https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Saddiqa+khatriBharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-08-06T03:54:54ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animal_(2023_Indian_film)&diff=549222Animal (2023 Indian film)2026-05-30T23:48:45Z<p>Saddiqa khatri: created new info</p>
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<div>{{Short description|2023 Indian film by Sandeep Reddy Vanga}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| image = Animal (2023 film) poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[Sandeep Reddy Vanga]]<br />
| screenplay = {{ubl | Sandeep Reddy Vanga | Pranay Reddy Vanga | Suresh Bandaru}} {{Infobox|decat=yes|child=yes|label1= Dialogues by| data1= Saurabh Gupta}}<br />
| story = Sandeep Reddy Vanga<br />
| producer = {{ubl | [[Bhushan Kumar]] | [[Krishan Kumar (actor)|Krishan Kumar]] | [[Murad Khetani]] | Pranay Reddy Vanga}}<br />
| starring = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Ranbir Kapoor]]<br />
* [[Anil Kapoor]]<br />
* [[Bobby Deol]]<br />
* [[Rashmika Mandanna]]<br />
* [[Tripti Dimri]]<br />
* [[Shakti Kapoor]]<br />
* [[Suresh Oberoi]]<br />
* [[Prem Chopra]]<br />
}}<br />
| cinematography = [[Amit Roy]]<br />
| editing = Sandeep Reddy Vanga<br />
| music = {{ubl<br />
| '''Songs:'''<br />
| [[Pritam]]<br />
| [[JAM8]]<br />
| [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]<br />
| [[Manan Bhardwaj]]<br />
| Bhupinder Babbal<br />
| [[Shreyas Puranik]]<br />
| [[Jaani (songwriter)|Jaani]]<br />
| Ashim Kemson<br />
| [[Ajay–Atul]]<br />
| [[Harshavardhan Rameshwar]]<br />
| Gurinder Seagal<br />
| '''Score:'''<br />
| Harshavardhan Rameshwar<br />
}}<br />
| studio = {{plainlist|<br />
*[[T-Series (company)|T-Series Films]]<br />
*Bhadrakali Pictures<br />
*Cine1 Studios<br />
}}<br />
| distributor = [[#Distribution|see below]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|12|1}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| runtime = 203 minutes<ref name="BHR">{{Cite web |first=Fenil |last=Seta |date=28 November 2023 |title=Animal EXCLUSIVE: CBFC removes close-up shots in an intimate scene; ‘suitably’ modifies cuss words in the Ranbir Kapoor-starrer |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/bollywood/animal-exclusive-cbfc-removes-close-shots-intimate-scene-suitably-modifies-cuss-words-ranbir-kapoor-starrer/ |access-date=28 November 2023 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><br />
| budget = {{INR|100 crore}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 October 2023 |title=Trade experts predict who will win as Shah Rukh Khan's Dunki clashes with Prabhas' Salaar, Ranbir Kapoor and Vicky Kaushal compete and Katrina Kaif and Sidharth Malhotra square off in December – Exclusive |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/trade-experts-predict-who-will-win-as-shah-rukh-khans-dunki-clashes-with-prabhas-salaar-ranbir-kapoor-and-vicky-kaushal-compete-and-katrina-kaif-and-sidharth-malhotra-square-off-in-december-exclusive/articleshow/104562227.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117153903/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/trade-experts-predict-who-will-win-as-shah-rukh-khans-dunki-clashes-with-prabhas-salaar-ranbir-kapoor-and-vicky-kaushal-compete-and-katrina-kaif-and-sidharth-malhotra-square-off-in-december-exclusive/articleshow/104562227.cms?frmapp=yes&from=mdr |archive-date=17 November 2023 |access-date=26 October 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |quote=Animal,' directed by Sandeep Reddy Vanga, of 'Kabir Singh' fame, is backed by a hefty budget of reportedly Rs 100 crore.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 July 2023 |title=Ranbir Kapoor, Kartik Aaryan, Ranveer Singh- The new pillars of Bollywood |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/the-rising-stars-of-bollywood-ranveer-singh-kartik-aaryan-and-ranbir-kapoor-the-future-of-the-industry-101689934719505.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722094255/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/the-rising-stars-of-bollywood-ranveer-singh-kartik-aaryan-and-ranbir-kapoor-the-future-of-the-industry-101689934719505.html |archive-date=22 July 2023 |access-date=22 July 2023 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |quote=The film, which will see Ranbir Kapoor in an absolutely new avatar, is said to be made on a budget of ₹100 crore, and is set to release on December 1.}}</ref><br />
| gross = {{INR|917.82 crore}}<ref name="Animal Box Office">{{Cite web |date=2 January 2024 |title=Animal Box Office |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/animal/box-office/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102065840/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/animal/box-office/ |archive-date=2 January 2024 |access-date=9 January 2024 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Animal''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action drama film]]<ref name=BBFC/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Classification Information |url=https://imdaonline.imda.gov.sg/classification/search/film/RatingInfo.aspx?sType=Feature&sRowID=AAAgZnAAAAAAGdiAAD |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806071923/https://imdaonline.imda.gov.sg/classification/search/film/RatingInfo.aspx?sType=Feature&sRowID=AAAgZnAAAAAAGdiAAD |archive-date=6 August 2024 |website=[[Infocomm Media Development Authority]] |quote=“Animal” is an action drama that revolves around a man’s quest for vengeance after he realises that his father’s life is in danger.}}</ref> co-written, directed and edited by [[Sandeep Reddy Vanga]] and jointly produced by [[T-Series Films]], Bhadrakali Pictures and Cine1 Studios. The film stars [[Ranbir Kapoor]] in [[Dual role|dual roles]], alongside [[Anil Kapoor]], also in [[Dual role|dual roles]], [[Bobby Deol]], [[Rashmika Mandanna]] and [[Triptii Dimri]]. It explores the troubled relationship between Ranvijay Singh and his father, Balbir Singh, a powerful [[business magnate|industrialist]]. After spending years abroad he returns home and embarks on a ruthless quest for vengeance after an assassination attempt on his father.<br />
<br />
The film was officially announced in January 2021. [[Principal photography]] began in April 2022 and [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] by April 2023, with cinematography by Amit Roy. The film's [[Animal (soundtrack)|soundtrack album]] was composed by [[Pritam]], [[JAM8]], [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]], [[Jaani (songwriter)|Jaani]], Manan Bhardwaj, Shreyas Puranik, Ashim Kemson and [[Harshavardhan Rameshwar]]. With a runtime of 204 minutes, ''Animal'' is one of the [[List of longest films in India|longest Indian films]] ever made. It was initially set for an August 2023 release but was postponed due to post-production work.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-01-13 |title=Anurag Kashyap calls Sandeep Reddy Vanga 'misunderstood, judged filmmaker', says Animal is game changer of Hindi cinema |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/anurag-kashyap-calls-sandeep-reddy-vanga-misunderstood-judged-filmmaker-says-animal-is-game-changer-of-hindi-cinema-101705115902089.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130080004/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/anurag-kashyap-calls-sandeep-reddy-vanga-misunderstood-judged-filmmaker-says-animal-is-game-changer-of-hindi-cinema-101705115902089.html |archive-date=30 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
''Animal'' was theatrically released on 1 December 2023, in standard and [[IMAX]] formats to mixed reviews, with praise for its cast performances, direction, screenwriting, soundtrack, cinematography, action sequences and technical aspects but faced severe criticism for its themes and graphic violence. However, the film did very well commercially, both domestically and internationally. It grossed {{INRConvert|917.82|c}} worldwide, making it the [[List of Indian films of 2023|third highest-grossing Indian film of 2023]], the [[List of highest-grossing Hindi films#Global gross figures|fifth highest-grossing Hindi film]], the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|eleventh highest-grossing Indian film]] and third highest-grossing [[A certificate|A-rated]] Indian film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-08 |title=Animal box office collection Day 8 early report: Ranbir Kapoor-starrer becomes highest grossing 'A' rated film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/animal-box-office-collection-day-8-early-report-ranbir-kapoor-starrer-becomes-highest-grossing-a-rated-film-9060270/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209024111/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/animal-box-office-collection-day-8-early-report-ranbir-kapoor-starrer-becomes-highest-grossing-a-rated-film-9060270/ |archive-date=2023-12-09 |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-09 |title=Animal crosses Sanju to become Ranbir Kapoor's biggest worldwide grosser with over ₹600 crore |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/animal-crosses-sanju-box-office-ranbir-kapoor-biggest-worldwide-grosser-600-crore-club-101702117253352.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231032847/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/animal-crosses-sanju-box-office-ranbir-kapoor-biggest-worldwide-grosser-600-crore-club-101702117253352.html |archive-date=2023-12-31 |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>{{efn|name="animal"|''Animal''{{'s}} reported worldwide grosses vary between ₹905 crore (''[[Pinkvilla]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Jatinder |date=26 January 2024 |title=Ranbir Kapoor starrer Animal become Fourth Bollywood film to Gross Rs 500 Crore |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/ranbir-kapoor-starrer-animal-become-fourth-bollywood-film-to-gross-rs-500-crore-1274158 |access-date=28 January 2025}}</ref>) – ₹917.82 crore (''[[Bollywood Hungama]]''<ref name="Animal Box Office">{{Cite web |date=2 January 2024 |title=Animal Box Office |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/animal/box-office/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102065840/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/animal/box-office/ |archive-date=2 January 2024 |access-date=9 January 2024 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>)}}<br />
<br />
At the [[69th Filmfare Awards]], the film received 19 nominations, including [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]], and won a leading six awards, including [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] for Ranbir Kapoor.<ref name="ff69nom">{{Cite news |date=15 January 2024 |title=Nominations for the 69th Hyundai Filmfare Awards 2024 with Gujarat Tourism: Full list out |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-69th-hyundai-filmfare-awards-2024-with-gujarat-tourism-full-list-out-63822.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115193555/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-69th-hyundai-filmfare-awards-2024-with-gujarat-tourism-full-list-out-63822.html |archive-date=15 January 2024 |access-date=15 January 2024 |work=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref> At the 22nd [[Zee Cine Awards]] 2024, the film won 4 awards, including [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Male|Best Actor in a Supporting Role]] award for Anil Kapoor, and the [[Zee Cine Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Actor In A Negative Role]] award for Bobby Deol.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-03-10|title=22nd Zee Cine Awards 2024: Winners|url=https://zeecineawards.com/2024-2/|work=[[Zee Cine Awards]]}}</ref> The film also won 3 awards at the [[71st National Film Awards]]: [[National Film Award – Special Mention (feature film)|Special Mention]], [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|Best Background Music]], and [[National Film Award for Best Sound Design|Best Sound Design]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Tanisha |date=1 August 2025 |title=Sandeep Reddy Vanga's Animal Wins Big, From Best Sound Design To Best Background Music |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/71st-national-film-awards-sandeep-reddy-vangas-animal-receives-a-special-mention-in-re-recording-mixer-category-9000730 |access-date=1 August 2025 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref> A sequel titled ''Animal Park'', announced in the [[post-credits scene]], is in early development.<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Ranvijay "Vijay" Singh is deeply devoted to his wealthy tycoon father, Balbir Singh, who helms Swastik Steels, a generational steel empire established by Balbir's father, Rajdheer Dodamal Singh. However, Balbir is an extreme workaholic and allocates little attention to his family. When Vijay intimidates his older sister Reet's bullies with his father's licensed AK-47, Balbir ousts him to a boarding school in the United States. He returns home after years on account of his father's sixtieth birthday and indulges in a heated exchange with Reet's husband, Varun, and calls himself illegitimate when Balbir takes Varun's side, prompting the former to expel him from the household. Vijay marries his childhood sweetheart, Gitanjali, and they move to the United States.<br />
<br />
Eight years later, Vijay returns home with Gitanjali and their two kids after Balbir falls prey to an assassination attempt at a golf club. He reconciles with his father and enlists the help of his second cousins living in their hometown. Vijay recruits Kailash Petkar, a body double who resembles Balbir, but Kailash is eventually killed by Asrar Haque, who is revealed to be involved in the earlier assassination attempt on Balbir. <br />
<br />
Discovering that Varun is involved with the perpetrators, Vijay publicly strangles him to death at a conference while Asrar, who is one of the audience members, watches on. <br />
Vijay and his cousins meet with Freddy, an arms dealer, to receive a machine gun manufactured on Vijay's designs at a hotel. As Asrar and his assailants pounce on the hotel, Vijay takes them down using the gun and eventually kills Asrar but is left severely wounded and hospitalized with a failed urinary system, a damaged sense of hearing, and an urgent need for heart transplantation. Vijay's relationship with Gitanjali deteriorates, and he ultimately receives a successful transplant. Meanwhile, in Scotland, Abrar Haque, Asrar's mute older brother, learns of Asrar's death during his third wedding.<br />
<br />
Vijay is introduced to Zoya, the fiancée of his donor, and they pursue an extramarital affair. After a [[Rolls-Royce Ghost|Rolls Royce]] gifted to her by Vijay explodes, Zoya confesses to Vijay that she was actually sent by Abrar to honey trap him and that Aziz, another younger brother of Abrar, underwent plastic surgery to look like Vijay and subsequently kill Vijay's family while impersonating him. Vijay discloses that he has been aware of her true purpose and reveals that he has played along to discover the mastermind's identity and caused the explosion himself; he then leaves her, asking her to go wherever she wants. Later, Rajdheer reveals that he had banished his younger brother, Shamsher Singh, from his family and business due to his immoral antics; his son, Azim, who had converted from Sikhism to Islam, came to ask for a share in the property but was refused by Balbir. <br />
<br />
A humiliated Shamsher immolated himself, rendering his grandson Abrar, the only witness, mute out of trauma. Vijay realizes that Abrar and his brothers have been trying to exact revenge. Vijay confesses to being involved in an affair with Zoya to Gitanjali, who breaks down and asks for a divorce. The next day, Vijay and his cousins fly to [[Scotland]] in search of Abrar and reach his residence, where one of Abrar's three wives reveals that he will be leaving the country soon. Vijay manages to obstruct Abrar's flight from taking off, and they engage in a sustained fistfight on the runway. <br />
<br />
Angered, Vijay requests Abrar to put aside their differences and be like a family but is brushed off, prompting him to slit his throat. Vijay returns home and while celebrating [[Diwali]] he discovers that Balbir has been suffering from stage four [[acute lymphoblastic leukemia]] and has only a few months to live. Vijay confronts Balbir for being ignorant of his love for him, and Balbir seeks an apology from Vijay for his persistent insensitivity, while Gitanjali prepares to leave him with the kids. However, his son Abhay gets out of the car and embraces him as Gitanjali tearfully watches. <br />
<br />
In a post-credits scene, Aziz Haque now resembles Vijay; Zoya is pregnant, but it is unclear who among Vijay and Aziz is the father of the child. Aziz violently butchers two of Vijay's cousins and proposes marriage to Abrar's third wife, who gave birth to twins.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
* [[Ranbir Kapoor]] as Ranvijay "Vijay" Balbir Singh<br />
**Ahmad Ibn Umar as young Ranvijay<br />
** Kapoor also portrays Aziz Haque in a [[dual role]] (voiced by [[Sandeep Reddy Vanga]])<br />
* [[Anil Kapoor]] as Balbir Singh, Ranvijay's father<br />
**Kapoor also portrays Kailash Petkar, Balbir's body double<br />
* [[Bobby Deol]] as Abrar Haque <br />
** Leon Ung as young Abrar<br />
* [[Rashmika Mandanna]] as Geetanjali Iyengar Singh, Ranvijay's wife<br />
** Diyara Valecha as young Geetanjali<br />
* [[Triptii Dimri]] as Zoya Riaz <br />
* Charu Shankar as Jyoti Singh, Ranvijay's mother<br />
* [[Shakti Kapoor]] as PK Mishra, COO of Swastik Steels Corporation<br />
* [[Prem Chopra]] as Dalbir Dodamal Singh aka "Bade Darji", Ranvijay's granduncle<br />
* [[Babloo Prithiveeraj]] as Asrar Haque; Abrar, Abid and Aziz's first brother<br />
* [[Saurabh Sachdeva]] as Abid Haque, Abrar and Aziz's second brother<br />
* Madhu Raja as Rani Kaur aka "Beeji", Dalbir Singh's wife<br />
* [[Suresh Oberoi]] as Rajdhir Dodamal Singh "Dadaji", Ranvijay's grandfather<br />
* [[Saloni Batra]] as Reet Singh Malhotra, Ranvijay's elder sister<br />
** Neeven Ved as young Reet<br />
* Anshul Chauhan as Roop Singh, Ranvijay's younger sister<br />
** Eva Chibber as young Roop<br />
* [[Siddhant Karnick]] as Varun Pratap Malhotra, Reet's husband and Ranvijay's brother-in-law<br />
* Maganti Srinath as Karthik Iyengar, Geetanjali's brother<br />
* [[Upendra Limaye]] as Freddy Wilfred Patil<br />
* Mathew Varghese as Shreepad Balaji Iyengar, Karthik and Geetanjali's father<br />
* [[Indira Krishnan]] as Motika Iyengar, Karthik and Geetanjali's mother<br />
* Kunal Thakur as Ahaan, Geetanjali's fiancé<br />
* [[Mrinmayee Godbole]] as Dr. Amrita<br />
* Davy Grewal as Sangram Singh, Ranvijay's elder cousin <br />
* [[Vivek Sharma]] as Paali Singh, Ranvijay's younger cousin<br />
* Gagandeep Singh as Sunny Singh, Ranvijay's younger cousin<br />
* K. P. Singh as Vikram Singh, Ranvijay's cousin <br />
* Amanjot Singh as Guru Singh, Ranvijay's elder cousin<br />
* Manjot Singh as Rajbir "Royal" Singh, Ranvijay's younger cousin<br />
* Avdeep Sidhu as Manjot Singh, Ranvijay's younger cousin<br />
* Kamaljeet Rana as Balli Singh, Ranvijay's younger cousin<br />
* Gursewak Singh Mander as Kirpal "KP" Singh, Ranvijay's younger cousin<br />
* Butta Badbar as Butta Singh, Ranvijay's younger cousin<br />
* Shabana Haroon as Niloofar Rahmani Haque, first wife of Abrar Haque<br />
* Safina Shah as Mehrunnisa Baig Haque, second wife of Abrar Haque<br />
* Mansi Taxak as Umm-e-Hani Fareen Haque, third wife of Abrar Haque<br />
* Tannaz Davoodi as Shirin Bahar, singer in the song "Jamal Kudu"<br />
* Avi Rakheja as Gautam, Roop's husband<br />
* Sanvir Sachdeva as Abhay Singh, Geetanjali and Ranvijay's son<br />
* Myreen Grover as Sonali Singh, Geetanjali and Ranvijay's daughter<br />
* Sartaaj Kakkar as Reet's son}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
=== Development ===<br />
In September 2019, it was reported that [[Sandeep Reddy Vanga]] would turn into a producer for his next directional venture in [[Bollywood]]. It was further reported that he would produce the venture along with Murad Khetani, Ashwin Varde, [[Bhushan Kumar]] and [[Krishan Kumar (actor)|Krishan Kumar]] under Cine1 Studios and [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-09-09 |title=Sandeep Reddy to produce his next directorial venture in Hindi? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sandeep-reddy-to-produce-his-next-directorial-venture-in-hindi/articleshow/71047260.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115194118/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sandeep-reddy-to-produce-his-next-directorial-venture-in-hindi/articleshow/71047260.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=2024-01-15 |access-date=2023-12-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> On 10 October, the company's and Vanga's new production banner Bhadrakali Pictures announced their collaboration for Vanga's next directional; marking their second collaboration after ''[[Kabir Singh]]'' (2019).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-10-10 |title=Sandeep Reddy Vanga announces his next with Bhushan Kumar and Murad Khetani |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sandeep-reddy-vanga-announces-his-next-with-bhushan-kumar-and-murad-khetani/articleshow/71516067.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207102821/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sandeep-reddy-vanga-announces-his-next-with-bhushan-kumar-and-murad-khetani/articleshow/71516067.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=2023-12-07 |access-date=2023-12-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In early December, Vanga was reported to have approached [[Ranbir Kapoor]] to play the lead role in the film. ''ETimes'' reported that Kapoor was "keen" to work on the film, however, would finalize it only after hearing the final script, which was still progressing writing.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-12-05 |title=Exclusive! Ranbir Kapoor keen to work with Sandeep Vanga, but 'conditions apply' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/exclusive-ranbir-kapoor-keen-to-work-with-sandeep-vanga-but-conditions-apply/articleshow/72380132.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207102834/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/exclusive-ranbir-kapoor-keen-to-work-with-sandeep-vanga-but-conditions-apply/articleshow/72380132.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=2023-12-07 |access-date=2023-12-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
In June 2020 however, it was reported that Vanga met Kapoor in January and narrated another script, which was reportedly titled ''Devil''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-06-21 |title=Sandeep Reddy Vanga's next 'Devil' with Ranbir Kapoor to be more intense and dark than Shahid Kapoor starrer 'Kabir Singh'? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sandeep-reddy-vangas-next-devil-with-ranbir-kapoor-to-be-more-intense-and-dark-than-shahid-kapoor-starrer-kabir-singh/articleshow/76489941.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207102910/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sandeep-reddy-vangas-next-devil-with-ranbir-kapoor-to-be-more-intense-and-dark-than-shahid-kapoor-starrer-kabir-singh/articleshow/76489941.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=2023-12-07 |access-date=2023-12-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In late December, [[Anil Kapoor]] was reported to be part of the cast.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-12-31 |title=Ranbir Kapoor and Anil Kapoor come together for 'Kabir Singh' director Sandeep Reddy Vanga's next |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ranbir-kapoor-and-anil-kapoor-come-together-for-kabir-singh-director-sandeep-reddy-vangas-next/articleshow/80046440.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423223006/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ranbir-kapoor-and-anil-kapoor-come-together-for-kabir-singh-director-sandeep-reddy-vangas-next/articleshow/80046440.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=2021-04-23 |access-date=2023-12-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> On 1 January 2021, the company's made an official public announcement of the venture, revealing also the title of the film and the crew.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-01-01 |title='Animal' teaser: Ranbir Kapoor teams up with Anil Kapoor, Parineeti Chopra and Bobby Deol for Sandeep Reddy Vanga's crime-drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/animal-teaser-ranbir-kapoor-teams-up-with-anil-kapoor-parineeti-chopra-and-bobby-deol-for-sandeep-reddy-vangas-crime-drama/articleshow/80057351.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101075912/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/animal-teaser-ranbir-kapoor-teams-up-with-anil-kapoor-parineeti-chopra-and-bobby-deol-for-sandeep-reddy-vangas-crime-drama/articleshow/80057351.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=2021-01-01 |access-date=2023-12-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In late April, [[Bobby Deol]] and [[Parineeti Chopra]] were cast, with the former playing lead antagonist role, while the latter plays lead actress role.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-04-23 |title=Exclusive: Here's what Bobby Deol says about working in Kabir Singh director's Animal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/exclusive-heres-what-bobby-deol-says-about-working-in-kabir-singh-directors-animal/articleshow/82209168.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207102751/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/exclusive-heres-what-bobby-deol-says-about-working-in-kabir-singh-directors-animal/articleshow/82209168.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=2023-12-07 |access-date=2023-12-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
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In March 2022, it was reported that [[Rashmika Mandanna]] was to dance in an [[item number]] for the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-13 |title=Is Rashmika in talks for special song in Sandeep Reddy Vanga's 'Animal'? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rashmika-in-talks-for-special-song-in-sandeep-reddy-vangas-animal/articleshow/90183384.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313093754/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rashmika-in-talks-for-special-song-in-sandeep-reddy-vangas-animal/articleshow/90183384.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=2022-03-13 |access-date=2023-12-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The same month, Mandanna had replaced Chopra, as Vanga was not satisfied with the casting of Chopra during photoshoots.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-29 |title=Rashmika Mandanna comes on board for Ranbir Kapoor's 'Animal' after Parineeti Chopra backs out: Report |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rashmika-mandanna-comes-on-board-for-ranbir-kapoors-animal-after-parineeti-chopra-backs-out-report/articleshow/90514169.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710112058/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rashmika-mandanna-comes-on-board-for-ranbir-kapoors-animal-after-parineeti-chopra-backs-out-report/articleshow/90514169.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=2022-07-10 |access-date=2023-12-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> On 2 April, Mandanna's commitments were officially announced.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-02 |title=Rashmika Mandanna joins Ranbir Kapoor's 'Animal' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rashmika-mandanna-joins-ranbir-kapoors-animal/articleshow/90606129.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402091754/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rashmika-mandanna-joins-ranbir-kapoors-animal/articleshow/90606129.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=2022-04-02 |access-date=2023-12-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Mandanna called it "a dream come true."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-06 |title=Rashmika Mandanna opens up about working with Ranbir Kapoor in 'Animal', says it's a dream come true |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rashmika-mandanna-opens-up-about-working-with-ranbir-kapoor-in-animal-says-its-a-dream-come-true/articleshow/90676189.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406033923/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rashmika-mandanna-opens-up-about-working-with-ranbir-kapoor-in-animal-says-its-a-dream-come-true/articleshow/90676189.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=2022-04-06 |access-date=2023-12-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Vanga cited ''[[Kill Bill]]'' as the inspiration for the film's action sequences.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 December 2023 |title=Did you know Sandeep Reddy Vanga took inspiration from THIS film to shoot 'Animal's action scenes? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/did-you-know-sandeep-reddy-vanga-took-inspiration-from-this-film-to-shoot-animals-action-scenes/articleshow/106185364.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214161642/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/did-you-know-sandeep-reddy-vanga-took-inspiration-from-this-film-to-shoot-animals-action-scenes/articleshow/106185364.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=14 February 2024 |access-date=21 December 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Similarly, Kapoor's rockstar look was inspired by [[Michael Jackson]], as reported by hairstylist Aalim Hakim.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2024 |title="Ranbir Kapoor's rockstar look in Animal is inspired by Michael Jackson," reveals hairstylist Aalim Hakim; shares unseen pics and video of look test |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/ranbir-kapoors-rockstar-look-animal-inspired-michael-jackson-reveals-hairstylist-aalim-hakim-shares-unseen-pics-video-look-test/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601105644/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/ranbir-kapoors-rockstar-look-animal-inspired-michael-jackson-reveals-hairstylist-aalim-hakim-shares-unseen-pics-video-look-test/ |archive-date=1 June 2024 |access-date=1 June 2024 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> In 2025, during the pre-release event of ''[[Thandel]]'', Vanga revealed that it was the film's lead actor [[Naga Chaitanya]] whose style of long hair and beard as well as real-life outfits inspired the protagonist's looks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sandeep Reddy Vanga reveals Naga Chaitanya's real-life style inspired Kabir Singh and Animal looks |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/sandeep-reddy-vanga-reveals-naga-chaitanyas-real-life-style-inspired-kabir-singh-and-animal-looks-101738665044229.html |access-date=4 February 2025 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> For the film's interval action sequence, [[Suresh Selvarajan]] spent 4 to 5 months designing a working model of a giant machine gun and creating 15,000 to 16,000 dummy bullets with the assistance of nearly 100 people.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-animals-production-designer-suresh-selvarajan-reveals-process-making-iconic-war-machine-gun-took-almost-4-5-months-make-gun-also-made-15000-160/|title=EXCLUSIVE: Animal's production designer Suresh Selvarajan reveals the process of making the ICONIC war machine gun: “We took almost 4-5 months to make the gun. We also made 15,000-16,000 dummy bullets. Almost 100 people worked quite hard to bring the gun to life”|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=9 December 2023}}</ref><br />
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In July 2025, Vanga revealed that the first cut of the film was 225 minutes long, while the second and his satisfactory cut was 210 minutes long. A week before the release, he came under pressure to further trim the film by some 7 minutes, something he eventually regretted after repeatedly watching the film during its theatrical run.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sandeep-reddy-vanga-reveals-regret-over-trimming-ranbir-kapoor-starrer-animals-runtime-by-7-8-minutes/articleshow/122918760.cms|title=Sandeep Reddy Vanga reveals regret over trimming Ranbir Kapoor starrer Animal's runtime by 7-8 minutes|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 July 2025|access-date=26 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/sandeep-reddy-vanga-regrets-cutting-7-minutes-from-animal-it-was-a-good-cut-but-ws-kl-9465409.html|title=Sandeep Reddy Vanga Regrets Cutting 7 Minutes From Animal: 'It Was A Good Cut But...'|last=Narain|first=Yatamanyu|date=26 July 2025|website=[[CNN-News18]]|access-date=26 July 2025}}</ref><br />
The casting department for the film included [[Haseeb Bajwa]], [[Jitendra Bhosale]], [[Khushaal Pawar]], and [[Vicky Kisan Mourya]], with [[Naila Mughal]] handling the UK and international casting.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/animal_2023_2/cast-and-crew |title=Animal (2023) Cast & Crew |publisher=Rotten Tomatoes |access-date=2026-05-24}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Filming ===<br />
[[Principal photography]] began in [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]] in April 2022.<ref name="manali">{{Cite news |date=22 April 2022 |title=Ranbir Kapoor, Rashmika Mandanna begin filming for Animal in Manali, pose with fans in Himachali caps |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-rashmika-mandanna-begin-filming-for-animal-in-manali-pose-with-fans-in-himachali-caps-see-photos/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103144950/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-rashmika-mandanna-begin-filming-for-animal-in-manali-pose-with-fans-in-himachali-caps-see-photos/ |archive-date=3 January 2023 |access-date=28 January 2023 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=22 April 2022 |title=Ranbir Kapoor back at work a week after his wedding, joins Rashmika Mandanna for 'Animal' shoot in Manali |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/after-wedding-ranbir-kapoor-resumes-work-joins-rashmika-mandanna-for-animal-shoot-in-manali/articleshow/91003341.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708013903/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/after-wedding-ranbir-kapoor-resumes-work-joins-rashmika-mandanna-for-animal-shoot-in-manali/articleshow/91003341.cms |archive-date=8 July 2022 |access-date=28 January 2023 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> The second schedule took place in [[Mumbai]] in May 2022, with filming was held at the [[Pataudi Palace]] in July 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2022 |title=Viral Pics: Ranbir Kapoor, Anil Kapoor Shoot New Film Animal At Pataudi Palace |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/viral-pics-ranbir-kapoor-anil-kapoor-shoot-sandeep-reddy-vangas-animal-at-pataudi-palace-3193752 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101045054/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/viral-pics-ranbir-kapoor-anil-kapoor-shoot-sandeep-reddy-vangas-animal-at-pataudi-palace-3193752 |archive-date=1 January 2023 |access-date=28 January 2023 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref> The next schedules were held in [[Delhi]] and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 August 2022 |title=Rashmika Mandanna shares Ranbir Kapoor's behind-the-scenes pic from Animal sets, he says hi in her signature style |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/rashmika-mandanna-shares-ranbir-kapoor-s-behind-the-scenes-pic-from-animal-sets-101659536532331.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101103327/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/rashmika-mandanna-shares-ranbir-kapoor-s-behind-the-scenes-pic-from-animal-sets-101659536532331.html |archive-date=1 January 2023 |access-date=28 January 2023 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2022 |title=Rashmika Mandanna is currently filming Ranbir Kapoor's 'Animal' in Mumbai |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/rashmika-mandanna-is-currently-filming-ranbir-kapoor-s-animal-in-mumbai-2551149.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227092137/https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/rashmika-mandanna-is-currently-filming-ranbir-kapoor-s-animal-in-mumbai-2551149.html |archive-date=27 December 2022 |access-date=28 January 2023 |website=Zee News}}</ref> Filming resumed in [[England]] and [[Scotland]] in April 2023 with a schedule of 15–20 days.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-20 |title=Ranbir Kapoor and Bobby Deol to fly to London for the final schedule of Animal in April |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-bobby-deol-fly-london-final-schedule-animal-april/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321135824/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-bobby-deol-fly-london-final-schedule-animal-april/ |archive-date=2023-03-21 |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref> Filming was wrapped by July 2023.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=10 July 2023 |title=Ranbir Kapoor grooves to 'Ban Than Chali Bolo' at 'Animal' wrap-up party, video goes viral - WATCH |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ranbir-kapoor-grooves-to-ban-than-chali-bolo-at-animal-wrap-up-party-video-goes-viral-watch/articleshow/101647264.cms |work=Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Music==<br />
{{Main|Animal (soundtrack)}}<br />
<br />
The [[film score]] is composed by [[Harshavardhan Rameshwar]], who scored Reddy's previous films ''[[Arjun Reddy]]'' and its Hindi remake ''[[Kabir Singh]]''. The songs featured in the film are composed by [[Pritam]], [[JAM8]], [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]], [[Jaani (songwriter)|Jaani]], Manan Bhardwaj, Shreyas Puranik, Ashim Kemson, Harshvardhan Rameshwar, Bhupinder Babbal.<ref>{{Citation |title=Animal (Official Teaser): Ranbir Kapoor {{!}}Rashmika M, Anil K, Bobby D {{!}}Sandeep Reddy Vanga {{!}}Bhushan K |date=27 September 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dydmpfo68DA |work=[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] |format=[[YouTube]] |access-date=2023-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928045001/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dydmpfo68DA&gl=US&hl=en |archive-date=2023-09-28 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> Lyrics were written by [[Manoj Muntashir]], [[Raj Shekhar]], [[Siddharth-Garima]], Jaani, [[Manan Bhardwaj]], Ashim Kemson and Bhupinder Babbal.<br />
