experiences of power and sovereignty in a political sectarian system.

==== Taqiyya ====

Some adherents of Islam practice [[Taqiyya]] to safeguard themselves from religious persecution, within Islam and in other religious scenarios.

=== Political dimension ===
In the political dimensions, the intersectional lens recognizes the intricate connections between political identities and other social categories. Political parties or other factions may exploit religious divisions for political gain, exacerbating sectarian tensions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kadhum |first=Oula |date=April 2019 |title=Ethno-sectarianism in Iraq, diaspora positionality and political transnationalism |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/glob.12222 |journal=Global Networks |language=en |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=158–178 |doi=10.1111/glob.12222 |issn=1470-2266|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Intersectionality helps to understand how for instance political affiliations intersect with factors such as socioeconomic status and regional background, providing insights into the motivation behind political mobilization and the dynamics of power in sectarian settings.<ref name=":22" />

=== Implications for communities ===
The [[intersectionality]] of sectarianism has profound implications for affected communities, particularly for individuals who belong to multiple marginalized groups such as women, migrants, and marginalized ethnicities living under sectarian systems. The recognition of these intersecting forms of discrimination and marginalization is decisive for developing inclusive strategies to promote peace, tolerance, and increased social cohesion within diverse societies.

==Political sectarianism==
===Sectarianism in the 21st century===
Sectarian tendencies in politics are visible in countries and cities associated with sectarian violence in the present, and the past.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Murphy|first1=Joanne|last2=McDowell|first2=Sara|date=1 September 2019|title=Transitional optics: Exploring liminal spaces after conflict|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098018788988|journal=Urban Studies|language=en|volume=56|issue=12|pages=2499–2514|doi=10.1177/0042098018788988|bibcode=2019UrbSt..56.2499M |s2cid=158601093|issn=0042-0980}}</ref> Notable examples where sectarianism affects lives are street-art expression, urban planning, and sports club affiliation.<ref name="Kennedy 510–522">{{Cite journal|last=Kennedy|first=David|date=1 July 2011|title=Moonbeams and baying dogs: football and Liverpool politics|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2011.593792|journal=Soccer & Society|volume=12|issue=4|pages=510–522|doi=10.1080/14660970.2011.593792|s2cid=154131595|issn=1466-0970|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

====United Kingdom====
Across the United Kingdom, Scottish and Irish sectarian tendencies are often reflected in team-sport competitions.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kavanagh|first=Thomas|date=October 2020|title="It'd Just Be Banter": Sectarianism in a Northern Irish Rugby Club|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1532708619886330|journal=Cultural Studies ↔ Critical Methodologies|language=en|volume=20|issue=5|pages=485–495|doi=10.1177/1532708619886330|s2cid=210493062|issn=1532-7086|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Affiliations are regarded as a latent representation of sectarianism tendencies. (Since the early 1900s, cricket teams were established via patronage of sectarian affiliated landlords. In response to the Protestant representation of the sport, many Catholic schools founded their own Cricket schools.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cairns|first=David|date=September 2000|title=The object of sectarianism: the material reality of sectarianism in Ulster Loyalism|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9655.00025|journal=Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute|volume=6|issue=3|pages=437–452|doi=10.1111/1467-9655.00025|issn=1359-0987|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Kennedy 510–522"/>) Modern day examples include tensions in sports such as football and have led to the passing of the ''"Offensive Behaviour at Football and Threatening Communications (Scotland) Act 2012''".<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 November 2013|title=Anti-sectarian football legislation could face early review|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-24825094|access-date=3 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bradley|first=Joseph M.|date=28 May 2015|title=Sectarianism, anti-sectarianism and Scottish football|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2014.976008|journal=Sport in Society|volume=18|issue=5|pages=588–603|doi=10.1080/17430437.2014.976008|s2cid=144517890|issn=1743-0437|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Following [[2026 Gorton and Denton by-election|the victory of the Green Party in the 2026 Gorton and Denton by-election]], [[Nigel Farage]] of Reform UK made allegations of sectarian politics playing a role in the Green victory.

===Authoritarian regimes===
In recent years, authoritarian regimes have been particularly prone to sectarianisation. This is because their key strategy of survival lies in manipulating sectarian identities to deflect demands for change and [[justice]], and preserve and perpetuate their power.<ref name=":blabla" /> The sectarianization as a theory and process that extended beyond the Middle East was introduced by Saleena Saleem (see<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Saleem |first=Saleena |date=2018 |title=State use of public order and social cohesion concerns in the securitisation of non-mainstream Muslims in Malaysia |url= |journal=Journal of Religious and Political Practice |language=en |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=314–335 |doi=10.1080/20566093.2018.1525899}}</ref> and<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Saleem |first=Saleena Begum |title=Trust in Polarised Plural Societies: Intersections Across the Ideological Divides of Women's Groups in Malaysia |date=2023 |degree=PhD |publisher=University of Liverpool |url=https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/id/eprint/3172024 |doi=10.17638/03172024}}</ref>). Christian communities, and other religious and ethnic minorities in the Middle East, have been socially, economically and politically excluded and harmed primarily by regimes that focus on "securing power and manipulating their base by appeals to [[Arab nationalism]] and/or to [[Islam]]".<ref>Ellis, Kail C. "Epilogue." In [https://books.google.com/books?id=e7RGDwAAQBAJ&dq=authoritarianism+and+sectarianization&pg=PA211 ''Secular Nationalism and Citizenship in Muslim Countries: Arab Christians in Muslim Countries''], edited by Kail C. Ellis. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018. p. 211. {{ISBN|978-3-319-71203-1}}.</ref> An example of this is the Middle Eastern regional response to the [[Iranian revolution]] of 1979. Middle Eastern dictatorships backed by the [[United States]], especially [[Saudi Arabia]], feared that the spread of the revolutionary spirit and ideology would affect their power and dominance in the region. Therefore, efforts were made to undermine the Iranian revolution by labeling it as a Sh’a conspiracy to corrupt the [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Islamic tradition]]. This was followed by a rise of [[anti-Shi'ism|anti-Shi’a sentiments]] across the region and a deterioration of [[Shi'a-Sunni relations]], impelled by funds from the Gulf states.<ref name=":blabla" /> Therefore, the process of sectarianisation, the mobilization and politicization of sectarian identities, is a political tool for authoritarian regimes to perpetuate their power and justify violence.<ref name=":blabla" /> Western powers indirectly take part in the process of sectarianisation by supporting undemocratic regimes in the Middle East.<ref name=":blabla4" /> As Nader Hashemi asserts:<blockquote>The U.S. invasion of Iraq; the support of various Western governments for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, which commits war crime upon war crime in [[Yemen]] and disseminates poisonous sectarian [[propaganda]] throughout the Sunni world; not to mention longstanding Western support for highly repressive dictators who manipulate sectarian fears and anxieties as a strategy of control and regime survival – the "ancient hatreds" narrative [between Sunnis and Shi’as] washes this all away and lays the blame for the regionʹs problems on supposedly trans-historical religious passions. Itʹs absurd in the extreme and an exercise in bad faith.<ref name=":blabla4" /></blockquote>

==== Sectarian identities in authoritarian regimes ====
Scholars have adopted three approaches to study sectarian discourses: [[primordialism]], [[instrumentalism]], and [[Constructivism (ethnic politics)|constructivism]].<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":blabla" /><ref>{{Cite journal |date=2018-02-01 |editor-last=Wehrey |editor-first=Frederic |title=Beyond Sunni and Shia |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190876050.001.0001 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780190876050.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-087605-0 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Primordialism sees sectarian identity as rotted in biology and ingrained in history and culture.<ref name=":4" /> Makdisi describes the process of bringing the sectarian discourses back to early Islamic history as "pervasive medievalization".<ref name=":10">Makdisi, Ussama. 2017. ‘The Problem of Sectarianism in the Middle East in an Age of Western Hegemony’. Pp. 23–34 in ''Sectarianization: Mapping the New Politics of the Middle East'', edited by N. Hashemi and D. Postel. Oxford: University Press.</ref> The centuries-old narrative is problematic as it treats sectarian identities in the Middle East as ''sui generis'' instead of modern collective identities.<ref name=":14"/> Scholars should be cautious of sectarian essentialism and Middle East exceptionalism the primordial narrative reinforces since primordialism suggests sectarian tensions persist while theological differences do not guarantee conflicts.<ref name=":14"/><ref name=":blabla" /><ref name=":10" /> Instrumentalism emphasizes that ruling elites manipulate identities to create violent conflicts for their interests. Instrumentalists see the Sunni-Shi'a divide as a modern invention and challenge the myths of primordial narratives since sectarian harmony have existed for centuries.<ref name=":4" /> Constructivism is in the middle ground of primordialism and instrumentalism.

==Religious sectarianism==
[[File:Orange Riot 1871 crop.jpg|thumb|right|250px|In 1871, New York's [[Orange Riots]] were incited by Irish Protestants. 63 citizens, mostly Irish Catholics, were massacred in the resulting police-action.]]
Wherever people of different religions live in close proximity to each other, religious sectarianism can often be found in varying forms and degrees. In some areas, religious sectarians (for example Protestant and Catholic [[Christians]]) {{as of | 2010 | alt = now}} exist peacefully side by side for the most part, although these differences have resulted in violence, death, and outright warfare as recently as the 1990s. Probably the best-known example in recent times were [[The Troubles]].

Catholic-Protestant sectarianism has also been a factor in U.S. presidential campaigns. Prior to [[John F. Kennedy]], only one Catholic ([[Al Smith]]) had ever been a major party presidential nominee, and he had been solidly defeated largely because of claims based on his Catholicism. JFK chose to tackle the sectarian issue head-on during the West Virginia primary, but that only sufficed to win him barely enough Protestant votes to eventually win the presidency by one of the narrowest margins ever.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/JFK-in-History/JFK-and-Religion.aspx|title=John F. Kennedy and Religion|access-date=29 July 2015}}</ref>

Within [[Islam]], there has been dilemmas at various periods between [[Sunni Islam|Sunnis]] and [[Shia Islam|Shias]]; Shias consider Sunnis to be false, due to their refusal to accept the first caliph as [[Ali]] and accept all following descendants of him as infallible and divinely guided. Many Sunni religious leaders, including those inspired by [[Wahhabism]] and other ideologies have declared Shias to be [[Heresy|heretics]] or [[Apostasy|apostates]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7181042.stm | work=BBC News | title=Lahore bomb raises sectarian questions | date=10 January 2008 | access-date=23 May 2010}}</ref>

===Europe===
{{See also|The Troubles|Balkanization}}
{{Original research|section|date=July 2016}}
[[File:La masacre de San Bartolomé, por François Dubois.jpg|thumb|Painting of the [[St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre]], an event in the [[French Wars of Religion]]]]
In some countries where the [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]] was successful, there was persecution of Roman Catholics. This was motivated by the perception that Catholics retained allegiance to a 'foreign' power (the [[papacy]] or [[Holy See|the Vatican]]), causing them to be regarded with suspicion. Sometimes this mistrust manifested itself in Catholics being subjected to restrictions and discrimination, which itself led to further conflict. For example, before [[Catholic Emancipation]] was introduced with the [[Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829]], Catholics were forbidden from voting, becoming MP's or buying land in Ireland.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

====Ireland====
Protestant-Catholic sectarianism is prominent in [[History of Ireland|Irish history]]; during the period of [[British rule in Ireland|English (and later British) rule]], Protestant settlers from Britain were [[Plantations of Ireland|"planted" in Ireland]], which along with the [[Reformation|Protestant Reformation]] led to increasing sectarian tensions between Irish Catholics and British Protestants. These tensions eventually boiled over into widespread violence during the [[Irish Rebellion of 1641]]. At the end of that war the lands of Catholics were confiscated with over ten million acres granted to new English owners under the [[Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Gallagher |first=Frank |author-link= |date=1957 |title=The Indivisible Island |url= |location=London |publisher=Victor Gollancz Ltd. |page=29 |isbn=}}</ref> The [[Cromwellian conquest of Ireland]] (1649–1653) saw a series of massacres perpetrated by the Protestant [[New Model Army]] against Catholic English royalists and Irish civilians. Sectarianism between Catholics and Protestants continued in the [[Kingdom of Ireland]], with the [[Irish Rebellion of 1798]] against British rule leading to more sectarian violence in the island.<ref name="Dunne">Dunne, Tom; ''Rebellions: Memoir, Memory and 1798''. The Lilliput Press, 2004. {{ISBN|978-1-84351-039-0}}</ref> The British response to the rebellion which included the public executions of dozens of suspected rebels in [[Dunlavin Green executions|Dunlavin]] and [[Carnew executions|Carnew]], also inflamed sectarian sentiments.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

====Northern Ireland====
After the [[Partition of Ireland]] in 1922, [[Northern Ireland]] witnessed decades of intensified conflict, tension, and sporadic violence (see [[The Troubles in Ulster (1920–1922)]] and
[[The Troubles]]) between the dominant Protestant majority and the Catholic minority. In 1969 the [[Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association]] was formed to support civil rights and end discrimination (based on religion) in voting rights (see [[Gerrymandering]]), housing allocation and employment. Also in 1969, 25 years of violence erupted, becoming what is known as “The Troubles” between [[Irish Republicans]] whose goal is a [[United Ireland]] and Ulster loyalists who wish for Northern Ireland to remain a part of the United Kingdom. The conflict was primarily fought over the existence of the Northern Irish state rather than religion, though sectarian relations within Northern Ireland fueled the conflict. However, religion is commonly used as a marker to differentiate the two sides of the community. Most Catholics favour the nationalist, and to some degree, republican, goal of unity with the [[Republic of Ireland]], whereas most Protestants favour Northern Ireland continuing the union with Great Britain.{{cn|date=September 2025}}

====England====
In June 1780 a series of riots (see the [[Gordon Riots]]) occurred in London motivated by [[Anti-Catholicism|anti-Catholic]] sentiment. These riots were described as being the most destructive in the history of London and resulted in approximately 300-700 deaths.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-and-events/the-gordon-riots-of-1780-london-in-flames-a-nation-in-ruins |access-date=24 February 2024| title=The Gordon Riots of 1780: London in Flames, a Nation in Ruins | website=Gresham College | date= | author=Ian Haywood }}</ref> A long history of politically and religious motivated sectarian violence already existed in Ireland (see [[Irish Rebellion (disambiguation)|Irish Rebellions]]). The sectarian divisions related to the "[[Irish question]]" influenced local constituent politics in England.

Liverpool is an English city sometimes associated with sectarian politics. Halfway through the 19th century, Liverpool faced a wave of mass-immigration from Irish Catholics as a consequence of the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Famine in Ireland]]. Most of the Irish-Catholic immigrants were unskilled workers and aligned themselves with the Labour party.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Walker|first=Graham|date=2 January 2018|title=Liverpool Sectarianism: the rise and demise|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/03071022.2017.1397369|journal=Social History|volume=43|issue=1|pages=140–142|doi=10.1080/03071022.2017.1397369|s2cid=148655463|issn=0307-1022|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Roberts|first=Keith Daniel|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9781786940100.001.0001|title=Liverpool Sectarianism|date=1 December 2017|publisher=Liverpool University Press|doi=10.5949/liverpool/9781786940100.001.0001|isbn=978-1-78694-010-0}}</ref> The Labour-Catholic party saw a larger political electorate in the many Liverpool-Irish, and often ran on the slogan of "Home Rule" - the independence of Ireland, to gain the support of Irish voters. During the first half of the 20th century, Liverpool politics were divided not only between Catholics and Protestants, but between two polarized groups consisting of multiple identities: Catholic-Liberal-Labour and Protestant-Conservative-Tory/Orangeists.<ref>{{Citation|title=Protectionism, paternalism and Protestantism: popular Toryism in early Victorian Liverpool*|date=1 May 2006|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9781846310102.003.0006|work=Merseypride|pages=155–176|publisher=Liverpool University Press|doi=10.5949/liverpool/9781846310102.003.0006|isbn=978-1-84631-010-2|access-date=3 May 2021|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Citation|last=Roberts|first=Keith Daniel|title=The Diminishing Politics of Sectarianism: How Class Politics Displaced Identity Politics|date=1 December 2017|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9781786940100.003.0006|work=Liverpool Sectarianism|publisher=Liverpool University Press|doi=10.5949/liverpool/9781786940100.003.0006|isbn=978-1-78694-010-0|access-date=3 May 2021|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

From early 1900 onwards, the polarized Catholic Labour and Protestant Conservative affiliations gradually broke apart and created the opportunity for mixed alliances. The Irish National party gained its first electoral victory in 1875, and kept growing until the realization of Irish independence in 1921, after which it became less reliant on Labour support. On the Protestant side, Tory opposition in 1902 to vote in line with Protestant proposed bills indicated a split between the working class Protestants and the Tory party, which were regarded as "too distant" from its electorate.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Day, 2011: 65: "''Conservatives fared poorly in Liverpool elections in 1919 which was largely due to the silence and apathy of the Orange Order … Many saw signs of Orangemen turning to the Labour Party at this time … Tory jingoism, it seems, died on the First World War battlefields and the new generation were joining trade unions''." (in ''Keith Daniel Roberts,'' p.157)</ref>

After the First and Second World War, religiously mixed battalions provided a counterweight to anti-Roman Catholic and anti-Protestant propaganda from either side.<ref>The First World War Belchem Chapter 10</ref> While the IRA-bombing in 1939 (see [[S-Plan]]) somewhat increased violence between the Irish-Catholic associated Labour party and the Conservative Protestants, the German May Blitz destroyed property of more than 40.000 households.<ref name=":0" /> Rebuilding Liverpool after the war created a new sense of community across religious lines.<ref>''"I had a good talk last night over Old Ireland. Walter, there are thousands of Irish boys here and I may tell you it is God help the Boche if they come across them. Then they say Ireland is not doing her fair share in this war." -'' Andy Burnham, 28 March 2013, citing a speech made in the House of Commons during a debate on veterans affairs, dated 9 June 2004.</ref> Inter-church relations increased as a response as well, as seen through the warming up of relations between [[Derek Worlock|Archbishop Worlock]] and Anglican Bishop [[David Sheppard]] after 1976, a symbol of decreasing religious hostility.<ref>{{Citation|last=Roberts|first=Keith Daniel|title=Ecumenism: 'The Great Mersey Miracle' and a Decline in Religious Observance|date=1 December 2017|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9781786940100.003.0007|work=Liverpool Sectarianism|publisher=Liverpool University Press|doi=10.5949/liverpool/9781786940100.003.0007|isbn=978-1-78694-010-0|access-date=3 May 2021|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The increase in education rates and the rise of trade and labour unions shifted religious affiliation to class affiliation further, which allowed Protestant and catholic affiliates under a Labour umbrella in politics. In the 1980s, class division had outgrown religious division, replacing religious sectarianism with class struggle.<ref name=":0"/> Growing rates of non-English immigration from other parts of the Commonwealth near the 21st century also provides new political lines of division in identity affiliation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Doebler|first1=Stefanie|last2=McAreavey|first2=Ruth|last3=Shortall|first3=Sally|date=25 October 2017|title=Is racism the new sectarianism? Negativity towards immigrants and ethnic minorities in Northern Ireland from 2004 to 2015|journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies|volume=41|issue=14|pages=2426–2444|doi=10.1080/01419870.2017.1392027|issn=0141-9870|doi-access=free}}</ref>[[File:Sack of Magdeburg 1631.jpg|thumb|The [[sack of Magdeburg]] by Catholic army in 1631. Of the 30,000 Protestant citizens, only 5,000 survived.]]

Northern Ireland has introduced a Private Day of Reflection,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dayofreflection.com/|title=HTR - Day of Reflection - Home|access-date=29 July 2015}}</ref> since 2007, to mark the transition to a post-[sectarian] conflict society, an initiative of the cross-community [[Healing Through Remembering]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.healingthroughremembering.org/|title=Healing Through Remembering|access-date=29 July 2015}}</ref> organization and research project.

==== The Netherlands ====
[[File:TK Samenstelling 1963.jpg|thumb|Sectarian voting can clearly be seen here in the results of the [[1963 Dutch general election]]. Despite increased secularisation in the Netherlands, many of these patterns remain today.]]
Because of the [[Netherlands]]'s diversity of Protestants, Catholics, as well as politically-oriented elements in society, the country used a system called [[pillarisation]] (''verzuiling'') whereby each religious-socioeconomic segment would only use services for their own pillar (such as media, schools or labor unions) and politically vote for the parties representing their own. This system remained strong until the 1960s, but some institutions continue to be divided as a legacy of pillarisation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=de Voogd |first=Josse |date=2017 |title=Deze eeuwenoude grenzen kleuren de verkiezingen nog altijd |url=https://decorrespondent.nl/6298/deze-eeuwenoude-grenzen-kleuren-de-verkiezingen-nog-altijd/7576ecd5-cf0d-0da5-3b68-abe516463ada |website=[[De Correspondent]]}}</ref>

====Ex-Yugoslavia====
The [[Yugoslav Wars|civil wars]] in [[ex-Yugoslav]] countries which followed [[breakup of Yugoslavia|its breakup]] in the 1990s have been heavily tinged with sectarianism. [[Croats]] and [[Slovenes]] have traditionally belonged to Catholicism, [[Serbs]] and [[Macedonians (ethnic group)|Macedonians]] to [[Eastern Orthodoxy]], and [[Bosniaks]] and [[Kosovo Albanians]] to [[Islam]]. Religious affiliation served as a marker of group identity in this conflict, despite relatively low rates of religious practice and belief among these various groups after decades of ''de facto'' [[state atheism]] in [[communist Yugoslavia]].

===Africa===
Over 1,000 Muslims and Christians were killed in the [[Central African Republic conflict (2012–present)|sectarian violence]] in the [[Central African Republic]] in 2013–2014.<ref>"[https://www.amnesty.org/en/news/central-african-republic-ethnic-cleansing-sectarian-violence-2014-02-12 Central African Republic: Ethnic cleansing and sectarian killings]". Amnesty International. 12 February 2014.</ref> Nearly 1 million people, a quarter of the population, were displaced.<ref>"[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-centralafrican-idUSBREA0P0O220140126 Eight dead in Central African Republic capital, rebel leaders flee city]". [[Reuters]]. 26 January 2014.</ref>

===Australia===
{{Main|Sectarianism in Australia}}

Sectarianism in Australia is a historical legacy from the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries, between Irish Catholics and Protestants of mainly Scotch Irish and English descent. It has largely faded in the 21st century<ref> Jeff Kildea, " Sectarianism, Politics and Australia's Catholics," ''The Sydney Papers'' (Winter 2002) pp. 161-167. [https://www.academia.edu/download/108603055/Sectarianism-Politics-Catholics.pdf online] </ref>

In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, religious tensions were more centered between Muslim immigrants and non-Muslim nationalists, amid the backdrop of the [[war on terror]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-10-29/one-in-four-australians-had-a-negative-attitude-towards-muslims/5849744|title=One in four Australians has negative attitude towards Muslims: report|author=Stephanie Chalkley-Rhoden|date=29 October 2014|publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/muslims-on-what-its-like-to-live-in-australia-20160429-goi953.html|title=Muslims on what it's like to live in Australia|author=Beau Donelly|date=2 May 2016|publisher=[[Sydney Morning Herald]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/religion/the-online-dehumanisation-of-muslims/12614148|title=The online dehumanisation of Muslims made the Christchurch massacre possible|author=Rita Jabri-Markwell|date=31 August 2020|publisher=ABC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hlocSoOjkxwC|title=Us & Them: Muslim-Christian Relations and Cultural Harmony in Australia|author=Abe W. Ata|year=2009|publisher=Australian Academic Press|isbn=9781921513190}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09596410.2011.606187|title=Being an Aussie Mossie: Muslim and Australian identity among Australian-born Muslims|author=Rachel Woodlock|date=12 October 2011|journal=Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations|volume=22|issue=4|pages=391–407|publisher=Routledge/University of Birmingham/University of Notre Dame|doi=10.1080/09596410.2011.606187|s2cid=145322962|url-access=subscription}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=February 2018}}

===Asia===
{{main|Sectarian violence among Muslims}}

[[File:Basawan. Battle of rival ascetics. Akbarnama, ca. 1590, V&A Museum.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Battle of Thanesar (1567)|Battle]] of rival ascetics in 1567. [[Muslim conquests of the Indian subcontinent|Hindu-Muslim conflicts]] provoked the creation of a military order of [[Sannyasa|Hindu ascetics]] in India.]]
[[File:Al-Askari Mosque 2006.jpg|250px|thumb|The [[Al-Askari Mosque]], one of the holiest sites in Shia Islam, after [[2006 al-Askari Mosque bombing|the first attack]] by [[Sunni]] affiliated [[Al-Qaeda in Iraq]] in 2006]]

====Japan====
For the violent conflict between Buddhist sects in Japan, see [[Japanese Buddhism]].

====Pakistan====
{{Main|Sectarian violence in Pakistan}}

[[Pakistan]], one of the largest Muslim countries the world, has seen serious [[Shia Islam|Shia]]-[[Sunni]] [[sectarian violence]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bhattacharya|first=Sanchita|date=30 June 2019|title=Pakistan: Sectarian War Scourging an Entire Nation|url=https://ojs.indrastra.com/index.php/liberalstudies/article/view/251|journal=Liberal Studies|language=en|volume=4|issue=1|pages=87–105|issn=2688-9374}}</ref> Almost 80-85%
of Pakistan's Muslim population is [[Sunni]], and another 15-20% are [[Shia]].<ref name="State">{{cite web |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108505.htm |title=Pakistan - International Religious Freedom Report 2008 |work=[[United States Department of State]] |date=19 September 2008 |access-date=19 April 2013}}</ref><ref name="Oxford">{{cite web |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1809?_hi=1&_pos=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618023219/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1809?_hi=1&_pos=1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 18, 2013 |title=Pakistan, Islam in |access-date=19 April 2013 |work=[[Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies]] |quote=''Approximately 97 percent of Pakistanis are Muslim. The majority are Sunnis following the [[Hanafi]] school of Islamic law. Between 10 and 15 percent are Shiis, mostly Twelvers.'' |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] }}</ref> However, this Shia minority forms the second largest Shia population of any country, larger than the Shia majority in [[Iraq]].

In the last two decades, as many as 4,000 people are estimated to have died in sectarian fighting in Pakistan, 300 in 2006.<ref name="csmonitor.com">{{cite journal|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0202/p01s02-wosc.html|title=Shiite-Sunni conflict rises in Pakistan|author=The Christian Science Monitor|journal=The Christian Science Monitor|date=2 February 2007 |access-date=29 July 2015}}</ref> Among the culprits blamed for the killing are [[Al Qaeda]] working "with local sectarian groups" to kill what they perceive as Shi'a apostates.<ref name="csmonitor.com"/>

====Sri Lanka====
{{See also|Sri Lankan civil war}}
The BBC reported that "Sri Lanka’s Muslim minority is being targeted by hardline Buddhists. ... There have also been assaults on churches and Christian pastors but it is the Muslims who are the most concerned."<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-21840600| title =The hardline Buddhists targeting Sri Lanka's Muslims | publisher =[[BBC]] | date = March 25, 2013}}</ref> Most of the [[LTTE]] leaders were captured and gunned down at blank range in May, 2009, after which a genocide of [[Sri Lankan Tamil people|Sri Lankan Tamils]] in the [[Northern Province, Sri Lanka]] has started.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.canberratimes.com.au/comment/tribunal-delivers-sri-lankas-guilty-verdict-20140101-305zf.html |author=Bruce Haigh |title=Tribunal delivers Sri Lanka's guilty verdict |date=January 2, 2014 |website=www.canberratimes.com.au |publisher=Fairfax Media |accessdate=6 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tamilsagainstgenocide.org/Contacts.aspx|title=Contacts|work=Tamils Against Genocide|date=April 29, 2011|accessdate=May 3, 2011|archive-date=March 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330144644/http://www.tamilsagainstgenocide.org/Contacts.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thestar.com/news/world/2013/11/04/sri_lankas_hidden_genocide.html |author=Rosie DiManno |title=Sri Lanka's hidden genocide |date=February 6, 2014 |website=www.thestar.com |publisher=Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd. |accessdate=6 February 2014}}</ref> Even a book, [[The Tamil Genocide by Sri Lanka]] has been written on this genocide. Tamils Against Genocide hired US attorney [[Bruce Fein]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/tamil-group-files-lawsuit-against-rajapaksa-in-us/743516/|title=Tamil group files lawsuit against Rajapaksa in US - Indian Express|date=29 January 2011|work=[[The Indian Express]]|accessdate=29 November 2012}}</ref> to file human rights violation charges against two Sri Lankan officials associated with the [[civil war]] in Sri Lanka which has reportedly claimed the lives of thousands of civilians.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tgte.org/usa|title=TGTE Launches Signature Campaign for Sri Lanka Genocide Investigation|publisher=Transitional Government of Tamil Eelam|date=April 24, 2011|accessdate=May 3, 2011}}</ref>

=== Turkey ===

==== Ottoman Empire ====
In 1511, a pro-Shia revolt known as [[Şahkulu Rebellion]] was brutally suppressed by the Ottomans: 40,000 were massacred on the order of the sultan.<ref>H.A.R. Gibb & H. Bowen, "Islamic society and the West", i/2, Oxford, 1957, p. 189</ref>

==== Republican era (1923–present) ====
[[Alevism|Alevis]] were targeted in various massacres including 1978 [[Maraş massacre]], 1980 [[Çorum massacre]] and 1993 [[Sivas massacre]].

During his [[Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu 2023 presidential campaign|campaign]] for the [[2023 Turkish presidential election]], [[Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu]] was attacked with sectarian insults in [[Adıyaman Province|Adıyaman]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=21 April 2023 |title=Attempted attack on opposition leader Kılıçdaroğlu after tomb visit in Adıyaman: Meeting with Kurdish leader Sırrı Süreyya Önder cancelled |url=https://sendika.org/2023/04/attempted-attack-on-opposition-leader-kilicdaroglu-after-tomb-visit-in-adiyaman-meeting-with-kurdish-leader-sirri-sureyya-onder-cancelled-682930/ |access-date=23 May 2023 |website=Sendika.org |language=tr}}</ref>

=== Iran ===

==== Overview ====

Sectarianism in Iran has existed for centuries, dating back to the [[Islam in Iran|Islamic conquest]] of the country in early Islamic years and continuing throughout Iranian history until the present. During the [[Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam|Safavid dynasty's reign]], sectarianism started to play an important role in shaping the path of the country.<ref name="Iran's Regime of Religion">{{cite journal |last1=Khalaji |first1=Mehdi |title=Iran's Regime of Religion |journal=Journal of International Affairs |date=1 September 2001 |volume=65 |issue=1 |page=131 }}</ref> During the Safavid rule between 1501 and 1722, [[Shiism]] started to evolve and became established as the official state religion, leading to the creation of the first religiously legitimate government since the occultation of the [[Hujjat-Allah al-Mahdi|Twelfth imam]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Khalaji |first1=Mehdi |title=Iran's Regime of Religion |journal=Journal of International Affairs |date=1 September 2001 |volume=65 |issue=1 |page=134 }}</ref> This pattern of sectarianism prevailed throughout the Iranian history. The approach that sectarianism has taken after the Iranian 1979 revolution is shifted compared to the earlier periods. Never before the Iranian 1979 revolution did the Shiite leadership gain as much authority.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mishal |first1=Shaul |title=Understanding Shiite Leadership: the Art of the Middle Ground in Iran and Lebanon. |date=5 March 2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1107632677 |page=43}}</ref> Due to this change, the sectarian timeline in Iran can be divided in pre- and post-Iranian 1979 revolution where the religious leadership changed course.

==== Pre-1979 Revolution ====

Shiism has been an important factor in shaping the politics, culture and religion within Iran, long before the Iranian 1979 revolution.<ref name="Iran's Regime of Religion"/> During the [[Safavid dynasty]] Shiism was established as the official ideology.<ref name="Iran's Regime of Religion"/> The establishment of Shiism as an official government ideology opened the doors for clergies to benefit from new cultural, political and religious rights which were denied prior to the Safavid ruling.<ref name="Iran's Regime of Religion"/> During the [[Safavid dynasty]] Shiism was established as the official ideology.<ref name="Iran's Regime of Religion"/>
The Safavid rule allowed greater freedom for religious leaders. By establishing Shiism as the state religion, they legitimised the religious authority. After this power establishment, religious leaders started to play a crucial role within the political system but remained socially and economically independent.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Abisaab |first1=Rula |title=Converting Persia: religion and power in the Safavid Empire |date=26 February 2004 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=186064970X }}</ref> The monarchial power balance during the Safavid ere changed every few years, resulting in a changing limit of power of the clergies. The tensions concerning power relations of the religious authorities and the ruling power eventually played a pivotal role in the [[Persian Constitutional Revolution|1906 constitutional revolution]] which limited the power of the monarch, and increased the power of religious leaders.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bayat |first1=Mangol |title=Iran's first revolution : Shi'ism and the constitutional revolution of 1905-1909 |year=1991 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-506822-X }}</ref> The 1906 constitutional revolution involved both constitutionalist and anti-constitutionalist clergy leaders. Individuals such as [[Sayyid Jamal al-Din Va'iz]] were constitutionalist clergies whereas other clergies such as [[Mohammed Kazem Yazdi]] were considered anti-constitutionalist. The establishment of a Shiite government during the Safavid rule resulted in the increase of power within this religious sect. The religious power establishment increased throughout the years and resulted in fundamental changes within the Iranian society in the twentieth century, eventually leading to the establishment of the Shiite Islamic Republic of Iran in 1979.

==== Post-1979 Revolution: Islamic Republic of Iran ====

[[Iranian Revolution|The Iranian 1979 revolution]] led to the overthrow of the [[Pahlavi dynasty]] and the establishment of the [[Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran|Islamic Government of Iran]]. The governing body of Iran displays clear elements of sectarianism which are visible within different layers of its system.
The 1979 revolution led to changes in political system, leading to the establishment of a bureaucratic clergy-regime which has created its own interpretation of the [[Shia Islam|Shia sect]] in Iran.<ref name="Iran's Regime of Religion"/> Religious differentiation is often used by authoritarian regimes to express hostility towards other groups such as ethnic minorities and political opponents.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grabowski |first1=Wojciech |title=Sectarianism as a Factor Shaping Persian Gulf Security |journal=International Studies |date=2017 |volume=52 |issue=1–4 |page=1 |doi=10.1177/0020881717715550 |s2cid=158923334 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/home/isq|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Authoritarian regimes can use religion as a weapon to create an '' "us and them" '' paradigm. This leads to hostility amongst the involved parties and takes place internally but also externally. A valid example is the suppression of religious minorities like the Sunnis and [[Baháʼí Faith|Baha-ís]]. With the establishment of [[the Islamic Republic of Iran]] sectarian discourses arose in the Middle-East as the Iranian religious regime has attempted and in some cases succeeded to spread its religious and political ideas in the region. These sectarian labeled issues are politically charged. The most notable Religious leaders in Iran are named ''Supreme-leaders.'' Their role has proved to be pivotal in the evolvement of sectarianism within the country and in the region. The following part discusses Iran's supreme-leadership in further detail.

==== Ruhollah Khomeini and Ali Khamenei ====

During the Iran-Iraq war, Iran's first supreme-leader, [[Ayatollah Khomeini]] called for the participation of all Iranians in the war. His usage of [[Martyrdom in Iran|Shia martyrdom]] led to the creation of a national consensus.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Abedin |first1=Mahan |title=Iran Resurgent: The Rise and Rise of the Shia State |date=15 July 2015 |publisher=C. Hurst and Company (Publishers) Limited}}</ref> In the early aftermath of the Iranian 1979 revolution, Khomeini started to evolve a sectarian tone in his speeches. His focus on Shiism and Shia Islam grew which was also implemented within the changing policies of the country. In one of his speeches Khomeini quoted: "the Path to Jerusalem passes through Karbala." His phrase lead to many different interpretations, leading to turmoil in the region but also within the country.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Abedin |first1=Mahan |title=Iran Resurgent: The Rise and Rise of the Shia State |date=15 July 2015 |publisher=C. Hurst and Company (Publishers) Limited |page=24 }}</ref> From a religious historic viewpoint, [[Karbala]] and [[Najaf]] which are both situated in Iraq, serve as important sites for Shia Muslims around the world. By mentioning these two cities, Khomeini led to the creation of Shia expansionism.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Abedin |first1=Mahan |title=Iran Resurgent : The Rise and Rise of the Shia State |date=15 July 2015 |publisher=C. Hurst and Company (Publishers) Limited |page=27}}</ref>
Khomeini's war with the [[Iraqi Bath Regime]] had many underlying reasons and sectarianism can be considered one of the main reasons. The tensions between Iran and Iraq are of course not only sectarian related, but religion is often a weapon used by the Iranian regime to justify its actions. Khomeini's words also resonated in other Arab countries who had been fighting for [[Palestine-Israel conflict|Palestinian liberation against Israel.]] By naming Jerusalem, Khomeini expressed his desire for liberating Palestine from the hands of what he later often has named [[Iran Israel relations|"the enemy of Islam."]] Iran has supported rebellious groups throughout the region. Its support for Hamas and Hezbollah has resulted in international condemnation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Profile: Lebanon's Hezbollah |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-10814698 |work=BBC News |date=15 March 2016}}</ref>
This desire for Shia expansionism did not disappear after Khomeini's death. It can even be argued that sectarian tone within the Islamic Republic of Iran has grown since then.
The Friday prayers held in Tehran by [[Ali Khamenei]] can be seen as a proof of growing sectarian tone within the regime. Khamenei's speeches are extremely political and sectarian.<ref>{{cite news |title=Khamenei: Iran not calling for elimination of Jews, wants non-sectarian Israel |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-iran-khamenei/khamenei-iran-not-calling-for-elimination-of-jews-wants-non-sectarian-israel-idUSKBN1XP0WP |access-date= 8 May 2020 |work= Reuters |date=15 November 2019}}</ref> He often mentions extreme wishes such as the removal of Israel from the world map and fatwas directed towards those opposing the regime.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pileggi |first1=Tamar |title=Khamenei: Israel a 'cancerous tumor' that 'must be eradicated' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/khamenei-israel-a-cancerous-tumor-that-must-be-eradicated/ |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |issn=0040-7909}}</ref>

===Iraq===
{{See also|Civil war in Iraq (2006-07)|Shia Islam in Iraq}}
Sunni [[Iraqi insurgency (Iraq War)|Iraqi insurgency]] and foreign Sunni terrorist organizations who came to Iraq after the fall of [[Saddam Hussein]] have targeted Shia civilians in sectarian attacks. Following the civil war, the Sunnis have complained of discrimination by Iraq's Shia majority governments, which is bolstered by the news that Sunni detainees were allegedly discovered to have been [[torture]]d in a compound used by government forces on 15 November 2005.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Iraqi Sunnis demand abuse inquiry
| work = BBC News
| date =16 November 2005
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4441568.stm
| access-date = 12 May 2007 }}</ref> This sectarianism has fueled a giant level of emigration and internal displacement.

The Shia majority oppression by the Sunni minority has a long history in Iraq. After the fall of the Ottoman Empire, the British government placed a Sunni Hashemite monarchy to the [[Kingdom of Iraq|Iraqi throne]] which suppressed various uprisings against its rule by the Christian Assyrians and Shi'ites.

===Syria===
{{See also|Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian civil war}}Although sectarianism has been described as one of the characteristic features of the [[Syrian civil war]], the narrative of sectarianism already had its origins in Syria's past.

==== Ottoman rule ====
[[File:Wounded civilians arrive at hospital Aleppo.jpg|thumb|Wounded civilians arrive at a hospital in Aleppo]]The hostilities that took place in [[Massacre of Aleppo (1850)|1850]] in [[Aleppo]] and subsequently in 1860 in [[Damascus]], had many causes and reflected long-standing tensions. However, scholars have claimed that the eruptions of violence can also be partly attributed to the modernizing reforms, the [[Tanzimat]], taking place within the [[Ottoman Empire]], who had been ruling Syria since 1516.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sahner|first=Christian C.|title=Among the Ruins: Syria Past and Present|publisher=Hurst & Company|year=2014|isbn=9781849044004|location=London|pages=99}}</ref><ref name="Phillips 364">{{Cite journal|last=Phillips|first=Christopher|date=1 February 2015|title=Sectarianism and Conflict in Syria|journal=Third World Quarterly|volume=36|issue=2|pages=364|doi=10.1080/01436597.2015.1015788|s2cid=144558644}}</ref> The Tanzimat reforms attempted to bring about equality between [[Muslims]] and non-Muslims living in the Ottoman Empire. These reforms, combined with European interference on behalf of the Ottoman Christians, caused the non-Muslims to gain privileges and influence.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fawaz|first=Leila Tarazi|title=An Occasion for War: Civil Conflict in Lebanon and Damascus in 1860|publisher=I.B. Tauris|year=1994|isbn=1850432015|location=London|pages=22}}</ref>

In the silk trade business, European powers formed ties with local sects. They usually opted for a sect that adhered to a religion similar to the one in their home countries, thus not Muslims.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fawaz|first=Leila Tarazi|title=An Occasion for War: Civil Conflict in Lebanon and Damascus in 1860|publisher=I.B. Tauris|year=1994|isbn=1850432015|location=London|pages=23}}</ref> These developments caused new social classes to emerge, consisting of mainly Christians, Druzes and Jews. These social classes stripped the previously existing Muslim classes of their privileges. The involvement of another foreign power, though this time non-European, also had its influence on communal relations in Syria. [[Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt]] ruled Syria between 1831 and 1840. His divide-and-rule strategy contributed to the hostilities between the Druze and [[Maronites|Maronite]] community, by arming the Maronite Christians. However, it is noteworthy to mention that different sects did not fight the others out of religious motives, nor did Ibrahim Pasha aim to disrupt society among communal lines.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Makdisi|first=Ussama Samir|title=The Culture of Sectarianism: Community, History, and Violence in Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Lebanon|publisher=University of California Press|year=2000|isbn=0-520-21845-0|location=London|pages=55}}</ref> This can also be illustrated by the unification of Druzes and Maronites in their revolts to oust Ibrahim Pasha in 1840. This shows the fluidity of communal alliances and animosities and the different, at times non-religious, reasons that may underline sectarianism.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

==== After Ottoman rule ====
Before the fall of the Ottoman Empire and the [[Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon|French Mandate]] in Syria, the Syrian territory had already witnessed massacres on the Maronite Christians, other Christians, [[Alawites]], [[Shia Islam|Shias]] and [[Isma'ilism|Ismailiyas]], which had resulted in distrustful sentiments between the members of different sects.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tomass|first=Mark|title=The Religious Roots of the Syrian Conflict: The Remaking of the Fertile Crescent|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2016|isbn=978-1-137-53149-0|location=London|pages=151}}</ref> In an attempt to protect the minority communities against the majority Sunni population, [[France]], with the command of [[Henri Gouraud (general)|Henri Gouraud]], created five states for the following sects: [[Armenians]], Alawites, Druzes, Maronite Christians and Sunni Muslims.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tomass|first=Mark|title=The Religious Roots of the Syrian Conflict: The Remaking of the Fertile Crescent|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2016|isbn=978-1-137-53149-0|location=London|pages=151–152}}</ref> This focus on minorities was new and part of a divide-and-rule strategy of the French, which enhanced and politicized differences between sects.<ref name="Phillips 364"/> The restructuring by the French caused the Alawite community to advance itself from their marginalized position. In addition to that, the Alawites were also able to obtain a position of power through granting top level positions to family members of the ruling clan or other tribal allies of the Alawite community.<ref name=":20">{{Cite book|last=Wehrey|first=Frederic|title=Beyond Sunni and Shia: The Roots of Sectarianism in a Changing Middle East|publisher=Hurst & Company|year=2017|isbn=9781849048149|location=London|pages=65}}</ref>

During the period 1961–1980, Syria was not necessarily exclusively ruled by the Alawite sect, but due to efforts of the Sunni Muslim extremist opponents of the Ba’th regime in Syria, it was perceived as such. The [[Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)|Ba’ath]] regime was being dominated by the Alawite community, as well as were other institutions of power.<ref name=":18">{{Cite book|last=van Dam|first=Nikolaos|title=The Struggle for Power in Syria: Sectarianism, Regionalism and Tribalism in Politics, 1961-1980|publisher=Croom Helm|year=1981|isbn=0-7099-2601-4|location=London|pages=111–113}}</ref> As a result of this, the regime was considered to be sectarian, which caused the Alawite community to cluster together, as they feared for their position.<ref name=":18" /> This period is actually contradictory as [[Hafez al-Assad]] tried to create a Syrian [[Arab nationalism]], but the regime was still regarded as sectarian and sectarian identities were reproduced and politicized.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Phillips|first=Christopher|date=1 February 2015|title=Sectarianism and Conflict in Syria|journal=Third World Quarterly|volume=36|issue=2|pages=366|doi=10.1080/01436597.2015.1015788|s2cid=144558644}}</ref>

Sectarian tensions that later gave rise to the Syrian civil war, had already appeared in society due to events preceding 1970. For example, President Hafez al-Assad's involvement in the [[Lebanese Civil War|Lebanese civil war]] by giving political aid to Maronite Christians in [[Lebanon]]. This was viewed by many Sunny Muslims as an act of treason, which made them link al-Assad's actions to his Alawite identity.<ref name=":19">{{Cite book|last=Tomass|first=Mark|title=The Religious Roots of the Syrian Conflict: The Remaking of the Fertile Crescent|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2016|isbn=978-1-137-53149-0|location=London|pages=156}}</ref> The [[Muslim Brotherhood of Syria|Muslim Brothers]], a part of the Sunni Muslims, used those tensions towards the Alawites as a tool to boost their political agenda and plans.<ref name=":19" /> Several assassinations were carried out by the Muslim Brothers, mostly against Alawites, but also against some Sunni Muslims. The failed assassination attempt on President Hafez al-Assad is arguably the most well-known.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tomass|first=Mark|title=The Religious Roots of the Syrian Conflict: The Remaking of the Fertile Crescent|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2016|isbn=978-1-137-53149-0|location=London|pages=156–157}}</ref> Part of the animosity between the Alawites and the Sunni Islamists of the Muslim Brothers is due to the [[secularization]] of Syria, which the later holds the Alawites in power to be responsible for.

==== Syrian Civil War ====
As of 2015, the majority of the Syrian population consisted of Sunni Muslims, namely two-thirds of the population, which can be found throughout the country. The Alawites are the second largest group, which make up around 10 percent of the population.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Phillips|first=Christopher|date=1 February 2015|title=Sectarianism and Conflict in Syria|journal=Third World Quarterly|volume=36|issue=2|pages=357–376|doi=10.1080/01436597.2015.1015788|s2cid=144558644}}</ref> This makes them a ruling minority. The Alawites were originally settled in the highlands of Northwest Syria, but since the twentieth century have spread to places like [[Latakia]], [[Homs]] and Damascus.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sahner|first=Christian C.|title=Among the Ruins: Syria Past and Present|publisher=Hurst & Company|year=2014|isbn=9781849044004|location=London|pages=81}}</ref> Other groups that can be found in Syria are Christians, among which the Maronite Christians, Druzes and Twelver Shias. Although sectarian identities played a role in the unfolding of events of the Syrian Civil War, the importance of tribal and kinship relationships should not be underestimated, as they can be used to obtain and maintain power and loyalty.<ref name=":20" />

At the start of the protests against President [[Bashar al-Assad|Basher al-Assad]] in March 2011, there was no sectarian nature or approach involved. The opposition had national, inclusive goals and spoke in the name of a collective Syria, although the protesters being mainly Sunni Muslims.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Phillips|first=Christopher|date=1 February 2015|title=Sectarianism and Conflict in Syria|journal=Third World Quarterly|volume=36|issue=2|pages=359|doi=10.1080/01436597.2015.1015788|s2cid=144558644}}</ref> This changed after the protests and the following civil war began to be portrayed in sectarian terms by the regime, as a result of which people started to mobilize along ethnic lines.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wehrey|first=Frederic|title=Beyond Sunni and Shia: The Roots of Sectarianism in a Changing Middle East|publisher=Hurst & Company|year=2017|isbn=9781849048149|location=London|pages=61–62}}</ref> However, this does not mean that the conflict is solely or primarily a sectarian conflict, as there were also socio-economic factors at play. These socio-economic factors were mainly the result of Basher al-Assad's mismanaged economic restructuring.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wehrey|first=Frederic|title=Beyond Sunni and Shia: The Roots of Sectarianism in a Changing Middle East|publisher=Hurst & Company|year=2017|isbn=9781849048149|location=London|pages=68}}</ref> The conflict has therefore been described as being semi-sectarian, making sectarianism a factor at play in the civil war, but certainly does not stand alone in causing the war and has varied in importance throughout time and place.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Phillips|first=Christopher|date=1 February 2015|title=Sectarianism and Conflict in Syria|journal=Third World Quarterly|volume=36|issue=2|pages=358|doi=10.1080/01436597.2015.1015788|s2cid=144558644}}</ref>

In addition to local forces, the role of external actors in the conflict in general as well as the sectarian aspect of the conflict should not be overlooked. Although foreign regimes were first in support of the [[Free Syrian Army]], they eventually ended up supporting sectarian militias with money and arms. However, it has to be said that their sectarian nature did not only attract these flows of support, but they also adopted a more sectarian and Islamic appearance in order to attract this support.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Phillips|first=Christopher|date=1 February 2015|title=Sectarianism and Conflict in Syria|journal=Third World Quarterly|volume=36|issue=2|pages=370|doi=10.1080/01436597.2015.1015788|s2cid=144558644}}</ref>

===Yemen===
{{main|Shia insurgency in Yemen|Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)}}

==== Introduction ====
In Yemen, there have been many clashes between [[Salafi]]s and Shia [[Houthi]]s. According to ''The Washington Post'', "In today’s Middle East, activated sectarianism affects the political cost of alliances, making them easier between co-religionists. That helps explain why Sunni-majority states are lining up against Iran, Iraq and Hezbollah over Yemen."<ref>{{cite news |title=How sectarianism shapes Yemen's war |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2015/04/13/how-sectarianism-shapes-yemens-war/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=13 April 2015}}</ref>

Historically, divisions in Yemen along religious lines ([[sect]]s) used to be less intense than those in Pakistan, [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]], Iraq, [[Saudi Arabia]], and [[Bahrain]]. However, the situation has changed dramatically after the Houthi takeover in 2014.<ref name=":126">{{Cite book|last1=Brehony|first1=Noel|title=Rebuilding Yemen: political, economic and social challenges|last2=Al-Sarhan|first2=Saud|publisher=Gerlach Press|year=2015|isbn=978-3-940924-69-8|location=Berlin|pages=2, 3, 7, 10, 11, 12, 27, 28|oclc=954337262}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite book|last=Potter|first=Lawrence|title=Sectarian Politics in the Persian Gulf|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0-19-937-726-8|location=New York|pages=207–228|oclc=889813086}}</ref><ref name=":05">{{Cite book|last=Day|first=Stephen|title=Regionalism and Rebellion in Yemen: A Troubled National Union|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2012|isbn=978-1-139-42415-8|location=New York|pages=1–312, 43,149,152,194,199,215,216,259,261,262,294|oclc=795895697}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Hull|first=Edmund|title=High-value target: countering al Qaeda in Yemen|date=2011|publisher=Potomac Books|isbn=978-1-59797-679-4|location=Virginia|pages=Introduction|oclc=759401914}}</ref> Most political forces in Yemen are primarily characterized by regional interests and not by religious sectarianism.<ref name=":126"/><ref name=":05"/> Regional interests are, for example, the north's proximity to the [[Hejaz]], the south's coast along the [[Indian Ocean trade]] route, and the southeast's [[oil and gas field]]s.<ref name=":05"/><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last1=Hashemi|first1=Nader|title=Sectarianization: Mapping the new politics of the Middle East|last2=Postel|first2=Danny|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2017|isbn=978-0-19-937-726-8|location=New York|pages=207–228|oclc=957133611}}</ref> Yemen's northern population consists for a substantial part of [[Zaydis]], and its southern population predominantly of [[Shafi'is|Shafi’is]].<ref name=":05"/> [[Hadhramaut]] in Yemen's southeast has a distinct [[Sufism|Sufi]] [[Ba 'Alawiyya|Ba’Alawi]] profile.<ref name=":05"/>

==== Ottoman era, 1849–1918 ====
Sectarianism reached the region once known as [[Arabia Felix]] with the 1911 [[Treaty of Daan]].<ref name=":102">{{Cite book|last=Stookey|first=Robert|title=Yemen: the politics of the Yemen Arab Republic|date=1978|publisher=Westview Press|isbn=0-89158-300-9|location=Colorado|pages=21,22,163,164,172,173,182,234,253|oclc=912527363}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite book|last=Kuehn|first=Thomas|title=Empire, Islam, and politics of difference: Ottoman rule in Yemen, 1849-1919|date=2011|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-21131-5|location=Leiden|pages=28, 201–247|oclc=812943066}}</ref> It divided the [[Yemen Vilayet]] into an Ottoman controlled section and an Ottoman-Zaydi controlled section.<ref name=":102"/><ref name=":8" /> The former dominated by Sunni Islam and the latter by Zaydi-Shia Islam, thus dividing the Yemen Vilayet along Islamic sectarian lines.<ref name=":102"/><ref name=":8" /> [[Imam Yahya|Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din]] became the ruler of the Zaidi community within this Ottoman entity.<ref name=":102"/><ref name=":164">{{Cite book|last=Rabi|first=Uzi|title=Yemen: revolution, civil war and unification|date=2015|publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=978-1-78076-946-2|location=London|pages=14,15,22,23,68,161,166–171,173–192|oclc=900948571}}</ref> Before the agreement, inter-communal battles between Shafi’is and Zaydis never occurred in the Yemen Vilayet.<ref name=":126"/><ref name=":8" /> After the agreement, sectarian strife still did not surface between religious communities.<ref name=":8" /> Feuds between Yemenis were nonsectarian in nature, and Zaydis attacked Ottoman officials not because they were Sunnis.<ref name=":8" />

Following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the divide between Shafi’is and Zaydis changed with the establishment of the [[Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen|Kingdom of Yemen]].<ref name=":102"/><ref name=":164"/> Shafi’i scholars were compelled to accept the supreme authority of Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din, and the army “institutionalized the supremacy of the Zaydi tribesman over the Shafi’is”.<ref name=":102"/><ref name=":164"/>