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The album features eight tracks with four singles—"Hua Main",<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hua Main song: Ranbir Kapoor and Rashmika Mandanna cannot stop kissing |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/hua-main-song-ranbir-kapoor-and-rashmika-mandanna-cannot-stop-kissing-in-this-passionate-number/articleshow/104331763.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012030332/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/hua-main-song-ranbir-kapoor-and-rashmika-mandanna-cannot-stop-kissing-in-this-passionate-number/articleshow/104331763.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=12 October 2023 |access-date=11 October 2023 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> "Satranga",<ref>{{Cite news |title=Arijit Singh and Ranbir Kapoor Join Forces with 'Satranga Re' |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/arijit-singh-and-ranbir-kapoor-join-forces-with-satranga-re-1503235226.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027221626/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/arijit-singh-and-ranbir-kapoor-join-forces-with-satranga-re-1503235226.html |archive-date=27 October 2023 |access-date=27 October 2023 |work=The Statesman}}</ref> "Papa Meri Jaan"<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2023 |title=Animal song Papa Meri Jaan: Ranbir Kapoor and Anil Kapoor's track explores their complex father-son bond |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/animal-song-papa-meri-jaan-ranbir-kapoor-and-anil-kapoors-track-explores-their-complex-father-son-bond-101699937660341.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114094605/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/animal-song-papa-meri-jaan-ranbir-kapoor-and-anil-kapoors-track-explores-their-complex-father-son-bond-101699937660341.html |archive-date=14 November 2023 |access-date=14 November 2023 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> and "Arjan Vailly"<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2023 |title='Arjan Vailly' out: Ranbir's 'Animal' song promises goosebumps-inducing scenes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/story/arjan-vailly-out-ranbirs-animal-song-promises-goosebumps-inducing-scenes-2464597-2023-11-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119171703/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/story/arjan-vailly-out-ranbirs-animal-song-promises-goosebumps-inducing-scenes-2464597-2023-11-18 |archive-date=2023-11-19 |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>—were released before the audio launch. The soundtrack to ''Animal'' was released at a music launch and fan experience event held on 24 November 2023 at [[Mehboob Studio]] in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-25 |title=Ranbir Kapoor makes Bobby Deol crack up as he recreates his iconic dance steps at Animal event. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-makes-bobby-deol-crack-up-as-he-recreates-his-iconic-dance-steps-at-animal-event-watch-101700877225151.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129182245/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-makes-bobby-deol-crack-up-as-he-recreates-his-iconic-dance-steps-at-animal-event-watch-101700877225151.html |archive-date=2023-11-29 |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> A deluxe edition album was released on 15 January 2024, featuring nine additional tracks.<ref>{{Citation |title=ANIMAL (Deluxe Edition Album) |date=2024-01-15 |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/2OvmWeSaHWe4q6Ru4Myo52 |format=[[Spotify]] |access-date=2024-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124102257/https://open.spotify.com/album/2OvmWeSaHWe4q6Ru4Myo52 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Marketing==<br />
The teaser was released on 28 September 2023 coinciding with Kapoor's birthday.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Animal teaser: Ranbir Kapoor-Anil Kapoor share a toxic father-son bond in this Sandeep Reddy Vanga film. |work=The Indian Express |date=2023-09-28 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/animal-teaser-ranbir-kapoor-anil-kapoor-father-son-toxic-bond-sandeep-reddy-vanga-watch-8959575/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127101633/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/animal-teaser-ranbir-kapoor-anil-kapoor-father-son-toxic-bond-sandeep-reddy-vanga-watch-8959575/ |archive-date=2023-11-27 |access-date=2023-11-27}}</ref> Arijit Singh held a concert in [[Chandigarh]] where Ranbir Kapoor joined him to promote film with the song ''Satranga'' on 4 November 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-05 |title=Ranbir Kapoor and Arijit Singh impress fans as they bend down on their knees to greet each other on stage. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-and-arijit-singh-bend-down-on-their-knees-at-chandigarh-concert-101699145348312.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103094006/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-and-arijit-singh-bend-down-on-their-knees-at-chandigarh-concert-101699145348312.html |archive-date=2024-01-03 |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-05 |title=Ranbir Kapoor dances to 'Channa Mereya' at Arijit Singh's concert, bows to the singer. See videos |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-dances-to-channa-mereya-at-arijit-singhs-concert-bows-to-the-singer-see-videos-9013886/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103094007/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-dances-to-channa-mereya-at-arijit-singhs-concert-bows-to-the-singer-see-videos-9013886/ |archive-date=2024-01-03 |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> During the semi-final of [[2023 Cricket World Cup]], Ranbir Kapoor attended the stadium to watch the match and for promotional activities of the film on 15 November 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-15 |title=Ranbir Kapoor cheers for Team India at IND vs NZ semi-final, says 'country would go to any length to protect team'. Watch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-cheering-for-team-india-at-ind-vs-nz-semi-final-world-cup-2023-watch-9027646/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103094015/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-cheering-for-team-india-at-ind-vs-nz-semi-final-world-cup-2023-watch-9027646/ |archive-date=2024-01-03 |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-15 |title=From David Beckham to Ranbir Kapoor: IND vs NZ a star-studded affair |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/from-david-beckham-to-ranbir-kapoor-ind-vs-nz-a-star-studded-affair-101700052159122.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103094006/https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/from-david-beckham-to-ranbir-kapoor-ind-vs-nz-a-star-studded-affair-101700052159122.html |archive-date=2024-01-03 |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The teaser was showcased on [[Burj Khalifa]] on 18 November 2023,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-18 |title='Animal' makers showcase teaser of Ranbir Kapoor's upcoming crime drama at Burj Khalifa |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/animal-makers-showcase-teaser-of-ranbir-kapoors-upcoming-crime-drama-at-burj-khalifa/articleshow/105308001.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103094005/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/animal-makers-showcase-teaser-of-ranbir-kapoors-upcoming-crime-drama-at-burj-khalifa/articleshow/105308001.cms |archive-date=2024-01-03 |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref> they also conducted film promotions at ''Marq Club'' and ''Dubai's Global Village'' on the same day in [[Dubai]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-19 |title=Ranbir Kapoor And Bobby Deol Dance To Animal Song Arjan Vailly. Watch |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/animal-ranbir-kapoor-and-bobby-deol-groove-to-arjan-vailly-in-dubai-4587247 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103094005/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/animal-ranbir-kapoor-and-bobby-deol-groove-to-arjan-vailly-in-dubai-4587247 |archive-date=2024-01-03 |access-date=2024-01-03 |publisher=NDTV |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-18 |title=Animal special teaser takes over Burj Khalifa, leaving Ranbir Kapoor, Bobby Deol awestruck. Watch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/animal-special-teaser-takes-over-burj-khalifa-leaving-ranbir-kapoor-bobby-deol-awestruck-watch-9032067/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103094005/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/animal-special-teaser-takes-over-burj-khalifa-leaving-ranbir-kapoor-bobby-deol-awestruck-watch-9032067/ |archive-date=2024-01-03 |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-19 |title='Animal'stars Ranbir Kapoor and Bobby Deol made a rocking appearance in Dubai with 'Arjan Vailly' song premiere |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/animalstars-ranbir-kapoor-and-bobby-deol-made-a-rocking-appearance-in-dubai-with-arjan-vailly-song-premiere/articleshow/105326505.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103094005/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/animalstars-ranbir-kapoor-and-bobby-deol-made-a-rocking-appearance-in-dubai-with-arjan-vailly-song-premiere/articleshow/105326505.cms |archive-date=2024-01-03 |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The trailer was released on 23 November 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-23 |title=Animal Trailer Review: Alert for the Tsunami arriving soon with Ranbir Kapoor in Sandeep Reddy Vanga's world |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/animal-trailer-review-alert-for-the-tsunami-arriving-soon-with-ranbir-kapoor-in-sandeep-reddy-vangas-world-1260475 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103094005/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/animal-trailer-review-alert-for-the-tsunami-arriving-soon-with-ranbir-kapoor-in-sandeep-reddy-vangas-world-1260475 |archive-date=2024-01-03 |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-23 |title=Animal Trailer: Ranbir Kapoor unleashes his violent side in this Sandeep Reddy Vanga directorial |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/animal-trailer-ranbir-kapoor-unleashes-his-violent-side-in-this-sandeep-reddy-vanga-directorial-13421442.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103094005/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/animal-trailer-ranbir-kapoor-unleashes-his-violent-side-in-this-sandeep-reddy-vanga-directorial-13421442.html |archive-date=2024-01-03 |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-23 |title='Animal' trailer: Ranbir Kapoor embarks on a warpath of revenge |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/animal-trailer-ranbir-kapoor-embarks-on-a-warpath-of-revenge/article67564844.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103094005/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/animal-trailer-ranbir-kapoor-embarks-on-a-warpath-of-revenge/article67564844.ece |archive-date=2024-01-03 |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref> The cast appeared on the ''[[Unstoppable (talk show)|Unstoppable]]'', which premiered on [[aha (streaming service)|Aha]] on 24 November 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-14 |title=Ranbir Kapoor makes dapper appearance on Nandamuri Balakrishna's Unstoppable 3 as he promotes Animal |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/ranbir-kapoor-makes-dapper-appearance-on-nandamuri-balakrishnas-unstoppable-3-as-he-promotes-animal-1258347 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103094006/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/ranbir-kapoor-makes-dapper-appearance-on-nandamuri-balakrishnas-unstoppable-3-as-he-promotes-animal-1258347 |archive-date=2024-01-03 |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-18 |title=Ranbir Kapoor asks Rashmika Mandanna to choose between him and Vijay Deverakonda, does bhangra with Nandamuri Balakrishna. Watch promo |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-asks-rashmika-mandanna-to-choose-between-him-and-vijay-deverakonda-does-bhangra-with-nandamuri-balakrishna-watch-promo-9032106/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103094011/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-asks-rashmika-mandanna-to-choose-between-him-and-vijay-deverakonda-does-bhangra-with-nandamuri-balakrishna-watch-promo-9032106/ |archive-date=2024-01-03 |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> They also appeared on ''[[Indian Idol (Hindi TV series)|Indian Idol]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-25 |title=Indian Idol 14: Animal actor Ranbir Kapoor bestows signed cap to contestant; dances with Rashmika Mandanna |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/indian-idol-14-animal-actor-ranbir-kapoor-bestows-signed-cap-to-contestant-dances-with-rashmika-mandanna-1261142 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103094005/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/indian-idol-14-animal-actor-ranbir-kapoor-bestows-signed-cap-to-contestant-dances-with-rashmika-mandanna-1261142 |archive-date=2024-01-03 |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-27 |title=Ranbir Kapoor touches Indian Idol 14 contestant Menuka Poduel's feet, hugs her. Watch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-touches-indian-idol-14-contestant-menuka-poduels-feet-hugs-her-watch-9044091/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103094013/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-touches-indian-idol-14-contestant-menuka-poduels-feet-hugs-her-watch-9044091/ |archive-date=2024-01-03 |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Before the pre-release event they conducted press conference tours in [[Hyderabad]], [[Chennai]], and [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-27 |title=Sandeep Reddy Vanga interview on 'Animal': Ranbir Kapoor is a great performer, will not let the audience relax for a second |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sandeep-reddy-vanga-interview-on-animal-ranbir-kapoor-is-a-great-performer/article67579510.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103094006/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sandeep-reddy-vanga-interview-on-animal-ranbir-kapoor-is-a-great-performer/article67579510.ece |archive-date=2024-01-03 |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-27 |title=Ranbir Kapoor names Jailer, Leo and Vikram as his top three favourite films of the year: 'It's very inspiring' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-names-jailer-leo-and-vikram-as-his-top-three-favourite-films-of-the-year-its-very-inspiring-9044386/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103094009/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-names-jailer-leo-and-vikram-as-his-top-three-favourite-films-of-the-year-its-very-inspiring-9044386/ |archive-date=2024-01-03 |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-27 |title=Ranbir Kapoor in Defense of Animal's length; discloses initial movie cut |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/videos/entertainment/bollywood-news/ranbir-kapoor-in-defense-of-animals-length-discloses-initial-movie-cut-video-105537560 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103094005/https://www.timesnownews.com/videos/entertainment/bollywood-news/ranbir-kapoor-in-defense-of-animals-length-discloses-initial-movie-cut-video-105537560 |archive-date=2024-01-03 |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> The film held its pre-release event in Hyderabad on 27 November 2023 with [[Mahesh Babu]] and [[S. S. Rajamouli]] as the chief guests.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-28 |title='Animal' pre-release event: Mahesh Babu and SS Rajamouli join Sandeep Reddy Vanga, Ranbir Kapoor, Anil Kapoor, and Rashmika Mandanna in Hyderabad - See photos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/animal-pre-release-event-mahesh-babu-and-ss-rajamouli-join-sandeep-reddy-vanga-ranbir-kapoor-anil-kapoor-and-rashmika-mandanna-in-hyderabad-see-photos/articleshow/105541370.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103094005/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/animal-pre-release-event-mahesh-babu-and-ss-rajamouli-join-sandeep-reddy-vanga-ranbir-kapoor-anil-kapoor-and-rashmika-mandanna-in-hyderabad-see-photos/articleshow/105541370.cms |archive-date=2024-01-03 |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-28 |title=Mahesh Babu: Ranbir Kapoor is the best actor in India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/mahesh-babu-ranbir-kapoor-is-the-best-actor-in-india/articleshow/105554810.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103094006/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/mahesh-babu-ranbir-kapoor-is-the-best-actor-in-india/articleshow/105554810.cms |archive-date=2024-01-03 |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-28 |title=Animal Pre-Release Event: SS Rajamouli praises Ranbir Kapoor; calls actor his 'favorite' |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/animal-pre-release-event-ss-rajamouli-praises-ranbir-kapoor-calls-actor-his-favorite-1261547 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103094006/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/animal-pre-release-event-ss-rajamouli-praises-ranbir-kapoor-calls-actor-his-favorite-1261547 |archive-date=2024-01-03 |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
===Theatrical===<br />
''Animal'' was initially set for an 11 August 2023 release, but was postponed due to post-production and dubbing work, as well as to avoid clashing with ''[[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|Jailer]]'', ''[[Gadar 2]]'' and ''[[OMG 2|Oh My God 2]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-01 |title=Ranbir Kapoor, Bhushan Kumar and Sandeep Reddy's Animal to release on August 11 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ranbir-kapoor-starrer-animal-to-hit-the-theatres-on-august-11-2023/articleshow/87799422.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101112302/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ranbir-kapoor-starrer-animal-to-hit-the-theatres-on-august-11-2023/articleshow/87799422.cms |archive-date=2023-01-01 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> It was theatrically released on 1 December 2023 in standard and [[IMAX]] formats in [[Hindi]] with dubbed versions in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Malayalam]] and [[Kannada]] languages.<ref name="rd">{{Cite web |date=July 2023 |title=SCOOP: VFX causes a delay for Ranbir Kapoor and Sandeep Reddy Vanga's Animal; now set to release in December |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/scoop-vfx-causes-delay-ranbir-kapoor-sandeep-reddy-vangas-animal-now-set-release-december/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701114127/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/scoop-vfx-causes-delay-ranbir-kapoor-sandeep-reddy-vangas-animal-now-set-release-december/ |archive-date=1 July 2023 |access-date=1 July 2023 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> The film was released across 4000 screens in India, the screen count was impacted due to the clash with ''[[Sam Bahadur (film)|Sam Bahadur]]'' which was releasing on the same day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-29 |title=Animal Box Office Preview: Ranbir Kapoor starrer run time, screen count, advance booking and opening day |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/animal-box-office-preview-ranbir-kapoor-starrer-run-time-screen-count-advance-booking-and-opening-day-1261988 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230223121/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/animal-box-office-preview-ranbir-kapoor-starrer-run-time-screen-count-advance-booking-and-opening-day-1261988 |archive-date=2023-12-30 |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The film had planned to premiere in North America on 30 November 2023, a day before its release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2023 |title=Ranbir Kapoor's Animal to get a wider release than Brahmastra in USA- Exclusive |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ranbir-kapoors-animal-to-get-a-wider-release-than-brahmastra-in-usa-exclusive/articleshow/104999742.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117153907/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ranbir-kapoors-animal-to-get-a-wider-release-than-brahmastra-in-usa-exclusive/articleshow/104999742.cms |archive-date=17 November 2023 |access-date=7 November 2023 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> In the United States, it will be screened in 888 theaters, marking the highest number for a Hindi film, surpassing the screen count of ''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]'' (2022) and ''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2023 |title=Ranbir Kapoor starrer Animal to release in over 888 screens in USA, surpassing Jawan and Brahmastra |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-starrer-animal-release-888-screens-usa-surpassing-jawan-brahmastra/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108021353/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-starrer-animal-release-888-screens-usa-surpassing-jawan-brahmastra/ |archive-date=8 November 2023 |access-date=8 November 2023 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2023 |title=Animal: Ranbir Kapoor's film gets a wider release than Shah Rukh Khan's 'Jawan' in North America, blocks 888 screens |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/animal-ranbir-kapoors-film-gets-a-wider-release-than-shah-rukh-khans-jawan-in-north-america-blocks-888-screens-13359962.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109013231/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/animal-ranbir-kapoors-film-gets-a-wider-release-than-shah-rukh-khans-jawan-in-north-america-blocks-888-screens-13359962.html |archive-date=9 November 2023 |access-date=9 November 2023 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
''Animal'' received an [[A certificate|A (adults only) certificate]] from the [[Central Board of Film Certification]], a day prior to its trailer release, for [[Violence in film|strong bloody violence]], [[profanity]] and some [[Sexuality in art|sexuality]].<ref name="BHR"/><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-23 |title=Ranbir Kapoor's 'Animal' cleared by CBFC with 'A' certificate; director Sandeep Reddy Vanga confirms film's 3-hour runtime |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ranbir-kapoors-animal-cleared-by-cbfc-with-a-certificate-director-sandeep-reddy-vanga-confirms-films-3-hour-runtime/articleshow/105436235.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124132148/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ranbir-kapoors-animal-cleared-by-cbfc-with-a-certificate-director-sandeep-reddy-vanga-confirms-films-3-hour-runtime/articleshow/105436235.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=2023-11-24 |access-date=2023-11-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It was classified [[18 (British Board of Film Classification)|18]] by the [[British Board of Film Classification]] for the same reason.<ref name="BBFC">{{Cite web |date=25 November 2023 |title=''Animal'' (18) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/animal-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde2otuz |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125083307/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/animal-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde2otuz |archive-date=25 November 2023 |access-date=25 November 2023 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |quote=This dark Hindi language action drama charts a man's relentless pursuit of twisted revenge at all costs.}}</ref><br />
<br />
Passed with an [[Eirin#Current ratings sets|R15+ rating]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ticket.moviewalker.jp/film/091725?from=official|title=ANIMAL ムビチケ前売券（電子チケット） - MOVIE WALKER STORE ムビチケ・映画グッズのECサイト|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260119104516/https://ticket.moviewalker.jp/film/091725?from=official|archive-date=19 January 2026|website=Movie Walker Store}}</ref> the film was released in Japan on 13 February 2026.<ref name="GeekPictures(2025-12-24)">{{cite web|url=https://geekpictures.co.jp/en/topics/geek-pictures-announces-japanese-release-of-animal-on-february-13-2026-poster-visual-and-scene-stills-unveiled/|title=GEEK PICTURES Announces Japanese Release of ANIMAL on February 13, 2026 — Poster Visual and Scene Stills Unveiled|website=[[Geek Pictures]]|date=24 December 2025|access-date=24 December 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251225052541/https://geekpictures.co.jp/en/topics/geek-pictures-announces-japanese-release-of-animal-on-february-13-2026-poster-visual-and-scene-stills-unveiled/|archive-date=25 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/ranbir-kapoor-animal-gears-up-for-japan-release-in-2026-check-date-2840962-2025-12-24|title=Ranbir Kapoor's Animal gears up for Japan release in 2026. Check date|website=[[India Today]]|date=24 December 2025|access-date=24 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://animal-movie.jp/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251224094804/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://animal-movie.jp/|title=2026年1月16日（金）公開『ANIMAL』公式サイト|work=animal-movie.jp|archive-date=24 December 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Distribution===<br />
[[AA Films]] acquired the theatrical rights of the film to distribute in [[North India]] and overseas. [[Sri Venkateswara Creations]] acquired the distribution rights for [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]]. E4 Entertainment and AP International acquired distribution rights for [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]]. [[KVN Productions]] acquired distribution rights for [[Karnataka]]. Moksha Movies, Nirvana Cinemas and Prathyangira Cinemas acquired theatrical distribution rights for North America. Lax Cinema acquired the theatrical distribution rights for the Netherlands.<ref>Official handle of the film, T-series and Rashmika Mandanna have tagged the official handles of the distributors. {{Cite tweet |number=1730428999539556831 |user=AnimalTheFilm |title=#Animal is all yours now🪓🔥 Book Your Tickets 🎟️ |author=Animal The Film}}{{Cite tweet |user=Tseries |author =T-Series |number=1728292167326880082 |title=#Animal Album Out Now ❤️🔥🎶}}{{Cite tweet |user=iamRashmika |author =Rashmika Mandanna |number=1728427171486781506 |title=@AnimalTheFilm @AnilKapoor #RanbirKapoor @thedeol @tripti_dimri23 @imvangasandeep #BhushanKumar @VangaPranay @MuradKhetani #KrishanKumar #BablooPrithiveeraj @anilandbhanu @VangaPictures @Cine1Studios @TSeries @tseriessouth @rameemusic @cowvala #ShivChanana @neerajkalyan_24 @supremesundar @sureshsrajan @bookmyshow @PaytmTickets @AAFilmsIndia @SVC_official @NirvanaCinemas @KvnProductions @APIfilms @e4emovies}}</ref> The film's distributor in Japan is [[Geek Pictures]].<ref name="GeekPictures(2025-12-24)" /><br />
<br />
===Home media===<br />
The [[Streaming media|digital streaming rights]] of ''Animal'' were acquired by [[Netflix]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/ranbir-kapoor-animal-rashmika-mandanna-sandeep-reddy-vanga-2470001-2023-12-01|title=Ranbir Kapoor's 'Animal' to stream on this OTT platform|last=Rao|first=Anisha|work=India Today|date=2023-12-24|accessdate=2025-12-13}}</ref> The film was premiered on Netflix from 26 January 2024. While Vanga initially stated that it would have an additional 8 minutes of footage,<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2024 |title=When Is Ranbir Kapoor's Animal Releasing On Netflix? |url=https://www.thestreambible.com/netflix/ranbir-kapoor-animal-netflix/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123174233/https://www.thestreambible.com/netflix/ranbir-kapoor-animal-netflix/ |archive-date=23 January 2024 |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=The StreamBible}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-20 |title=Confirmed! Ranbir Kapoor's 'Animal' to release on OTT with extended cut |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/confirmed-ranbir-kapoors-animal-to-release-on-ott-with-extended-cut/articleshow/106971398.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120033840/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/confirmed-ranbir-kapoors-animal-to-release-on-ott-with-extended-cut/articleshow/106971398.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=20 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> it was later announced that Netflix would stream the theatrical cut with no additional scenes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2024 |title=BREAKING! Animal to release on Netflix on January 26 with theatrical cut; no new scenes added |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-animal-release-netflix-january-26-theatrical-cut-no-new-scenes-added/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123154554/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-animal-release-netflix-january-26-theatrical-cut-no-new-scenes-added/ |archive-date=23 January 2024 |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> An English dub, with actor [[Nakuul Mehta]] lending his voice to Ranbir Kapoor's character, and actress [[Samridhii Shukla]] lending her voice to Triptii Dimri's character; began streaming on 8 February 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 February 2024 |title=Nakuul Mehta is Ranbir Kapoor's voice in Bollywood film Animal; shares video of the English dubbed version |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/nakuul-mehta-is-ranbir-kapoors-voice-in-bollywood-film-animal-shares-video-of-the-english-dubbed-version/articleshow/107556704.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209125539/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/nakuul-mehta-is-ranbir-kapoors-voice-in-bollywood-film-animal-shares-video-of-the-english-dubbed-version/articleshow/107556704.cms |archive-date=9 February 2024 |access-date=9 February 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
On [[Netflix]], ''Animal'' became one of the most watched films with 11.7 million viewership in first two weeks, surpassing films ''[[Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire]]'' and ''[[Dunki (film)|Dunki]]''.<ref name="bolly" /> ''Animal'' ranked in the top 10 in six countries in the first week, 17 countries in the second, and continued to maintain the ranking in the following weeks in nine countries.<ref name="bolly">{{Cite web |date=7 March 2024 |title=Animal, with 11.7 Million viewership in the first two weeks, surpasses Salaar and Dunki |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/animal-11-7-million-viewership-first-two-weeks-surpasses-salaar-dunki/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309143817/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/animal-11-7-million-viewership-first-two-weeks-surpasses-salaar-dunki/ |archive-date=9 March 2024 |access-date=9 March 2024 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
===Box office===<br />
''Animal'' broke several box-office records for a Hindi film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-09 |title=Controversial Bollywood Blockbuster 'Animal' Eyes Massive Global Box Office |url=https://collider.com/animal-global-box-office-70-million/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115194118/https://collider.com/animal-global-box-office-70-million/ |archive-date=2024-01-15 |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=Collider |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-04 |title=Animal movie box office collection: RK vs SRK! Ranbir Kapoor's film shatters Shah Rukh Khan's Jawan's opening weekend collection |url=https://www.etnownews.com/news/animal-movie-box-office-collection-rk-vs-srk-ranbir-kapoors-film-shatters-shah-rukh-khans-jawans-opening-weekend-collection-article-105719568 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230235850/https://www.etnownews.com/news/animal-movie-box-office-collection-rk-vs-srk-ranbir-kapoors-film-shatters-shah-rukh-khans-jawans-opening-weekend-collection-article-105719568 |archive-date=2023-12-30 |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=[[ET Now]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-05 |title=All the Records Ranbir Kapoor's 'Animal' Has Broken at the Box Office So Far |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/all-the-records-ranbir-kapoors-animal-has-broken-at-the-box-office-so-far#read-more |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230235850/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/all-the-records-ranbir-kapoors-animal-has-broken-at-the-box-office-so-far#read-more |archive-date=2023-12-30 |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=The Quint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bollywood Top Grossers Worldwide |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/all-time/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128100840/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/all-time/ |archive-date=2023-01-28 |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref> The film had the fourth-biggest advance booking in Hindi cinema, and the third-highest for 2023 after ''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]'' and ''[[Pathaan (film)|Pathaan]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2023 |title=All Time Top Advances - Animal Fourth |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=8151 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202225443/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=8151 |archive-date=2 December 2023 |access-date=1 December 2023 |publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref> On its opening day, the film collected a total India net of {{INRConvert|63.8|c}} second highest after ''Jawan'', worldwide gross of {{INRConvert|116|c}} including overseas gross of US$5.5 million (₹46 crore).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-02 |title=Animal box office: 7 records created by Ranbir Kapoor-Rashmika Mandanna starrer on its opening day |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/animal-box-office-7-records-created-by-ranbir-kapoor-rashmika-mandanna-starrer-on-its-opening-day-13455372.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230165411/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/animal-box-office-7-records-created-by-ranbir-kapoor-rashmika-mandanna-starrer-on-its-opening-day-13455372.html |archive-date=2023-12-30 |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-02 |title=Animal Box Office: Is 2nd biggest opener ever in history, 4 releases from 2023 in the Top-10 list |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/animal-box-office-2nd-biggest-opener-ever-history-4-releases-2023-top-10-list/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202114752/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/animal-box-office-2nd-biggest-opener-ever-history-4-releases-2023-top-10-list/ |archive-date=2023-12-02 |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref> Eventually it became the highest non-holiday opening of all time for a Hindi film breaking the previous record held by Ranbir Kapoor's ''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-02 |title=Five records broken by Ranbir Kapoor's 'Animal' on Day 1 at box office |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/five-records-broken-by-ranbir-kapoors-animal-on-day-1-at-box-office-2470224-2023-12-02 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230165411/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/five-records-broken-by-ranbir-kapoors-animal-on-day-1-at-box-office-2470224-2023-12-02 |archive-date=2023-12-30 |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> On its second day, netted over ₹67 crore and over ₹70 crore on third day in India for a three days total net collection of ₹201 crore and became one of the fastest Hindi film to achieve this after ''Jawan'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-04 |title=Animal Box Office: Ranbir Kapoor starrer collects Rs. 201.76 cr on opening weekend; emerges as third all-time highest opening weekend grosser |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/animal-box-office-ranbir-kapoor-starrer-collects-rs-201-76-cr-opening-weekend-emerges-third-time-highest-opening-weekend-grosser/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230213415/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/animal-box-office-ranbir-kapoor-starrer-collects-rs-201-76-cr-opening-weekend-emerges-third-time-highest-opening-weekend-grosser/ |archive-date=2023-12-30 |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-05 |title=Animal box office collection day 3: Ranbir Kapoor film earns Rs 360 cr worldwide gross, demolishes this Shah Rukh Khan record |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/animal-box-office-collection-day-3-ranbir-kapoor-film-worldwide-gross-demolishes-this-shah-rukh-khan-record-9053366/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230213415/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/animal-box-office-collection-day-3-ranbir-kapoor-film-worldwide-gross-demolishes-this-shah-rukh-khan-record-9053366/ |archive-date=2023-12-30 |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> making it third top opening weekend for Hindi films.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Opening Weekend |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/all-time-top-opening-weekend/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811001347/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/all-time-top-opening-weekend/ |archive-date=2023-08-11 |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> Worldwide it earned over {{INRConvert|100|c}} for three consecutive days during its opening weekend, for a total worldwide weekend gross collection of ₹356 crore (US$42.1 million).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-04 |title=Animal box office collection: Ranbir Kapoor's film makes Rs 356 cr worldwide in 3 days! |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/box-office/story/animal-box-office-collection-ranbir-kapoors-film-makes-rs-356-cr-worldwide-in-3-days-408085-2023-12-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230213415/https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/box-office/story/animal-box-office-collection-ranbir-kapoors-film-makes-rs-356-cr-worldwide-in-3-days-408085-2023-12-04 |archive-date=2023-12-30 |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> It had one of the highest Hindi net collection on its first Monday and Tuesday.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-05 |title=Ranbir Kapoor starrer Animal gives the biggest Monday of all time, conquers by collecting Rs 40.06 crores |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/entertainment-ranbir-kapoor-starrer-animal-gives-the-biggest-monday-of-all-time-conquers-by-collecting-rs-40-06-crores-3328686/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231034349/https://www.financialexpress.com/life/entertainment-ranbir-kapoor-starrer-animal-gives-the-biggest-monday-of-all-time-conquers-by-collecting-rs-40-06-crores-3328686/ |archive-date=2023-12-31 |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-06 |title=Ranbir Kapoor starrer Animal beats Jawan, Pathaan & Baahubali 2 to become 2nd highest first Tuesday grosser of all-time |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ranbir-kapoor-starrer-animal-beats-jawan-pathaan-baahubali-2-to-become-2nd-highest-first-tuesday-grosser-of-all-time-box-office-13470692.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231032847/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ranbir-kapoor-starrer-animal-beats-jawan-pathaan-baahubali-2-to-become-2nd-highest-first-tuesday-grosser-of-all-time-box-office-13470692.html |archive-date=2023-12-31 |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref> In the first week it earned a total worldwide gross collection of {{INRConvert|563|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-08 |title=Animal box office collection day 7: Ranbir Kapoor's blockbuster passes Rs 563 crore worldwide, is just Rs 4 crore short of Sanju record |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/animal-box-office-collection-day-7-ranbir-kapoor-550-crore-9059264/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231032849/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/animal-box-office-collection-day-7-ranbir-kapoor-550-crore-9059264/ |archive-date=2023-12-31 |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> On its 8th day, the film surpassed the lifetime worldwide collection of ''[[Sanju]]'' (2018) and becomes the highest-grossing film of [[Ranbir Kapoor filmography|Kapoor's career]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-09 |title=Animal box office collection day 8: Ranbir Kapoor breaks his own record, Sandeep Reddy Vanga's blockbuster passes Rs 600 crore worldwide |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/animal-box-office-collection-day-8-ranbir-kapoor-blockbuster-rs-600-crore-worldwide-9060786/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231032847/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/animal-box-office-collection-day-8-ranbir-kapoor-blockbuster-rs-600-crore-worldwide-9060786/ |archive-date=2023-12-31 |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> On its 17th day, the film reached ₹500 crore net collection across all languages in India and on the same day the film crosses 3 crore footfalls in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-18 |title=Animal box office collection day 17: Ranbir Kapoor's film enters ₹500 crore in India |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/animal-box-office-collection-day-17-ranbir-kapoor-film-enters-rs-500-crore-in-india-101702827677387.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231032849/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/animal-box-office-collection-day-17-ranbir-kapoor-film-enters-rs-500-crore-in-india-101702827677387.html |archive-date=2023-12-31 |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-18 |title=Animal Box Office Collection Day 17: Ranbir Kapoor's Film Enters The Rupees 500 Crore Club |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/animal-box-office-collection-day-17-ranbir-kapoor-s-film-enters-500-crore-club-4694777 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231032847/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/animal-box-office-collection-day-17-ranbir-kapoor-s-film-enters-500-crore-club-4694777 |archive-date=2023-12-31 |access-date=2023-12-31 |publisher=NDTV |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranbir Kapoor Box Office: India Box Office – Footfalls |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrity/ranbir-kapoor/box-office/footfalls |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231032851/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrity/ranbir-kapoor/box-office/footfalls/ |archive-date=2023-12-31 |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref> On its 35th day, the film reached ₹500 crore net in Hindi and ₹550 crore across all languages in India, eventually it became the [[List of highest domestic net collection of Hindi films#Domestic net figures|second-highest net grossing Hindi film in India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-06 |title=Animal Box Office: Ranbir Kapoor starrer crosses Rs. 550 crores at the India box office |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/animal-box-office-ranbir-kapoor-starrer-crosses-rs-550-crores-india-box-office/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108213148/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/animal-box-office-ranbir-kapoor-starrer-crosses-rs-550-crores-india-box-office/ |archive-date=2024-01-08 |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref> [[Box Office India]] declared the film an ''All Time Blockbuster''.<ref name="atbb">{{Cite web |title=Animal Is Another ALL TIME BLOCKBUSTER |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=8181 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231043745/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=8181 |archive-date=2023-12-31 |access-date=2023-12-31 |publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref><br />
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In the United States, the film was released alongside ''[[Renaissance: A Film by Beyoncé]]'', ''[[Silent Night (2023 film)|Silent Night]]'', ''[[Godzilla Minus One]]'', and ''[[The Shift (2023 film)|The Shift]]'', and made [[Dollar sign|$]]6.1 million from 888 theatres in its opening weekend, finishing in seventh place, behind the second weekend totals of ''[[Wish (film)|Wish]]'' and ''[[Napoleon (2023 film)|Napoleon]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Renaissance: A Film By Beyoncé' $22M Opening Irreplaceable For Sleepy Early December Weekend; Fuels $95M+ Frame Best Post 2018 – Update |url=https://deadline.com/2023/12/box-office-renaissance-a-film-by-beyonce-godzilla-minus-one-hunger-games-1235647651 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202230447/https://deadline.com/2023/12/box-office-renaissance-a-film-by-beyonce-godzilla-minus-one-hunger-games-1235647651/ |archive-date=2 December 2023 |access-date=3 December 2023 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |language=en}}</ref> Worldwide, it emerged as the No. 1 film on its opening weekend with the total of $42.1 million including the $13.88 million of international markets, surpassing all the films globally.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Box Office: Ranbir Kapoor's 'Animal' Is Worldwide Top Film, Ahead of 'Napoleon,' 'Hunger Games' |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/global/ranbir-kapoor-animal-napoleon-hunger-games-box-office-1235820070/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204014632/https://variety.com/2023/film/global/ranbir-kapoor-animal-napoleon-hunger-games-box-office-1235820070/ |archive-date=4 December 2023 |access-date=3 December 2023 |website=Variety |language=en}}</ref> In its first week the film earned over $19.2 million from international markets.{{efn|name="animal"}}<br />
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The film has grossed over {{INRConvert|662.33|c}} in India and {{INRConvert|255.49|c}} in overseas for a worldwide gross collection ranging between {{INRConvert|917.82|c}}.{{efn|name="animal"}} As of December 2025, it is the fourth highest-grossing Bollywood action film of all time as per [[Box Office India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Top India Action Grossers All Time|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/genre.php?genre=action|publisher=[[Box Office India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250615032007/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/genre.php?genre=action|archive-date=15 June 2025|access-date=1 December 2025}}</ref><br />
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===Critical response ===<br />
''Animal'' received mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Agarwal |first=Mehak |date=6 December 2023 |title='Animal' box office collection day 5: Ranbir Kapoor's film cruising towards Rs 300 crore in India |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/box-office/story/animal-box-office-collection-day-5-ranbir-kapoors-film-cruising-towards-rs-300-crore-in-india-408347-2023-12-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219172709/https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/box-office/story/animal-box-office-collection-day-5-ranbir-kapoors-film-cruising-towards-rs-300-crore-in-india-408347-2023-12-06 |archive-date=19 February 2025 |access-date=19 February 2025 |work=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |quote=Ranbir Kapoor's latest film Animal had opened to mixed reviews from critics and moviegoers at the box office. While some appreciated Ranbir Kapoor's performance as Ranvijay Singh Balbir, others found the film problematic on multiple counts.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Joshi |first=Poorva |date=15 December 2023 |title='Animal' glorifies violence, misogyny. Is its success a stamp of approval? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/standpoint/story/animal-violence-misogyny-ranbir-kapoor-anil-kapoor-rashmika-mandanna-box-office-collection-2474838-2023-12-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122101523/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/standpoint/story/animal-violence-misogyny-ranbir-kapoor-anil-kapoor-rashmika-mandanna-box-office-collection-2474838-2023-12-15 |archive-date=22 January 2025 |access-date=19 February 2025 |work=[[India Today]] |quote='Animal' received mixed reviews.}}</ref> {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=30|count=27|average=4.4|consensus=Overlong, overly violent, and thinly written, ''Animal'' goes wildly over the top to little avail.|ref=yes |access-date=December 14, 2023}} {{MC film|33|4|ref=yes|access-date=January 4, 2024}}<br />
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Awarding the film 4.5/5 stars, ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' praised "Ranbir Kapoor’s outstanding performance, clap-worthy massy scenes, and interval block."<ref name="bollywoodhungama.com" /> [[Sukanya Verma]] of ''[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]'' gave 4/5 stars and wrote "''Animal'' is relentless as a euphoric medley of feral rage and dance of the dysfunctional. The twists go on well until end credits as more blood is splattered our way."<ref name="Verma" /> Ganesh Aaglave of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote, "''Animal'' is an adrenaline experience which will have polarising views but you can't deny its entertaining quotient, breathtaking performances and storytelling."<ref name="firstpost.com" /> Puja Awasthi of ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "''Animal'' for all its blood and gore, is the story of a son’s aching desire for his father’s approval. Why even its ballads are less romantic, more revenge. And its female characters for all their luminosity, are just props."<ref name="theweek.in" /><br />
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Monika Rawal Kukreja of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' found it "an absolute massy, entertaining and extremely violent thriller which doesn't believe in conforming to the norms", while adding that the extreme violence might be off-putting for some.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-01 |last=Kukreja |first=Monika Rawal |title=Animal movie review: Ranbir Kapoor's action tale is flawed, overtly violent and misogynist; yet it entertains |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/animal-movie-review-ranbir-kapoors-action-tale-is-flawed-overtly-violent-and-misogynist-yet-it-entertains-101701415512247.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201115617/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/animal-movie-review-ranbir-kapoors-action-tale-is-flawed-overtly-violent-and-misogynist-yet-it-entertains-101701415512247.html |archive-date=2023-12-01 |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Titas Chowdhury of ''[[News18]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars, labelled it "dark, loud and garish but also unapologetic", and thought that Ranbir Kapoor "breathes life into this undesirable character with a lot of charisma and swag".<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2023 |title=Animal Review: Ranbir Kapoor, Bobby Deol Hit It Out Of The Park With This Violent Revenge Saga |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/animal-review-ranbir-kapoor-bobby-deol-hit-it-out-of-the-park-with-sandeep-reddy-vanga-movie-8684337.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202225414/https://www.news18.com/movies/animal-review-ranbir-kapoor-bobby-deol-hit-it-out-of-the-park-with-sandeep-reddy-vanga-movie-8684337.html |archive-date=2023-12-02 |access-date=2023-12-01 |last=Chowdhury |first=Titas |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> Abhimanyu Mathur of ''[[DNA India]]'' rated the film 3.5/5 and opined, "''Animal'' takes everything that was problematic and increases it several notches. It is downright the most violent Hindi film I have seen, and also one of the most inherently toxic. The amazing part is that it is still very well made and entertaining, enhanced further by yet another great performance from Kapoor."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Animal review: Sandeep Reddy Vanga serves toxicity, misogyny in violent yet entertaining film, elevated by Ranbir Kapoor |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-animal-review-sandeep-reddy-vanga-ranbir-kapoor-serve-toxicity-violent-entertaining-film-rashmika-anil-bobby-3070244/amp |last=Mathur |first=Abhimanyu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201173728/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-animal-review-sandeep-reddy-vanga-ranbir-kapoor-serve-toxicity-violent-entertaining-film-rashmika-anil-bobby-3070244/amp |archive-date=1 December 2023 |access-date=1 December 2023 |website=[[DNA India]]}}</ref><br />
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Conversely, Renuka Vyavahare of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and termed the film "all swag and no substance derailed family drama"; she was critical of "Vanga's take on women or violence" but praised Ranbir's "raw sex appeal and unmatched intensity".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vyavahare |first=Renuka |date=2023-12-01 |title=Animal Movie Review: Ranbir Kapoor Aces Deranged Character In This Derailed Family Drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/animal/movie-review/105651233.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207102838/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/animal/movie-review/105651233.cms |archive-date=2023-12-07 |access-date=2023-12-01 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> ''[[India Today]]''{{'}}s Anvita Singh gave 2/5 stars and wrote "Ranbir Kapoor is stellar in problematic, paper-thin film."<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2023 |last=Singh |first=Anvita |title=Animal' Movie Review: Ranbir Kapoor is stellar in problematic, paper-thin film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/animal-movie-review-ranbir-kapoor-is-stellar-in-problematic-paper-thin-film-2469885-2023-12-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201140448/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/animal-movie-review-ranbir-kapoor-is-stellar-in-problematic-paper-thin-film-2469885-2023-12-01 |archive-date=1 December 2023 |access-date=1 December 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' wrote "Ranbir is on fire, inhabiting to a frightening degree Vijay's delusional personal war. Reptile-eyed even at his smoldering best, Kapoor's career-best performance makes ''Animal'' tough to stomach, but equally difficult to ignore."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=2023-12-01 |title='Animal' review: Hard to stomach – but equally hard to ignore |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1059750/animal-review-hard-to-stomach-but-equally-hard-to-ignore |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201135800/https://scroll.in/reel/1059750/animal-review-hard-to-stomach-but-equally-hard-to-ignore |archive-date=1 December 2023 |access-date=1 December 2023 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref><br />
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In a negative review, [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' expressed disappointment that the performances of Ranbir and Anil Kapoor had been "wasted in this pointless, vile tale."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shubhra |first=Gupta |date=1 December 2023 |title=Animal movie review: Ranbir Kapoor, Anil Kapoor wasted in this pointless, vile tale |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/animal-movie-review-ranbir-kapoor-anil-kapoor-wasted-pointless-tale-sandeep-reddy-vanga-9049874/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201083546/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/animal-movie-review-ranbir-kapoor-anil-kapoor-wasted-pointless-tale-sandeep-reddy-vanga-9049874/ |archive-date=1 December 2023 |access-date=1 December 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> She later named it the worst film of 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |date=28 December 2023 |title=The Worst Films of 2023: Animal, Adipurush and Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan feature in Shubhra Gupta's list |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/worst-films-of-2023-animal-adipurush-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-salman-khan-9069498/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220064148/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/worst-films-of-2023-animal-adipurush-kisi-ka-bhai-kisi-ki-jaan-salman-khan-9069498/ |archive-date=20 February 2025 |access-date=20 February 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |quote=When I started thinking of the worst films of the year, Sandeep Reddy Vanga’s Animal won hands down.}}</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of [[NDTV]] gave 1.5/5 stars and wrote "The sickeningly violent father-son action drama rarely pauses for breath."<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2023 |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |title=Animal Review: Ranbir Kapoor Delivers Powerful Performance In Off-Putting And Tiresome Film |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/animal-review-ranbir-kapoor-delivers-powerful-performance-in-off-putting-and-tiresome-film-1-5-stars-4624041 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201102812/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/animal-review-ranbir-kapoor-delivers-powerful-performance-in-off-putting-and-tiresome-film-1-5-stars-4624041 |archive-date=1 December 2023 |access-date=1 December 2023 |website=NDTV.in}}</ref> Sowmya Rajendran of ''[[The News Minute]]'' gave 1.5/5 stars and wrote: "Sandeep Reddy Vanga's film has the kind of writing you'll find in BDSM erotica like ''[[Fifty Shades of Grey]]'', but presented with the same earnestness of 'pure love' that we saw in ''[[Arjun Reddy]]''."<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2023 |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |title=Animal review: An overlong, tedious circus of low-IQ alpha males |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/animal-review-an-overlong-tedious-circus-of-low-iq-alpha-males |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202225413/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/animal-review-an-overlong-tedious-circus-of-low-iq-alpha-males |archive-date=2 December 2023 |access-date=1 December 2023 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> Pranati A S of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' gave 1/5 stars and wrote "If you thought ''Arjun Reddy'' was toxic, then ''Animal'' will rattle your cage."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pranati |first=A.S |date=2 December 2023 |title=Animal movie review: Another toxic film from Sandeep Reddy Vanga's 'alpha male' franchise |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/animal-movie-review-another-toxic-film-from-sandeep-reddy-vangas-alpha-male-franchise-2793647/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202002733/http://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/animal-movie-review-another-toxic-film-from-sandeep-reddy-vangas-alpha-male-franchise-2793647 |archive-date=2 December 2023 |access-date=2 December 2023 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref><br />
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===Industry reception===<br />
Amid the controversial reception about alleged glorification of violence, the film was defended by some filmmakers such as [[Ram Gopal Varma]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2024 |title=Ram Gopal Varma continues DEFENDING Animal, calls Ranbir Kapoor starrer "least expensive film": "Sandeep Reddy Vanga proved them wrong" |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/ram-gopal-varma-continues-defending-animal-calls-ranbir-kapoor-starrer-least-expensive-film-sandeep-reddy-vanga-proved-wrong/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807104229/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/ram-gopal-varma-continues-defending-animal-calls-ranbir-kapoor-starrer-least-expensive-film-sandeep-reddy-vanga-proved-wrong/ |archive-date=7 August 2024 |access-date=7 August 2024 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> [[Anurag Kashyap]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2024 |title=Anurag Kashyap meets Sandeep Reddy Vanga after watching Animal 'twice'; calls him 'most misunderstood, judged filmmaker at the moment' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anurag-kashyap-meets-sandeep-reddy-vanga-after-watching-animal-twice-calls-him-most-misunderstood-judged-filmmaker-at-the-moment-9107978/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114105028/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anurag-kashyap-meets-sandeep-reddy-vanga-after-watching-animal-twice-calls-him-most-misunderstood-judged-filmmaker-at-the-moment-9107978/ |archive-date=14 January 2024 |access-date=15 January 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2024 |title=Anurag Kashyap backs 'honest' Sandeep Reddy Vanga, compares him to 'toxic' Bollywood folks: 'I want to call out the hypocrisy' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anurag-kashyap-backs-honest-sandeep-reddy-vanga-compares-toxic-bollywood-folks-call-out-hypocrisy-9384819/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611063238/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/anurag-kashyap-backs-honest-sandeep-reddy-vanga-compares-toxic-bollywood-folks-call-out-hypocrisy-9384819/ |archive-date=11 June 2024 |access-date=11 June 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2024 |title=Anurag Kashyap Says He Loves Talking To Sandeep Reddy Vanga: 'A Lot Of People In The Industry Are Toxic' |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/anurag-kashyap-says-he-loves-talking-to-sandeep-reddy-vanga-a-lot-of-people-in-the-industry-are-toxic-8929113.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611223846/https://www.news18.com/movies/anurag-kashyap-says-he-loves-talking-to-sandeep-reddy-vanga-a-lot-of-people-in-the-industry-are-toxic-8929113.html |archive-date=11 June 2024 |access-date=11 June 2024 |website=[[CNN-News18]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2024 |title=Anurag Kashyap says his daughter Aaliyah called him out for views on Animal and photo with Sandeep Reddy Vanga |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/anurag-kashyap-says-his-daughter-aaliyah-called-him-out-for-views-on-animal-and-photo-with-sandeep-reddy-vanga-101718885106905.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620125931/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/anurag-kashyap-says-his-daughter-aaliyah-called-him-out-for-views-on-animal-and-photo-with-sandeep-reddy-vanga-101718885106905.html |archive-date=20 June 2024 |access-date=20 June 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> [[Vikram Bhatt]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2024 |title=Vikram Bhatt says discussions around Animal 'too much', cites Shah Rukh Khan's Darr and Al Pacino's Scarface: 'Films are not community service' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/vikram-bhatt-discussions-animal-quotes-examples-shah-rukh-khan-darr-al-pacino-sacrface-9108209/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114070350/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/vikram-bhatt-discussions-animal-quotes-examples-shah-rukh-khan-darr-al-pacino-sacrface-9108209/ |archive-date=14 January 2024 |access-date=15 January 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> and [[Sanjay Gupta (director)|Sanjay Gupta]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2024 |title='Javed Akhtar isn't accepting that society has changed': Sanjay Gupta sides with Sandeep Reddy Vanga in Animal debate |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/javed-akhtar-isnt-accepting-that-society-has-changed-sanjay-gupta-sides-with-sandeep-reddy-vanga-in-animal-debate-9126626/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> as well as actresses [[Rashmika Mandanna]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 January 2024 |title=Rashmika Mandanna defends Sandeep Reddy Vanga; says, 'He functions differently' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rashmika-mandanna-defends-sandeep-reddy-vanga-unique-filmmaking-approach-supported/articleshow/106978835.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119104111/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rashmika-mandanna-defends-sandeep-reddy-vanga-unique-filmmaking-approach-supported/articleshow/106978835.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=19 January 2024 |access-date=19 January 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Sargun Mehta]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2024 |title=Sargun Mehta defends Sandeep Reddy Vanga on misogyny in Animal, says if people want to learn lessons from films, 'Let's shut down schools' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sargun-mehta-defends-sandeep-reddy-vanga-on-misogyny-in-animal-says-if-people-want-to-learn-lessons-from-films-lets-shut-down-schools-9167637/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218083654/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sargun-mehta-defends-sandeep-reddy-vanga-on-misogyny-in-animal-says-if-people-want-to-learn-lessons-from-films-lets-shut-down-schools-9167637/ |archive-date=18 February 2024 |access-date=18 February 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> [[Indira Krishnan]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kapoor |first=Mugdha |date=24 June 2024 |title=Animal actor Indira Krishna defends Sandeep Reddy Vanga in verbal spat with Adil Hussain |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/animal-actor-indira-krishna-defends-sandeep-reddy-vanga-in-verbal-spat-with-adil-hussain-101719204436613.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624074902/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/animal-actor-indira-krishna-defends-sandeep-reddy-vanga-in-verbal-spat-with-adil-hussain-101719204436613.html |archive-date=24 June 2024 |access-date=24 June 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> and [[Bhumi Pednekar]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 February 2024 |title=Bhumi Pednekar defends Ranbir Kapoor starrer 'Animal'; says Sandeep Reddy Vanga has right of 'self expression' as a filmmaker |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/bhumi-pednekar-defends-ranbir-kapoor-starrer-animal-says-sandeep-reddy-vanga-has-right-of-self-expression-as-a-filmmaker/articleshow/107559747.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209130450/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/bhumi-pednekar-defends-ranbir-kapoor-starrer-animal-says-sandeep-reddy-vanga-has-right-of-self-expression-as-a-filmmaker/articleshow/107559747.cms |archive-date=9 February 2024 |access-date=9 February 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Mandanna and Krishnan were part of the film. Apart from this, actors [[Emraan Hashmi]], [[Rajkummar Rao]], [[Arshad Warsi]] and [[Puneet Issar]] have also liked as well as defended the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2024 |title=Emraan Hashmi On Wanting To Be A Part Of Animal: "I Know There Is A Lot Of Backlash But..." |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/animal-is-the-film-emraan-hashmi-wishes-he-had-done-6245702 |access-date=2 August 2024 |publisher=[[NDTV]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2024 |title=Rajkummar Rao on criticism of Ranbir's Animal: Film is not titled Adarsh Purush |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/rajkummar-rao-on-criticism-of-ranbir-kapoor-animal-film-is-not-titled-adarsh-purush-2586652-2024-08-23 |access-date=23 August 2024 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2025 |title=Puneet Issar calls Ranbir's Animal 'amazing', defends violent, alpha-male films: 'Kya lesbian, gay par hi films banaye?' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/puneet-issar-calls-ranbirs-animal-amazing-defends-violent-alpha-male-films-kya-lesbian-gay-par-hi-films-banaye-101745905735836.html |access-date=29 April 2025 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
Conversely, the film was criticised by filmmaker [[Kiran Rao]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 February 2024 |title=After Sandeep Reddy Vanga's criticism, Aamir Khan's apology for objectifying women in films resurfaces: 'I am ashamed…' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/after-sandeep-reddy-vangas-criticism-aamir-khans-apology-for-objectifying-women-in-films-resurfaces-i-am-ashamed-9143378/lite/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219180350/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/after-sandeep-reddy-vangas-criticism-aamir-khans-apology-for-objectifying-women-in-films-resurfaces-i-am-ashamed-9143378/lite/ |archive-date=19 February 2025 |access-date=19 February 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |quote=Responding to backlash from filmmaker Kiran Rao, Aamir Khan’s ex-wife, Sandeep suggested in a recent interview that she should first criticise Aamir’s films.}}</ref> actresses [[Parvathy Thiruvothu|Parvathy]],<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bhumi Pednekar defends Sandeep Reddy Vanga's right of 'self expression', says the 'challenge' is for the audience: 'What you learn from Animal…' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/bhumi-pednekar-defends-sandeep-reddy-vangas-right-of-self-expression-says-the-challenge-is-for-the-audience-9153029/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219164937/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/bhumi-pednekar-defends-sandeep-reddy-vangas-right-of-self-expression-says-the-challenge-is-for-the-audience-9153029/ |archive-date=19 February 2025 |access-date=19 February 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |quote=While many celebrities like Javed Akhtar and Parvathy Thiruvothu have come forth and criticised Animal, Bhumi Pednekar, in a recent interview, shared her opinion on the film.}}</ref> [[Konkona Sen Sharma]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 May 2024 |last=Chowdhury |first=Madhumanti Pait |title=Manoj Bajpayee On The Buzz Around Animal: "If You Don't Want To Watch It, Then Don't" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/manoj-bajpayee-on-the-buzz-around-animal-if-you-dont-want-to-watch-it-then-dont-5667914 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219181108/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/manoj-bajpayee-on-the-buzz-around-animal-if-you-dont-want-to-watch-it-then-dont-5667914 |archive-date=19 February 2025 |access-date=19 February 2025 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |quote=Celebrities like Javed Akhtar, Konkona Sen Sharma also expressed their thoughts on the film and they didn't approve of the content of the film.}}</ref> and [[Kangana Ranaut]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 August 2024|title=Kangana Ranaut slams Ranbir Kapoor's 'Animal' for promoting violence 'just for fun' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/kangana-ranaut-slams-ranbir-kapoor-animal-for-promoting-violence-just-for-fun-2588590-2024-08-27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916050440/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/kangana-ranaut-slams-ranbir-kapoor-animal-for-promoting-violence-just-for-fun-2588590-2024-08-27 |archive-date=16 September 2024 |access-date=19 February 2025 |work=[[India Today]] |quote=Actor Kangana Ranaut has slammed the film for showcasing violence and drug abuse.}}</ref> and lyricists [[Javed Akhtar]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 November 2024 |title=Javed Akhtar compares people who made Animal to 'perverts': 'Vulgarity has found acceptance in middle class' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/javed-akhtar-says-people-who-liked-animal-are-the-bigger-problem-than-the-film-9686270/lite/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219164012/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/javed-akhtar-says-people-who-liked-animal-are-the-bigger-problem-than-the-film-9686270/lite/ |archive-date=19 February 2025 |access-date=19 February 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |quote=Sandeep Reddy Vanga’s Animal drew a lot of criticism from lyric writer Javed Akhtar when it released in 2023.}}</ref> and [[Swanand Kirkire]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Dishya |date=6 December 2023|title=Animal Team Gives Shocking Reply To Swanand Kirkire Who Slammed Ranbir Kapoor Film: 'Do Not Let Your...' |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/animal-team-gives-shocking-reply-to-swanand-kirkire-who-slammed-ranbir-kapoor-film-do-not-let-your-8692901.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216045727/https://www.news18.com/movies/animal-team-gives-shocking-reply-to-swanand-kirkire-who-slammed-ranbir-kapoor-film-do-not-let-your-8692901.html |archive-date=16 December 2023 |access-date=19 February 2025 |work=[[News18 India]] |quote=The lyricist and playback singer criticised the Sandeep Reddy Vanga film on X earlier this week.}}</ref> Furthermore, filmmaker [[Vishal Bhardwaj]] had mixed reactions about the film.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vishal Bhardwaj 'hated' and 'enjoyed' Ranbir Kapoor's 'Animal' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/vishal-bhardwaj-hated-and-enjoyed-ranbir-kapoors-animal-2531035-2024-04-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219182657/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/vishal-bhardwaj-hated-and-enjoyed-ranbir-kapoors-animal-2531035-2024-04-24 |archive-date=19 February 2025 |access-date=19 February 2025 |work=[[India Today]] |quote=He admitted to watching the movie but was unsure of his verdict about it. Bhardwaj, in a recent interview, said he 'hated' and 'enjoyed' the Ranbir Kapoor-led film.}}</ref> Vanga responded to the criticism from the actors and filmmakers with more criticism.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 June 2024|title=Adil Hussain fires back at Sandeep Reddy Vanga's 'greedy' remark: Entire case explained! |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/adil-hussain-fires-back-at-sandeep-reddy-vangas-greedy-remark-entire-case-explained-1503309350.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219171416/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/adil-hussain-fires-back-at-sandeep-reddy-vangas-greedy-remark-entire-case-explained-1503309350.html |archive-date=19 February 2025 |access-date=19 February 2025 |work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |quote=Previously, Vanga had also attacked other actors and filmmakers for criticizing his film ‘Animal.’}}</ref> Defending the film again, Mandanna also reiterated that it was just a film about a "messed-up character" and requested viewers to watch films without judging actors for the roles they play.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 Jun 2025 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/rashmika-mandanna-defends-ranbir-kapoors-messed-up-character-in-sandeep-reddy-vangas-animal-101751294869318.html|title=Rashmika Mandanna defends Ranbir Kapoor's messed-up character in Sandeep Reddy Vanga's Animal: 'Nobody is forcing you…'|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|quote=It’s just that Sandeep Reddy Vanga spoke about a messed-up character, and that’s about it. It seems to me that people have celebrated it because it made the numbers. So I didn’t feel I had to be disturbed by the conversation. We made this film, it worked, people liked or disliked it—that’s their personal thing. People should really go watch a film for what it is, and not judge an actor for playing these characters. It’s acting for a reason.|access-date=30 June 2025|archive-date=1 July 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250701155504/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/rashmika-mandanna-defends-ranbir-kapoors-messed-up-character-in-sandeep-reddy-vangas-animal-101751294869318.html}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Accolades ==<br />
{| class="sortable wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" | Award<br />