==== Unification period, 1918–1990 ====
Before the 1990 [[Yemeni unification]], the region had never been united as one country.<ref name=":126"/><ref name=":9">{{Cite book|last=Ferris|first=Jesse|title=Nasser's Gamble: How Intervention in Yemen Caused the Six-Day War and the Decline of Egyptian Power|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2012|isbn=978-1-4008-4523-1|location=Princeton|oclc=845246859}}</ref> In order to create unity and overcome sectarianism, the [[myth]] of [[Qahtanite]] was used as a nationalist [[narrative]].<ref name=":05"/> Although not all [[ethnic group]]s of Yemen fit in this narrative, such as the [[Al-Akhdam]] and the [[Teimanim]].<ref name=":05"/><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title='Even war discriminates': Yemen's minorities, exiled at home|url=https://minorityrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/MRG_Brief_Yemen_Jan16.pdf|last=El Rajji|first=Rania|date=2016|website=Minority Rights Group International}}</ref> The latter established a Jewish kingdom in ancient Yemen, the only one ever created outside [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]].<ref name=":15">{{Cite book|last=Schmidt|first=Dana|title=Yemen: the unknown war|publisher=The Bodley Head|year=1968|location=London|pages=76,103,104|oclc=963440070}}</ref> A [[massacre]] of Christians, executed by the Jewish king [[Dhu Nuwas]], eventually led to the fall of the [[Homerite Kingdom]].<ref name=":102"/><ref name=":15" /> In modern times, the establishment of the [[Jewish state]] resulted in the [[1947 Aden riots]], after which most Teimanim left the country during [[Operation Magic Carpet (Yemen)|Operation Magic Carpet]].<ref name=":6" />

Conflicting [[Geopolitics|geopolitical]] interests surfaced during the [[North Yemen Civil War]] (1962–1970).<ref name=":9" /> [[Wahhabism|Wahhabist]] Saudi Arabia and other Arab [[monarchies]] supported [[Muhammad al-Badr]], the deposed Zaydi [[imam]] of the Kingdom of Yemen.<ref name=":126"/><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":24">{{Cite book|last=Wedeen|first=Lisa|title=Peripheral visions: publics, power, and performance in Yemen|date=2008|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-87791-4|location=Chicago|pages=2, 46–51, 149–150, 153–157, 165–167, 180–185|oclc=435911844}}</ref> His adversary, [[Abdullah al-Sallal]], received support from [[Egypt]] and other Arab [[republic]]s.<ref name=":126"/><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":24"/> Both international backings were not based on religious sectarian affiliation.<ref name=":126"/><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":24"/><ref name=":174">{{Cite book|last=Lackner|first=Helen|title=Yemen in crisis: autocracy, neo-liberalism and the disintegration of a state|publisher=Saqi Books|year=2017|isbn=978-0-86356-193-1|location=London|pages=37,49,50,56,70,72,81,82,86,125,126,149,155,159,160|oclc=975123669}}</ref> In Yemen however, President Abdullah al-Sallal (a Zaydi) sidelined his vice-president Abdurrahman al-Baidani (a Shaffi'i) for not being a member of the Zaydi sect.<ref name=":102" /><ref name=":15" /> Shaffi'i officials of [[Yemen Arab Republic|North Yemen]] also lobbied for "the establishment of a separate Shaffi'i state in [[Lower Yemen]]" in this period.<ref name=":102" />

==== Contemporary Sunni–Shia rivalry ====
According to [[Lisa Wedeen]], the perceived [[Shia–Sunni relations|sectarian rivalry between Sunnis and Shias]] in the [[Muslim world]] is not the same as Yemen's sectarian rivalry between Salafists and Houthis.<ref name=":24"/> Not all supporters of [[Houthi tribe|Houthi's]] Ansar Allah movement are Shia, and not all Zaydis are Houthis.<ref name=":05"/><ref name=":63">{{Cite web|title='Even war discriminates': Yemen's minorities, exiled at home|url=https://minorityrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/MRG_Brief_Yemen_Jan16.pdf|last=El Rajji|first=Rania|date=2016|website=Minority Rights Group International}}</ref><ref name=":174"/> Although most Houthis are followers of Shia's Zaydi branch, most Shias in the world are from the [[Twelver]] branch. Yemen is [[geographically]] not in proximity of the so-called [[Shia crescent|Shia Crescent]]. To link [[Hezbollah]] and [[Iran]], whose subjects are overwhelmingly Twelver Shias, organically with Houthis is exploited for political purposes.<ref name=":164"/><ref name=":63" /><ref name=":174"/><ref name=":142">{{Cite book|last=Fraihat|first=Ibrahim|title=Unfinished revolutions: Yemen, Libya, and Tunisia after the Arab Spring|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0-300-21563-2|location=New Haven|pages=39–57,79–83,112–116,161–166,177–182,224|oclc=945662865}}</ref><ref name=":52">{{Cite web|title=Yemen in Crisis|url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/190632/Backgrounder_%20Yemen's%20Ci...pdf|last=Laub|first=Zachary|date=2015|website=Council on Foreign Relations}}</ref> Saudi Arabia emphasized an alleged military support of Iran for the Houthis during [[Operation Scorched Earth]].<ref name=":126"/><ref name=":63" /><ref name=":43">{{Cite journal|last=Dorlian|first=Samy|date=2011|title=The ṣa'da War in Yemen: between Politics and Sectarianism|journal=The Muslim World|language=en|volume=101|issue=2|pages=182–201|doi=10.1111/j.1478-1913.2011.01352.x|issn=1478-1913}}</ref> The [[slogan of the Houthi movement]] is '[[Death to America]], death to [[Israel]], a curse upon the [[Jews]]'. This is a [[Trope (philosophy)|trope]] of Iran and Hezbollah, so the Houthis seem to have no qualms about a perceived association with them.<ref name=":05"/><ref name=":164"/><ref name=":63" /><ref name=":43"/>

==== Tribes and political movements ====
[[Tribal culture]] in the southern regions has virtually disappeared through [[policies]] of the [[People's Democratic Republic of Yemen]].<ref name=":05"/><ref name=":11">{{Cite web|title=War and pieces: Political divides in southern Yemen|url=https://www.ecfr.eu/page/-/war_and_pieces_political_divides_in_southern_yemen.pdf|last1=Al-Hamdani|first1=Raiman|last2=Lackner|first2=Helen|date=2020|website=European Council on Foreign Relations}}</ref> However, Yemen's northern part is still home to the powerful tribal [[confederation]]s of [[Bakil]] and [[Hashid]].<ref name=":05"/> These tribal confederations maintain their own [[institution]]s without state interference, such as [[prison]]s, [[court]]s, and [[armed forces]].<ref name=":05"/> Unlike the Bakils, the Hashids adopted Salafist tenets, and during the [[Sa'dah War|Sa’dah War]] (2004–2015) sectarian tensions materialized.<ref name=":05"/> Yemen's Salafists attacked the Zaydi [[Mosque]] of Razih in [[Sa'dah|Sa’dah]] and destroyed [[tomb]]s of Zaydi imams across Yemen.<ref name=":32"/><ref name=":05"/><ref name=":24"/> In turn, Houthis attacked Yemen's main Salafist center of [[Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i|Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'I]] during the [[Siege of Dammaj]].<ref name=":32" /><ref name=":05"/><ref name=":174"/> Houthis also attacked the Salafist [[Bin Salman Mosque]] and threatened various Teimanim families.<ref name=":164"/><ref name=":43"/>

Members of Hashid's [[elite]] founded the Sunni [[Islamism|Islamist]] party [[Al-Islah (Yemen)|Al-Islah]] and, as a counterpart, [[Party of Truth (Yemen)|Hizb al-Haqq]] was founded by Zaydis with the support of Bakil's elite.<ref name=":05"/><ref name=":174"/><ref name=":43"/> [[Violent non-state actor]]s Al-Qaeda, [[Ansar al-Sharia (Yemen)|Ansar al-Sharia]] and [[Daesh]], particularly active in southern cities like [[Mukalla]], fuel sectarian tendencies with their animosity towards Yemen's [[Isma'ilism|Isma'ilis]], Zaydis, and others.<ref name=":126"/><ref name=":05"/><ref name=":62">{{Cite web|title='Even war discriminates': Yemen's minorities, exiled at home|url=https://minorityrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/MRG_Brief_Yemen_Jan16.pdf|last=El Rajji|first=Rania|date=2016|website=Minority Rights Group International}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Yemen in Crisis|url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/190632/Backgrounder_%20Yemen's%20Ci...pdf|last=Laub|first=Zachary|date=2015|website=Council on Foreign Relations}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=Whatever happened to Yemen's army?|url=https://www.iss.europa.eu/sites/default/files/EUISSFiles/Brief_9_Yemen.pdf|last=Gaub|first=Florence|date=2015|website=European Union Institute for Security Studies}}</ref> An [[assassination]] attempt in 1995 on [[Hosni Mubarak]], executed by Yemen's Islamists, damaged the country's international reputation.<ref name=":164"/> The [[War on Terrorism in Yemen|war on terror]] further strengthened [[Salafi jihadism|Salafist-jihadist]] groups impact on Yemen's politics.<ref name=":05"/><ref name=":164"/><ref name=":24"/> The 2000 [[USS Cole bombing]] resulted in US [[military operation]]s on Yemen's soil.<ref name=":05"/><ref name=":164"/> [[Collateral damage]] caused by [[cruise missile]]s, [[cluster bombs]], and [[List of drone strikes in Yemen|drone attacks]], deployed by the United States, compromised Yemen's [[sovereignty]].<ref name=":05"/><ref name=":164"/><ref name=":174"/>

==== Ali Abdullah Saleh's reign ====
[[Ali Abdullah Saleh]] is a Zaydi from the Hashid's Sanhan clan and founder of the nationalist party [[General People's Congress (Yemen)|General People's Congress]].<ref name=":05"/> During his decades long reign as [[head of state]], he used Sa'dah's Salafist's ideological dissemination against Zaydi's [[Islamic revival]] [[advocacy]].<ref name=":24"/><ref name=":43"/> In addition, the [[Armed forces of Yemen|Armed Forces of Yemen]] used Salafists as [[mercenaries]] to fight against Houthis.<ref name=":05" /> Though, Ali Abdullah Saleh also used Houthis as a political counterweight to Yemen's [[Muslim Brotherhood]].<ref name=":164"/><ref name=":43" /> Due to the Houthis persistent opposition to the central government, [[Upper Yemen]] was economically marginalized by the state.<ref name=":164" /><ref name=":43" /> This policy of [[divide and rule]] executed by Ali Abdullah Saleh worsened Yemen's [[social cohesion]] and nourished sectarian persuasions within Yemen's society.<ref name=":164" /><ref name=":24" /><ref name=":43" />

Following the [[Arab Spring]] and the [[Yemeni Revolution]], Ali Abdullah Saleh was forced to step down as president in 2012.<ref name=":05" /><ref name=":13">{{Cite book|last=Bonnefoy|first=Laurent|title=Yemen and the world: beyond insecurity|publisher=Hurst & Company|year=2018|isbn=978-1-849-04966-5|location=London|pages=48–51|oclc=1089454196}}</ref> Subsequently, a complex and violent power struggle broke out between three national [[alliance]]s: (1) Ali Abdullah Saleh, his political party General People's Congress, and the Houthis; (2) [[Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar]], supported by the political party Al-Islah; (3) [[Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi]], supported by the Joint Meeting Parties.<ref name=":174"/><ref name=":142"/><ref name=":72">{{Cite web|title=Whatever happened to Yemen's army?|url=https://www.iss.europa.eu/sites/default/files/EUISSFiles/Brief_9_Yemen.pdf|last=Gaub|first=Florence|date=2015|website=European Union Institute for Security Studies}}</ref> According to Ibrahim Fraihat, “Yemen’s conflict has never been about sectarianism, as the Houthis were originally motivated by economic and political grievances. However, in 2014, the regional context substantially changed”.<ref name=":142"/> The [[Houthi takeover in Yemen|Houthi takeover]] in 2014-2015 provoked a [[Saudi-led intervention in Yemen|Saudi-led intervention]], strengthening the sectarian dimension of the conflict.<ref name=":126"/><ref name=":142"/> Hezbollah's [[Hassan Nasrallah]] heavily criticized the Saudi intervention, bolstering the regional Sunni-Shia geopolitical dynamic behind it.<ref name=":142"/>

===Saudi Arabia===
{{Main|Sectarianism in Saudi Arabia}}

Sectarianism in [[Saudi Arabia]] is exemplified through the tensions with its Shi’ite population, who constitute up to 15% of the Saudi population.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|date=2017|title=The Shiites of Saudi Arabia:: Riyadh's Ultimate Other|chapter=The Shiites of Saudi Arabia |journal=Saudi Arabia, the Gulf, and the New Regional Landscape|chapter-url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep04754.8|pages=37–42}}</ref> This includes the anti-Shi’ite policies and persecution of the Shi’ites by the Saudi government.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Neo|first=Ric|date=1 September 2020|title=Religious securitisation and institutionalised sectarianism in Saudi Arabia|journal=Critical Studies on Security|volume=8|issue=3|pages=203–222|doi=10.1080/21624887.2020.1795479|issn=2162-4887|doi-access=free}}</ref> According to [[Human Rights Watch]], Shi’ites face marginalisation socially, politically, religiously, legally and economically, whilst facing discrimination in education and in the workplace.<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 September 2009|title=Saudi Arabia: Treat Shia Equally|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2009/09/03/saudi-arabia-treat-shia-equally|access-date=12 May 2021|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en}}</ref> This history dates back to 1744, with the establishment of a coalition between the [[House of Saud]] and the [[Wahhabism|Wahhabis]], who equate Shi’ism with polytheism.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Hiro|first=Dilip|title=Cold war in the Islamic world : Saudi Arabia, Iran and the struggle for supremacy|date=2018|isbn=978-0-19-005022-1|location=New York|oclc=1083471952}}</ref> Over the course of the twentieth century clashes and tensions unfolded between the Shi’ites and the Saudi regime, including the [[1979 Qatif Uprising]] and the repercussions of the [[1987 Mecca incident|1987 Makkah Incident]].<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite journal|date=1 November 2017|title=Oil, Dissent, and Distribution|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305750X15312420|journal=World Development|language=en|volume=99|pages=186–202|doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.05.028|issn=0305-750X|last1=Mazaheri|first1=Nimah|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Though relations underwent a détente in the 1990s and the early 2000s, tensions rose again after the 2003 US-led election of Iraq (owing to a broader rise of Shi’ism in the region) and peaked during the [[Arab Spring]].<ref name=":2" /> Sectarianism in Saudi Arabia has attracted widespread attention by Human Rights groups, including Human Rights Watch and [[Amnesty International]], especially after the [[Execution of Nimr al-Nimr|execution]] of Shi'ite cleric [[Nimr al-Nimr]] in 2016, who was active in the [[2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests|2011 domestic protests]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shia cleric among 47 executed by Saudi Arabia in a single day|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2016/01/shia-cleric-among-47-executed-by-saudi-arabia-in-a-single-day/|access-date=12 May 2021|website=www.amnesty.org|date=2 January 2016 |language=en}}</ref> Despite [[Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia|Crown Prince]] [[Mohammed bin Salman]]'s [[Saudi Vision 2030|reforms]], Shi’ites continue to face discrimination today.<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 September 2018|title=Saudi Arabia's "Reforms" Don't Include Tolerance of Shia Community|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/09/21/saudi-arabias-reforms-dont-include-tolerance-shia-community|access-date=12 May 2021|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=15 February 2021|title=Saudi Arabia: Further Textbook Reforms Needed|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/02/15/saudi-arabia-further-textbook-reforms-needed|access-date=12 May 2021|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en}}</ref>

===Lebanon===
{{Main|Sectarianism in Lebanon}}

Sectarianism in Lebanon has been formalized and legalized within state and non-state institutions and is inscribed in its constitution. Lebanon recognizes 18 different sects, mainly within Muslim and Christian worlds. The foundations of sectarianism in Lebanon date back to the mid-19th century during Ottoman rule. It was subsequently reinforced with the creation of the Republic of Lebanon in 1920 and its 1926 constitution and in the National Pact of 1943. In 1990, with the Taif Agreement, the constitution was revised but did not structurally change aspects relating to political sectarianism.<ref name="Bahout">{{cite journal|last=Bahout|first=Joseph|title=Sectarianism in Lebanon and Syria: The Dynamics of Mutual Spill-Over|journal=United States Institute of Peace|date=18 November 2013}}</ref> The dynamic nature of sectarianism in Lebanon has prompted some historians and authors to refer to it as "the sectarian state ''par excellence''" because it is a mixture of religious communities and their myriad sub-divisions, with a constitutional and political order to match.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hirst|first=David|title=Beware of Small States: Lebanon, Battleground of the Middle East|year=2011|publisher=Nation Books|page=2}}</ref> Yet, the reality on the ground has been more complex than such a conclusion, because as Nadya Sbaiti has shown in her research, in the aftermath of the First World War, the “need of shaping a collective future that paralleled shifting conceptions of the newly territorialized nation-state of Lebanon”<ref name=":22">{{cite book |last1=Deeb |first1=Lara |last2=Nalbantian |first2=Tsolin |last3=Sbaiti |first3=Nadya |title=Practicing Sectarianism |date=2022 |publisher=Stanford University Press |location=Stanford |page=16 }}</ref> was clearly present. “Over the course of the Mandate, educational practitioners and the wide range of schools that proliferated helped shape the epistemological infrastructure en route to creating this entity. By ‘epistemological infrastructure’, one means the cast array of ideas that become validated as truths and convincing explanations.”<ref name="Practicing Sectarianism">{{cite book |last1=Sbaiti |first1=Nadya |last2=Nalbantian |first2=Tsolin |last3=Deeb |first3=Lara |title=Practicing Sectarianism |date=2022 |publisher=Stanford University Press |location=Stanford |page=16 }}</ref> In other words, contrary to the colonial sectarian education system, “students, parents, and teachers created educational content through curricula, and educational practices so as to produce new ‘communities of knowledge’. These communities of knowledge, connected as they were by worlds of ideas and networks of knowledge, often transcended confessional, sociopolitical, and even at times regional subjectivities.”<ref name="Practicing Sectarianism"/> Some of these schools such as the "Ahliyya National School for Girls" would even go as far as to promote an anti-colonial stance among students to increase popular resistance towards French Mandate policies at the time.<ref>Sbaiti, N., Nalbantian, T., & Deeb, L. (2022). No Room for This Story: Education and the Limits of Sectarianism during the Mandate Era. In Practicing Sectarianism (pp. 14–30). Stanford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781503633872-004 | page 22</ref> This perspective therefore also uncovers the underlying factors at work within these historical events and confirms that such happenings were not inevitable but simply one of many paths for possible outcomes.<ref>Sbaiti, N., Nalbantian, T., & Deeb, L. (2022). No Room for This Story: Education and the Limits of Sectarianism during the Mandate Era. In Practicing Sectarianism (pp. 14–30). Stanford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781503633872-004 | page 30</ref> In a more recent development, the sectarian political system in Lebanon was questioned, as 2019-uprisings prompted "calls to dismantle the system were both a culmination of the growth of multiple activist movements over the past decades—including the intersection of antisectarian, feminist, environmentalist, and queer rights strands—and an echo of earlier movements on the left."<ref>{{cite book |last1=L AR A DEEB, TSOLIN NA LBA N TIA N, and NADYA SBAITI |title=Practicing sectarianism |date=2023 |publisher=Stanford University Press |pages=11 |chapter=I N T R O D U C T I O N P R A C T I C I N G S E C T A R I A N I S M I N L E B A N O N}}</ref>

==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Apartheid]]
* [[Bigot]]
* [[Chauvinism]]
* [[Collective narcissism]]
* [[Communalism (South Asia)]]
* [[Cybersectarianism]]
* [[Discrimination]]
* [[Ethnic cleansing]]
* [[Exclusivism]]
* [[Group conflict]]
* [[Homophobia]]
* [[Identity politics]]
* [[Identitarianism]]
* [[Ingroups and outgroups]]
* [[Jingoism]]
* [[Narcissism of small differences]]
* [[Partisanship]]
* [[Pillarization]]
* [[Religious segregation]]
* [[Racism]]
* [[Sect]]
* [[Supremacism]]
* [[Tribalism]]
* [[Xenophobia]]
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Wiktionary|sectarian}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160401130757/http://tda-sy.org/english-sectarianism-in-syria-survey-study/?lang=en Sectarianism in Syria (Survey Study), The Day After, 2016.]
* [http://www.yourmiddleeast.com/culture/middle-east-sectarianism-explained-the-narcissism-of-small-differences_31307 Middle East sectarianism explained: the narcissism of small differences] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425101639/http://www.yourmiddleeast.com/culture/middle-east-sectarianism-explained-the-narcissism-of-small-differences_31307 |date=2017-04-25 }} Victor Argo 13 April 2015 ''Your Middle East''
* Bryan R. Wilson, ''The Social Dimensions of Sectarianism: Sects and New Religious Movements in Contemporary Society'', Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1990

{{Discrimination}}

[[Category:Sectarianism| ]]
[[Category:Identity politics]]
[[Category:Religious discrimination]]
[[Category:Social conflict]]

List of Hindi films of 1983

2026-03-18T17:30:57Z

SadguruCaterer: cleaned up page further and added references

{{Short description|none}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Bollywood films}}
A list of films produced by the [[Bollywood]] film industry based in [[Mumbai]] in 1983:
==Top-grossing films==
The top highest grossing films at the Indian Box Office in
1983:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! 1983 rank
! Title
! Cast
! Box office
|-
| 1.
| '''''[[Coolie (1983 Hindi film)|Coolie]]'''''
| [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Rati Agnihotri]], [[Kader Khan]], [[Shoma Anand]], [[Waheeda Rehman]]
| {{INR}}180 million<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3062|title=Aao Pyaar Karen – Movie|publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2.
| '''''[[Betaab]]'''''
| [[Sunny Deol]], [[Amrita Singh]], [[Nirupa Roy]], [[Shammi Kapoor]], [[Prem Chopra]]
| {{INR}}135 million<ref name="auto"/>
|-
| 3.
| '''''[[Hero (1983 film)|Hero]]'''''
| [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Meenakshi Seshadri]], [[Shammi Kapoor]], [[Sanjeev Kumar]]
| {{INR}}125 million<ref name="auto"/>
|-
| 4.
| '''''[[Himmatwala (1983 film)|Himmatwala]]'''''
| [[Jeetendra]], [[Sridevi]]
| {{INR}}120 million<ref name="auto"/>
|-
| 5.
| '''''[[Mahaan (1983 film)|Mahaan]]'''''
| [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Zeenat Aman]], [[Parveen Babi]], [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]]
| {{INR}}110 million<ref name="auto"/>
|-
| 6.
| '''''[[Andha Kanoon]]'''''
| [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Hema Malini]], [[Rajinikanth]], [[Reena Roy]], [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]]
| {{INR}}100 million<ref name="auto"/>
|-
| 7.
| '''''[[Mawaali]]'''''
| [[Jeetendra]], [[Jaya Prada]], [[Sridevi]]
| {{INR}}95 million<ref name="auto"/>
|-
| 8.
| '''''[[Pukaar]]'''''
| [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Zeenat Aman]], [[Randhir Kapoor]], [[Tina Munim]]
| {{INR}}90 million<ref name="auto"/>
|-
| 9.
| '''''[[Naukar Biwi Ka]]'''''
| [[Dharmendra]], [[Reena Roy]], [[Anita Raj]], [[Raj Babbar]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], [[Kader Khan]], [[Vinod Mehra]]
| {{INR}}90 million<ref name="auto"/>
|-
| 10.
| '''''[[Justice Chaudhury]]'''''
| [[Jeetendra]], [[Hema Malini]], [[Moushumi Chatterjee]], [[Sridevi]]
| {{INR}}85 million<ref name="auto"/>
|-
| 11.
| '''''[[Souten]]'''''
| [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Padmini Kolhapure]], [[Tina Munim]]
| {{INR}}80 million<ref name="auto"/>
|-
| 12.
| '''''[[Avtaar]]'''''
| [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Shabana Azmi]]
| {{INR}}76 million<ref name="auto"/>
|-
| 13.
| '''''[[Nastik (1983 film)|Nastik]]'''''
| [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Hema Malini]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]]
| {{INR}}70 million<ref name="auto"/>
|-
| 14.
| '''''[[Arpan]]'''''
| [[Jeetendra]], [[Reena Roy]], [[Parveen Babi]]
|-
| 15.
| '''''[[Jaani Dost]]'''''
| [[Dharmendra]], [[Jeetendra]], [[Parveen Babi]], [[Sridevi]]
|}

==Films==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Sources
|-
| ''[[Aao Pyaar Karen (1983 film)|Aao Pyaar Karen]]'' || [[Prakash Verma]] || [[Benjamin Gilani]], [[Radhika Barkatke]], [[Amrit Patel]] || Romance ||
|-
| ''[[Achha Bura]]'' || [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]] || [[Raj Babbar]], [[Anita Raj]], [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]] || World Cinema ||
|-
| ''[[Agar Tum Na Hote]]'' || [[Lekh Tandon]] || [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Rekha]], [[Raj Babbar]] || Drama, Family ||
|-
| ''[[Agent 123]]'' || [[Gita Priya]] || [[Baby Indira]], [[Master Ram Krishna]], [[Bhanu Prakash]] || Thriller ||
|-
|''[[Andha Kanoon]]'' || [[T. Rama Rao]] || [[Rajinikanth]], [[Hema Malini]], [[Reena Roy]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] || Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Ardh Satya]]'' || [[Govind Nihalani]] || [[Om Puri]], [[Smita Patil]], [[Amrish Puri]], [[Sadashiv Amrapurkar]] || Crime, Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Arohan (film)|Arohan]]'' || [[Shyam Benegal]] || [[Victor Banerjee]], [[Noni Ganguly]], [[Pankaj Kapur]] || Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Arpan]]'' || [[J. Om Prakash]] || [[Jeetendra]], [[Reena Roy]], [[Parveen Babi]] || Drama, Family ||
|-
| ''[[Ashray (1983 film)|Ashray]]'' || [[Biplab Roy Chowdhury]] ||Anmol Palekar, Anita Dass, Safi Inamdar || ||
|-
| ''[[Avtaar]]'' || [[Mohan Kumar (director)|Mohan Kumar]] || [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Shabana Azmi]], [[Sachin (actor)|Sachin]], [[Gulshan Grover]], [[A. K. Hangal]] || Family, Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Bade Dil Wala]]'' || [[Bhappi Sonie]] || [[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Tina Munim]], [[Sarika]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] || Drama, Action, Crime, Family, Romance ||
|-
| ''[[Bandhan Kuchchey Dhaagon Ka]]'' || [[Anil Sharma (director)|Anil Sharma]] || [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Zeenat Aman]], [[Raakhee Gulzar]] || Drama, Family ||
|-
| ''[[Bekaraar]]'' || [[Rajendra Prasad V.B.]] || [[Asrani]], [[Mohnish Bahl]], [[Mohan Choti]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Bekhabar]]'' || [[Kedar Kapoor]] ||Master Bhagwan, Zarina Wahab, Madhu Kapoor, Rajendranath, K. N. Singh ||Drama ||
|-
|''[[Betaab]]'' || [[Rahul Rawail]] || [[Sunny Deol]], [[Amrita Singh]], [[Nirupa Roy]], [[Shammi Kapoor]], [[Prem Chopra]] || Romance ||
|-
| ''[[Chatpati]]'' || [[V. Ravindra]] || [[Smita Patil]], [[Raj Kiran (actor)|Raj Kiran]], [[Reema Lagoo]] || Comedy ||
|-
| ''[[Chor Police]]'' || [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]] || [[Shatrughan Sinha]], [[Parveen Babi]], [[Vinod Mehra]], [[Shakti Kapoor]], [[Ashok Kumar]] || Action, Crime, Drama ||
|-
|''[[Coolie (1983 Hindi film)|Coolie]]'' || [[Manmohan Desai]] || [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Waheeda Rehman]], [[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Rati Agnihotri]], [[Shoma Anand]], [[Kader Khan]] || Action ||
|-
| ''[[Dard-E-Dil]]'' || [[Suraj Prakash]] || [[Mukesh Khanna]], [[Zarina Wahab]], [[Shashikala]] || Action ||
|-
| ''[[Daulat Ke Dushman]]'' || [[Bimal Rawal]] || [[Shatrughan Sinha]], [[Vinod Khanna]], [[Manjushree]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] || Action ||
|-
| ''[[Dhat Tere... Ki]]'' || [[Meraj]] || [[Ravi Baswani]], [[Abhi Bhattacharya]], [[Akhil Mishra]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Do Gulab]]'' || [[Durai (director)|Durai]] || [[Vijay Arora]], [[Meenakshi Seshadri]], [[Sonia Sahni]], [[Rakesh Bedi]], [[Dilip Dhawan]] || Drama, Romance ||
|-
| ''[[Doosri Dulhan]]'' || [[Lekh Tandon]] || [[Victor Banerjee]], [[Sharmila Tagore]], [[Shabana Azmi]] || Drama, Family ||
|-
| ''[[Du-Janay]]'' || [[Ardhendu Chatterjee]] || || ||
|-
| ''Ek Baar Chale Aao'' || [[Jagdish Saldanah]] || [[Farooq Sheikh]], [[Deepti Naval]], [[Girish Karnad]] || Social Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Ek Din Bahu Ka]]'' || [[Desh Gautam]] || [[Vijay Arora]], [[Saeed Jaffrey]], [[Suresh Oberoi]] || Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Ek Jaan Hain Hum]]'' || [[Rajiv Mehra]] || [[Rakesh Bedi]], [[Avtar Gill]], [[Gulshan Grover]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] || Family, Romance ||
|-
| ''[[Faraib]]'' || [[Rajat Rakshit]] || [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Ranjeeta Kaur]] || Action, Thriller ||
|-
| ''[[Fareb (1983 film)|Fareb]]'' || [[Tej Sapru]] || || ||
|-
| ''[[Film Hi Film]]'' || [[Hiren Nag]] || [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], [[Ramesh Deo]], [[Seema Deo]] || Comedy, Drama, Musical, Romance ||
|-
| ''[[Ganga Meri Maa]]'' || [[Shyam Ralhan]] || [[Danny Denzongpa]], [[Iftekhar]], [[Sujit Kumar]] || Action, Thriller ||
|-
| ''[[Gehri Chot - Urf: Durdesh]]'' || [[Ambrish Sangal]] || [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Sharmila Tagore]], [[Parveen Babi]], [[Raj Babbar]], [[Nadeem (actor)|Nadeem]] || Action, Crime, Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Ghungroo]]'' || [[Ram Sethi]] || [[Smita Patil]], [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Kunal Goswami]] || Family ||
|-
| ''[[Godam]]'' || [[Dilip Chitre]] || [[Satyadev Dubey]], [[K.K. Raina]], [[Trupti]] || Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Greed (1983 film)|Greed]]'' || [[Shankar Nag]] || [[Vinod Mehra]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Haadsa]]'' || [[Akbar Khan (director)|Akbar Khan]] || [[Akbar Khan (director)|Akbar Khan]], [[Ranjeeta Kaur]], [[Smita Patil]] || Action, Thriller ||
|-
|''[[Hero (1983 film)|Hero]]'' || [[Subhash Ghai]] || [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Meenakshi Seshadri]], [[Shammi Kapoor]], [[Shakti Kapoor]] || Action ||
|-
|''[[Himmatwala (1983 film)|Himmatwala]]'' || [[T. Rama Rao]] || [[Jeetendra]], [[Sridevi]] || Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Hum Se Hai Zamana]]'' || [[Deepak Bahry]] || [[Zeenat Aman]], [[Major Anand]], [[Beena Bawa]] || Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Humse Na Jeeta Koi]]'' || [[Shibu Mitra]] || [[Shoma Anand]], [[Birbal]], [[Mohan Choti]] || ||
|-
|''[[Jaane Bhi Do Yaaro]]'' || [[Kundan Shah]] || [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Om Puri]], [[Ravi Baswani]] || Comedy ||
|-
|''[[Jaane Jaan]]'' || [[Ramesh Behl]] || [[Randhir Kapoor]], [[Neetu Singh]] || Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Jaani Dost]]'' || [[K. Raghavendra Rao]] || [[Dharmendra]], [[Jeetendra]], [[Parveen Babi]], [[Sridevi]] || Action, Comedy, Crime, Drama, Romance ||
|-
| ''[[Jai Baba Amarnath]]'' || [[B. R. Ishara]] || [[Mohan Choti]], [[Vikram Makandar]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Jeet Hamaari]]'' || [[R. Thyagarajan (director)|R. Thyagarajan]] || [[Rakesh Roshan]], [[Rajinikanth]], [[Ranjeeta Kaur]] || Action ||
|-
| ''[[Jeevan Sukh]]'' || [[Debu Sen]] || [[Praveen Paul]], [[Dheeraj Kumar]], Monica, [[Dhumal (actor)|Dhumal]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Justice Chaudhury]]'' || [[K. Raghavendra Rao]] || [[Jeetendra]], [[Hema Malini]], [[Sridevi]] || Action, Drama, Family, Comedy ||
|-
| ''[[Kaise Kaise Log]]'' || [[D.S. Azad]] || [[Rohini Hattangadi]], [[Ayesha Jhulka]], [[Goga Kapoor]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Kalaakaar]]'' || [[P. Sambasiva Rao]] || [[Kunal Goswami]], [[Sridevi]], [[Rakesh Bedi]] || Family, Romance ||
|-
| ''[[Kalka (1983 film)|Kalka]]'' || [[Loksen Lalvani]] || [[Mazhar Khan (actor, born 1955)|Mazhar Khan]], [[Paintal]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]], [[Sarika]], [[Ranjeet]] || ||
|-
|''[[Karate (film)|Karate]]'' || [[Deb Mukherjee]] || [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Deb Mukherjee]], [[Mazhar Khan (actor, born 1955)|Mazhar Khan]], [[Yogeeta Bali]], [[Kajal Kiran]] || Action ||
|-
| ''[[Kashmira]]'' || [[Sukhdev Ahluwalia]] || [[Veena Kapoor]], [[Rabia Nazki]], [[Monto]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Katha (1983 film)|Katha]]'' || [[Sai Paranjpye]] || [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Farooq Shaikh]], [[Deepti Naval]] || Comedy, Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Kaun? Kaisey?]]'' || [[Anil Ganguily]] || Bina, [[Ardhendu Bose]], [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Anita Raj]], [[Ranjeeta]] || Crime ||
|-
| ''[[Kaya Palat]]'' || [[Satyen Bose]] || [[Ashok Kumar]] || ||
|-
|''[[Kissi Se Na Kehna]]'' || [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]] || [[Farooq Shaikh]], [[Deepti Naval]], [[Utpal Dutt]] || Comedy ||
|-
| ''[[Lalach]]'' || [[Shankar Nag]] || [[Vinod Mehra]], [[Kaajal Kiran]], [[Bindiya Goswami]], [[Ranjeet]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Lal Chunariya]]'' || [[Sudarshan Lal]] || [[Minaxi Anand]], [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Dulari (actress)|Dulari]] || Action, Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Log Kya Kahenge (film)|Log Kya Kahenge]]'' || [[B.R. Ishara]] || [[Navin Nischol]], [[Shabana Azmi]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]] || Family ||
|-
| ''[[Lovers (1983 film)|Lovers]]'' || [[Bharathi Raja]] || [[Kumar Gaurav]], [[Padmini Kolhapure]], [[Rakesh Bedi]] || Comedy, Drama, Romance ||
|-
| ''[[Love in Goa]]'' || [[Hersh Kohli]] || [[Ashok Kumar]], [[Om Prakash]], [[Mayur Verma]] || Romance, Drama ||
|-
|''[[Mahaan (1983 film)|Mahaan]]'' || [[S. Ramanathan (film director)|S. Ramanathan]] || [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Waheeda Rehman]], [[Parveen Babi]], [[Zeenat Aman]], [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]], [[Kader Khan]], [[Shakti Kapoor]] || Action, Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Main Awara Hoon]]'' || [[Ashim S. Samanta]] || [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Raj Babbar]], [[Jaya Prada]] || Drama, Family ||
|-
| ''[[Mandi (1983 film)|Mandi]]'' || [[Shyam Benegal]] || [[Shabana Azmi]], [[Smita Patil]], [[Naseeruddin Shah]] || Comedy, Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Mangal Pandey (1983 film)|Mangal Pandey]]'' || [[Harmesh Malhotra]] || [[Ranjit Sood]], [[Ajit Khan]], [[Harbans Darshan M. Arora]] || Action, Crime, Thriller, Drama ||
|-
|''[[Masoom (1983 film)|Masoom]]'' || [[Shekhar Kapur]] || [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Shabana Azmi]], [[Urmila Matondkar]], [[Jugal Hansraj]] || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Mawaali]]'' || [[T. Rama Rao]] || [[Jeetendra]], [[Sridevi]], [[Jaya Prada]], [[Kadar Khan]], [[Prem Chopra]], [[Shakti Kapoor]] || Drama ||
|-
|''[[Mazdoor]]'' || [[Ravi Chopra]] || [[Dilip Kumar]], [[Raj Babbar]], [[Padmini Kolhapure]], [[Rati Agnihotri]] || Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Mehndi (1983 film)|Mehndi]]'' || [[Asit Sen (director)|Asit Sen]] || [[Vinod Mehra]], [[Raj Babbar]], [[Ranjeeta Kaur]] || ||
|-
|''[[Mujhe Insaaf Chahiye]]'' || [[T. Rama Rao]] || [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Rekha]], [[Rati Agnihotri]] || Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Mujhe Vachan Do]]'' || [[Shibu Mitra]] || [[Mehandra Shandu]], [[Neeta Mehta]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Nastik (1983 film)|Nastik]]'' || [[Pramod Chakravorty]] || [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Hema Malini]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]] || Action ||
|-
|''[[Naukar Biwi Ka]]'' || [[Rajkumar Kohli]] || [[Dharmendra]], [[Reena Roy]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], [[Raj Babbar]], [[Anita Raj]], [[Om Prakash]], [[Kader Khan]], [[Vinod Mehra]] || Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Nishaan (film)|Nishaan]]'' || [[Surendra Mohan]], [[Late Shri Sikander Khanna]] || [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Jeetendra]], [[Rekha]] || Action, Drama, Family, Musical, Romance ||
|-
| ''[[Painter Babu]]'' || Ashok || [[Rajiv Goswami]], [[Meenakshi Seshadri]], [[Neelima]] || Romance ||
|-
| ''[[Pasand Apni Apni]]'' || [[Basu Chatterji]] || [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Rati Agnihotri]], [[Utpal Dutt]] || Comedy ||
|-
| ''[[Prem Tapasya]]'' || [[Dasari Narayana Rao]] || [[Jeetendra]], [[Rekha]], [[Reena Roy]] || Drama, Family ||
|-
|''[[Pukar (1983 film)|Pukar]]'' || [[Ramesh Behl]] || [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Randhir Kapoor]], [[Zeenat Aman]], [[Tina Munim]] || Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Pyaasi Aankhen]]'' || [[Ram Kelkar]] || [[Shabana Azmi]], [[Amol Palekar]], [[Waheeda Rehman]] || ||
|-
|''[[Qayamat (1983 film)|Qayamat]]'' || [[Raj Sippy]] || [[Dharmendra]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]], [[Jaya Prada]] || Action, Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Raaste Aur Rishte]]'' || || [[Mazhar Khan (actor, born 1955)|Mazhar Khan]], Priyadarshini || ||
|-
| ''[[Rachana (film)|Rachna]]'' || [[Sathish]] || [[Beena Banerjee]], Jezebel, [[Anil Kapoor]] || Family ||
|-
| ''[[Rang Birangi]]'' || [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]] || [[Amol Palekar]], [[Parveen Babi]], [[Farooq Sheikh]] || Comedy ||
|-
|''[[Razia Sultan (film)|Razia Sultan]]'' || [[Kamal Amrohi]] || [[Hema Malini]], [[Parveen Babi]], [[Dharmendra]] || Historical Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Rishta Kagaz Ka]]'' || [[Ajay Goel]] || [[Nutan]], [[Raj Babbar]], [[Rati Agnihotri]] || Drama, Musical ||
|-
| ''[[Romance (1983 film)|Romance]]'' || [[Ramanand Sagar]] || [[Poonam Dhillon]], [[Kumar Gaurav]], [[Shammi Kapoor]] || Romance ||
|-
| ''[[Sadma]]'' || [[Balu Mahendra]] || [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Sridevi]], [[Gulshan Grover]], [[Silk Smitha]] || Romance ||
|-
| ''[[Sant Ravidas Ki Amar Kahani]]'' || [[Babubhai Mistri]] || || Devotional ||
|-
| ''[[Sati Naag Kanya]]'' || [[Babubhai Mistri]] || [[Neera]], [[Vikram Gokhale]], [[Manher Desai]] || Drama, Adventure, Action, Fantasy ||
|-
| ''[[Shubh Kaamna]]'' || [[K. Vishwanath]] || [[Rati Agnihotri]], [[Asrani]], [[Utpal Dutt]] || Comedy, Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Sookha]]'' || [[M.S. Sathyu]] || [[Anant Nag]] ||Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Souten]]'' || [[Sawan Kumar Tak]] || [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Padmini Kolhapure]], [[Tina Munim]], [[Prem Chopra]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] || Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Sun Meri Laila]]'' || [[Chander Bahl]] || [[Birbal]], [[Deepika]], [[Iftekhar]] || Romance ||
|-
| ''[[Sweekar Kiya Maine]]'' || [[Zaheer D. Lari]] || [[Vinod Mehra]], [[Shabana Azmi]], [[Prema Narayan]] || Comedy, Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Talabandi]]'' || [[Sunil Chadha]] || [[Neelam Mehra]], [[Javed Khan Amrohi|Javed Khan]], [[Pushpa Soni]] || Action ||
|-
| ''[[Taqdeer (1983 film)|Taqdeer]]'' || [[Birj]] || [[Shatrughan Sinha]], [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Hema Malini]], [[Zeenat Aman]] || Action, Crime, Drama, Romance ||
|-
| ''[[Tum Laut Aao]]'' || [[Bhimsain]] || [[Ravi Baswani]], [[Kavita Chaudhary]], [[Karan Razdan]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Woh Jo Hasina]]'' || [[Deepak Bahry]] || [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Ranjeeta Kaur]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] || Romance ||
|-
|''[[Woh Saat Din]]'' || [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]] || [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Padmini Kolhapure]], [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Master Raju]] || Drama ||
|-
| ''[[Yahan Se Shehar Ko Dekho]]'' || [[Mahendra Sandhu]] || || ||
|-
| ''[[Zara Si Zindagi]]'' || [[K. Balachander]] || [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Anita Raj]], [[Nilu Phule]] || Drama, Family ||
|-
| ''[[Zulf Ke Saye Saye]]'' || [[Anand Sagar]] || [[Rakesh Pandey (actor)|Rakesh Pandey]], [[Roohi Berde]] || ||
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Hindi films of 1982]]
* [[List of Hindi films of 1984]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/search/title?languages=hi&sort=year&year=1983 Bollywood films of 1983] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]
* [http://chandrakantha.com/articles/indian_music/filmi_sangeet/film_song_1983.html Indian Film Songs from the Year 1983] - A look back at the year 1983 with a focus on the Hindi film song
*[http://aflatune.com/#/albums?g=year&v=1983&page=1 Listen to songs from Bollywood films of 1983]

{{Bollywood|horiz}}
{{Indian film list}}
{{1983 films}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bollywood Films Of 1983}}
[[Category:Lists of Hindi films by year|1983]]
[[Category:Lists of 1983 films by language|Hindi]]
[[Category:1983 in Indian cinema|Films, Bollywood]]

Devsar, Jammu and Kashmir Assembly constituency

2026-03-17T11:06:35Z

SadguruCaterer: fixed citations per standard format and added references as per guidelines

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Jammu and Kashmir, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = [[Devsar, Jammu and Kashmir|Devsar]]
| mla = [[Peerzada Feroze Ahamad]]
| party = [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|JKNC]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| district = [[Kulgam district|Kulgam]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Anantnag-Rajouri Lok Sabha constituency|Anantnag-Rajouri]]
| established = 1962
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 40
}}

'''Devsar Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 constituencies in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], a [[Union Territory]] of northern [[India]]. Devsar is also part of [[Anantnag-Rajouri Lok Sabha constituency|Anantnag-Rajouri Parliamentary Constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12211-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-jammu-kashmir-assamarunachal-pradesh-manipur-and-nagaland-notification-dated-06032020/ |title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Jammu-Kashmir, Assam,Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Nagaland - Notification dated 06.03.2020 - Delimitation - Election Commission of India |newspaper=eci.gov.in |access-date=2021-06-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13193-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-jammu-kashmir-notification-dated-03032021/ |title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Jammu-Kashmir - Notification dated 03.03.2021 - Presidential Orders/ Delimitation Commission Orders |website=Election Commission of India |date= 3 March 2021 |access-date= 2021-06-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Devsar Assembly Constituency|url=https://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/assembly-constituencies/devsar.html|access-date=2021-06-27|website=Elections.in}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Abdul Aziz Zargar
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
| [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[Manohar Nath Kaul]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Ghulam Hassan Parry
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Ghulam Nabi Kochak
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| Ghulam Ahmad Shah
|-
| [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| rowspan=2|Peerzada Ghulam Ahmad
|-
| [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
| [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| rowspan=2|Mohmad Sartaj Madni
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Mohammad Amin Bhat]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name="J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Devsar">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |date=8 October 2024 |title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Devsar |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0840.htm |access-date=14 October 2024}}</ref>
| [[Peerzada Feroze Ahamad]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Devsar<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bandipora|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|access-date=10 October 2024|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010072117/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|archive-date=10 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Peerzada Feroze Ahamad]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |votes=18,230 |percentage=27.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Sartaj Madni |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=17,390 |percentage=26.63% |change={{decrease}}5.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mohammad Amin Bhat]] |party=Democratic Progressive Azad Party |votes=6,959 |percentage=10.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nazir Ahmad Bhat |party=Independent politician |votes=5,838 |percentage=8.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suhil Ahmad Bhat |party=Independent politician |votes=5,506 |percentage=8.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aman Ullah Mantoo |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,746 |percentage=7.27% |change={{decrease}}27.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Reyaz Ahmad Bhat |party=Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party |votes=2,855 |percentage=4.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Rouf Naik |party=Independent politician |votes=1,852 |percentage=2.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,410 |percentage=2.16% |change={{increase}}0.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sheikh Fida Hussain |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=524 |percentage=0.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=840 |percentage=1.29% |change= {{decrease}}1.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=65,310 |percentage=58.11% |change= {{decrease}}6.47 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,12,381 |ref = |change= {{increase}}26.28 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}7.17 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Devsar<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mohammad Amin Bhat]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,162 |percentage=35.08% |change={{increase}}24.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Sartaj Madni |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=18,651 |percentage=32.45% |change={{increase}}5.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Peerzada Ghulam Ahmad |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=11,585 |percentage=20.16% |change={{increase}}0.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fayaz Ahmed Bhat |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,892 |percentage=6.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mudasir Rashid Mir |party=Independent politician |votes=933 |percentage=1.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=822 |percentage=1.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nisar Ahmad Hajam |party=Independent politician |votes=614 |percentage=1.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mushtaq Ahmad Bhat |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=514 |percentage=0.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,511 |percentage=2.63% |change= {{decrease}}4.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=57,472 |percentage=64.58% |change= {{decrease}}3.78 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 88,991 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.97 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |swing= {{increase}}8.29 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Devsar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Sartaj Madni |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=14,175 |percentage=26.79% |change={{decrease}}11.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Peerzada Ghulam Ahmad |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=10,174 |percentage=19.23% |change={{decrease}}5.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Rafiq Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=7,778 |percentage=14.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mohammad Amin Bhat]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,450 |percentage=10.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Yaqub Ganai |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=4,941 |percentage=9.34% |change={{decrease}}15.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Rafiq Wani |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=2,169 |percentage=4.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Manzoor Hussain Parray |party=Independent politician |votes=1,761 |percentage=3.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fayaz Ahmed Bhat |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=1,268 |percentage=2.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Rafiq Bhat |party=Samata Party |votes=1,093 |percentage=2.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Rehman Tantray |party=Jammu and Kashmir Awami National Conference |votes=991 |percentage=1.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Kumar Kaul |party=Independent politician |votes=620 |percentage=1.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,001 |percentage=7.56% |change= {{decrease}}5.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=52,914 |percentage=68.36% |change= {{increase}}32.80 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 77,406 |ref = |change= {{increase}}21.58 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |loser=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |swing= {{decrease}}11.73 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Devsar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127192246/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Sartaj Madni |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=8,721 |percentage=38.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Yaqub |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=5,695 |percentage=25.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Peerzada Ghulam Ahmad |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=5,513 |percentage=24.35% |change={{decrease}}10.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Qadir Kully |party=Independent politician |votes=1,025 |percentage=4.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fayaz Ahmed Bhat |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=946 |percentage=4.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tribhawan Kishan |party=Independent politician |votes=440 |percentage=1.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khalida Mushtaq |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=299 |percentage=1.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,026 |percentage=13.37% |change= {{increase}}5.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,639 |percentage=35.56% |change= {{decrease}}12.85 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 63,667 |ref = |change= {{increase}}24.03 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{increase}}3.26 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Devsar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117084805/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Peerzada Ghulam Ahmad |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=8,763 |percentage=35.26% |change={{decrease}}15.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Yousuf |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,777 |percentage=27.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Hamid Rather |party=Jammu and Kashmir Awami League |votes=5,507 |percentage=22.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Nabi Shah |party=Janata Dal |votes=3,803 |percentage=15.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,986 |percentage=7.99% |change= {{increase}}0.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,850 |percentage=51.56% |change= {{decrease}}27.36 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 51,332 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.39 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}15.23 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Devsar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114084427/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Peerzada Ghulam Ahmad |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=17,169 |percentage=50.49% |change={{decrease}}3.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hamid Ulla Rangrez |party=Independent politician |votes=14,550 |percentage=42.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahender Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,254 |percentage=3.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Syed Abdul Hamid |party=Independent politician |votes=519 |percentage=1.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Shafi |party=Independent politician |votes=279 |percentage=0.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Rehman Tantray |party=Independent politician |votes=231 |percentage=0.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,619 |percentage=7.70% |change= {{decrease}}12.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=34,002 |percentage=77.85% |change= {{decrease}}2.65 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 44,873 |ref = |change= {{increase}}21.61 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}3.19 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Devsar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117082124/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Ahmad Shah |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=15,534 |percentage=53.68% |change={{decrease}}6.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Manohar Nath Kaul]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,757 |percentage=33.72% |change={{increase}}15.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Rohman |party=Independent politician |votes=2,680 |percentage=9.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Nabi |party=Independent politician |votes=966 |percentage=3.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,777 |percentage=19.96% |change= {{decrease}}21.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=28,937 |percentage=81.06% |change= {{increase}}1.18 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 36,900 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.53 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}6.27 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Devsar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Nabi Kochak |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=14,921 |percentage=59.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Manohar Nath Kaul]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,623 |percentage=18.58% |change={{decrease}}24.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Yosuf Mantoo |party=Janata Party |votes=3,286 |percentage=13.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Peerazada Mohammedd Amin |party=Jamaat-e-Islami |votes=2,058 |percentage=8.27% |change={{increase}}0.97 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,298 |percentage=41.38% |change= {{increase}}34.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,888 |percentage=79.38% |change= {{increase}}14.15 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,220 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.93 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}10.02 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Devsar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083027/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Hassan Parry |party=Independent politician |votes=9,406 |percentage=49.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Manohar Nath Kaul]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,055 |percentage=42.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohmad Afzal Malik |party=Jamaat-e-Islami |votes=1,375 |percentage=7.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,351 |percentage=7.17% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,836 |percentage=66.78% |change= {{increase}}63.09 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,854 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.93 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Devsar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006052138/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=[[Manohar Nath Kaul]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=27,407 |percentage= |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,407 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.05 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Devsar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006183842/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=Abdul Aziz Zargar |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=24,243 |percentage= |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,243 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==

* [[Devsar, Jammu and Kashmir|Devsar]]
* [[List of constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{coord|33.634|75.081|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Kulgam district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Mussoorie Express

2026-03-15T03:07:10Z

SadguruCaterer: Made pg - done

{{No footnotes|date=March 2018}}
{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Mussorrie Express
| image =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1939|06|28}}
| last =
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = [[Delhi Junction railway station|Old Delhi Junction]] (DLI)
| stops = 17
| end = {{stnlnk|Dehradun}} (DDN)
| distance = {{convert|339|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 10 hours 40 minutes
| frequency = Daily
| class = [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC First Class]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 2 Tier]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 3 Tier]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Sleeper Class]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|General Unreserved]]
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = E-catering only
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[ICF coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 14041 / 14042
| speed = {{convert|31|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 14041 / 14042 '''Mussoorie Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] – [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railways]] zone that runs between [[Delhi Junction|Old Delhi Junction]] and [[Dehradun]], [[Uttarakhand]].

It operates as train number 14041 from Old Delhi Junction to Dehradun and as train number 14042 in the reverse direction.

==Coaches==

The 14041/42 Delhi Junction-Deradun Mussoorie Express presently{{When|date=September 2025|reason=mentioning a year would help the reader, particularly in the absence of any reference to a source}} has 1 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 1st Class]], 1 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 2 tier]], 2 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 3 tier]], 8 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Sleeper Class]], 5 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Second Class]] seating and 2 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|SLR]] (Seating cum Luggage Rake) coaches.

As with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

In addition, slip coaches of the 24041/24042 Mussoorie Express are also attached to the train at Haridwar.
[[File:Mussoorie Express trainboard.jpg|thumb|Mussoorie Express trainboard]]
[[File:Mussoorie Express at Dehradun.jpg|thumb|Mussoorie Express at {{stnlnk|Dehradun}}]]

==Service==

The 14041/42 Delhi Junction–Dehradun Mussoorie Express covers the distance of 339 kilometres in 10 hours 40 mins as 14041 Delhi Junction–Dehradun Mussoorie Express (31.78 km/h) and in 11 hrs 05 mins as 14042 Dehradun–Delhi Junction Mussoorie Express (30.59 km/h).

As the average speed of the train is below {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, as per Indian Railways rules, its fare does not include a Superfast surcharge.

==Routeing==

The 14041/42 Delhi Junction–Dehradun Mussoorie Express runs via {{stnlnk|Ghaziabad Junction}}, [[Gajraula]], [[Najibabad]], {{stnlnk|Laksar Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Haridwar Junction}} to Dehradun.

==Traction==

As the route is electrified, a [[Electric Loco Shed, Ghaziabad|Ghaziabad Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive on its entire journey.

==Time table==

14041 Delhi Junction–Dehradun Mussoorie Express leaves Delhi Junction on a daily basis at 22:25 hrs IST and reaches Dehradun at 08:10 hrs IST the next day.