! scope="col" | Ceremony date<br />
! scope="col" | Category<br />
! scope="col" | Recipients<br />
! scope="col" | Result<br />
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{Refh}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" rowspan="19" |[[Filmfare Awards]]<br />
| rowspan="19" |[[69th Filmfare Awards|28 January 2024]]<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]]<br />
|[[T-Series Films]], Cine1 Studios, Bhadrakali Pictures<br />
| rowspan="3" {{nom}}<br />
| rowspan="19" | <ref name=NOM>{{Cite web |title=List of Nominations for 69th Filmfare Awards 2024 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2024/nominations |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115192540/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2024/nominations |archive-date=2024-01-15 |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Sandeep Reddy Vanga]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Best Editing Award|Best Editing]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]<br />
|[[Ranbir Kapoor]]<br />
|{{won}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2024 |title=Filmfare Awards 2024 full list: Ranbir Kapoor, Alia Bhatt, '12th Fail' win big |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/filmfare-awards-2024-full-list-ranbir-kapoor-alia-bhatt-and-12th-fail-win-big-2494741-2024-01-29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129084122/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/filmfare-awards-2024-full-list-ranbir-kapoor-alia-bhatt-and-12th-fail-win-big-2494741-2024-01-29 |archive-date=29 January 2024 |access-date=29 January 2024 |work=India Today}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]<br />
|[[Bobby Deol]]<br />
|rowspan="4"{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Anil Kapoor]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]<br />
|[[Triptii Dimri]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]<br />
|Sandeep Reddy Vanga<br>Pranay Reddy Vanga<br>Suresh Bandaru<br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]<br />
|[[Pritam]]<br>[[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]<br>[[Harshavardhan Rameshwar]]<br>Shreyas Puranik<br>Ashim Kemson<br>Bhupinder Babbal<br>[[Jaani (songwriter)|Jaani]]<br />
|{{won}}<ref name=NOM/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]<br />
|[[Siddharth–Garima]] – "Satranga"<br />
|rowspan="2"{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]<br />
|[[Arijit Singh]] – "Satranga"<br />
|-<br />
|Bhupinder Babbal – "Arjan Vailly"<br />
|{{won}}<ref name=NOM/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Background Score|Best Background Score]]<br />
|[[Harshavardhan Rameshwar]]<br />
|{{won}}<ref name=NOM/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Art Direction|Best Production Design]]<br />
|[[Suresh Selvarajan]]<br />
|rowspan="2"{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematography]]<br />
|Amit Roy<br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Sound Design|Best Sound Design]]<br />
|Sync Cinema<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]<br />
|[[Sheetal Sharma]]<br />
|rowspan="3"{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Action|Best Action]]<br />
|Supreme Sundar<br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Special Effects|Best Special Effects]]<br />
|Do It Creative LTD<br>NY VFXWala<br>Visual Birds<br>[[Red Chillies VFX]]<br>Famous Studios<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="4" |[[Zee Cine Awards]]<br />
| rowspan="4" |[[Zee Cine Awards|10 March 2024]]<br />
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Male|Best Supporting Actor – Male]]<br />
|[[Anil Kapoor]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
| rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-03-10|title=22nd Zee Cine Awards 2024: Winners|url=https://zeecineawards.com/2024-2/|work=[[Zee Cine Awards]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Actor In A Negative Role]]<br />
|[[Bobby Deol]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Screenplay<br />
|[[Sandeep Reddy Vanga]], Pranay Reddy Vanga, Suresh Bandaru<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Editing<br />
|Sandeep Reddy Vanga<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="15" |[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]<br />
| rowspan="15" |[[24th IIFA Awards|28 September 2024]]<br />
|[[IIFA Award for Best Film|Best Film]]<br />
|''Animal''<br />
|{{won}}<br />
| rowspan="15" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIFA Awards Announces {{as written|I|t's [sic]|expecting=Its}} Highly Anticipated 2024 Nominations |url=https://www.iifa.com/news/news-details/iifa--awards-announces-its-highly-anticipated-2024-nominations- |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924084239/https://www.iifa.com/news/news-details/iifa--awards-announces-its-highly-anticipated-2024-nominations- |archive-date=24 September 2024 |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=IIFA |language=en}}</ref><br/><ref>{{Cite web |title=IIFA 2024: Shah Rukh Khan Wins Best Actor, Rani Mukerji Bags Best Actress Award. Check Out Full List Of Winners |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/iifa-2024-shah-rukh-khan-wins-best-actor-rani-mukerji-bags-best-actress-award-see-full-list-of-winners-6674464 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001062213/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/iifa-2024-shah-rukh-khan-wins-best-actor-rani-mukerji-bags-best-actress-award-see-full-list-of-winners-6674464 |archive-date=1 October 2024 |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><br/><ref>{{Cite web |title=IIFA Unveils 2024 Technical Awards Winners: Honouring the Trailblazers of Indian Cinema! |url=https://www.iifa.com/news/news-details/iifa-unveils-2024-technical-awards-winners-honouring-the-trailblazers-of-indian-cinema |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903141027/https://www.iifa.com/news/news-details/iifa-unveils-2024-technical-awards-winners-honouring-the-trailblazers-of-indian-cinema |archive-date=3 September 2024 |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=IIFA |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[IIFA Award for Best Director|Best Director]]<br />
|[[Sandeep Reddy Vanga]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[IIFA Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]<br />
|[[Ranbir Kapoor]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]<br />
|[[Anil Kapoor]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]<br />
|[[Triptii Dimri]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Actor in a Negative Role]]<br />
|[[Bobby Deol]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[IIFA Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]<br />
|[[Pritam]]<br>[[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]<br>[[Manan Bhardwaj]]<br>[[Shreyas Puranik]]<br>[[Jaani (songwriter)|Jaani]]<br>Bhupinder Babbal<br>Ashim Kemson<br>[[Harshavardhan Rameshwar]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[IIFA Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]<br />
|[[Siddharth–Garima]] – "Satranga"<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[IIFA Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]<br />
|[[Arijit Singh]] – "Satranga"<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|Bhupinder Babbal – "Arjan Vailly"<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]] – "Pehle Bhi Main"<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[IIFA Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]<br />
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]] – "Kashmir"<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[IIFA Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]<br />
|[[Sandeep Reddy Vanga]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[IIFA Award for Best Background Score|Best Background Score]]<br />
|[[Harshavardhan Rameshwar]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Sound Design<br />
|[[Sachin Sudhakaran and Hariharan Muralidharan]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" |[[National Film Awards]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[71st National Film Awards|1 August 2025]]<br />
|[[National Film Award – Special Mention (feature film)|Special Mention]]<br />
|[[M. R. Rajakrishnan]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|rowspan="3"|<ref name=":1" /><br />
|-<br />
|[[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|Best Music Direction]]<br />
|[[Harshavardhan Rameshwar]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[National Film Award for Best Sound Design|Best Sound Design]]<br />
|Sachin Sudhakaran and Hariharan Muralidharan<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Sequel==<br />
=== ''Animal Park'' ===<br />
The film’s [[post-credits scene]] alludes to a sequel titled ''Animal Park'', which was confirmed by director [[Sandeep Reddy Vanga]] in December 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-02 |title=Animal post-credits scene: Sandeep Reddy Vanga hints at a sequel with a double role for Ranbir Kapoor? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/animal-post-credits-scene-sandeep-reddy-vanga-hints-at-sequel-ranbir-kapoor-double-role-animal-park-9050937/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223115404/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/animal-post-credits-scene-sandeep-reddy-vanga-hints-at-sequel-ranbir-kapoor-double-role-animal-park-9050937/ |archive-date=2023-12-23 |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Shortly after the film’s release, Vanga stated that the sequel would have a darker tone than its predecessor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2023 |title=Sandeep Vanga says 'Animal Park' will be 'darker, meaner' than 'Animal' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/sandeep-vanga-says-animal-park-will-be-darker-meaner-than-animal-ranbir-kapoor-rashmika-mandanna-anil-kapoor-2472821-2023-12-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210235124/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/sandeep-vanga-says-animal-park-will-be-darker-meaner-than-animal-ranbir-kapoor-rashmika-mandanna-anil-kapoor-2472821-2023-12-06 |archive-date=2023-12-10 |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Actor Ranbir Kapoor later stated that Vanga had prepared and narrated several scenes for the sequel.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2024 |title=Ranbir Kapoor shares exciting update about Animal sequel: 'Sandeep Reddy Vanga has one or two scenes ready…' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-shares-exciting-update-about-animal-sequel-sandeep-reddy-vanga-has-one-or-two-scenes-ready-9131564/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128132051/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-shares-exciting-update-about-animal-sequel-sandeep-reddy-vanga-has-one-or-two-scenes-ready-9131564/ |archive-date=28 January 2024 |access-date=28 January 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
In April 2024, Vanga stated that principal photography for ''Animal Park'' was expected to begin in 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2024 |title=Sandeep Reddy Vanga confirms Ranbir Kapoor starrer Animal Park shoot to begin in 2026 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/sandeep-reddy-vanga-confirms-ranbir-kapoor-starrer-animal-park-shoot-begin-2026-going-bigger-wilder/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420145507/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/sandeep-reddy-vanga-confirms-ranbir-kapoor-starrer-animal-park-shoot-begin-2026-going-bigger-wilder/ |archive-date=20 April 2024 |access-date=20 April 2024 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> Actor [[Saurabh Sachdeva]], who portrayed Abid in the film, similarly indicated that filming could begin in 2026 or 2027 due to scheduling commitments of both Vanga and Kapoor for other projects, including ''Spirit'' and ''Ramayana''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sandeep Reddy Vanga to Begin 'Animal Park' Soon? Saurabh Sachdeva Says 'Ranbir Is Doing...' |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/sandeep-reddy-vanga-to-begin-animal-park-soon-saurabh-sachdeva-says-ranbir-is-doing-exclusive-8935694.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617230949/https://www.news18.com/movies/sandeep-reddy-vanga-to-begin-animal-park-soon-saurabh-sachdeva-says-ranbir-is-doing-exclusive-8935694.html |archive-date=17 June 2024 |access-date=18 June 2024 |website=[[CNN-News18]]}}</ref> Kapoor later stated that Vanga had also discussed plans for a third installment in the franchise.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-09 |title=Ranbir Kapoor reveals plans for 'Animal Part 3'; confirms Alia Bhatt in 'Brahmastra Part 2' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ranbir-kapoor-reveals-plans-for-animal-part-3-confirms-alia-bhatt-in-brahmastra-part-2/articleshow/116114944.cms |access-date=2024-12-12 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> In September 2025, Kapoor stated that filming for ''Animal Park'' is expected to begin in 2027.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-29 |title=Ranbir Kapoor confirms 'Animal Park' should start in 2027 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ranbir-kapoor-confirms-animal-park-should-start-in-2027-ramayana-actor-says-its-just-crazy/articleshow/124206574.cms |access-date=2025-09-30 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|refs=<br />
<ref name="bollywoodhungama.com">{{Cite web |date=2023-12-01 |title=Animal Movie Review: ANIMAL is a powerful film that rests on Ranbir Kapoor's outstanding performance, clap worthy massy scenes |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/animal/critic-review/animal-movie-review/animal-is-a-powerful-film-that-rests-on-ranbir-kapoors-outstanding-performance-clap-worthy-massy-scenes/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201182356/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/animal/critic-review/animal-movie-review/animal-is-a-powerful-film-that-rests-on-ranbir-kapoors-outstanding-performance-clap-worthy-massy-scenes/ |archive-date=2023-12-01 |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="Verma">{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |date=1 December 2023 |title=Animal Review: Ruthless Ranbir Goes For The Kill |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/animal-review-you-have-to-see-this/20231201.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201205210/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/animal-review-you-have-to-see-this/20231201.htm |archive-date=1 December 2023 |access-date=1 December 2023 |publisher=Rediff.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="firstpost.com">{{Cite web |date=2023-12-01 |last=Aaglave |first=Ganesh |title=Animal movie review: Ranbir Kapoor delivers a pathbreaking performance in flawed yet riveting father-son tale |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/animal-movie-review-ranbir-kapoor-delivers-a-pathbreaking-performance-in-flawed-yet-riveting-father-son-tale-13451652.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207102910/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/animal-movie-review-ranbir-kapoor-delivers-a-pathbreaking-performance-in-flawed-yet-riveting-father-son-tale-13451652.html |archive-date=2023-12-07 |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="theweek.in">{{Cite web |date=2023-12-01 |last=Awasthi |first=Puja |title=Animal review: Violent, but entertaining |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2023/12/01/animal-review-violent-but-entertaining.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204150834/https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2023/12/01/animal-review-violent-but-entertaining.amp.html |archive-date=4 December 2023 |access-date=1 December 2023 |website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}<br />
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|id=animal}}<br />
<br />
{{Sandeep Reddy Vanga}}<br />
{{IIFA Award for Best Movie}}<br />
{{Portal bar|India|Film|Bollywood}}<br />
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[[Category:2023 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2023 action drama films]]<br />
[[Category:2023 action thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:2023 films]]<br />
[[Category:2023 crime action films]]<br />
[[Category:2023 crime drama films]]<br />
[[Category:2023 crime thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:2020s psychological drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about brothers]]<br />
[[Category:Films about dysfunctional families]]<br />
[[Category:Films about father–son relationships]]<br />
[[Category:Films about polygamy]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Sandeep Reddy Vanga]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Manali, Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Scotland]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language action drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language action thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language crime drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language crime thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian psychological drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]<br />
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian IMAX films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Harshavardhan Rameshwar]]<br />
[[Category:Amit Roy]]<br />
[[Category:Films distributed by AA Films]]<br />
<!--Cinematographer of the film-->[[Category:Films set in Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Himachal Pradesh]]</div>Saddiqa khatrihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gandhi_Vidya_Mandir&diff=499746Gandhi Vidya Mandir2026-05-06T19:50:07Z<p>Saddiqa khatri: Creating the pg and citations</p>
<hr />
<div>{{More citations needed|date=August 2016}}<br />
<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2014}}<br />
{{Infobox university<br />
|name = Gandhi Vidya Mandir<br />
|motto = "May The Sun of Knowledge Shine"<br />
|established = 1930's<br />
|founder = Shri Kanhaiyalal Dugar<br />
|vice_chancellor= Prof. (Dr) R N Sharma<br />
|city = [[Sardarsahar]]<br />
|state=[[Rajasthan]]<br />
|country = India<br />
|students = 10,000 Resident & Non-Resident<br />
|type = [[Trust (law)|Public]]<br />
|campus = [[Rural areas|Rural]]<br />
|affiliations =<br />
|website = {{URL|http://www.gandhividyamandir.org.in/}}<br />
}}<br />
The Gandhi Vidya Mandir<ref>The Gandhi Vidya Mandir (GVM)</ref> is a [[Nonprofit organization|non-profit]]-motive making registered society located in the Thar Desert, near the town of Sardarshahr in India's north-western state of Rajasthan. <br />
The Gandhi Vidya Mandir was founded in 1950. It has sponsored many schools and Institutes.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
The Gandhi Vidya Mandir was established in 1950 envisioned by Shri Kanhaiyalal Dugar, on the Gandhian ideals, who later embraced sainthood. In 1950 it stood on a 1000-acre land on one of the harshest and backward terrains in India. Conceived as India's first rural university, the foundation stone was laid by India's first president, Dr. Rajendra Prasad GVM was moulded as a university and education started through its Basic Teacher's Training College in 1953, postgraduate studies in 1958 and the facility of Ph.D. in 1968. Thereafter, the IASE was formed under the Centrally Sponsored Scheme of Education in 1993. In 2002, the Government of India and UGC formally recognized the IASE as a Deemed University. <br />
Between the year 1986–1989 the GVM with funding from NCERT and NIEPA did a series of projects, seminars and researches in the area of changes to be made in Education curricula and especially Teachers’ Education for making it more rural oriented. In 1987 G.V.M. in collaboration with NCERT and India International Centre drafted a Blue Print of Rural Education for development. <br />
Many of the recommendations made are still being implemented by the Government.<br />
The first lesson was delivered by the Saint-poet Shri Viyogi Hari in 1952, to three students. There are about 10,000 students on a campus of 1,200 acres, today.{{cn|date=August 2024}}<br />
<br />
== Institutes and schools under GVM ==<br />
[[File:Gvm Campus 2.jpg|thumb|The IASE is a Deemed University The Gandhi Vidya Mandir was founded in 1950 and worked as a non-governmental, non-profit-motive making registered society which sponsored the IASE.]]<br />
<br />
=== Institutes ===<br />
# '''Basic Teacher Training College :'''<br />
# '''IASE Institute of Advance Studies in Education:''' <br />
# '''Department of Life Sciences:''' With the combination of Biological Science and Technology, the Department of Life Sciences was formed.<br />
# '''Shri Bhanwar Lal Dugar Ayurved Vishwa Bharti (Ayurvedic Medical College & Hospital) Women's College of Arts, Commerce, Science and Home Science.'''<br />
# '''Faculty of Physiotherapy and Allied Medical Sciences.'''<br />
# '''Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences.'''<br />
# '''Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) for the training of farmers.'''<br />
# '''Institute of Global Harmony.'''<br />
<br />
=== Schools ===<br />
# '''Meera Niketan Senior Secondary School for Girls.'''<br />
# '''Basic Senior Secondary School for Boys.'''<br />
# '''Seth Sampatram Dugar Senior Secondary School for Boys.'''<br />
# '''Basic Public School (CBSE board, English School).'''<br />
# '''Balbari – Montessori school.'''<br />
<br />
{{Coord|28|45|23|N|74|49|03|E|region:IN_type:edu|display=title}}<br />
{{Universities in Rajasthan}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<ref>{{cite web|last1=Mandir|first1=Gandhi Vidya|title=GVM|url=http://www.gandhividyamandir.org.in/aboutus.asp|website=gandhividyamandir.org.in/aboutus.asp|access-date=17 November 2014|archive-date=5 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105181336/http://gandhividyamandir.org.in/aboutus.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Organizations established in 1950]]<br />
[[Category:Organisations based in Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:1950 establishments in Rajasthan]]</div>Saddiqa khatrihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Patra&diff=517557Michael Patra2026-05-02T07:53:12Z<p>Saddiqa khatri: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian economist and central banker}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date = January 2020}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date = January 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Michael Patra<br />
| image = Michael Patra RBI.jpg<br />
| office = [[Deputy Governor of the Reserve Bank of India]]<br />
| predecessor = [[Viral Acharya]]<br />
| successor = [[Poonam Gupta (economist)|Poonam Gupta (Economist)]]<br />
| governor = [[Shaktikanta Das]]<br>[[Sanjay Malhotra]]<br />
| term_start = 15 January 2020<br />
| term_end = 14 January 2025<br />
| appointer = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]<br />
| alma_mater = (BA)[[Ravenshaw University]]<br>(M.A)[[Utkal University]]<br>(PhD Economics)[[IIT Bombay]]<br>(Post Doctorate)[[Harvard University]]<br />
| birth_name = Michael Debabrata Patra<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1960|09|29}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Cuttack]], [[Odisha]], India<br />
| occupation = [[Central banker]]<br />[[Economist]]<br />[[Civil servant]]<br />
| honorific_prefix =<br />
| alongside = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Michael Debabrata Patra''' (born 29 September 1960) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[economist]] and [[central banker]] who served as the [[Deputy Governor of the Reserve Bank of India]] from 2020 to 2025. As a central banker he has spent most of his career at RBI.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RBI Deputy Guv Michael Patra's Tenure Comes To End |url=https://www.businessworld.in/article/rbi-deputy-guv-michael-patras-tenure-comes-to-end-544955 |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=BW Businessworld |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Education ==<br />
Born in [[Cuttack]], [[Odisha]], into an Odia Christian family, Michael Debebrata Patra<ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-01-28|title=RBI's accommodative approach has served country well: Patra|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/rbis-accommodative-approach-has-served-country-well-patra/article38341096.ece|access-date=2022-01-29|issn=0971-751X|quote=Reserve Bank of India Deputy Governor Michael Debabrata Patra on Friday said the central bank's decision to continue with an accommodative policy stance, despite criticism, had served the country well and that time would tell whether the approach had been 'correct'.}}</ref> did his graduation from the [[Ravenshaw College]] and post graduation from [[Utkal University]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://odishabytes.com/another-from-odisha-in-rbi-top-brass-michael-patra-is-deputy-governor/|title=Another From Odisha In RBI Top Brass; Michael Patra Is Deputy Governor|date=2020-01-14|website=Odisha Bytes|language=en-IN|access-date=2020-01-16|agency=OB Bureau}}</ref> Patra has a PhD in economics from the [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay]] in [[Mumbai]], with his thesis being titled "The Role of Invisibles in India's Balance of Payments: A Structural Approach".<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/michael-patra-named-the-new-deputy-governor-of-rbi-120011400490_1.html|title=Inflation expert Michael Patra to be new deputy governor of RBI|last=Roy|first=Anup|date=2020-01-14|work=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=2020-01-16|publication-place=[[Mumbai]]|oclc=496280002}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/michael-patra-appointed-rbi-deputy-governor-will-replace-viral-acharya/story-RKaoDsJkaLIVFnxBhG7h8H.html|title=Michael Patra appointed RBI Deputy Governor, replaces Viral Acharya|date=2020-01-14|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|issn=0972-0243|oclc=231696742|access-date=2020-01-16|agency=HT Correspondent}}</ref> Patra proceeded to do [[Postdoctoral researcher|post-doctoral research]] on financial stability at [[Harvard University]] as a fellow.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
Patra received professional training at IMF Institute on Financial Programming and Policy and at the [[Bank of England|Bank of England's]] Centre for Central Banking Studies.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Patra is a 1985 batch RBI Grade B officer.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Before his appointment as deputy governor, Patra served as the executive director of the monetary policy department of RBI—where he moved to in 2006—and as such, was an internal member of the powerful [[Monetary Policy Committee (India)|Monetary Policy Committee]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Earlier, Patra served as an adviser in charge of international finance, money, and banking in RBI's department of economic analysis.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
From December 2008 and June 2012, Patra served on deputation to the [[International Monetary Fund]] as senior adviser to India's executive director at the fund.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
=== Deputy Governor ===<br />
In January 2020, Patra was appointed a Deputy Governor of the Reserve Bank of India by the [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]—on the recommendation of the [[Cabinet Secretary (India)|Cabinet Secretary]]-headed Financial Sector Regulatory Appointment Search Committee<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/business/michael-patra-appointed-rbi-deputy-governor-for-3-years-likely-to-handle-monetary-policy-department-7902611.html|title=Michael Patra appointed RBI deputy governor for 3 years, likely to handle monetary policy department|date=2020-01-14|website=[[Firstpost]]|access-date=2020-01-16|agency=FP Staff}}</ref>—for a period of three{{Nbsp}}years, succeeding [[Viral Acharya]], who had resigned in July 2019.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-01-14/india-appoints-career-central-banker-patra-as-deputy-governor|title=India Appoints Career Central Banker as Deputy Governor|last=Nag|first=Anirban|date=2020-01-14|website=[[Bloomberg News]]|access-date=2020-01-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/meet-michael-patra-rbis-new-deputy-governor/articleshow/73239606.cms|title=Meet Michael Patra, RBI's new deputy Governor|date=2020-01-14|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=2020-01-16|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|issn=0013-0389|oclc=61311680}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/banking-and-finance/michael-patra-named-rbi-deputy-governor-6217017/|title=Michael Patra named RBI Deputy Governor|date=2020-01-15|website=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en-IN|publication-place=[[Mumbai]]|oclc=70274541|access-date=2020-01-16|agency=ENS Economic Bureau}}</ref> With his appointment as deputy governor, Patra became the second RBI career economist to be elevated to the position.<ref name=":2" /> Shri S.S. Tarapore was the first RBI career economist who later became the Deputy Governor.<br />
<br />
Patra took charge as deputy governor on 15 January 2020,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=49154|title=Dr. Michael Debabrata Patra appointed as RBI Deputy Governor|last=Dayal|first=Yogesh|date=2020-01-15|website=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|access-date=2020-01-16}}</ref> and was assigned to look after RBI's monetary policy department, financial markets operations department, financial markets regulation department, international department, department of economic and policy research, department of statistics and information management, corporate strategy and budget department and financial stability unit.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/newly-appointed-deputy-governor-to-look-after-rbi-s-monetary-policy-division-11579097609165.html|title=Newly appointed deputy governor to look after RBI's monetary policy division|date=2020-01-15|website=[[Livemint]]|publisher=Vivek Khanna|language=en|publication-place=[[Mumbai]]|access-date=2020-01-16|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref> As the deputy governor in charge of the monetary policy department, Patra became an ''[[ex-officio]]'' member of the [[Monetary Policy Committee (India)|Monetary Policy Committee]] and served there till 14 January 2025.<ref name=":3" /><br />
<br />
== Work ==<br />
<br />
* {{Cite book|title=The Global Economic Crisis through an Indian Looking Glass|last=Kishore|first=Adarsh|last2=Debrata Patra|first2=Michael|last3=Ray|first3=Partha|publisher=SAGE India|year=2011|isbn=978-8132106517|author-link=Adarsh Kishore}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Patra, Michael}}<br />
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]<br />
[[Category:Indian bankers]]<br />
[[Category:Central bankers]]<br />
[[Category:IIT Bombay alumni]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian economists]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian economists]]<br />
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:People from Cuttack]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Reserve Bank of India]]<br />
[[Category:1960 births]]</div>Saddiqa khatrihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=K._T._S._Padannayil&diff=507071K. T. S. Padannayil2026-04-30T13:10:36Z<p>Saddiqa khatri: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian theatre artist and film actor (1933–2021)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = K. T. S. Padannayil<br />
| image = K.T.S.Padannayil.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth year|1933}}<br />
| birth_name = Kochuparambil Thai Subramanian Padannayil<br />
| birth_place = [[Thrippunithura, Kochi]], [[British Raj]]<br />
| death_date = 22 July {{death year|2021}} (aged 88)<br />
| death_place = Thrippunithura, Kochi, India<br />
| occupation = Film actor<br />
| parents = <br />
| spouse = Ramani (1972 – 2021)<br />
| children = 3 sons, 1 daughter<br />
| years_active = 1990–2021<br />
}}<br />
'''Kochuparambil Thai Subramanian Padannayil''' (1933 – 22 July 2021) was an Indian theatre artist and film actor who worked predominantly in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film industry]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/profiles.php?i=2237|title=Nilambur Balan|website=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref> He began his acting career at the age of 21 as a theatre artist and made his film debut in 1995 through [[Rajasenan]]'s comedy film ''[[Aniyan Bava Chetan Bava]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ചലച്ചിത്ര നടന് കെ.ടി.എസ്. പടന്നയിൽ അന്തരിച്ചു; മറഞ്ഞത് മലയാളത്തിന്റെ ചിരിമുഖം|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2021/07/22/kts-padannayil-passed-away.html|access-date=22 July 2021|website=ManoramaOnline|language=ml}}</ref><br />
<br />
Padannayil acted in more than 60 movies in various supporting and comic roles. Known for his impeccable comic timing, he is mostly remembered for his comic roles in movies such as ''[[Sreekrishnapurathe Nakshathrathilakkam|Sreekrishnapurathe Nakshatrathilakkam]]'', ''Vrudhanmare Sookshikkuka'' and ''[[Vamanapuram Bus Route|Vaamanapuram Bus Route]]''. He also acted in several television comedy serials.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Malayalam Actor KTS Padannayil Dies At 88|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/malayalam-actor-kts-padannayil-dies-at-88-2492011|access-date=22 July 2021|website=NDTV.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
Padannayil was born as the youngest of six children to Kochupadannayil Thai and Maani at Thekkumbhagam, [[Thrippunithura]], Kochi in 1933. He had three brothers, Murukan, Raghavan and Shivan and two sisters, Lalitha and Lathika.<ref>{{Cite web | title=malayalamcinema.com, Official website of AMMA, Malayalam Film news, Malayalam Movie Actors & Actress, Upcoming Malayalam movies | url=http://www.kerala.com/malayalamcinema/star-details.php?member_id=164 | access-date=2025-03-18 | website=www.kerala.com}}</ref> He studied at Saraswathi Vilasam School, [[Tripunithura]]. He discontinued studies after sixth class due to financial difficulties. He was a theatre artist before becoming a cinema artist. He first acted in and directed amateur drama ''Vivaha Dallal'', at Trippunithura Khadibhavan's Amber charkha spinning mill's annual day celebration. He also trained youngsters of the Children's Society at Kannankulangara. He acted on thousands of stages within 40 years. He performed at different drama troupes like Jayabharath Nithakalalaya, Chenagassery Geetha, Vaikom Malavika, Kollam Tuna and Attingal Padmasree. In a career spanning around 25 years he acted in more than 60 films and starred in more than one hundred television comedy serials.<ref>{{cite web|title=നൊമ്പരം പടർന്ന ചിരി|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/interview/interview-with-kts-padannayil.html|publisher=manoramaonline.com|access-date=21 September 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
He married Ramani in 1972. The couple had three sons, Syam, Sannan, Saljan and a daughter, Swapna.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Fifty-years-of-acting-behind-him/article15377756.ece|title=Fifty years of acting behind him|newspaper=The Hindu |date=5 April 2008|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> He resided at Kochi with his son, Syam.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Padannayil|first1=K. T. S|title=ആ സൂപ്പര്സ്റ്റാര് എന്നെ അപമാനിച്ചു|date=22 October 2012|issue=Oct 2012|url=http://www.mangalamvarika.com/index.php/en/home/index/55/34|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024224552/http://mangalamvarika.com/index.php/en/home/index/55/34|url-status=usurped|archive-date=24 October 2012|access-date=26 July 2014}}</ref> He made his debut in the movie [[Aniyan Bava Chetan Bava]] in 1995.<br />
<br />
==Death==<br />
Padannayil died on 22 July 2021 at his residence in [[Thrippunithura|Tripunithura]] after suffering from age-related issues.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Veteran actor KTS Padannayil passes away|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2021/07/22/actor-kts-padannayil-passes-away-death.html|access-date=22 July 2021|website=OnManorama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Malayalam actor KTS Padannayil, 88, passes away|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/malayalam-actor-kts-padannayil-88-passes-away-1.5848534|access-date=22 July 2021|website=Mathrubhumi|date=22 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref> He is survived by his four children and many grandchildren. His wife predeceased him.<br />
<br />
==Partial filmography==<br />
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}<br />
* ''[[Vidhi (2021 film)|Vidhi]]'' (2021)<br />
*''[[Minnal Murali]]'' (2021)<br />
*''[[Alice in Panchalinadu]]'' (2021)<br />
*''Kalakaran'' (2021)<br />
*[[Laughing Apartment Near Girinagar]] (2018)<br />
*[[Rakshadhikari Baiju Oppu]] (2017) <br />
*[[Oru Muthassi Gadha]] (2016)<br />
*[[King Liar]] (2016 film)<br />
*[[Amar Akbar Anthony (2015 film)|Amar Akbar Anthony]] (2015)<br />
*[[Kunjiramayanam]] (2015) <br />
*Avarude Veedu (2014)<br />
*Malayalanaadu (2013)<br />
*Swaasam (2013)<br />
*Good Idea (2013)<br />
*Maharaja Talkies (2011)<br />
*Brahmaasthram (2010)<br />
*Oru Small Family (2010)<br />
*Annarakkannanum Thannalayathu (2010) <br />
*Gulumaal: The Escape (2009)<br />
*Black Dhaliya (2009)<br />
*Sanmanasullavan Appukuttan (2009)<br />
*[[Malabar Wedding]] (2008)<br />
*[[Aakasham]] (2007)<br />
*[[Kanninum Kannadikkum]] (2004) as Mooppan<br />
*[[Vamanapuram Bus Route|Vaamanapuram Bus Route]] (2004)<br />
*Sahodaran Sahadevan (2003)<br />
*Sraavu (2001)<br />
*Ninneyum Thedi (2001)<br />
*[[Megasandesam]] (2001)<br />
*Akashathile Paravakal (2001)<br />
*Ente Priyappetta Muthuvinu (2000)<br />
*Ee Mazha Thenmazha (2000)<br />
*Varnakkaazhchakal (2000)<br />
*[[Manassil Oru Manjuthulli]] (2000)<br />
*[[The Godman]] (1999)<br />
*[[Independence]] (1999)<br />
*Onnaamvattam Kandappol (1999) as Perumal sir<br />
*[[My Dear Karadi|My dear Karadi]] (1999)<br />
*[[Sreekrishnapurathe Nakshathrathilakkam|Sreekrishnapurathu Nakshathrathilakkam]] (1998)<br />
*Manthrikumaaran (1998)<br />
*Ayushman Bava (1998)<br />
*Amma Ammayiamma (1998)<br />
*Kadhaanaayakan (1997)<br />
*[[Kottappurathe Koottukudumbam|Kottapurathe Koottukudumbam]] (1997)<br />
*Newspaper Boy (1997)<br />
*Kalyanapittennu (1997)<br />
*Five Star Hospital (1997)<br />
*Dilliwaala Raajakumaaran (1996)<br />
*[[Sathyabhamakkoru Premalekhanam]] (1996)<br />
*Hitlist (1996)<br />
*[[Harbour (film)|Harbour]] (1996) as Vareechan<br />
*[[Swapna Lokathe Balabhaskaran]] (1996)<br />
*Vridhanmaare Sookshikkuka (1995)<br />
*[[Aniyan Bava Chetan Bava]] (1995) (''debut film'')<br />
*Kaakkaykkum Poochaykkum Kalyaanam (1995)<br />
*Aadyathe Kanmani (1995)<br />
*Keerthanam (1995) as Sulthan<br />
*Kalamasseriyil Kalyanayogam (1995) <br />
*[[Three Men Army]] (1995)<br />
*Agrajan (1995)<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
==Television==<br />
*Thenum Vayambum (Surya TV)<br />
*Kuttikale oru Kaliparayam (kochu TV)<br />
*Thatteem Mutteem (Mazhavil Manorama)<br />
*Pakida Pakida Pambaram (Doordharshan)<br />
*Sanmassullavarkku Samadhanam (Asianet)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb name|1459743}}<br />
*[http://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=KTS%20Padannayil K.T.S Padannayil at MSI]<br />
* {{Cite web | title=KTS Padannayil | url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/profiles.php?i=5510 | access-date=2025-03-18 | website=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061111093938/http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/20/stories/2005112008720400.htm Kuttappan set to make foray into reel life]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140812173029/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article102059.ece?pageToolsFontSize=70% Thousands pay tributes]<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Padannayil, K. T. S.}}<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors from Kochi]]<br />
[[Category:1933 births]]<br />
[[Category:2021 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam television]]</div>Saddiqa khatrihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ketaki_Kushari_Dyson&diff=509398Ketaki Kushari Dyson2026-04-30T08:48:50Z<p>Saddiqa khatri: Put up article!</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian-born poet, novelist, playwright, translator and critic (born 1940)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox Author<br />
|name = Ketaki Kushari Dyson<br />
|image = <br />
|birth_name = Ketaki Kushari<br />
|birth_place = Calcutta (Kolkata)<br />
|language = Bengali, English<br />
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1940|6|26}}<br />
|occupation = poet, novelist, translator, literary critic, diaspora scholar<br />
|subject = Bengali, England, Indian Diaspora,<br />
|education = Jadavpur University, Oxford University<br />
|genre = Poetry, novel, essay<br />
|notableworks = Various Universe: The Journals and Memoirs of British Men and Women in the Indian Subcontinent, 1765-1856, (1980) In Your Blossoming Flower-Garden: Rabindranath Tagore and Victoria Ocampo (1985) Notan Notan Payraguli (1983)<br />
|website = {{url|ketakikusharidyson.org}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Ketaki Kushari Dyson''' (née Ketaki Kushari; born 26 June 1940) is an Indian-born poet, novelist, playwright, translator and critic,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://orlando.cambridge.org/public/svPeople?person_id=dysoke|title=Ketaki Kushari Dyson entry: Overview screen|website=The Orlando Project|access-date=8 March 2017|archive-date=27 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727035607/http://orlando.cambridge.org/public/svPeople?person_id=dysoke|url-status=dead}}</ref> diaspora writer and scholar. Born and educated in [[Calcutta]] (Kolkata), India, she has lived most of her adult life near [[Oxford]]. She writes in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and English, on topics as wide-ranging as Bengal, England, the various diaspora, feminism and women's issues, cultural assimilation, multiculturalism, gastronomy, social and political topics.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Powers|first=Janet M|year=1986|title=Review: Ketaki Kushari Dyson: At Home In Multiple Worlds: Spaces I Inhabit By Ketaki Kushari Dyson|journal=Journal of South Asian Literature|volume=21|pages=230–234}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life and education==<br />
In an interview with [[Voice of America]] in 2011,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=94cfi47GO-c |title=Interview with Voice of America|website=YouTube}}</ref> Ketaki Kushari Dyson spoke at length of the deep influence of [[Rabindranath Tagore]] and [[Buddhadeb Bosu]]'s works in her early life and introduction to poetry. She began writing poetry at the age of four and recalls ''Sishu'' (1903), a collection of Bengali poems for children by Tagore, as the first book she read, followed by ''Katha-O-Kahini'' (1908)''.''<br />
<br />
Ketaki Kushari Dyson was educated in [[Kolkata]], India at [[Jadavpur University]], where she studied English Literature, and at [[University of Oxford|The University of Oxford]], UK. Her doctoral thesis at Oxford University, entitled 'Various Universe: The Journals and Memoirs of British Men and Women in the Indian Subcontinent, 1765-1856', explores the writings of British men and women on their experiences of the Indian subcontinent from the early rule of the [[Company rule in India|East India Company]] (Company Raj), until just before the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion]] of 1857 (Indian Mutiny).{{fact|date=June 2023}}<br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Ketaki Kushari Dyson has, remarkably, continued to write both in her native Bengali as well as in English. She has published extensively in both languages. Her body of work to date includes numerous volumes of poetry, translations (mostly of poetry by [[Rabindranath Tagore]] and [[Buddhadeb Bosu]]), collections of essays, a volume of autobiographical sketches, two Bengali novels, scholarly studies of early British colonists in India and of [[Victoria Ocampo]], and Bengali plays (one of them translated into English).<ref name=Cambridge/> Her novel, ''Notan Notan Payra Guli'', which was published in instalments in the Bengali magazine [[Desh (magazine)|Desh]] (1981–82) was deemed an instant success.<ref name=Cambridge>{{Cite news|url=http://orlando.cambridge.org/public/svPeople?person_id=dysoke|title=A lifelong tryst with duality|last=Bhattacharya|first=Chandrima|date=23 January 2016|work=The Telegraph (India)|access-date=8 March 2017|archive-date=27 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727035607/http://orlando.cambridge.org/public/svPeople?person_id=dysoke|url-status=dead}}</ref> In this novel, Kushari Dyson depicts contemporary life and struggle of immigrants in Britain, through the eyes of a Bengali woman.<br />
<br />
==Awards and recognition==<br />
* [[Ananda Puraskar]] (1986 and 1997){{fact|date=June 2023}}<br />
* Bhubanmohini Dasi Medal of the University of Calcutta for eminent contribution to contemporary Bengali letters (1986){{fact|date=June 2023}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Awards & Residencies {{!}} কেতকী কুশারী ডাইসন Ketaki Kushari Dyson |url=https://www.ketakikusharidyson.org/awards-residencies/}}</ref><br />
* Star Ananda Award in Bengali Literature{{fact|date=June 2023}}<br />
<br />
== Selected work ==<br />
=== Poetry ===<br />
*''Bokol'' (1997)<br />
*''Sap-wood'' (1978)<br />
*''Shobij Prithibi'' (Bengali poems), Ananda Publishers, Calcutta, 1980'''. '''<br />
*''Hibiscus in the North'' (English poems, pamphlet), Mid-day Publications, Old Fire Station Arts Centre, Oxford, 1979.<br />
*''Joler Koridor Dhorey''''' ('''Bengali poems), Navana, Calcutta, 1981.<br />
*''Spaces I Inhabit'' (English poems), Navana, Calcutta, 1983.<br />
*''Katha Boltey Dao'' (Bengali poems), Ananda, Calcutta, 1992.<br />
<br />
=== Novels ===<br />
*''Noton Noton Pairaguli'' (Bengali novel), Ananda Publishers, Calcutta, 1983. (Serialized in Desh in 1981–2)<br />
*''Rabindranath o Victoria Ocampor Sandhaney'' (Bengali novel combined with research and translation work), Navana, Calcutta, 1985. (Winner of the Prafullakumar Sarkar Memorial Ananda Prize, Calcutta, 1986.) New edition reissued by Dey's, Calcutta, 1997.<br />
<br />
=== Academic work ===<br />
*''A Various Universe: The Journals and Memoirs of British Men and Women in the Indian Subcontinent, 1765-1856,'' Oxford University Press, Delhi, 1978; reprinted''':''' 1980. (Book based on doctoral work at Oxford.) New edition with a new preface, 2002.<br />
*Ed., with Pauline Burton and Shirley Ardener, ''Bilingual Women: Anthropological Approaches to Second Language Use,'' Berg Publishers, Oxford & Providence, 1994. Distributed in the US by New York University Press. (There is a paper here by me entitled ‘Forging a Bilingual Identity: A Writer’s Testimony’.)<br />
*''Ranger Robindranath'' co-authored by Shushovan Adhikari, Parabaash, 2001<br />
<br />
=== Essays and biographical work ===<br />
*''Nari, Nogori'' (Bengali, autobiographical sketches), Ananda Publishers, Calcutta, 1981. (Serialized in ''Desh'' in the sixties)<br />
*''Bhabonar Bhaskarya'' (Bengali collected essays), Dey's, Calcutta, 1988.<br />
*''Shikorbakor'' (Bengali collected essays from the sixties), Ananda, Calcutta, 1990.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dyson, Ketaki Kushari}}<br />
[[Category:1940 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]<br />
[[Category:Women writers from West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Poets from West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Novelists from West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali–English translators]]<br />
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:Jadavpur University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Oxford]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian women poets]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian women novelists]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Ananda Puraskar]]</div>Saddiqa khatrihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anurupa_Debi&diff=487053Anurupa Debi2026-04-29T04:38:21Z<p>Saddiqa khatri: added entry.</p>
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<div>{{short description|18th century Bengali female novelist (1882-1958)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox writer<br />
| name = Anurupa Debi<br />
| native_name = অনুরূপা দেবী<br />
| image = Anurupa_Devi.jpg<br />
| caption = Anurupa Debi<br />
| occupation = Writer<br />
| birth_date = 9 September 1882<br />
| birth_place = [[Shyambazar]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], [[British Raj|British India]]<br />
| nationality = <br />
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
| notable_works = {{plainlist|<br />
*Maa (1934)<br />
*Pather Sathi(1946)<br />
*Mantra Shakti (1954)<br />
*Gariber Meye (1960)<br />
|}}<br />
| spouse = Shikharnath Bandopadhyay<br />
| children = Ambujnath Bandopadhyay <ref>{{cite web|title=''Sahitye Nari: Shrastri o Srishti'' by Anurupa Debi|url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikisource/bn/e/e1/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80_%E2%A6%82_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%93_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF_-_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80.pdf}}</ref><br />
| period = <br />
| genre = <br />
| death_date = 19 April 1958<br />
| death_place = [[Raniganj]], [[West Bengal]], India <br />
| native_name_lang = bn<br />
| pseudonym = {{plainlist|<br />
*Rani Devi <br />
*Anupama Devi<br />
|}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Anurupa Debi''' (9 September 1882 – 19 April 1958) (also known as, '''Anurupa Devi''')<ref name="Dutta 2013">{{cite news |last1=Dutta |first1=Swapna |title=The home and the world |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/the-home-and-the-world/article4985438.ece |access-date=21 June 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=3 August 2013}}</ref> was one of the most reputed female novelists in [[Bengali literature]] in the [[British Raj|British colonial era]]. She was also an eminent short story writer, poet as well as a social worker. Debi was one of the first female writers in Bengali literature to gain considerable prominence and popularity.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=দাশগুপ্ত|first=মুনমুন|title=নারীর অধিকার রক্ষায় অগ্রণী তিনি|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/supplementary/rabibashoriyo/anurupa-devi-was-the-pioneer-of-protecting-women-rights-1.1057551|access-date=2020-11-23|website=anandabazar.com|language=bn}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
Anurupa Debi was born on 9 September 1882 to then [[Deputy Magistrate]] and writer, Mukunda Mukhopadhyay and Dhorasundari Debi at her maternal uncle's house at [[Shyambazar]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] (now, Kolkata). Social reformer, [[Bhudev Mukhopadhyay|Bhudeb Mukhopadhyay]] was her paternal grandfather. Her maternal grandfather, Nagendranath Bandopadhyay was one of the founder-members of famous ''Bangiya Natyashala''. Her elder sister Surupa Devi (1879–1922) was also an famous novelist of her time who used to write in her [[pseudonym]], ''Indira Devi''.<ref name="life">{{Cite journal|last=Layek|first=Raju|date=July 2013|title=বাংলা সাহিত্যের আঙিনায় অনুরূপা দেবী|url=http://thecho.in/files/Raju-Layek_3wz47s15.pdf|journal=Pratidhwani the Echo|volume=ii|issue=i|via=Academic Journal Database|access-date=22 November 2020|archive-date=16 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816135747/http://thecho.in/files/Raju-Layek_3wz47s15.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
At the age of ten, she married Shikharnath Bandopadhyay, in [[Hugli-Chuchura|Chinsura, Hooghly]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=অনুরূপা দেবী কবিতা মিলনসাগর Anurupa Debi Poetry MILANSAGAR|url=http://www.milansagar.com/kobi_2/anurupa_debi/kobi-anurupadebi.html|access-date=2020-11-22|website=www.milansagar.com}}</ref> They passed a vast period of their life in [[Muzaffarpur|Muzaffarpur, Bihar]].{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}<br />
<br />
== Education ==<br />
Due to severe physical illness in her childhood, Anurupa Debi started to learn a little late. While she was bedridden, her elder sister Surupa Devi used to recite ''[[Kashidasi Mahabharata]]'' and ''[[Krittivasi Ramayan]]a'' to pass their leisure time. Also, according to rules of their family, during their Grandpa's leisure time, they would sit next to him and listen to one chapter of ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and ''[[Ramayana]]'' each day. As a result, Anurupa Debi easily absorbed that subject in her mind. In this context, she said, "Even though at that time I was illiterate, but it cannot be said that I was uneducated, as I memorised most of the stories of ''Ramayana-Mahabharata''. At that time I was of 7."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Devi|first=Anurupa|title=Anurupa Devi-r Nirbachito Golpo|year=2002|publisher=Dey's Publishing|isbn=81-7612-997-6|location=Kolkata|pages=175}}</ref><br />
<br />
Her elder sisters used to practice writing poetry by reading [[Sanskrit]] poems from their Grandpa. Thus, she also became educated in her childhood under the patronage of their Grandpa, [[Bhudev Mukhopadhyay|Bhudeb Mukhopadhyay]] and father Mukunda Mukhopadhyay. She had a special fondness for education and learning since her childhood. Besides Bengali, she earned considerable mastery in Sanskrit and Hindi. She used to study to a lot of books of various Western Scholars and therefore became acquainted with Western science and philosophy.<ref name="life"/><br />
<br />
== Literary works ==<br />
Till the mid-19th century, Indian women were deprived from education and people used to restrict them only within household chores, as they remained largely uneducated. It was seen as a social 'crime' for them to be educated or to achieve basic level of education. They didn't have equal rights at all. In the context of severe gender discrimination, Debi broke the chain and established herself as an eminent Bengali novelist, writer and poet of her time.<ref name="life"/><br />
<br />
Once in her childhood, her elder sister Surupa Devi sent her letters on colorful papers in form of poetry. Reading that letter Anurupa Devi became confused how should she reply. When she asked her Grandpa for advice, Bhudeb babu insisted her to write the reply in form of poetry. On advice of her Grandpa, Anurupa Devi wrote a reply letter in form of poetry as given below:<br />
<br />
{{Quote box<br />
| quote = পাইয়া তোমার পত্র, পুলকিত হল গাত্র<br />
আস্তেব্যস্তে খুলিলাম পড়িবার তরে {{!}}<br />
<br />
পুঁথি গন্ধ পাইলাম, কারুকার্য হেরিলাম <br />
পুলক জাগিল অন্তরে {{!}}<br />
| author = Anurupa Devi<br />
| source = ''Anurupa Devi-r Nirbachito Golpo''<ref name="book">{{Cite book|last=Devi|first=Anurupa|title=Anurupa Devi-r Nirbachito Golpo|year=2002|publisher=Dey's Publishing|isbn=81-7612-997-6|location=Kolkata|pages=176}}</ref>{{efn|Receiving your letter, delighted me, opened it slowly to read. Getting the smell of book, watching the artwork, excitement awakens amid <small>(English translation)</small>}}<br />
| align = center<br />
| width = 35%<br />
| border = 0px<br />
| fontsize = 100%<br />
| bgcolor = #F9F9F9<br />
| qalign = center<br />
}}<br />
<br />
This poem is known to be the very first composition of Anurupa Debi. In her words, {{Blockquote|"I can't remember whether it is in the original form or not, which I wrote. It is probably the version after being revised by Grandpa. However, this is the very first composition of my life."<ref name="book"/> }}<br />
<br />
She successfully composed [[Markandeya Purana|''Markandeya Chandi'']] in a poem and the starting chapter of ''[[Valmiki Ramayana]]'' before the age of only 10.<ref name="life" /><br />
<br />
Debi used not to reveal her initial literary endeavors to anyone except her elder sister, Surupa Devi, who used to write in her [[pseudonym]], ''Indira Devi''.<ref>Some of Indira (Surupa) Devi's novels like ''Sparshamani'' (1919), ''Parajita'' (1921), ''Pratyabartan'' (1922) etc.</ref> Her first piece of work got published in ''Kuntalin Purashkar Granthamala'' with the pseudonym, ''Rani Devi''.<br />
<br />
==Critical reception==<br />
In 2013, Swapna Dutta writes for ''[[The Hindu]]'', Anurupa "ruthlessly pointed out the evils of the prevalent social code," and "Nearly all her novels were made into successful stage plays and films."<ref name="Dutta 2013"/><br />
<br />
== Notable works ==<br />
{{columns-list|colwidth=35em|<br />
*Tilakuthi (1906)<br />
*Poshyaputra (1912)<ref name="Dutta 2013"/><br />
*Bagdotta (1914)<br />
*Jyotihara (1915)<br />
*Mantrashakti (1915)<ref name="Dutta 2013"/><br />
*Ramgarh (1918)<br />
*Pather Sathi (1918)<br />
*Rangashankha (1918)<br />
*Mahanisha (1919)<br />
*Maa (1920)<ref name="Dutta 2013"/><br />
*Vidyaratna (1920)<br />
*Shonar Khoni (1922)<br />
*Kumaril Bhatta (1923)<br />
*Uttarayan (1923)<br />
*Pathhara (1923)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
*{{cite book |title=Anurupa Devir Nirbachito Golpo |date=2002 |publisher=Dey's Publishing |location=Kolkata |isbn=978-8176129978 |edition=1 |language=bn}}<br />
<br />
== Awards ==<br />
*''Kuntalin Puraskar'' for the first published story<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sengupta |first1=Subodhchandra |title=Sansad Bangali charitabhidhan |date=1998 |publisher=Sahitya Samsad |isbn=978-81-85626-65-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MTretgAACAAJ |language=bn}}</ref><br />
*1919: Sri Bharat Dharma Mahamandal awarded her the title of Dharma Chandrika<ref name=":0" /><br />
*1935: ''Jagattarini Gold Medal'' by [[Calcutta University]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Special Endowment Medals |url=https://www.caluniv.ac.in/about/Endowment.html#spslendwmedls |website=www.caluniv.ac.in |publisher=[[Calcutta University]] |access-date=13 December 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Wikisourcelang-inline|bn|লেখক:অনুরূপা দেবী}}<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Debi, Anurupa}}<br />
[[Category:1882 births]]<br />
[[Category:1958 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali-language novelists]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women short story writers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian autobiographers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women essayists]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian social workers]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:Women writers from West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian women poets]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian women novelists]]</div>Saddiqa khatrihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaviya_Thalaivi&diff=509074Kaviya Thalaivi2026-04-24T06:27:54Z<p>Saddiqa khatri: Put up new article</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|1970 film by K. Balachander}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}<br />
{{infobox film<br />
| image = Kaviya Thalaivi.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[K. Balachander]]<br />
| screenplay = K. Balachandar<br />
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Uttar Falguni]]''|[[Nihar Ranjan Gupta]]}}<br />
| producer = [[Sowcar Janaki]]<br />
| starring = [[Gemini Ganesan]]<br />Sowcar Janaki<br />
| cinematography = N. Balakrishnan<br />
| editing = N. R. Kittu<br />
| music = M. S. Viswanathan<br />
| studio = Selvi Films<br />
| distributor = Sree Balaji Movies<br />
| released = {{film date|1970|10|29|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = 166 minutes{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=404}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
}}<br />
'''''Kaviya Thalaivi''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɑː|v|i|ə|_|θ|ə|ˈ|l|aɪ|v|i}} {{translation| ''Epic Heroine'' or ''Queen of Arts''}}) is a 1970 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film, written and directed by [[K. Balachander]] and produced by [[Sowcar Janaki]]. It is a remake of the 1963 [[Bengali language|Bengali]] film ''[[Uttar Falguni]]''. Janaki also stars alongside [[Gemini Ganesan]], [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]] and [[M. R. R. Vasu]]. The film was released on 29 October 1970, [[Diwali]] day, and became a success. For his performance, Ganesan won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor]].<br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
{{more plot|date=January 2022}}<br />
Devi is in love with Suresh, a lawyer, but is forced to marry Paranthaman, an alcoholic gambler. Devi escapes from him, and obtains work as a dancer in [[Hyderabad]] where she gives birth to a daughter named Krishna. When Vasu tries to kidnap the child, she has Suresh adopt her. Later, Vasu's blackmail threatens Krishna's marriage and Devi kills him.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Cast listing|* [[Gemini Ganesan]] as Suresh{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=404}}<br />
* [[Sowcar Janaki]] as Devi and Krishna{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=404}}<br />
* [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]]<ref name="dinamalar" /><br />
* [[M. R. R. Vasu]] as Paranthaman{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=404}}<br />
* [[S. Varalakshmi]]<ref name="dinamalar" /><br />
* Lakshmi Prabha<ref name="dinamalar" /><br />
* V. Nirmala<ref name="dinamalar" /><br />
* [[Sulakshana (actress)|Baby Dolly]]<ref name="dinamalar" />}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
''Kaviya Thalaivi'' is a remake of the 1963 [[Bengali language|Bengali]] film ''[[Uttar Falguni]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 November 2019 |title=Remakes of Bengali films: What's new in this trend? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/remakes-of-bengali-films-whats-new-in-this-trend/articleshow/72241437.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901053336/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/remakes-of-bengali-films-whats-new-in-this-trend/articleshow/72241437.cms |archive-date=1 September 2020 |access-date=21 June 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and was produced by [[Sowcar Janaki]] under the banner Selvi Films; she also starred in dual roles.{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=404}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vamanan |author-link=Vamanan |date=23 April 2018 |title=Tamil cinema's Bong connection |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-cinemas-bong-connection/articleshow/63873364.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510135744/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-cinemas-bong-connection/articleshow/63873364.cms |archive-date=10 May 2018 |access-date=10 May 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The screenplay for the remake was written by [[K. Balachander]], who also directed.{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=404}} Cinematography was handled by N. Balakrishnan,{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=404}} and the editing by N. R. Kittu.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Kaaviya Thalaivi |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Selvi Films |year=1970 |time=0:00 to 3:44 |time-caption=Opening credits, from}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
The music was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]], and the lyrics were written by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaaviya Thalaivi |url=http://www.saregama.com/album/kaaviya-thalaivi_14816/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511075909/http://www.saregama.com/album/kaaviya-thalaivi_14816 |archive-date=11 May 2017 |access-date=10 May 2018 |website=[[Saregama]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaviya Thalaivi 1970 |url=http://mio.to/album/Kaviya+Thalaivi+(1970) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624122809/http://mio.to/album/Kaviya+Thalaivi+(1970) |archive-date=24 June 2016 |access-date=15 June 2016 |website=Music India Online}}</ref> The song "Oru Naal Iravu" is set in the [[Carnatic raga]] known as Sumanesaranjani.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 August 2015 |title=திரையிசையின் மென்முகம் |url=http://www.dinamalar.com/supplementary_detail.asp?id=26658&cat=21&Print=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510111215/http://www.dinamalar.com/supplementary_detail.asp?id=26658&cat=21&Print=1 |archive-date=10 May 2018 |access-date=10 May 2018 |work=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! Song !! Singer !! Length<br />
|-<br />
| "Kaiyodu Kai Serkkum" || [[P. Susheela]] || 03:50<br />
|-<br />
| "Oru Naal Iravu" || P. Susheela || 04:24<br />
|-<br />
| "Nerana Nedunsalai" || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || 03:15<br />
|-<br />
| "Kavithaiyil Ezhuthiya" || [[S. Varalakshmi]], P. Susheela || 02:39<br />
|-<br />
| "Aarambam Indre Agattum" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[L. R. Eswari]] || 03:21<br />
|-<br />
| "Nalam Ketka" (Penn Partha Mappillai) || P. Susheela || 04:22<br />
|-<br />
| "En Vaanathil Aayiram" || P. Susheela || 05:30<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Release and reception ==<br />
''Kaviya Thalaivi'' was released on 29 October 1970, [[Diwali]] day,<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 October 1970 |title=Kaviya Thalaivi |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=vzY-6mMDyDUC&dat=19701029&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=20 January 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=5 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=தீனதயாளன் |first=ப. |date=6 April 2016 |title=வைஜெயந்தி மாலா: 5. டெலிபோன் ஆபரேட்டர்! |url=https://www.dinamani.com/junction/kanavukkannigal/2016/apr/09/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE-5.-%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0-1310572.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901053313/https://www.dinamani.com/junction/kanavukkannigal/2016/apr/09/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE-5.-%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0-1310572.html |archive-date=1 September 2020 |access-date=18 June 2019 |work=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref> and distributed by Sree Balaji Movies.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 November 1970 |title=Kaviya Thalaivi |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19701108&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=31 October 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=5 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "Sowcar Janaki in the dual role gives a sterling performance. Gemini Ganesh, after a long break, comes into his own and is highly satisfactory. K. Balachander's dialogue has flashes of brilliance."<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 October 1970 |title=Cinema |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=vzY-6mMDyDUC&dat=19701031&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=20 January 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=10 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> It emerged a commercial success,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijayakumar |first=B. |date=25 August 2013 |title=Ammaye Kanaan 1963 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/ammaye-kanaan-1963/article5058468.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827161118/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/ammaye-kanaan-1963/article5058468.ece |archive-date=27 August 2013 |access-date=10 May 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and Ganesan won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Anandan |first=Film News |author-link=Film News Anandan |title=Sadhanaigal Padaitha Thamizh Thiraipada Varalaru |publisher=Sivagami Publications |year=2004 |pages=738 |language=ta |trans-title=Tamil Film History and Its Achievements}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dineshkumar |first=P |date=22 March 2018 |title=ஜெமினியின் வாடகை வீடு... ஜெயலலிதாவின் உத்தரவு..! - ஜெமினி கணேசனின் நினைவு தினப் பகிர்வு |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/pokkisham/119900-remembering-gemini-on-his-thirteenth-year-commemoration.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508121618/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/pokkisham/119900-remembering-gemini-on-his-thirteenth-year-commemoration.html |archive-date=8 May 2018 |access-date=10 May 2018 |work=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Legacy ==<br />
Film historian [[Mohan Raman]] described ''Kaviya Thalaivi'' as one of Janaki's "exceptional performances".<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 August 2015 |title=A Trip Down Memory Lane |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/A-Trip-Down-Memory-Lane/2015/08/20/article2982913.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116044058/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/A-Trip-Down-Memory-Lane/2015/08/20/article2982913.ece |archive-date=16 November 2015 |access-date=10 May 2018 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Janaki also named the film as among her personal favourites.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R. |date=25 December 2006 |title=Still Ready to Act Sowcar Janaki |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/still-ready-to-act-sowcar-janaki/article3038288.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510140113/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/still-ready-to-act-sowcar-janaki/article18510814.ece |archive-date=10 May 2018 |access-date=15 June 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references><br />
<ref name="dinamalar">{{Cite web |date=31 March 2020 |title=பொன்விழா படங்கள்: காவியத் தலைவி -பெங்காலி படத்தை ரீமேக் செய்த கே.பாலச்சந்தர் |trans-title=Golden jubilee films: Kaviya Thalaivi -K. Balachander, who remade a Bengali film |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/86946/cinema/Kollywood/Kaviya-Thalaivi-film.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128082250/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/86946/cinema/Kollywood/Kaviya-Thalaivi-film.htm |archive-date=28 January 2021 |access-date=28 January 2021 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref><br />
</references><br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |orig-date=1994}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{IMDb title}}<br />
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}<br />
<br />
{{K. Balachander}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1970 films]]<br />
[[Category:1970s feminist films]]<br />
[[Category:1970 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:1970 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about courtesans in India]]<br />
[[Category:Films about women in India]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by K. Balachander]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]<br />
[[Category:Films with screenplays by K. Balachander]]<br />
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian feminist films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Bengali films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Films based on works by Nihar Ranjan Gupta]]</div>Saddiqa khatrihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hassan_Lok_Sabha_constituency&diff=502359Hassan Lok Sabha constituency2026-04-23T10:56:29Z<p>Saddiqa khatri: Put up a post!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Indian parliament in Karnataka}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Hassan Lok Sabha constituency<br />
| type = LS<br />
| map_image ={{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok_Sabha_constituencies/2019/Karnataka/Hassan.map}}<br />
| map_caption= Haasana Lok Sabha Constituency Map<br />
| established = 1952<br />
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| mp = [[Shreyas M. Patel]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]<br />
| state = [[Karnataka]]<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| assembly_cons = [[Kadur Assembly constituency|Kadur]]<br>[[Shravanabelagola Assembly constituency|Shravanabelagola]]<br>[[Arsikere Assembly constituency|Arsikere]]<br>[[Belur Assembly constituency|Belur]]<br>[[Hassan Assembly constituency|Hassan]]<br>[[Holenarasipur Assembly constituency|Holenarasipur]]<br>[[Arkalgud Assembly constituency|Arkalgud]]<br>[[Sakleshpur Assembly constituency|Sakleshpur]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[File:HASSAN MPCON hobli color.pdf|200px|thumb|Lok Sabha Constituency Map by Assembly segments and Hoblis]]<br />
[[File:Hassan Lok Sabha Constituency Map with district boundary (2009 - Present).pdf|thumb|]]<br />
<br />
'''Hassan Lok Sabha constituency''' [[Lok Sabha]] (lower house of Parliament) constituency is in [[Karnataka]] state in Southern [[India]]. The constituency was represented by [[List of Prime Ministers of India|Former Prime Minister]] [[H.D. Deve Gowda]] from 1991 to 1994, 1998 to 1999 and again from 2004 and 2014. This constituency comprises [[Hassan district]] and [[Kaduru]] Taluk in [[Chikmagaluru district]].<br />
<br />
== Legislative Assembly segments and demographics ==<br />
Hassan Lok Sabha constituency currently comprises the following eight [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] segments:<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=206}}</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!No<br />
!Name<br />
!District<br />
![[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]]<br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
! colspan="2" |Leading<br><small>(in 2024)</small><br />
|-<br />
|127 <br />
|[[Kadur Assembly constituency|Kadur]]<br />
|[[Chikmagalur district|Chikmagalur]]<br />
|[[K. S. Anand]]<br />
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}<br />
|-<br />
|193 <br />
|[[Shravanabelagola Assembly constituency|Shravanabelagola]]<br />
| rowspan="7" |[[Hassan district|Hassan]]<br />
|[[C. N. Balakrishna]]<br />
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}<br />
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|194<br />
|[[Arsikere Assembly constituency|Arsikere]]<br />
|[[K. M. Shivalinge Gowda]]<br />
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|195<br />
|[[Belur Assembly constituency|Belur]]<br />
|[[H. K. Suresh]]<br />
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}<br />
|-<br />
|196<br />
|[[Hassan Assembly constituency|Hassan]] <br />
|[[Swaroop Prakash]] <br />
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)|rowspan=3}}<br />
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
|197<br />
|[[Holenarasipur Assembly constituency|Holenarasipur]] <br />
|[[H. D. Revanna]]<br />
|-<br />
|198<br />
|[[Arkalgud Assembly constituency|Arkalgud]]<br />
|[[A. Manju]]<br />
|-<br />
|199<br />
|[[Sakleshpur Assembly constituency|Sakleshpur]] (SC)<br />
|[[Cement Manju]]<br />
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Demographics ===<br />
The constituency has nearly 78% rural and 22% urban voter base. The electorate is nearly 90% [[Hindus]], 5% [[Muslims]] and rest others. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] constitutes 21.5% in the constituency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lok Sabha Elections 2024: Hassan - "Republic Of JD(S)" Braces For 3rd-Generation Family Rivalry |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/lok-sabha-elections-2024-hassan-republic-of-jd-s-braces-for-3rd-generation-family-rivalry-5519878 |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> [[Hassan district|Hassan]] is one of the Lok Sabha constituencies with [[Vokkaliga]] concentration in south Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-19 |title=Karnataka elections: Who are Vokkaligas and how many seats can they impact |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/news/karnataka-elections-who-are-vokkaligas-and-how-many-seats-can-they-impact/articleshow/99614567.cms |access-date=2024-05-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Members of Lok Sabha==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" <br />
|-<br />
! Year <br />
! Name <br />