14041 Delhi Junction–Dehradun Mussoorie Express leaves Dehradun on a daily basis at 21:25 hrs IST and reaches Delhi Junction at 08:30 hrs IST the next day.
[[File:24042 Mussoorie Express - AC 3 tier.jpg|thumb|24042 Mussoorie Express – AC 3 tier]]

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in|title=Welcome to Indian Railway Passenger reservation Enquiry|publisher=indianrail.gov.in|accessdate=2014-05-30}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irctc.co.in|title=IRCTC Online Passenger Reservation System|publisher=irctc.co.in|accessdate=2014-05-30}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org|title=[IRFCA] Welcome to IRFCA.org, the home of IRFCA on the internet.|publisher=IRFCA|accessdate=2014-05-30}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
*{{cite web|url=http://twocircles.net/2010jan16/robbers_loot_passengers_mussoorie_express.html#.UzbhI6IyJXs|title=Robbers loot passengers on Mussoorie Express | TwoCircles.net|date=16 January 2010 |publisher=twocircles.net|accessdate=2014-05-30}}
* http://www.grahakseva.com/complaints/175810/unauthorised-passengers-causing-havoc-in-mussoorie-express-train

{{Railways in Northern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mussoorie Express}}
[[Category:Trains from Dehradun]]
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 1939]]

Kaviyoor Sivaprasad

2026-03-13T14:50:29Z

SadguruCaterer: Stub!

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kaviyoor Sivaprasad
| image = Kaviyoor Sivaprasad.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kaviyoor]]
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Filmmaker]], [[Professor]]
| spouse =
| children = [[Sidhartha Siva]]
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works = [[Vembanad (film)|Vembanad]], Gouri, [[Sthalam]]
}}
'''Kaviyoor Sivaprasad''' ({{audio|LL-Q36236 (mal)-991joseph-Kaviyoor Sivaprasad.wav|pronunciation}}) is a [[Malayalam film]] director, screenwriter and visiting faculty of [[Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University|Malayalam University]] and SJCC.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://malayalamuniversity.edu.in/en/board-of-study/film-studies/|title=Film studies {{!}} Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University|website=malayalamuniversity.edu.in|language=en|access-date=2017-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204004356/http://malayalamuniversity.edu.in/en/board-of-study/film-studies/|archive-date=4 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sjcc.in/home/index.php/2011-06-13-09-13-35/faculty-members/126-prof-sivaprasad-c |title=Kaviyoor Sivaprasad - SJCC |access-date=9 November 2015 |archive-date=17 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217135012/http://sjcc.in/home/index.php/2011-06-13-09-13-35/faculty-members/126-prof-sivaprasad-c |url-status=dead }}</ref> He is the father of actor-director [[Sidhartha Siva]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/making-his-mark/article4534419.ece | title=Sidhartha Siva | website=[[The Hindu]] | date=21 March 2013 | accessdate=9 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/My-hometown-was-the-inspiration-for-101-Chodyangal-Siddharth/articleshow/19085459.cms | title=Sidhartha Siva son of Sivaprasad Kaviyoor | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=20 March 2013 | accessdate=9 November 2015}}</ref>

==Awards==
* 2016: ''Chalachithra Prathiba Award'' by the [[Kerala Film Critics Association]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Malayalam-Actor-Innocent-gets-Chalachithra-Rathnam-Award/2016/05/27/article3453833.ece | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528134317/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Malayalam-Actor-Innocent-gets-Chalachithra-Rathnam-Award/2016/05/27/article3453833.ece | url-status=dead | archive-date=28 May 2016 | title=Malayalam Actor Innocent gets Chalachithra Rathnam Award | publisher=[[New Indian Express]] | accessdate=28 May 2016}}</ref>
* 2014: ''CMS Vatavaran International Environment & Wildlife Film Festival Award'' for Best Feature Film - ''[[Sthalam]]''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://cmsvatavaran.org/awardees2014.php | title=7th CMS Vatavaran International Environment and Wildlife Film Festival | accessdate=9 November 2015 | archive-date=12 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151112013157/http://cmsvatavaran.org/awardees2014.php | url-status=dead }}</ref>

;[[National Film Awards]]
* 1994: [[National Film Award – Special Mention (non-feature film)|National Film Award – Special Mention]] - ''Ormayude Theerangalil'' <ref>{{cite web | url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/42nd_nff_1995.pdf | title=1994 National Film Award | accessdate=9 November 2015}}</ref>

; [[Kerala State Film Awards]]
* 1990: [[Kerala State Film Award (Special Jury Award)]] - ''[[Vembanad (film)|Vembanad]]'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards2.htm|title=+++++++++++++ official website of INFORMATION AND PUBLIC RELATION DEPARTMENT OF KERALA +++++++++++++|website=www.prd.kerala.gov.in|access-date=2017-02-03|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234213/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards2.htm|archivedate=2016-03-03}}</ref>
* 2000: [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Documentary|Kerala State Film Award for Producer of the Best Documentary]] - ''Palathulliperuvallom'' <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards4.htm | title=2000 Kerala State Film Award for Producer of Best Documentary | accessdate=9 November 2015 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707210332/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards4.htm | archivedate=7 July 2015 }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title
|-
| 1981 || ''Jalarekha''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1272 | title=Jalarekha (1981) film by Kaviyoor Sivaprasad | accessdate=10 November 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Purooruvase]]''
|-
| 1987 || ''Sairandhri''
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Vembanad (film)|Vembanad]]''
|-
| 1992 || ''Gouri''
|-
| 2002 || ''Bheri''
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Ee Snehatheerathu]]''
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Sthalam]]''
|-
| 2018 || ''Sthaanam''
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sivaprasad, Kaviyoor}}
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kerala]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Pathanamthitta district]]
[[Category:People from Thiruvalla]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]

Bandaa Singh Chaudhary

2026-03-11T11:09:50Z

SadguruCaterer: adding basic bio and citations!

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bandaa Singh Chaudhary
| image = Bandaa Singh Chaudhary poster.jpg
| caption = Official release poster
| director = [[Abhishek Saxena]]
| producer = [[Arbaaz Khan]] Manish Mishra
| writer = Abhishek Saxena Shaheen Iqbal
| starring = [[Arshad Warsi]] [[Meher Vij]]
| music = [[Rahul Jain (singer)|Rahul Jain]], Anand Bhaskar
| cinematography = Simarjit Singh Suman
| editing = Sanjay Sankla
| studio = Arbaaz Khan Production
| distributor = Aks Movies & Entertainment Cinekorn Entertainment
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|10|25}}
| runtime = 166 minutes
| budget =
| gross =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''Bandaa Singh Chaudhary''' is a 2024 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action film|action]] [[drama film]] directed by [[Abhishek Saxena]] and produced by [[Arbaaz Khan]]. Starring [[Arshad Warsi]] and Meher Vij, the film is set around Punjab in 1984 where a man fights with militants for survival.
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/arshad-warsi-and-meher-vij-s-bandaa-singh-chaudhary-trailer-is-out-now-2024-10-01-954925|title=Arshad Warsi fights against militants in 'Bandaa Singh Chaudhary' trailer - WATCH|date=October 2024 |publisher=Indiantv}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/84288/banda-singh-chaudhary-review-raw-story-of-man-vs-militants-arshad-warsi-meher-vijs-chemistry-steals|title=Banda Singh Chaudhary Review: Raw Story Of Man Vs Militants, Arshad Warsi- Meher Vij's Chemistry Steals The Show|date=24 October 2024 |publisher=Mahsable}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/bandaa-singh-chaudhary-trailer-sees-arshad-warsi-in-a-new-light-68767.html |title=Bandaa Singh Chaudhary trailer sees Arshad Warsi in a new light|publisher=Filmfare}}</ref>

==Plot==
The story of a family man Bandaa who risked for his life for his family by protecting them from militants.

==Cast==
* [[Arshad Warsi]] as Bandaa Singh Chaudhary
* [[Meher Vij]]
* Sachin Negi as Harpal
* Alisha Chopra as Meher
* Jeeveshu Ahluwalia as Tejinder
* Shilpi Marwaha
==Reception==
[[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 1.5 stars out of 5 and saif that "Arshad Warsi is such a pleasing performer that he manages to lift even the worst things he is in. Playing a central character usually gives a good actor something to do. Not here."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gupta |first1=Shubhra |title=Bandaa Singh Choudhary movie review: Arshad Warsi film fails to do justice to its subject, actors
|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/bandaa-singh-choudhary-movie-review-arshad-warsi-films-fails-to-do-justice-to-its-subject-actors-9638013/|website=The Indian Express |date=25 October 2024 |access-date=25 October 2024}}</ref>
Rishabh Suri of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' said that "Arshad Warsi's misguided film on the insurgency in Punjab ends up being tone deaf."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Suri |first1=Rishabh |title=Bandaa Singh Chaudhary review: Arshad Warsi's unintentionally funny film on insurgency in Punjab that no one asked for
|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/bandaa-singh-chaudhary-review-arshad-warsis-unintentionally-funny-film-on-insurgency-in-punjab-that-no-one-asked-for-101729826156954.html|website=Hindustan Times |date=25 October 2024 |access-date=25 October 2024}}</ref>
Devesh Sharma of ''[[Filmfare]]'' rated this 2.5/5 stars and said that "Bandaa Singh Chaudhary is a melodramatic film around Punjab’s militancy problem in the ’80s and how it’s still relevant today."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sharma |first1=Devesh |title=Bandaa Singh Chaudhary Movie Review: The film preaches communal harmony
|url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/bandaa-singh-chaudhary-movie-review-69298.html|website=Filmfare |access-date=25 October 2024}}</ref>
Ganesh Aaglave of the ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave 3 stars and praised the film and saying that "Bandaa Singh Chaudhary deserves appreciation for narrating the untold part of history"<ref>{{cite web |last1=Aaglave |first1=Ganesh |title=Bandaa Singh Chaudhary Movie review: Arshad Warsi-Meher Vij starrer narrates a powerful untold historic story
|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/banda-singh-chaudhary-movie-review-arshad-warsi-meher-vij-starrer-narrates-a-powerful-untold-historic-story-13828495.html|website=Firstpost|date=24 October 2024 |access-date=25 October 2024}}</ref>
Dhaval Roy of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2.5 stars out of 5 and observed that "With a deeper exploration of the socio-political scenario and tighter narrative, 'Bandaa Singh Chaudhary' would have been a standout film. Instead, it doesn't reach its potential and leaves much to be desired."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Roy |first1=Dhaval |title=Bandaa Singh Chaudhary Movie Review : A tale with intent but unfulfilled potential
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/bandaa-singh-chaudhary/movie-review/114537872.cms|website=The Times of India|access-date=25 October 2024}}</ref>
Simran Singh of ''[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]]'' gave 3 stars and said that "Overall, Bandaa Singh Chaudhary is a film that doesn't show Punjab and Sikhs in bad light, but it claims to project a phase where extremists, disguised as Sikhs, misguided the youth. Despite being predictable, Bandaa Singh Chaudhary shines and packs a punch."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Simran |title=Bandaa Singh Chaudhary movie review: Arshad Warsi surprises in action-drama, Meher Vij, Arbaaz Khan film packs a punch
|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-bandaa-singh-chaudhary-movie-review-arshad-warsi-surprises-action-drama-meher-vij-arbaaz-khan-film-packs-punch-3114752|website=DNA|access-date=25 October 2024}}</ref>
Mayur Sanap of ''[[rediff.com]]'' gave 1.5 stars and criticized the film by saying that "Bandaa Singh Chaudhary compromises on its hard realism to go after an easily digestible, mass entertainer that undoes everything that the film had set out to say".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sanap |first1=Mayur |title=Bandaa Singh Chaudhary Review: Disappointing!
|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/bandaa-singh-chaudhary-review/20241025.htm|website=rediff.com|access-date=25 October 2024}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The music of the film is composed by [[Rahul Jain (singer)|Rahul Jain]], Anand Bhaskar. The first single titled "Enna Sona" was released on 5 Oct 2024. The second single titled "Sun Bandeya" was released on 11 Oct 2024. The third single titled "Dil Mureeda" was released on 16 Oct 2024.

{{Tracklist
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 43:17
| title1 = Enna Sona
| length1 = 3:31
| lyrics1 = Jax53
| music1 = [[Rahul Jain (singer)|Rahul Jain]]
| extra1 = [[Jubin Nautiyal]], Rahul Jain
| title2 = Sun Bandeya
| length2 = 4:47
| lyrics2 = Shaheen Iqbal
| music2 = Anand Bhaskar
| extra2 = [[Sukhwinder Singh]], Anand Bhaskar
| title3 = Dil Mureeda
| length3 = 5:08
| lyrics3 = [[Kunaal Vermaa]]
| music3 = Rahul Jain
| extra3 = [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], Jay Mishra, Rahul Jain
| title4 = Meher
| length4 = 3:58
| lyrics4 = Kunaal Vermaa
| music4 = Rahul Jain
| extra4 = [[Sukhbir]], [[Asees Kaur]], Sahil Solanki, Rahul Jain, Aryam
| title5 = Shabash Jawaana
| length5 = 4:08
| lyrics5 = Kunaal Vermaa
| music5 = Rahul Jain
| extra5 = [[B Praak]], Rahul Jain
| title6 = Dil Mureeda
| note6 = Unplugged
| length6 = 5:24
| lyrics6 = Kunaal Vermaa
| music6 = Rahul Jain
| extra6 = Sunidhi Chauhan, Rahul Jain
| title7 = Enna Sona
| note7 = Unplugged
| length7 = 3:12
| lyrics7 = Jax53
| music7 = Rahul Jain
| extra7 = Jay Mishra, Rahul Jain
| title8 = Shabash Jawaana
| note8 = Reloaded
| length8 = 4:03
| lyrics8 = Kunaal Vermaa
| music8 = Rahul Jain
| extra8 = Rahul Jain
| title9 = Enna Sona
| note9 = Reprise
| length9 = 3:31
| lyrics9 = Jax53
| music9 = Rahul Jain
| extra9 = Rahul Jain
| title10 = Sun Bandeya
| note10 = Unplugged
| length10 = 5:24
| lyrics10 = Shaheen Iqbal
| music10 = Anand Bhaskar
| extra10 = Anand Bhaskar, Shilpa Surroch
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Films based on the 1984 anti-Sikh riots]]
[[Category:Fiction about the insurgency in Punjab]]
[[Category:2024 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt33529930}}

{{2020s-Hindi-film-stub}}
{{2020s-drama-film-stub}}
{{Action-film-stub}}

Rowllin Borges

2026-03-07T05:35:22Z

SadguruCaterer: formatting fix

{{short description|Indian footballer (born 1992)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Rowllin Borges
| image =
| caption =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1992|6|5|df=y}}
| height = 1.83 m
| birth_place = [[Nuvem]], [[Goa]], India
| currentclub = [[Kerala Blasters]]
| clubnumber = 22
| position = [[Midfielder#Defensive midfielder|Defensive midfielder]]
| youthyears1 = 2006–2007
| youthclubs1 = [[Fransa-Pax FC|Fransa-Pax]]
| youthyears2 = 2007–2009
| youthclubs2 = Velsao Pale
| youthyears3 = 2009–2011
| youthclubs3 = [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]]
| years1 = 2011–2016
| clubs1 = [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]]
| caps1 = 58
| goals1 = 3
| years2 = 2016–2019
| clubs2 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| caps2 = 48
| goals2 = 4
| years3 = 2017
| clubs3 = → [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]] (loan)
| caps3 = 12
| goals3 = 1
| years4 = 2019–2024
| clubs4 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| caps4 = 55
| goals4 = 4
| years5 = 2023–2024
| clubs5 = → [[FC Goa|Goa]] (loan)
| caps5 = 19
| goals5 = 3
| years6 = 2024–2025
| clubs6 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| caps6 = 12
| goals6 = 0
| years7 = 2026–
| clubs7 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| caps7 = 0
| goals7 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 2016
| nationalteam1 = [[India national under-23 football team|India U23]]
| nationalcaps1 = 4
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| nationalyears2 = 2015–2023
| nationalteam2 = [[India national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps2 = 35
| nationalgoals2 = 2
| club-update = 19:15, 8 March 2025 (UTC)
| ntupdate = 16:30, 18 June 2023
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[Association football|football]]}} {{Medal|Country|{{fb|IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[SAFF Championship]]}}
{{Medal|W| [[2015 SAFF Championship|2015 India]]|}}
}}

'''Rowllin Borges''' (born 5 June 1992) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Midfielder#Defensive midfielder|midfielder]] for the [[Indian Super League]] club [[Kerala Blasters]].

== Early life and youth career ==
Born in [[Nuvem]], [[Goa]], Borges began his youth career by joining the youth team of [[Fransa-Pax FC]] at the age of 14, from where he moved to Velsao Pale FC's academy after one year.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rowllin Borges Biography, Achievements, Career Info, Records & Stats - Sportskeeda|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/player/rowllin-borges|access-date=2021-03-29|website=www.sportskeeda.com|language=en-us|archive-date=6 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306032018/https://www.sportskeeda.com/player/rowllin-borges|url-status=live}}</ref> He then moved to the academy of then [[I-League]] club, [[Sporting Clube de Goa]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rowllin Borges Biography, Achievements, Career Info, Records & Stats - Sportskeeda|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/player/rowllin-borges|access-date=2021-03-29|website=www.sportskeeda.com|language=en-us|archive-date=6 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306032018/https://www.sportskeeda.com/player/rowllin-borges|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Club career==

===Sporting Goa===
Borges began his career by signing with [[Sporting Clube de Goa]] in 2011, who used to play in [[I-League]] at that time.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rowlin Borges Archives|url=https://khelnow.com/football/player/rowlin-borges/|access-date=2021-03-29|website=Khel Now|language=en-US|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127191610/https://khelnow.com/football/player/rowlin-borges|url-status=live}}</ref> He made his debut for the club against [[Prayag United S.C.|Prayag United]] on 23 October 2011,<ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=12 January 2017|title=Rowllin Borges: Rowllin Borges raises the bar higher for 2017 {{!}} Goa News|location=Panaji |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/rowllin-raises-the-bar-higher-for-2017/articleshow/56479657.cms|access-date=2021-03-29|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en|archive-date=22 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422121118/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/rowllin-raises-the-bar-higher-for-2017/articleshow/56479657.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> which ended in a 2–2 draw in the [[2011–12 I-League|2011-12 I-League]] season.<ref>{{Cite web|agency=PTI|date=Oct 23, 2011|title=Sporting hold Prayag United 2-2 in I-league tie {{!}} Football News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/sporting-hold-prayag-united-2-2-in-i-league-tie/articleshow/10465974.cms|access-date=2021-03-29|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=25 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025020809/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/Sporting-hold-Prayag-United-2-2-in-I-league-tie/articleshow/10465974.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Borges stayed at the club for the [[2012–13 I-League|2012-13 I-League]] season.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sporting Goa - Squad 2012/2013|url=https://www.worldfootball.net/teams/te21380/|access-date=2021-03-29|website=worldfootball.net|language=en|archive-date=2 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702095204/https://www.worldfootball.net/teams/sporting-goa/2013/2/|url-status=live}}</ref> He played his first match of the season for the club against [[SC East Bengal|East Bengal]] on 7 October 2012, which ended in a 0–0 draw.<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 October 2012|title=Sporting Goa 0-0 East Bengal {{!}} I-League 2012-13|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/10/07/india/i-league/sporting-club-de-goa/east-bengal-club-fc/1394148/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-29|website=Soccerway|archive-date=2 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702095155/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/10/07/india/i-league/sporting-club-de-goa/east-bengal-club-fc/1394148/}}</ref> He ended his season goalless and played his last match of the season on 11 May 2013 against [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai FC]] that ended in a 2–2 draw.<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 May 2013|title=Sporting Goa 2-2 Mumbai {{!}} I-League 2012-13|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/05/11/india/i-league/sporting-club-de-goa/mumbai-fc/1395278/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-29|website=Soccerway|archive-date=24 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124112856/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/05/11/india/i-league/sporting-club-de-goa/mumbai-fc/1395278/}}</ref> Borges played his first match of the [[2013–14 I-League|2013-14 I-League]] season against Mumbai FC on 21 September 2013 in 1–1 draw.<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 September 2013|title=Mumbai 1-1 Sporting Goa {{!}} I-League 2013-14|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/09/21/india/i-league/mumbai-fc/sporting-club-de-goa/1585280/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-29|website=Soccerway|archive-date=5 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105183227/http://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/09/21/india/i-league/mumbai-fc/sporting-club-de-goa/1585280/}}</ref> He scored his debut goal for the club against [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]] on 23 March 2014, which ended in a 1–3 defeat for Sporting, as Borges scored the only goal for them in the 78th minute.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sporting Goa v Mohun Bagan Live Commentary & Result, 23/03/14, I-League {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/sporting-goa-v-mohun-bagan/64kqfdcpwtourf2k1w5tno0uk|access-date=2021-03-29|website=www.goal.com|archive-date=2 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702095208/https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/sporting-goa-v-mohun-bagan/64kqfdcpwtourf2k1w5tno0uk|url-status=live}}</ref> Borges scored his second of the season on 2 April in a 1–2 victory over [[Rangdajied United FC|Rangdajied United]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 April 2014|title=Rangdajied United 1-2 Sporting Goa: Live Score, Stream and H2H results . Preview match Rangdajied United vs Sporting Goa, team, start time. Tribuna.com|url=https://tribuna.com/en/match/rangdajied-united-fc-vs-sporting-goa/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-29|website=Tribuna|archive-date=2 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702095157/https://tribuna.com/en/match/rangdajied-united-fc-vs-sporting-goa/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2 April 2014|title=Rangdajied United 1-2 Sporting Goa {{!}} I-League 2013-14|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2014/04/02/india/i-league/arhima-club/sporting-club-de-goa/1585400/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-29|website=Soccerway|archive-date=2 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160902151614/http://int.soccerway.com/matches/2014/04/02/india/i-league/arhima-club/sporting-club-de-goa/1585400/}}</ref> He scored his third goal of the season in his last match of the season against Goan rivals [[Salgaocar FC]] on 15 April in a thrilling 3–3 draw.<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 April 2014|title=Sporting Goa vs. Salgaocar {{!}} I-League 2013-14|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2014/04/15/india/i-league/sporting-club-de-goa/salgaocar-sports-club/1585444/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-29|website=Soccerway|archive-date=22 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422015727/http://int.soccerway.com/matches/2014/04/15/india/i-league/sporting-club-de-goa/salgaocar-sports-club/1585444/}}</ref> After a decent season, he played his first match of the [[2014–15 I-League|2014-15 I-League]] season against East Bengal on 18 January 2015 in a 1–1 draw,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sporting Goa v East Bengal Starting XIs, 18/01/15, I-League {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/sporting-goa-v-east-bengal/lineups/esjk5qmhdkteivdt9yk5awxrd|access-date=2021-03-29|website=www.goal.com|archive-date=2 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702095211/https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/sporting-goa-v-east-bengal/lineups/esjk5qmhdkteivdt9yk5awxrd|url-status=live}}</ref> and ended his season by playing against [[Pune F.C.|Pune FC]] on 30 May as a substitute for [[Mahmoud Amnah]] in a huge victory over Pune with a score of 4–0.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 May 2015|title=Sporting Goa 4-0 Pune {{!}} I-League 2014-15|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/05/30/india/i-league/sporting-club-de-goa/pune-fc/1981077/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-29|website=Soccerway|archive-date=1 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601074431/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/05/30/india/i-league/sporting-club-de-goa/pune-fc/1981077/}}</ref> He stayed with Sporting for the [[2015–16 I-League|2015-16 I-League]] season,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sporting Goa - Squad 2015/2016|url=https://www.worldfootball.net/teams/te21380/|access-date=2021-03-29|website=worldfootball.net|language=en|archive-date=2 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702095158/https://www.worldfootball.net/teams/sporting-goa/2016/2/|url-status=live}}</ref> and played his first match of the season against [[DSK Shivajians FC]] on 17 January 2016, which ended in a 0–0 draw after the final whistle.<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 January 2016|title=Sporting Goa 0-0 Shivajians {{!}} I-League 2015-16|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/01/17/india/i-league/sporting-club-de-goa/dsk-shivajians/2176880/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-29|website=Soccerway|archive-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419141053/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/01/17/india/i-league/sporting-club-de-goa/dsk-shivajians/2176880/}}</ref> Borges left the club after the 2015-16 season after making 59 appearances and scoring 3 goals along his time at Sporting Goa.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|last2=|last3=|first3=|date=17 January 2017|title=Rowllin Borges raises the bar higher for 2017|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/rowllin-raises-the-bar-higher-for-2017/articleshow/56479657.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-29|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=7 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107100417/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/rowllin-raises-the-bar-higher-for-2017/articleshow/56479657.cms}}</ref>

===NorthEast United===
On 25 May 2016, Indian Super League club [[NorthEast United FC]] announced the signing of Borges on a free transfer along with four other signings for the [[2016 Indian Super League]].<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=735094872785309696 |user=NEUtdFC |title=#Highlanders,please welcome @nirmalchettri03, @spaul2411, #RowllinBorges, #SumitPassi and #ShouvikGhosh to the fold! |access-date=9 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423075530/https://twitter.com/NEUtdFC/status/735094872785309696 |archive-date=23 April 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> He played his debut match for the club on 1 October in a 1–0 victory over [[Kerala Blasters FC]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=NorthEast United v Kerala Blasters Starting XIs, 01/10/2016, Indian Super League |url=https://www.goal.com/en-ae/match/northeast-united-v-kerala-blasters/lineups/b1g191vootb2w10f5dteenobt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702095200/https://www.goal.com/en-ae/match/northeast-united-v-kerala-blasters/lineups/b1g191vootb2w10f5dteenobt |archive-date=2 July 2021 |access-date=2021-03-30 |website=Goal.com}}</ref> After the 2016 Indian Super League season, Borges was loaned to I-League club [[SC East Bengal|East Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rowllin Borges Biography, Achievements, Career Info, Records & Stats |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/player/rowllin-borges |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306032018/https://www.sportskeeda.com/player/rowllin-borges |archive-date=6 March 2021 |access-date=2021-03-30 |website=Sportskeeda |language=en-us}}</ref> After his stint with East Bengal, Borges was retained by NorthEast United for the [[2017–18 Indian Super League]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=ISL: NorthEast United FC retain Rowllin Borges and TP Rehenesh {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/north-east-united-fc-retain-rowllin-borges-and-tp-rehenesh/kz0apl5gxjqu1mvtkpa078570 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112133543/https://www.goal.com/en/news/north-east-united-fc-retain-rowllin-borges-and-tp-rehenesh/kz0apl5gxjqu1mvtkpa078570 |archive-date=12 January 2021 |access-date=2021-03-30 |website=www.goal.com}}</ref> He played his first match of the season against [[Odisha FC#Delhi Dynamos (2014−2019)|Delhi Dynamos]] (current [[Odisha FC]]) on 2 December 2017 which ended in a 0–2 defeat for Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2017 |title=ISL 2017: Delhi Dynamos 0-2 NorthEast United - Highlanders prey on disappointing Delhi Lions to claim first win {{!}} Starting XIs |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/odisha-v-northeast-united/lineups/ekfom7vmudfk1ayhlthh19gtm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424065701/https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/odisha-v-northeast-united/lineups/ekfom7vmudfk1ayhlthh19gtm |archive-date=24 April 2021 |access-date=2021-03-30 |website=www.goal.com}}</ref> Borges stayed at the club for the [[2018–19 Indian Super League]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISL 2018-19: NorthEast United FC squad analysis - Can The Highlanders finally reach play-offs? {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/isl-2018-19-northeast-united-fc-squad-analysis/jefnrhgr0xlz17f16cms6sx8e |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702095200/https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/isl-2018-19-northeast-united-fc-squad-analysis/jefnrhgr0xlz17f16cms6sx8e |archive-date=2 July 2021 |access-date=2021-03-30 |website=www.goal.com}}</ref> and played his first match of the campaign against [[FC Goa]] on 1 October 2018, which ended in a 2–2 draw.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2018 |title=ISL 2018-19: NorthEast United and FC Goa share spoils in four-goal thriller {{!}} Starting XIs |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/northeast-united-v-goa/lineups/ffbgk8clnucdybavl8ui60kq |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510182652/https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/northeast-united-v-goa/lineups/ffbgk8clnucdybavl8ui60kq |archive-date=10 May 2021 |access-date=2021-03-30 |website=www.goal.com}}</ref> He scored his debut goal for the club on 4 October in the next matchday against [[ATK (football club)|ATK]] in a 0–1 victory, where he scored the only goal of the day in the 89th minute of the match.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2018 |title=ISL 2018-19: Rowllin Borges' late goal helps NorthEast United beat 10-man ATK |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/atk-v-northeast-united/ga8fxsvrin5ehihel1210hnu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007030130/http://www.goal.com/en-in/match/atk-v-northeast-united/ga8fxsvrin5ehihel1210hnu |archive-date=7 October 2018 |access-date=2021-03-30 |website=www.goal.com}}</ref> He scored his second goal for the club against [[Chennaiyin FC]] in the high scoring match on 18 October, which ended in a 3–4 victory for them, as Borges scored the fourth goal for NorthEast in the 54th minute while the game was levelled, and helped them clinch the three points of the day. In that match, it was Borges who opened the scoresheet, as it was him who scored an own goal in the fourth minute and gave Chennaiyin an early lead.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2018 |title=ISL 2018-19: Bartholomew Ogbeche's hat-trick sets up NorthEast United victory in high-scoring thriller |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/chennaiyin-v-northeast-united/h58b5tf8h04n8env27j1w2ne |access-date=2021-03-30 |website=www.goal.com}}</ref> He scored his third goal of the season against [[Mumbai City FC]] on 13 February 2019, where he scored the opening goal in the fourth minute of the match, that they won 0–2 at final whistle.<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 13, 2019 |title=ISL 2018-19: Borges, Ogbeche fire North East United FC to 2-0 win over Mumbai City FC |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/football/story/isl-2018-19-mumbai-city-fc-vs-north-east-united-fc-rowllin-borges-bartholomew-ogbeche-1455509-2019-02-13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214042825/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/football/story/isl-2018-19-mumbai-city-fc-vs-north-east-united-fc-rowllin-borges-bartholomew-ogbeche-1455509-2019-02-13 |archive-date=14 February 2019 |access-date=2021-03-30 |work=India Today |language=en |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref> Borges scored his last and fourth goal for NorthEast United on 20 February, when they drew against [[FC Pune City]] with a score of 1–1.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 February 2019 |title=ISL: FC Pune City rally to hold NorthEast United 1-1 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/football/story/isl-fc-pune-city-northeast-united-1-1-draw-1461093-2019-02-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130191831/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/football/story/isl-fc-pune-city-northeast-united-1-1-draw-1461093-2019-02-20 |archive-date=30 November 2020 |access-date=2021-03-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> After the 2018-19 ISL season, Borges left the club to join Mumbai City FC. He left after a remarkable season with four goal and two assists in his name, that helped NorthEast United to qualify for the semi-finals of the ISL for the first time in their history.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-26 |title=Exclusive: Mumbai City set to sign Rowlin Borges and Sarthak Golui |url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2019-20-mumbai-city-jamshedpur-northeast-united-transfers-latest/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702095209/https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2019-20-mumbai-city-jamshedpur-northeast-united-transfers-latest |archive-date=2 July 2021 |access-date=2021-03-30 |website=Khel Now |language=en-US}}</ref>

====East Bengal (loan)====
After his impressive 2016 ISL season, on 11 December 2016,<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 December 2016 |title=Anwar Ali and Sehnaj Singh join East Bengal and Mohun Bagan respectively |url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2016/12/11/30383492/i-league-2017-transfer-news-anwar-ali-and-sehnaj-singh-join-east- |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108121538/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2016/12/11/30383492/i-league-2017-transfer-news-anwar-ali-and-sehnaj-singh-join-east- |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=11 December 2016 |work=Goal.com}}</ref> Borges was loaned to East Bengal for the [[2016–17 I-League|2016-17 I-League]] season.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-03 |title=I-League 2016-17 Season Review: East Bengal |url=https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2016-17-season-review-east-bengal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628052328/https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2016-17-season-review-east-bengal |archive-date=28 June 2021 |access-date=2021-03-30 |website=Khel Now |language=en-US}}</ref> He played his debut match for the club on 7 January 2017 against [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl FC]] in a 1–1 draw.<ref>{{Cite web |title=East Bengal v Aizawl Starting XIs, 07/01/17, I-League {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/east-bengal-v-aizawl/lineups/eaqbqg6ph8ywss22dvy2mro4p |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702095239/https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/east-bengal-v-aizawl/lineups/eaqbqg6ph8ywss22dvy2mro4p |archive-date=2 July 2021 |access-date=2021-03-30 |website=www.goal.com}}</ref> Borges scored his debut goal for the club in the [[Kolkata Derby]] against [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]] on 9 April, where he scored the only goal for East Bengal in the injury time, which they lost 2–1 after the final whistle.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2017 |title=I-League 2017: Mohun Bagan 2-1 East Bengal - 19-year-old Azharuddin gives Mariners derby bragging rights |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/mohun-bagan-v-east-bengal/7cajnemv0tfve0sfuluyig3qh |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107191015/https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/mohun-bagan-v-east-bengal/7cajnemv0tfve0sfuluyig3qh |archive-date=7 January 2021 |access-date=2021-03-30 |website=www.goal.com}}</ref> He played his last match with East Bengal on 29 April in a 0–4 victory over Mumbai FC and left the club after finishing his loan term.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2017 |title=I-League 2017: Mumbai FC 0-4 East Bengal: Yellow Brigade end dismal season with Red and Gold thrashing {{!}} Starting XIs |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/mumbai-v-east-bengal/lineups/366pt9syic6aoegy7s7vbn561 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702095202/https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/mumbai-v-east-bengal/lineups/366pt9syic6aoegy7s7vbn561 |archive-date=2 July 2021 |access-date=2021-03-30 |website=www.goal.com}}</ref>

===Mumbai City===
On his 27th birthday, on 5 June 2019, it was announced that Mumbai City FC had secured Rowllin Borges on a three-year contract.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rowllin Borges moves to Mumbai City after stellar season with NorthEast|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/rowllin-borges-moves-to-mumbai-city-after-stellar-season-with-northeast|access-date=2021-03-30|website=Indian Super League|language=en|archive-date=15 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815050446/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/rowllin-borges-moves-to-mumbai-city-after-stellar-season-with-northeast|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mumbai City FC sign Rowlin Borges on a three-year contract|url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/football/mumbai-city-fc-sign-rowlin-borges-on-a-three-year-contract-36526|access-date=2021-03-30|website=Mumbai Live|language=en|archive-date=2 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702095203/https://www.mumbailive.com/en/football/mumbai-city-fc-sign-rowlin-borges-on-a-three-year-contract-36526|url-status=live}}</ref> He played his debut match for the club in the [[2019–20 Indian Super League]] against Kerala Blasters FC in a 0–1 victory on 24 October 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-24|title=ISL 2019-20 HIGHLIGHTS, Kerala Blasters vs Mumbai City FC: Chermiti Goal, Amrinder Save Gives Win to Mumbai|url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/isl-2019-20-highlights-kerala-blasters-vs-mumbai-city-fc-2361459.html|access-date=2021-03-30|website=www.news18.com|language=en|archive-date=25 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025132737/https://www.news18.com/news/football/isl-2019-20-highlights-kerala-blasters-vs-mumbai-city-fc-2361459.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Borges scored his debut goal for the club on 15 December in a 2–3 victory over [[Bengaluru FC]], where he scored in the injury time while the game was going to a draw, hence helping Mumbai City to collect the three points.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mumbai end Bengaluru's unbeaten run with thrilling late winner|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/656-bengaluru-fc-profile/news/mumbai-end-bengalurus-unbeaten-run-with-thrilling-late-winner|access-date=2021-03-30|website=Indian Super League|language=en|archive-date=2 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702095205/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/clubs/656-bengaluru-fc-profile/news/mumbai-end-bengalurus-unbeaten-run-with-thrilling-late-winner|url-status=live}}</ref> He scored his second goal of the season against FC Goa on 12 February 2020, which ended in a disastrous 5–2 defeat for Mumbai City even after the goal by Borges in the 19th minute of the game.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 February 2020|title=FC Goa Rout Mumbai City 5-2 To Go 3 Points Clear On Top Of The Table {{!}} Football News|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/indian-super-league/fc-goa-rout-mumbai-city-5-2-to-go-3-points-clear-on-top-of-the-table-2179328|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-30|website=NDTVSports.com|language=en|archive-date=3 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203045311/https://sports.ndtv.com/indian-super-league/fc-goa-rout-mumbai-city-5-2-to-go-3-points-clear-on-top-of-the-table-2179328}}</ref> Borges played his first match of the [[2020–21 Indian Super League]] on 21 November 2020 in a 1–0 defeat against his former club NorthEast United.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-21|title=ISL 2020-21 Highlights: Mumbai City falter, NorthEast United come up with 1-0 win|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/isl-2020-21-northeast-united-vs-mumbai-city-live-score-updates-7060408/|access-date=2021-03-30|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=6 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206013409/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/isl-2020-21-northeast-united-vs-mumbai-city-live-score-updates-7060408/|url-status=live}}</ref> Borges scored his first goal of the season against Odisha FC on 3 December, which Mumbai ended up winning 2–0.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-06|title=ISL 2020: Clinical Mumbai brush past Odisha 2-0 to jump to top|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/isl-2020-clinical-mumbai-brush-past-odisha-2-0-to-jump-to-top/story-h9HSzLaIzJNucAZYs0O11H.html|access-date=2021-03-30|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=31 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331020605/https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/isl-2020-clinical-mumbai-brush-past-odisha-2-0-to-jump-to-top/story-h9HSzLaIzJNucAZYs0O11H.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He scored his second goal of the season on 8 February 2021 against FC Goa in a thrilling match, which ended in a 3–3 draw.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-08|title=Match Report: Mumbai City FC 3-3 FC Goa|url=https://www.mumbaicityfc.com/news/match-report-mumbai-city-fc-3-3-fc-goa|access-date=2021-03-30|website=Mumbai City FC|language=en|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212180840/https://www.mumbaicityfc.com/news/match-report-mumbai-city-fc-3-3-fc-goa|url-status=live}}</ref> Mumbai ended their season as table toppers after a stellar season, which helped Borges to clinch his first ever trophy.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mumbai City FC clinch League Winners Shield after beating ATK Mohun Bagan|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/mumbai-city-fc-clinch-league-winners-shield-after-beating-atk-mohun-bagan|access-date=2021-03-30|website=Indian Super League|language=en|archive-date=28 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228174903/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/mumbai-city-fc-clinch-league-winners-shield-after-beating-atk-mohun-bagan|url-status=live}}</ref> Mumbai was qualified for the championship semi finals in process to meet FC Goa in both legs, which they went on to win in penalty shootout after the match ended 2–2 after full time and extra time in second leg. The deciding penalty was taken by Rowllin Borges, which he netted in, thereby taking Mumbai City FC to the final of the Indian Super League for the first time in their history.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ISL 2020-21: Mumbai City go through to the final for the first time in their history {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en-qa/news/isl-final-mumbai-city-first-time-in-history/1mt7g65wgfb8q1cp1ug49mn4kj|access-date=2021-03-30|website=www.goal.com|archive-date=2 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702095204/https://www.goal.com/en-qa/news/isl-final-mumbai-city-first-time-in-history/1mt7g65wgfb8q1cp1ug49mn4kj|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ISL: Mumbai City Beat FC Goa 6-5 In Penalty Shootout To Reach Maiden Final {{!}} Football News|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/indian-super-league/isl-mumbai-city-beat-fc-goa-6-5-in-penalty-shootout-to-reach-maiden-final-2386505|access-date=2021-03-30|website=NDTVSports.com|language=en|archive-date=15 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210315232051/https://sports.ndtv.com/indian-super-league/isl-mumbai-city-beat-fc-goa-6-5-in-penalty-shootout-to-reach-maiden-final-2386505|url-status=live}}</ref> Borges started in the [[2021 Indian Super League final|final]] against [[ATK Mohun Bagan FC]] on 13 March 2021,<ref>{{Cite web|last=IANS|date=2021-03-12|title=League Winners Mumbai City Take On ATK Mohun Bagan in ISL Final|url=https://www.thequint.com/sports/football/isl-league-winners-mumbai-city-take-on-atk-mohun-bagan-in-isl-final|access-date=2021-03-30|website=TheQuint|language=en|archive-date=12 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312170908/https://www.thequint.com/sports/football/isl-league-winners-mumbai-city-take-on-atk-mohun-bagan-in-isl-final|url-status=live}}</ref> which they won 2–1,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mumbai City FC vs ATK Mohun Bagan Live Score Update, Commentary, Scorecard|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/37314-mumbai-city-fc-vs-atk-mohun-bagan|access-date=2021-03-30|website=Indian Super League|language=en|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506105934/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/37314-mumbai-city-fc-vs-atk-mohun-bagan|url-status=live}}</ref> thereby winning the ISL final for the first time, and this victory also helped Borges to win his second title in his career in the same season.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-13|title=Late Bipin Singh goal hands Mumbai City FC maiden ISL title|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/football/mumbai-city-fc-beat-atk-mohun-bagan-to-win-first-ever-isl-title-101615640568322.html|access-date=2021-03-30|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=30 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330135005/https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/football/mumbai-city-fc-beat-atk-mohun-bagan-to-win-first-ever-isl-title-101615640568322.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-14|title=Mumbai City win first ISL title|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/football/news/mumbai-city-win-first-isl-title-2060321|access-date=2021-03-30|website=The Daily Star|language=en|archive-date=2 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702095205/https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/football/news/mumbai-city-win-first-isl-title-2060321|url-status=live}}</ref> On 5 June 2021, Borges signed a three-year contract extension with Mumbai City, lasting until 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-05|title=Rowllin Borges extends contract with Mumbai City, to stay till 2024|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/rowllin-borges-extends-contract-with-mumbai-city-to-stay-till-2024-7345360/|access-date=2021-06-23|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606075558/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/rowllin-borges-extends-contract-with-mumbai-city-to-stay-till-2024-7345360/|url-status=live}}</ref> He was later included in club's [[2022 AFC Champions League]] squad.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/all-need-know-mumbai-city-fc-s-afc-champions-league-2022-campaign|title=All you need to know about Mumbai City FC's AFC Champions League 2022 campaign|website=sportskeeda.com|publisher=[[Sportskeeda]]|date=6 April 2022|access-date=6 April 2022|first=Sayantan|last=Guha|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406165901/https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/all-need-know-mumbai-city-fc-s-afc-champions-league-2022-campaign|archive-date=6 April 2022}}</ref>

====FC Goa (loan)====
On 11 June 2023, Borges joined [[FC Goa]] on a season-long loan.<ref name="11June">{{cite web |author=ISL Media Team |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/rowllin-borges-joins-fc-goa-on-loan-el-khayati-leads-chennaiyin-fc-departures |title=Rowllin Borges joins FC Goa on loan; El Khayati leads Chennaiyin FC departures |date=11 June 2023 |publisher=Indian Super League |access-date=22 July 2023}}</ref>

===Kerala Blasters===
On 25 January 2026, Borges joined [[Kerala Blasters]].

==International career==
Borges had represented India in [[India national under-23 football team|under-23]] level, and in 2015, he was called for [[India national football team|India's senior national team]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2016 |title=ISL what? India's young midfielder Rowlin Borges defies the odds and repays Constantine's faith |url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/isl-what-indias-young-midfielder-rowlin-borges-defies-the-odds-and-repays-constantines-faith-2568496.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316213754/http://www.firstpost.com/sports/isl-what-indias-young-midfielder-rowlin-borges-defies-the-odds-and-repays-constantines-faith-2568496.html |archive-date=16 March 2018 |access-date=30 March 2021 |website=Firstpost}}</ref> Borges played his debut match for India as a substitute for [[Eugeneson Lyngdoh]] against [[Nepal national football team|Nepal]] on 31 August 2015, which ended in a 0–0 draw.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-03 |title=ISL what? India's young midfielder Rowlin Borges defies the odds and repays Constantine's faith |url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/isl-what-indias-young-midfielder-rowlin-borges-defies-the-odds-and-repays-constantines-faith-2568496.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316213754/http://www.firstpost.com/sports/isl-what-indias-young-midfielder-rowlin-borges-defies-the-odds-and-repays-constantines-faith-2568496.html |archive-date=16 March 2018 |access-date=2021-03-30 |website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India v Nepal Starting XIs, 31/08/15, Friendlies {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/india-v-nepal/lineups/8ux5ii1d969qeppvrvai2257t |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702095205/https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/india-v-nepal/lineups/8ux5ii1d969qeppvrvai2257t |archive-date=2 July 2021 |access-date=2021-03-30 |website=www.goal.com}}</ref> He was included in the squad of India for the [[2018 FIFA World Cup qualification (AFC)|2018 FIFA World Cup qualifiers]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Team Named for 2018 FIFA World Cup Football Qualifiers {{!}} Football News |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/football/indian-team-named-for-2018-fifa-world-cup-football-qualifiers-1493298 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702095205/https://sports.ndtv.com/football/indian-team-named-for-2018-fifa-world-cup-football-qualifiers-1493298 |archive-date=2 July 2021 |access-date=2021-03-30 |website=NDTVSports.com |language=en}}</ref> and played his first qualifying match for India on 8 September 2015 against [[Iran national football team|Iran]] as a substitute for [[Dhanpal Ganesh]], which they lost 0–3.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India v Iran Starting XIs, 08/09/15, WC Qualification Asia {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/india-v-iran/lineups/apov3otm1fzesoq554edb3lyh |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702095206/https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/india-v-iran/lineups/apov3otm1fzesoq554edb3lyh |archive-date=2 July 2021 |access-date=2021-03-30 |website=www.goal.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=Sep 8, 2015 |title=India suffer 0-3 thrashing against Iran in 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifiers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/india-suffer-0-3-thrashing-against-iran-in-2018-fifa-world-cup-qualifiers/articleshow/48874618.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108112002/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/India-suffer-0-3-thrashing-against-Iran-in-2018-FIFA-World-Cup-qualifiers/articleshow/48874618.cms |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=2021-03-30 |work=Times of India |department=Football News |language=en |agency=PTI}}</ref> Borges was later included in the [[2015 SAFF Championship squads#India|Indian squad]] to take part in the [[2015 SAFF Championship]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=India - Squad of 2015 |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/teams/te13972/india/squad/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105051747/http://www.worldfootball.net/teams/indien-team/freundschaft-2015/2/ |archive-date=5 November 2015 |access-date=2021-03-30 |website=worldfootball.net |language=en}}</ref> He scored his debut goal for the national team in that competition against Nepal on 27 December 2015 in the group stage match, which India won 4–1.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SAFF Championship: India 4-1 Nepal {{!}} Football {{!}} News {{!}} |url=https://www.the-afc.com/news/afcsection/saff-championship-india-4-1-nepal-28499 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702095206/https://www.the-afc.com/news/afcsection/saff-championship-india-4-1-nepal-28499 |archive-date=2 July 2021 |access-date=2021-03-30 |website=Asian Football Confederation |language=en-GB}}</ref> Borges started in the [[2015 SAFF Championship Final|final]] of the 2015 SAFF Championship on 3 January 2016 against reigning champions [[Afghanistan national football team|Afghanistan]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=India v Afghanistan Starting XIs, 03/01/16, SAFF Championship {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/india-v-afghanistan/lineups/328o2wn3kxgmlvpmq0u5kmiuh |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505164225/https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/india-v-afghanistan/lineups/328o2wn3kxgmlvpmq0u5kmiuh |archive-date=5 May 2021 |access-date=2021-03-30 |website=www.goal.com}}</ref> which India won 2–1 after extra time, thereby Borges winning his first international trophy.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandran |first=M. R. Praveen |date=2016-01-03 |title=Chetri's strike seals it for India |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/Chetri%E2%80%99s-strike-seals-it-for-India/article13978894.ece |access-date=2021-03-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> As a result of his brilliant performance in the year 2016 for both club and country, Borges was awarded with the [[AIFF Player of the Year Awards#Emerging Player of the Year|AIFF Emerging Player of the Year Award]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=JEJE LALPEKHLUA IS 2016 AIFF PLAYER OF THE YEAR |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/jeje-lalpekhlua-is-2016-aiff-player-of-the-year |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709125853/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/jeje-lalpekhlua-is-2016-aiff-player-of-the-year |archive-date=9 July 2020 |access-date=2021-03-30 |website=All India Football Federation}}</ref> He was selected for the national team to play in the [[2019 AFC Asian Cup qualification|2019 AFC Asian Cup qualifiers]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Squad for Asian Cup Qualifiers 2019 |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/teams/te13972/india/squad/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721062634/http://www.worldfootball.net/teams/indien-team/asian-cup-qual-2019/2/ |archive-date=21 July 2018 |access-date=2021-03-30 |website=worldfootball.net |language=en}}</ref> Borges scored his second goal for the national team in the competition against [[Macau national football team|Macau]] on 11 October 2017, where he opened the scoresheet of the game, as India won on a big margin of 4–1, thereby qualifying for the [[2019 AFC Asian Cup]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Biju Babu Cyriac |date=Oct 11, 2017 |title=2019 AFC Asian Cup: India beat Macau to qualify for 2019 AFC Asian Cup {{!}} Football News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/india-beat-macau-to-qualify-for-2019-afc-asian-cup/articleshow/61041533.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428102400/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/india-beat-macau-to-qualify-for-2019-afc-asian-cup/articleshow/61041533.cms |archive-date=28 April 2021 |access-date=2021-03-30 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> He was in the squad for the [[2018 Intercontinental Cup (India)|2018 Intercontinental Cup]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's final 23-man squad for Hero Intercontinental Cup announced |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/intercontinental-cup/news/indias-final-23-man-squad-for-hero-intercontinental-cup-announced |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505204837/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/intercontinental-cup/news/indias-final-23-man-squad-for-hero-intercontinental-cup-announced |archive-date=5 May 2021 |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=Indian Super League |language=en}}</ref> and played in the final as a substitute for [[Halicharan Narzary]] against [[Kenya national football team|Kenya]] on 10 June 2018,<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2018 |title=Sunil Chhetri's first-half brace fires India to Intercontinental Cup title {{!}} Starting XIs |url=https://www.goal.com/en-ke/match/india-v-kenya/lineups/7kgmozfw2xfycbio58ipg1x7u |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=www.goal.com}}</ref> which India won 2–0, thereby winning the first edition of the Intercontinental Cup.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Marar |first=Nandakumar |date=2018-06-10 |title=Milestone man Sunil Chhetri helps India beat Kenya 2-0 to clinch Intercontinental Cup title |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/milestone-man-sunil-chhetri-helps-india-beat-kenya-2-0-to-clinch-intercontinental-cup-title/article24130498.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505194828/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/milestone-man-sunil-chhetri-helps-india-beat-kenya-2-0-to-clinch-intercontinental-cup-title/article24130498.ece |archive-date=5 May 2021 |access-date=2021-03-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> India qualified for the [[2019 AFC Asian Cup]] after topping in their group of the qualifying stage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AFC Asian Cup Qualifiers Table |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/standings/_/league/afc.cupq |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616182724/https://www.espn.com/soccer/standings/_/league/afc.cupq |archive-date=16 June 2021 |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=ESPN |language=en}}</ref> Borges was called up by the national team for his first [[AFC Asian Cup]] tournament.<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 27, 2018 |title=India 23-man squad for 2019 AFC Asian Cup announced |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/football/story/indian-football-team-23-man-squad-2019-afc-asian-cup-stephen-constantine-1418272-2018-12-27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505194325/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/football/story/indian-football-team-23-man-squad-2019-afc-asian-cup-stephen-constantine-1418272-2018-12-27 |archive-date=5 May 2021 |access-date=2021-03-31 |work=India Today |language=en |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref> He played in India's first match in the group stage against [[Thailand national football team|Thailand]] as a substitute in the 78th minute for [[Anirudh Thapa]] on 6 January 2019, which India won 1–4.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Group A: Thailand 1-4 India {{!}} Football {{!}} News {{!}} Asian Qualifiers 2022 |url=https://www.the-afc.com/competitions/afc-asian-cup/news/group-a-thailand-1-4-india |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505194832/https://www.the-afc.com/competitions/afc-asian-cup/news/group-a-thailand-1-4-india |archive-date=5 May 2021 |access-date=31 March 2021 |website=AFC Official Website |language=en-GB}}</ref> This victory was India's first victory in an AFC Asian Cup match in 55 years,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-07 |title=AFC Asian Cup 2019: India beat Thailand 4-1 for first Asian Cup win in 55 years |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/afc-asian-cup-2019-india-vs-thailand-report-sunil-chhetri-anirudh-thapa-jeje-5525799/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505194326/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/afc-asian-cup-2019-india-vs-thailand-report-sunil-chhetri-anirudh-thapa-jeje-5525799/ |archive-date=5 May 2021 |access-date=31 March 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and was also their biggest win in an Asian Cup match in their history.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India register their biggest win in Asian Cup history with Thailand thrashing |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/india-register-biggest-win-asian-cup-history-thailand/g1zt2zmjx41z15s40f25p08hk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505194828/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/india-register-biggest-win-asian-cup-history-thailand/g1zt2zmjx41z15s40f25p08hk |archive-date=5 May 2021 |access-date=31 March 2021 |website=Goal.com}}</ref> He also played the last match in the group stage against [[Bahrain national football team|Bahrain]] on 14 January, which India lost 0–1, resulting in their elimination for the campaign.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=AFC Asian Cup 2019, India vs Bahrain, As It Happened: Rashed penalty knocks Blue Tigers out |url=https://scroll.in/field/909452/afc-asian-cup-2019-india-vs-bahrain-live-blue-tigers-look-for-a-point-to-progress-to-knockouts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505194327/https://scroll.in/field/909452/afc-asian-cup-2019-india-vs-bahrain-live-blue-tigers-look-for-a-point-to-progress-to-knockouts |archive-date=5 May 2021 |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> Borges then represented India in the [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification (AFC)|2022 FIFA World Cup qualifiers]], and played his first match of the qualifiers against [[Oman national football team|Oman]] on 9 September 2019 which ended in a 1–2 defeat for India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India vs Oman, 2022 FIFA World Cup Qualifier, Highlights: IND Suffer Heartbreaking Defeat To OMA Despite Sunil Chhetri Goal |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/sports-news-india-vs-oman-live-2022-fifa-world-cup-qualifier-live-football-score-live-updates-guwahati/337960 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119094721/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/sports-news-india-vs-oman-live-2022-fifa-world-cup-qualifier-live-football-score-live-updates-guwahati/337960 |archive-date=19 January 2021 |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=Outlook India}}</ref> He also started in match against [[Qatar national football team|Qatar]] on 10 September,<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=World Cup qualifiers, Qatar vs India, as it happened: Blue Tigers hold Asian champions in Doha |url=https://scroll.in/field/936911/football-world-cup-qualifiers-qatar-vs-india-live-updates-no-chhetri-as-blue-tigers-face-tough-test |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510144222/https://scroll.in/field/936911/football-world-cup-qualifiers-qatar-vs-india-live-updates-no-chhetri-as-blue-tigers-face-tough-test |archive-date=10 May 2021 |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> where India put on an extraordinary show, as India drew the Asia's reigning champions 0–0.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mergulhao |first=Marcus |date=Sep 11, 2019 |title=India vs Qatar Football: Brave India hold Asian Champions Qatar to goal-less draw in World Cup qualifiers {{!}} Football News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/brave-india-hold-asian-champions-qatar-to-goal-less-draw-in-world-cup-qualifiers/articleshow/71073751.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111225039/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/brave-india-hold-asian-champions-qatar-to-goal-less-draw-in-world-cup-qualifiers/articleshow/71073751.cms |archive-date=11 November 2020 |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MD2 - Group E: Qatar 0-0 India {{!}} Football {{!}} News {{!}} FIFA World Cup 2022 |url=https://www.the-afc.com/competitions/fifa-world-cup/latest/news/md2-group-e-qatar-0-0-india |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022035130/https://www.the-afc.com/competitions/fifa-world-cup/latest/news/md2-group-e-qatar-0-0-india |archive-date=22 October 2020 |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=the-AFC |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Borges was born in [[Nuvem]], located in the football-crazy state of [[Goa]] on 5 June 1992.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rowlin Borges Archives|url=https://khelnow.com/football/player/rowlin-borges/|access-date=2021-03-31|website=Khel Now|language=en-US|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127191610/https://khelnow.com/football/player/rowlin-borges|url-status=live}}</ref> He began playing football as a [[Goalkeeper (association football)|goalkeeper]] in school.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rowllin Borges- I Want To Win Everything With Mumbai City {{!}} IFTWC - Indian Football Team For World Cup|url=https://iftwc.com/rowllin-borges-i-want-to-win-everything-at-mumbai-city/|access-date=2021-03-31|language=en-US|archive-date=17 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117163727/https://iftwc.com/rowllin-borges-i-want-to-win-everything-at-mumbai-city/|url-status=live}}</ref> His favorite footballers include the former [[Brazil national football team|Brazil]] international, [[Ronaldinho]] and former [[France national football team|France]] international, [[Zinedine Zidane]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rowllin Borges - I idolised Climax Lawrence while growing up {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/rowllin-borges-idolised-climax-lawrence-growing-up/1tqpq8b0arqac1t9ukpvlx3110|access-date=2021-06-10|website=www.goal.com|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610135605/https://www.goal.com/en/news/rowllin-borges-idolised-climax-lawrence-growing-up/1tqpq8b0arqac1t9ukpvlx3110|url-status=live}}</ref> He was also a fan of India national team skipper [[Sunil Chhetri]], and former Indian international from Goa, [[Climax Lawrence]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rowllin Borges: I train to play every match|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/interviews/rowllin-borges-i-train-to-play-every-match|access-date=2021-03-31|website=Indian Super League|language=en}}</ref>