! colspan="2"| Party <br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |{{center|''1952-57 : See [[Hassan Chickmagalur Lok Sabha constituency|Hassan Chickmagalur]]''}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1957 Indian general election|1957]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[H. Siddananjappa]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1962 Indian general election|1962]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1967 Indian general election|1967]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[N. Shivappa]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1971 Indian general election|1971]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| 1974^<br />
| H. R. Laxman<br />
|-<br />
| [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]<br />
| S. Nanjesha Gowda<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Lok Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[H. N. Nanje Gowda]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]<br />
| [[H. C. Srikantaiah]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]<br />
| [[H. D. Deve Gowda]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]<br />
| [[Rudresh Gowda]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]<br />
|[[H. D. Deve Gowda]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]<br />
| [[G. Puttaswamy Gowda]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[H. D. Deve Gowda]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)|dab=yes|rowspan=4}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<br />
|- <br />
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<br />
|[[Prajwal Revanna]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br />
|[[Shreyas. M. Patel]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
^By poll<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
<br />
=== General Election 2024 ===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: Hassan}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Shreyas M. Patel]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=672,988|percentage= 49.67|change=''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Prajwal Revanna ]]|party=Janata Dal (Secular)|votes=6,30,339|percentage= 46.52|change={{down}}6.39}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=8,541|percentage= 0.63|change={{down}}0.28}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=42,649|percentage=3.15 |change={{down}}7.89}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=13,57,375|percentage=78.06|change=}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
|winner =Indian National Congress <br />
|loser =Janata Dal (Secular) <br />
|swing = {{up}}49.67<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2019 Lok Sabha Elections===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: Hassan}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Janata Dal (Secular)<br />
|candidate = [[Prajwal Revanna]]<br />
|votes = 6,76,606<br />
|percentage = 52.91<br />
|change = {{increase}} 8.47<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = [[A. Manju]]<br />
|votes = 535,382<br />
|percentage = 41.87<br />
|change = {{increase}} 27.43<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party <br />
|candidate = Vinodraj K. H.<br />
|votes = 38,761<br />
|percentage = 3.03<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]<br />
|votes = 11,662<br />
|percentage = 0.91<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 1,41,224<br />
|percentage = 11.04<br />
|change = {{increase}} 2.28<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 12,78,653<br />
|percentage = 77.35<br />
|change = {{increase}} 3.86<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = Janata Dal (Secular) <br />
|loser =<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2014===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: Hassan<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS1016.htm?ac=16|title=Constituencywise-All Candidates|publisher=ECI|access-date=21 May 2014|archive-date=19 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519233429/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS1016.htm?ac=16|url-status=dead}}</ref> }}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Janata Dal (Secular)<br />
|candidate = [[H. D. Devegowda]]<br />
|votes = 5,09,841<br />
|percentage = 44.44 <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = [[A. Manju]]<br />
|votes = 4,09,378<br />
|percentage = 35.69<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = [[C. H. Vijayashankar]]<br />
|votes = 1,65,688<br />
|percentage = 14.44<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 1,00,462<br />
|percentage = 8.76<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 11,47,534<br />
|percentage = 73.49<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = Janata Dal (Secular)<br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Hassan Chickmagalur Lok Sabha constituency|Hassan Chikmagalur Lok Sabha constituency]]<br />
* [[Hassan district]]<br />
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/karnataka/hassan/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Hassan lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]<br />
<br />
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}<br />
{{coord|13.0|76.1|display=title}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hassan Lok Sabha constituency}}<br />
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Hassan district]]<br />
[[Category:Chikmagalur district]]</div>Saddiqa khatrihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wazirganj_Assembly_constituency&diff=545598Wazirganj Assembly constituency2026-04-22T17:08:17Z<p>Saddiqa khatri: </p>
<hr />
<div>Wazirganj is located on NH 82 (Gaya-Nawada Highway). It is 25 km away from Holy City Gaya. It is connected to many small nearby villages.{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Bihar, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Wazirganj<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| map_image = 234-Wazirganj constituency.svg<br />
|state = [[Bihar]]<br />
|constituency_no = 234<br />
| mla = [[Birendra Singh]]<br />
|party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]<br />
| district = [[Gaya district|Gaya]]<br />
| established = 2008<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Gaya Lok Sabha constituency|Gaya]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Wazirganj''' is an assembly constituency for [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] in [[Bihar]], India. It comes under [[Gaya Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web|url=https://gaya.nic.in/constituencies/|title=Constituencies {{!}} Gaya {{!}} India|language=en-US|access-date=5 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="election2020-1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/polling-booths/wazirganj.html|title=Polling Booths in Wazirganj Assembly Constituency, Bihar|website=www.elections.in|access-date=5 March 2020}}</ref> It comprises [[Wazirganj (community development block)]], [[Manpur (community development block)]] and wards 32 to 37 in [[Gaya Municipal Corporation]], all in [[Gaya district]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718103411/https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Member<br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''1951-2008: Constituency did not exist''}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]<br />
|[[Birendra Singh]]<ref name=election2010>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3903-bihar-2010/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2010 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref><br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]||Awadhesh Kumar Singh<ref name=election2015>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2015 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref><br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[Birendra Singh]]<ref name=election2020/><br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
=== 2025 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Wazirganj<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Result: Wazirganj">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Result: Wazirganj |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04234.htm |accessdate=21 November 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251121082618/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04234.htm |archivedate=21 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = [[Birendra Singh]]<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:94574}}<br />
|percentage = 44.99<br />
|change = +4.76<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Awadhesh Kumar Singh|votes={{formatnum:81841}}|percentage=38.93|change=+11.46}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Chitranjan Kumar|votes={{formatnum:14303}}|percentage=6.8|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Santosh Kumar (politician)|Santosh Kumar]]|party=Jan Suraaj Party|votes={{formatnum:5017}}|percentage=2.39|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Chandan Kumar|votes={{formatnum:2251}}|percentage=1.07|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Moolniwasi Samaj Party|candidate=Suresh Rajvanshi|votes={{formatnum:1980}}|percentage=0.94|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|votes={{formatnum:4460}}|percentage=2.12|change=+1.24}}<br />
{{Election box majority|votes={{formatnum:12733}}|percentage=6.06|change=-6.7}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes={{formatnum:210212}}|percentage=66.62|change=+10.55}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
| <br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== 2020 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Wazirganj<ref name=election2020 name="election2020-2">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref name="election2020"/>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = Birendra Singh<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:70713}}<br />
|percentage = 40.23<br />
|change = +0.41<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Shashi Shekhar Singh<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:48283}}<br />
|percentage = 27.47<br />
|change = -19.89<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Shital Prasad Yadav<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:14173}}<br />
|percentage = 8.06<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bhartiya Sablog Party<br />
|candidate = Chitranjan Kumar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:11162}}<br />
|percentage = 6.35<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party<br />
|candidate = Shreedhar Prasad<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:7390}}<br />
|percentage = 4.2<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)<br />
|candidate = Rajiv Kumar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:3722}}<br />
|percentage = 2.12<br />
|change = +1.09<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Rajendra Kumar Verma<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:3170}}<br />
|percentage = 1.8<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Ram Bilash Prasad<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2428}}<br />
|percentage = 1.38<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Vandana Singh<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2123}}<br />
|percentage = 1.21<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Ranjay Kumar Singh<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1974}}<br />
|percentage = 1.12<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1548}}<br />
|percentage = 0.88<br />
|change = -2.59<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:22430}}<br />
|percentage = 12.76<br />
|change = +5.22<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:175789}}<br />
|percentage = 56.07<br />
|change = -4.26<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
| <br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== 2015 ===<br />
{{Election box begin<br />
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Wazirganj<ref name="election2015"/><br />
}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Awadhesh Kumar Singh<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:80107}}<br />
|percentage = 47.36<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Birendra Singh<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:67348}}<br />
|percentage = 39.82<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Communist Party of India<br />
|candidate = Krishan Dev Yadav<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:4158}}<br />
|percentage = 2.46<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharat Bhrashtachar Mitao Party<br />
|candidate = Sanjay Prasad<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1774}}<br />
|percentage = 1.05<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Pragatisheel Magahi Samaj<br />
|candidate = Akhilesh Kumar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1743}}<br />
|percentage = 1.03<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)<br />
|candidate = Jitendra Kumar Yadav<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1738}}<br />
|percentage = 1.03<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Dipak Kumar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1541}}<br />
|percentage = 0.91<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:5869}}<br />
|percentage = 3.47<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:12759}}<br />
|percentage = 7.54<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:169144}}<br />
|percentage = 60.33<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|28.21|79.06|display=title}}<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Bihar}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Gaya district]]<br />
[[Category:2008 establishments in Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]</div>Saddiqa khatrihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=G._Rajesham_Goud&diff=499470G. Rajesham Goud2026-04-19T08:52:40Z<p>Saddiqa khatri: Creating basic info more to come</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Godisela Rajesham Goud<br />
| image = Rajeshmgoud (cropped).jpg<br />
| caption =<br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = Antargaon, [[Jagtial]], [[Karimnagar]], [[Telangana]]<br />
| office = Chairman <br> Telangana State Finance Commission<br />
| term_start = 29 December 2017<br />
| term_end = 2023<br />
| predecessor = <br />
| successor = <br />
| office1 = Minister of Law<br />
| term_start1 = <br />
| term_end1 = <br />
| office2 = Member of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| constituency2 = [[Jagtial Assembly constituency|Jagtial]]<br />
| term_start2 = 1985<br />
| term_end2 = 1989<br />
| predecessor2 = [[T. Jeevan Reddy]]<br />
| successor2 = [[T. Jeevan Reddy]]<br />
| party = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]<br />
| other_party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]<br />
| spouse = <br />
| children = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Godisela Rajesham Goud''' is an Indian politician in the state of [[Telangana]]. He was served as Law Minister in united Andhra Pradesh, and later served as the first chairman for Telangana State Finance Commission, constituted in 2017.<ref name="After two-year wait and missed deadlines, Telangana State Finance Commission formed">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=After two-year wait and missed deadlines, Telangana State Finance Commission formed |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2017/Dec/30/after-two-year-wait-and-missed-deadlines-telangana-state-finance-commission-formed-1740146.html |access-date=17 July 2025 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=30 December 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="G Rajesham Goud to head Telangana State Finance Commission">{{cite news |last1= |title=G Rajesham Goud to head Telangana State Finance Commission |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/g-rajesham-goud-to-head-telangana-state-finance-commission-117122900997_1.html |access-date=17 July 2025 |work= |publisher=Business Standard |date=29 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717145231/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/g-rajesham-goud-to-head-telangana-state-finance-commission-117122900997_1.html |archive-date=17 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-12-29|title=G Rajesham Goud to head Telangana State Finance Commission|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/pti-news/2017/dec/29/g-rajesham-goud-to-head-telangana-state-finance-commission-1739899.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928095624/https://www.newindianexpress.com/pti-news/2017/dec/29/g-rajesham-goud-to-head-telangana-state-finance-commission-1739899.html|archive-date=2018-09-28|access-date=2023-07-07|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=G Rajesham Goud to head Telangana State Finance Commission|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/g-rajesham-goud-to-head-telangana-state-finance-commission-1118761-2017-12-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707065326/https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/g-rajesham-goud-to-head-telangana-state-finance-commission-1118761-2017-12-29|archive-date=2023-07-07|access-date=2023-07-07|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Political career==<br />
Rajesham Goud started his political journey with [[Telugu Desam Party]] and first elected as ZPTC and served as [[District Councils of India|Karimnagar Zila Parishad]] Chairman. He was elected as a member of the legislative assembly from [[Jagtial Assembly constituency|Jagtial constituency]] in 1985 and inducted as minister for Law in NTR's cabinet.<br />
<br />
==Elections contested==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Election results<br />
<br />
!Election<br />
!Constituency<br />
!Party<br />
!Opponent<br />
!Majority<br />
!Result<ref name="Jagtial Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency">{{cite news |title=Jagtial Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/jagtial-andhra-pradesh-assembly-constituency |access-date=17 July 2025 |work= |publisher=Result University |date=2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717151214/https://resultuniversity.com/election/jagtial-andhra-pradesh-assembly-constituency |archive-date=17 July 2025}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
<br />
|[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br />
|[[Jagtial Assembly constituency|Jagtial]]<br />
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]<br />
|[[T. Jeevan Reddy]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])<br />
|15,122<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
<br />
|[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br />
|[[Jagtial Assembly constituency|Jagtial]]<br />
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]<br />
|[[T. Jeevan Reddy]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])<br />
|31,786<br />
|{{lost}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Goud, G. Rajesham}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1985–1989]]<br />
[[Category:People from Karimnagar district]]<br />
[[Category:Bharat Rashtra Samithi politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Former members of Telugu Desam Party]]<br />
[[Category:Politicians from Telangana]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>Saddiqa khatrihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shiroda_Assembly_constituency&diff=535032Shiroda Assembly constituency2026-04-15T23:29:44Z<p>Saddiqa khatri: Added first info w/ refs</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Goa State, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Shiroda<br />
| mla = [[Subhash Shirodkar]]<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| state = [[Goa]]<br />
| district = [[North Goa district|North Goa]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[South Goa (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Goa]]<br />
| established = 1963<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| electors = {{formatnum:29678}}<ref name=results2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14168-goa-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 17 May 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2027|5}}<br />
| type= SLA <br />
| constituency_no =22<br />
| map_image = File:Siroda constitution.svg<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Shiroda Assembly constituency''' is one of the 40 [[Goa Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of the state of [[Goa]] in southern [[India]]. Siroda is also one of the 20 constituencies falling under [[South Goa Lok Sabha constituency]]. Siroda borders 8 other constituencies; the most for any constituency in Goa.<br />
<br />
== Members of Legislative Assembly ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Member<br />
!colspan="2"|Party<br />
|-<br />
|[[1963 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1963]] <br />
| Pundalik Naik<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party|rowspan=5}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1967 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1967]] <br />
| [[Vittal Karmali]]<br />
|-<br />
|1968{{refn|group=n|by-election}}<br />
|Krishnanath Naik <br />
|-<br />
|[[1972 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1972]] <br />
|rowspan=2|Jayakrishna Naik<br />
|-<br />
|[[1977 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1977]] <br />
|-<br />
|[[1980 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1980]] <br />
|Ramchandra Prabhu<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1984 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1984]] <br />
|rowspan=5|[[Subhash Shirodkar]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1989 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1989]] <br />
|-<br />
|[[1994 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1994]] <br />
|-<br />
|[[1999 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1999]] <br />
|-<br />
|[[2002 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2002]] <br />
|-<br />
|[[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2007]] <br />
|rowspan=2|[[Mahadev Naik]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2012]] <br />
|-<br />
|[[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<ref name="Goa elections result 2017: Full list of constituencies and their winners">{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/goa-assembly-elections-2017/goa-election-results-full-list-of-constituencies-and-candidates-winner-list-4562578/|title=Goa elections result 2017: Full list of constituencies and their winners|last1=The Indian Express|date=9 March 2017|accessdate=12 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212054256/https://indianexpress.com/elections/goa-assembly-elections-2017/goa-election-results-full-list-of-constituencies-and-candidates-winner-list-4562578/|archivedate=12 December 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Goa Election Results 2017: Full list of winners from all constituencies in assembly elections of Goa">{{cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/elections/goa-election-results-2012-full-list-of-winners-from-all-constituencies-in-assembly-elections-of-goa-and-how-is-it-expected-in-2017-exit-polls-opinion-polls-580376/|title=Goa Election Results 2017: Full list of winners from all constituencies in assembly elections of Goa|last1=Financial Express|date=11 March 2017|accessdate=12 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212054407/https://www.financialexpress.com/elections/goa-election-results-2012-full-list-of-winners-from-all-constituencies-in-assembly-elections-of-goa-and-how-is-it-expected-in-2017-exit-polls-opinion-polls-580376/|archivedate=12 December 2023|language=en}}</ref><br />
|rowspan=3|[[Subhash Shirodkar]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|2019{{refn|group=n|by-election}}<ref name="Newly Elected Goa Lawmakers To Take Oath On Tuesday After Bypolls">{{cite news|last1=NDTV|title=Newly Elected Goa Lawmakers To Take Oath On Tuesday After Bypolls|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/election-results-2019-newly-elected-goa-lawmakers-to-take-oath-on-tuesday-after-bypolls-2043677|accessdate=16 December 2023|work=|date=27 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216095558/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/election-results-2019-newly-elected-goa-lawmakers-to-take-oath-on-tuesday-after-bypolls-2043677|archivedate=16 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="Congress, BJP poised to win one Lok Sabha seat each in Goa">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |date=23 May 2019 |title=Congress, BJP poised to win one Lok Sabha seat each in Goa |language=en-IN |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha-2019/bjp-congress-lead-in-one-seat-each-in-goa/article27215302.ece |access-date=16 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216095702/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha-2019/bjp-congress-lead-in-one-seat-each-in-goa/article27215302.ece |archive-date=16 December 2023}}</ref><br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<ref name="Goa election result 2022: Full list of winners2">{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/goa-assembly-election/goa-assembly-polls-2022-winners-list-bjp-vs-congress-vs-aap-full-list-of-leading-candidates-101646882087437.html|title=Goa election result 2022: Full list of winners|last1=Hindustan Times|date=10 March 2022|accessdate=12 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212054030/https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/goa-assembly-election/goa-assembly-polls-2022-winners-list-bjp-vs-congress-vs-aap-full-list-of-leading-candidates-101646882087437.html|archivedate=12 December 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Goa Election Result: Full list of winning candidates2">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/goa-assembly-polls-2022/story/goa-election-2022-latest-result-full-list-leading-candidates-winners-party-wise-1922756-2022-03-10|title=Goa Election Result: Full list of winning candidates|last1=India Today|date=10 March 2022|accessdate=12 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212054126/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/goa-assembly-polls-2022/story/goa-election-2022-latest-result-full-list-leading-candidates-winners-party-wise-1922756-2022-03-10|archivedate=12 December 2023|language=en}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
===Assembly Election 2022===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Siroda<ref name=results2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14168-goa-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 17 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceogoa.nic.in/pdf/ELECTION/Voter%20Turnout%20GE-2022.pdf |title=General Elections 2022 to Goa Legislatie Assembly - AC wise Voter Turnout |access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Subhash Shirodkar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,307 |percentage=33.18% |change={{decrease}}10.94 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mahadev Naik]] |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=6,133 |percentage=24.50% |change={{increase}}23.54 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shailesh Naik |party=Revolutionary Goans Party |votes=5,063 |percentage=20.22% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanket Naik Mule |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=2,397 |percentage=9.57% |change={{decrease}}34.23 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tukaram Borkar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,953 |percentage=7.80% |change={{decrease}}2.14 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subhash Prabhudesai |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=576 |percentage=2.30% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=235 |percentage=0.94% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Snehalo Gracias |party=Independent politician |votes=186 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,174 |percentage=8.68% |change= {{increase}}8.37 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,034 |percentage=84.36% |change= {{increase}}0.93 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,674 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.46 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}10.94 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly By-election 2019===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 elections in India#Goa|2019 Goa Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Siroda<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceogoa.nic.in/appln/uil/Form20n21.aspx?UOlevK=UfQS%2fyfGZHo%3d|title=Form 21E - Return of Election|access-date=22 January 2025|archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Subhash Shirodkar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=10,661 |percentage=44.12% |change={{increase}}18.59 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pandurang Alias Deepak Madhav Dhavalikar |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=10,585 |percentage=43.81% |change={{increase}}20.19 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahadev Narayan Naik |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,402 |percentage=9.94% |change={{decrease}}35.36 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Santosh Pandhari Satarkar |party=Goa Suraksha Manch |votes=284 |percentage=1.18% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yogesh Vishwanath Khandeparkar |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=231 |percentage=0.96% |change={{decrease}}1.42 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=76 |percentage=0.31% |change= {{decrease}}19.46 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,163 |percentage=83.43% |change= {{decrease}}3.69 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,962 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.47 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}1.18 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 2017===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Siroda<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Successful Candidates|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2017/Goa/01ListOfSuccessfulCandidates.xlsx|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|format=Xlsx|accessdate=22 April 2017}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Subhash Shirodkar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,156 |percentage=45.31% |change={{increase}}2.00 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mahadev Naik]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,286 |percentage=25.53% |change={{decrease}}27.62 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abhay Ramchandra Prabhu |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=5,815 |percentage=23.62% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Molu Anand Velip |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=586 |percentage=2.38% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nilesh Govind Gaonkar |party=Independent politician |votes=447 |percentage=1.82% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=194 |percentage=0.79% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,870 |percentage=19.78% |change= {{increase}}9.94 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,624 |percentage=87.12% |change= {{decrease}}1.18 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,265 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.59 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}7.84 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 2012===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Siroda<ref>{{cite report|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012, to the Legislative Assembly of Goa|publisher=Election Commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3856-goa-2012/}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mahadev Naik]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=12,216 |percentage=53.15% |change={{increase}}4.44 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Subhash Shirodkar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,954 |percentage=43.31% |change={{decrease}}4.16 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vishwas Prabhudesai |party=Independent politician |votes=422 |percentage=1.84% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shaila Shenvi Borkar |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=230 |percentage=1.00% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Savio Fernandes |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=162 |percentage=0.70% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,262 |percentage=9.84% |change= {{increase}}8.59 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,985 |percentage=88.30% |change= {{increase}}10.90 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,030 |ref = |change= {{increase}}0.93 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}4.44 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 2007===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Siroda<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_GOA_after_IC.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007042153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_GOA_after_IC.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mahadev Naik]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,725 |percentage=48.71% |change={{increase}}2.91 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shirodkar Subhash Ankush |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,476 |percentage=47.47% |change={{decrease}}4.38 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khedekar Yeshwant Uttam |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=701 |percentage=3.51% |change={{increase}}1.31 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=249 |percentage=1.25% |change= {{decrease}}4.80 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,964 |percentage=77.17% |change= {{decrease}}0.98 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,791 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.65 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 2002===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Siroda<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_se2002_GA.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007072027/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_se2002_GA.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Subhash Shirodkar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,738 |percentage=51.85% |change={{decrease}}4.65 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prabhu Vishwanath Tukaram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,603 |percentage=45.81% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shirodkar Rohidas Baburao |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=414 |percentage=2.20% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,135 |percentage=6.04% |change= {{decrease}}12.95 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,781 |percentage=78.28% |change= {{increase}}2.53 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,958 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.56 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1999===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Siroda<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReportof%20Goa-99.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007115355/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReportof%20Goa-99.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Subhash Shirodkar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,548 |percentage=56.50% |change={{increase}}19.33 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naik Manohar Gopal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,339 |percentage=37.51% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gaonkar Babuso Savlo |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=995 |percentage=5.89% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,209 |percentage=18.99% |change= {{increase}}18.38 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,898 |percentage=75.79% |change= {{decrease}}3.71 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,275 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.31 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1994===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Siroda<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StaticialReportGOA94.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006094522/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StaticialReportGOA94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Subhash Shirodkar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,257 |percentage=37.18% |change={{decrease}}4.17 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naik Manohar Gopal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,154 |percentage=36.57% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gudino Alexinho Menino |party=Independent politician |votes=3,254 |percentage=19.33% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shirodkar Rohidas Baburao |party=Independent politician |votes=392 |percentage=2.33% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naik Rama Babuso |party=United Goans Democratic Party |votes=272 |percentage=1.62% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tendulkar Satish Morari |party=Independent politician |votes=190 |percentage=1.13% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=103 |percentage=0.61% |change= {{decrease}}1.34 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,830 |percentage=78.58% |change= {{increase}}3.23 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,151 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.43 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}4.17 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1989===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : Siroda<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20Goa%201989.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006124346/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20Goa%201989.