== Style of play ==
Borges is a brick in the midfield who claims the ball at any situation.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chatterjee|first=Sayan|date=2020-12-08|title=ISL 2020-21: Why Rowllin Borges is the most underrated Indian midfielder|url=https://thebridge.in/featured/isl-2020-21-why-rowllin-borges-most-underrated-indian-midfielder/|access-date=2021-03-31|website=thebridge.in|language=en}}</ref> His vision on the pitch allows him to minimize the threat in a simpler way.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-02|title=Why Rowllin Borges is Mumbai City FC's most influential player|url=https://www.sportsadda.com/football/opinions/why-rowllin-borges-is-mumbai-city-fcs-most-influential-player|access-date=2021-03-31|website=SportsAdda|language=en|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030170821/https://www.sportsadda.com/football/opinions/why-rowllin-borges-is-mumbai-city-fcs-most-influential-player|url-status=live}}</ref> His former coach at NorthEast United, [[Eelco Schattorie]] compared him with the [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] midfielder [[Kevin De Bruyne]] by adding, "''Rowllin Borges is bit like Kevin De Bruyne. When I see the quality, I can compare them a little bit; to play box to box, have good passing abilities, can assist, and score goals''".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-16|title=Eelco Schattorie: Majority of Manjappada is behind me, they're fantastic|url=https://khelnow.com/football/eelco-schattorie-instagram-live-interview-part-2/|access-date=2021-04-22|website=Khel Now|language=en-US|archive-date=16 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516191623/https://khelnow.com/football/eelco-schattorie-instagram-live-interview-part-2|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-11|title=Rowllin Borges: Anirudh Thapa will be one of best in few years|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-mumbai-city-fc-rowllin-borges-instagram-live-interview/|access-date=2021-03-31|website=Khel Now|language=en-US|archive-date=16 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116202936/https://khelnow.com/football/isl-mumbai-city-fc-rowllin-borges-instagram-live-interview|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Career statistics ==
=== Club ===
{{updated|19 April 2023}}<ref>{{soccerway|rowllin-borges/271772}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size; text-align:center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|Cup
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]]
|{{nowrap|[[2011–12 I-League|2011–12]]}}
| rowspan="5" | [[I-League]]
|1||0||5{{efn|name=FedCup|Appearance(s) in [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]]}}{{efn|name=DurandCup|Appearance(s) in [[Durand Cup]]}}||0|| colspan="2" |—||6||0
|-
|[[2012–13 I-League|2012–13]]
|12||0||6{{efn|name=FedCup}}{{efn|name=DurandCup}}||0|| colspan="2" |—||18||0
|-
|[[2013–14 I-League|2013–14]]
|21||3||5{{efn|name=FedCup}}||0|| colspan="2" |—||26||3
|-
|[[2014–15 I-League|2014–15]]
|13||0||4{{efn|name=FedCup}}||0|| colspan="2" |—||17||0
|-
|[[2015–16 I-League|2015–16]]
|12||0||8{{efn|name=FedCup}}{{efn|name=DurandCup}}||0|| colspan="2" |—||20||0
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!59!!3!!28!!0!!0!!0!!87!!3
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|[[2016 Indian Super League|2016]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian Super League]]
|13||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||13||0
|-
|[[2017–18 Indian Super League|2017–18]]
|16||0||1{{efn|name=SuperCup|Appearance(s) in [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]}}||0|| colspan="2" |—||17||0
|-
|[[2018–19 Indian Super League|2018–19]]
|19||4||1{{efn|name=SuperCup}}||1|| colspan="2" |—||20||5
|-
! colspan="2" | Total
!48!!4!!2!!1!!0!!0!!50!!5
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]] (loan)
|[[2016–17 I-League|2016–17]]
| rowspan="1" |I-League
|12||1||4{{efn|name=FedCup}}||0|| colspan="2" |—||16||1
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|[[2019–20 Indian Super League|2019–20]]
| rowspan="4" |Indian Super League
|15||2||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||15||2
|-
|[[2020–21 Indian Super League|2020–21]]
|20||2||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||20||2
|-
|[[2021–22 Indian Super League|2021–22]]
|4||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||4||0
|-
|[[2022–23 Indian Super League|2022–23]]
|16||0||4{{efn|name=DurandCup}}{{efn|name=SuperCup}}||0||1{{efn|name=QAFCCL|Appearance(s) in [[Indian club qualifiers for 2023–24 AFC competitions#Qualification for the AFC Champions League group stage|Qualifier for AFC Champions League group stage]]}}||0||21||0
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!55!!4!!4!!0!!1!!0!!60!!4
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[FC Goa|Goa]] (loan)
|[[2023–24 Indian Super League|2023–24]]
| rowspan="1" |Indian Super League
|0||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||0||0
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!174!!12!!36!!1!!1!!0!!211!!13
|}
{{notelist}}

===International===
{{updated|18 June 2023}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Rowllin Borges|url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/60278/Rowllin_Borges.html|access-date=2021-03-31|website=www.national-football-teams.com}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!National team!!Year!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[India national football team|India]]
|2015||7||1
|-
|2016||4||0
|-
|2017||8||1
|-
|2018||7||0
|-
|2019||7||0
|-
|2021||1||0
|-
|2023||1||0
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!35!!2
|}

====International goals====
:''Scores and results list India's goal tally first''

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:"
! No. !! Date !! Venue !! Cap !! Opponent !! Score !! Result !! Competition !! Ref.
|-
| 1. || 27 December 2015 || [[Greenfield International Stadium|Trivandrum International Stadium]], [[Trivandrum]], [[India]] || align=center | 6 || {{fb|NEP}} || align=center |'''1'''–1 || align=center | 4–1 || [[2015 SAFF Championship]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/12/27/asia/south-asian-football-federation-championship/india/nepal/2157825/|title=India 4–1 Nepal|website=Soccerway|date=27 December 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 2. || 11 October 2017 || [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]], [[India]] || align=center | 19 || {{fb|MAC}} || align=center |'''1'''–0 || align=center | 4–1 || [[2019 AFC Asian Cup qualification – third round|2019 AFC Asian Cup qualification]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://gh.soccerway.com/matches/2017/10/11/asia/asian-cup-qualification/india/macao/2400177/|title=India 4–1 Macau|website=Soccerway|date=11 October 2017}}</ref>
|}

==Honours==

'''India'''
* [[SAFF Championship]]: [[2015 SAFF Championship|2015]]
* [[Tri-Nation Series (India)|Tri-Nation Series]]: [[2017 Hero Tri-Nation Series|2017]]
* [[Intercontinental Cup (India)|Intercontinental Cup]]: [[2018 Intercontinental Cup (India)|2018]], [[2023 Intercontinental Cup (India)|2023]]

'''India U23'''
* [[Football at the South Asian Games|South Asian Games]] Silver medal: [[Football at the 2016 South Asian Games|2016]]

'''Mumbai City'''
* [[Indian Super League#League championships|Indian Super League Championship]]: [[2020–21 Indian Super League|2020–21]]
* [[Indian Super League#League championships|Indian Super League Premiers]]: [[2020–21 Indian Super League|2020–21]]

'''Individual'''
*[[AIFF Player of the Year Awards#Emerging Player of the Year|AIFF Emerging Player of the Year]]: 2016

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Soccerway|271772}}
*[https://www.indiansuperleague.com/players/midfielder-25876-rowllin-borges-profile Rowllin Borges] at Indian Super League
*[https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/83 Rowllin Borges] at All India Football Federation

{{Mumbai City FC squad}}
{{India squad 2019 AFC Asian Cup}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Borges, Rowllin}}
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Footballers from Goa]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:Indian Super League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Fransa-Pax FC players]]
[[Category:SC de Goa players]]
[[Category:NorthEast United FC players]]
[[Category:East Bengal Club players]]
[[Category:Mumbai City FC players]]
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:2019 AFC Asian Cup players]]
[[Category:India men's international footballers]]
[[Category:India men's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:South Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in football]]

Bhavnagar Terminus–Haridwar Weekly Express

2026-03-06T18:29:18Z

SadguruCaterer: adding some post basic info!

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Infobox rail service
| box_width =
| name = Bhavnagar Terminus – Haridwar Bi-Weekly Express
| logo =
| image = Bhavnagar Haridwar Express.jpg
| image_width =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale = [[Gujarat]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Haryana]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]]
| first = {{start date and age|2023|09}}
| operator = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| start = {{stnlnk|Bhavnagar Terminus}} (BVC)
| stops = 35
| end = {{stnlnk|Haridwar Junction}} (HW)
| distance = {{convert|1574|km|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 31hrs 20mnts
| frequency = Bi-weekly
| trainnumber = 19271 / 19272
| class = General Unreserved, Sleeper, AC 3rd Tier, AC 2nd Tier
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| catering = E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| speed = {{convert|110|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum, {{convert|50|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts
| map =
}}

The 19271 / 19272 '''Bhavnagar Terminus - Haridwar Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[Western Railway zone]] that runs between [[Bhavnagar Terminus]] of [[Gujarat]] and [[Haridwar Junction railway station|Haridwar]] of [[Uttarakhand]] in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite news |agency=TNN |date=September 1, 2023 |title=Bhavnagar-Haridwar Train From September 11 |pages=1 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pandey |first=Riya |date=September 3, 2023 |title=Haridwar: भावनगर-हरिद्वार के बीच 6 सितंबर से हर बुधवार चलेगी साप्ताहिक एक्सप्रेस, जानें ट्रेन की समय सारणी... |pages=1 |work=[[Jagran]]}}</ref> Since 1 April 2024, this train runs with [[LHB coach]].

It operates as train number 19271 from Bhavnagar Terminus to Haridwar Junction and as train number 19272 in the reverse direction, serving the states of [[Uttarakhand]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Haryana]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Rajasthan]] and [[Gujarat]]

== Service ==
* 19271/ Bhavnagar Terminus–Haridwar Express has an average speed of 50 km/h and covers 1574 km in 31h 20m.
* 19272/ Haridwar–Bhavnagar Terminus Express has an average speed of 50 km/h and covers 1574 km in 31h 00m.

== Routes and halts ==
The important halts of the train are:

* '''[[Bhavnagar Terminus]]'''
* [[Bhavnagar Para railway station|Bhavnagar Para]]
* [[Sihor Junction railway station|Sihor Junction]]
* [[Dhola Junction railway station|Dhola Junction]]
* [[Botad Junction railway station|Botad Junction]]
* [[Limbdi railway station|Limbdi]]
* [[Surendranagar Gate railway station|Surendranagar Gate]]
* [[Viramgam Junction railway station|Viramgam Junction]]
* [[Mahesana Junction railway station|Mahesena Junction]]
* [[Patan railway station|Patan]]
* [[Bhildi Junction railway station|Bhildi]]
* [[Dhanera railway station|Dhanera]]
* [[Marwar Bhinmal railway station|Marwar Bhinmal]]
* [[Modran railway station|Modran]]
* [[Jalor railway station|Jalor]]
* [[Samdari Junction railway station|Samdari Junction]]
* [[Jodhpur Junction railway station|Jodhpur Junction]]
* [[Degana Junction railway station|Degana Junction]]
* [[Chhoti Khatu railway station|Choti Khatu]]
* [[Didwana railway station|Didwana]]
* [[Ladnun railway station|Ladnun]]
* [[Sujangarh railway station|Sujangarh]]
* [[Ratangarh Junction railway station|Ratangarh Junction]]
* [[Churu Junction railway station|Churu]]
* [[Sadulpur Junction railway station|Sadulpur Junction]]
* [[Hisar Junction railway station|Hisar Junction]]
* [[Jakhal Junction railway station|Jakhal Junction]]
* [[Dhuri Junction railway station|Dhuri Junction]]
* [[Patiala railway station|Patiala]]
* [[Rajpura Junction railway station|Rajpura Junction]]
* [[Ambala Cantonment Junction railway station|Ambala Cantt Junction]]
* [[Saharanpur Junction railway station|Saharanpur]]
* [[Roorkee railway station|Roorkee]]
* '''[[Haridwar Junction railway station|Haridwar Junction]]'''.

== Schedule ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Train number !! Station code !! Departure station !! Departure time !! Departure day !! Arrival station !! Arrival time !! Arrival day
|-
| 19271 || BVC || {{rws|Bhavnagar Terminus}} || 20:20 PM || Mon,Thu || {{rws|Haridwar}} || 03:40 AM || Wed,Sat
|-
| 19272 || HW || {{rws|Haridwar}} || 05:00 AM || Wed,Sat || {{rws|Bhavnagar Terminus}} || 12:00 PM || Thu,Sun
|}

== Coach composition ==

The train has standard [[LHB coaches]] with max speed of 110 kmph. The train consists of 22 coaches:
* 2 AC-2 Tier
* 6 AC-3 Tier
* 8 Sleeper class coaches
* 4 Second class coaches
* 1 Seating Cum Luggage Coaches
* 1 EOG car

As with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

== Traction ==
As the entire route is fully electrified it is hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Vadodara|Vadodara Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-5]] or [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from Bhavnagar to Haridwar and vice versa.

== Rake reversal ==
The train reverses its direction twice.

# [[Hisar Junction railway station|Hisar Junction]]
# [[Dhuri Junction railway station|Dhuri Junction]]

== See also ==
Trains from [[Bhavnagar Terminus]] :

# Kochuveli–Bhavnagar Express
# Bhavnagar Terminus–Kakinada Port Express
# [[Bhavnagar Terminus–Udhampur Janmabhoomi Express]]
# [[Parasnath Express]]
# Bandra Terminus–Bhavnagar Terminus Superfast Express
# Bandra Terminus–Bhavnagar Terminus Weekly Superfast Express

Trains from [[Haridwar Junction railway station|Haridwar Junction]] :

# [[Haridwar–Amritsar Jan Shatabdi Express]]
# Bandra Terminus–Haridwar Express
# [[Haridwar–Shri Ganganagar Intercity Express]]
# [[Haridwar–Una Link Janshatabdi Express]]
# [[Haridwar–Ramnagar Intercity Express]]
# [[Haridwar–Jammu Tawi Express]]

== Notes ==
a. Runs one day in a week for every direction

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Western Railway zone]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2023]]

Muthu Mandapam

2026-03-04T05:15:00Z

SadguruCaterer: Made new article - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Muthu Mandapam
| image = Muthu Mandapam.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[A. S. A. Sami]]
| producer = [[S. S. Rajendran]]
| writer = K. G. Radhamanalan
| starring = S. S. Rajendran [[C. R. Vijayakumari|R. Vijayakumari]]
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| cinematography = R. N. Pillai
| editing = R. Devarajan
| studio = Rajendran Pictures
| distributor = Venus Movies<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 October 1962 |title=Muthu Mandapam |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19621026&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=6 April 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1962|10|27|ref1=}}
| runtime = 2 hours and 43 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Muthu Mandapam''''' is a 1962 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by [[A. S. A. Sami]]. The film was produced by [[S. S. Rajendran]] who also stars alongside [[C. R. Vijayakumari|R. Vijayakumari]].<ref name="lakshmansruthi" /> It was released on 27 October 1962.<ref name="lakshmansruthi">{{Cite web |title=1962 – முத்துமண்டபம் – ராஜேந்திரன் பிக். |trans-title=1962 – Muthu Mandapam – Rajendran Pic. |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1962-cinedetails23.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412003903/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1962-cinedetails23.asp |archive-date=12 April 2017 |access-date=12 April 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{no plot|date=June 2022}}

== Cast ==
The following lists were compiled from the film credits (see external links) and from the database of [[Film News Anandan]]<ref name="lakshmansruthi" />
{{Cast listing|
*[[S. S. Rajendran]]
*[[C. R. Vijayakumari|R. Vijayakumari]]
*[[M. R. Radha]]
*[[S. V. Ranga Rao]]
*[[S. A. Asokan]]
*S. Rama Rao
*D. V. Narayanasamy
*S. P. Veerasamy
*K. Chandrakantha (sister of Karagattakaran famous Shamugasundaram)
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]]
*Shantha
*Indhira
*Bhagavathi
*Premavathi
}}

== Production ==
The film was produced by S. S. Rajendran under his own banner ''Rajendran Pictures''. He was also a member in [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] at that time and his name is shown as S. S. Rajendran MLA in the film credits.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=1 January 1962 |title=முத்துமண்டபம் |url=https://archive.org/details/diwali_malar1962-01-01/page/n33/mode/2up |access-date=27 March 2024 |magazine=Deepavali Malar |publisher=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=19 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam — Part 2 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |year=2016 |edition=1st |location=Chennai |pages=91–92 |language=Tamil}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer/s !! Lyricist !! Length
|-
| "Enna Solli Paaduven" || P. Susheela || rowspan=4|[[Kannadasan]]|| 03:25
|-
| "Porkalam, Porkalam Kaadhalenum Porkalam" || rowspan=2|T. M. Soundararajan & P. Susheela || 03:03
|-
| "Kodiyavale Poong Kodiyavale" || 04:23
|-
| "Sonnaalum Vetkamadaaa" || T. M. Soundararajan || 03:53
|-
| "Kanni Pennain Kaipidithu" || P. Susheela & Group || [[M. K. Athmanathan]]|| 03:30
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|0269581}}

[[Category:1962 Indian films]]
[[Category:1962 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1962 drama films]]
[[Category:1962 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. S. A. Sami]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Shibani Dandekar

2026-03-03T19:12:12Z

SadguruCaterer:

{{Short description|Indian-Australian singer, actress, anchor and model (born 1980)|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shibani Akhtar
| image = Shibani Dandekar snapped at the opening party and red carpet of Tiffany & Co (cropped).jpg
| caption = Dandekar in 2024
| birth_name = Shibani Dandekar
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1980|08|27|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| other_names =
| citizenship = Australia
| occupation = {{hlist|[[VJ (media personality)|VJ]]|model|singer|anchor}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Farhan Akhtar]]|2022}}
| years_active = 2001{{ndash}}2023
| relatives = [[Anusha Dandekar]] (sister)
}}

'''Shibani Akhtar''' ({{nee}} '''Dandekar'''; born 27 August 1980)<ref>{{cite news |title=Shibani Dandekar: Movies, Photos, Videos, News, Biography & Birthday {{!}} eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Shibani-Dandekar/ampdefault |access-date=26 May 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> is an [[Indian Australians|Indian-Australian]] singer, actress, host and [[Model (person)|model]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Im-looking-at-Bollywood-Shibani-Dandekar/etarticleshow/8926760.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221100446/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-20/news-and-interviews/29679194_1_ccl-anchor-bollywood |url-status=live |archive-date=21 December 2013 |title=Shibani Dandekar |date=20 June 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=23 April 2016}}</ref> She began her career working as a television host on American television. Following her return to India, she began hosting several shows and events on Hindi television, besides working as a model and singer. She was one of the co-hosts of the ''[[2019 ICC Cricket World Cup]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shibani Dandekar hosts Farhan Akhtar in pre World Cup party at Buckingham Palace |url=http://www.catchnews.com/cricket-news/shibani-dandekar-hosts-farhan-akhtar-in-pre-world-cup-party-at-buckingham-palace-162059.html |access-date=27 July 2020 |website=CatchNews.com |language=en}}</ref> She was also a contestant on ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 5]]'' (2012) and ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 8]]'' (2017).

==Early and personal life==
[[File:Farhan Akhtar and Shibani Dandekar grace the special screening of The Sky Is Pink.jpg|thumb|Dandekar with [[Farhan Akhtar]] in 2019]]
Dandekar was born in [[Pune]] as the eldest daughter into a [[Marathi language|Marathi]] family.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-28/news-and-interviews/29353952_1_anchor-sister-cricket-buff |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120717022253/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-28/news-and-interviews/29353952_1_anchor-sister-cricket-buff |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 July 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Cricket buff anchor |access-date=29 April 2012}}</ref> Her father Shashidhar Dandekar is a theatre actor in Australia and her mother Sulabha Dandekar works in Qantas Airways, Australia. She has two sisters, [[Anusha Dandekar]], an actress-singer working in [[Bollywood]], and Apeksha Dandekar.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Im-looking-at-Bollywood-Shibani-Dandekar/etarticleshow/8926760.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221100446/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-20/news-and-interviews/29679194_1_ccl-anchor-bollywood |url-status=live |archive-date=21 December 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=CCL Anchor |access-date=29 April 2012}}</ref> Dandekar, along with her sisters, formed a music band named D-Major.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/09/08/stories/2010090855830200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100911102950/http://www.hindu.com/2010/09/08/stories/2010090855830200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 September 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=Anushka and Shibani's band |date=8 September 2010 |access-date=29 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/glossary/story/20110502-ipl-eye-candy-shibani-dandekar-745804-2011-04-22 |title=IPL Eye Candy |work=India Today |date=23 April 2011 |access-date=29 April 2012}}</ref> Dandekar grew up in Australia and Africa for the majority of her childhood.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_singer-host-shibani-dandekar-gets-talking-about-work-and-her-dream-man_1562937 |title=Shibani Dandekar Interview |author=DNA India |date=6 July 2011 |access-date=29 April 2012}}</ref> She also holds an [[Overseas Citizenship of India]] card.<ref>{{cite tweet |user=shibanidandekar |number=282723212666740736 |title=I should be happy that as an OCI holder I don't have to decide which f***ing moron I have to vote for but it just pisses me off even more |date=23 December 2012 |access-date=18 May 2024 }}</ref>

Dandekar started dating Bollywood filmmaker and actor [[Farhan Akhtar]] in 2018, just after his divorce from [[Adhuna Bhabani]] in 2017. On 19 February 2022, they got married in a non-religious ceremony at Farhan's father's farmhouse in [[Khandala]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Farhan Akhtar-Shibani Dandekar wedding: Javed Akhtar reads out poem for the occasion |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/farhan-akhtar-shibani-dandekar-wedding-first-pictures-of-the-married-couple-hrithik-roshan-rhea-chakraborty-among-guests-at-khandala-venue-371298 |date=19 February 2022 |website=The Tribune |language=en |access-date=19 February 2022}}</ref> After marriage, she publically adopted her husband's last name by dropping her maiden last name on social media.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Farhan Akhtar confirms he's dating Shibani Dandekar for a year, hints wedding may be on the cards |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/farhan-akhtar-confirms-he-s-dating-shibani-dandekar-for-a-year-hints-wedding-may-be-on-the-cards/story-m3IbAxNQu6RPfNxO36Ns7J.html |date=6 March 2019 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |access-date=16 May 2020}}</ref>

==Career==
In 2001, she was hit by a car then after the incident she moved to New York City and began working in American television.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_american-born-glam-desi_1026594 |author=DNA India |title=American Born Glam Desi |date=28 April 2006 |access-date=29 April 2012}}</ref> She hosted three nationally syndicated television shows, ''Namaste America'', ''V Desi'' and the ''Asian Variety Show''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/getahead/slide-show/slide-show-1-glamour-shibani-dandekar-is-she-ipls-hottest-host/20110411.htm |work=Rediff.com |title=IPL's Host |access-date=29 April 2012}}</ref> In this role, she introduced Bollywood's biggest stars to American audiences and also hosted ''An Evening With Shah Rukh Khan in Atlantic City''. She has been a contestant on ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shibani Dandekar to win Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa? |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/shibani-dandekar-to-win-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-627236 |access-date= |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> the India-based ''[[Dancing With the Stars]]'' on the [[BBC]] network and hosted in India on Colors TV.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120619095026/http://colors.in.com/in/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa/contestant/shibani-dandekar-59.html#cd Shibani Dandekar Profile]</ref>

She returned to India and continued her work as a [[Television presenter|television host]], while venturing into modelling as well.
[[File:Shibani Dandekar and others walks the ramp at the Lotus Make up India Fashion Week 2019.jpg|thumb|Dandekar walking the ramp in 2019]]
Apart from music and modeling, Dandekar's love for anchoring shows saw her as host for major events such as the Maxim Hot 100, Nike, Rolls-Royce, Puma, Mercedes, Toyota, Horlicks, HSBC, Spice Mobile, JBL, MTV Coke Studio, Nivea and the Sony Launch of the tribute to Michael Jackson's "This is It". Dandekar has anchored popular shows including the lifestyle shows ''After Hours'' on [[Zee Cafe]], ''Men 2.0'' on [[AXN (India)|AXN]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/now-tv-to-bring-spotlight-back-to-men/698988/0 |work=The Indian Express |title=Now TV to bring spotlight back to men |access-date=29 April 2012}}</ref> [[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|ZoOm]]'s ''[[Let's Design]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/music/news-and-interviews/Shibani-Dandekar-to-anchor-IPL-4/articleshow/7799032.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715001126/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-28/news-and-interviews/29353952_1_anchor-sisters-cricket-buff |url-status=live |archive-date=15 July 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Sisters, Anchors, Cricket Buffs |access-date=29 April 2012}}</ref> ''India's Sexiest Bachelor'' on [[Big CBS Prime]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_singer-host-shibani-dandekar-gets-talking-about-work-and-her-dream-man_1562937 |author=DNA India |title=Shibani Dandekar Interview |date=6 July 2011 |access-date=29 April 2012}}</ref> as well as its extension ''India's Glam Diva'' on [[Big CBS Love]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/Who-will-be-India-s-Glam-Diva/Article1-770314.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118142552/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/Who-will-be-India-s-Glam-Diva/Article1-770314.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 November 2011 |work=Hindustan Times |title=India's Glam Diva |access-date=29 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Choose-Indias-glam-diva/articleshow/11925519.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227200022/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-18/tv/31074454_1_freida-pinto-sonakshi-sinha-sonam-kapoor |url-status=live |archive-date=27 December 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Freida Pinto, Sonakshi Sinha ... |access-date=29 April 2012}}</ref> Dandekar also anchored the Indian produced ''Grammy Nominees Special'' on [[VH1]] as a lead-up to the [[53rd Grammy Awards]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news/uday-benegal-vishal-dadlani-others-vh1-grammy-nominees-special |author=Radio and Music |title=VH1 Grammy nominees special |access-date=29 April 2012}}</ref> Since 2011, she has been co-hosting the show ''Extraa Innings – T20'' on [[SET Max|Sony Max Television]] during the [[Indian Premier League]] matches;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-young-anchors-for-ipl-season-4/20110407.htm |author=Rediff |title=IPL Season 4 |access-date=29 April 2012}}</ref> she won a nomination at the 11th [[Indian Television Academy Awards]] in the category Best Anchor Game/Quiz Show.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/event_details.php?id=56 |author=Indian Television Academy |title=Event Details |access-date=29 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826062548/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/event_details.php?id=56 |archive-date=26 August 2012}}</ref> She is hosting the Mission cover shot for National Geography channel. She did a dance number ''Hi Poli Saajuk '' for 2014's Marathi movie ''[[Timepass (film)|Timepass]]'', followed by ''36 Nakhrewali'' in ''[[Sangharsh (2014 film)|Sangharsh]]''.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}} She played the role 'Zoya' in the movie ''[[Roy (2015 film)|Roy]]'' which was released on 13 February 2015.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}} In 2017, Dandekar participated in [[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 8|Khatron Ke Khiladi 8]] and eliminated in the first week at 12th place. In 2019, she hosted the opening ceremony of [[ICC Cricket World Cup 2019]] along with [[Andrew Flintoff]] and [[Paddy McGuinness]] in which her husband Farhan Akhtar also appeared as a guest representing India.

== Filmography ==
===Film===
{{Pending films key}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!Notes
|-
|rowspan="2" | 2014
|''[[Timepass (film)|Timepass]]''
|
|rowspan="2" | [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
|-
|''[[Sangharsh (2014 film)|Sangharsh]]''
|Chameli ||
|-
|rowspan="2" | 2015
|''[[Roy (2015 film)|Roy]]''
|Zoya
|rowspan="6" | [[Hindi]]
|
|-
|''[[Shaandaar (2015 film)|Shaandaar]]''
|Sonia
|
|-
|2016
|''[[Sultan (2016 film)|Sultan]]''
|TV Host
|
|-
|rowspan="2" | 2017
|''[[Naam Shabana]]''
|
|Special appearance in a song
|-
|''[[Noor (2017 film)|Noor]]''
|Zara Patel
|
|-
|rowspan="1"|2018
| ''[[Bhavesh Joshi]]''
|[[Item girl]] || in the song "Chavanprash"
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Love in the Times of Corona]]'' || || Hindi [[English language|English]]|| [[Voot|Voot Select]] anthology film; segment "Dinner in Lockdown"
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Shows
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2001
|''Namaste America''
|rowspan="7" |Host
|
|-
|2001
|''V Desi''
|
|-
|2001
|''Asian Variety Show''
|
|-
|2009
|''After Hours''
|
|-
|2010
|''[[Let's Design]]''
|
|-
|2010
|''[[AXN (Indian TV channel)|AXN]]'s Men 2.0''
|
|-
|2011
|''India's Sexiest Bachelor''
|
|-
|2012
|[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 5)|''Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 5'']]
|Contestant
|8th place
|-
|2012
|''Mission Cover Shot''
|rowspan="4" |Host
|
|-
|2013
|''Grammy Nominees''
|
|-
|2013
|''Style and the City''
|
|-
|2011-15
|''[[Indian Premier League]]''
|
|-
|2015
|''[[I Can Do That (Indian TV series)|I Can Do That]]''
|rowspan="2" |Contestant
|
|-
|2017
| ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 8]]''
|12th place
|-
|2018
|''[[Top Model India]]''
|Mentor
|
|-
|2020
|[[Four More Shots Please!|''Four More Shots Please'']]
|Sushmita Sengupta
|rowspan=2 |Season 2
|-
|2020
|[[Hostages (Indian TV series)|''Hostages'']]
|Isha Andrews
|-
|2020
|''[[What the Love! with Karan Johar]]''
|Herself
|Guest
|-
|2023
|''[[Made in Heaven (TV series)|Made in Heaven]]''
|Aditi
|Season 2
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Shibani Dandekar}}
* {{facebook|shibanidandekarofficialfanpage}}
* {{IMDb name|id=5125622|name=Shibani Dandekar}}

{{Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa}}
{{Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dandekar, Shibani}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Actresses from Pune]]
[[Category:Female models from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Indian female models]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Australia]]
[[Category:Actresses from Sydney]]
[[Category:Australian film actresses]]
[[Category:Australian women singers]]
[[Category:Australian female models]]
[[Category:Australian women television presenters]]
[[Category:Australian video jockeys]]
[[Category:Australian people of Marathi descent]]
[[Category:Australian people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Actresses of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Australian expatriate actresses in India]]
[[Category:People with Overseas Citizenship of India]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Contestants on Indian game shows]]
[[Category:Participants in Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:21st-century Australian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Australian singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Australian women singers]]

Moondrezhuthil En Moochirukkum

2026-03-03T05:00:22Z

SadguruCaterer: Made a stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Moondrezhuthil En Moochirukkum.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Manobala]]
| writer = [[Liaquat Ali Khan (director)|Liaquat Ali Khan]] (dialogue)
| screenplay = Manobala
| story = M. S. Madhu
| producer = V. N. Selvaraj K . K. Balasubramaniyan
| starring = {{ubl|[[Vijayakanth]]|[[Rupini]]}}
| cinematography = Rajarajan
| editing = G. Jayachandran
| music = Ilayagangai
| studio = Seranaadu Movie Creations
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1991|11|05}}
| runtime = 125 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Moondrezhuthil En Moochirukkum''''' ({{translation|My breath lies in three letters}}) is a 1991 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by [[Manobala]]. The film stars [[Vijayakanth]] and [[Rupini]], with newcomers Srinivas Varma and [[Geetha Vijayan]], [[Anandaraj]], [[Thilakan]], [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]], [[Jayabharathi]] and [[Sathyapriya]] playing supporting roles. It was released on 5 November 1991.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 December 2002 |title=நட்சத்திர படப் பட்டியல் |url=https://ibb.co/cTSgjhM |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202064212/https://ibb.co/cTSgjhM |archive-date=2 February 2024 |access-date=2 February 2024 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |pages=41–43 |language=Ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Robert was an orphan child living on the street. He was adopted by a poor couple who had one child and grew up working in his adoptive father's carpentry workshop. Many years later, Robert became a carpenter who makes coffins in [[Nagercoil]] and works hard to support his family. His adoptive father has died; his brother Peter studies in [[Chennai]]; and Robert lives with his adoptive mother Mary. After passing the higher secondary examination, Peter returns home to his family.

In [[Nagercoil]], Peter meets his childhood friend Stella, who is also studying in Chennai. They slowly fall in love with each other. Stella has a brother, Amirtharajah, a wicked man who does not hesitate to kill his enemies. Amirtharajah is also an influential figure and the wealthiest man in Nagercoil. When Amirtharajah realizes that his sister is in love with a boy from an underprivileged background, he and his henchmen beat up Peter. Robert helps the two lovers and explains to Amirtharajah that he would arrange their marriage at any cost. Amirtharajah then forces every wood supplier to stop selling to Robert's shop in order to prevent Robert from making coffins. However, Robert continues to challenge Amirtharajah.

Amirtharajah offers to pay in exchange for leaving his sister, and Robert surprisingly accepts the deal. Peter is crazy with anger about his brother's decision and insults Robert badly, but the latter stays calm. Robert wins an auction that featured wood and pays for it with Amirtharajah's money. He then sends the wood to Amirtharajah's home to teach Amirtharajah a lesson. After the auction, Robert tells his brother that in the past, he was love with a woman named Parvathy, but her father Namboodiri refused to allow the marriage because of Robert's religion and social status, eventually killing Parvathy when Robert persisted. Robert promises his brother that he would give his life to arrange his marriage with Stella.

== Cast ==

{{cast listing|
*[[Vijayakanth]] as Robert
*[[Rupini]] as Parvathy Namboodiri
*Srinivas Varma as Peter
*[[Geetha Vijayan]] as Stella
*[[Anandaraj]] as Amirtharajah
*[[Thilakan]] as Namboodiri
*[[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] as Moses
*[[Jayabharathi]] as Mary
*[[Sathyapriya]] as Rosey
*[[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] as Doctor
*T. K. S. Chandran
*Usilaimani
*[[Pasi Narayanan]]
*[[Kullamani]]
*J.K.
*Master Vikram Babu as young Robert
*Master Santhosh as young Peter
*Baby Srilekha as young Stella
*[[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by Ilayagangai, with lyrics written by Kalidasan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moondreluthil En Moochirukkum Tamil film Audio Cassette |url=https://mossymart.com/product/moondreluthil-en-moochirukkum-tamil-film-audio-cassette/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424151648/https://mossymart.com/product/moondreluthil-en-moochirukkum-tamil-film-audio-cassette/ |archive-date=24 April 2023 |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=Mossymart}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2014 |title=Moondrezhthil En Moochirukkum |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/moondrezhthil-en-moochirukkum/bT1ct7T8Gr4_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927072158/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/moondrezhthil-en-moochirukkum/bT1ct7T8Gr4_ |archive-date=27 September 2022 |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
| "Pottu Vachcha Poove" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Uma Ramanan]], Gogulanan || 5:11
|-
| "Sandana Kili Rendu" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[K. S. Chithra]] || 4:11
|-
| "Odam Ondru" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], K. S. Chithra || 4:02
|-
| "Aagayam Kondadum" (Happy) || K. J. Yesudas, [[P. Susheela]] || 5:39
|-
| "Aagayam Kondadum" (Sad) || K. J. Yesudas || 5:20
|-
| "Ullasa Theru" || Mano, K. S. Chithra, Mayilswamy || 4:29
|-
| "Vaanam Chollum" || [[Minmini]] || 5:05
|}

== Critical reception ==
''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "Clichéd scriptline gets a new shape in this Vijayakanth starrer with an attempt to place characters in life-like situations".<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 November 1991 |title=Moonrezhuttil Enn Moochirukkum |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19911108&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=7 January 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{Manobala}}

[[Category:1991 Indian films]]
[[Category:1991 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1991 films]]
[[Category:1991 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Manobala]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Umri, Kurukshetra

2026-02-28T17:39:26Z

SadguruCaterer: added the data nd citations...

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Umri
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Haryana#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Haryana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|29.947908|N|76.896879|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Haryana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Kurukshetra
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 136131
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 01744
| registration_plate = HR-07
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Kurukshetra
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Kurukshetra
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Ladwa
| website = {{URL|haryana.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-HR]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Umri, [[Kurukshetra]]''', according to the [[Puranas]], is a village named after [[Odaumbar Rishi]] as it was his taposthali.

==Transport==

* By road: Buses of Haryana Roadways and other state corporations ply through Umri and connect it to Delhi, Chandigarh and other important places. Taxi service is also available.
* By air: The airports closest to Umri (Kurukshetra) are at Delhi and Chandigarh, which are well connected by road and rail.
* By rail: Umri (Kurukshetra) railway station is a railway junction station, well connected with all important towns and cities of the country. The Shatabadi Express halts here. Dhoda Kheri, Dhirpur, Dhola Majra Shahabad Markanda and Mohri are the railway stations between Kurukshetra to Ambala of Indian railway route.

==Higher education==
*[[Govt Senior Secondary School, Umri]]
*[[Govt. Industrial Training Institute, Umri]]
*[[Govt. Polytechnic, Umri]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.targetadmission.com/colleges/2110-govt-polytechnic-umri-with-guest-classes-at-gp-ambala-ambala-city|title=Govt. Polytechnic, Umri with Guest Classes at Gp Ambala Ambala -Admissions 2021, Ranking, Placement, Fee Structure}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>
*[[National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology, Kurukshetra]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nielit.gov.in/kurukshetra/|title=Government of India : National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology, Kurukshetra}}</ref>
*[[National Institute of Design, Kurukshetra]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Kurukshetra district]]

{{Haryana-geo-stub}}

Mayank Agarwal

2026-02-27T18:40:43Z

SadguruCaterer:

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1991)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox cricketer|
| name = Mayank Agarwal
| full_name = Mayank Anurag Agarwal
| image = 2 38 Agarwal mugshot.jpg
| caption = Agarwal playing for Yorkshire in 2025
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1991|02|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India
| heightft = 5
| heightinch = 9
| nickname = Monk<ref>{{Cite web |title=KL Rahul reveals the funny nicknames of his Punjab teammates |url=https://www.redbull.com/in-en/kl-rahul-punjab-teammates-nicknames |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=Red Bull |language=en}}</ref>
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[off break]]
| role = [[Batter (cricket)|Batter]]
| country = India
| international = true
| internationalspan = 2018–2022

| testdebutdate = 26 December
| testdebutyear = 2018
| testdebutagainst = Australia
| testcap = 295
| lasttestdate = 12 March
| lasttestyear = 2022
| lasttestagainst = Sri Lanka

| odidebutdate = 5 February
| odidebutyear = 2020
| odidebutagainst = New Zealand
| odicap = 230
| odishirt = 16
| lastodidate = 29 November
| lastodiyear = 2020
| lastodiagainst = Australia

| club1 = [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
| year1 = 2010–present
| club2 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| year2 = 2011–2013
| club3 = [[Delhi Daredevils]]
| year3 = 2014–2016
| clubnumber3 = 14
| club4 = [[Rising Pune Supergiants]]
| year4 = 2017
| club5 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| year5 = 2018–2022
| club6 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| year6 = 2023–2024
| club7 = [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]]
| year7 = 2025
| club8 = [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club|Yorkshire]]
| year8 = 2025

| clubnumber5 = 16
| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches1 = 21
| matches2 = 5
| matches3 = 114
| matches4 = 123
| runs1 = 1,488
| runs2 = 86
| runs3 = 8,251
| runs4 = 5,616
| bat avg1 = 41.33
| bat avg2 = 17.20
| bat avg3 = 44.12
| bat avg4 = 49.26
| 100s/50s1 = 4/6
| 100s/50s2 = 0/0
| 100s/50s3 = 19/44
| 100s/50s4 = 18/24
| top score1 = 243
| top score2 = 32
| top score3 = 304[[Not out|*]]
| top score4 = 176
| deliveries1 = –
| deliveries2 = 6
| deliveries3 = 435
| deliveries4 = 84
| wickets1 = –
| wickets2 = 0
| wickets3 = 4
| wickets4 = 1
| bowl avg1 = –
| bowl avg2 = –
| bowl avg3 = 73.00
| bowl avg4 = 76.00
| fivefor1 = –
| fivefor2 = –
| fivefor3 = 0
| fivefor4 = 0
| tenfor1 = –
| tenfor2 = –
| tenfor3 = 0
| tenfor4 = 0
| best bowling1 = –
| best bowling2 = –
| best bowling3 = 2/18
| best bowling4 = 1/8
| catches/stumpings1 = 14/0
| catches/stumpings2 = 2/0
| catches/stumpings3 = 65/0
| catches/stumpings4 = 47/0
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/398438.html ESPNcricinfo
| date = 28 September 2025
|family=Aashita Sood (wife) Praveen Sood (father in law)}}

'''Mayank Anurag Agarwal''' ({{IPA|hi|ˈmʌjʌnk ʌɡʌɾˈwaːl|lang}}; born 16 February 1991)<ref name=ciprofile>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/398438.html Mayank Agarwal], ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 2012-02-01.</ref> is an Indian [[cricketer]] who plays as a right-handed opener. He captains his state [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] across all formats in domestic cricket. He made his international debut for the [[India national cricket team|India cricket team]] on 26 December 2018 [[Indian cricket team in Australia in 2018–19|against Australia]] at the [[MCG]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/954317 |title=Mayank Agarwal, India's Test cap No.295., impresses on debut |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=26 December 2018}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Agarwal was born on 16 February 1991 in [[Bangalore]]. His father Anurag Agarwal is the CEO of the {{USD}}35 million healthcare company Natural Remedies.<ref>{{cite news |title=Worth the wait |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/2019/01/04/worth-the-wait.html |access-date=24 November 2020 |work=The Week |language=en}}</ref> Agarwal studied at the [[Bishop Cotton Boys' School]] and [[Jain University]] in Bangalore, where he was teammates with [[K. L. Rahul]] and [[Karun Nair]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Agarwal's IPL 'Leap of Faith' Outcome of 'Deliberate Practice' |url=https://www.thequint.com/indian-premier-league-ipl/ipl-2020-mayank-aggarwal-ipl-leap-faith-deliberate-practice#read-more |access-date=24 November 2020 |work=TheQuint |date=20 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>[http://www.jainuniversity.ac.in/Sports.htm Notable Alumni] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202005445/http://www.jainuniversity.ac.in/Sports.htm |date=2 February 2017 }} Jain college University</ref>

Agarwal came to prominence with his performances in the Under-19 [[Cooch Behar Trophy]] in 2008-09 and [[2010 ICC Under-19 Cricket World Cup]], in which he was the leading run-getter for [[India Under-19 cricket team|India]].<ref>
[http://stats.espncricinfo.com/u19wc2010/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=5324;team=1854;type=tournament Most runs for India Under-19s, ICC Under-19 World Cup 2009/10] ESPNcricinfo.</ref> He was also adjudged [[Man of the Series]] in the [[Karnataka Premier League]] in 2010.<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/karnataka-premier-league-cup-2010-11-476819/belagavi-panthers-vs-shamanoor-davangere-diamonds-476841/match-report Agarwal century sets up big Davangere win] ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 2012-01-19.</ref>

==Domestic cricket==
In November 2017, he scored his maiden triple century in first-class cricket, when he made 304 [[not out]] batting for Karnataka against [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]] in the [[2017–18 Ranji Trophy]].<ref name="Agarwal300">{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8050/report/1118648/day/3/ |title=Agarwal's triple-century sinks Maharashtra |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=3 November 2017 |access-date=3 November 2017}}</ref> It was the 50th triple century scored in first-class cricket in India.<ref name="Fifty300">{{cite news |date=3 November 2017 |title=Triple-tons: India 28, rest of world 31 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/triple-tons-india-28-rest-of-world-31-1124695 |access-date=3 November 2017}}</ref> During the same month, he scored 1,000 runs in first-class cricket.<ref name="AgarwalNov1">{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8050/report/1118687/day/3/ |title=Agarwal racks up 1000 runs in season after Karnataka bag lead |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=27 November 2017 |access-date=27 November 2017}}</ref><ref name="AgarwalNov2">{{cite news |url=http://www.wisdenindia.com/match-report/group-a-agarwal-tops-1000-runs-season/280360 |title=Group A: Agarwal tops 1000 runs for season |publisher=Wisden India |date=27 November 2017 |access-date=27 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171130180943/http://www.wisdenindia.com/match-report/group-a-agarwal-tops-1000-runs-season/280360 |archive-date=30 November 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was the leading run-scorer in the 2017–18 Ranji Trophy, finishing the tournament with 1,160 runs.<ref name="Ranji1718">{{Cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=12014;type=tournament |title=Ranji Trophy, 2017/18: Most Runs |access-date=1 January 2018 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

In January 2018, he was bought by the [[Kings XI Punjab]] in the [[List of 2018 Indian Premier League personnel changes|2018 IPL auction]].<ref name="IPL2018">{{cite web |date=27 January 2018 |title=List of sold and unsold players |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2018-player-auction-list-of-sold-and-unsold-players-1134446 |access-date=27 January 2018 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> In February 2018, he was the leading run-scorer in the [[2017–18 Vijay Hazare Trophy]], with 723 runs in eight matches.<ref name="VH1718">{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=12016;type=tournament |title=Vijay Hazare Trophy, 2017/18:Most Runs |access-date=27 February 2018 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He scored 2,141 runs across all formats, the highest total by any batsman in an Indian domestic season.<ref name="Agarwal2k">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8890/report/1118795/karnataka-vs-saurashtra-final-vijay-hazare-trophy |title=Agarwal's 90 leads Karnataka to third Vijay Hazare title in five years |access-date=27 February 2018 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> In June 2018, he was awarded with the Madhavrao Scindia Award For The Highest Run-Scorer In Ranji Trophy by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI).<ref>{{cite web |date=7 June 2018 |title=Kohli, Harmanpreet, Mandhana win top BCCI awards |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/virat-kohli-harmanpreet-kaur-smriti-mandhana-win-top-bcci-awards-1148763 |access-date=7 June 2018 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

He was the leading run-scorer for Karnataka in the [[2018–19 Vijay Hazare Trophy]], with 251 runs in seven matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=11523;team=1923;type=tournament |title=Vijay Hazare Trophy, 2016/17 - Karnataka: Batting and bowling averages |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=9 October 2018}}</ref> In October 2018, he was named in India B's squad for the [[2018–19 Deodhar Trophy]].<ref>{{cite web |date=18 October 2018 |title=Rahane, Ashwin and Karthik to play Deodhar Trophy |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ajinkya-rahane-r-ashwin-and-dinesh-karthik-to-play-deodhar-trophy-1162570 |access-date=19 October 2018 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> The following month, he was named as one of eight players to watch ahead of the [[2018–19 Ranji Trophy]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2 November 2018 |title=Eight players to watch out for in Ranji Trophy 2018-19 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/eight-players-to-watch-out-for-in-ranji-trophy-2018-19-1163887 |access-date=3 November 2018 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> In October 2019, he was named in [[India C cricket team|India C]]'s squad for the [[2019–20 Deodhar Trophy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/deodhar-trophy-2019-squads-india-a-india-b-india-c-parthiv-patel-shubman-gill-anuma-vihari-ranchi/article29788595.ece |title=Deodhar Trophy 2019: Hanuma Vihari, Parthiv, Shubman to lead; Yashasvi earns call-up |work=SportStar |date=24 October 2019 |access-date=25 October 2019}}</ref>

On 27 September 2020, Mayank scored his maiden [[Indian Premier League]] century for [[Kings XI Punjab]] against [[Rajasthan Royals]] in [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=IPL 2020: Mayank Agarwal Slams Maiden IPL Century as KXIP Score 223-2 vs RR|url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/ipl-2020-mayank-agarwal-slams-maiden-ipl-century-as-kxip-score-223-2-vs-rr-2913969.html|access-date=2021-01-06|website=News18|language=en}}</ref> He scored 106 off 50 balls in the match but ended up on the losing team.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Full Scorecard of Kings XI vs Royals 9th Match 2020 - Score Report |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2020-21-1210595/rajasthan-royals-vs-kings-xi-punjab-9th-match-1216527/full-scorecard|access-date=2021-01-06|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref> He scored a total of 424 runs in 11 matches for Kings XI Punjab at an average of 38.54 in IPL 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IPLT20.com - Indian Premier League Official Website|url=https://www.iplt20.com/teams/kings-xi-punjab/squad/158/mayank-agarwal|access-date=2021-01-06|website=www.iplt20.com|language=en|archive-date=3 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203043017/https://www.iplt20.com/teams/kings-xi-punjab/squad/158/mayank-agarwal|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Agarwal became the 13th captain of the [[Punjab Kings]] on 2 May 2021, when he captained the team against [[Delhi Capitals]] in the absence of the regular captain [[KL Rahul]], who had undergone appendicitis surgery. He scored a 99[[not out|*]], making him the third batsman in the IPL to score 99 not out, and was awarded the Man of the Match award although the team ended up on the losing team.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IPL 2021: Stand-in captain Mayank Agarwal's unbeaten 99 pushes Punjab Kings to 166/6 - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/ipl-2021-stand-in-captain-mayank-agarwals-unbeaten-99-pushes-punjab-kings-to-166/6/articleshow/82358845.cms|access-date=2021-05-08|website=The Times of India|date=2 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=3 May 2021|title=IPL 2021: Mayank Agarwal outlines whether being a captain changes his batting game|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/news-ipl-2021-when-play-batsman-don-t-think-lot-captain-mayank-agarwal|access-date=2021-05-08|website=www.sportskeeda.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=|title=Agarwal's 99 not enough as Delhi go top|work=BBC Sport |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/56963532|access-date=2021-05-08|language=en-GB}}</ref>

Ahead of IPL 2022 season, Mayank was retained by [[Punjab Kings]] for INR 12Cr (US$1.6 Million).

On 28 February 2022, He was named captain of [[Punjab Kings]] and became 12th full time captain of the franchise.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/121252/mayank-agarwal-appointed-punjab-kings-captain-cricbuzzcom|title=Mayank Agarwal appointed Punjab Kings captain|work=Cricbuzz|access-date=28 February 2022}}</ref>

In the [[List of 2023 Indian Premier League personnel changes|2023 IPL auction]], he was bought by the [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] ahead of the [[2023 Indian Premier League]].<ref>{{cite news |title=2023 IPL auction - As it happened |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/live-blog/2023-ipl-auction-live-updates-1350286 |access-date=24 December 2022 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

He will be leading Rest of India in the [[Irani Cup]] fixture against Madhya Pradesh starting on 1 March in Gwalior.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agarwal to lead Rest of India against Madhya Pradesh in Irani Cup; Sarfaraz misses out with finger injury |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/irani-cup-2022-23-mayank-agarwal-lead-rest-of-india-against-madhya-pradesh-sarfaraz-khan-finger-injury-1360771 |access-date=2023-02-27 |work=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> In [[2025 Indian Premier League]] He was signed by [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] as a replacement for [[Devdutt Padikkal]] who was ruled out due to injury.

==International career==
In September 2018, Agarwal was named in India's [[Test cricket|Test]] squad for their series [[West Indian cricket team in India in 2018–19|against the West Indies]], but he did not play.<ref name="IndTest">{{cite web |url=http://www.bcci.tv/news/2018/press-releases/17671/indian-team-for-paytm-test-series-against-windies-announced |title=Indian team for Paytm Test series against Windies announced |work=Board of Control for Cricket in India |access-date=29 September 2018 |archive-date=29 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929234730/http://www.bcci.tv/news/2018/press-releases/17671/indian-team-for-paytm-test-series-against-windies-announced |url-status=dead }}</ref> In December 2018, he was added to India's Test squad for their series [[Indian cricket team in Australia in 2018–19|against Australia]], after [[Prithvi Shaw]] was ruled out of the team due to ankle injury.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/947012 |title=Prithvi Shaw ruled out of Australia Test series |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=17 December 2018}}</ref> He made his Test debut against [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] on [[Boxing Day Test|26 December]] 2018, scoring seventy-six runs in his first innings at the Melbourne Cricket Ground.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1144995.html |title=3rd Test, India tour of Australia at Melbourne, Dec 26-30 2018 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=26 December 2018}}</ref> This was the highest score by an Indian cricketer on a Test debut in Australia, going past the previous record of 51 runs set by [[Dattu Phadkar]], at the [[Sydney Cricket Ground]] (SCG) in [[Indian cricket team in Australia in 1947–48#2nd Test|1947]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket-boxing-day-test-mayank-agarwal-misses-out-on-debut-hundred-but-shows-nerves-of-steel-at-mcg-495571|title=Boxing Day Test: Mayank Agarwal misses out on debut hundred but shows nerves of steel at MCG|work= India Today|date= 26 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/india-in-australia/Mayank-agarwal-records-top-score-for-an-indian-test-debutant-in-australia/articleshow/67252837.cms|title=Mayank Agarwal records top score for an Indian Test debutant in Australia|work=Times of India|date=26 December 2018}}</ref> He played the 4th test also and finished the series with 195 runs.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/scripting-history-india-wins-maiden-series-on-australian-soil/article25929827.ece|title=After seven decades, India on top down under!|first=S.|last=Dinakar|date=7 January 2019|access-date=24 April 2019|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

In July 2019, he was added to [[2019 Cricket World Cup squads#India|India's squad]] for the [[2019 Cricket World Cup]], replacing [[Vijay Shankar (cricketer)|Vijay Shankar]], who was ruled out of the rest of the tournament due to toe injury.<ref>{{cite web |date=July 2019 |title=Vijay Shankar out of World Cup with toe injury |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/vijay-shankar-out-of-world-cup-with-toe-injury-mayank-agarwal-called-up-1192020 |access-date=1 July 2019 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

In October 2019, in the first Test match [[South African cricket team in India in 2019–20|against South Africa]], Agarwal scored his maiden century in Test cricket.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/mayank-agarwal-1st-test-hundred-india-vs-south-africa-vizag-test-rohit-sharma-1605762-2019-10-03 |title=India vs South Africa: Mayank Agarwal hits maiden Test hundred |work=India Today |date=3 October 2019 |access-date=3 October 2019}}</ref> He went on to convert his maiden test century into his first double hundred in a Test match, before being dismissed for 215 runs of 371 balls with 23 fours and 6 sixes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/india-vs-south-africa-1st-test-day-2-mayank-agarwal-maiden-double-hundred-200-vizag-1605882-2019-10-03 |title=India vs South Africa: Mayank Agarwal hits Test double hundred in only his 8th innings |work=India Today |date=3 October 2019 |access-date=3 October 2019}}</ref> After hitting his 2nd Test hundred against South Africa, Agarwal became only the 2nd Indian opener after [[Virender Sehwag]] (2009–10) to score back to back centuries against South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/india-vs-south-africa-2nd-test-pune-day-1-mayank-agarwal-hundred-rohit-sharma-pujara-kohli-1607915-2019-10-10|title=India vs South Africa: Mayank Agarwal bullies South Africa with 2nd successive hundred|date=October 10, 2019|first=Rajarshi|last=Gupta|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-10-10}}</ref>

In November 2019, Agarwal hit his second double century in only his eighth Test match, at Indore against [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]], recording his current highest score of 243 in 330 deliveries with eight sixes. He broke the record of [[Donald Bradman]] to become the second-fastest batsman to score two double hundreds, having achieved this in 12 innings.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/mayank-agarwal-second-double-ton-test-records-india-vs-bangladesh-test-6121437/ |title = Mayank Agarwal breaks plethora of records with his second Test double hundred|date = 16 November 2019}}</ref> The following month, he was added to India's [[One Day International]] (ODI) squad for the series [[West Indian cricket team in India in 2019–20|against the West Indies]], replacing the injured [[Shikhar Dhawan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mayank Agarwal replaces Shikhar Dhawan in India's ODI squad |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/mayank-agarwal-replaces-shikhar-dhawan-in-india-s-odi-squad-1209682 |access-date=11 December 2019 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He was named in India's squad for their Test and ODI series against New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India tour of New Zealand, 2020|url=http://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-series/2852/india-tour-of-new-zealand-2020/squads|access-date=2021-01-06|website=Cricbuzz|language=en}}</ref> He made his ODI debut for India, [[Indian cricket team in New Zealand in 2019–20|against New Zealand]], on 5 February 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1187682.html |title=1st ODI (D/N), India tour of New Zealand at Hamilton, Feb 5 2020 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=5 February 2020}}</ref> In October 2020, Mayank was selected in the T20I, ODI and Test squad for the [[Indian cricket team in Australia in 2020–21|Australian tour]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Team India's T20I, ODI and Test squads for Tour of Australia announced|url=http://www.bcci.tv/articles/2020/news/147414/team-india-s-t20i-odi-and-test-squads-for-tour-of-australia-announced|access-date=2020-10-27|website=The Board of Control for Cricket in India|language=en}}</ref> On 19 December 2020, in the first Test against [[Australian cricket team|Australia]], he scored his 1,000th run in Test matches, becoming the third fastest Indian batsman to reach 1000 runs in Test.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-19|title=Mayank Agarwal Becomes Third-Fastest Indian To Score 1000 Test Runs|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/sports/mayank-agarwal-becomes-third-fastest-indian-to-score-1000-test-runs-india-australia-530011.html|access-date=2021-01-06|website=indiatimes.com}}</ref>

Mayank Agarwal scored 857 runs, the fourth-highest by an Indian batsman in the inaugural WTC cycle, but lost his place to Gill after failing in three matches in Australia.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 27, 2021|title=Shubman Gill or Mayank Agarwal? Sunil Gavaskar suggests a way to pick India opener for England Tests|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/shubman-gill-or-mayank-agarwal-india-opener-for-england-test-series-sunil-gavaskar-practice-match-1819985-2021-06-27|access-date=2021-09-03|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
He made his comeback in home series [[New Zealand cricket team in India in 2021–22|against New Zealand]], In second test match he scored 150 in First innings And 62 in second innings for which he was awarded the man of the match.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Full Scorecard of India vs New Zealand 2nd Test 2021/22 - Score Report |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/new-zealand-in-india-2021-22-1278658/india-vs-new-zealand-2nd-test-1278675/full-scorecard|access-date=2022-02-03|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref> He retained his place for next series [[Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2021–22|against South Africa]] in the team as [[Rohit Sharma]] was ruled out due to hamstring injury. During this series, he started well with a well-constructed fifty in the first test, but struggled to make a substantial score thereafter in difficult batting conditions.

In February 2022, Agarwal was drafted in as replacement for the ODIs against West Indies owing to the unavailability of few players due to covid and personal reasons.

==Personal life==
Agarwal practices the meditation technique of [[Vipassanā]], being introduced to it by his father Anurag Agarwal. He is also said to have been inspired by [[Joseph Murphy (author)|Joseph Murphy]]'s book ''The Power of the Subconscious Mind''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/98813/mayank-agarwals-new-approach-has-fetched-him-big-scores|title=Mayank Agarwal's new approach has fetched him big scores|website=Cricbuzz.com|date=6 December 2017 |access-date=25 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mensxp.com/sports/cricket/49060-mayank-agarwal-rsquo-s-journey-to-international-debut-has-been-an-emotional-roller-coaster.html|title=Mayank Agarwal's Journey To International Debut Has Been An Emotional Roller Coaster|website=Mensxp.com|date=28 December 2018 |access-date=25 April 2019}}</ref>

In January 2018, Agarwal was engaged to Aashita Sood, daughter of [[Indian Police Service]] officer [[Praveen Sood]] and married her on 6 June 2018. The couple had their first child, a boy, on 8 December 2022.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/mayank-agarwal-gets-engaged/articleshow/62708676.cms|title=Praveen Sood: Mayank Agarwal gets engaged - Bengaluru News - Times of India|author=Prathibha Joy|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=24 April 2019}}</ref>

On 30 January 2024, he was reportedly admitted in the [[intensive care unit]] at a private hospital, ILS Hospitals in Agartala as he complained of having a stomach pain and burning sensation in his throat and mouth after consuming liquid from a bottle that he believed contained drinking water.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mayank Agarwal hospitalized in Agartala after falling sick on flight |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/129320/mayank-agarwal-hospitalized-in-agartala-after-falling-sick-on-flight |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=www.cricbuzz.com |date=30 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref> He accidentally drank acid containing poisonous contaminants while travelling via [[IndiGo]] flight.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-30 |title=Mayank Agarwal 'stable' after falling sick on flight and being rushed to hospital |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/mayank-agarwal-stable-falls-sick-flight-agartala-hospital-9135566/ |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He was rushed to hospital after vomiting inside the aircraft. Later, it was confirmed that he is stable and out of immediate danger.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-30 |title=Mayank Agarwal 'clinically stable' after mid-flight 'medical emergency' |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/mayank-agarwal-deplaned-and-rushed-to-hospital-in-agartala-1418992 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sudarshan |first=N. |date=2024-01-30 |title=Mayank Agarwal survives serious health scare |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/mayank-agarwal-survives-serious-health-scare/article67794221.ece |access-date=2024-01-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Ranji Trophy triple centuries]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{ESPNcricinfo|id=398438}}
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{{India Squad 2019 Cricket World Cup}}
{{Karnataka cricket squad}}
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Regiment

2026-02-24T22:16:40Z

SadguruCaterer: add details also and fixed typos

{{short description|Military unit}}
{{About|regiments in military ground forces|regiments in air forces|Aviation Regiment (disambiguation)}}
{{Distinguish|regimen}}
{{army units}}

[[File:Infantry Regiment Nato.svg|thumb|right|200px|Standard [[APP-6a|NATO symbol]] for a regiment of several battalions, indicated by the III. The shape, colour and pattern indicate friendly infantry.]]
[[File:1919 - Regimentul 27 Infanterie la Budapesta.jpg|thumb|Romanian 27th Infantry Regiment in front of the [[Hungarian Parliament Building|Hungarian Parliament]] in 1919]]

A '''regiment''' is a [[military unit]]. Its role and size varies markedly, depending on the country, [[military service|service]], or [[administrative corps|specialisation]].

In [[Middle Ages|Medieval Europe]], the term "regiment" denoted any large body of [[line regiment|front-line]] soldiers,<ref>Page 39, Vol. XXIII, Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th Edition.</ref> recruited or conscripted in one geographical area, by a leader who was often also the [[feudal lord]] ''in capite'' of the soldiers. Lesser barons of knightly rank could be expected to muster or hire a [[Company (military unit)|company]] or [[battalion]] from their manorial estate.

By the end of the 17th century, infantry regiments in most European armies were permanent units, with approximately 800 men and commanded by a [[colonel]].

== Definitions ==
During the modern era, the word "regiment" – much like "[[corps]]" – may have two somewhat divergent meanings, which refer to two distinct roles:
# a front-line military formation; or
# an administrative or ceremonial unit.
In many armies, the first role has been assumed by independent [[battalion]]s, [[Battlegroup (army)|battlegroup]]s, [[task force]]s, [[brigade]]s and other, similarly sized [[military operation|operational]] units.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of regiment {{!}} Dictionary.com |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/regiment |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=www.dictionary.com |language=en}}</ref> However, these non-regimental units tend to be short-lived; and regiments have tended to retain their traditional responsibilities for ceremonial duties, the recruitment of volunteers, induction of new recruits, individual [[morale]] and ''[[esprit de corps]]'', and administrative roles (such as [[paymaster|pay]]).

A regiment may consequently be a variety of sizes:
* smaller than a standard [[battalion]], e.g. [[Household Cavalry Mounted Regiment]];
* a battalion equivalent, e.g. [[3rd Foreign Infantry Regiment]];
* a brigade equivalent, e.g. [[8th Marine Regiment (United States)]];
* several battalions, e.g.
** [[3rd Infantry Regiment (United States)|3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment (The Old Guard)]] and
** [[Royal Regiment of Scotland]]; or
* an entire [[administrative corps|arm of service]], e.g.
** the [[Royal Australian Regiment]] includes all of the Australian Army's regular infantry (other than reserve and special forces units), and
** the artillery units of the British Army are known collectively as the [[Royal Regiment of Artillery]], which is sub-divided for operation purposes into field regiments.

== Historical origin ==
The French term ''régiment'' is considered to have entered military usage in Europe at the end of the 16th century, when armies evolved from collections of [[retinue]]s who followed [[knight]]s, to formally organised, permanent military forces. At that time, regiments were usually named after their commanding colonels, and disbanded at the end of the campaign or war; the colonel and his regiment might recruit from and serve several [[monarch]]s or countries. Later, it was customary to name the regiment by its precedence in the [[British Army Order of Precedence|line of battle]], and to recruit from specific places, called [[canton (country subdivision)|cantons]]. The oldest regiments which still exist, and their dates of establishment, include the French [[1st Infantry Regiment (France)|1st Infantry Regiment]] (1479), the Spanish [[Infantry Regiment "Soria" No. 9]] (1505),<ref>{{cite news |last=VILLATORO|first=MANUEL P.|title=El regiment más antiguo de Europa empezó siendo un tercio español y combatió contra Napoleón">El regiment más antiguo de Europa empezó siendo un tercio español y combatió contra Napoleón|url=https://www.abc.es/historia-militar/20140609/abci-regimiento-soria-antiguo-europa-201406061727.html |access-date=24 July 2014 |publisher=ABC |date=23 July 2014 }}</ref> the Swedish [[Svea Life Guards]] (1521) and the British [[Honourable Artillery Company]] (1537).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Contenido - Ejército de tierra |url=https://ejercito.defensa.gob.es/unidades/Madrid/rinf1/Historial/index.html |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=ejercito.defensa.gob.es}}</ref>

In the 17th century, brigades were formed as [[combined arms|units combining infantry, cavalry, and artillery]] that were more effective than the older, single-arms regiments; in many armies, brigades replaced regiments. Organisation and numbers did not follow any standardised pattern between or within armies during this period, with the only common factor being that each regiment had a single commander.<ref>Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th Edition, page 39 Vol. 23</ref>

By the beginning of the 18th century, regiments in most European continental armies had evolved into permanent units with distinctive titles and uniforms, each under the command of a colonel. When at full strength, an infantry regiment normally comprised two field battalions of about 800 men each or 8–10 [[Company (military unit)|companies]]. In some armies, an independent regiment with fewer companies was labelled a '''demi-regiment'''.<ref>p. 72 Westcote, Thomas ''A View of Devonshire in MDCXXX: With a Pedigree of Most of Its Gentry'' W. Roberts, 1845 – Devon (England) –</ref> A cavalry regiment numbered 600 to 900 troopers, making up a single entity.<ref>Christopher Duffy, pages 110 & 121 ''The Military Experience in the Age of Reason'', {{ISBN|1-85326-690-6}}</ref> On campaign, these numbers were soon reduced by casualties and detachments and it was sometimes necessary to amalgamate regiments or to withdraw them to a depot while recruits were obtained and trained.

With the widespread adoption of [[conscription]] in European armies during the nineteenth century, the regimental system underwent modification. By the end of the 19th century the number of battalions in an infantry regiment was: in France and Germany—3, in Russia—4 for field regiments and 2 for rifle and reserve regiments, in Austria—4; the number of [[Squadron (army)|squadrons]] in a cavalry regiment was: in France and Germany—5, in Russia and Austria—6 (with some exceptions).<ref>{{Efron|Полк}}</ref> Prior to World War I, an infantry regiment in the French, German, Russian, and other smaller armies would comprise four battalions, each with a full strength on mobilization of about 1,000 men. As far as possible, the separate battalions would be garrisoned in the same military district, so that the regiment could be mobilized and campaign as a 4,000 strong linked group of sub-units. A cavalry regiment by contrast made up a single entity of up to 1,000 troopers. A notable exception to this practice was the British line infantry system where the two regular battalions constituting a regiment alternated between "home" and "foreign" service and seldom came together as a single unit.

== Regimental system ==
[[File:Royal Regiment of Fusiliers parade.jpg|thumb|left|300px|The [[Royal Regiment of Fusiliers]] on parade in England]]

In the regimental system, each regiment is responsible for recruiting, training, and administration; each regiment is permanently maintained and therefore the regiment will develop its unique {{lang|fr|esprit de corps}} because of its unitary history, traditions, recruitment, and function. Usually, the regiment is responsible for recruiting and administering all of a soldier's military career. Depending upon the country, regiments can be either combat units or administrative units or both.

This is often contrasted to the "continental system" adopted by many armies. In the continental system, the division is the functional army unit, and its commander is the administrator of every aspect of the [[Formation (military)|formation]]: his staff train and administer the soldiers, officers, and commanders of the division's subordinate units. Generally, divisions are garrisoned together and share the same installations: thus, in divisional administration, a battalion [[commanding officer]] is just another officer in a chain of command. Soldiers and officers are transferred in and out of divisions as required.

Some regiments recruited from specific geographical areas, and usually incorporated the place name into the regimental name (e.g. [[Bangladesh Infantry Regiment]]). In other cases, regiments would recruit from a given age group within a nation (e.g. [[Zulu Kingdom|Zulu]] [[Impis]]), an ethnic group (e.g. the [[Gurkhas]]), or foreigners (e.g. the [[French Foreign Legion]]). In other cases, new regiments were raised for new functions within an army; e.g. the [[Fusiliers]], the [[Parachute Regiment (United Kingdom)|Parachute Regiment]] (British Army), U.S. Army [[75th Ranger Regiment]], and the [[Light Reaction Regiment]] ([[Philippine Army]]) .

Disadvantages of the regimental system are hazardous regimental competition, a lack of interchangeability between units of different regiments, and more pronounced "[[old boy network]]s" within the military that may hamper efficiency and fairness.

A key aspect of the regimental system is that the regiment or battalion is the fundamental tactical building block. This flows historically from the colonial period, when battalions were widely dispersed and virtually autonomous, but is easily adapted to a number of different purposes. For example, a regiment might include different types of battalions (e.g. infantry or artillery) of different origins (e.g. regular or reserve).

Within the regimental system, soldiers, and usually officers, are always posted to a tactical unit of their own regiment whenever posted to field duty. In addition to combat units, other organizations are very much part of the regimental family: regimental training schools, serving members on "extra-regimental employment", regimental associations (retirees), bands and associated cadet groups. The aspects that an administrative regiment might have in common include a symbolic [[colonel-in-chief]] (often a member of the royal family), a [[Colonel (United Kingdom)#Ceremonial usage|colonel of the regiment or "honorary colonel"]] who protects the traditions and interests of the regimental family and insists on the maintenance of high standards, [[battle honours]] (honours earned by one unit of an administrative regiment are credited to the regiment), ceremonial uniforms, [[cap badge]]s, peculiarities of insignia, [[stable belt]]s, and regimental marches and songs. The regiment usually has a traditional "home station" or [[regimental depot]], which is often a historic [[garrison]] that houses the regimental museum and regimental headquarters. The latter has a modest staff to support regimental committees and administer both the regular members and the association(s) of retired members.

=== Advantages and disadvantages ===
{{more citations needed section|date=July 2019}}
The regimental system is generally admired for the ''[[esprit de corps]]'' it engenders in its units' members, but efforts to implement it in countries with a previously existing continental system usually do not succeed. The system presents difficulties for military planners, who must deal with the problems of trying to keep soldiers of a regiment together throughout their careers and of administering separate garrisons, training and mess facilities. The regimental community of serving and retired members often makes it very difficult for planners to restructure forces by moving, merging or re-purposing units.

In those armies where the continental system exists, the regimental system is criticised as parochial and as creating unnecessary rivalry between different regiments. The question is also raised as to whether it is healthy to develop soldiers more loyal to their regiment than to the military in general. Regiments recruited from areas of political ferment (such as Scotland, Wales, Ireland, [[Quebec]], India, etc.), tend to perform particularly well because of the loyalty their members exhibit to the regiments. Generally, the regimental system is found to function best in countries with small-to medium-sized military forces where the problems of administering vast numbers of personnel are not as prevalent. The regimental system works particularly well in an environment in which the prime role of the army consists of small-scale police actions and counterinsurgency operations, requiring prolonged deployment away from home. In such a situation, co-ordination between regiments is rarely necessary, and the esprit de corps of the regiment provides an emotional substitute for the sense of public approval that an army receives at home. This is particularly relevant to British experience during the days of the [[British Empire|empire]], where the army was virtually continuously engaged in low-intensity conflict with insurgents, and full-scale warfare was the exception rather than the rule.

A regimental system, since it is decentralized and the regiments are independent from each other, prevents the army from staging a [[coup d'état]]. This is best exemplified by the British Army: since the formation of the United Kingdom, there have been no military takeovers.<ref>Cannon, John. The Oxford Companion to British History. 2009. [[Oxford University Press]].</ref><ref>Chandler, David G., The Oxford History of the British Army. 2003. Oxford University Press.</ref>

A regimental system can also foster close links between the regiment and the community from which it is recruited. This sense of community 'ownership' over local regiments can be seen in the public outcry over recent regimental amalgamations in the United Kingdom. On the other hand, recruitment from a single community can lead to a concentrated and potentially devastating local impact if the regiment takes heavy casualties.

Further, the regimental system offers the advantage of grouping like units together for centralized administrative, training, and logistical purposes, thereby creating an "[[economies of scale]]" effect and its ensuing increased efficiency.

An illustrative example of this is the modular integration employed by the [[USMC|United States Marine Corps]], which can take elements from its regimentally grouped forces and specifically tailor [[combined arms]] [[task forces]] for a particular mission or the deployed [[Marine Expeditionary Unit]]s (MEU). This is achievable partially because of the [[marine (military)|Marines]] mission adaptability, flexibility, philosophy, shared culture, history and overall esprit de corps, which allows for near seamless interoperability.<ref name=Operating-concept>{{cite journal|last=Flynn|first=G.J.|title=Lt. General|journal=Marine Corps Operating Concepts|date=June 2010|issue=Third Edition|page=24|url=http://www.dtic.mil/futurejointwarfare/strategic/usmc_oc.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522131340/http://www.dtic.mil/futurejointwarfare/strategic/usmc_oc.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 22, 2011|access-date=May 4, 2013}}</ref>

==Commonwealth armies==
In the [[British Army]] and armies modelled on it (such as the [[Australian Army|Australian]], the [[New Zealand Army|New Zealand]], the [[Canadian Army|Canadian]], the [[Pakistan Army|Pakistani]], [[Bangladesh Army|Bangladeshi]], [[Myanmar]] and the [[Indian Army|Indian]] armies), the term ''regiment'' is used in two different ways: it can mean an administrative identity and grouping, or a tactical unit. In the former [[Dominion of Newfoundland]], "Regiment" was used to describe the entirety of the fighting armed forces, the [[Royal Newfoundland Regiment]].

In the Commonwealth countries listed above, the large administrative regiment has been the normal practice for many years. In the case of India, "large regiments" of four to five battalions date from 1923 and, since the 1950s, many of these have expanded even further. As an example, the [[Punjab Regiment (India)|Punjab Regiment]] of the Indian Army has expanded from four battalions in 1956 to its present strength of 20, while, in the [[Pakistan Army]], several regiments have over 50 battalions.

In Canada, the regiment is a formation of one or more units; existing almost exclusively for reasons of heritage, the continuance of [[battle honour]]s and ''esprit de corps''. The three regular force infantry regiments each consist of three regular force battalions of approximately 600 soldiers, in addition to one or more reserve battalions. Canadian battalions are employed tactically and administratively within [[brigade group]]s.

In Australia, there is but one administrative infantry regiment in the regular army: the [[Royal Australian Regiment]], consisting of all seven regular infantry battalions in the Army. The [[Australian Army Reserve]] also has state-based infantry regiments which administer the reserve infantry battalions.

In Pakistan, the word regiment is an administrative grouping. While individual battalions may have different roles (for example different battalions of the [[Frontier Force Regiment]] may be mechanized infantry, paratroop infantry, or mountain troops), the regiment is considered to encompass all of them.

===British Army===
{{Main list|List of British Army regiments (1881)|List of British Army regiments (1962)|List of British Army Regiments (2008)}}

[[File:Scots_Guards_Badge.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Regimental badge of the [[Scots Guards]].]]
The modern British regimental system came about as a result of the 19th century [[Cardwell Reforms]].

In the [[British Army]], for most purposes, the regiment is the largest "permanent" organisational unit. Above regimental level, the organisation is changed to meet the tasks at hand. Because of their permanent nature, many regiments have long histories, often going back for centuries: the oldest British regiment still in existence is the [[Royal Jersey Militia]], established in 1337 although historically the Jersey Militia are referred to as a regiment it is disputed that they are in fact a corps. The [[Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment)]], formed in 1572, was the oldest [[infantry]] regiment. It now forms part of the [[Princess of Wales Royal Regiment]].<ref>These claims are contested on various points of precedence; see [http://regiments.org/about/faq.htm FAQ: Regiments, in general] and especially: [http://regiments.org/about/faq/oldest.htm FAQ: Oldest Regiment in the British Army] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113045242/http://regiments.org/about/faq.htm |date=January 13, 2008 }}</ref>

In the United Kingdom, there existed until recently a number of administrative "divisions" in the infantry that encompassed several regiments, such as the Guards Division, the former Scottish Division (now a single regiment), or the Light Division (now also compressed into a multi-battalion single regiment). The reduction and consolidation of British infantry regiments that began in the late 1950s and concluded in 2006 has resulted in a system of administrative regiments each with several battalions, a band, a common badge and uniform etc.

In the British regimental system, the tactical regiment or battalion is the basic functional unit and its commanding officer more autonomous than in continental systems. Divisional and brigade commanders generally do not immerse themselves in the day-to-day functioning of a battalion – they can replace the commanding officer but will not micro-manage the unit. The [[regimental sergeant major]] is another key figure, responsible to the CO for unit discipline and the behaviour of the NCOs.

It should, however, be noted that amalgamations beginning in the late 1950s and ending in 2006 have diluted the British regimental system through the now almost universal adoption of "large regiments" for the infantry of the Army. As of 2014, only thirteen line infantry regiments survive, each comprising up to six of the former battalions that previously had separate regimental status. Only the five Guards regiments retain their historic separate identities. Similarly, as of 2015, only eight of the regiments of the Royal Armoured Corps (cavalry plus Royal Tank Regiments) survive.

====Armour====
[[armoured warfare|Armoured]] regiments in Canada since the end of the [[World War II|Second World War]] have usually consisted of a single tactical regiment. During the 1960s, three Canadian regiments had both regular and militia components, which were disbanded shortly after unification in 1968. Currently, one regiment is organised with two tactical regiments, 12e Régiment blindé du Canada and 12e Régiment blindé du Canada (Milice) are both part of the administrative regiment [[12e Régiment blindé du Canada|12e Régiment blindé du Canada]].

One administrative armoured regiment of the [[British Army]] consisted of more than one tactical regiment. The [[Royal Tank Regiment]] until 2014 had two (1 and 2 RTR), and once had many more. They were all amalgamated into a single regiment.

====Artillery====
All of a nation's [[artillery]] units are considered part of a single administrative regiment, but there are typically several tactical artillery regiments. They are designated by numbers, names or both. For example, the tactical regiments 1st Regiment, [[Royal Canadian Horse Artillery]], 7th Toronto Regiment, RCA and many others are part of the single administrative regiment The [[Royal Regiment of Canadian Artillery]]. In Britain, the [[Royal Artillery|Royal Regiment of Artillery]] works in the same way.

====Infantry====
[[File:Is Your Home Here? Defend It!.jpg|thumb|"Is your home here? Defend it!" Propaganda poster from 1915 with a map of the regimental recruiting districts of the infantry of the British Army.]]

Administrative [[infantry]] regiments are composed of one or more [[battalion]]s. When a regiment has only one battalion, the battalion may have exactly the same name as the regiment. For example, The [[North Saskatchewan Regiment]] is the only battalion in the administrative regiment of the same name. When there is more than one battalion, they are distinguished by numbers, subsidiary titles or both. In Britain, every infantry battalion bears a number, even if it is the only remaining battalion in the regiment (in that case it is the 1st Battalion, with the exception of [[The Irish Regiment of Canada]], which has a 2nd Battalion only). Until after the [[World War II|Second World War]], every regiment had at least two battalions. Traditionally, the regular battalions were the 1st and 2nd Battalions, the [[militia]] (later Special Reserve) battalion was the 3rd Battalion, and the [[Army Reserve (United Kingdom)|Army Reserve]] battalions were the 4th Battalion, the 5th Battalion and up. A few regiments had up to four regular battalions and more than one militia battalion, which disrupted the numbering, but this was rare. For this reason, although the regular battalion today (if there is only one) will always be the 1st Battalion, the TA battalions may have non-consecutive numbers.

In practice, it is impossible to exercise all the administrative functions of a true regiment when the regiment consists of a single unit. Soldiers, and particularly officers, cannot spend a full career in one battalion. Thus in the Armoured Corps, the traditional administrative "regiment" tends to play more of a ceremonial role, while in practice, its members are administered by their corps or "branch" as in the Artillery. Thus soldiers and officers can serve in many different "regiments", changing hat badges without too much concern during their career. Indeed, in the artillery, all regiments wear the same badge.

====Corps====
The [[British Army]] also has battalion-sized tactical regiments of the [[Royal Engineers]], [[Royal Corps of Signals]], [[Army Air Corps (United Kingdom)|Army Air Corps]], [[Royal Logistic Corps]], and [[Royal Military Police]].

=== Indian Army ===
{{Main article|List of regiments of the Indian Army}}

Upon its inception, the [[Indian Army]] inherited the British Army's organisational structure, which is still maintained today. Therefore, like its predecessor, an Indian infantry regiment's responsibility is not to undertake field operations but to provide battalions and well-trained personnel to the field formations. As such, it is common to find battalions of the same regiment spread across several brigades, divisions, corps, commands, and even theatres. Like its British and Commonwealth counterparts, troops enlisted within the regiment are immensely loyal, take great pride in the regiment to which they are assigned, and generally spend their entire career within the regiment.

Most Indian Army infantry regiments recruit based on certain selection criteria, such as region (for example, the [[Assam Regiment]]), caste/community ([[Jat Regiment]]), or religion ([[Sikh Regiment]]). Most regiments continue the heritage of regiments raised under the British Raj, but some have been raised after independence, some of which have specialised in border defence, in particular the [[Ladakh Scouts]], the [[Arunachal Scouts]], and the [[Sikkim Scouts]].

Over the years there have been fears that troops' allegiance lay more with their regiments and the regions/castes/communities/religions from which they were recruited, as opposed to the Indian union as a whole. Thus some "all India" or "all class" regiments have been created, which recruit troops from all over India, regardless of region, caste, community, or religion: such as the [[Brigade of the Guards]] (which later converted to the mechanised infantry profile) and the [[Parachute Regiment (India)|Parachute Regiment]].

The Indian Army has many regiments, majority of them infantry, with single-battalion cavalry and artillery regiments. These are a legacy of the British Indian army during the years when the British ruled India before 15 August 1947. Each infantry regiment may have one or more battalions, while cavalry, armour and artillery regiments are single-battalion formations. There are regimental headquarters (called as a centre) for each regiment.

Each regiment of infantry is commanded by a colonel and assisted by a lieutenant colonel.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indianarmy.nic.in/site/formTemplete/frmtempsimple.aspx?MnId=TqWSDHmc2ua6KzgEgvgO7w==&ParentID=RuQ+vVM57FirJYXrHRLBHA== | title=STRUCTURE OF ARMY | publisher=indianarmy.nic.in | access-date=22 January 2020}}</ref>

=== Irish Army ===
The [[Irish Army]] field artillery units are called regiments. They are divided into batteries and together the regiments form the Artillery Corps. Air Defence units are organised as a single regiment with individual batteries stationed around the country.

== Philippine Army ==
The [[Philippine Army]] currently has 3 regiments dedicated to special operations under the [[Special Operations Command (Philippines)|AFP Special Operations Command]]. They specialized in direct action, jungle warfare, urban warfare, special reconnaissance, unconventional warfare, psychological warfare, counter-terrorism, mass base and sniping operations against hostile positions depending on the situation of a certain place.

=== Scout Rangers ===
{{Main | 1st Scout Ranger Regiment}}

The Scout Rangers, known officially as the First Scout Ranger Regiment, specializes in anti-guerrilla jungle warfare, raids, ambushes, close quarters combat, urban warfare and sabotage. It was formed on November 25, 1950, under the command of former AFP Vice Chief of Staff and Defense Secretary [[Rafael Ileto|Rafael M. Ileto]]. It was modelled after two legendary fighting groups, the intelligence gathering American [[Alamo Scouts]] and the combat ready [[75th Ranger Regiment|US Army Rangers]]. It was also formed to combat insurgencies such as the Communist and Moro Rebellions. It currently have more than 2500 Members.

=== Special Forces ===
{{Main | Special Forces Regiment (Philippines)}}

The Special Forces Regiment (Airborne) is a special forces unit of the Philippine Army. It is based on and continually trains with its American counterpart, the [[U.S. Army Special Forces (Green Berets)]]. It was established in 1962 by then Captain [[Fidel V. Ramos]] PA (INF) (first commanding officer of the SFR-A), primarily trained in both unconventional warfare operations and psychological warfare operations.

Like the Scout Rangers, members of the Special Forces Regiment of the Philippine Army are also highly trained in counter-insurgency operations. Upon assignment to the Special Forces, soldiers are made to undergo the Basic Airborne Course. They, later-on, undergo the Special Forces Operations Course - an eight-month course that equips each SF soldier in the basics of Special Forces and unconventional warfare operations. Each member of the SF Regiment may opt to undergo specialty courses as well after finishing the Special Forces basic course. These include, but is not limited to, training in demolitions and bomb disposal (EOD), psychological warfare operations (PSYOPS), riverine operations including combat diving, intelligence operations, weapons, medics, as well as VIP security training in preparation for reassignment with the Presidential Security Group.

The basic combat organization of the Special Forces is the 12-man Special Forces Team. An SF Team will have at least one of each SF MOS present in the team.

=== Light Reaction Regiment ===
{{Main | Light Reaction Regiment}}

The Light Reaction Regiment is the premier counter-terrorist unit of the Philippine Army. It was formerly known as the Light Reaction Battalion and Light Reaction Company. Due to its specialization in counter-terrorism operations and its formation with the assistance of American advisers, the Light Reaction Regiment has been sometimes referred to as the Philippines' [[Delta Force]]. It traces its origins back to the year 2000 when non-commissioned officers from the Scout Rangers and 1st Special Forces Regiment (Airborne) were trained by American military advisers from the 1st Battalion, [[1st Special Forces Group]].

==Russian/Soviet Armed Forces==
[[File:4thTankDivisionOpenDay17p1-83.jpg|thumb|Personnel of the [[154th Preobrazhensky Independent Commandant's Regiment]] during an [[exhibition drill]].]]
The regiments ({{langx|ru|полк}})<ref>the word had common etymology with the Scandinavian ''fólk'' that in the ancient times meant something akin to a gathering of armed people</ref> of the [[Armed Forces of the Russian Federation|Russian Army]] and armed forces influenced by Russia consist of [[battalion]]s ({{langx|ru|link=no|батальон}}), in the [[infantry]] or [[tank]] troops, {{proper name|[[divizion]]s}} ({{langx|ru|link=no|дивизион}}) in the artillery troops, and [[Squadron (aviation)|squadrons]] ({{langx|ru|link=no|эскадрилья}}) in [[aviation]] troops. Land forces regiments are subdivided into [[Company (military unit)|companies]] ({{langx|ru|link=no|рота}}) (or batteries in the artillery) and [[platoon]]s ({{langx|ru|link=no|взвод}}). These also include many support units of either company or platoon size.

On the march, a regiment normally travels in [[column (formation)|column]] along one or two routes, averaging 20–30 km/h when moving on roads or 15 km/h going cross-country. The main force is preceded by reconnaissance and advanced guards and protected on the [[flank (military)|flanks]] and the rear by security elements. When offensive operations begin, a regiment normally assumes attack formation about 1,000 metres from the enemy's position and attacks along a [[front (military)|front]] typically 4 to 5 kilometres wide, but can vary between 3 and 8 kilometres. During the attack the average speed of advance is 200 metres per minute with [[BTR (vehicle)|BTR]]s or [[BMP development|BMPs]] normally following 100 to 400 metres behind tanks and 50 to 100 metres of spacing between vehicles.<ref>FM 5-34 Engineer Field Data. Department of the Army. 30 August 1999. Threat 2-11</ref>

===Motor rifle regiment===
The motor rifle regiment was one of the basic tactical units within the [[Soviet Ground Forces]], totaling around 2,500 officers and other ranks. While normally operating as part of a [[Motor Rifle Troops (Soviet Union)|motor rifle division]] or [[Tank corps (Soviet Union)|tank division]], it was capable of short-term independent operations. By the late 1980s, it consisted of a regimental headquarters in command of three motor rifle battalions, each numbering around five hundred personnel and equipped with either [[Boyevaya Mashina Pekhoty|BMP]] [[infantry fighting vehicle]]s or [[BTR (vehicle)|BTR]] [[armoured personnel carrier]]s, and one tank battalion, typically consisting of thirty-one [[T-64]], [[T-72]] or [[T-80]] tanks, although older models were present in units outside the [[European theater]]. These were supported by a battalion of eighteen 122mm artillery pieces, either the self-propelled [[2S1 Gvozdika]] in BMP regiments or towed [[122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30)|D-30]] [[howitzer]]s in BTR regiments, though some BTR regiments also used the 2S1, with additional fire support from the organic mortar battery in each infantry battalion. Additional combat support came in the form of an air defence missile and artillery company with four [[SA-9]] or [[SA-13]]s and four [[ZSU-23-4]] or [[2S6 Tunguska]]s, an antitank missile battery with nine [[BRDM]]-mounted [[AT-3 Sagger]] or [[AT-5 Spandrel]] launchers, a reconnaissance company mounted on BMPs, BRDMs and motorbikes and an engineer company. Other non-combat formations included a signals company, chemical protection platoon, material support company, maintenance company, and regimental medical point.{{sfn|United States Army|1991|page=4-3}}

===Tank regiment===
The tank regiment was found in both [[Motor Rifle Troops (Soviet Union)|motorised rifle divisions]] and [[Tank corps (Soviet Union)|tank divisions]], with slight organisational differences depending between the two. By the late 1980s, tank regiments operating as part of motorised rifle divisions contained slightly over 1,100 officers and other ranks while those operating within tank divisions contained over 1,600. A regimental headquarters oversaw command of three tank battalions of thirty-one tanks each, typically [[T-64]], [[T-72]], or [[T-80]] tanks although some units used older models, and an artillery battalion of eighteen [[2S1 Gvozdika]] self-propelled howitzers, with some using the older towed [[122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30)|D-30]] howitzer. Tank regiments operating as part of a tank division included a fifth combat battalion of motorised infantry, identical to those in [[BMP-1|BMP]]-equipped motorised rifle regiments. Combat support and combat service support subunits were the same as in motorised rifle regiments with the exception of the antitank missile battery.{{sfn|United States Army|1991|pages=4-46, 4-109}}

===Artillery regiment===
The artillery regiment was used to provide fire support, but differed depending on whether it was part of a [[Motor Rifle Troops (Soviet Union)|motorised rifle division]] or [[Tank corps (Soviet Union)|tank division]]. The artillery regiment of an MRD consisted of three battalions of eighteen [[2S3 Akatsiya]]s each and a battalion of eighteen [[BM-21 Grad]]s, numbering just under 1,300 personnel total, while a TD artillery regiment had one less battalion of 2S3s and a little over one thousand personnel total. This was the standard model by the late 1980s; however, not all artillery regiments had yet to conformed to it, and one or more of the battalions might have used older weapon systems like the [[122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30)|D-30]] howitzer. Each regiment was led by a command control battery and included an artillery reconnaissance battery, motor transport company, maintenance company, regimental medical point, chemical protection platoon and supply and service platoon.{{sfn|United States Army|1991|pages=4-50}}

=== Anti-aircraft rocket regiment ===
An anti-aircraft rocket regiment was an important part of a motor rifle division or [[Tank corps (Soviet Union)|tank division]]'s effort to envelop the battlefield in an extensive air defence network. Numbering a little over five hundred personnel total, the SAM regiment consisted of a regimental headquarters in charge of twenty [[SA-6 Gainful]]s organised into five missile firing batteries; most were SA-6a platforms although since 1979 a limited number of SA-6bs were also deployed and some regiments used the [[SA-8 Gecko]] as an alternative. Each missile battery, along with the regimental headquarter and missile technical battery, were also equipped with three [[MANPAD]]s, either the [[SA-7 Grail]], [[SA-14 Gremlin]] or [[SA-16 Gimlet]]. Besides the missile technical battery, other support subunits included an artillery reconnaissance battery, motor transport company, maintenance company and chemical protection platoon.{{sfn|United States Army|1991|pages=4-62}}

=== Antiaircraft artillery regiment ===
Antiaircraft artillery (AAA) regiments in the late 1980s took the place of SAM regiments in divisions which were assigned to rear areas. These were equipped with twenty-four [[S-60 57mm Anti Aircraft Gun]]s organised into four firing batteries. Each firing battery along with the regimental headquarters were also equipped with three [[MANPAD]]s, either the [[SA-7 Grail]], [[SA-14 Gremlin]] or [[SA-16 Gimlet]]. Additional subunits include a command and control battery and service battery.{{sfn|United States Army|1991|pages=4-104}}

== United States ==
{{main|Regiment (United States Army)}}
{{more citations needed section|date=December 2015}}
[[File:US 65th Infantry Regiment.Painting.Korean War.Bayonet charge against Chinese division (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|The Puerto Rican [[65th Infantry Regiment (United States)|65th Infantry Regiment]]'s [[bayonet]] charge against a [[People's Volunteer Army|Chinese]] division during the Korean War.]]

Historically, the [[United States Army]] was organized into regiments, except from 1792 to 1796 during the existence of the [[Legion of the United States]]. During this period the Army, or "Legion", was organized into four "sub-legions", 18th century forerunners of the modern [[Brigade Combat Team|combined arms brigade]] that combined infantry, [[rifleman|riflemen]], [[artillery]], and [[cavalry]]. When combined with other regiments during wartime, for active field operations, regiments were further formed into [[brigade]]s and [[Division (military)|divisions]].

From colonial times, the regiment consisted of a small regimental [[Headquarters#Military|headquarters]] (regimental [[Headquarters Company|headquarters companies]] not existing before 1915) and in 1775 ten "line" [[Company (military unit)#United States|companies]], based on the British Army model, without any permanent intermediate level of organization, viz., [[Battalion#United States Armed Forces|battalion]] headquarters organic to the regiment. From 1776 through 1783 American infantry regiments contained from as few as seven companies (e.g. South Carolina Rifles) to as many as twelve (Pennsylvania Rifles and Maryland State troops) with Continental Army infantry regiments having eight companies (increased to nine in 1781). (Briefly, from 1790 to 1792, regiments were organized into three battalions of four companies each.) Traditionally, the regiment and battalion were one and the same, with the "battalion" simply being the regiment organized for battle.

During the Civil War, there were nine new United States regular army infantry regiments (11th though the 19th) added to the ten already existing. The old regiments (1st through 10th) were single-battalion, ten-company regiments, but the new regiments were authorized three battalions of eight companies each.<ref>Mahan, J. and Danysh, R. ''Army Lineage Series, Infantry Part 1: Regular Army.'' (1972) Office of the Chief of Military History, United States Army: Washington, DC. p. 24.</ref> However, only three of these nine regiments ever reached full strength of three battalions, with four others only achieving a manning level of two full battalions. Regiments were usually commanded by a colonel, assisted by a lieutenant colonel and a major, as well as additional staff officers and enlisted men in the regimental headquarters. Occasionally, a regimental commander would organize several companies into one, or rarely two, temporary organizations, called battalions, under command of the regiment's lieutenant colonel, major, or a senior captain. (A historic example of this arrangement is the 7th Cavalry Regiment during the [[Battle of the Little Big Horn]] in 1876.)

Many more additional regiments of the [[United States Volunteers]] were recruited from each state during the [[American Civil War]] according to General Orders No. 15., War Department, Adjutant General's Office, Washington, May 4, 1861:

{{blockquote|The President of the United States having called for a Volunteer Force to aid in the enforcement of the laws and the suppression of insurrection, and to consist of thirty-nine regiments of infantry and one regiment of cavalry, making a minimum aggregate of (34,506) thirty-four thousand five hundred and six officers and enlisted men, and a maximum aggregate of (42,034) forty two thousand and thirty-four officers and enlisted men, the following plan of organization has been adopted, and is directed to be printed for general information.}}

In 1890, the number of companies in a regiment was reduced from the traditional ten to only eight, as the end of the Indian Wars became evident and troop reductions became in order. However, in 1898 as the war with Spain began, a three-battalion, 12-company structure was effected. This expanded regimental structure produced units, proportionally roughly the same approximate size as the single battalion, ten-company regiments of the Civil War. (For example: 101 officers and enlisted men per company, and a 36-member regimental headquarters, with 1,046 per typical Union Army infantry regiment in 1861, vs. 112 officers and enlisted men per company, and the same 36-member regimental headquarters, with 1,380 per regiment in a typical U.S. Army infantry regiment in 1898.) After the short war the Army reduced the size of companies, battalions, and regiments by about 30% under demobilization. However, the number of companies and battalions per regiment remained at 12 and three, respectively.

Until 1917, under its traditional triangular organizational plan, infantry regiments were organized into brigades of three regiments, with three infantry brigades (for a total of nine infantry regiments), along with one brigade each of cavalry and field artillery constituting a division. In 1917 the Army adopted the [[square division]] organizational plan, which massively increased the size of units from the company through corps, more than tripling, or nearly quadrupling, the number of troops per unit. (From 1915 to 1917, the authorized strength of rifle companies increased from 76 officers and enlisted men to 256, and infantry regiments grew from 959 to 3,720.)

The "square division" consisted of two infantry brigades of two infantry regiments each, with each regiment containing a regimental headquarters company, a machinegun company, a supply company, and 12 rifle companies organized into three battalions of four rifle companies each. (The single machine gun company reported directly to regimental headquarters.) The division also contained an artillery brigade of three regiments and three separate combat service support regiments: engineer, quartermaster, and medical.

The Army reorganized in preparation for the Second World War by effecting its [[triangular division]] organizational structure in 1939. Under this plan, divisional brigades were eliminated and the division consisted of three infantry regiments and one artillery regiment, styled as "Division Artillery", but usually consisting of battalions of the same regiment. The infantry regiments still contained three battalions; there were now "headquarters and headquarters" companies (HHCs) not only at the regimental-level but in each battalion as well. The battalions still contained four "line" companies, but instead of four rifle companies, now had three rifle companies and a heavy weapons company (containing machine guns and mortars). The regiment's machine gun company became an anti-tank company, the supply company became the service company, and a cannon company and a medical detachment were added to the regiment. In 1942 the Army began organizing armored divisions into [[combat command]]s, which grouped armor, armored infantry, and armored field artillery battalions into three tactical groups within the division without regard to regimental affiliation. However, armored regiment designations were retained for lineage and heraldic purposes.

As the United States Army transformed after the Korean War for potential combat against a nuclear-armed Warsaw Pact, changes began in 1956 to transform infantry regiments into [[Battlegroup (army)|battle groups]] under its new [[Pentomic]] organization.{{sfn|Bacevich|1986}} Under this plan, battalions were eliminated and the infantry battle groups consisted of an [[Headquarters and Headquarters Company]], five rifle companies, and a combat support company. This scheme retained the regimental designation for lineage and heraldry purposes, but the regiment ceased to exist as an intact organization for both infantry and field artillery units. The Divisional Artillery were now composed of several unrelated artillery battalions.

By 1965, the Army had eliminated the regiment (replaced by the brigade) under the [[Reorganization Objective Army Divisions]] (ROAD) plan as a tactical and administrative organization in all combat arms, save for a few armored cavalry regiments. However the battalion was restored as a tactical echelon, now organized into an HHC, three rifle companies, and a combat support company. The ROAD structure sealed the fate of the regiment in the U.S. Army, confirming its elimination as a level of command that had begun in 1942 with the "combat command" organization of the armored divisions and furthered by the Pentomic experiment in the 1950s. By 2015, the only Army unit still organized as a traditional regiment was the [[75th Ranger Regiment]].

In the 20th century, by using modern industrial management techniques, the Army was able to draft, assemble, equip, train and then employ huge masses of conscripted civilians in very short order, starting with minimal resources. Beginning with the First World War, as units became increasingly larger, and weapon systems and equipment became more complex, the regiment, while still filling a role as the immediate headquarters for its organic battalions, began to be replaced by the brigade as the intermediate tactical and operational headquarters for battalions, with the division becoming the senior administrative and logistical headquarters for the battalions, regiments, and brigades under its command.

A new system, the [[Combat Arms Regimental System]], or CARS, was adopted in 1957 to replace the old regimental system. CARS uses the Army's traditional regiments as parent organizations for historical purposes, but the primary building blocks are [[Division (military)|divisions]], [[brigade]]s, and [[battalion]]s. Each battalion carries an association with a [[parent regiment]], even though the regimental organization no longer exists. In some brigades several numbered battalions carrying the same regimental association may still serve together, and tend to consider themselves part of the traditional regiment when in fact they are independent battalions serving a brigade, rather than a regimental, headquarters.

The [[United States Army Regimental System]] (USARS) was established in 1981 to replace the Combat Arms Regimental System, to provide each soldier with continuous identification with a single regiment, and to support that concept with a personnel system that would increase a soldier's probability of serving recurring assignments with his or her regiment. The USARS was developed with the intention that it would enhance combat effectiveness by providing the opportunity for a regimental affiliation, thus obtaining some of the benefits of the traditional regimental system.

Exceptions exist to USARS regimental titles, including the [[armored cavalry regiment]]s (now defunct) and the [[75th Ranger Regiment]] created in 1986. On 1 October 2005, the word "regiment" was formally appended to the name of all active and inactive CARS and USARS regiments. So, for example, the 1st Cavalry officially became titled the 1st Cavalry Regiment.

=== United States Marine Corps ===
{{Main list|List of United States Marine Corps regiments}}
{{more citations needed section|date=December 2018}}
The historical background of the use of regiments in the United States Marine Corps (USMC) is contained within ''USMC: A Complete History''<ref>Hoffman, J. ''USMC: A Complete History.'' (2002) Marine Corps Association: Quantico, VA.</ref> and a summary of that information follows:

From the American Revolution until 1913 it was common practice for USMC detachments (both ship-based, and shore-based) to be combined to form provisional units. Most often these formations took the form of provisional [[battalion]]s, but on occasion became provisional regiments, provisional [[brigade]]s, or rarely (especially when combined with Navy personnel) [[naval infantry]] brigades.<ref name="NavalHistoryandHeritageCommand">{{Cite web |title=Sailors as Infantry in the US Navy |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/s/sailors-as-infantry-us-navy.html |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=NHHC |language=en-US}}</ref> These organizations were intentionally temporary as the USMC did not usually maintain standing forces larger than company size, but rather created "task units" on an "as needed" basis.

While provisional regiments, designated variously as the 1st through 4th Regiments, had been formed for expeditionary operations in Panama (1895) and Philippines (1899),<ref name=NavalHistoryandHeritageCommand/> the lineage of modern USMC regiments began in 1913 with the creation of the 1st and 2nd [[Advanced Base Force]] Regiments. These two regiments, (currently the [[2nd Marines|2nd]] and [[1st Marines]], respectively), along with the numerical forebears of the [[3rd Marines|3rd]] and [[4th Marines]], (formed in 1914 for the short-lived [[Tampico Affair]] with Mexico, involving the [[occupation of Veracruz]]), are the pre-World War I antecedents to the several regiments of the modern USMC.

Beginning in World War I, with the USMC's participation with the U.S. Army in the [[American Expeditionary Force]], in which the [[5th Marines|5th]] and [[6th Marines]] (along with the [[6th Machine Gun Battalion (United States Marine Corps)|6th Machine Gun Battalion]]) formed the [[4th Marine Expeditionary Brigade#History|4th Marine Brigade]] of the U.S. Army [[2nd Infantry Division (United States)|2nd Division]], the USMC began organizing larger standing forces. World War I–era USMC units mirrored equivalent U.S. Army units by employing the "square division" organizational plan in forming its regiments and brigades.

During the Second World War, the USMC organized its regiments and divisions under the "triangular division" model developed by the Army in 1939. Modern USMC regiments and divisions continue to be organized using a triangular model very similar to the WWII version, with slight variations to adapt to modern weapons, equipment, and enlisted rank structure.

Current Marine infantry, field artillery, and combat logistics battalions are organized into regiments, commanded by a colonel. Marine infantry and field artillery regiments are sequentially numbered and are referred to generically as "''n''th Marines" or "''n''th Marine Regiment", as in 1st Marines (an infantry regiment) or 12th Marine Regiment (a field artillery regiment). Marine infantry regiments consist of a regimental headquarters and service company (H&S Co) and three identical infantry battalions. Marine field artillery regiments consist of a regimental headquarters and service battery (H&S Bttry), a target acquisition battery, and from two to four field artillery battalions.

[[Marine logistics group]]s (MLG) contain two types of regiments; one headquarters (HQ) regiment (except in the Reserve 4th MLG) and two combat logistics regiments (CLR). Each of these two types of regiments contain a headquarters company and varying numbers and types of logistics battalions and separate logistics companies, depending upon whether the regiment's primary mission is to provide direct support to (1) a [[regimental combat team]] (RCT) or a [[Marine amphibious unit]] (MEU), or (2) provide general support across the [[Marine expeditionary force]] (MEF), including intermediate ground logistics support to Marine aviation units. These varying types of battalions and separate companies include: combat logistics, maintenance, and supply battalions, and combat logistics, communications, food service, and service companies (the latter three types in 3rd MLG only).

The HQ regiments (whose primary mission includes providing support to the MEUs) are not numbered; however, the CLRs are numbered according to their primary mission. CLRs that support RCTs have the same number as the parent Marine division of its supported RCT. Therefore, CLR 2 supports the RCTs of the 2nd Marine Division. CLRs that provide general maintenance and supply support to the MEF are designated by a two-digit number: the first digit is the Hindu-Arabic numeral equivalent of the MEF's roman numeral designation, and the second digit is always an arbitrarily assigned numeral "5". Therefore, the CLR that provides general maintenance and supply support to III MEF is CLR 35.

The USMC deploys [[battalion]]s from its infantry regiments to form the nucleus of a [[battalion landing team]] (BLT) as the [[ground combat element]] (GCE) of a [[Marine expeditionary unit]] (MEU). However, a USMC infantry regiment may deploy en masse to form the nucleus of an RCT or regimental landing team (RLT) as the GCE of a [[Marine expeditionary brigade]] (MEB). In both cases the infantry component is reinforced with ground combat support forces including field artillery, reconnaissance, assault amphibian vehicle, light armored reconnaissance vehicle, tank, and combat engineer units. The resulting GCE is then combined with an [[aviation combat element]] (ACE), a [[logistics combat element]] (LCE), and a [[command element (United States Marine Corps)|command element]] (CE) to form a [[Marine air–ground task force]] (MAGTF).