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Subhash Shirodkar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,046 |percentage=41.35% |change={{decrease}}5.47 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naik Ramdas Topyo |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=5,761 |percentage=39.40% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rohidas Baburao Shirodkar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,039 |percentage=7.11% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gudinho Joaquim Joao |party=Independent politician |votes=522 |percentage=3.10% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naik Mhalu Gangaram |party=Independent politician |votes=387 |percentage=2.30% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Atmaram Shambhu Naik Prataprao Sardessai |party=Independent politician |votes=207 |percentage=1.23% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naik Umesh Noru |party=Independent politician |votes=167 |percentage=0.99% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=285 |percentage=1.95% |change= {{decrease}}23.27 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,622 |percentage=74.83% |change= {{increase}}2.28 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,154 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}1.19 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}5.47 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1984===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Siroda<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144917/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Subhash Shirodkar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,722 |percentage=46.82% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shirodkar Jaikrishna Putu |party=Independent politician |votes=3,102 |percentage=21.61% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naik Gajanan Tilu |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=2,487 |percentage=17.32% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D'Costa Agnel Sebastiao |party=Independent politician |votes=792 |percentage=5.52% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naik Laxman Bhiki |party=Independent politician |votes=344 |percentage=2.40% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shet Shirodkar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=328 |percentage=2.28% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,620 |percentage=25.21% |change= {{increase}}22.06 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,357 |percentage=71.50% |change= {{decrease}}2.41 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,385 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.21 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress (U) |swing= {{decrease}}0.13 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1980===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Siroda<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Goa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114095835/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Goa.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Prabhu Ramchandra Tukaram |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=6,315 |percentage=46.95% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naik Jaykrishna Putu |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=5,891 |percentage=43.80% |change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shirodkar Basssant Shankar |party=Independent politician |votes=620 |percentage=4.61% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kudchadkar Sadanand Vishvanath |party=Independent politician |votes=172 |percentage=1.28% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gavde Jiv Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=120 |percentage=0.89% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gaonkar Shankar Vishnu |party=Independent politician |votes=76 |percentage=0.57% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=424 |percentage=3.15% |change= {{decrease}}25.67 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,450 |percentage=75.01% |change= {{increase}}12.35 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,589 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.22 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (U) |loser=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |swing= {{decrease}}10.81 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1977===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Siroda<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa, Daman and Diu |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Goa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114095835/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Goa.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Naik Jayakrishna Putu |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=5,964 |percentage=57.76% |change={{decrease}}1.48 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shirodhar Vassanta Shankar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,988 |percentage=28.94% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramnathkar Savita Ratanji |party=Janata Party |votes=983 |percentage=9.52% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naik Narayan Pandurang |party=Independent politician |votes=207 |percentage=2.00% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vasudev Anant Pednekar |party=Independent politician |votes=31 |percentage=0.30% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,976 |percentage=28.82% |change= {{decrease}}16.13 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,325 |percentage=63.17% |change= {{decrease}}2.61 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,104 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.74 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |swing= {{decrease}}1.48 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1972===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Siroda<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa, Daman and Diu |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_GOA_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114075126/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_GOA_72.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Jayakrishna Putu Naik |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=5,908 |percentage=59.24% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tendolkar N Narahari |party=United Goans Party (Sequeira Group) |votes=1,425 |percentage=14.29% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sulochana Ramakanta |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,234 |percentage=12.37% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gaunkar Jivu Bhagdo |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=937 |percentage=9.40% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naik Gopinath Babusso |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=174 |percentage=1.74% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fernandes Angelo Pedro |party=Independent politician |votes=126 |percentage=1.26% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,483 |percentage=44.95% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,973 |percentage=65.59% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,947 |ref = |change= }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly By-election 1968===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1968 elections in India#Goa|1968 Goa Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Siroda<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/Bye-ele-results%2052-95.xls |title=Details of Assembly By- Elections since 1952 (Year-Wise) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050311204804/http://www.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/Bye-ele-results%2052-95.xls |archive-date=11 March 2005}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=N. K. Baburao |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=3,447 |percentage= |change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Narveker |party=United Goans Party (Sequeira Group) |votes=2,159 |percentage= |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Raghunathrao |party=Independent politician |votes=1,329 |percentage= |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=F. S. Tony |party=Independent politician |votes=1,171 |percentage= |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. P. Sagun |party=Independent politician |votes=233 |percentage= |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,288 |percentage= |change= }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1967===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : Siroda<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa, Daman and Diu |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statisticall%20Report%20Goa%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085800/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statisticall%20Report%20Goa%201967.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vittal Karmali]] |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=4,571 |percentage=50.12% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. F. S. Fernandes |party=United Goans Party (Sequeira Group) |votes=1,294 |percentage=14.19% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. R. Madhavrao |party=Independent politician |votes=940 |percentage=10.31% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. J. Putu |party=Independent politician |votes=877 |percentage=9.62% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. D. Srinivas |party=Independent politician |votes=390 |percentage=4.28% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. C. Loli |party=Independent politician |votes=280 |percentage=3.07% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Sousa |party=Independent politician |votes=144 |percentage=1.58% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,277 |percentage=35.93% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,121 |percentage=59.26% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,554 |ref = |change= }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of constituencies of the Goa Legislative Assembly]]<br />
* [[North Goa district]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Footnotes==<br />
{{reflist|group=n}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Goa Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/71-goa/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Goa}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|15.32|74.02|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:North Goa district]]<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Goa]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Goa]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1963]]<br />
[[Category:1963 establishments in Goa, Daman and Diu]]</div>Saddiqa khatrihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Detective_Sherdil&diff=496375Detective Sherdil2026-04-08T23:40:35Z<p>Saddiqa khatri: Creating new pg first draft</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Detective Sherdil<br />
| image = Detective Sherdil.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Official release poster<br />
| director = Ravi Chhabriya<br />
| writer = {{ubl|Ravi Chhabriya|[[Ali Abbas Zafar]]}}<br />
| screenplay = Sagar Bajaj<br>Ali Abbas Zafar<br />
| based_on = <br />
| producer = {{ubl|Himanshu Kishan Mehra|[[Ali Abbas Zafar]]|Rohini Singh|Manmeet Singh|}}<br />
| starring = {{plain list|<br />
* [[Diljit Dosanjh]]<br />
* [[Diana Penty]]<br />
* [[Boman Irani]]<br />
* [[Ratna Pathak Shah]]<br />
* [[Chunky Panday]]<br />
* [[Banita Sandhu]]<br />
}}<br />
| cinematography = Marcin Laskawiec<br />
| editing = Ravi Chhabriya<br />
| music = Various Artists<br />
| studio = Offside Entertainment<br />Maurya Entertainment<br />AAZ Films<br />
| distributor = [[ZEE5]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|06|20|ref1=<ref name="release">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/detective-sherdil-trailer-diljit-dosanjh-channels-inner-sherlock-in-this-whodunnit-fans-call-it-desi-knives-out-101749544777742.html|title=Detective Sherdil Trailer|date=10 June 2025|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=11 June 2025}}</ref>}}<br />
| runtime = 106 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Detective Sherdil''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Mystery film|mystery comedy film]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.com/magazines/panache/detective-sherdil-ott-release-date-out-where-and-when-to-watch-diljit-dosanjhs-long-delayed-mystery-comedy/articleshow/121707752.cms |title=Detective Sherdil|work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=8 June 2025 |access-date=11 June 2025 }}</ref> directed by Ravi Chhabriya,<ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |date=10 June 2025 |title=Watch: Diljit Dosanjh plays an investigator in comedy thriller 'Detective Sherdil' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1083047/watch-diljit-dosanjh-plays-an-investigator-in-comedy-thriller-detective-sherdil |access-date=17 June 2025 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> and produced by Himanshu Kishan Mehra, [[Ali Abbas Zafar]], Rohini Singh, and Manmeet Singh under Offiside Entertainment, Maurya Entertainment, and AAZ Films. A [[ZEE5]] original, the films features [[Diljit Dosanjh]] in the titular role, alongside [[Diana Penty]], [[Boman Irani]], [[Ratna Pathak Shah]], [[Chunky Panday]], and [[Banita Sandhu]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Detective Sherdil trailer: Diljit Dosanjh is Sherlock in whodunnit set in Budapest |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/detective-sherdil-trailer-diljit-dosanjh-is-sherlock-in-whodunnit-set-in-budapest-2738683-2025-06-10 |access-date=11 June 2025 |website=[[India Today]]|date=10 June 2025 }}</ref> The story follows Sherdil as he investigates the mysterious murder of an Indian-origin telecom tycoon in [[Budapest]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Playing Detective Sherdil has been fun for me: Diljit Dosanjh |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/playing-detective-sherdil-has-been-fun-for-me-diljit-dosanjh/ |access-date=17 June 2025 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> The film was released on [[ZEE5]] on 20 June 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/diljit-dosanjh-to-investigate-tricky-murder-case-in-detective-sherdil-movie-to-stream-from-this-date/articleshow/121761843.cms|title=Diljit Dosanjh to investigate tricky murder case in 'Detective Sherdil', movie to stream from this date|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 June 2025 |access-date=11 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/detective-sherdil-ott-release-date-out-where-and-when-to-watch-diljit-dosanjhs-long-delayed-mystery-comedy/articleshow/121707752.cms?from=mdr|title=Detective Sherdil OTT release date out: Where and when to watch Diljit Dosanjh's long delayed mystery-comedy?|website=[[The Economic Times]]|date=8 June 2025 |access-date=11 June 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
{{Expand section|June 2025|date=June 2025}}<br />
In [[Budapest]], wealthy Indian-origin businessman Pankaj Bhatti is found brutally murdered. What initially looks like a hate crime soon unravels into a complex conspiracy. Detective Sherdil, a witty and unorthodox investigator, joins forces with Natasha to solve the case. As the investigation unfolds, Sherdil encounters a host of eccentric suspects including Bodhi Mama, Shanti, and various members of the Bhatti family. Clues suggest hidden scams and long-held grudges. Sherdil’s sharp mind and instinct ultimately expose the real culprit behind Bhatti’s death.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* [[Diljit Dosanjh]] as Detective Sherdil<br />
* [[Diana Penty]] as Natasha<br />
* [[Boman Irani]] as Pankaj Bhatti<br />
* [[Ratna Pathak Shah]] as Rajeshwari Bhatti<br />
* [[Chunky Panday]] as Bodhi Mama<br />
* [[Banita Sandhu]] as Shanti Bhatti<br />
* [[Sumeet Vyas]] as Angad Bhatti<br />
* [[Kashmira Irani]] as Falak<br />
* Mikhail Yawalkar as Danny<br />
* Arjun Tanwar as Purvak <br />
* [[Sarah Barlondo]] as Elizabeth <br />
* [[Mukesh Bhatt]] as Jaipal<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
The film was directed and edited by Ravi Chhabriya and co-written by Ravi Chhabriya, [[Ali Abbas Zafar]], and Sagar Bajaj. It was produced by [[Himanshu Kishan Mehra]], [[Ali Abbas Zafar]], Rohini Singh, and Manmeet Singh under [[Offside Entertainment]], Maurya Entertainment, and AAZ Films. The entire film was shot in [[Budapest]], [[Hungary]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2025 |title=Detective Sherdil: ಒಟಿಟಿಗೆ ಎಂಟ್ರಿ ಕೊಡ್ತಿದೆ ದಿಲ್ಜಿತ್ ದೋಸಂಜ್ ಅಭಿನಯದ ಡಿಟೆಕ್ಟೀವ್ ಶೇರ್ದಿಲ್! ಎಲ್ಲಿ? ಯಾವಾಗಿನಿಂದ ಸ್ಟ್ರೀಮಿಂಗ್ ಗೊತ್ತಾ? |url=https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/punjab-singer-actor-diljit-dosanjh-acted-detective-sherdil-movie-ott-latest-updates-rvj-yda-2104038.html |access-date=17 June 2025 |website=kannada.news18.com |language=kn}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
Rahul Desai of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' said that "The pulpy detective drama wastes the screen presence and comic timing of Diljit Dosanjh".<ref>{{cite web|first=Rahul|last=Desai|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/streaming/detective-sherdil-movie-review-diljit-dosanjh-as-a-desi-sherlock-in-budapest-misfires|title='Detective Sherdil' Movie Review: Diljit Dosanjh's Desi-Sherlock-In-Budapest Misfire|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]|access-date=20 June 2025}}</ref><br />
[[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 1.5 stars out of five and described it as "There are enough adept actors in this ensemble, led by Diljit Dosanjh, for us to expect an engaging whodunit. But the treatment is flat, making the characters even flatter."<ref>{{cite web|first=Shubhra|last=Gupta|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/detective-sherdil-movie-review-diljit-dosanjhs-endearing-performance-cant-save-this-flat-film-10078063/|title=Detective Sherdil movie review: Diljit Dosanjh's endearing performance can't save this flat film|website=[[The Indian Express]]|date=20 June 2025 |access-date=20 June 2025}}</ref><br />
Vineeta Kumar of ''[[India Today]]'' also rated 1.5/5 stars and said that "'Detective Sherdil' plays out like a long episode of 'Crime Patrol' - just less thrilling. While Sherdil tries his best to keep you invested, the film itself doesn't seem clever enough to make the entire journey worthwhile."<ref>{{cite web|first=Vineeta|last=Kumar|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/detective-sherdill-movie-review-no-mystery-in-this-murder-mystery-led-by-diljit-dosanjh-2743796-2025-06-20|title=Detective Sherdil review: No mystery in this murder mystery led by Diljit Dosanjh|website=[[India Today]]|date=20 June 2025 |access-date=20 June 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
Shilajit Mitra of ''[[The Hindu]]'' described it as "Another ‘Knives Out’-like, this is a convoluted murder mystery with an unremarkable lead turn by Diljit Dosanjh."<ref>{{cite web|first=Shilajit|last=Mitra|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/detective-sherdil-movie-review-diljit-dosanjh-all-talk-middling-murder-mystery-zee5/article69712379.ece|title='Detective Sherdil' movie review: Diljit Dosanjh is all talk in middling murder mystery<br />
|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 June 2025 |access-date=20 June 2025}}</ref><br />
Ronak Kotecha of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2.5 stars out of 5 and said that "‘Detective Sherdil’ tries to be a clever caper but ends up being just a colourful distraction. With a sharper script and smarter humour, it might’ve worked. But as it stands, this mystery is one you won’t mind leaving unsolved."<ref>{{cite web|first=Ronak|last=Kotecha|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/detective-sherdil/ottmoviereview/121968968.cms|title=Detective Sherdil Movie Review: Diljit Dosanjh's charm can't rescue this predictable murder mystery<br />
|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=20 June 2025}}</ref><br />
Vinamra Mathur of ''[[Firstpost]]'' writes in his review that "Unlike ‘Housefull 5 (A and B)’ and ‘36 China Town’, the final twist doesn’t feel frivolous. It not only compliments the essence of the story but also exposes the fragility of dysfunctional relationships."<ref>{{cite web|first=Vinamra|last=Mathur|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/diljit-dosanjhs-detective-sherdil-movie-review-boman-irani-ratna-pathak-shah-banita-sandhu-walk-away-with-top-honours-in-a-semi-engaging-murder-mystery-13897014.html|title=Diljit Dosanjh's 'Detective Sherdil' movie review: Boman Irani, Ratna Pathak Shah, Banita Sandhu walk away with top honours in a semi-engaging murder mystery<br />
|website=[[Firstpost]]|date=20 June 2025 |access-date=20 June 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
Amogh Ravindra of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' said that Diljit Dosanjh plays the titular character, a quirky sleuth with charm and wit. While he brings his trademark likability, the character often slips into caricature, which takes some weight away from the mystery. Diana Penty’s role feels underwritten.<ref>{{cite web|first=Amogh|last=Ravindra|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/detective-sherdil-movie-review-whodunit-with-missed-opportunities-3595777|title='Detective Sherdil' movie review: Whodunit with missed opportunities<br />
|website=[[Deccan Herald]]|access-date=20 June 2025}}</ref><br />
Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' writes that "Once the expectation of basic rigour is set aside – which is early on – the 106-minute move settles into a comedy in which grown-ups act like cartoon figures and Sherdil hops from one epiphany to the next. Diljit Dosanjh dominates the show without making it seem apparent."<ref>{{cite web|first=Nandini|last=Ramnath|url=https://scroll.in/reel/1083560/detective-sherdil-review-thick-on-charm-and-thin-on-plotting|title='Detective Sherdil' review: Thick on charm and thin on plotting<br />
|website=[[Scroll.in]]|date=20 June 2025 |access-date=20 June 2025}}</ref><br />
Yatamanyu Narain of ''[[News 18]]'' observed that "Detective Sherdil is a slick murder mystery led by Diljit Dosanjh, mixing sharp humour, twists, and stunning visuals."<ref>{{cite web|first=Yatamanyu|last=Narain|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/detective-sherdil-review-diljit-dosanjhs-stylish-whodunit-is-equal-parts-swagger-and-suspense-ws-kl-9393967.html|title=Detective Sherdil Review: Diljit Dosanjh's Stylish Whodunit Is Equal Parts Swagger And Suspense<br />
|website=[[News 18]]|access-date=20 June 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
Devesh Sharma of ''[[Filmfare]]'' rated 2.5/5 stars and said that "Sherdil is a mishmash of themes. It's a murder mystery, comedy, moral drama and parody all rolled into one."<ref>{{cite web|first=Devesh|last=Sharma|url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/web-series/detective-sherdil-review-coasts-on-diljit-dosanjhs-charm-74883.html|title=Detective Sherdil Review: Coasts on Diljit Dosanjh's Charm<br />
|website=[[Filmfare]]|access-date=20 June 2025}}</ref><br />
Aishwarya Vasudevan of ''[[OTT Play]]'' also rated this film 2.5/5 stars and said that "Detective Sherdil banks on Diljit Dosanjh’s charm but delivers a predictable mystery with meme-style humour, stellar casting, and an underwhelming plot that lacks suspense and surprise."<ref>{{cite web|first=Aishwarya|last=Vasudevan|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/detective-sherdil-review-diljit-dosanjh-leads-sleuth-story-with-style-snark-suspense-lite/997944be64777|title=Detective Sherdil review: Diljit Dosanjh leads a sleuth story with style, snark, and suspense lite<br />
|website=[[OTT Play]]|access-date=20 June 2025}}</ref><br />
Shreyas Pande of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave 2 stars out of 5 and said that "the film wants to be slick and quirky but doesn’t go beyond surface-level embellishments".<ref>{{cite web|first=Shreyas|last=Pande|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/review/2025/Jun/20/detective-sherdil-movie-review-a-confused-diljit-dosanjh-in-a-dull-murder-mystery|title=Detective Sherdil Movie Review: A confused Diljit Dosanjh in a dull murder-mystery<br />
|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=20 June 2025 |access-date=20 June 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{IMDb title|id=tt28076316}}<br />
*[https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/detective-sherdil/0-0-1z5742637 Detective Sherdil] on [[ZEE5]]<br />
{{Ali Abbas Zafar}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2025 films]]<br />
[[Category:2020s mystery thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:2025 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian detective films]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Budapest]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Budapest]]<br />
[[Category:Films about deaf people]]</div>Saddiqa khatrihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Naveen_Patnaik_ministry&diff=499164First Naveen Patnaik ministry2026-04-05T11:45:20Z<p>Saddiqa khatri: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Government of Odisha (2000 {{ndash}} 2004)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox government cabinet<br />
| cabinet_type = Ministry<br />
| cabinet_number = 26th<br />
| jurisdiction = [[Odisha]]<br />
| flag_border = true<br />
| flag = File:Seal of Odisha.svg<br />
| incumbent = 2000 {{ndash}} 2004<br />
| image = File:NaveenPatnaik.jpg<br />
| image_size = 150px<br />
| caption = [[Naveen Patnaik]]<br />[[Chief Minister of Odisha|Hon'ble Chief Minister of Odisha]]<br />
| date_formed = 5 March 2000<br />
| date_dissolved = 15 May 2004<br />
| government_head_title = [[Chief Minister of Odisha|Chief Minister]]<br />
| government_head = [[Naveen Patnaik]]<br />
| deputy_government_head = <br />
| state_head_title = [[Governor of Odisha|Governor]]<br />
| state_head = [[M. M. Rajendran]]<br />
| members_number = 25<br />
| political_parties = '''[[National Democratic Alliance]] 107'''<br/>{{Color box|#50B450}} [[Biju Janata Dal]] 69<br/>{{Color box|#FF9933}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] 38<br />
| legislature_status = [[Majority government|Majority]]{{Composition bar|107|147|hex=#FF9933|per=1}}<br />
| opposition_party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| opposition_leader = Ramakanta Mishra<br />
| election = [[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]<br />
| legislature_term = {{ayd|5 March 2000|15 May 2004}}<br />
| successor = [[Second Naveen Patnaik ministry]]<br />
| cabinet_name = First Naveen Patnaik ministry<br />
| outgoing_formation = [[11th Orissa Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| incoming_formation = [[12th Orissa Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| predecessor = [[Second Hemananda Biswal ministry]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Naveen Patnaik''' was elected as the chief minister of [[Odisha]] for the first time in 2000 after NDA secured a landslide victory in the [[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]. The elections were held in February 2000 in two phases. NDA secured 107 seats out of 147 in the twelfth [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]. [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] secured 69 seats while [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Odisha|BJP]] secured 38 seats.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-02 |title=Naveen Patnaik’s Odisha (2000-2024) |url=https://www.theindiaforum.in/politics/naveen-patnaiks-odisha-2000-2024 |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=The India Forum |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-04-15 |title=Assembly Elections, 2000 : Politics in Post-Cyclone Orissa {{!}} Economic and Political Weekly |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2000/16/commentary/assembly-elections-2000-politics-post-cyclone-orissa.html |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=www.epw.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Das |first=Dr. Sthitaprajna |last2=Panigrahi |first2=Puspalata |date=14 July 2024 |title=A study on the state legislative assembly elections in Odisha (1952-2024) |url=https://www.journalofpoliticalscience.com/uploads/archives/6-2-1-681.pdf |journal=International Journal of Political Science and Governance |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=28-33 |via=P-ISSN: 2664-6021, E-ISSN: 2664-603X, Impact Factor (RJIF): 5.92}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Brief history ==<br />
Due to poor handling of [[1999 Odisha cyclone]] and rise in corruption & criminal cases etc. led to rise of unpopularity of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]], which eventually led to their dismissal performance in [[2000 Orissa Legislative Assembly election|2000 election]]. <br />
<br />
Chief Minister [[Naveen Patnaik]] along with 14 Cabinet Ministers, 6 Minister of State with Independent Charges and 4 Minister of State were administered the oath of office and secrecy by Governor [[M. M. Rajendran]] at the [[Raj Bhavan, Bhubaneswar]] on 5 March 2000. The BJD had the larger share of representation in the ministry with 16 ministers including the Chief Minister while the BJP had 9.<br />
<br />
Cabinet reshuffle took place on 6 August 2002 with induction of 8 new ministers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=rediff.com: Naveen Patnaik inducts eight new ministers |url=https://m.rediff.com/news/2002/aug/06oris.htm |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
Assembly was dissolved early almost a year ahead & election were called in line with [[2004 Indian general election]]. [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] lost the general election but won [[2004 Orissa Legislative Assembly election|2004 Orissa Assembly election]]. Shri Patnaik resigned on 15 May 2004 paving way for new govt.<br />
<br />
== Council of Ministers ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|+[https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/357-397.pdf Source]<br />
!Portfolio<br />
!Portrait<br />
!Name<br/>{{small|Constituency|List of constituencies of the Odisha Legislative Assembly}}<br />
! colspan="2" |Tenure<br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
* [[Chief Minister of Odisha|'''Chief Minister''']]<br />
* [https://home.odisha.gov.in/ Home]<br />
* [https://ga.odisha.gov.in/ General Administration]<br />
* [https://agri.odisha.gov.in/ Agriculture]<br />
* '''Other departments not allocated to any Minister.'''<br />
| rowspan="5" |[[File:NaveenPatnaik.jpg|100x100px]]<br />
| rowspan="5" |'''[[Naveen Patnaik]]'''<br />{{small|MLA from [[Hinjili Assembly constituency|Hinjili]]}}<br />
|5 March 2000<br />
|15 May 2004<br />
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
*[https://dowr.odisha.gov.in/ Water Resources]<br />
*[https://it.odisha.gov.in/ Information Technology]<br />
|5 March 2000<br />
|6 August 2002<br />
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
* [https://works.odisha.gov.in/ Works] <br />
* [https://urban.odisha.gov.in/ Housing] <br />
* [https://pa.odisha.gov.in/ Parliamentary Affairs]<br />
* [https://health.odisha.gov.in/ Health & Family Welfare]<br />
* [https://wcd.odisha.gov.in/ Women & Child Development] <br />
* [https://rd.odisha.gov.in/ Rural Development] <br />
* [https://dhe.odisha.gov.in/ Higher Education]<br />
|9 July 2001<br />
|6 August 2002<br />
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
* [https://sme.odisha.gov.in/ School & Mass Education] <br />
|3 June 2002<br />
|6 August 2002<br />
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
* [https://finance.odisha.gov.in/ Finance]<br />
* [https://pc.odisha.gov.in/ Planning & Coordination]<br />
|6 August 2002<br />
|15 May 2004<br />
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="7" |'''Cabinet Minister'''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
* [https://excise.odisha.gov.in/ Excise]<br />
| [[File:Ananda Acharya.jpg|100x100px]]<br />
|Ananda Acharya<br />{{small|MLA from [[Bargarh Assembly constituency|Bargarh]]}}<br />
|5 March 2000<br />
|15 May 2004<br />
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
* [https://urban.odisha.gov.in/ Housing] <br />
* [https://pa.odisha.gov.in/ Parliamentary Affairs]<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Nalinikanta_Mohanty.jpg|100x100px]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |Nalinikanta Mohanty<br />{{small|MLA from [[Rajanagar Assembly constituency|Rajanagar]]}}<br />
| rowspan="2" |5 March 2000<br />
| rowspan="2" |9 July 2001<br />
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |<br />
*[https://works.odisha.gov.in/ Works] <br />
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Kalindi_Behera.jpg|100x100px]]<br />
|Kalindi Behera<br />{{small|MLA from [[Salipur Assembly constituency|Salepur]]}}<br />
|6 August 2002<br />
|15 May 2004<br />
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
* [https://finance.odisha.gov.in/ Finance]<br />
* [https://pc.odisha.gov.in/ Planning & Coordination]<br />
| [[File:Ram_Krushna_Patnaik.jpg|100x100px]]<br />
|[[Ram Krushna Patnaik]]<br />{{small|MLA from [[Kodala Assembly constituency|Kodala]]}}<br />
|5 March 2000<br />
|6 August 2002<br />
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |<br />
* [https://health.odisha.gov.in/ Health & Family Welfare]<br />
* [https://wcd.odisha.gov.in/ Women & Child Development] <br />
|[[File:Kamala Das.jpg|100x100px]]<br />
|Kamala Das<br />{{small|MLA from [[Bhograi Assembly constituency|Bhograi]]}}<br />
|5 March 2000<br />
|9 July 2001<br />
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Prafulla_Chandra_Ghadai.jpg|100x100px]]<br />
|Prafulla Chandra Ghadei<br />{{small|MLA from [[Sukinda Assembly constituency|Sukinda]]}}<br />
|6 August 2002<br />
|15 May 2004<br />
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
* [https://forest.odisha.gov.in/ Forest] <br />
* [https://forest.odisha.gov.in/ Environment] <br />
| [[File:Adwait_Prasad_Singh.jpg|100x100px]]<br />
|Adwait Prasad Singh<br />{{small|MLA from [[Angul Assembly constituency|Angul]]}}<br />
|5 March 2000<br />
|6 August 2002<br />
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |<br />
* [https://panchayat.odisha.gov.in/ Panchayati Raj] <br />
| [[File:Surendra_Nath_Naik.jpg|100x100px]]<br />
|[[Surendra Nath Naik]]<br />{{small|MLA from [[Kakatpur Assembly constituency|Kakatpur]]}}<br />
|5 March 2000<br />
|6 August 2002<br />
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Damodara Rout.jpg|100x100px]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Damodar Rout]]<br />{{small|MLA from [[Ersama Assembly constituency|Ersama]]}}<br />
| rowspan="2" |6 August 2002<br />
| rowspan="2" |15 May 2004<br />
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
* [https://inpr.odisha.gov.in/ Information & Public Relations]<br />
* [https://culture.odisha.gov.in/ Culture] <br />
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |<br />
* [https://sme.odisha.gov.in/ School & Mass Education] <br />
| [[File:Bhagabat_Behera_MLA.jpg|100x100px]]<br />
|[[Bhagabat Behera]]<br />{{small|MLA from [[Nayagarh Assembly constituency|Nayagarh]]}}<br />
|5 March 2000<br />
|3 June 2002<br />
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Surendra_Nath_Naik.jpg|100x100px]]<br />
|[[Surendra Nath Naik]]<br />{{small|MLA from [[Kakatpur Assembly constituency|Kakatpur]]}}<br />
|6 August 2002<br />
|15 May 2004<br />
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
* [https://steelmines.odisha.gov.in/ Steel & Mines]<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[File:Ananga Udaya Singh Deo.jpg|100x100px]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Ananga Udaya Singh Deo]]<br />{{small|MLA from [[Bolangir Assembly constituency|Bolangir]]}}<br />
|5 March 2000<br />
|15 May 2004<br />
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
* [https://it.odisha.gov.in/ Information Technology]<br />
* [https://dot.odisha.gov.in/ Tourism]<br />
|6 August 2002<br />
|15 May 2004<br />
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |<br />
* [https://energy.odisha.gov.in/ Energy] <br />
|5 March 2000<br />
|6 August 2002<br />
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Surjya_Narayana_Patro.jpg|100x100px]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Surjya Narayan Patro]]<br />{{small|MLA from [[Mohana Assembly constituency|Mohana]]}}<br />
| rowspan="2" |6 August 2002<br />
| rowspan="2" |15 May 2004<br />
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
* [https://st.odisha.gov.in/ Science & Technology] <br />
* [https://forest.odisha.gov.in/ Environment] <br />
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |<br />
* [https://stsc.odisha.gov.in/ Schedule Tribes & Schedule Castes Development]<br />
* [https://stsc.odisha.gov.in/ Minorities & Backward Classes Welfare]<br />
| [[File:Mangala_Kisan.jpg|100x100px]]<br />
|[[Mangala Kisan]]<br />{{small|MLA from [[Rajgangpur Assembly constituency|Rajgangpur]]}}<br />
|5 March 2000<br />
|6 August 2002<br />
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Kalindi_Behera.jpg|100x100px]]<br />
|Kalindi Behera<br />{{small|MLA from [[Salipur Assembly constituency|Salipur]]}}<br />
|6 August 2002<br />
|15 May 2004<br />
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
* [https://dowr.odisha.gov.in/ Water Resources]<br />
| [[File:Mangala_Kisan.jpg|100x100px]]<br />
|[[Mangala Kisan]]<br />{{small|MLA from [[Rajgangpur Assembly constituency|Rajgangpur]]}}<br />
|6 August 2002<br />
|15 May 2004<br />
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
* [https://revenue.odisha.gov.in/ Revenue]<br />
*[https://law.odisha.gov.in/ Law]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Biswabhusan_Harichandan.jpg|100x100px]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Biswabhusan Harichandan]]<br />{{small|MLA from [[Bhubaneswar Assembly constituency|Bhubaneswar]]}}<br />
|5 March 2000<br />
|15 May 2004<br />
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
* [https://fard.odisha.gov.in/ Fisheries & Animal Resources Development]<br />
|5 March 2000<br />
|6 August 2002<br />
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
* [https://food.odisha.gov.in/ Food Supplies & Consumer Welfare]<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[File:Bed Prakash Agarawalla.jpg|100x100px]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Bed Prakash Agarwal]]<br />{{small|MLA from [[Kendrapara Assembly constituency|Kendrapara]]}}<br />
|5 March 2000<br />
|15 May 2004<br />
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
* [https://pe.odisha.gov.in/ Public Enterprises]<br />
|5 March 2000<br />
|6 August 2002<br />
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