== See also ==

{{Wiktionary}}
{{Wiktionary|regimentation}}
* [[Demi-brigade]]
* [[Military organization]]
* [[Regimental combat team]]
* [[Regimental depot]]
* [[Regimental police]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
*{{cite book|last=Bacevich |first=A.J. |title=The Pentomic Error: The United States Army between Korea and Vietnam|publisher=[[National Defense University (Washington, D.C.)|National Defense University]] Press |place=Washington DC |year=1986}}
*{{cite book|last=United States Army |title=Field Manual 100-2-3 The Soviet Army: Troops, Organisation and Equipment |publisher=Headquarters, [[Department of the Army]]|place=[[Washington DC]]|url=https://cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p4013coll9/id/335/|date=1991-06-01}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Military units and formations by size]]
[[Category:Regiments| ]]

Beerwah, Jammu and Kashmir

2026-02-14T02:45:28Z

SadguruCaterer: updated details

{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=March 2017}}
{{original research|date=March 2019}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Beerwah
| other_name = Beeru
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Jamia Masjid Beerwah1.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = {{nq|Jamia Masjid Beerwah}}
| nickname = The Gate Way To [[Doodhpathri]]
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir
| coordinates = {{coord|34|00|46|N|74|35|42|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} (Indian Administrated J&K)
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union territory]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Budgam district|Budgam]]
| established_title =  [[Tehsil]] Established
| established_date = 1883
| founder =
| native_name_lang = ks
| named_for = Bairam Hillock
| government_type = [[Municipal committee]] Beerwah
| governing_body = Beerwah Municipal Committee
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 4950
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1598
| population_total = 168348
| population_as_of = 2016
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym = Beerwek, Beerweigns
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], English<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India|date=27 September 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | work=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=23 September 2020 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Spoken
| demographics1_info2 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal code]]
| postal_code = 193411
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|JK04]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name = The Town And The Commonality Of Beerwah Along Banks Of Sukhnag River
| native_name =
| seat_type = [[Municipal committee]]
| seat = [[Townhall]] of Beerwah
| parts_type = Villages in Beerwah
| parts_style = para
| parts = No Of Villages
| p1 = 126
}}

'''Beerwah''' also pronounced as '''Beeru'''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/kashir-encyclopedia-vol-2-jk-culture-academy/mode/1up|title=Kashir Encyclopedia|publisher=Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Arts Culture and Languages|year=1989|volume=2|pages=23|language=ks}}</ref> is a [[subdistrict]], [[tourist destination]] and one of the oldest towns of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and a [[Municipal Council (India)|municipal committee]] in [[Budgam district]] in the Indian administered [[union territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It is also one of the oldest [[tehsil]]s of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] with one of the largest towns in [[Budgam district]]. Beerwah is {{cvt|27|km}} away from the summer capital [[Srinagar]] via [[Bemina]], {{cvt|31|km}} via [[Magam]], {{cvt|33|km}} via [[Soibugh]] and {{cvt|35|km}} via [[Budgam]]. Beerwah subdistrict has 4 tehsils namely Beerwah, [[Magam]], [[Narbal]] and [[Khag]]. Beerwah is located along the banks of [[Sukhnag River|River Sukhnaag]].

The name Beerwah has been derived from a Sanskrit{{Dubious|date=August 2021}} word "Behroop" which means land of springs. This is due to the abundance of natural springs in the area. Beerwah has seven springs in the town area.

Beerwah is the major route to the snow resorts of [[Doodhpathri]] and [[Tosa Maidan|Tosamaidan]]. [[Doodhpathri]] lies {{cvt|19|km}} away from Beerwah via Arizal and [[Tosa Maidan|Tosamaidan]] lies {{cvt|23|km}} away from Beerwah via Arizal. Beerwah is known as "The Gateway of Doodhpathri" and also "The Gateway of Tosamaidan". A decade ago Beerwah was the main route to visit famous tourist spot [[Gulmarg]].

== Geography ==
Beerwah is located at an altitude of {{convert|1598|m}} above sea level, between 75° E longitude and 34° N latitude at the base of the [[Pir Panjal Range|Pir Panjal mountain range]]. It is surrounded by plains to the north, east, south, and southwest. The town is flanked by a hill called Bairam on its southern side. At the eastern side of this Bairam is located the celebrated cave connected with life of Acharya [[Abhinavagupta]], the greatest Shiva [[philosopher]] of Kashmir. The celebrated cave is located at Bairam at the height of nearly 85 meter on the side of the ridge overlooking the crescent shaped narrow valley of evergreen forests with a [[Sukhnag River]] flowing through it.
The landscape is made up of plateau-like terraces known as ''karewas''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Karewas: a geological treasure and heritage of Kashmir|url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/100/06/0805.pdf|publisher=Current Science|first=Khursheed Ahmad|last=Parray}}</ref>

The region contains forested areas with several mountain rivers and streams, including the Mala Kol, Lear Kol, Ahij Kol, Laen, Zaen, Mean and Sona Mean. The Ahij Kol, Laen and Sona Maen share a source at [[Sukhnag River|Sukhnag]]. The Mala Kol is locally known as the "deaf and dumb stream" due to a legend that when saint Syed Taj-ud-Din arrived in Khag, the stream silently followed him from Sukhnag to Sikandarpora. Local elders continue to tell stories about other local streams.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://budgam.nic.in/tourism.htm |title= District Budgam (Official website) |publisher=Budgam.nic.in |access-date=2012-12-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120103118/http://budgam.nic.in/tourism.htm |archive-date=2013-01-20 }}</ref>

River Sukhnag divides the town of Beerwah into Old town (West bank) and New town (East bank).

=== Pastures ===

[[Tosa Maidan|Tosamaidan]] is a large pasture with a historical background. Bounded by dense forests of [[Cedrus deodara|deodars]], it is about {{cvt|10|km}} from [[Khag, Jammu and Kashmir|Khag]] in the [[Himalayas]]. It was a frequent route for Mughals travelling from [[Historical Poonch District|Poonch]] and [[Punjab]] to [[Kashmir]]. Until 2017 it was occupied by Indian forces, many people have died due to the abandoned explosive materials in vast tracts of pastures. Today the area is frequently used by local shepherds and the [[Gujjar]] community. Many people go there in search of some medicinal plants.

Pehjan is an alpine pasture about {{cvt|25|km}} from Khag in the lap of the Himalayas. [[Wular Lake]] can be seen from this resort. It features local flowers and plant life and scenic views from the [[Nanga Parbat]] peak ({{convert|26,696|ft|disp=sqbr}}).

The [[Khag, Jammu and Kashmir|Khag pasture]] is located in the southwest of Kashmir, 8,000 to 14,000 ft above sea level. It is surrounded by mountains whose average height reaches {{convert|17,000|ft}}. It is frequently scenic in the summer season, when Nomadic [[Bakarwal]]s bring their cattle to graze.

=== Springs ===

The region has a number of springs of local and tourist significance.

Sutharan is located near [[Tosa Maidan|Tosamaidan]] and the [[Line of Actual Control]]. According to local legend, (Vanvas) Lord Ram Chandra stayed here during his 12-year-long exile with Lakshman and Sita. The spring's name comes from Sita who is said to have bathed in the spring.

Naranag spring, or Narain Nag, is located near the Khag village. According to local legend, an ascetic passing through once dropped a bag full of sheep dung into the lake. When he reached Khag several days later, he saw the dung floating on the surface of the Naranag. He returned to Tosamaidan and sprinkled some turmeric powder into the lake, which appeared in the water in the Naranag.

The Sukhnag (Sokhanag), known locally as the "spring of solace," cascades in a {{convert|20|ft|adj=on}} high waterfall at Kanj Zubji.

Pushkar Nag is located to the east of Poshker village between Khag and Ferozpora, and is named for the village of its origin. According to local history, during the month of Sawan, [[Kashmiri Pandits]] would offer prayers and take a ritual dip in the spring. Some devotees continue to perform the ritual today.

Gandhak Nag is a [[sulfur spring]] in the Darang Khaipora village of [[Khag, Jammu and Kashmir|Khag]]. The healing properties of the sulfur make the spring locally significant.

=== Natural formations ===

Nakwaer Pal (the "nostril rock") is located near the Pehjan pasture. It is {{convert|14,000|ft|adj=on}} high and is the highest peak of the range. According to local history, when Kashmir valley was a lake (Sati Sar), boats would be anchored to this rock. Today there is an iron hook within it (Ded Bal), also known as Lal Khanen Gher. Today, shepherds and Gujjars come from adjacent villages with their livestock.

== History ==
Beerwah served as a [[pargana]] during the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal reign]]. It consists of areas of the former [[Srinagar district]].

In 1766, a fort was built on Bairam hill by Governor Lal Mohammad Khatak. It was repaired in 1801 by Governor Abdullah Khan but was destroyed in an earthquake in 1884.

The region consisting of [[Budgam]], Beerwah and [[Baramulla]]h achieved tehsil status as Tehsil Ranbir Singh in 1962, under Sir Syed Sani Mawlana Syed Ali Shah Bukhari. The tehsil of Budgam was split off later in 1979.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hoparoundindia.com/jammu-and-kashmir/history-of-beerwah.aspx |title=History of Beerwah Jammu And Kashmir, background and significance of Beerwah |publisher=Hoparoundindia.com |date=2012-10-15 |access-date=2012-10-19}}</ref>

The region was granted subdistrict status in the 1970s with the support of Mawlana Syed Ali Shah Bukhari, but it was not fully implemented until 2013 by Chief Minister [[Omar Abdullah]] and [[Mirwaiz]] of Central Kashmir Mawlana Latief Bukhari.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}}

== Demographics ==
{{As of|2011}} India census, Beerwah had a population of 167850, consisting of 53% men and 47% women.<ref>{{cite web |title=Basic data sheet. District Badgam (04), Jammu & Kashmir (01) |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Dist_File/datasheet-0104.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520011331/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Dist_File/datasheet-0104.pdf|archive-date=20 May 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Beerwah has an average literacy rate of 63%, higher than the national average of 59.5%.67% of men and 53% of women are literate. 16% of the population is under 6 years of age. Beerwah has a total of 124 villages with majority [[sunni Muslim]] villages, 7 [[shia Muslim]] and 5 Sikh villages. Beerwah is the largest constituency in the Budgam district by number of voters.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}}

== Economy ==
Much of the local economy is agricultural. Crops grown include [[rice]], [[Mustard (condiment)|mustard]], [[vegetable]]s, [[apple]]s, [[walnut]]s, [[pear]]s, [[apricot]]s, [[Cherry|cherries]] and [[almond]]s.

Beerwah has a number of post offices, fire stations, banks, police stations, and regional courts. There are three subdivision hospitals and multiple health care units in the villages. A subdivision [[magistrate]] (SDM) office opened in Beerwah in 2013 on the establishment of subdistrict status. The Beerwah market is the central business hub of the area.

The economy in Beerwah includes smaller businesses such as carpet design (''Kaleen'' in the Kashmiri language), shawl design and knitwork, and embroidery. Kashmiri carpets and shawls are marketed internationally, but because of increasing prices, family pressure and low income, local textile makers have shifted to other businesses.

== Education ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2023}}Every zone of Beerwah employs a zonal education officer. The schools in the area include both government-run and private schools of varying levels.

In Beerwah there are two higher secondary schools run by the government of Jammu and Kashmir: Boys Higher Secondary School, and Girls Higher Secondary School. Approximately two thousand students attend these institutions.

The government also runs three middle schools and six primary schools within the municipal limits. Many private institutions also run in the town. Mazhar ul Haq High School is the oldest school of the valley which was founded by Sir Syed Sani Mawlana Syed Ali Shah Bukhari in 1934 and was among few schools in the valley which served as the beaconlight for North and Central Kashmir when no other government and private
institution existed. It is run by Mazhar ul Haq Trust. SAMIE Institutes was later founded in November 2000 by SAMET under the leadership of one of the prominent educationist and philosophers of central Kashmir Syed Abdul Rouf Bukhari and which provided modern, secular education in the area for last two decades.
SAMIE (Syed Ali Memorial Institute of Education) comprises a school, a training college and a nursing college. [[Government Degree College, Beerwah|Government Degree College Beerwah]], one of the most prominent Government Degree College affiliated with [[University of Kashmir]], is the only government based institution of higher education in the area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government Degree College Beerwah |url=http://gdcbeerwah.edu.in/Main/Default.aspx |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=gdcbeerwah.edu.in}}</ref>
[[File:Government Degree College Beerwah.jpg|thumb|Government Degree College Beerwah]]
Other institutes include the District Institute of Education and Training (DIET), a teacher-training and education center. In addition, SAM College of Education Beerwah and CED College of Education, located in Narbal are affiliated with [[University of Kashmir]], and [[Government Degree College, Beerwah]] functioning under the Ministry of Higher Education serve the area.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chief Education Office Budgam|url=http://ceubudgam.in/|access-date=2021-07-31|website=Chief Education Office Budgam}}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

== Transportation ==
The majority of Beerwah residents have private means of transportation. A [[public transportation system]] also exists that includes buses and cars, with a bus stand and two taxi stands at Beerwah.

The closest airport to Beerwah is the [[Srinagar Airport]] (SXR), which is {{cvt|28|km}} away.

The nearest railway station to Beerwah is the [[Mazhom railway station|Mazhom Railway Station]] Magam, which is {{cvt|11|km}} away.

The [[Jammu and Kashmir State Road Transport Corporation]] (J&K SRTC) connects most major towns and cities to Beerwah through Srinagar via [[National Highway 1A (India, old numbering)|National Highway 1A]].

A number of private organisations also run transport companies and 24-hour taxi service.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hoparoundindia.com/jammu-and-kashmir/how-to-reach-beerwah.aspx |title=How to Reach Beerwah, by Bus, by Train, by Air, by Flight, by Road, Reaching Beerwah |publisher=Hoparoundindia.com |access-date=2012-10-19}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.kashmiruniversity.net/collegedetailsss.aspx?link=4 Kashmiruniversity.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319133051/http://kashmiruniversity.net/collegedetailsss.aspx?link=4 |date=19 March 2015 }}

{{Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Municipalities of Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Kashmir Valley}}
{{Budgam district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Budgam district]]
[[Category:Villages in Budgam district]]
[[Category:Villages in Beerwah tehsil]]
[[Category:Tehsils of Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)]]

Uma Shivakumar

2026-02-12T03:17:19Z

SadguruCaterer: added initial bio w/ refs...

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Uma Shivakumar
| image = Uma Shivakumar.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = November 1, 1941
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Kingdom of Mysore]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and given age|df=yes|2013|06|25|71}}
| death_place = [[Bangalore]], [[India]]
| other_names = Baddi Bangaramma<ref name="Uma toi" />
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| known_for =
}}

'''Uma Shivakumar''' (c. 1941 – 25 June 2013) was an Indian [[film]] and [[theatre]] [[character actress]], whose career included roles in more than 170 [[Kannada cinema|Kannada language film]]s and more than 30 [[Play (theatre)|plays]].<ref name=hindu>{{cite news |first=Desmond |last=Yap |title=Actor Uma Shivakumar passes away |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/actor-uma-shivakumar-passes-away/article4850583.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=26 June 2013 |access-date=10 July 2013}}</ref> She was nicknamed "Baddi Bangaramma" by audiences, after the popular 1984 film [[Baddi Bangaramma|of the same name]], in which she portrayed a [[moneylender]].<ref name=hindu/><ref name=times>{{cite news |title=Uma Shivakumar no more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/uma-shivakumar-no-more/articleshow/20759215.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005003106/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-25/news-interviews/40184677_1_beauty-parlour-veteran-actor-monday-morning |url-status=live |archive-date=5 October 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=25 June 2013 |access-date=10 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/341066/obituary-uma-shivakumar.html |title=Obituary: Uma Shivakumar |work=Deccan Herald |date=25 June 2013}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Uma was born in [[Bangalore]].<ref name=hindu/> She initially worked as a classical musician, before transitioning to [[amateur theatre]] during the 1970s.<ref name=hindu/> She appeared in more than 30 plays and theatre productions, according to [[Sreenivas G. Kappanna]], who called her ‛an elder sister of theatre.’<ref name=hindu/> Her most famous role included the satirical play, ''[[Muhammad bin Tughluq (play)|Muhammad bin Tughluq]]'', in which she played the title character Tughluq's stepmother.<ref name=hindu/>

== Career ==
Uma Shivakumar made her film debut in ''[[Vamsha Vriksha]]'', a 1971 feature directed by [[B. V. Karanth]] and [[Girish Karnad]].<ref name=hindu/> Her second film role was in the 1973 Kannada [[black-and-white]] film, ''[[Kaadu (1973 Kannada film)|Kaadu]]'', which was also directed by Girish Karnad.<ref name=hindu/> Uma appeared in small films prior to 1973. Her first commercial film was ''[[Kesarina Kamala]]'', released in 1973.<ref name=hindu/> She appeared in films like [[Shravana Banthu]], [[College Ranga]], [[Nodi Swamy Navirodu Heege]] etc.

Uma appeared in more than 170 [[Kannada cinema|Kannada film]]s, many released in the 1970s and 1980s.<ref name=times/> She won the [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actress]] for her role in ''[[Chandanada Gombe]]'' in 1979.<ref name=times/>

She also worked for the Department of Information and Department of Tourism, along with other Kanada actors and writers, including [[Lokesh]], [[C. R. Simha]], B. R. Nagesh, and [[Sreenivas G. Kappanna]].<ref name=hindu/> Uma later owned and operated a [[Chamrajpet]] beauty and [[hair salon]], "Baddi Bangaramma Beauty Parlour," where she worked during her later life.<ref name=hindu/>

== Death ==
On 25 June 2013, at the age of 71, Uma Shivakumar died from diabetic complications and age related problems at her residence in [[Chamrajpet]], [[Bangalore]].<ref name=hindu/><ref name=times/><ref name="Uma toi">{{cite news |title=Veteran actor 'Baddi Bangaramma' dead |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Veteran-actor-Baddi-Bangaramma-dead/articleshow/20769311.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=26 June 2013 |access-date=1 May 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=1432442|name=Uma Shivakumar}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shivakumar, Uma}}
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Indian stage actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:1940s births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada theatre]]
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]

Barnagar railway station

2026-02-07T16:42:04Z

SadguruCaterer: adding a article w/ sources!

{{short description|Railway station in Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Barnagar
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Badnagar station.jpg
| image_caption = Barnagar station
| address = [[Badnagar]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| country = {{flagu|India}}
| coordinates = {{coord|23.060306|75.377034|format=dms|display=inline}}
| line = [[Akola–Ratlam line]]
| other = Taxi stand, Auto stand
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| platform = 2
| elevation = {{convert|497|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| levels =
| tracks = 4
| parking = Available
| bicycle = Available
| baggage_check =
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt = 2014
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = BNG
| zone = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Ratlam}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| map_type =
| map_dot_label =
| map_size =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=Western Railway zone|left=Pirjhalar|right=Sunderabad|type=[[Akola–Ratlam line]]}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail}}

}}
'''Barnagar railway station''' is a railway station in [[Ujjain district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Its code is '''BNG'''. It serves [[Badnagar]] city. The station consists of two platforms. It lacks many facilities including water and sanitation. Passenger, Express and Superfast trains halt here.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/barnagar-bng/3683| title=BNG/Badnagar| website=India Rail Info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.raildrishti.in/raildrishti/IRDBStationPDF.jsp?stncode=BNG| title=Badnagar (BNG):Passenger Amenities Details As on : 31/03/2018, Division : Ratlam| website=Raildrishti}}</ref>

In 2015, Ratlam–Indore metre-gauge line was converted into broad-gauge line, hence connecting Indore and Ratlam directly.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.oneindia.com/2008/01/17/gauge-conversion-ratlam-mhow-khandwa-akola-railway-approved-1200573660.html| title=Gauge conversion of Ratlam–Mhow–Khandwa–Akola railway line approved| website=One India| date=17 January 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/ratlam-indore-broad-gauge-rail-traffic-can-begin-in-july/| title=Ratlam–Indore broad-gauge rail-traffic can begin in July| website=Free Press Journal| author=Free News Press Service| date=3 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/increase-train-facilities-between-indore-ratlam-new-broad-gauge-route/| title=Increase train facilities between Indore- Ratlam new broad gauge route| author=FP News Service| website=Free Press Journal| date=14 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.bhaskar.com/mp/nagda/news/mp-news-bikaner-and-sarairohilla-trains-extended-for-6-months-at-badnagar-062506-5381927.html| title=बीकानेर और सरायरोहिल्ला ट्रेन का बड़नगर में स्टापेज 6 माह के लिए बढ़ाया| website=Bhaskar}}</ref>

==Major trains==

The following trains halt at Badnagar in both directions:

* 14801/14802 [[Jodhpur–Indore Express|Jodhpur–Indore Express (via Chittaurgarh)]]
* 11125/11126 [[Ratlam–Gwalior Intercity Express]]
* 21125/21126 [[Ratlam–Bhind Express]]
* 19337/19338 [[Indore–Delhi Sarai Rohilla Weekly Express]]
* 19333/19334 [[Indore–Bikaner Mahamana Express]]

== See also ==
* [[Indore Junction]]
* [[Ujjain Junction]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Railway stations in Madhya Pradesh}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Ujjain district]]
[[Category:Ratlam railway division]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-railstation-stub}}

Vidwath Kaverappa

2026-01-30T22:02:45Z

SadguruCaterer: added first post from scratch...

{{Short description|Indian cricketer}}
{{use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Vidwath Kaverappa
| image =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1999|02|25|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| heightm = 1.88
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[Pace bowling|fast-medium]]
| role = [[Bowler (cricket)|Bowler]]

| club1 = [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
| year1 = 2022–present
| club3 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| year3 = 2024

| columns = 3
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches1 = 22
| runs1 = 150
| bat avg1 = 8.82
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 37
| deliveries1 = 3,916
| wickets1 = 82
| bowl avg1 = 21.50
| fivefor1 = 5
| tenfor1 = 1
| best bowling1 = 7/53
| catches/stumpings1 = 2/–

| column2 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches2 = 18
| runs2 = 29
| bat avg2 = 14.50
| 100s/50s2 = 0/0
| top score2 = 19
| deliveries2 = 874
| wickets2 = 38
| bowl avg2 = 15.81
| fivefor2 = 1
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 5/17
| catches/stumpings2 = 1/–

| column3 = [[Twenty20 cricket|T20]]
| matches3 = 14
| runs3 = 0
| bat avg3 = 0.00
| 100s/50s3 = 0/0
| top score3 = 0
| deliveries3 = 305
| wickets3 = 25
| bowl avg3 = 12.48
| fivefor3 = 1
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 5/11
| catches/stumpings3 = 1/–

| date = 1 April 2025
| source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/vidwath-kaverappa-1155262 ESPNcricinfo
}}

'''Vidwath Kaverappa''' (born 25 February 1999) is an Indian cricketer. Born in Kodagu and plays for [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] in domestic cricket, and [[Punjab Kings]] in the [[Indian Premier League]]. He is a fast bowler who bowls [[Pace bowling|fast-medium]] and also bats right-handed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 December 2022 |title=Ranji Trophy: Vidwath Kaverappa leads Karnataka pacers' charge |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/ranji-trophy-vidwath-kaverappa-leads-karnataka-pacers-charge/articleshow/96390025.cms |access-date=8 April 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Career==
He made his professional, and [[First-class cricket|first-class]] debut for [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]], against [[Puducherry cricket team|Puducherry]], on 3 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-2021-22-2022-1280196/karnataka-vs-puducherry-elite-group-c-1280451/full-scorecard|title=Vidwath Kaverappa makes his professional and first-class debut for Karnataka|access-date=7 April 2022}}</ref> He made his [[Twenty20 cricket|Twenty20]] debut for [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]], against [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]], on 11 October 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/syed-mushtaq-ali-trophy-2022-23-1332915/karnataka-vs-maharashtra-elite-group-c-1332928/full-scorecard|title=Vidwath Kaverappa makes his Twenty20 debut for Karnataka|access-date=7 April 2023}}</ref> He made his [[List A cricket|List A]] debut for [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]], against [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]], on 12 November 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/vijay-hazare-trophy-2022-23-1332914/karnataka-vs-meghalaya-elite-group-b-1333062/full-scorecard|title=Vidwath Kaverappa makes his List A debut for Karnataka|access-date=7 April 2023}}</ref>

In February 2023, he was bought by [[Punjab Kings]] for the [[2023 Indian Premier League]] season for Rs. 20 Lakh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.punjabkingsipl.in/players/69915-vidwath-kaverappa-profile|title=Vidwath Kaverappa|access-date=23 April 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaverappa, Vidwath}}
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Karnataka cricketers]]
[[Category:Punjab Kings cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
{{India-cricket-bio-stub}}

S Nihal Singh

2026-01-25T10:02:01Z

SadguruCaterer: starting new biography!

{{Short description|Indian journalist, foreign correspondent, columnist and newspaper editor}}
''' Surendra Nihal Singh''' (April 30, 1929 - April 16, 2018 ),<ref name="c541"/> commonly referred to as '''S Nihal Singh''', was an Indian journalist, foreign correspondent, columnist and newspaper editor.<ref name="j160"/><ref name="p283">{{cite web | last=Gupta | first=Smita | title=Surendra Nihal Singh: the editor who fought the Emergency | website=The Hindu | date=16 April 2018 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/surendra-nihal-singh-the-editor-who-fought-the-emergency/article23564332.ece | access-date=28 January 2025}}</ref> He remained the editor of ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]'', ''[[The Indian Express]]'', ''Indian Post'' and ''[[Khaleej Times]]''.<ref name="c541"/> As a foreign correspondent mostly for the Statesman and later for ''Khaleej Times'', he was posted in Moscow, London, the US, Netherlands, Singapore, Pakistan and Indonesia and, in time, became known for his commentary on national affairs, foreign policy and international affairs.<ref name="c541"/><ref name="z366">{{cite web | last=Sahay | first=Anand K | title=Tribute: A gentleman editor, elegant writer and a liberal to the core | website=Deccan Chronicle | date=17 April 2018 | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/opinion/op-ed/170418/tribute-a-gentleman-editor-elegant-writer-and-a-liberal-to-the-core.html | access-date=28 January 2025}}</ref>

He is most noted for his coverage of the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965]],<ref name="k955">{{cite web | last=India | first=Press Trust of | title=Journalist S Nihal Singh dies at 88, editor was known for opposing Emergency, coverage of 1965 India-Pakistan war | website=Firstpost | date=16 April 2018 | url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/journalist-s-nihal-singh-dies-at-88-editor-was-known-for-opposing-emergency-coverage-of-1965-india-pakistan-war-4434313.html | access-date=28 January 2025}}</ref> and his role in opposing [[The Emergency (India)|the Emergency]] (1975–77) imposed by then prime minister Indira Gandhi, while he was editor of ''the Statesman''. At that time, it famously published a black front page as a mark of protest.<ref name="y631"/><ref name="p283"/> For this, he was awarded the prestigious [[International Editor of the Year Award]] in 1978 by ''[[World Press Review]]'', New York.<ref name="i713">{{cite web | title=International Editor of the Year Award: Previous Recipients | website=Worldpress.org | date=28 January 2025 | url=https://www.worldpress.org/award2.cfm | access-date=28 January 2025}}</ref><ref name="y631">{{cite web | title=Veteran journalist S Nihal Singh no more | website=The Economic Times | date=16 April 2018 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/veteran-journalist-s-nihal-singh-no-more/articleshow/63789329.cms?from=mdr | access-date=28 January 2025}}</ref> In 1994, he became the president of the [[Press Club of India]], and later Director, [[Press Institute of India]].<ref name="k922">{{cite web | last=Tribune | first=Qatar | title=Veteran journalist S Nihal Singh dies | website=Qatar Tribune | date=17 April 2018 | url=https://www.qatar-tribune.com/article/121114/INDIA/Veteran-journalist-S-Nihal-Singh-dies | access-date=28 January 2025}}</ref> In 2016, he was awarded the [[Raja Ram Mohan Roy Award]] for 'outstanding contribution to journalism', given by the [[Press Council of India]]<ref name="g305">{{cite web | title=Veteran journalist S Nihal Singh dead | website=The Tribune | date=17 April 2018 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/veteran-journalist-s-nihal-singh-dead-575130/ | access-date=28 January 2025}}</ref>

==Career==
At age 18, his first article was published in ''The Tribune''. He started his career in 1951 as a sub-editor with ''[[The Times of India]]''. This was followed by a two-and-a-half decade-long stint with ''The Statesman''. Starting as a staff reporter with ''The Statesman'', Calcutta (Now Kolkata) eventually became its Resident Editor in 1973 and Chief Editor in Kolkata in 1975. A short stint as Editor-in-Chief of ''The Indian Express'' (1981–82) led to becoming the founding editor of ''The Indian Post'', Mumbai, in 1987. After it closed, he became the Editor of the ''Khaleej Times'', Dubai (1994). During this stint, he was again a foreign correspondent in many countries.<ref name="g305"/><ref name="y199"/>

Once he returned to Delhi, he remained a syndicated columnist well into his late 80s, with several publications, including ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'' and ''[[Asian Age]]''.<ref name="j160">{{cite web | last=Kapoor | first=Coomi|author-link=Coomi Kapoor | title=Veteran journalist S Nihal Singh (1929-2018): Among the last old-school titans | website=The Indian Express | date=17 April 2018 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/veteran-journalist-s-nihal-singh-death-among-the-last-old-school-titans-5140168/ | access-date=28 January 2025}}</ref><ref name="e732">{{cite web | last=Sahay | first=Anand K | title=A gentleman editor, elegant writer and a liberal to the core | website=The Asian Age | date=17 April 2018 | url=https://www.asianage.com/opinion/oped/170418/a-gentleman-editor-elegant-writer-and-a-liberal-to-the-core.html | access-date=29 January 2025}}</ref> In 2011, he was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award for his outstanding contributions to the field, by Indian Journalists' Association in UK <ref>"This was intended to recognise an exceptional person who has either served as an Indian Journalist in the United Kingdom or as a British Journalist in India,</ref><ref name="i051">{{cite web | title=Veteran journalist S Nihal Singh honoured in UK | website=DNA India | date=6 December 2011 | url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-veteran-journalist-s-nihal-singh-honoured-in-uk-1622345 | access-date=29 January 2025}}</ref> In the same year, he published his autobiography ''Ink In My Veins – A life in journalism''.<ref name="l107">{{cite web | title=Book reviews: Ink In My Veins – A Life In Journalism, From the Streets of Kathmandu | website=Hindustan Times | date=24 June 2014 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/book-reviews-ink-in-my-veins-a-life-in-journalism-from-the-streets-of-kathmandu/story-UD2WnpX4hOa53Nk65obD0K.html | access-date=28 January 2025}}</ref>

During a career spanning several decades, he wrote 14 books, including ''The Rocky Road to Indian Democracy: Nehru to Narasimha Rao'', ''The Yogi and the Bear: A Study of Indo-Soviet Relations’', ‘'Ink in My Veins: A Life in Journalism'' (autobiography ) and ''The Gang and 900 Million: A China Diary''.

==Personal life==
He was born in [[Rawalpindi]]<ref name="g305"/> to [[Gurmukh Nihal Singh]], who remained the [[Chief Minister of Delhi]] (1955-1956) and later [[Governor of Rajasthan]], and Lachchmi (Devi) Singh.<ref name="v090">{{cite web | title=In memoriam | website=The Statesman | date=22 April 2018 | url=https://www.thestatesman.com/features/in-memoriam-9-1502626073.html | access-date=28 January 2025}}</ref><ref name="g305"/> After finishing his school, he did his Bachelors degree with Honours from [[Delhi University]] in 1948.<ref name="y199">{{cite web | title=SURENDRA NIHAL SINGH | website=One India One People Foundation - Patriotism Redefined | date=2 July 2018 | url=https://www.siesoiop.in/surendra-nihal-singh/ | access-date=28 January 2025}}</ref><ref name="y451">{{cite web | title=Veteran journalist Surendra Nihal Singh dies at 88 | website=Zee News | date=16 April 2018 | url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/veteran-journalist-surendra-nihal-singh-dies-at-88-2100593.html | access-date=28 January 2025}}</ref>

He died in New Delhi, after suffering from renal failure for several months, at age 89.<ref name="c541">{{cite web | title=Veteran journalist S Nihal Singh dies at 88 | website=Hindustan Times | date=16 April 2018 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/veteran-journalist-s-nihal-singh-dies-at-88/story-5VsqbNxewL9KpBTmwIYmXN.html | access-date=28 January 2025}}</ref> He is survived by his sister-in-law Indoo Nihal Singh and two sisters, Tej Khanna and Satwant Pritam Singh. His wife, a Dutch national, died much before in the 1990s, the couple had no children.<ref name="g305"/> Upon his death, noted newspaper editor and former Rajya Sabha MP, [[H.K. Dua]] called him the “last of the liberal, democratic editors”.<ref name="c541"/> A ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' obituary called him a ''"pioneer in journalism"''.<ref name="z308">{{cite web | last=Duggal | first=Saurabh | title=Obituary: Remembering a pioneer in journalism S Nihal Singh | website=Hindustan Times | date=16 April 2018 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/obituary-remembering-a-pioneer-in-journalism-s-nihal-singh/story-zEde3jD1dZ7srVaBCIIo3K.html | access-date=28 January 2025}}</ref>

==Books==
* ''[https://archive.org/details/from-the-jhelum-to-the-volga-s.-nihal-singh/page/n1/mode/2up From The Jhelum To The Volga]''. Nachiketa Pub., 1972.
* ''[https://archive.org/details/malaysiaacomment0000niha Malaysia -- a commentary]''. New York, Barnes & Noble, 1971. ISBN 0389045799.
* ''Indira's India : a political notebook''. Nachiketa Publ, 1978.
* ''The Gang and 900 Million: A China Diary''. Oxford. 1979.
* ''My India''. Vikas Publishing House, 1982. ISBN 0706917707.
* ''The Rise and Fall of UNESCO''. Riverdale Co Pub, 1988. ISBN 0913215309.
* ''[https://archive.org/details/yogibearstoryofi0000niha The Yogi and the Bear: Story of Indo-Soviet Relations]''. Riverdale Co Pub, 1988. ISBN 0913215120.
* ''Indian Days Indian Nights''. South Asia Books, 1990. ISBN 8170312477.
* ''Count Down to Elections''. Allied Publishers, 1991. ISBN 8170232740.
* ''[https://archive.org/details/yourslipisshowin0000niha Your Slip Is Showing: Indian Press Today]''. South Asia Books, 1992. ISBN 8185674159.
* ''I Discover America''. Chanakya Publications, 1993. ISBN 8170010950.
* ''The Rocky Road of Indian Democracy: Nehru to Narasimha Rao''. Sterling Pub, 1993. ISBN 8120715268.
* ''Blood and Sand - The West Asian Tragedy''. CBS, 2003. ISBN 9788123909592.
* ''People And Places'', 2009. Shubhi Publications. ISBN 8182901987.
* ''Ink in My Veins: A Life in Journalism''. Hay House, 2011. ISBN 9381431019.
* ''The Modi Myth''. Paranjoy Guha Thakurta. 2015. ISBN 9789384439545.
* ''Love in the Time of Emergency''. Authors Upfront. 2017 ISBN 9384439967.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
* [https://theprint.in/politics/i-had-pretty-good-access-to-everybody-surendra-nihal-singh/50200/ S Nihal Singh, 2013 interview with Professor Sue Onslow]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, S Nihal}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian political journalists]]
[[Category:Indian newspaper editors]]
[[Category:Indian columnists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Indian political writers]]
[[Category:Foreign correspondents]]
[[Category:Indian foreign policy writers]]
[[Category:Indian autobiographers]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]

Bardhaman district

2026-01-19T06:12:29Z

SadguruCaterer: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{Short description|Former district in West Bengal, India}}
{{other uses|Bardhaman (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bardhaman
| native_name =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of West Bengal|Former District]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Curzon Gate.jpg
| photo2a = 108 Shiva Temple at Nababhat area of Bardhaman Town at Purba Bardhaman district in West Bengal 07.jpg
| photo2b = 108 Shiva Temple, Ambika-Kalna, Bardhaman, West Bengal.jpg
| photo3a = Radhamadhab temple at Khandra in Paschim Bardhaman district 09.jpg
| photo3b = Sita-Rama temple inside Thakurbari premises of Handa family at Ukhra in Paschim Bardhaman district, West Bengal 03.jpg
| photo4a = Krishok Setu, Damodar River.jpg
| spacing = 1
| color_border = white
| color = white
| size = 300
| foot_montage = Clockwise from top: [[Curzon Gate, Bardhaman|Curzon Gate]], Nava Kailash temple at [[Kalna City|Kalna]], Sita-Rama Temple in [[Ukhra]], Damodar River, Radhamadhab Temple in [[Khandra]], 108 Shiva Temple at Nababhat
}}
| image_map = Bardhaman in West Bengal (India).svg
| mapsize = 300
| map_caption = Location of Bardhaman district in West Bengal
| coordinates = {{coord|23|22|N|87|58|E|type:adm3rd_region:IN-WB_dim:100000|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Burdwan division|Burdwan]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Bardhaman]]
| leader_title = [[List of subdivisions of West Bengal|Subdivisions]]
| leader_name = [[Bardhaman Sadar North subdivision|Bardhaman Sadar North]], [[Bardhaman Sadar South subdivision|Bardhaman Sadar South]], [[Kalna subdivision|Kalna]], [[Katwa subdivision|Katwa]], [[Asansol Sadar subdivision|Asansol]], [[Durgapur subdivision|Durgapur]]
| leader_title1 = [[Community Development Block|CD Blocks]]
| leader_name1 = [[Ausgram I]], [[Ausgram II]], [[Bhatar (community development block)|Bhatar]], [[Burdwan I]], [[Burdwan II]], [[Galsi I]], [[Galsi II]], [[Khandaghosh (community development block)|Khandaghosh]], [[Jamalpur (community development block)|Jamalpur]], [[Memari I]], [[Memari II]], [[Raina I]], [[Raina II]], [[Kalna I]], [[Kalna II]], [[Manteswar (community development block)|Manteswar]], [[Purbasthali I]], [[Purbasthali II]], [[Katwa I]], [[Katwa II]], [[Ketugram I]], [[Ketugram II]], [[Mongalkote (community development block)|Mongalkote]], [[Salanpur (community development block)|Salanpur]], [[Barabani (community development block)|Barabani]], [[Jamuria (community development block)|Jamuria]], [[Raniganj (community development block)|Raniganj]], [[Andal (community development block)|Andal]], [[Pandabeswar (community development block)|Pandabeswar]], [[Faridpur-Durgapur (community development block)|Faridpur-Durgapur]], [[Kanksa (community development block)|Kanksa]]
| leader_title2 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name2 = [[Asansol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Asansol]], [[Bardhaman-Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman-Durgapur]], [[Bardhaman Purba (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman Purba]], [[Bishnupur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bishnupur]], [[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolpur]]
| leader_title3 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name3 = [[Pandaveswar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pandaveswar]], [[Raniganj (West Bengal Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raniganj]], [[Jamuria (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jamuria]], [[Asansol Uttar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Asansol Uttar]], [[Asansol Dakshin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Asansol Dakshin]], [[Kulti (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kulti]], [[Barabani (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barabani]], [[Bardhaman Uttar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman Uttar]], [[Bardhaman Dakshin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman Dakshin]], [[Manteswar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Manteswar]], [[Bhatar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhatar]], [[Galsi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Galsi]], [[Durgapur Purba (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Durgapur Purba]], [[Durgapur Paschim (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Durgapur Paschim]], [[Raina (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raina]], [[Jamalpur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Jamalpur]], [[Kalna (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kalna]], [[Memari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Memari]], [[Purbasthali Uttar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Purbasthali Uttar]], [[Purbasthali Dakshin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Purbasthali Dakshin]], [[Katwa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Katwa]], [[Ketugram (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ketugram]], [[Mangalkot (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mangalkot]], [[Ausgram (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ausgram]], [[Khandaghosh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khandaghosh]]
| total_type = Total
| area_total_km2 = 7,024
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 7,717,563
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban = 3,078,299
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 76.21 per cent
| demographics1_title2 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| demographics1_info2 = 945 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics2_title1 = Official
| demographics2_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics2_title2 = Additional official
| demographics2_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| website = {{URL|www.bardhaman.nic.in}}
}}

'''Bardhaman''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ɑ:r|d|ə|ˌ|m|ə|n|}}, {{IPA|bn|ˈbɔrˌdʱoman|lang}}), or sometimes '''Burdwan''' and '''Barddhaman''', was a former district in the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]], headquartered in [[Bardhaman]]. On 7 April 2017, the district was bifurcated into two separate districts namely [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]] and [[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhaman]]. It was the seventh most populous district in India (out of [[Districts of India|640]]) at the time of bifurcation.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://westbengal.census.gov.in/DCHB_2011_WB_Part_A/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf| title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal, District Census Handbook, Bardhaman, Series – 20, Part XII-A, Village and Town Directory | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 28 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://westbengal.census.gov.in/DCHB_2011_WB_Part_B/1909_PART_B_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf| title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal, District Census Handbook, Bardhaman, Series – 20, Part XII-B, Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 28 May 2021}}</ref>

==Etymology==
Historians link the name of the district to the 24th and last [[Jainism|Jain]] ''[[Tirthankara]]'', [[Mahavira|Mahavira Vardhamana]], who came to preach in the area. A Jain image is in the collection of Vidyasagar Mandir in the [[Midnapore]] town. A Jaina brass plaque has been found from a place very close to Katwa (Burdwan district). Jaina figures of rare artistic quality have been discovered in the place.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Rangarajan|first1=Haripriya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=voLXAAAAMAAJ&q=Bardhaman+district+jain|title=Jainism: Art, Architecture, Literature & Philosophy|last2=Kamalakar|first2=G.|last3=Reddy|first3=A. K. V. S.|date=2001|publisher=Sharada Publishing House|isbn=978-81-85616-77-3|language=en}}</ref>

Quite a large number of the mutilated sculptures representing Jaina [[Tirthankara]] were noticed within the enclosure of the brick temple of [[Satdeulia]] in [[Burdwan district]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lalavānī|first=Gaṇeśa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4DXAAAAMAAJ&q=Bardhaman+district+jain|title=Jainism in India|date=1997|publisher=Prakrit Bharati Academy|language=en}}</ref>

==History==
During the period of Jahangir this place was named Badh-e-dewan (district capital). The city owes its historical importance to being the headquarters of the Maharajas of Burdwan, the premier noblemen of lower Bengal, whose rent-roll was upwards of 300,000. Archaeological excavations/ findings at [[Pandu Rajar Dhibi]] and Birbhanpur have indicated settlements in the [[Ajay River|Ajay]] and [[Damodar River|Damodar]] valleys in the [[Mesolithic]] age, around 5,000 BC. Not much is known about the early settlements and the period that followed till around 700 BC in ancient times when the area was referred to as [[Bardhamanbhukti]], which was a part of the [[Rarh region]]. It was one of the sixteen ''janapad (In ancient times, districts were called Janapadas )'' of ancient India. Large and powerful empires such as the [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]]s, [[Maurya Empire|Mauryas]], [[Kushan Empire|Kushanas]] and [[Gupta Empire|Guptas]] held sway over the area and beyond it. In the 7th century AD, the area was part of the [[Gauda Kingdom]], then ruled by [[Shashanka]]. It was subsequently ruled by the [[Pala Empire|Palas]] and [[Sena Dynasty|Senas]], till [[Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji|Bakhtiyar Khilji]] captured it in 1199 AD.<ref name="bjiols"/><ref name="bdg"/>

The early Muslim rulers ruled over major parts of Bengal from [[Gauḍa (city)|Gauda]] or Lakhnauti. In the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] period Bardhaman is mentioned as a ''mahal'' or ''pargana'' of ''Sarcar Sharifabad''. Some western parts of Bardhaman was Gopbhum, ruled for many years by the Sadgope kings. The Gopbhum area later became part of the Shergarh and Senpahari ''parganas''.<ref name="bjiols"/><ref name="bdg"/>

In 1606, [[Sher Afghan Khan]], the ''jagirdar'' of Bardhaman, was killed just outside [[Bardhaman]]. After Sher Afghan's death, his wife, Meher-un-Nissa, was taken by [[Jahangir]] as his consort, and named [[Nur Jahan]]. It was one of the most romantic chapters of Mughal history. In 1622, when Jahangir's son, Khurram, who later became [[Shah Jahan]], rebelled against his father, he captured the fort of Bardhaman.<ref name="bdg">{{cite web | url = http://bardhaman.nic.in/distgazet/ch2.pdf | title = Bengal District Gazetteers, Burdwan by JCK Peterson | work= History, pages 28-39 | publisher = First published in 1910, reprinted in 1997 by the Government of West Bengal |access-date = 13 April 2017}}</ref><ref name="bjiols"/>

In 1689, Raja Krishnaram Roy, of the [[Bardhaman Raj|Bardhaman Raj family]], obtained a ''farman'' (royal decree) from [[Aurangzeb]] by which he was made the ''[[zamindar]]'' (landlord) of Bardhaman, and since then the Raj family's history became identical with that of the district. During the reign of Krishnaram Rai, Subha Singh, ''zamindar'' of Chitua and Barda, then part of Bardhaman, raised the standard of revolt in 1696. He was killed by Rajkumari Satyabati, when he tried to outrage her. Kirti Chandra Rai added the ''parganas'' of Chitua, Bhurshut, Barda and Manoharshahsi to his territories. He also seized the estates of the Raja of Belghara and attacked and defeated the powerful Raja of Bishnupur. Chitra Sen Ray was conferred the title of ''Raja'' by the Mughal emperor in 1740. He was succeeded by Tilakchand Ray, who was also conferred the title of ''Raja'' by the Mughal emperor. It was during his rule that East India Company acquired Bardhaman and other areas of Bengal.<ref name="bjiols"/><ref name="bdg"/>

After the death of Aurangzeb, the [[Mughal Empire]] became weak and [[Murshid Quli Khan]] became the [[Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad|Nawab of Bengal]], owning only nominal allegiance to the Mughal emperor. At that time Bardhaman was referred to as ''chakla'', a change from the earlier ''pargana''. Subsequently, during the reign of [[Alivardi Khan]], the [[Bargi]]s attacked and plundered Bardhaman.<ref name="bjiols"/><ref name="bdg"/>

After the victory of the British in the [[Battle of Plassey]] in 1757, the fertile district of Bardhaman, along with Medinipur and Chittagong, was ceded to the [[East India Company]]. In 1857, the British Crown took over the administration of the country from the East India Company.<ref name="bjiols"/><ref name="bdg"/>

In 1765, when East India Company acquired the ''diwani'' of Bardhaman, it was composed of Bardhaman, Bankura, Hooghly and a third of Birbhum. Hooghly was separated in 1820, Bankura and Birbhum in 1837. In 1765, Tilakchand Ray was the ''zamindar'' of Bardhaman. He controlled 75 ''parganas'' and also looked after the law and order. At the time of the [[Permanent Settlement]] of [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Lord Cornwallis]] in 1793, the ''chaklas'' were reduced in size, in order to make them more manageable, and districts were created. Six subdivisions were created in Bardhaman district – Bud Bud in 1846, Katwa, Raniganj, Jahanabad (later named Arambagh), and Bardhaman Sadar in 1847 and Kalna in 1850. The ''parganas'' were converted to ''thanas'' (police stations). At that time there were 22 ''thanas'' in Bardhaman district. Later, Jahanabad was transferred out of Bardhaman. Some minor changes went on taking place.<ref name="bjiols">Chattopadhyay, Akkori, ''Bardhaman Jelar Itihas O Lok Sanskriti'' (History and Folk lore of Bardhaman District.), {{in lang|bn}}, Vol I, pp 261-370, Radical Impression. {{ISBN|81-85459-36-3}}</ref><ref name="bdg"/>

The Permanent Settlement ultimately led to the dismemberment of the Bardhaman estate. As the rajas often failed to pay the rent demands, some parts of the estate were auctioned off. However, there were bright spots. Mahatabchand was appointed additional member of the [[Viceroy’s Executive Council]] and in 1877 was allowed to use the title of ''His Highness'' before his name. [[Bijoy Chand Mahatab]] was conferred the title of ''Maharajadhiraj'' by Lord Minto in 1908. [[Uday Chand Mahtab]] took over in 1941 and served till abolition of the zamindary system in 1954, after independence of the country.<ref name="bjiols"/><ref name="bdg"/>

Bardhaman district was bifurcated into two districts, [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]] and [[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhman]], on 7 April 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Paschim & Purba Bardhaman district divided|url=https://www.satsawb.org/Docs/GOs/Paschim_and_Purba_Bardhaman_Gazette_Notifications.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-30|website=www.google.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013192627/http://www.satsawb.org:80/Docs/GOs/Paschim_and_Purba_Bardhaman_Gazette_Notifications.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-04-08|title=Bengal gets 23rd district: West Burdwan|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bengal-gets-23rd-district-west-burdwan-4604446/|access-date=2021-12-30|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref name=abp>{{cite web | url = https://bengali.abplive.com/news/states/burdwan-district-bifurcation-today-324944 | title = পূর্ব ও পশ্চিম, আজ বর্ধমান জেলা ভাগের আনুষ্ঠানিক ঘোষনা মুখ্যমন্ত্রীর |language=bn | publisher = ABP Ananda, 7 April 2017 |access-date = 9 April 2017}}</ref>

==Geography==
Bardhaman District had an area of 7,024 km2 and a population of 6,895,514 (2001 census). It was bounded on the north by [[Birbhum]] and [[Murshidabad]] districts, on the east by [[Nadia District]], on the southeast by [[Hooghly District]], on the southwest by [[Bankura]] and [[Purulia District|Purulia]] districts, and on the northwest by [[Dhanbad district]] of [[Jharkhand]]. The district had six sub-divisions: [[Asansol subdivision|Asansol]], [[Bardhaman Sadar North subdivision|Sadar (North)]], [[Bardhaman Sadar South subdivision|Sadar (South)]], [[Durgapur subdivision|Durgapur]], [[Kalna subdivision|Kalna]], and [[Katwa subdivision|Katwa]].<ref name="geography">{{Cite web|url=http://bardhaman.gov.in/geography.html|title=Geography : Burdwan District|website=bardhaman.gov.in|access-date=2019-09-16}}</ref>

===Topography===
Burdwan district with its varied tectonic elements and riverine features, is a transitional zone between the Jharkhand plateau which constitutes a portion of peninsular shield in the west and Ganga-Brahmaputra alluvial plain in the north and east. In general the Jharkhand plateau consists of the metasedimentary rocks of precambrian age, Gondwana sedimentary rocks, Rajmahal basalts and upper tertiary sediments. Laterite has developed on these older rocks as well as on early Quaternary sediments. To the south, the alluvial plain merges with Damodar-kasain-Subarnarekha deltaic plains. The western half of the district resembles a promontory jutting out from the hill ranges of Chotonagpur plateau and consists of barren, rocky and rolling country with a laterite soil rising into rocky hillocks, the highest being 227 m. These diversify the otherwise monotonous landscape and lend a special charm to the skyline around Asansol subdivision. Ajoy-barakar divide is a convex plateau, the average altitude being 150 m. The gradient is westerly to the west and to the east it is northerly toward
Ajay and southerly toward Damodar below the latitude. The Ajoy-Damodar inter-stream tract is made up of several stows consisting of vales and low convex spurs which run in almost all directions except northeast and thus lends a very complicated character to local relief.<ref name="geography"/>

===Rivers===
The river system in Burdwan includes the Bhagirathi-Hooghly in the east, the Ajoy and its tributaries in the north, and the Dwarakeswar, the Damodar and its branches in the southwest. Besides, there are innumerable Khals and old riverbeds all over the area. The notable rivers and khals are Damodar, Bhagirathi, Barakar, Ajay, Dwarakeswar, Nonia, Singaram, Tamla, Kukua, Kunur, Tumuni, Khari, Banka, Chanda-kanki nala, Behula, Gangur, Brahmani, Khandesvari, Karulia nala, [[Dwarka River|Dwaraka]] or Babla, Koiya nala, Kandarkahal, Kanadamodar, Kananadi, Ghea, Kakinadi etc.<ref name="geography"/>

===Soil===
Different types of soil are encountered in topographical biological, hydrological, and geological conditions in the Burdwan district. In the west, coarse gritty soil blended with rock fragments is formed from the weathering of pegmatite, quartz veins and conglomeratic sandstones, where as sandy soil characteristic of granite rocks and sandstones. This soil is reddish, medium to coarse in texture, acidic in reaction, low in nitrogen, calcium, phosphate and other plant nutrients. Water holding capacity of this soil increases with depth as well as with the increase of clay portions. Towards the east alluvial soil attains an enormous thickness in the low level plains to the east. These soils are sandy, well drained and slightly acidic.<ref name="geography"/>

===Minerals===
Burdwan was one of the premier districts in India in value of minerals. The Raniganj coalfield was the birthplace of the Indian coal industry. Besides coal, important minerals found in the district are iron ores, calcium carbonate, abrasives, silica bricks and moulding sands, glass sands, building materials, manganese, bauxite, laterite etc.<ref name="geography"/>

===Water resources===
There are many ponds, wells, canals, marshes and burrows all over the district. In the Damodar Valley region, there are around 17000 tanks. The
Durgapur barrage and Mithon dam have formed two large reservoirs at the
southwestern and western periphery of the district.<ref name="geography"/>

===Forest===
The forest areas of the district are chiefly in the lateritic and red soil highlands in the Aushgram PS of Sadar subdivision and in the Asansol subdivision.<ref name="geography"/>

===National protected area===
*[[Ramnabagan Wildlife Sanctuary]]

===Climate===
The district experiences a climate which is transitional between CWg and AW types, where 'C' stands for 'warm temperate rainy climates with mild winter', 'W' for 'dry winter not compensated for by total rain in the rest of the year', 'g ' for 'eastern Ganges type of temperature trend' and 'AW' for 'tropical savanna climates'. Average temperature in hot season is 30 C while at the cold season is 20 C. Average rainfall is 1496 mm. The cold season starts from about the middle of November and continues till the end of February. March to May is dry summerintervened by tropical cyclones and storms. June to September is wet summer while October and November is autumn.<ref name="geography"/>

==Demographics==
{{historical populations
|1=1901
|2=1,528,283
|3=1911
|4=1,533,868
|5=1921
|6=1,434,766
|7=1931
|8=1,575,694
|9=1941
|10=1,890,726
|11=1951
|12=2,191,660
|13=1961
|14=3,082,617
|15=1971
|16=3,916,174
|17=1981
|18=4,835,388
|19=1991
|20=6,050,605
|21=2001
|22=6,895,514
|23=2011
|24=7,717,563
|align=middle
|percentages=pagr
|footnote=Note: After 2011, the Bardhaman district was bifurcated into two separate districts namely [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]] and [[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhaman]]. The census data is the addition of two split districts.
|source=[[Census of India]]<ref>{{Cite web|title= A-02: Decadal variation in population 1901-2011, West Bengal, India, 2011|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/43352/download/47040/19%20A-2%20West%20Bengal.pdf|website=www.censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>
}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Bardhaman district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 7,717,563,<ref name="districtcensus">{{cite web | url = http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php | title = District Census 2011 | access-date = 30 September 2011 | year = 2011 | publisher = Census2011.co.in}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Switzerland]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 1 October 2011 | quote = Switzerland 7,639,961 July 2011 est.
}}</ref> or the US state of [[Virginia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|title=2010 Resident Population Data
|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau
|access-date=30 September 2011
|quote=Virginia 8,001,024
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019160532/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|archive-date=19 October 2013
}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 7th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert|1100|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 12.01%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Barddhaman has a [[sex ratio]] of 945 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 76.21%.<ref name=districtcensus/>

==Assembly constituencies==
The district is divided into 26 [[assembly constituency|assembly constituencies]]:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S25/WB_ACPC.pdf |title=General election to the Legislative Assembly, 2001 – List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies |access-date=15 November 2008 |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504185949/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S25/WB_ACPC.pdf |archive-date=4 May 2006 }}</ref>
#[[Kulti (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kulti]] (assembly constituency no. 257),
#[[Barabani (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barabani]] (assembly constituency no. 258),
#[[Hirapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hirapur]] (assembly constituency no. 259),
#[[Asansol Uttar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Asansol]] (assembly constituency no. 260),
#[[Raniganj (West Bengal Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raniganj]] (assembly constituency no. 261),
#[[Jamuria (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jamuria]] (assembly constituency no. 262),
#[[Ukhra (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ukhra (SC)]] (assembly constituency no. 263),
#[[Durgapur Paschim (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Durgapur — I]] (assembly constituency no. 264),
#[[Durgapur Purba (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Durgapur — II]] (assembly constituency no. 265),
#[[Kanksa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kanksa (SC)]] (assembly constituency no. 266),
#[[Ausgram (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ausgram (SC)]] (assembly constituency no. 267),
#[[Bhatar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhatar]] (assembly constituency no. 268),
#[[Galsi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Galsi]] (assembly constituency no. 269),
#[[Bardhaman Uttar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman North]] (assembly constituency no. 270),
#[[Bardhaman Dakshin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman South]] (assembly constituency no. 271),
#[[Khandaghosh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khandaghosh (SC)]] (assembly constituency no. 272),
#[[Raina (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raina]] (assembly constituency no. 273),
#[[Jamalpur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Jamalpur (SC)]] (assembly constituency no. 274),
#[[Memari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Memari]] (assembly constituency no. 275),
#[[Kalna (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kalna]] (assembly constituency no. 276),
#[[Nadanghat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nadanghat]] (assembly constituency no. 277),
#[[Manteswar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Manteswar]] (assembly constituency no. 278),
#[[Purbasthali (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Purbasthali]] (assembly constituency no. 279),
#[[Katwa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Katwa]] (assembly constituency no. 280),
#[[Mangalkot (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mangalkot]] (assembly constituency no. 281) and
#[[Ketugram (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ketugram (SC)]] (assembly constituency no. 282).
Ukhra, Kanksa, Ausgram, Khandaghosh, Jamalpur and Ketugram constituencies are reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled Castes (SC)]] candidates.

Kulti, Barabani, Hirapur, Asansol, Raniganj, Jamuria and Ukhra constituencies are part of [[Asansol (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

Durgapur–I, Durgapur–II, Kanska and Galsi are assembly segments of [[Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency)]], which also contains three assembly segments from [[Bankura district]].

Bhatar, Bardhaman North, Bardhaman South, Khandaghosh, Raina, Jamalpur and Memari are assembly segments of [[Burdwan (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

Kalna, Nadanghat, Manteswar, Purbasthali and Katwa are assembly segments of [[Katwa (Lok Sabha constituency)]], which also contains two assembly constituencies from [[Hooghly district]].

Ausgram and Mangalkot are part of [[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)]], which has five other assembly segments from [[Birbhum district]].

Ketugram constituency is part of [[Berhampore (Lok Sabha constituency)]], which contains six other assembly segments from [[Murshidabad district]].

===Impact of [[delimitation of constituencies]]===
As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the [[delimitation of constituencies]] in the West Bengal, the district will be divided into 25 assembly constituencies:<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.wbgov.com/e-gov/English/DELIMITATION.pdf | title = Press Note, Delimitation Commission| access-date = 15 November 2008 | work = Assembly Constituencies in West Bengal| publisher =Delimitation Commission}}</ref>
#[[Khandaghosh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khandaghosh (SC)]] (assembly constituency no. 259),
#[[Bardhaman Dakshin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman Dakshin]] (assembly constituency no. 260),
#[[Raina (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raina (SC)]] (assembly constituency no. 261),
#[[Jamalpur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Jamalpur (SC)]] (assembly constituency no. 262),
#[[Manteswar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Manteswar]] (assembly constituency no. 263),
#[[Kalna (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kalna (SC)]] (assembly constituency no. 264),
#[[Memari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]] (assembly constituency no. 265),
#[[Bardhaman Uttar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman Uttar (SC)]] (assembly constituency no. 266),
#[[Bhatar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhatar]] (assembly constituency no. 267),
#[[Purbasthali Dakshin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Purbasthali Dakshin]] (assembly constituency no. 268),
#[[Purbasthali Uttar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Purbasthali Uttar]] (assembly constituency no. 269),
#[[Katwa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Katwa]] (assembly constituency no. 270),
#[[Ketugram (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ketugram]] (assembly constituency no. 271),
#[[Mangalkot (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mangalkot]] (assembly constituency no. 272),
#[[Ausgram (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ausgram (SC)]] (assembly constituency no. 273),
#[[Galsi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Galsi (SC)]] (assembly constituency no. 274),
#[[Pandaveswar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]] (assembly constituency no. 275),
#[[Durgapur Purba (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Durgapur Purba]] (assembly constituency no. 276),
#[[Durgapur Paschim (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Durgapur Paschim]] (assembly constituency no. 277),
#[[Raniganj (West Bengal Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raniganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]] (assembly constituency no. 278),
#[[Jamuria (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jamuria]] (assembly constituency no. 279),
#[[Asansol Dakshin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]] (assembly constituency no. 280),
#[[Asansol Uttar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]] (assembly constituency no. 281),
#[[Kulti (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kulti]] (assembly constituency no. 282) and
#[[Barabani (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barabani]] (assembly constituency no. 283).

Khandaghosh, Raina, Jamalpur, Kalna, Bardhaman Uttar, Ausgram and Galsi constituencies will be reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled Castes (SC)]] candidates.

Khandaghosh constituency will be part of [[Bishnupur (Lok Sabha constituency)]], which will contain six other assembly segments from [[Bankura district]].

Raina, Jamalpur, Kalna, Memari, Purbasthali Dakshin, Purbasthali Uttar and Katwa assembly constituencies will form the [[Bardhaman Purba (Lok Sabha constituency)]], which will be reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled Castes (SC)]] candidates.

Bardhaman Dakshin, Manteswar, Bardhaman Uttar, Bhatar, Galsi, Durgapur Purba and Durgapur Paschim will form the [[Bardhaman-Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

Pandabeswar, Raniganj, Jamuria, Asansol Dakshin, Asansol Uttar, Kulti and Barabani constituencies will form the [[Asansol (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

Ketugram, Mangalkot and Ausgram will be part of [[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)]], which will contain four other assembly segments from [[Birbhum district]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons-inline}}
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Bardhaman (region)}}

{{Districts of West Bengal}}
{{Historical districts of India}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bardhaman District}}
[[Category:Former districts of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Districts of British India]]

Akki Chennabasappa

2026-01-16T23:23:58Z

SadguruCaterer: adding the details and citations

{{Short description|Indian actor}}{{Infobox person
| name = Akki Chennabasappa
| occupation = Actor
}}

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}

'''Akki Chennabasappa''' or '''(Akki Channabasappa)''' was an actor, known for the [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] movie [[Humble Politician Nograj]].

==Early life==
He was born to the couple Rudrappa Akki and Thayavva Akki and spent his childhood in [[Ramdurg]] of [[Belagavi]] district. He joined the Ballari Lalithamma Drama Company at the age of 20 years before leaving for the Honnappa Bhagavathar company. In 1970 he left for the Gubbi Company and learnt dance from [[Kalpana (Kannada actress)|Kalpana]], who was called Minugu Taare.<ref name="first">{{cite web|url=http://chitratara.com/show-content.php?key=Kannada%20Film%20Latest%20News,%20Kannada%20New%20Movies,%20Latest%20Kannada%20Films&title=AKKI%20CHANNABASAPPA%20NO%20MORE&id=10916&ptype=News|title=Kannada Movie/Cinema News - AKKI CHANNABASAPPA NO MORE|website=Chitratara.com|accessdate=2018-06-22}}</ref>

==Personal life==
He was married to Balanagamma<ref name="first" /> and the couple had no children.

==Filmography==
'''''Serials'''''
* ''Ninnolumeyindale'' as Kiri Kiri Manja<ref name="first" />
* ''Silli Lalli''

'''''Movies'''''
* ''Prakruthi''
* ''See You''
*''[[Kanasemba Kudureyaneri|Kanasemba Kudureyanneri]]''
* ''Jipuna Nanna Ganda''
* ''Mussanje''
* ''[[Humble Politician Nograj]]''

==Recognition==
* Akki Chennabasappa was felicitated during the Actor Bharat Bhagavat Memorial Programme at KH Kala Soudha in [[Bengaluru]] on 4 November 2012.{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}
* Akki Chennabasappa was felicitated on 30 August 2015 during Janapada Jenkhara Geetostva, Janapada Folks Songs 2015, organized by Saneeta Sangama Trust at Udayabanu Kala Sangha in [[Bengaluru]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}

==Death==
Akki Chennabasappa died on 15 May 2018, in an old age home run by stage actor Ashok Basthi.<ref name="newskarnataka">{{cite web|url=https://www.newskarnataka.com/sandalwood/sandalwood-veteran-actor-akki-channabasappa-no-more|website=newskarnataka.com|title=Sandalwood veteran actor Akki Channabasappa no more|accessdate=2018-06-22}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chennabasappa, Akki}}
[[Category:20th-century births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:People from Belagavi district]]

Mohan R. Wani

2026-01-09T11:20:18Z

SadguruCaterer:

{{Short description|Indian cell biologist and immunologist (1965–2024)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Mohan R. Wani
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth year|1965}}
| birth_place = [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{death date and given age|2024|04|14|59|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Pune]], [[India]]
| citizenship = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| fields = {{ublist | Bone and cartilage cell biology }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[National Centre for Cell Science]] | [[Savitribai Phule Pune University]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Nagpur Veterinary College]] | [[Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth]] |[[University of London]] }}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on [[Stem cells]]
| awards = {{ublist| 2006 B. M. Birla Science Prize | 2009 [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development|N-BIOS Prize]] }}
}}

'''Mohan Ramachandra Wani''' (1965 – 14 April 2024) was an Indian cell biologist, immunologist and a scientist at the [[National Centre for Cell Science]]. Known for his studies in the fields of bone and cartilage cell biology, osteoimmunology, and regenerative medicine, Wani was an elected fellow of the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] and an elected member of [[Guha Research Conference]]. The [[Department of Biotechnology]] of the Government of India awarded him the [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]], one of the highest Indian science awards, for his contributions to biosciences in 2009.

== Biography ==
Born in 1965 in the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]], Mohan Wani graduated in veterinary science from [[Nagpur Veterinary College]] and earned his master's degree from [[Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth]] (PDKV).<ref name="Mohan R. Wani Scientist 'F'">{{Cite web |url=http://nccs.res.in/mrw.html |title=Mohan R. Wani Scientist 'F' |date=20 January 2018 |website=nccs.res.in |access-date=20 January 2018}}</ref> His doctoral studies were at the [[University of London]] on a [[Commonwealth Fellowship]] and after securing a PhD, he returned to India to join the [[National Centre for Cell Science]] (NCCS) of [[Savitribai Phule Pune University]]. At NCCS, he held the position of a Grade F scientist at the Venture Center Outreach Center<ref name="Dr. Mohan Wani - Venture Center Outreach Center">{{Cite web |url=http://www.venturecenter.co.in/nccs/capabilities/tag/dr-mohan-wani |title=Dr. Mohan Wani - Venture Center Outreach Center |website=www.venturecenter.co.in |language=en-US |access-date=20 January 2018}}</ref> and was a part of the research groups on ''Cell Organization and Function'', ''Pathogenesis and Cellular Response'' as well as ''Stem Cells and Regeneration''.<ref name="Research Groups">{{Cite web |url=http://nccs.res.in/ResearchGroups.html |title=Research Groups |date=20 January 2018 |website=nccs.res.in |access-date=20 January 2018}}</ref> He resided at the University Campus in Ganeshkkind, [[Pune]] in Maharashtra.<ref name="NASI fellows">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=W |title=NASI fellows |date=12 January 2018 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |access-date=12 January 2018}}</ref>

Wani's research focus was in the fields of bone and cartilage cell biology, [[osteoimmunology]], [[arthritis]], [[stem cell science]] and [[regenerative medicine]].<ref name="Mohan R. Wani Scientist 'F'" /> He was known to have worked extensively on ''recombinant mouse [[Interleukin 3|IL-3]]'' and developed mouse models of [[rheumatoid arthritis]] in humans. His studies have been documented by way of a number of articles{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} and [[ResearchGate]], an online repository of scientific articles has listed 50 of them.<ref name="On ResearchGate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/38944627_Mohan_R_Wani |title=On ResearchGate |date=9 January 2018 |access-date=9 January 2018}}</ref> He was a member of the ''Task Force on Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine'' of the [[Department of Biotechnology]] of the Government of India<ref name="Task Force on Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine">{{Cite web |url=http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/O.M-for-the-Task-Force.pdf |title=Task Force on Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine |date=2014 |website=Department of Biotechnology |access-date=20 January 2018}}</ref> and delivered guest lectures on the subject.<ref name="Guest Lectures Arranged for the Students">{{Cite web |url=http://cms.sinhgad.edu/sinhgad_engineering_institutes/vadgaon_scoe/departments/bio_technology/industry_interaction/guest_lectures.aspx |title=Guest Lectures Arranged for the Students |date=20 January 2018 |website=cms.sinhgad.edu |access-date=20 January 2018}}</ref> He also served as a member of the editorial board of the ''Journal of Animal Science'' of the Laboratory Animal Scientists' Association (India).<ref name="Journal of Animal Science">{{Cite web |url=http://www.lasaindia.in/journal/editorialboard.php |title=Journal of Animal Science |date=20 January 2018 |website=www.lasaindia.in |access-date=20 January 2018}}</ref> Wani died on 14 April 2024, at the age of 59.<ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/scientists-death-dr-mohan-wani-director-national-centre-cell-science-9269586/ Scientists mourn death of Dr Mohan Wani, director of National Centre for Cell Science]</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
Wani received the B. M. Birla Science Prize of the B. M. Birla Science Centre in 2004<ref name="B. M. Birla Science Prize">{{Cite web |url=http://www.birlasciencecentre.org/awards/birlaSciencePrizes/ |title=B. M. Birla Science Prize |date=20 January 2018 |website=www.birlasciencecentre.org |access-date=20 January 2018 |archive-date=28 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128175901/http://www.birlasciencecentre.org/awards/birlaSciencePrizes/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the Prof B. K. Bachhawat International Travel Grant for Young Scientists of the [[Christian Medical College & Hospital|Christian Medical College]] in 2006.<ref name="Mohan R. Wani Scientist 'F'" /> The [[Department of Biotechnology]] (DBT) of the Government of India awarded him the [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 2009.<ref name="Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development">{{Cite web |url=http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf |title=Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development |date=2016 |publisher=Department of Biotechnology |access-date=20 November 2017 |archive-date=4 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304191331/http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> He became an elected fellow of the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] in 2011.<ref name="NASI Year Book 2015">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |title=NASI Year Book 2015 |date=12 January 2018 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |access-date=12 January 2018 |archive-date=6 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806211716/http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was also an elected member of [[Guha Research Conference]].<ref name="Mohan R. Wani Scientist 'F'" />

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{Cite journal |last1=Khapli |first1=Shruti M. |last2=Mangashetti |first2=Latha S. |last3=Yogesha |first3=S. D. |last4=Wani |first4=Mohan R. |date=1 July 2003 |title=IL-3 Acts Directly on Osteoclast Precursors and Irreversibly Inhibits Receptor Activator of NF-κB Ligand-Induced Osteoclast Differentiation by Diverting the Cells to Macrophage Lineage |journal=The Journal of Immunology |language=en |volume=171 |issue=1 |pages=142–151 |doi=10.4049/jimmunol.171.1.142 |issn=0022-1767 |pmid=12816992|doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Yogesha |first1=S. D. |last2=Khapli |first2=Shruti M. |last3=Wani |first3=Mohan R. |date=25 March 2005 |title=Interleukin-3 and Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-stimulating Factor Inhibits Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α-induced Osteoclast Differentiation by Down-regulation of Expression of TNF Receptors 1 and 2 |journal=Journal of Biological Chemistry |language=en |volume=280 |issue=12 |pages=11759–11769 |doi=10.1074/jbc.m410828200 |issn=0021-9258 |pmid=15653694|doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Srivastava |first1=Rupesh K. |last2=Tomar |first2=Geetanjali B. |last3=Barhanpurkar |first3=Amruta P. |last4=Gupta |first4=Navita |last5=Pote |first5=Satish T. |last6=Mishra |first6=Gyan C. |last7=Wani |first7=Mohan R. |date=15 February 2011 |title=IL-3 Attenuates Collagen-Induced Arthritis by Modulating the Development of Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells |journal=The Journal of Immunology |language=en |volume=186 |issue=4 |pages=2262–2272 |doi=10.4049/jimmunol.1002691 |issn=0022-1767 |pmid=21242512|doi-access=free }}

== See also ==
* [[Interleukin 3]]
* [[Granulocyte]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Wani%2520MR%255BAuthor%255D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=27183574 |title=Wani MR [Author] |date=20 January 2018 |website=PubMed |access-date=20 January 2018}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://linux.nccs.res.in/NCCSawards.html |title=National Centre For Cell Science, Pune |date=20 January 2018 |website=linux.nccs.res.in |access-date=20 January 2018}}

{{N-BIOS Laureates 1999–2009}}
{{portal bar|India|Biology|Medicine}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wani, Mohan R.}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:N-BIOS Prize recipients]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:Indian cell biologists]]
[[Category:Indian immunologists]]
[[Category:Stem cell researchers]]
[[Category:Scientists from Nagpur]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of London]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Savitribai Phule Pune University]]

Ashokrao Mane

2026-01-05T13:49:40Z

SadguruCaterer: adding initial bio more to come!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Ashokrao Mane
| office = Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Hatkanangale Assembly constituency|Hatkanangale]]
| term_start = 23 November 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Raju Awale]]
| party = [[Jan Surajya Shakti]]
}}
'''Ashokrao Mane''' is an Indian politician from Maharashtra who is a [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|member of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Hatkanangale Assembly constituency]] as a member of the [[Jan Surajya Shakti]].<ref name="HMAER">{{cite news |last1=India Today |title=Hatkanangle, Maharashtra Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: JSS's Dalitmitra Dr.Ashokrao Mane(Bapu defeats INC's Awale Raju(Baba) Jaywantrao with 46249 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/hatkanangle-maharashtra-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-maelb-2638407-2024-11-23 |access-date=25 November 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125085246if_/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/hatkanangle-maharashtra-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-maelb-2638407-2024-11-23 |archive-date=25 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Maharashtra Election 2024: Full list of winners">{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/politics/maharashtra-elections-result-full-list-of-winners-mahayuti-mva-19513238.htm|title=Maharashtra Election 2024: Full list of winners|last1=CNBCTV18|date=23 November 2024|access-date=24 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124065507/https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/politics/maharashtra-elections-result-full-list-of-winners-mahayuti-mva-19513238.htm|archive-date=24 November 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Hatkanangle">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Hatkanangle |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13278.htm |access-date=25 November 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125084221/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13278.htm |archive-date=25 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="Hatkanangle (Sc) Assembly Election Results 2024">{{cite news |last1=India Today |title=Hatkanangle (Sc) Assembly Election Results 2024 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/maharashtra/hatkanangle-sc-constituency-result-13278 |access-date=25 November 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125094842/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/maharashtra/hatkanangle-sc-constituency-result-13278 |archive-date=25 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Maharashtra Assembly Elections 2024: Smaller parties, Independents rejected">{{cite news |newspaper=Deccan Herald |title=Maharashtra Assembly Elections 2024: Smaller parties, Independents rejected |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/maharashtra/maharashtra-assembly-elections-2024-smaller-parties-independents-rejected-3289275 |access-date=25 November 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-date= |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of chief ministers of Maharashtra]]
* [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mane, Ashokrao}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kolhapur]]
[[Category:People from Kolhapur district]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:Jan Surajya Shakti politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Maharashtra-politician-stub}}

List of Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for Konkani

2026-01-03T03:03:56Z

SadguruCaterer: Made stub

{{Short description|Winners of a literary honour in India}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Awards}}
'''Bal Sahitya Puraskar''' is given each year to writers for their outstanding works in the 24 languages, since 2010.

== Recipients ==
Following is the list of recipients of [[Bal Sahitya Puraskar]] for their works written in [[Konkani language|Konkani]]. The award comprises a cash prize of [[Indian rupee|Rs]]. 50,000 and an engraved copper plaque.<ref name="the quint">{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Bal, Yuva Puraskar for 2018 |url=https://www.thequint.com/hotwire-text/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-yuva-puraskar-for-2018 |website=www.thequint.com |date=2018-06-22 |access-date=1 December 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Author
! Work
! Genre
! class="unsortable" |References
|-
| 2010 || Prakash Parienkar || ''Igadi Bigadi Tigadi Tha'' || Play ||
|-
| 2011 || Gajanan Jog || ''Vors Fukat Vochunk Na'' || Novelette ||
|-
| 2012 || Sudha Kharangate || ''Kanni Eka Sunnyachi'' || Story ||
|-
| 2013 || Maya Anil Kharangate || ''Ranachya Manant'' || Novel || <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/e-newsletter/October-December_2013_Newsletter.pdf |title=Fourth Sahitya Akademi Bal Sahitya Puraskar for 2013 were presented to twenty four writers in Indian languages recognised by the Akademi in a grand function held on 15 November 2013 at Goa State Museum Auditorium, Panaji, Goa |access-date=29 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 2014 || Surya Ashok || ''Bhurgyanlo Samsar'' || Stories || <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/e-newsletter/Nov-Dec_2014_NewsLetter.pdf |title=Bal Sahitya Puraskar November 2014, Awards Presentation Ceremony |access-date=6 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714091455/http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/e-newsletter/Nov-Dec_2014_NewsLetter.pdf |archive-date=14 July 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 2015 || Ramnath Gawade || ''Sadu Ani Jadugar Mhadu'' || Novel || <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/e-newsletter/sep-dec_2015_NewsLetter.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Newsletter|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=|archive-date=|page=4-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi announced Bal Sahitya Puraskar for the year 2015 |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/sahitya-akademi-announced-bal-sahitya-puraskar-for-the-year-2015-1435216949-1 |website=www.jagranjosh.com |date=25 June 2015 |access-date=13 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2016 || Dilip Borkar || ''Pintuchi Kallbhonvddi'' || Novelette ||
|-
| 2017 || Vincy Quadros || ''Jaduchem Petul'' || Novel ||
|-
| 2018 || Kumud Bhiku Naik || ''Monitor'' || Short Stories || <ref name="the quint"/>
|-
| 2019 || Rajashree Bandodkar Karapurkar || ''Chitkulya Chinkichye Vishaal Vishwa'' || Stories ||
|-
| 2020 || V. Krishna Vadhyar || ''Balu'' || Novelette ||
|-
| 2021 || Sumedha Kamat Desai || ''Sumiche Cottangree'' || Short Novel ||
|-
| 2022 || Jyoti Kunkolienkar || ''Mayuri'' || Novel || <ref>{{cite news |title=मराठी भाषेसाठी बाल साहित्य पुरस्कार |url=https://www.adda247.com/mr/jobs/bal-sahitya-puraskar-2022/ |access-date=13 December 2022 |work=www.adda247.com |date=3 September 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || Tukaram Rama Shet || ''Jaan'' || Novel || <ref>{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2023 |url=https://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Pressrelease_BSP-2023.pdf |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in |access-date=29 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || Harsha Sadguru Shetye || ''Ek Ashil’lem Bayul'' || Novel ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/article68293703.ece |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=www.thehindu.com |date=15 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/articleshow/111018778.cms |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=15 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://theprint.in/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/2132795/ |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=theprint.in |date=15 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || Nayana Adarkar || ''Betekaddo Shankar Aani Haar Karyo'' || Stories || <ref>{{cite web |title=Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2025 |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2138824 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=28 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi 2025: Yuva, Bal Sahitya Puraskar Winners Announced |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-sahitya-yuva-puraskar-for-2025-3591773 |access-date=28 October 2025 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Arora |first1=Sumit |title=Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2025 Winners Announced |url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/bal-sahitya-puraskar-2025-winners-announced-complete-list-of-24-award-recipients/ |access-date=28 October 2025 |agency=Adda 24x7 Current Affairs |date=19 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Konkani]]

== References ==
{{Portal|India|Literature}}

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/bal%20sahitya%20samman_suchi.jsp Bal Sahitya Puraskar-Sahitya Akademi India - Official Website]
[[Category:Indian literary awards]]
[[Category:Literary awards by language]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian award winners]]
[[Category:Bal Sahitya Puraskar by language]]

Tagore Award

2025-12-25T04:15:06Z

SadguruCaterer: formatting fix

{{Use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
The '''Tagore Award''' is an award given in commemoration of the 150th birth anniversary of the Nobel laureate [[Rabindranath Tagore]] (1861–1941) for cultural harmony. Established in 2011 by [[Government of India]], it is given for outstanding achievement in fostering harmony and universalism and values of cultural harmony especially in conflict or extreme situations through innovative systems/strategies and which have an enduring and transformational impact.<ref name='indiaculture'>[http://indiaculture.nic.in/code-procedure-tagore-award Code of Procedure for the Tagore Award]</ref> This award carries an amount of Rupees One Crore (ten million rupees, convertible to foreign currency), a Citation in a Scroll, a Plaque as well as an exquisite traditional handicraft/handloom item.<ref name='indiaculture'/> The first award was given in 2012 to [[Pandit Ravi Shankar]] by the President of India [[Pranab Mukherjee]].<ref>[https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/art-and-theatre/sitar-maestro-pandit-ravi-shankar-to-get-tagore-award_129386.htm Sitar maestro Pandit Ravi Shankar to get Tagore award] Zee News, 6 March 2013.</ref> Ravi Shankar died before he could receive the award which was received by his wife Sukanya Shankar.<ref name=rs>[https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/tagore-award-for-ravi-shankar/article4485466.ece Tagore award for Ravi Shankar]</ref>

Music conductor [[Zubin Mehta]] received the Tagore Award For Cultural Harmony for the year 2013 in recognition of his outstanding contribution to cultural harmony.<ref name=zm>[https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/zubin-mehta-to-get-tagore-award/article4903299.ece "Zubin Mehta to get Tagore Award"]. ''The Hindu''. 11 July 2013.</ref> On 6 September 2013, President of India [[Pranab Mukherjee]] conferred the Tagore Award 2013 to Zubin Mehta at a ceremony held at Rashtrapati Bhawan, New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Zubin Mehta awarded with Tagore Award 2013 for Cultural Harmony|url=https://news.biharprabha.com/2013/09/zubin-mehta-awarded-with-tagore-award-for-cultural-harmony-2013/|accessdate=6 September 2013}}</ref>

==Recipients ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|bgcolor="#e4e8ff" width=30| ||Indicates a posthumous award for that year
|}
Tagore Award for 2019 is given to Yohei Sasakawa, goodwill ambassador of World Health Organization.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! S.No.
! Year
! width = 160em | Recipient
! class = "unsortable" | Image
! Birth / death
! Country
! class = "unsortable" | Description
|- bgcolor="#e4e8ff" width=30
| 1
| 2012
| [[Ravi Shankar|Pandit Ravi Shankar]]<ref name=rs/>
| [[File:Ravi Shankar 2009 crop.jpg|75px]]
| 1920–2012
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[India]]
| [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani classical]] composer
|-
| 2
| 2013
| [[Zubin Mehta]]<ref name=zm/>
| [[File:Zubin Mehta 1.jpg|75px]]
| 1936–
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[India]]
| [[Western Classical music|Western classical]] conductor
|-
| 3
| 2014
| [[Rajkumar Singhajit Singh]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/tagore-awards-for-cultural-harmony-manipuri-dancer-bangladeshi-sculptor-among-recipients-5419044/|title=Tagore Awards for Cultural Harmony|date=26 October 2018|accessdate=21 December 2018}}</ref>
| [[File:Charu Sija Mathur and Raj Kumar Singhajit Singh.jpg|75px]]
| 1931–
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[India]]
| The doyen of Manipuri dance
|-
| 4
| 2015
| [[Chhayanaut]]
|
| 1961–
| {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Bangladesh]]
| A cultural organization of Bangladesh
|-
| 5
| 2016
| [[Ram V. Sutar]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india-statue-of-unity-sculptor-ram-sutar-to-be-conferred-presitigous-tagore-award-for-cultural-harmony-476072|title=Statue of Unity sculptor Ram Sutar to be conferred {{sic|presitigous|nolink=y}} Tagore Award for Cultural Harmony|date=26 October 2018|accessdate=21 December 2018}}</ref>
| [[File:Shri Ram V. Sutur, at the Dayawati Modi Birth Anniversary Celebration, in New Delhi.JPG|75px]]
| 1925–
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[India]]
| Prime architect of [[Statue of Unity]], the tallest statue in the world
|-
| 6
| 2020
| [[Raj Kamal Jha]]
|
| 1966-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[India]]
| For book "The city of the sea".<ref>{{cite news |title=Raj Kamal Jha wins Rabindranath Tagore Literary Prize 2020 for The City and the Sea |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/raj-kamal-jha-wins-the-rabindranath-tagore-literary-prize-2020-for-the-city-and-the-sea-7095066/ |access-date=28 January 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=7 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian awards]]
[[Category:Memorials to Rabindranath Tagore]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in India]]

{{india-culture-stub}}

M. Kumaran

2025-12-23T06:23:02Z

SadguruCaterer:

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1966)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{BLP one source|date=July 2025}}
'''M. Kumaran''' (born 15 May 1966 in [[Elerithattu]]) is an Indian politician and leader of the [[Communist Party of India]]. He represented [[Hosdurg (Defunct State Assembly constituency)|Hosdurg]] constituency in the 11th [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m66.htm|title=Members - Kerala Legislature|publisher=[[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]|access-date=5 November 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumaran, M.}}
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Kasaragod district]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2001–2006]]
{{Kerala-CPIndia-politician-stub}}

Ichthyophis sendenyu

2025-12-18T04:15:30Z

SadguruCaterer: Post!

{{Short description|Species of amphibian}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| status = DD
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group |date=2012 |title=''Ichthyophis sendenyu'' |volume=2012 |article-number=e.T190992A1965696 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T190992A1965696.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Ichthyophis
| species = sendenyu
| authority = Kamei ''et al.'', 2007<ref name="Authority" />
}}

'''''Ichthyophis sendenyu''''', the '''Sendenyu striped ichthyophis''', is a species of [[caecilian]] found in India.<ref name="Authority">{{cite journal |last1=Kamei |first1=R. G. |last2=Wilkinson |first2=M. |last3=Gower |first3=D. J. |last4=Biju |first4=S. D. |year=2009 |title=Three new species of striped ''Ichthyophis'' (Amphibia: Gymnophiona: Ichthyophiidae) from the northeast Indian states of Manipur and Nagaland |journal=Zootaxa |volume=2267 |pages=26–42 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.2267.1.2 }}</ref><ref name=Frost/> This species of ''Ichthyophis'' possesses broad and solid lateral yellow stripes from about the level
of the posterior of its disc to its eye level on the upper [[jaw]], while arched yellow stripes extend to its [[Nostril|nare]]s. Its length does not exceed {{convert|350|mm|in}}. Its head is U-shaped and short. Scales are present in anteriormost grooves, with five to eight rows placed posteriorly on its dorsum. It is named after Sendenyu village, [[Nagaland]], where the species was first found.<ref name="Authority" />

==Description==
This species counts with 112 [[vertebra]]e. The head, nuchal region and trunk are dorsoventrally compressed, with its body's maximal girth being near the midbody. Its tail is upturned towards the tip. The animal's head is short, with a length of about {{convert|23.9|mm|in}}. Its eyes are closer to the top of its head than to its lip, and are surrounded by an asymmetric whitish ring; its eye diameter approximates 0.8mm (its [[lens (anatomy)|lens]] being larger than its [[naris]]). Its nares are slightly posterior to level of the anterior margin of its mouth. Its teeth are very slender and recurved, while its tongue is strongly plicate posteriorly. Its [[Posterior nasal apertures|choanae]] are wide, the distance between them being about three times their
greatest width.<ref name="Authority" />

It possesses seventeen denticulations around its [[cloaca|vent]]. While in preservation, the animal is a dark brown colour, its venter being a paler tinge of grey. Bright yellow lateral stripes (with a varying width of between {{convert|3.1|to|5.1|mm|in}}) extend from about the fourth last [[annulus (zoology)|annulus]] to about the eye level on the lower jaw. It presents a wide gap at the mandible's tip, giving a darker area between its throat's stripes a "mushroom" shape. In life, its dorsum is uniformly bright orange/brown, with a [[ventral|venter]] that is a pale lilac-grey, while its lateral stripe is bright yellow.<ref name="Authority" />

==Distribution==
This species has only been observed in its type locality, in [[Nagaland]], India.<ref name="Authority" /><ref name=Frost/>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=Frost>{{cite web |url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia123/index.php//Amphibia/Gymnophiona/Ichthyophiidae/Ichthyophis/Ichthyophis-sendenyu |title=''Ichthyophis sendenyu'' Kamei, Wilkinson, Gower, and Biju, 2009 |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2016 |work=Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |access-date=21 August 2016}}</ref>
}}

==Further reading==
*Nishikawa, Kanto, Masafumi Matsui, and Nikolai L. Orlov. "A new striped ''Ichthyophis'' (Amphibia: Gymnophiona: Ichthyophiidae) from Kon Tum Plateau, Vietnam." Current Herpetology 31.1 (2012): 28-37.
*Nishikawa, Kanto, et al. "A new striped ''Ichthyophis'' (Amphibia: Gymnophiona) from Mt. Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia." Current Herpetology 32.2 (2013): 159-169.

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3147695}}

[[Category:Ichthyophis|sendenyu]]
[[Category:Amphibians described in 2007]]
[[Category:Endemic amphibians of India]]

Rithvik Jothi Raj

2025-12-08T17:16:28Z

SadguruCaterer:

{{Short description|Indian actor and YouTuber}}
{{Infobox youtuber
| name = Rithvik Jothi Raj
| image = Rithvik Jothiraj.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| other_names = Rithu Rocks Rithvik
| occupation = {{hlist|YouTuber|actor}}
| years_active = 2021-present
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| youtube_id = UC5wuaJnklgYnbJIeTVhPWug
| youtube_display_name = Rithu Rocks

| youtube_years_active =
| youtube_genre =
| youtube_subscribers = 2.91 million
| youtube_views = 478 million
| stats_update = 08 December 2025
}}
'''Rithvik Jothi Raj''' is an Indian YouTuber and actor who works predominantly in Tamil films.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tamil.abplive.com/news/coimbatore/rithu-rocks-rithvik-rithvik-father-gives-explanation-for-criticism-and-says-it-hurts-the-family-9988 | title='சில விமர்சனங்கள் எங்களை காயப்படுத்துகிறது' - வைரல் யூ டியூபர் ரித்விக்கின் தந்தை வேதனை..! | date=21 July 2021 |work=[[ABP Live]]|language=ta }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/7-year-old-coimbatore-boys-brilliant-spoof-on-news-reportage-is-making-headlines-3962498.html | title=7-Year-old Coimbatore Boy's Brilliant Spoof on News Reportage is Making Headlines | date=15 July 2021 |work=[[News18]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thequint.com/neon/social-buzz/7-year-old-boy-creates-indian-media-spoofs-on-youtube | title=This 7-Year-Old Boy is Going Viral for His Satirical Videos on Indian Media | date=14 July 2021|work=[[The Quint]] }}</ref>

==Personal life and career==
Rithvik is from [[Coimbatore]] and is known for his YouTube channel Rithu Rocks in which he enacts all the characters in the videos. His video titled ''Breaking News'' involving him playing a news anchor, a reporter and a farmer. The video became viral after being marketed by Tamada Media.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/weird-news/coimbatore-boy-s-satire-video-about-news-reporting-goes-viral-gps-qw7xax | title=Coimbatore boy's satire video about news reporting goes viral |work=[[Asianet News]]|date=14 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="O">{{cite web | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/india-news-this-7-year-old-tn-boy-is-taking-the-internet-by-storm-with-his-spoof-of-tv-news-news-388167 | title=This 7-Year-Old TN Boy is Taking the Internet by Storm with His Spoof of TV News | date=14 July 2021 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/7-year-old-coimbatore-boy-s-spoof-video-about-news-reportage-goes-viral-watch-1827784-2021-07-14 | title=7-year-old Coimbatore boy's spoof video about news reportage goes viral. Watch | date=14 July 2021 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> He has since featured in several other videos such as ''Android Arasan'',<ref name="D">{{cite web | url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2021/Aug/14/android-arasan-rithvik-rithu-rocks-3679948.html | title=யூடியூப் சூப்பர்ஸ்டார் ரித்விக்கின் புதிய விடியோ: ரசிகர்கள் அமோக வரவேற்பு | date=14 August 2021 |work=[[Dinamani]]|language=ta}}</ref> worked on ads such as [[Pothys]],<ref name="P">{{cite web | url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2021/Oct/06/rithvik-deepavali-pothys-rithu-rocks-3712980.html | title=போத்தீஸ் விளம்பரத்தில் யூடியூப் புகழ் ரித்விக்! | date=6 October 2021 |work=Dinamani|language=ta}}</ref> and films such as ''[[O2 (2022 film)|O2]]'' and ''[[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|Jailer]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/o2-on-hotstar-child-actor-rithvik-opens-up-about-working-with-nayanthara-thanks-the-films-crew/a5e906c96e674 | title=O2 on Hotstar: Child actor Rithvik opens up about working with Nayanthara, thanks the film's crew |work=[[OTTplay]]|date=15 June 2022|first=Thinkal|last=Menon}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://idreampost.com/telugu-news/videos/full-movies/do-you-know-who-is-this-child-artist-acted-in-jailer-movie-124617.html | title='జైలర్' మూవీలో రజినీకాంత్ కు మనవడిగా నటించిన ఈ బుడ్డోడు ఎవరో తెలుసా? | date=25 September 2023 |work=iDream Post |language=te }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2"|2022 || ''[[O2 (2022 film)|O2]]'' || Veera || rowspan="2"|Won{{emdash}}[[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Award]] for Best Child Actor<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.webdunia.com/article/film-gossip-in-malayalam/jailer-movie-child-actor-rithvik-jailer-family-123092300020_1.html|title=ജയിലറിലെ കുട്ടി, സിനിമയിലെ കുടുംബത്തെ കണ്ട സന്തോഷത്തില്‍ റിഥ്വിക്, ചിത്രങ്ങള്‍ കാണാം|first=കെ ആര്‍|last=അനൂപ്|language=ml|website=webdunia.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sardar (2022 film)|Sardar]]'' || Timothy "Timmy"
|-
| rowspan="2"|2023 || ''[[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|Jailer]]'' || Rithvik ||
|-
| ''[[800 (film)|800]]'' || Young [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Lucky Baskhar]]'' || Karthik || [[Telugu language |Telugu]] film<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/lucky-baskhar/movie-review/114803404.cms|title=Lucky Baskhar Movie Review : Dulquer Salmaan Anchors Atluri’s Engaging Retro Crime Drama|work= The Times of India}}</ref>
|}

=== Selected videography ===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
| rowspan="3"|2021 || ''Breaking News'' || <ref name="O"/>
|-
| ''Android Arasan'' || <ref name="D"/>
|-
| ''Kanchana Returns'' || <ref name="P"/>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|13717962}}

[[Category:Indian YouTubers]]
[[Category:Child actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{India-film-actor-stub}}

Sudeep Nagarkar

2025-11-27T18:47:14Z

SadguruCaterer: added basic info needs work...

{{short description|Indian novelist and writer of fiction (born 1988)}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Sudeep Nagarkar
| image = SudeepNagarkar.JPG
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Sudeep Nagarkar in February 2016
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1988|02|26}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| occupation = Writer
| citizenship =
| education = [[Bachelor of Technology|BTech-Electronics Engineering]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.authortv.in/profiles/authordetails/46 |title=Sudeep Nagarkar |publisher=AuthorTV |accessdate=18 March 2016 }}</ref>
| alma_mater =[[St. John the Baptist High School, Thane]] 
[[Datta Meghe College of Engineering]], [[Navi Mumbai]] 
[[WE School|Welingkar Institute of Management]], [[Mumbai]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sudeepnagarkar.in/factsheet.html |title=FACTSHEET |last=Nagarkar |first=Sudeep |work=Sudeep Nagarkar |accessdate=18 March 2016 }}</ref>
| period =
| genre = [[Romance novel|Romance]], [[Young-Adult Fiction]]
| subject = 
| movement =
| notableworks = {{ubl|''[[Few Things Left Unsaid]]''|''That's the way we Met''|''It started with a friend request''|''All Right Reserved For You''}}
| spouse = Jasmine Sethi
| partner = 
| children =
| relatives =
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| years_active = 2011 – present
| module =
| website = {{URL|sudeepnagarkar.in}}
| portaldisp = 
}}
'''Sudeep Nagarakar''' (born 26 February 1988) is an Indian novelist and writer of fiction. His first novel, ''[[Few Things Left Unsaid]]'', was published by Srishti Publishers in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/the-success-of-mass-market-fiction-is-changing-the-rules-of-indian-publishing-heres-how-3386278.html|title=The success of mass market fiction is changing the rules of Indian publishing: Here's how - Firstpost|website=www.firstpost.com|date=16 April 2017 |access-date=2018-06-05}}</ref> Till 2020, twelve novels authored by him have been published.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/sudeep-nagarkar-on-his-latest-novel/article24094401.ece|title=Sudeep Nagarkar on his latest novel|newspaper=The Hindu|date=6 June 2018|last1=Nadadhur|first1=Srivathsan}}</ref> He is the recipient of the 2013 Youth Achievers' Award for writing for being one of the highest selling writers in India in romance genre. His book ''It started with a friend request'' was the most popular fiction book of 2013, according to Amazon India.

==Early life==
Sudeep Nagarkar was born on 26 February 1988 in [[Mumbai]] in an ethnic [[Marathi people|Marathi]] [[Brahmin]] family to Jayant Nagarkar and Manju Nagarkar.<ref name="ss">{{cite web |url=http://youthdevelopers.com/indian-author-sudeep-nagarkar-biography-books-novels-marriage/ |title=Indian Author Sudeep Nagarkar Biography, Books, Novels, Marriage |publisher=[[Biopic Medley]] |date=16 January 2016 }}</ref>

He completed his schooling from [[St. John the Baptist High School, Thane]]. Sudeep pursued [[Bachelor of Technology|B-Tech in Electronics Engineering]] from [[Datta Meghe College of Engineering]], [[Navi Mumbai]].<ref name="ss"/>
He completed his [[MBA]] in Business Management from [[WE School|Welingkar Institute of Management]], [[Mumbai]] in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://randomhouseindia.wordpress.com/2013/06/24/sudeep-nagarkars-story-unveiled/ |title=SUDEEP NAGARKAR'S STORY: UNVEILED |date=24 June 2013 }}</ref> Sudeep recently married his long time girlfriend Jasmine Sethi, an engineer from Delhi.They both had a fairytale lovestory. Wedding rituals were done in both Sikh and Maharashtrian style. The newlywed couple is currently living in Mumbai with his parents.<ref>{{cite book |title=In love with jaspreet|isbn = 978-8184001785|last1 = Nagarkar|first1 = Sudeep|date = August 2015}}</ref>

==Career==
Sudeep's first book, ''[[Few Things Left Unsaid]]'', was published on 10 July 2011. His second book, ''[[That's the way we met]]'', was published on 1 July 2012. Soon after the release of his second book, he quit his job at an IT company in 2012 to fully devote his time to writing.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://e-booksindia.com/interview-with-bestselling-author-sudeep-nagarkar/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113024316/http://e-booksindia.com/interview-with-bestselling-author-sudeep-nagarkar/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=13 January 2015 |title=Interview with Bestselling Author, Sudeep Nagarkar |accessdate=24 March 2016 }}</ref> He also faced stiff opposition from his family when he decided to turn out into a full-time writer.<ref name="Source1">{{cite news |last=Jayaram |first=Deepika |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/A-Girl-and-Guy-can-be-Thick-Friends-Forever/2015/01/12/article2614865.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121162317/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/A-Girl-and-Guy-can-be-Thick-Friends-Forever/2015/01/12/article2614865.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 November 2015 |title=A Girl and Guy can be Thick Friends Forever |location=Chennai |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=12 January 2015 }}</ref>
His first two novels were inspired by his own life. Sudeep was in the habit of penning a diary which consisted of his college experiences and memories.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theteenmag.net/2012/06/interview-with-author-of-best-selling.html |title=An Interview with the Author of the Best Selling Novel Few Things Left Unsaid- Sudeep Nagarkar |accessdate=24 March 2016 }}</ref> He received "Youth achievers" award in August 2013 for writing three bestselling novels back to back and for being one of the highest selling romance author in India. His debut novel ''Few Things Left Unsaid'' is likely going to be adopted for Marathi feature film in 2016.<ref>{{cite news |last=Parekh |first=Mitali |url=http://www.mansworldindia.com/books/men-in-love-male-writers-india-romance-writers/ |title=Men in Love |work=[[MW (Indian magazine)|Man's World]] |location=Mumbai |date=22 February 2016 }}</ref>

Apart from writing novels he has been invited for motivational and guest lecture in various institutions and organisations.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=feb2216/state054 |title=Incandescence fest concludes at Silchar |work=[[The Assam Tribune]] |date=21 February 2016 |accessdate=22 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://lucknowliteraryfestival.com/delegates-2014/page/2/ |title=Delegates 2014 |publisher=[[Lucknow Literary Festival]] |accessdate=22 March 2016 }}</ref> He has also written scripts for Marathi shows and is developing concepts and stories for Indian television channels Colours and [[Sony]].<ref name="Source1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://hopingbad.com/sudeep-nagarkar-a-candid-talk-with-a-talented-author/ |title=Sudeep Nagarkar – A candid talk with a talented author! |accessdate=22 March 2016 }}</ref>
According to his own conclusion from his own official Facebook page, a large bulk of his readership belongs to the age group 16–26.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nevatia |first=Shreevatsa |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/others/sunday-read/Now-for-a-happy-ending/articleshow/48220338.cms |title=NOW FOR A HAPPY ENDING |location=Mumbai |work=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |date=26 July 2015 |accessdate=22 March 2016 }}</ref>
He was also nominated for the list of "Top 100 influential celebrities of India of 2014" by Forbes India.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://forbesindia.com/article/special/forbes-india-celebrity-100-nominees-list-for-2014/39097/1 |title=Forbes India Celebrity 100 Nominees List for 2014 |work=[[Forbes]] |date=26 November 2014 |accessdate=24 March 2016 }}</ref>
Besides writing books he is an avid book reader and music enthusiast.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thousandmilessite.in/an-interview-with-sudeep-nagarkar-2/ |title=An Interview With Sudeep Nagarkar |date=24 July 2013 }}</ref> His latest and eighth book is going to be launched in the end of 2016 which is based on the long distance relationship with his fiancée Jasmine.

==Works==
Sudeep's literary works produced so far have been of the romance genre. His writings have the theme of friendship, true love and trust in a relationship. All his books are based on real life and true stories.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.youthconnect.in/2014/11/21/10-reasons-why-we-love-national-bestselling-author-sudeep-nagarkar-his-books/ |title=10 Reasons Why We Love National Bestselling Author Sudeep Nagarkar & His Books! |accessdate=25 March 2016 }}</ref>
#''[[Few Things Left Unsaid]]'' – It was the debut novel for Sudeep Nagarkar. It was published on 10 July 2011. It is a story of engineering college mates Aditya and Riya who fell in deep love with each other. Finally, a break-up takes place between them, but they get back together again. But something happens once again which changes lives of both the lovers. This unpredictable story with many twists and turns is completed in his second novel That's the way we met.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news-business/suresh-shetty-launches-sudeep-nagarkar-s-few-things-left-unsaid-113101914982_1.html |title=Suresh Shetty launches Sudeep Nagarkar's 'Few Things Left Unsaid' |accessdate=24 March 2016 }}</ref>
#''That's the way we met'' – The book is the sequel of his earlier book Few Thing left unsaid. It was published just a year later on 1 June 2012 by Random House Publishers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ebookgalaxy.in/2015/11/thats-way-we-met-kya-life-hogi-set-by.html#.VvRpZ-J97Dc |title=That's the way we met …kya life hogi set? by Sudeep Nagarkar Free EBook Epub, Pdf, Mobi Download |accessdate=24 March 2016 }}</ref>
#''It started with a friend request'' – The main characters of this book are Akash, a young single and conservative boy and other being Aleesha, a mass media student and the single child of her parents. They met at a local discothèque and exchanged their BlackBerry pins. With regular chatting, both fell in love with each other. As, they start taking relation seriously and plan to take it to next level, a sudden misfortune strikes in their lives. An accident, a death, a phone call which shakes the world of Aleesha and Akash.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://abookwormsmusing.wordpress.com/2013/08/10/book-review-it-started-with-a-friend-request-by-sudeep-nagarkar/ |title=Book Review: It Started With A Friend Request, by Sudeep Nagarkar |accessdate=24 March 2016 |date=10 August 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/18029845-it-started-with-a-friend-request |title=It Started With a Friend Request |accessdate=24 March 2016 }}</ref>
#''Sorry you're not my type'' – The story revolves around the Delhi-based college music band VAYU comprising three contrasting personalities Vikrant, Anamika and Yuvi. Then, Aditya, a stranger comes into their lives which changes the course of their lives in ways they could have never imagined. This is sweet story of love, romance, drama, betrayal, hatred and friendship.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://madhurivarma.wordpress.com/2014/05/29/review-of-sorry-youre-not-my-type-by-sudeep-nagarkar/ |title=Review of SORRY YOU'RE NOT MY TYPE |last=Varma |first=Madhuri |date=29 May 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://womansera.tv/showarticle2.php?id=1330 |title=SORRY YOU'RE NOT MY TYPE-SUDEEP NAGARKAR |last=Gosain |first=Aishwarya |publisher=[[Woman's Era]] |accessdate=24 March 2016 }}</ref>
#''You're the password to my life'' – The protagonists of this book are Virat and Kavya. Although they have totally different personalities and interests, they are best friends. Aditya is the narrator of the story. The story is all about how friendship is put to test when an unforeseen incident comes in their life and how they overcome it.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crossword.in/books/you-re-password-my-life/p-books-9788184005844.html |title=YOU' RE THE PASSWORD TO MY LIFE |accessdate=24 March 2016 }}</ref> The book was published in December 2014. The novel is based on Sudeep's cousin's life.<ref name="Source1"/>
#''You are trending in my dreams'' – Four college students, Varun, Ahana, Malvika and Garima, with different backgrounds and stark personalities move together into a flat in Mumbai. Despite their differences, their commitment to the bond of friendship they have built over time ties them together. The story is how things get turbulent in life when one of their friends finds herself caught in a mess and in the end will they be able to recover or fall apart.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/25946715-you-are-trending-in-my-dreams |title=You Are Trending in My Dreams |accessdate=24 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bookgeeks.in/entries/romance/you-re-trending-in-my-dreams-sudeep-nagarkar-book-review |title=You're Trending in My Dreams /Sudeep Nagarkar /Book Review |accessdate=24 March 2016 }}</ref>
#''She swiped right into my heart'' – If you've never had friends, you've never really lived. Geet, one of the most unpopular girls in college, is best friends with the beautiful and sought after Shibani. To win the popularity vote, Geet takes the help of college hottie Rudra, who agrees to act as her ‘boyfriend' as he sees this as an opportunity to get closer to Shibani. Little does he know that Shibani has been harbouring feelings for someone else all along. As misunderstandings and jealousies take centre stage, Geet must make a decision that will affect not just her own life, but also those of her loved ones. She Swiped Right into My Heart is a story about love gained and lost, and the healing power of friendship. .<ref>{{cite book |title=She Swiped Right into My Heart |id={{ASIN|8184007450|country=in}} }}</ref>
#''All Rights Reserved For You'' – All Rights Reserved for You is Sudeep Nagarkar’s 8th novel and this time, he is enchanting his own love story with his to-be wife, Jasmine. Although everything is cloaked under the layers of romantic fiction, one that Sudeep does the best. The story of All Rights Reserved for You is about Aditya and Jasmine – a couple who are poles apart mentally as well as physically but still fall for each other head over heels. Aditya, the ‘hero’ of the novel, is a passionate writer while Jasmine cannot even imagine herself reading. Both live miles away in different cities. With almost nothing in common, love sneaks in and changes their lives. This novel is all about how love can make things possible. Long-distance being the villain of the story, Aditya and Jasmine resort to bridge their relationship with Skype, Facebook and WhatsApp. It is a soothing, real-life story of two lovebirds separated by distance but are never really far apart. Trust builds relations but most long-distance relations are destroyed because of it. But this novel proves all conventions wrong to prove long distance relationships do work ‘very well’.<ref>[https://penguin.co.in/book/fiction/all-rights-reserved-for-you/ All Rights Reserved for You] by Sudeep Nagarkar published by Penguin</ref>
#''Our Story Needs No Filter'' – Sudeep Nagarkar announced his new book 'Our Story Needs No Filter' on 12 June. The book is published by Penguin Random House. Sudeep announced the book telling his readers 'There will be no filter over the pseudo happenings around us'.<ref>[https://penguin.co.in/book/fiction/story-needs-no-filter/ Our Story Needs No Filter by Sudeep Nagarkar], Penguin Random House, 2017</ref> Five friends Jai, Raghav, Chris, Megha and Ruhi, belonging to different castes and religions, stays in MG University hostel. While Ruhi is an upper caste Brahmin, a lovely girl who cares for animals, Raghav is a friendly guy, who is always agitated when it comes to his caste. Megha is an intelligent, reliable girl who loves to speak up her mind and believes in love and relationships while Jai is a strong, decent guy who cares for his friends, but doesn't really believe in relationships much. Love and Time binds Raghav and Ruhi together. Everything seemed perfect, when entered Krishna, along with his student party and the movement 'Kraanti', which changed every equations of their lives. Will they ever be the same friends again with their massacred trusts? A powerful story of love, religion, politics and friendship which will fill your heart with varied emotions.
# ''She Friend-Zoned My Love'' - Sudeep Nagarkar announced his latest book on 13 March 2018. The book is a tale of a charming guy longing for a girlfriend but ending up in a complicated scenario. The readers will have to get hold of the book to find out whether the guy made it to the Friend Zone or found the true love of his life.<ref>[https://www.bookgeeks.in/she-friend-zoned-my-love-sudeep-nagarkar/ She Friend-Zoned My Love], bookGeeks, 2018</ref>
#''The Secrets We Keep''
#''Stand by Me''
#''A Second Chance''
#''Can't Quarantine Our Love''

==See also==
* [[Chetan bhagat]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://sudeepnagarkar.in}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nagarkar, Sudeep}}
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Writers from Mumbai]]

Jhangar

2025-11-24T05:08:59Z

SadguruCaterer: Done!

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jhangar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Jhanger
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_relief =y
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India
| coordinates = {{coord|33.238446|N|74.053341|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|Union territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rajouri district|Rajouri]]
| established_title = 
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| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
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}}

'''Jhangar''' or '''Jhanger''' is a village in the [[Rajouri district]] of Indian-administered [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], close to the [[Line of Control]] that divides the Indian and [[Azad Kashmir|Pakistan-administered]] portions of [[Kashmir]].

== History ==
Prior to 1947, Jhangar was the base of the Mirpur–Poonch Brigade of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Rifles|State Forces]] of the princely state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].{{sfnp|Brahma Singh, History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles|2010|pp=9, 207}} It was at a strategic location that was roughly equidistant from the towns of [[Bhimber]], [[Mirpur, Pakistan|Mirpur]], [[Kotli]] and [[Rajouri]].<ref>{{harvp|Brahma Singh, History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles|2010|pp=9, 246}}: "Jhangar is situated on the junction of Mirpur-Jammu and Kotli-Jammu roads and its occupation by own troops was of vital importance for the survival of both the Mirpur and Kotli garrisons."</ref> It was fiercely contested between the Indian and Pakistani forces during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948]], eventually coming under Indian control.{{sfnp|Brahma Singh, History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles|2010|p=26}} The village faces frequent shelling from Pakistan.<ref>[https://www.uniindia.com/jhangar-lives-in-constant-fear-of-death/north/news/1582193.html Jhangar lives in constant fear of death], United News of India, 1 May 2019.
</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{citation |last=Dasgupta |first=C. |authorlink=Chandrashekhar Dasgupta |title=War and Diplomacy in Kashmir, 1947-48 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jEtuAAAAMAAJ |date=2014 |orig-date=first published 2002 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-81-321-1795-7 |ref={{sfnref|Dasgupta, War and Diplomacy in Kashmir|2014}}}}
* {{citation |last=Singh |first=K. Brahma |title=History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles, 1820-1956: The State Force Background |publisher=Lancer International |isbn=978-81-7062-091-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=psTeAAAAMAAJ |year=1990 |ref={{sfnref|Brahma Singh, History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles|1990}}}}
** {{citation |last=Singh |first=K. Brahma |title=History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles, 1820-1956: The State Force Background |publisher=brahmasingh.co.nf |year=2010 |orig-date=first published Lancer International 1990 |isbn=978-81-7062-091-4 |url=http://www.brahmasingh.co.nf/books/history%20of%20jammu%20and%20kashmir%20rifles.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306195332/http://www.brahmasingh.co.nf/books/history%20of%20jammu%20and%20kashmir%20rifles.pdf |archive-date=6 March 2016 |url-status=dead |ref={{sfnref|Brahma Singh, History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles|2010}}}}
* {{citation |last=Palit |first=D. K. |title=Jammu and Kashmir Arms: History of the J & K Rifles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KGZDnzqQj2QC |year=1972 |publisher=Palit & Dutt |ref={{sfnref|Palit, Jammu and Kashmir Arms|1972}}}}
* {{citation |last=Raghavan |first=Srinath |title=War and Peace in Modern India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EbtBJb1bsHUC |date=2010 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-00737-7 |ref={{sfnref|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010}}}}

{{Jammu and Kashmir topics}}

[[Category:Villages in Rajouri district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Rajouri district]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan border]]

Chennai Lighthouse

2025-11-14T15:36:43Z

SadguruCaterer: Stub

{{Short description|Lighthouse in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox lighthouse | module = {{Infobox lighthouse | qid=Q6546309 | embed=yes | name=Current light
| lens = 375 mm 3rd order revolving optic inside 2.5 m dia lantern house
| intensity = 110V 3000W incandescent lamp}}
{{Infobox lighthouse | qid=Q111721876 | embed=yes | name=First light}}
{{Infobox lighthouse | qid=Q111721922 | embed=yes | name=Second light}}
{{Infobox lighthouse | qid=Q111728210 | embed=yes | name=Third light}}
}}
There have been at least four [[lighthouse]]s named '''Chennai Lighthouse''' ({{langx|ta|சென்னை கலங்கரை விளக்கம்}}) or '''Madras Lighthouse''', which face the [[Bay of Bengal]] on the east coast of the [[Indian subcontinent]] in [[Chennai]], [[India]].

The current lighthouse is a landmark on the [[Marina Beach]], which was built by the East Coast Constructions and Industries in 1976, and opened in January 1977. It also houses an office of the [[Regional Meteorological Centre, Chennai|meteorological department]]. On 16 November 2013, it was reopened to visitors. It is one of the few lighthouses in the world with an [[elevator]].<ref>{{cite web| title= Lighthouses in India| publisher= Lighthouse Depot| url= http://www.lighthousedepot.com/lite_digest.asp?action=get_article&sk=285| access-date= 15 August 2011}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url= http://www.ndtv.com/article/south/chennai-lighthouse-open-to-visitors-after-22-years-446010| title= Chennai lighthouse open to visitors after 22 years| date= 14 November 2013| publisher = NDTV| access-date = 2 December 2013| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131203024923/http://www.ndtv.com/article/south/chennai-lighthouse-open-to-visitors-after-22-years-446010| archive-date = 3 December 2013| url-status= live}}</ref> It is also the only lighthouse in India within the city limits.<ref name="TOI_LighthouseToOpenForKids">{{cite news| last = TNN| title = Marina lighthouse to be opened for kids from Nov 14| location= Chennai| date= 22 September 2013| url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-22/chennai/42291895_1_lighthouse-g-k-vasan-marina |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202062034/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-22/chennai/42291895_1_lighthouse-g-k-vasan-marina| url-status= dead| archive-date = 2 December 2013| newspaper= [[The Times of India]]| access-date= 23 September 2013}}</ref> It is powered by a solar panel.<ref name="MetroPlus_ToTheLighthouse" />

== Location ==
The lighthouse is located on Kamarajar Salai (Beach Road) opposite the office of the Director General of [[Tamil Nadu Police]] and [[All India Radio]]'s Chennai station. The lighthouse marks the end of the promenade on the northern half of the [[Marina Beach]]. It is also the junction where Kamarajar Salai, Santhome High Road and Dr. Radhakrishnan Salai meet. The lighthouse and the surrounding areas are served by the [[Light House (Chennai MRTS)|Light House MRTS station]] located nearby on Dr.Radhakrishnan Salai {{coord|13.0450|N|80.2768|E}}.

== History ==
By the end of the 18th century, the [[Madras Presidency]] encompassed much of [[south India]] and also [[Ceylon]]. As its capital, the city of Madras served as the nerve centre of the sea trade controlled by the [[British East India Company]]. Ships approaching the shore of Madras after nightfall faced the risk of running aground on the shoals of Covelong ([[Covelong|Kovalam]]) in the south and the sand-banks of [[Armagaon]] and [[Pulicat]] in the north.<ref name="Hindu_GlowingTaleOfLighthouses" />

The present lighthouse is the fourth lighthouse of Chennai. Before the end of the 18th century, when Madras was an open seashore, where goods were loaded and unloaded from boats, [[bonfire]] lit by fisherwomen was used to guide the menfolk to the shore. The arrangement of exhibiting light to assist [[British East India Company]]'s vessels arriving at Madras and to enter the [[Chennai port|port]] during the 17th and 18th centuries is not known since no record is available. The first conventional lighthouse was proposed in 1795, the very year when the first census of the city was taken. In February 1795, maritime officials petitioned the British government to build a lighthouse at [[Fort St. George]] to serve as a navigational aid, allowing vessels to enter the open anchorage at all times. The request was approved and the steeple of [[St. Mary's Church, Chennai|St. Mary's Church]] was considered as the site for the new lighthouse. However, the proposal did not materialise due to opposition from the chaplains. Hence, the terrace of the officer's mess-cum-exchange building (the present day's Fort Museum) was chosen as the location for the new lighthouse, and the first lighthouse started functioning in 1796. It used a large oil-wick lantern to aid vessels approaching the port. Situated at 99 feet above sea level, it had 12 lamps fuelled by coconut oil.<ref name="Hindu_GlowingTaleOfLighthouses" /> Small country mirrors were used as reflectors.<ref name="Hindu_170YearsForModernLighthouse">{{cite news
| last = Sriram
| first = V.
| title = 170 years of a modern lighthouse
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 8 October 2013
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/170-years-of-a-modern-lighthouse/article5211163.ece?ref=sliderNews
| access-date = 19 October 2013
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131020152010/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/170-years-of-a-modern-lighthouse/article5211163.ece?ref=sliderNews
| archive-date = 20 October 2013
| url-status = live
}}</ref> The beam emanating from the lamp swept the sea as far as 25 miles from the shore. Signals were exchanged with the lighthouse by merchants on the ship, who would conduct all the transactions later in the Public Exchange Hall downstairs, which served as a meeting point for brokers, merchants, and commanders of ships. The first lighthouse functioned till 1841.<ref name="Hindu_GlowingTaleOfLighthouses">{{cite news
| last = Shivam
| first = Pushkal
| title = The glowing tale of Chennai's lighthouses
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 21 July 2013
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-glowing-tale-of-chennais-lighthouses/article4935926.ece
| access-date = 4 August 2013
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130723124131/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-glowing-tale-of-chennais-lighthouses/article4935926.ece
| archive-date = 23 July 2013
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

[[File:Chennai Light House1.jpg|250px|left|thumb|The Chennai lighthouse as seen from the seashore]]
In 1834, further to the petition by vice-admiral Sir John Gore about the necessity to have a more advanced lighthouse, the East India Company asked Capt. T. J. Smith of the Corps of Engineers, then on home leave in [[England]], to suggest alternatives. When Capt. Smith returned to Madras in 1837, he brought with him a new apparatus. By then, ships, which were anchored in front of the Fort thus far, started anchoring off First Line Beach. The old lighthouse was therefore considered a location too far to the south. Incidentally, in the early 19th century, the area west of Fort St. George was the buffer zone between the Black Town and the fort which has come to be known as [[George Town, Chennai|George Town]]. A fire in 1762 destroyed this area including two temples, the [[Chennakesava Perumal Temple, Chennai|Chenna Kesavapperumal temple]] and the [[Mallikesvarar Temple, Chennai|Chenna Malleeswarar temple]] that flourished in the area. The colonial government took possession of this land and facilitated the construction of these temples near the Flower Bazaar. It then considered the construction of a new lighthouse on this land.<ref name="Hindu_GlowingTaleOfLighthouses" /> This led to the choosing of a site on the Esplanade "between the Fort and the offices of Parry & Co" as the location for the new lighthouse.<ref name="Hindu_170YearsForModernLighthouse" /> Thus, the second lighthouse was erected during 1838–1844 on the north side of Fort St. George. Work began in 1838 on a granite column in the compound of the present [[Madras High Court|High Court]].<ref name="Hindu_GlowingTaleOfLighthouses" /> The column was designed by Smith, who had by then been promoted to Major. The stone for the construction was sourced from quarries in [[Pallavaram]].<ref name="Hindu_170YearsForModernLighthouse" /> Work was completed in 1840<ref name="Hindu_GlowingTaleOfLighthouses" /> at a total cost of {{INR}} 60,000,<ref name="Hindu_170YearsForModernLighthouse" /> on which the wick lamp was shifted as the supply of the new equipment by Stone Chance, [[Birmingham]] was delayed.<ref name="Hindu_GlowingTaleOfLighthouses" /> The apparatus cost a further {{INR}} 15,000 and was of the most sophisticated kind for its times. On 9 October 1843, a public announcement was made that the new Madras Light was completed and it would be fully functional from 1 January 1844. Major Smith was asked to remain in charge until a team was trained to take over the handling of the equipment. He handed over charge to the master attendant of the Madras Harbour on 6 October 1845. The lighthouse had a full complement of staff comprising a superintendent, a deputy, a headman and six lascars. The monthly operational cost, inclusive of 208 measures of oil was {{INR}} 227 and 3 annas. It was to be the Madras Light for the next 50 years until 1894, when the British government felt the height of this lighthouse was not sufficient and decided to build a new, taller lighthouse,<ref name="Hindu_GlowingTaleOfLighthouses" /> leading to the High Court's tallest dome becoming the third lighthouse of Madras.<ref name="Hindu_170YearsForModernLighthouse" /> Today, this second lighthouse is under the watch of the Department of Archaeology as a protected monument.<ref name="Hindu_GlowingTaleOfLighthouses" /><ref name="SomeThoughtsAround">{{cite news
| last = Chandru
| first = K.
| title = Some thoughts around the Madras High Court
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 26 November 2011
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/article2660141.ece?homepage=true
| access-date = 27 November 2011
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111128054636/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/article2660141.ece?homepage=true
| archive-date = 28 November 2011
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

In 1886, during the reconstruction of the [[Chennai Port|Madras Port]] after a cyclone, the port officer wrote to the Madras government alerting them of a possible threat to vessel traffic in the region from a Tripasore reef spotted around 40 miles south of Madras near Seven Pagodas (now known as [[Mamallapuram]]). The port officer then recommended that a lighthouse be installed to alert ships about the impending danger. Responding to this, the government shifted this lighthouse equipment with lantern onto the dome of the new [[Madras High Court|High Court building]]. This became the third lighthouse of Chennai and was functioning from the tallest dome of the Madras High Court. It started functioning on 1 June 1894, with argand lamps and reflectors manufactured by Chance Bros, Birmingham which had originally been installed in the 160-ft-tall lighthouse tower. This lighthouse later became crucial for the development of the Madras port.

The lighthouse used [[kerosene]] to produce light with an intensity equivalent to that emitted by about 18,000 candles.<ref name="Hindu_GlowingTaleOfLighthouses" /> This remained one of the primary reasons for attracting the attention of the German warship [[SMS Emden]] during [[World War I]]. The lighthouse was the main target of the attack in which the High Court campus was bombed on 22 September 1914. The attack became part of the local folklore. A ballad in Tamil, published by Vijayapuram Sabhapati Pillai in 1914, goes:

{{cquote|To damage Fort and Light house too
Hurl they did some bombs
...
No damage, ha, no damage<ref name="Hindu_GlowingTaleOfLighthouses" />}}
[[File:Chennai Lighthouse During Monsoon.jpg|thumb|Chennai lighthouse during monsoon]]
An improvement of equipment was introduced in 1927.<ref name="TOI_FromOilWickLampToLEDs" /> In the 1970s, the lighthouse department sought a site opposite the [[Madras University]] buildings to construct a new lighthouse. However, this request was rejected by the state government. Thus, a new lighthouse was instead built at the southern end of the Marina in 1976.<ref name="Hindu_GlowingTaleOfLighthouses" /> The new lighthouse was unveiled on 10 January 1977. An electrical lighthouse equipment manufactured by BBT, [[Paris]] was installed on the new tower, which maintains a range of 28 [[nautical miles]] for vessels and is one of the tallest lighthouses in the country.<ref name="TOI_FromOilWickLampToLEDs">{{cite news
| last = Janardhanan
| first = Arun
| title = From an oil wick lamp to LEDs: A long way for seafaring tradition
| location = Chennai
| date = 17 February 2011
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-17/chennai/28554258_1_lighthouse-icr-prasad-light-houses
| access-date = 27 November 2011
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120921025455/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-17/chennai/28554258_1_lighthouse-icr-prasad-light-houses
| archive-date = 21 September 2012
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

[[Coconut oil]] was considered the best fuel for a lighthouse lamp because it made the light burn bright in the lighthouse. Gas lights were used later followed by dischargeable lamps. In the beginning, the lighthouse lamp had a steady flame. When ships began to confuse this with city lights, it was decided to use a flickering light in lighthouses. The lighthouses at Chennai and Mamallapuram use dischargeable lamps, which rotate inside a bowl of [[Mercury (element)|mercury]]. In recent days, [[LED lights]] are preferred.

== The towers ==
=== The entrance channel tower (date unknown) ===
[[File:Lighthouse, Chennai.jpg|thumb|Chennai Lighthouse, as seen from the northern side]]
Located north of the port, the entrance channel tower is about {{convert|24|m}} high with a focal plane of {{convert|26|m}}, flashing white, red and green lights, and the tower is visible only from a distance closer to the entrance channel. This tower was assigned an Admiralty number of F0938 and NGA number of 27074. This tower is still active.<ref>{{Cite rowlett|indse|date=n.d.|access-date=27 November 2011}}</ref>

=== The first tower (1796–1844) ===
The first light at Madras is a lantern on the wall of the [[Fort St. George]]. With the growth of commercial activities of the English East India Company, the company built a lighthouse at the Fort in 1796. Functioning from the roof of the Officer's Mess, now housing the Fort Museum, it comprised a lantern with large oil-fed wicks.<ref name="MetroPlus_ToTheLighthouse">{{Cite news
| last = Padmanabhan
| first = Geeta
| title = To the lighthouse
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 19 September 2017
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/to-the-lighthouse/article19712372.ece
| access-date = 29 September 2017
}}</ref> The light has been inactive since 1844.

=== The second tower (1844–1894) ===
[[File:High Court And Old Lighthouse - Madras, KITLV 1403021.tiff|thumb|left|The former lighthouse with the [[Madras High Court]] campus]]
The second lighthouse was a tall [[granite]] [[Doric order|Doric]] column erected in 1841 and is located within the compound of the [[Madras High Court]] to the north of [[Fort St. George]]. Work began in 1838 and was completed in 1843 at a cost of {{INR}} 75,000, and the lighthouse started functioning on 1 January 1844.<ref name="MetroPlus_ToTheLighthouse" /> This round fluted stone tower with gallery is {{convert|38|m}} tall.<ref name="MetroPlus_ToTheLighthouse" /><ref>{{cite web
| title = High Court Building
| publisher = Chennai-Directory.com
| date = n.d.
| url = http://www.chennai-directory.com/tourist/touristplaces.php?places=highcourtbuilding.html&menu=23
| access-date = 27 November 2011
| url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130605225809/http://www.chennai-directory.com/tourist/touristplaces.php?places=highcourtbuilding.html&menu=23
| archive-date = 5 June 2013
}}</ref> Built on a base of 55-feet breadth, its column rises 84 feet with a tapering diameter—16 feet at the base and 11 feet at the top. The entire structure from base to tip has a height of 125 feet. The light was at 117 feet and was visible 20 miles into the sea. Illumination was by 15 "argand lamps with parabolic reflectors, arranged in three tiers." Unlike the earlier rotary model, it had a reciprocal type of light, with the ratio of bright-to-dark periods being 2:3 and with each unit of time being 24 seconds.<ref name="Hindu_170YearsForModernLighthouse" /> This tower was assigned an ARLHS number of IND-027. Given the inability of brick to withstand saline breeze of the sea, the surface of the tower was built with granite procured from quarries at Pallavaram. However, following the construction of the taller High Court building in 1892, mariners started having difficulty in identifying the tower during daytime. The tower became inactive since 1894 after the lighthouse was moved atop the dome of the main tower of the new High Court building. This Light House is renovated and inaugurated in September 2018.

=== The third tower (1894–1977) ===
[[File:History of Madras Lighthouse.jpg|thumb|History of the 4 Madras Lighthouses]]
The lantern from the second tower was moved to one of the tallest ornate towers of the Madras High Court building, which was constructed adjacent to the second tower in 1892. The lighthouse started functioning from 1 June 1894. According to I. C. R. Prasad's book ''Madras Lighthouse'', the lantern room was erected on the gilded dome, with a cutting in the dome and the spiral staircase serving as entry to the top. The lighthouse used [[kerosene]] vapour lamps. The revolving light was supplied by Chance Brothers from [[Birmingham]]. The capillary lamp of this light was capable of producing 18,000 [[candela]]s power. It was assigned an ARLHS number of IND-026. This tower became inactive since 1977, after guiding British and Allied warships of both the [[world wars]].<ref name="MetroPlus_ToTheLighthouse" />

=== The fourth tower (1977–present) ===
The present lighthouse is a triangular cylindrical, red-and-white-banded, concrete one with lantern and double gallery and is 11 stories high. The tower is attached to a three-story circular harbour-control building. The total height of the tower is {{convert|45.72|m}} with the light source standing at a height of {{convert|57|m}} from the [[mean sea level]]. The source consists of 440V 50 Hz main supply (with standby Genset), with a range of 28 nautical miles. It is functional since 10 January 1977.<ref name="MetroPlus_ToTheLighthouse" />

The base of the present lighthouse tower was damaged by the waves from the [[2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami|Indian Ocean tsunami]] of 26 December 2004, but there were no reported casualties.

== The Chennai Lighthouse District ==
The Chennai Lighthouse, along with 23 other lighthouses along the eastern, southern and western coast of the Indian peninsula, comes under the administration of the Chennai Lighthouse District. In accord with the Lighthouse Act of 1927 and the Lighthouse (Amendment) Act of 1985, the Chennai Lighthouse District comprises under its jurisdiction part of [[Kerala]] State which is south of latitude 9º00'N and state of [[Tamil Nadu]], which is south of [[latitude]] 13º00'N and west of [[longitude]] 80º30'E and the union territory of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], which include the following lighthouses:<ref>{{cite web
| last = Directorate General of Lighthouses & Lightships
| title = Lighthouse Act
| publisher = Government of India, Ministry of Shipping
| date = n.d.
| url = http://www.dgllnoida.gov.in/light.html
| access-date = 27 November 2011
| url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111121065654/http://dgllnoida.gov.in/light.html
| archive-date = 21 November 2011
}}</ref>

[[File:Light House (Present), Chennai.jpg|thumb|180px|The present lighthouse in Chennai]]
[[File:Marina lighthouse 1.jpg|thumb|Stairs inside the lighthouse]]
1. [[Alleppey]] 
2. [[Kovilthottam Lighthouse|Kovilthottam]] 
3. [[Tangasseri Lighthouse|Tangasseri Point]] ([[Quilon]]) 
4. [[Anchuthengu|Anjengo]] 
5. [[Vizhinjam Lighthouse|Vilinjam]] 
6. [[Muttom, Kanyakumari|Muttam Point]] 
7. [[Kanyakumari]] ([[Cape Comorin]]) 
8. [[Manapad|Manappad Point]] 
9. [[Pandiyan Tivu]] DGPS 
10. [[Kilakkarai]] 
11. [[Point Calimere]] 
12. [[Kodikkarai]] 
13. [[Ammapattinam]] DGPS 
14. [[Pasipattinam]] 
15. [[Rameswaram]] 
16. [[Pamban]] 
17. [[Nagapattinam]] DGPS 
18. [[Karaikal]] 
19. [[Portonovo Lighthouse|Porto Novo]] ([[Parangipettai]]) 
20. [[Cuddalore]] Channel Buoyage 
21. [[Pondicherry Lighthouse]] and DGPS 
22. [[Mahabalipuram]] 
23. Madras (Chennai) 
24. [[Pulicat]] DGPS

The director general at the Directorate General of Lighthouses and Lightships located at [[Noida]] has under him or her four deputy director generals, namely, [[Jamnagar]], Chennai, [[Kolkata]] and the headquarters. For administrative control, the entire coastline has been divided into seven districts having their regional headquarters at Jamanagar, [[Mumbai]], [[Cochin]], Chennai, [[Visakhapatnam]], Kolkata and [[Port Blair]]. The Chennai Lighthouse District is administrated under the Regional Director (Chennai), who along with the Regional Director (Cochin) comes under the deputy director general (Chennai).<ref>{{cite web
| last = Directorate General of Lighthouses & Lightships
| title = Organisation Chart
| publisher = Government of India, Ministry of Shipping
| date = n.d.
| url = http://www.dgllnoida.gov.in/organization.html
| access-date = 27 November 2011
| url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111121065658/http://dgllnoida.gov.in/organization.html
| archive-date = 21 November 2011
}}</ref> The Regional Office at Chennai provides information on the geographical region between Alleppey Lighthouse to Pulicat Lighthouse. The union government is planning to build three new lighthouses in the Chennai Lighthouse District at an estimated cost of {{INR}} 25 million each.<ref>{{cite news
| title = TN coast to soon boast of three new lighthouses
| newspaper = The New Indian Express
| date = 13 February 2011
| url = http://newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article396412.ece
| access-date = 27 November 2011
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304222054/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article396412.ece
| archive-date = 4 March 2016
| url-status = dead
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|title = Automatic identification: Ministry to safeguard coastline
|newspaper = Maritime Gateway
|date = n.d.
|url = http://www.maritimegateway.com/mgw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=362%3Aautomatic-identification-ministry-to-safeguard-coastline&catid=45%3Aport-news&Itemid=105
|access-date = 27 November 2011
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005230559/http://www.maritimegateway.com/mgw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=362%3Aautomatic-identification-ministry-to-safeguard-coastline&catid=45%3Aport-news&Itemid=105
|archive-date = 5 October 2016
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

== Security ==
[[File:Chennai damage 8.jpg|thumb|250px|The inundated Chennai Lighthouse during the [[2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami]] ]]
The ninth floor of the tower has a viewing gallery where steel welded mesh panels have been erected for safety. This has been done to avoid suicide attempts, which were witnessed in the past. The tenth floor has a high-security radar installed and is not open to public. The elevator in the lighthouse will take the visitors directly to the viewing gallery on the ninth floor, and visitors will not be given access to any other floors.<ref name="TOI_GrilleBalcony" />

The lighthouse was open to the public until the assassination of former Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]], following which it was shut down over fears that it would be the target of an attack. It was re-opened for visitors on 14 November 2013.<ref>{{cite news
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-lighthouse-reopened-to-visitors/article5350627.ece
| title = Marina lighthouse reopened to visitors
| work = The Hindu
| date = 14 November 2013
| access-date = 2 December 2013
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131114110824/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-lighthouse-reopened-to-visitors/article5350627.ece
| archive-date = 14 November 2013
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

== Developments ==
Chennai Lighthouse is one of the 13 lighthouses in India that are identified as heritage centres to portray maritime history of India.<ref>{{cite news
| title = India: Project for Promotion of Tourism in Lighthouses
| newspaper = MarineBuzz.com
| date = 17 February 2011
| url = http://www.marinebuzz.com/2011/02/17/india-project-for-promotion-of-tourism-in-lighthouses/
| access-date = 27 November 2011
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111006163642/http://www.marinebuzz.com/2011/02/17/india-project-for-promotion-of-tourism-in-lighthouses/
| archive-date = 6 October 2011
| url-status = live
}}</ref> A lighthouse museum has been planned at a cost of {{INR}} 50 million.<ref>{{cite news
| title = New project to promote tourism in lighthouses
| newspaper = Business Line
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Hindu
| date = 12 February 2011
| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/economy/article1447360.ece
| access-date = 27 November 2011
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110628232202/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/economy/article1447360.ece
| archive-date = 28 June 2011
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| title = Modernization programme for Aguada lighthouse
| location = Chennai
| date = 13 February 2011
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-13/goa/28547464_1_lighthouse-museum-mahabalipuram-sinquerim
| access-date = 27 November 2011
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130104031411/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-13/goa/28547464_1_lighthouse-museum-mahabalipuram-sinquerim
| archive-date = 4 January 2013
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> The union shipping ministry is planning to build museums, rooms, cafeteria, souvenir shop, viewers gallery, 4D cinema hall, gaming zone and aquarium at the Chennai lighthouse.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Ayyappan
| first = V.
| title = Now, holiday at a lighthouse
| location = Chennai
| date = 17 February 2011
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-17/chennai/28554527_1_lighthouses-light-house-tourist-spots
| access-date = 27 November 2011
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130103203208/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-17/chennai/28554527_1_lighthouses-light-house-tourist-spots
| archive-date = 3 January 2013
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| url-status = dead
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| title = Lighthouses across the Country to be Developed as Tourist Attractions for Maritime History of India
| newspaper = Rang 7
| date = 14 February 2011
| url = http://www.rang7.com/news/tourism/lighthouses-across-the-country-developed-tourist-attractions-for-maritime-history-india-886.htm
| access-date = 27 November 2011
| url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130201070903/http://www.rang7.com/news/tourism/lighthouses-across-the-country-developed-tourist-attractions-for-maritime-history-india-886.htm
| archive-date = 1 February 2013
}}</ref> The heritage museum will showcase the history of marine navigation, where oil-bearing large wicks, kerosene lights, petroleum vapour, and electrical lamps used in the past will be on display.<ref name="TOI_GrilleBalcony">{{cite news
| last = Mariappan
| first = Julie
| title = Grille balcony to keep visitors safe at lighthouse
| newspaper = The Times of India
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Times Group
| date = 24 September 2013
| url = http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH/2013/09/24&PageLabel=5&EntityId=Ar00503&ViewMode=HTML
| access-date = 24 September 2013
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130927111524/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH%2F2013%2F09%2F24&PageLabel=5&EntityId=Ar00503&ViewMode=HTML
| archive-date = 27 September 2013
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

Directorate General of Lighthouses and Lightships has planned the remote control and automation of lighthouses in Cochin, Chennai, Visakhapatnam and Kolkata directorates at a cost of {{INR}} 304.5 million.<ref>{{cite web
| last = Directorate General of Lighthouses & Lightships
| title = New Projects
| publisher = Government of India, Ministry of Shipping
| date = n.d.
| url = http://www.dgllnoida.gov.in/new.html
| access-date = 27 November 2011
| url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111205215830/http://www.dgllnoida.gov.in/new.html
| archive-date = 5 December 2011
}}</ref> As a first step towards automation of lighthouses, Radone, an equipment that can detect radar signals from ships and helps captains identify the location, has been installed on most lighthouses. The automation of lighthouses in the Chennai Lighthouse District is estimated to cost about {{INR}} 50 million during the 11th Five-Year Plan.<ref>{{cite web
| title = The Working Group Report on Shipping and Inland Water Transport for the Eleventh Five Year Plan
| work = Working Group Report on Shipping and IWT
| publisher = Planning Commission, Government of India
| date = n.d.
| url = http://planningcommission.nic.in/aboutus/committee/wrkgrp11/wg11_ship.pdf
| access-date = 27 November 2011
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111210070012/http://planningcommission.nic.in/aboutus/committee/wrkgrp11/wg11_ship.pdf
| archive-date = 10 December 2011
| url-status = live
}}</ref> The 22 lighthouses in the Chennai Lighthouse district will be monitored and controlled from conveniently located positions termed as Remote Control Stations (RCSs). These RCSs will be ultimately linked to Master Control Station, proposed to be located at Chennai for effective control.

== See also ==
* [[Chennai Port]]
* [[Mahabalipuram Lighthouse]]
* [[List of lighthouses in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{ARLHS link}}
* {{Lighthouse Digest|4921}}
* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/balu/36391182/in/set-833719/ Photo of the original lighthouse]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20031104144750/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/08/21/stories/2002082100220300.htm The Hindu – The second longest beach?]

{{Chennai Topics}}
{{Portal bar|Engineering|India}}
{{Authority control | additional=Q6546309,Q111721876,Q111721922,Q111728210}}
[[Category:Lighthouses completed in 1796]]
[[Category:Lighthouses completed in 1844]]
[[Category:Lighthouses completed in 1894]]
[[Category:Lighthouses completed in 1977]]
[[Category:Lighthouses in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Chennai]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Transport in Chennai]]
[[Category:1796 establishments in British India]]

Mirchi Bada

2025-11-11T12:03:59Z

SadguruCaterer: cleaned up structure for consistency

#REDIRECT [[Mirchi bada]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Baba Deep Singh

2025-11-11T10:33:21Z

SadguruCaterer: reworked references for consistency and fixed typos

{{pp-semi|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Sikh martyr (1682–1757)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Baba Deep Singh fresco from Gurdwara Baba Atal, Amritsar.jpg
| caption = 19th century fresco painting of Baba Deep Singh from Gurdwara Baba Atal, Amritsar
| name = Baba Deep Singh
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1682|01|26|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Pahuwind, [[Tarn Taran Sahib|Tarn Taran]], [[Punjab]], [[Mughal Empire]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1757|11|13|1682|01|26|df=yes}}
| death_cause = [[Killed in Action]]
| death_place = [[Golden Temple, Amritsar]]
| known_for = {{Ubl
| First Head of [[Shaheedan Misl]]
| First Head of [[Damdami Taksal]]
| Fighting alongside most of battles of Banda Singh Bahadur like Battle of Chapar Chiri, Sadhaura and capture of Sirhind
| Freed the captives during the fourth raid of [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] in 1757
| [[Battle of Amritsar (1757)]]<ref name="sarsa">{{cite book|url=http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges|page=400|author=Jacques, Tony|year=2006|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-313-33536-5|access-date=15 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626120848/http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0|archive-date=26 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}
| office1 = [[Jathedar]] of [[Takht Sri Damdama Sahib]]
| successor1 = Sudh Singh
| termstart1 = 1706
| termend1 = 1757
| office2 = [[Damdami Taksal|Jathedar of Damdami Taksal]]
| termstart2 = 1708
| termend2 = 1757
| successor2 = [[Baba Gurbaksh Singh]]
| predecessor2 = ''Position Established''
| military_blank1 = Commander
| military_data1 = [[File:Sikh Akali flag.svg|30 px]] [[Dal Khalsa (Sikh army)|Dal Khalsa]]
| predecessor1 = ''Position Established''
}}
{{Sikhism sidebar}}

'''Baba Deep Singh''' (26 January 1682 – 13 November 1757) is revered among [[Sikh]]s as one of the most hallowed [[Martyrdom in Sikhism|martyr]]s in [[Sikhism]]. He is remembered for his [[sacrifice]] and devotion to the teachings of the [[Sikh Gurus]]. Baba Deep Singh was the first head of [[Shaheedan Misl|Misl Shaheedan Tarna Dal]] – an order of the Khalsa military established by [[Nawab Kapur Singh]], the then head of Sharomani Panth Akali Buddha Dal. The [[Damdami Taksal]] also state that he was the first head of their order.<ref name="Daily Excelsior.com">[https://web.archive.org/web/20040721100805/http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/01dec19/state.htm#2 Damdami Taksal opens shop to provide religious literature]. Daily Excelsior.com</ref> He is remembered by Sikhs as one of their notable martyrs of the 18th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Oberoi |first=Harjot Singh |title=The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition |publisher=University of Chicago Press |date=Dec 15, 1994 |isbn=9780226615929 |pages=330}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Baba Deep Singh was born in a Sandhu [[Jat Sikh]] family on 26 January 1682. His father Bhagta was a Farmer, and his mother was Jioni. He lived in the Pahuwind village of [[Amritsar district]].<ref name="Bhagata">{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Bhagat |title=A History of the Sikh Misals |year=1993 |publisher=[[Punjabi University]] |pages=241 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BihuAAAAMAAJ |chapter=The Shahid or Nihang Misal |oclc=622730722 |quote=Deep Singh Shahid, a Sandhu Jat and resident of the village of Pohuwind of the ''pargana'' of Amritsar, ...}}</ref>

He went to [[Anandpur Sahib]] on the day of [[Vaisakhi]] in 1700, where he was baptised into [[Khalsa]] by Guru Gobind Singh, through the ''Khande di Pahul'' or [[Amrit Sanchar]] (ceremonial initiation into Khalsa). As a youth, he spent considerable time in close companionship of Guru Gobind Singh, learning weaponry, riding and other martial skills. From [[Bhai Mani Singh]], he learnt reading and writing [[Gurmukhi]] and the interpretation of the Gurus' words. After spending two years at Anandpur, he returned to his village in 1702, before he was summoned by Guru Gobind Singh at [[Talwandi Sabo]] in 1705, where he helped [[Bhai Mani Singh]] in making copies of the scripture [[Guru Granth Sahib]].<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150618195754/http://www.sikhismguide.org/babadeepsingh.aspx Shaheed Baba Deep Singh Ji]}}. SikhismGuide. Retrieved on 2017-07-09.</ref>

== Military career ==
{{See also|Dal Khalsa (Sikh Army)|Shaheedan Misl}}

In 1709, Baba Deep Singh joined [[Banda Singh Bahadur]] during the [[Battle of Sadhaura]] and the [[Battle of Chappar Chiri]]. In 1733, [[Nawab Kapur Singh]] appointed him a leader of an armed squad (''[[jatha]]''). On the Vaisakhi of 1748, at the meeting of the [[Sarbat Khalsa]] in [[Amritsar]], the 65 ''jathas'' of the [[Dal Khalsa (Sikh Empire)|Dal Khalsa]] were reorganized into twelve [[Misl]]s. Baba Deep Singh was entrusted with the leadership of the [[Shaheedan Misl|Shaheed Misl]].

With the [[Nader Shah's invasion of India|invasion of India]] by [[Nader Shah|Nadir Shah]] between January–May 1739 and the t[[Decline of the Mughal Empire|otal destruction of the Mughal administration]] in the Punjab as a result, the Sikhs saw an opportunity for themselves and pillaged and sought revenge on their enemies.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari Ram |title=History of the Sikhs: The Sikh Comrnonwealth or Rise and FalI of Sikh Misls |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |year=2007 |isbn=978-8121501651 |volume=IV |pages=71–77}}</ref> According to the contemporary writer Harcharan Das in his ''Chahár Gulzár Shujá'í'', in 1740, one year after the attack of Nader Shah, a large force of Sikhs and [[Jat Rebellion (1667–1723)|Jats]], including local Muslims, seized the Sirhind ''sarkar'' of the [[Doaba|Jullunder Doab]], establishing a short-lived polity with a person named Daranat Shah as its head.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari Ram |title=History of the Sikhs |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |year=2007 |volume=2: Evolution of Sikh Confederacies (1707-69) |pages=57}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Malik |first=Arjan Dass |title=An Indian Guerilla War: The Sikh Peoples War, 1699-1768 |publisher=Wiley |year=1975 |isbn=9780470565766 |pages=44}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite book |title=History of the Sikhs: The Sikh Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of Sikh Misls |isbn=9788121501651 |edition=3rd |volume=IV |pages=13, 73, 121}}</ref><ref name=":18">{{Citation |title=Chahár Gulzár Shujá'í, of Harí Charan Dás |date=2013 |work=The History of India, as Told by its Own Historians: The Muhammadan Period |volume=8 |pages=204–231 |editor-last=Elliot |editor-first=Henry Miers |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/history-of-india-as-told-by-its-own-historians/chahar-gulzar-shujai-of-hari-charan-das/59871F04147D5E4D2362BE2A22BFE32C |access-date=2024-09-14 |series=Cambridge Library Collection - Perspectives from the Royal Asiatic Society |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/CBO9781139507219.035 |isbn=978-1-108-05590-1 |editor2-last=Dowson |editor2-first=John|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The rebellion was eventually crushed by a Mughal force in 1741 under Azimullah Khan and the Sikhs retreated to the [[Lakhi Jungle (jungle)|Lakhi Jungle]].<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite book |title=Proceedings - Punjab History Conference |publisher=Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University |year=1986 |volume=20 |pages=114}}</ref> According to [[Hari Ram Gupta]], Daranat Shah was Baba Deep Singh.<ref name=":7" />

=== Demolition of the Harmandir Sahib ===
{{Main articles|Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani}}

In April 1757, [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] raided [[Northern India]] for the fourth time. While he was on his way back to [[Kabul]] from [[Delhi]] with young men and women as captives, the [[Sikhs]] made a plan to relieve him of the valuables and free the captives. The squad of ''Baba'' Deep Singh was deployed near [[Kurukshetra]]. His squad freed a large number of prisoners and raided Durrani's considerable treasury. On his arrival in [[Lahore]], Durrani, embittered by his loss, ordered the demolition of the [[Harmandir Sahib]] (the "Golden Gurudwara"). The shrine was blown up and the sacred pool filled with the entrails of slaughtered animals. Durrani assigned the [[Punjab region]] to his son, [[Timur Shah Durrani|Prince Timur Shah]], and left him a force of ten thousand men under General Jahan Khan.

Baba Deep Singh, 75 years old, felt that it was up to him to atone for the sin of having let the [[Demographics of Afghanistan|Afghan]]s desecrate the shrine. He emerged from scholastic retirement and declared to a congregation at Damdama Sahib that he intended to rebuild the temple. Five hundred men came forward to go with him. Baba Deep Singh offered prayers before starting for Amritsar: "May my head fall at the Darbar Sahib." As he went from hamlet to hamlet, many villagers joined him. By the time ''baba'' Deep Singh reached [[Tarn Taran Sahib]], ten miles from Amritsar, over five thousand Sikhs armed with hatchets, swords, and spears accompanied him.

== Death ==
Baba Deep Singh had vowed to avenge the desecration of the [[Harmandir Sahib|Golden Temple]] by the [[military of Afghanistan|Afghan army]]. In 1757, he led an army to defend the Golden Temple. The Sikhs and the Afghans clashed in the [[Battle of Amritsar (1757)|Battle of Amritsar]] on 13 November 1757,<ref>''History of the Sikhs, Volume I'' by [[Khushwant Singh]].</ref> and in the ensuing conflict Baba Deep Singh was decapitated.<ref name=deol>{{cite book| last = Deol| first = Harnik| title = Religion and Nationalism in India| publisher = Routledge| year = 2000| location = London and New York| isbn = 9780415201087| no-pp = true| page = The case of Punjab; 189 }}</ref>

There are two accounts of Baba Deep Singh's death. According to one popular version, Baba Deep Singh continued to fight after having been completely decapitated, slaying his enemies with his head in one hand and his sword in the other.<ref name=deol/> In this version, only upon reaching the sacred city of [[Amritsar]] did he stop and finally die.<ref>Brosius, Christiane. ''Empowering Visions: The Politics of Representation in Hindu Nationalism''. 2005, page 40.</ref> According to the second version, he was mortally wounded with a blow to the neck, but not completely decapitated. After receiving this blow, a Sikh reminded Baba Deep Singh, "You had resolved to reach the periphery of the pool." On hearing the talk of the Sikh, he held his head with his left hand and removing the enemies from his way with the strokes of his {{cvt|15|kg}}{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} [[Khanda (sword)|Khanda]] "with his right hand, reached the periphery of Harmandir Sahib where he breathed his last. The Singhs celebrated the Bandhi-Sor Divas of 1757 A.D. in Harmandir Sahib".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/warriors/deep.html|title=Shaheed Baba Deep Singh|publisher=Santokh Singh Jagdev – Bed Time Stories-7.|access-date=2009-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602004008/http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/warriors/deep.html|archive-date=2 June 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Sikhs recovered their prestige by defeating the Afghan army and the latter were forced to flee.<ref>{{cite book |last= Mahajan|first= Vidya Dhar |author-link=Vidya Dhar Mahajan |title= Muslim Rule in India |publisher= S.Chand |year= 1970 |location= New Delhi |no-pp= true|page= Rise and Growth of Sikh Power;240}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[File:Photograph of Gurdwara Sri Baba Deep Singh Shaheed within the Golden Temple complex, Amritsar, Punjab, India, April 2023.jpg|thumb|Photograph of Gurdwara Sri Baba Deep Singh Shaheed within the Golden Temple complex, Amritsar, Punjab, India, April 2023]]
The spot where Baba Deep Singh's head fell is marked in the [[Harmandir Sahib|Golden Temple]] complex, and Sikhs from around the world pay their respects there. Baba Deep Singh's [[Khanda (sword)|Khanda]] (double-edged sword), which he used in his final battle, is still preserved at [[Akal Takht]], first of the five centers of temporal Sikh authority.

== Battles fought by Baba Deep Singh ==

* [[Battle of Sadhaura|Battle of Sadhaura (1710)]]
* [[Battle of Chappar Chiri|Battle of Chappar Chiri (1710)]]
* [[Siege of Sirhind|Siege of Sirhind (1710)]]
* [[Battle of Amritsar (1757)]]

== In popular culture ==
''Anokhe Amar Shaheed Baba Deep Singh Ji'', an Indian historical biographical film by Jaswinder Chahal was released in 2006.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anokhe Shahhed Baba Deep Singh|url=https://www.mxplayer.in/movie/watch-anokhe-shahhed-baba-deep-singh-movie-online-59c26c491462d094dc2d85e22ba067f8 |website=[[MX Player]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:A watercolour painting depicting a headless Baba Deep Singh and fellow Sikh warriors shown fighting the hostile Afghan forces at the Battle of Amritsar (1757), circa 1880's.jpg|A watercolour painting depicting a headless Baba Deep Singh and fellow Sikh warriors shown fighting the hostile Afghan forces at the [[Battle of Amritsar (1757)]], circa 1880's
File:Fresco of Deep Singh from Gurdwara Baba Atal.jpg|Fresco of Deep Singh from Gurdwara Baba Atal
File:Akali Deep Singh.jpg|Akali Baba Deep Singh leading his men against the Afghans. Early 20th century Sikh painting
File:Opening folio of a Guru Granth Sahib manuscript authored by Baba Deep Singh, currently located in Patna Sahib.png|Opening folio of a Guru Granth Sahib manuscript authored by Baba Deep Singh, currently located in Patna Sahib
File:Opening folio of a Dasam Granth manuscript authored by Baba Deep Singh.jpg|Opening folio of a Dasam Granth manuscript authored by Baba Deep Singh
</gallery>

== See also ==

* [[Martyrdom in Sikhism]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last=McLeod |first=W. H. |author-link=W. H. McLeod |title=Popular Sikh Art |year=1991 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-562791-6 |pages=38–39, 78 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ByXWAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{cite book |last=Thāpar |first=K.S. |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Harbans |editor-link=Harbans Singh |title=The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism: A–D |volume=1 |year=2002 |publisher=[[Punjabi University]] |isbn=978-81-7380-100-6 |pages=587–588 |edition=4th |entry=DĪP SIṄGH SHAHĪD, BĀBĀ (1682-1757)}}
*{{cite book |author=Gupta, Hari Ram |author-link=Hari Ram Gupta |title=History of the Sikhs. Vol. IV: The Sikh Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of Sikh Misls |year=2001 |orig-year=1982 |publisher=[[Munshiram Manoharlal]] |isbn=978-81-215-0165-1 |pages=121–124 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S1wwAQAAIAAJ}}
*{{cite book |last=Fenech |first=Louis E. |title=Martyrdom in the Sikh Tradition: Playing the "game of Love" |year=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-564947-5 |pages=35, 39, 42, 44, 95–9, 100, 168, 169, 197–8, 233, 264, 272 |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FI3XAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{cite book |last1=Fenech |first1=Louis E. |last2=Singh |first2=Pashaura |author2-link=Pashaura Singh (Sikh scholar) |editor1-last=Raj |editor1-first=Selva J. |editor2-last=Harman |editor2-first=William P. |title=Dealing with Deities: The Ritual Vow in South Asia |year=2006 |publisher=[[State University of New York#SUNY Press|State University of New York Press]] |isbn=978-0-7914-6707-7 |pages=210–211 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ov2oltTLinkC&pg=PA210 |chapter=Vows in the Sikh Tradition}}
*{{cite book |last=Chopra |first=Radhika |title=Amritsar 1984: A City Remembers |year=2018 |publisher=[[Lexington Books]] |isbn=978-1-4985-7105-0 |pages=7–8, 55, 68–69 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1oVuDwAAQBAJ}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Baba Deep Singh}}

{{Khalsa Panth Jathedars}}

{{Sikhism}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Deep}}
[[Category:Sikh warriors killed in action]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Amritsar]]
[[Category:1757 deaths]]
[[Category:1682 births]]
[[Category:Misl leaders]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Sikh martyrs]]

Syed Asghar Hussain

2025-10-16T16:06:58Z

SadguruCaterer: added the entry initial version

{{Short description|Indian politician (1956 – 2013)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Syed Asghar Hussain
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1956|10|20}}
| birth_place = Jehanabad, Bihar, India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2013|02|25|1956|10|20}}
| occupation =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse =
| children =
}}
'''Syed Asghar Hussain''' (20 October 1956{{Spaced en dash}}25 February 2013) was an Indian politician from Jehanabad,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/jehanabad/news/asghar-hussain-was-striving-for-all-round-development-132637430.html|title=Asghar Hussain was striving for all round development | सर्वांगीण विकास को प्रयत्नशील थे असगर हुसैन - Jehanabad News}}</ref> Bihar, representing the [[Indian National Congress]]. He served as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) for Jehanabad and gained prominence in the 1985 state elections. His political legacy is carried forward by his younger brother, Munna Hussain.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title='नीतीश कुमार चाटुकारों से घिरे हुए हैं', RCP सिंह के समर्थन में जदयू के कई नेताओं ने दिया इस्तीफा |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/jahanabad/nitish-kumar-is-surrounded-by-sycophants-many-jdu-leaders-resign-in-jehanabad-in-support-of-rcp-singh/articleshow/93413566.cms |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Syed Asghar Hussain was born in [[Jehanabad]], Bihar, India. He pursued his education in local schools and later graduated from [[Magadh University]] with a degree in Political Science.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

== Political career ==
As a member of the Indian National Congress, Hussain entered the political arena in the 1980s. He contested the state legislative election (Vidhan Sabha) and won the [[Jehanabad Assembly constituency]] in the 1985 elections, securing {{FormatNum:45857}} votes (40.4% of the total votes) and became an MLA. His closest competitor, Hari Lal Prasad Sinha,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.electiontak.in/lok-sabha-1980/bihar/hari-lal-prasad-sinha-jahanabad-results-317996|title=HARI LAL PRASAD SINHA - JAHANABAD - Lok Sabha Election Results 1980|website=www.electiontak.in}}</ref> an independent candidate, received {{FormatNum:20465}} votes. This victory marked the beginning of Hussain's political prominence in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jahanabad Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/jahanabad-bihar-assembly-constituency |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=🗳️ Syed Asgar Hussain, Jahanabad Assembly Elections 1985 LIVE Results {{!}} Election Dates, Exit Polls, Leading Candidates & Parties {{!}} Latest News, Articles & Statistics {{!}} LatestLY.com |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/1985/jahanabad/syed-asgar-hussain/ |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref>

=== Subsequent elections ===
In the following elections, Hussain faced stiff competition from emerging regional parties. In the 1995 elections, he lost to [[Mundrika Singh Yadav]] of the Janata Dal,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jahanabad Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/jahanabad-bihar-assembly-constituency#1995 |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> who received {{FormatNum:60933}} votes compared to Hussain's {{FormatNum:38665}} votes. His political career reflects the shifting dynamics in Bihar's political landscape, where the Congress party began to lose its stronghold to regional parties like the [[Janata Dal (United)]] and [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jahanabad Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/jahanabad-bihar-assembly-constituency#1995 |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

== Family ==
Syed Asghar Hussain was married to Rana Suraiya, and they had three children: an eldest daughter, Zainab Fatima; an eldest son, Umar Sani, who is currently an active businessman; and a youngest son, Shish Hussain, who is settled in the UK. Syed Asghar Hussain died due to cancer.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

== Political legacy ==
Syed Asghar Hussain's political legacy is being continued by his younger brother, Azhar Jamil, also known as Munna Hussain.<ref name=":3" /> Munna is a notable figure in Bihar's political landscape and is committed to addressing local issues and enhancing the welfare of constituents.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jehanabad Election 2020 : जहानाबाद विधानसभा सीट पर राजद की हैट्रिक रोकने को मैदान में उतरे जदयू के शिक्षा मंत्री - Bihar, Jehanabad Election 2020 : News JDU Education Minister stepped in to stop RJD hattrick in Jahanabad assembly seat |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-jdu-education-minister-stepped-in-to-stop-rjd-hattrick-in-jehanabad-assembly-seat-20961787.html |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

Syed Asghar Hussain is remembered for his contributions to the political landscape of Jehanabad and Bihar during a transformative period.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jagran |first=Dainik |title=हमेशा याद किए जाएंगे पूर्व विधायक असगर |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/jehanabad/news/asghar-hussain-was-striving-for-all-round-development-132637430.html}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hussain, Syed Asghar}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar]]

Dakala

2025-10-15T22:47:10Z

SadguruCaterer: Made

{{Short description|Village in Punjab, India}}
{{Orphan|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dakala
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|30.219525|N|76.353778|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Patiala|Patiala district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = [[Patiala]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 10.48
| population_total = 4594
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gurmukhi|Punjabi (Gurmukhi)]]
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = PB11
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Patiala]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Dakala''' sometimes spelled as '''Dakaala''' ([[Gurmukhi]]''':''' ਡਕਾਲਾ) is a village in the Patiala Block of [[Patiala district]] in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Panchayats {{!}} District Patiala, Government of Punjab {{!}} India |url=https://patiala.nic.in/panchayats/ |access-date=2023-10-06 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-19 |title=2 drown in Kurukshetra pond |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/tragedy-strikes-as-two-youths-drown-in-overflowing-pond-anger-mounts-over-district-s-poor-flood-management-101689709069055.html |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Dakala is located at {{coord|30.219525|N|76.353778|E|}} in the Patiala district of [[Indian Punjab]]. [[Sanaur]] is the nearest town to Dakala for all economic activities.

== Demographics ==
As per 2011 census, the village has total population of 4594<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} Government of India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/ |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref> with 841 households, of which 52.45% are males (2410) and 47.55% are females (2184). Though residents have now started sending their daughters to schools, still only 55.04% of females are educated as compared to 64.61% of males. The overall literacy rate of the village is 60.06%. The Punjabi is the major language spoken by all in the village.

== Education ==
There is a Govt. Senior Secondary School in Dakala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=:: ePunjab Schools :: |url=https://www.epunjabschool.gov.in/GS_SchoolWebsite/Search.aspx |access-date=2022-09-12 |website=www.epunjabschool.gov.in |archive-date=2023-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307185731/https://www.epunjabschool.gov.in/gs_schoolwebsite/Search.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Patiala district}}

[[Category:Villages in Patiala district]]

{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

List of fire departments in India

2025-10-09T09:21:39Z

SadguruCaterer: revised

{{short description|none}}
This is a '''list of fire departments in India'''.

==Fire departments in India==
{{dynamic list}}
* [[Andhra Pradesh State Disaster Response and Fire Services Department]]
* [[Chandigarh Fire and Emergency Services]]
* [[Delhi Fire Service]]
* [[Directorate of Fire and Emergency Services, Goa]]
* [[Karnataka Fire and Emergency Services]]
* [[Jharkhand Fire Services]]
* [[Kerala Fire and Rescue Services]]
* [[Mumbai Fire Brigade]]
* [[Odisha Fire Service]]
* [[Tamil Nadu Fire and Rescue Services]]
* [[West Bengal Fire Service]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Firefighting in India}}

[[Category:Lists of fire departments]]

[[Category:Fire departments of India]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fire departments in India}}