* [https://rd.odisha.gov.in/ Rural Development] <br />
|6 August 2002<br />
|15 May 2004<br />
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
* [https://ga.odisha.gov.in/ Public Grievances & Pension Administration]<br />
* [https://urban.odisha.gov.in/ Urban Development] <br />
| [[File:Samir Dey.jpg|100x100px]]<br />
|[[Samir Dey]]<br />{{small|MLA from [[Cuttack City Assembly constituency|Cuttack City]]}}<br />
|5 March 2000<br />
|15 May 2004<br />
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
* [https://industries.odisha.gov.in/ Industries]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Kanak_Vardhan_Singh_Deo_2024.jpg|100x100px]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Kanak Vardhan Singh Deo]]<br />{{small|MLA from [[Patnagarh Assembly constituency|Patnagarh]]}}<br />
|5 March 2000<br />
|15 May 2004<br />
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
* [https://pe.odisha.gov.in/ Public Enterprises]<br />
|6 August 2002<br />
|15 May 2004<br />
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
* [https://coop.odisha.gov.in/ Co-operation]<br />
| rowspan="3" | [[File:Arabinda Dhali.jpg|100x100px]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Arabinda Dhali]]<br />{{small|MLA from [[Malkangiri Assembly constituency|Malkangiri]]}}<br />
|5 March 2000<br />
|15 May 2004<br />
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
* [https://handloom.odisha.gov.in/ Textiles & Handlooms]<br />
|5 March 2000<br />
|6 August 2002<br />
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
* [https://ct.odisha.gov.in/ Commerce and Transport] <br />
|6 August 2002<br />
|15 May 2004<br />
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="7" |'''Minister of State with Independent Charges'''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
* [https://sports.odisha.gov.in/ Sports & Youth Services]<br />
| rowspan="3" | [[File:Ranendra Pratap Swain.jpg|100x100px]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Ranendra Pratap Swain]]<br />{{small|MLA from [[Athagarh Assembly constituency|Athagarh]]}}<br />
|5 March 2000<br />
|15 May 2004<br />
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
* [https://st.odisha.gov.in/ Science & Technology] <br />
|5 March 2000<br />
|6 August 2002<br />
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
* [https://urban.odisha.gov.in/ Housing] <br />
|6 August 2002<br />
|15 May 2004<br />
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
* [https://dot.odisha.gov.in/ Tourism]<br />
* [https://culture.odisha.gov.in/ Culture] <br />
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Bijayshree Routray.jpg|100x100px]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Bijayshree Routray]]<br />{{small|MLA from [[Basudevpur Assembly constituency|Basudevpur]]}}<br />
|5 March 2000<br />
|6 August 2002<br />
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
* [https://forest.odisha.gov.in/ Forest] <br />
|6 August 2002<br />
|15 May 2004<br />
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
* [https://inpr.odisha.gov.in/ Information & Public Relations]<br />
| [[File:Duryodhan Majhi.jpg|100x100px]]<br />
|[[Duryodhan Majhi]]<br />{{small|MLA from [[Khariar Assembly constituency|Khariar]]}}<br />
|5 March 2000<br />
|6 August 2002<br />
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
* [https://pa.odisha.gov.in/ Parliamentary Affairs]<br />
| [[File:Panchanan Kanungo MLA.jpg|100x100px]]<br />
|Panchanan Kanungo<br />{{small|MLA from [[Gobindpur, Odisha Assembly constituency|Gobindpur]]}}<br />
|6 August 2002<br />
|15 May 2004<br />
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
* [https://ct.odisha.gov.in/ Commerce and Transport] <br />
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Governor of Jharkhand Draupadi Murmu in December 2016.jpg|100x100px]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Droupadi Murmu]]<br />{{small|MLA from [[Rairangpur Assembly constituency|Rairangpur]]}}<br />
|5 March 2000<br />
|6 August 2002<br />
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
* [https://fard.odisha.gov.in/ Fisheries & Animal Resources Development]<br />
|6 August 2002<br />
|15 May 2004<br />
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |<br />
* [https://labour.odisha.gov.in/ Labour & Employment]<br />
| [[File:Bimbadhar Kuanr.jpg|100x100px]]<br />
|[[Bimbadhar Kuanr]]<br />{{small|MLA from [[Bhatli Assembly constituency|Bhatli]]}}<br />
|5 March 2000<br />
|6 August 2002<br />
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Himansu Sekhar Meher.jpg|100x100px]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Himansu Sekhar Meher]]<br />{{small|MLA from [[Junagarh Assembly constituency|Junagarh]]}}<br />
| rowspan="2" |6 August 2002<br />
| rowspan="2" |15 May 2004<br />
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
* [https://handloom.odisha.gov.in/ Textiles & Handlooms]<br />
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
* [https://rd.odisha.gov.in/ Rural Development]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Prashanta Nanda MLA.jpg|100x100px]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Prashanta Nanda]]<br />{{small|MLA from [[Begunia Assembly constituency|Begunia]]}}<br />
| rowspan="2" |5 March 2000<br />
| rowspan="2" |9 July 2001<br />
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |<br />
* [https://dhe.odisha.gov.in/ Higher Education]<br />
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[File:Bimbadhar Kuanr.jpg|100x100px]]<br />
|[[Bimbadhar Kuanr]]<br />{{small|MLA from [[Bhatli Assembly constituency|Bhatli]]}}<br />
|6 August 2002<br />
|15 May 2004<br />
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="7" |'''Minister of State'''<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
* [https://food.odisha.gov.in/ Food Supplies & Consumer Welfare]<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Rabi Narayan Nanda.jpg|100x100px]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |Rabi Narayan Nanda<br />{{small|MLA from [[Jeypore Assembly constituency|Jeypore]]}}<br />
|5 March 2000<br />
|6 August 2002<br />
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
* [https://dowr.odisha.gov.in/ Water Resources]<br />
|6 August 2002<br />
|15 May 2004<br />
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
* [https://health.odisha.gov.in/ Health & Family Welfare]<br />
|[[File:Debiprasad Mishra.jpg|100x100px]]<br />
|[[Debi Prasad Mishra]]<br />{{small|MLA from [[Baramba Assembly constituency|Baramba]]}}<br />
|5 March 2000<br />
|6 August 2002<br />
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
* [https://agri.odisha.gov.in/ Agriculture]<br />
|[[File:Amar Prasad Satpathy.jpg|100x100px]]<br />
|Amar Prasad Satpathy<br />{{small|MLA from [[Barchana Assembly constituency|Barchana]]}}<br />
|5 March 2000<br />
|6 August 2002<br />
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
* [https://finance.odisha.gov.in/ Finance]<br />
| [[File:Panchanan Kanungo MLA.jpg|100x100px]]<br />
|Panchanan Kanungo<br />{{small|MLA from [[Gobindpur, Odisha Assembly constituency|Gobindpur]]}}<br />
|6 August 2002<br />
|15 May 2004<br />
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
* [https://wcd.odisha.gov.in/ Women & Child Development]<br />
|[[File:Bishnu Priya Behera.jpg|100x100px]]<br />
|Bishnu Priya Behera<br />{{small|MLA from [[Phulbani Assembly constituency|Phulbani]]}}<br />
|6 August 2002<br />
|15 May 2004<br />
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
* [https://stsc.odisha.gov.in/ Schedule Tribes & Schedule Castes Development]<br />
* [https://stsc.odisha.gov.in/ Minorities & Backward Classes Welfare]<br />
|[[File:Balabhadra Majhi.jpg|100x100px]]<br />
|Balabhadra Majhi<br />{{small|MLA from [[Narla Assembly constituency|Narla]]}}<br />
|6 August 2002<br />
|15 May 2004<br />
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
* [https://pc.odisha.gov.in/ Planning & Coordination]<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Golak Bihari Naik.jpg|100x100px]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |Golak Bihari Naik<br />{{small|MLA from [[Khunta Assembly constituency|Khunta]]}}<br />
|5 March 2000<br />
|6 August 2002<br />
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
* [https://ga.odisha.gov.in/ Public Grievances & Pension Administration]<br />
|6 August 2002<br />
|15 May 2004<br />
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Chief ministers of Odisha}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2000 establishments in Orissa]]<br />
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 2000|Naveen I]]<br />
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 2004|Naveen I]]<br />
[[Category:Odisha ministries|Naveen I]]<br />
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party]]</div>Saddiqa khatrihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=...Re&diff=481585...Re2026-03-27T16:29:41Z<p>Saddiqa khatri: added new article.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = ...Re<br />
| image = 2016 Kannada film ...Re poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Film poster<br />
| director = [[Sunil Kumar Desai]]<br />
| producer = Lokesh R.<br />
| story = Sunil Kumar Desai<br />
| screenplay = Sunil Kumar Desai<br />
| narrator =<br />
| starring = [[Ramesh Aravind]]<br/>[[Anant Nag]]<br/>[[Harshika Poonacha]]<br/>Suman <br/>Divya Shetty Shridhar<br />
| music = [[Hamsalekha]]<br />
| cinematography = [[G.S. Bhaskar]]<br />
| editing = B. S. Kemparaj<br />
| released = {{film date|2016|03|04|df=yes}}<br />
| studio = Sujana Creations<br />
| distributor = Jayanna Films<br />
| runtime = 153 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = [[Kannada language|Kannada]]<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''...Re''''' ({{Langx|en|If}}) is a 2016 Indian [[Kannada language|Kannada]]-language [[Comedy|comedy film]] written and directed by [[Sunil Kumar Desai]].<ref name="newindianexpress.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Loving-it-with-Re/2015/11/05/article3113663.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117021710/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Loving-it-with-Re/2015/11/05/article3113663.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 November 2015|title=Loving it with Re|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The film has an [[ensemble cast]] consisting of veteran actors: [[Ramesh Aravind]], [[Anant Nag]], Master Hirannaiah, [[Loknath]], [[Shivaram]], [[Tennis Krishna]], [[Ramesh Bhat]], [[Vaijanath Biradar]], [[Sharath Lohithaswa]], [[Suman Nagarkar|Suman]], [[G. K. Govinda Rao]] among others.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}} [[Harshika Poonacha]] and debutant actress Suman play female leads in the film.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}} Ananth Nag had revealed that the movie is thematically similar to Badal Sircar's play ''Ballabpurer Roopkatha''.<ref name="dhwanidesai">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Lucky-to-play-challenging-roles-Ananth-Nag/articleshow/51175447.cms|title=Lucky to play challenging roles: Ananth Nag|author=Dhwani Desai|date=28 February 2016|work=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
* [[Ramesh Aravind]] as Papanna "Papu" Rao<br />
* [[Anant Nag]] as Narayan Rao<br />
* [[Harshika Poonacha]] as Parvathi<br />
* Suman as Preethi Bhat<br />
* [[Ramesh Bhat]] as Achyuth Rao<br />
* [[Master Hirannaiah]] as Vasudev Achar<br />
* [[Loknath]] as [[Dewan of Mysore|Dewan]] Bhima Rao<br />
* [[G. K. Govinda Rao]] as Samskrutha's father<br />
* [[Srinivas Prabhu]] as Narayan Rao's great-grandfather<br />
* [[Shivaram]] as Govinda Rao Sharmana "Samskrutha"<br />
* [[Chi. Guru Dutt]] as Dr. Kuju<br />
* [[Sharath Lohithaswa]] as Gangaraja / Shobharaj<br />
* [[Vaijanath Biradar]]<br />
* Divya Shetty Shridhar as Shreya<br />
* Mahesh Nethrekar<br />
* [[P. D. Sathish Chandra]] as ghost<br />
* Prashanth<br />
* [[Tennis Krishna]] as auto rickshaw driver<br />
* [[Mandeep Roy]] as physicist<br />
* Chidanand<br />
* [[Suman Nagarkar]] in a cameo in song "Savi Nenapina"<br />
* [[Sunil Kumar Desai]] as doctor (cameo)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
Pre-production of the film started in 2013 with the title ''Thandana Thandanaana''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/I-got-offers-but-from-the-wrong-kind-of-people/articleshow/50683462.cms|title=I got offers, but from the wrong kind of people|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It was revealed that Lokesh R. under Sujana Creations would produce the film and that it would be mostly shot in and around Bengaluru.<br />
<br />
Ace cinematographer [[G. S. Bhaskar]] who previously worked for Hollywood technicians such as [[Richard Attenborough]] handled the camera.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/attenborough-as-seen-through-bhaskars-eyes/article6350928.ece|title=Attenborough as seen through Bhaskar's eyes|author=Muralidhara Khajane|work=The Hindu|date=25 August 2014}}</ref> Veteran music director [[Hamsalekha]] was signed to score music for the film. [[Anant Nag]] stated that the film was thematically similar to [[Badal Sircar]]'s play ''Ballabpurer Roopkatha''.<ref name="dhwanidesai">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Lucky-to-play-challenging-roles-Ananth-Nag/articleshow/51175447.cms|title=Lucky to play challenging roles: Ananth Nag|author=Dhwani Desai|date=28 February 2016|work=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
In an interview with ''[[The New Indian Express]]'', the film's director [[Sunil Kumar Desai]] said that the film revolves around the "'ifs' of our lives".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Re-Revolves-Around-the-ifs-of-our-Lives-Desai/2016/03/03/article3306972.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055048/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Re-Revolves-Around-the-ifs-of-our-Lives-Desai/2016/03/03/article3306972.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2016|title='Re' Revolves Around the 'ifs' of our Lives: Desai|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Lead actor of the film [[Ramesh Aravind]] described the film as "an out of the box love story, which has deep meaning with weird characterisations".<ref name="newindianexpress.com"/> Nag also felt that the film had "serious messages" about Indian cultural heritage and [[Adi Shankara]]'s [[Advaita]] philosophy.<ref name="dhwanidesai"/><br />
<br />
The film was touted as a comeback film for veterans of Kannada cinema such as director Desai, composer Hamsalekha and senior artists [[Loknath]] and [[Shivaram]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.udayavani.com/kannada/news/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE/113977/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BF-%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D-%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%81-%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%87-%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF|title=ದೇಸಾಯಿ ರಿಟರ್ನ್ಸ್ ನಾನು ಹೇಳಿದ್ದನ್ನೇ ಮಾಡ್ತೀನಿ|work=udayavani.com|access-date=11 November 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033131/http://www.udayavani.com/kannada/news/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE/113977/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BF-%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D-%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%81-%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%87-%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF|url-status=dead}}</ref> In an interview with the ''[[Times of India]]'', Ramesh Aravind said that ''...Re'' may seem like a film from the 70s or 80s and that the "old world charm" of the film was intentional.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Ananth-Nag-my-chemistry-shows-onscreen/articleshow/51221356.cms|title=Ananth Nag, my chemistry shows onscreen|author=Prathibha Joy|date=2 March 2016|work=The Times of India}}</ref> The film makes a sweeping criticism at the state of open defecation in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gktoday.in/gk/open-defecation-in-india/|title=Open Defecation in India}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
! No. !! Song title !! Singers !! Lyrics<br />
|-<br />
| 1 || "Nanondu Bilihaale" || Badri Prasad, Hiranmayee || [[Hamsalekha]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2 || "Savi Nenapina" || Badri Prasad || Hamsalekha<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
A reviewer of [[Kannada Prabha]] wrote"Sunil Kumar Desai, who weaves a story that takes place almost between the four walls, goes to build a hall of speech, is not a good drama and does not show excellence technically, Sunil Kumar Desai is disappointing".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kannadaprabha.com/cinema/review/2016/mar/04/-re-kannada-film-review-269953.html |title=ಪ್ರೇ'ತಾತ'ಮಗಳ ನಡುವೆ ಮಾತಿನ ಮಂಟಪದ ಆಸ'..ರೆ' |date=4 March 2016|work= [[Kannada Prabha]]|language=kn|access-date=4 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204140935/https://www.kannadaprabha.com/cinema/review/2016/mar/04/-re-kannada-film-review-269953.html |archive-date=4 December 2023}}</ref> Sunayana Suresh from [[The Times of India]] says "While the soundtrack from Hamsalekha could have been a tad more contemporary, that can be forgiven given the old-world charm to the entire tale. Watch this for a dose of laughter, with some intelligent witticisms as the bonus".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/-re/movie-review/51275960.cms |title=...Re? Movie Review |date=14 May 2016|work= [[The Times of India]] |language=en|access-date=4 December 2023|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204201423/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/-re/movie-review/51275960.cms |archive-date=4 December 2023}}</ref> Shyam Prasad S from [[Bangalore Mirror]] says "Ramesh Aravind delivers another good performance and seems to be growing younger. It can be safely said that Harshika Poonacha is one of the best actresses in Sandalwood".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-re/articleshow/51260765.cms |title=Movie Review ..Re |date=4 March 2016|work= [[Bangalore Mirror]] |language=en|access-date=4 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501093748/http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-re/articleshow/51260765.cms |archive-date=1 May 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{Official website|re-skd.com}}<br />
* {{IMDb title|tt3116888}}<br />
<br />
{{Sunil Kumar Desai}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Re}}<br />
[[Category:2016 films]]<br />
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[[Category:2016 comedy films]]</div>Saddiqa khatrihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Videha&diff=458323Videha2026-03-26T17:01:08Z<p>Saddiqa khatri: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Ancient Indian tribe}}<br />
{{use Indian English|date=June 2017}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{See also|Videgha Mathava}}<br />
{{Infobox country<br />
| native_name = <br />
| conventional_long_name = Kingdom of the Videha<br />
| common_name = Kingdom of the Videha<br />
| era = [[Iron Age]]<br />
| status = Kingdom (earlier)<br>Republic of the [[Vajjika League]] (later)<br />
| government_type = [[Monarchy]] (earlier)<br />
[[Ganasangha|Aristocratic republic]] (later)<br />
| legislature = [[Sabhā]]<br />
| established = By [[Videgha Mathava]]<br />
| established_event1 = Order by Lord Agni to establish Videha Kingdom<br />
| year_start = c. 1100 BCE<br />
| year_end = c. 7th century BCE<br />
| event_end = Republic [[Vajjika League]] dethroned monarchy Viedha dynasty<br />
| p1 = Vedic Period<br />
| s1 = Vajjika League<br />
| image_map = File:Late Vedic Culture (1100-500 BCE).png<br />
| image_map_alt = Videha<br />
| image_map_size = 300px<br />
| image_map_caption = The Kingdom of the Videhas and other kingdoms of the late [[Vedic period]]<br />
| image_map2 = Gana_Sanghas_(c._500_BCE).jpg<br />
| image_map2_caption = Republican Videha (ruled by Vajjika League) among the [[Gaṇasaṅgha]]s in the [[Vedic Period|Post-Vedic period]]<br />
| capital = [[Mithila (ancient city)|Mithila]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Thakur |first=Ripunjay Kumar |date=1 March 2022|title=Historical Geography of Early Medieval Mithila: From Videha to Tirhut.|url=https://www.academia.edu/72670545|publisher=New Archaeological & Genological Society, Kanpur, India|issn=2348-8301|access-date=21 August 2025}}</ref><br />
| common_languages = [[Sanskrit]]<br />
| religion = [[Historical Vedic religion]]<ref name=benami9>Ben-Ami Scharfstein (1998), ''A comparative history of world philosophy: from the Upanishads to Kant'', Albany: State University of New York Press, pp. 9-11</ref><br />
<br> [[Proto-Buddhism]] <br> [[Parshvanatha|Proto-Jainism]]<br />
| demonym = Vaideha<br />
| currency = <br />
| title_leader = {{Transliteration|sa|[[Raja|Rājā]]}} (earlier)<br>{{Transliteration|sa|Gaṇa Mukhya}} (later)<br />
| today = [[India]]<br />[[Nepal]]<br />
}}<br />
{{History of Bihar}}<br />
'''Videha''' ([[Prakrit|Prākrit]]: {{lang|pra|𑀯𑀺𑀤𑁂𑀳}} {{Transliteration|pra|Videha}}; [[Pali|Pāli]]: {{Transliteration|pi|Videha}}; [[Sanskrit]]: {{Transliteration|sa|Videha}}) was an ancient [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] [[tribe]] of north-eastern [[South Asia]] whose existence is attested during the [[Iron Age in India|Iron Age]]. The population of Videha, the '''Vaidehas''', were initially organised into a monarchy but later became a [[Gaṇasaṅgha|{{Transliteration|sa|gaṇasaṅgha}}]] (an [[aristocracy|aristocratic]] [[oligarchy|oligarchic]] [[republic]]), presently referred to as the '''Videha Republic''', which was part of the larger [[Vajjika League]].<br />
<br />
==Location==<br />
The borders of the Videha kingdom were the [[Gandaki River|Sadānirā]] river in the west, the [[Koshi River|Kauśikī]] river in the east, the [[Ganges|Gaṅgā]] river in the south, and the [[Himalayas|Himālaya mountains]] in the north. To the west of the Sadānirā river, the neighbour of the Vaidehas was the kingdom of [[Kosala]].{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=136-158}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Thakur |first=Ripunjay Kumar |date=1 March 2022|title=Historical Geography of Early Medieval Mithila: From Videha to Tirhut.|url=https://www.academia.edu/72670545|publisher=New Archaeological & Genological Society, Kanpur, India|issn=2348-8301|access-date=21 August 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Sadānirā and Kauśikī rivers remained the respective western and eastern boundaries of the later Videha republic, although its territory covered only the northern part of that of the former Videha kingdom, with the latter hence being called Mahā-Videha ("greater Videha"). The Videha republic was located along the foothills of the Himalaya mountains, in what are now the [[Terai|Tarāī]] region and the south-eastern parts of [[Nepal]] including the lower hill ranges, as well as the northern part of what in present time is the Indian state of [[Bihar|Bihār]]. The [[Malla (tribe)|Malla]] republics were the neighbours of Videha to the west of the Sadānirā during the republican period.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=136-158}}<br />
<br />
==Name==<br />
The name {{Transliteration|pra|Videha}} is the [[Prakrit|Prākrit]] version of the name whose [[Sanskrit]] form was {{Transliteration|sa|Videgha}}.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=136-158}} The capital of the Vaidehas was the city of [[Mithila (ancient city)|Mithilā]], whose name was derived from that of the Vaideha [[king Mithi]].{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=136-158}}{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=136-158}} According to [[Vayu Purana]], the capital city of Videha is referred as ''Jayantapura'' which was founded by the [[Nimi (king)|King Nimi]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DgMxAQAAMAAJ&dq=Jayantapur+of+Mithila&pg=PA389 |title=Oriental Translation Fund |date=1840 |pages=389 |language=en}}</ref> Similarly in Bal Kand of Valmiki Ramayana, the city is referred as ''Vaijanta''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2020-09-28 |title=The Story of Nimi [Chapter 55] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-ramayana-of-valmiki/d/doc424826.html |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Monarchic period==<br />
The Vaidehas were an Indo-Aryan tribe in the eastern Gangetic plain in the [[Greater Magadha]] cultural region.<ref name="Levman">{{cite journal |last=Levman |first=Bryan G. |date=2014 |title=Cultural Remnants of the Indigenous Peoples in the Buddhist Scriptures |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276914202 |journal=Buddhist Studies Review |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=145–180 |doi=10.1558/bsrv.v30i2.145 |access-date=4 June 2022|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004157194.i-416 |title=Bronkhorst, J. (2007). Greater Magadha, Studies in the culture of Early India, p. 6. Leiden, Boston, MA: Brill.|year=2007|doi=10.1163/ej.9789004157194.i-416|last1=Bronkhorst|first1=Johannes|isbn=9789047419655}}</ref> The Mahā-Videha ("greater Videha") kingdom, located between the [[Gandaki River|Sadānirā]] river in the west, the [[Koshi River|Kauśikī]] river in the east, the [[Ganges|Gaṅgā]] river in the south, and the [[Himalayas|Himālaya]] mountains in the north, was founded around 800 BCE, according to the {{Transliteration|pi|Mahāgovinda Sutta}} by the king Reṇu with the help of his steward, Mahāgovinda Jotipāla, and claimed by the 5th century CE Buddhist commentator [[Buddhaghosa]] to have been colonised by the king Mandhātā with settlers from a place he retroactively referred to as {{Transliteration|pi|pubba Videha}} ("old Videha"). The Prākrit name {{Transliteration|pra|Videha}}, meaning "without walls or ramparts," was an epithet used in the sense of "destroyers of walls and ramparts".{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=136-158}}<br />
<br />
Despite being an Indo-Aryan people, the Vaidehas were not fully Brahmanised, lived in the Indo-Aryan but non-Vedic cultural region of [[Greater Magadha]] located to the east of the Gaṅgā-[[Yamuna|Yamunā]] confluence along with the similarly Greater Magadhan non-Vedic Indo-Aryan [[Kingdom of Kashi|Kāśya]] and [[Kosala|Kauśalya]] tribes, with whom they had close cultural relations from early times, and along with whom the Vaidehas would be continually mentioned in ancient Indian literature. Brahmanical literature therefore grouped them along with the [[Kingdom of Kashi|Kāśya]]s, [[Kosala|Kauśalya]]s, [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Māgadhī]]s, and [[Anga|Āṅgeya]]s, as {{Transliteration|sa|Prācya}}s (meaning "Easterners") not belonging to the {{Transliteration|sa|Madhyama-Diś}}, that is the land of the [[Brahmarshi|{{Transliteration|sa|Brahmaṛṣi}}]]s where Vedic rituals and customs were followed, and consisting of the areas of the Kuru, Pāñcāla, [[Matsya (tribe)|Matsya]], and [[Surasena|Śūrasena]] tribes. Brahmanical literature also referred to the Vaidehas and the Māgadhīs with less prestige than the Brahmanised Kuru-Pāñcālas and with language referring to mixed castes.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=136-158}}<br />
<br />
The Vaidehas were initially organised into a monarchical regime during the era of the [[Brahmana|{{Transliteration|sa|Brāhmaṇa}}]]s, lasting from around 900 BCE to around 700 BCE. One attested king of Mahā-Videha was Mithila, who gave his name to the tribe's capital of [[Mithila (ancient city)|Mithilā]].{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=136-158}}<br />
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The Vaidehas were Brahmanised during the later {{Transliteration|sa|Brāhmaṇa}} period, shortly after Kosala's Brahmanisation. This Brahminisation of Mahā-Videha happened during the reign of the king [[Janaka]], who was one of the leading patrons of the new doctrine of [[Brahman|{{Transliteration|sa|Brahman}}]] and whose [[purohita|{{Transliteration|sa|purohita}}]] [[Yājñavalkya]] was a disciple of the Kuru-Pāñcāla Vedic sage [[Uddālaka Āruṇi]]. Janaka and Yājñavalkya together provided spiritual and intellectual leadership to the {{Transliteration|sa|paṇḍita}}s of the [[Uttarapatha|{{Transliteration|sa|Uttarapatha}}]]. And although Mahā-Videha had not previously been included among the four ancient holy lands of {{Transliteration|sa|Bhāratavarṣa}}, it came to acquire sanctity because the [[Dharmaśāstra|{{Transliteration|sa|Dharmaśāstra}}]]s approved of it as a pure land, although the later the [[Manusmṛti|{{Transliteration|sa|Manusmṛti}}]] mentions the Vaidehas with contempt, following the earlier Brahmanical tradition of opposition to the {{Transliteration|sa|Prācya}} non-Vedic Indo-Aryan tribes.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=136-158}}<br />
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The close relations between the Vaidehas, the Kāśyas, and the Kauśalyas continued after the Brahminisation of these states: at one point Jala Jātūkarṇya was the {{Transliteration|sa|purohita}} of all three kingdoms; and the king Para Āṭnāra, who was a descendant of the Kauśalya king Hiraṇyanābha, ruled over both Mahā-Videha and Kosala.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=136-158}}<br />
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This monarchical period of the Vaidehas lasted between 150 and 200 years, and the maximum estimated number of Vaideha kings during this phase amounts to eight.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=136-158}}<br />
<br />
==Republican period==<br />
Shortly before or during the lifetime of the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]], around the 7th or 6th century BCE, the [[Licchavi (tribe)|Licchavi]] tribe invaded the territory of the Mahā-Videha kingdom and temporarily occupied the Vaideha capital of Mithilā, from where they could best administer the territory of Mahā-Videha. The consequence of the occupation of Videha by the republican Licchavikas was that the Licchavikas relatively peacefully overthrew the already weakened Vaideha monarchical system and Janaka's dynasty, and replaced them by a [[Gaṇasaṅgha|{{Transliteration|sa|gaṇasaṅgha}}]] republican system.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=136-158}}<br />
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Facing the rising power of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] to the south of the Gaṅgā, the Licchavikas established their republic in the southern part of the former Mahā-Videha kingdom's territory and moved their political centre to [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vesālī]], while the new Videha republic centred around Mithilā existed in a limited territory covering only the northern part of Mahā-Videha. Many members of the Vaideha aristocracy who had submitted to the Licchavikas joined them in moving to Vesālī, and therefore became members of the Licchavi ruling aristocratic Assembly. Vaideha politicians also moved to Vesālī and obtained high posts there, such as the Vaideha minister Sakala who had to flee from his colleagues' jealousy and moved to Vesālī where he became a prominent citizen and was elected {{Transliteration|sa|Nāyaka}}; Sakala had two sons, Gopāla and Siṃha, who both married Vesālia women, and Siṃha's daughter Vāsavī married the Māgadhī king [[Bimbisara|Bimbisāra]].{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=136-158}}<br />
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The Licchavikas themselves henceforth became the leading power within the territory of the former Mahā-Videha kingdom, with the Licchavika Assembly holding the sovereign and supreme rights over this territory while the Videha republic was ruled by an Assembly of the [[kshatriya|{{Transliteration|sa|kṣatriya}}]]s residing in and around Mithilā, and which governed in the name of the Licchavika Assembly. The Videha republic was thus under significant influence of Licchavi, and it joined the latter as one of the two most important members of the [[Vajjika League]], which was a temporary league led by Licchavi, with the Vaideha {{Transliteration|pi|rājā}}s holding an undetermined number out of the nine non-Licchavika seats of the eighteen-member Vajjika Council. Despite being a prominent member of the Vajjika League, Videha was a minor power within it compared to the Licchavikas and the [[Malla (tribe)|Mallaka]]s, and Videha maintained limited autonomy within the league concerning its domestic administration under the supervision of Licchavi, who fully controlled Vaideha foreign policy. The Videha republic's relations with other members of the Vajjika League, such as the Malla republics, were good, although occasional quarrels arose between the various member states of the league.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=136-158}}<br />
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During the life of the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]], Videha abandoned [[Brahmanism]] and embraced [[Buddhism]].{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=136-158}}<br />
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After the death of the Buddha, the Licchavikas, the Mallakas, and the [[Shakya|Sakyas]] claimed shares of his relics while the Vaidehas and the [[Nāya|Nāyika]]s did not appear among the list of states claiming a share because they were dependencies of the Licchavikas without their own sovereignty, and therefore could not put forth their own claim while Licchavi could.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=136-158}}<br />
{{multiple image<br />
| align = right<br />
| caption_align = center<br />
| direction =vertical<br />
| total_width=250<br />
| image1 = <br />
| caption1 = <br />
| image2 = The eastern Gangetic plain before Ajatasattu's, Vidudabha's and Udayana's conquests.jpg<br />
| caption2 = Map of the eastern Gangetic plain before Ajātasattu's conquests<br />(Malla shown within the Vajjika League)<br />
| image3 = The eastern Gangetic plain after Ajatasattu's, Vidudabha's and Udayana's conquests.jpg<br />
| caption3 = Map of the eastern Gangetic plain after Ajātasattu's conquest of the Vajjika League and of Moriya<br />
| footer=<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Conquest by Magadha==<br />
{{See also|Magadha-Vajji war}}<br />
The relations of the Licchavikas, who led the Vajjika League which the Vaidehas were part of, with their southern neighbour, the kingdom of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]], were initially good, and the wife of the Māgadhī king [[Bimbisara|Bimbisāra]] was the Vesālia princess Vāsavī, who was the daughter of the Licchavika {{Transliteration|sa|Nāyaka}} Sakala's son Siṃha. There were nevertheless occasional tensions between Licchavi and Magadha, such as the competition at the Mallaka capital of [[Kusinārā]] over acquiring the relics of the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] after his death.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85-135}}<br />
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In another case, the Licchavikas once invaded Māgadhī territory from across the [[Ganges|Gaṅgā]], and at some point the relations between Magadha and Licchavi permanently deteriorated as result of a grave offence committed by the Licchavikas towards the Māgadhī king Bimbisāra.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85-135}}<br />
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The hostilities between Licchavi and Magadha continued under the rule of [[Ajatashatru|Ajātasattu]], who was Bimbisāra's son with another Licchavika princess, Vāsavī, after he had killed Bimbisāra and usurped the throne of Magadha. Eventually Licchavi supported a revolt against Ajātasattu by his younger step-brother and the governor of [[Anga|Aṅga]], Vehalla, who was the son of Bimbisāra by another Licchavika wife of his, Cellanā, a daughter of [[Chetaka|Ceḍaga]], who was the head of both the Licchavi republic and the Vajjika League; Bimbisāra had chosen Vehalla as his successor following Ajātasattu's falling out of his favour after the latter had been caught conspiring against him, and the Licchavikas had attempted to place Vehalla on the throne of Magadha after Ajātasattu's usurpation and had allowed Vehalla to use their capital Vesālī as base for his revolt. After the failure of this rebellion, Vehalla sought refuge at his grandfather's place in the Licchavika and Vajjika capital of Vesālī, following which Ajātasattu repeatedly attempted to negotiate with the Licchavikas-Vajjikas. After Ajātasattu's repeated negotiation attempts ended in failure, he declared war on the Vajjika League in 484 BCE.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85-135}}<br />
<br />
Tensions between Licchavi and Magadha were exacerbated by the handling of the joint Māgadhī-Licchavika border post of Koṭigāma on the Gaṅgā by the Licchavika-led Vajjika League who would regularly collect all valuables from Koṭigāma and leave none to the Māgadhīs. Therefore Ajātasattu decided to destroy the Vajjika League in retaliation, but also because, as an ambitious empire-builder whose mother Vāsavī was Licchavika princess of Vaidehī descent, he was interested in the territory of the former Mahā-Videha kingdom which by then was part of the Vajjika League. Ajātasattu's hostility towards the Vajjika League was also the result of the differing forms of political organisation between Magadha and the Vajjika League, with the former being monarchical and the latter being republican, not unlike the opposition of the [[Ancient Greece|ancient Greek]] kingdom of [[Sparta]] to the democratic form of government in [[Classical Athens|Athens]], and the [[Expansion of Macedonia under Philip II|hostilities]] between the [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|ancient Macedonian]] king [[Philip II of Macedon|Philip II]] to the Athenian and [[Thebes, Greece|Theban]] republics.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85-135}}<br />
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As a prominent member of the Vajjika League, the Videha republic was also threatened by Ajātasattu, and it therefore fought on the side of the other confederate tribes of the league against Magadha. The military forces of the Vajjika League were initially too strong for Ajātasattu to be successful against them, and it required him having recourse to diplomacy and intrigues over the span of a decade to finally defeat the Vajjika League by 468 BCE and annex its territories, including Videha, to the kingdom of Magadha. Mention of the Vaidehas end after the Māgadhī conquest, and [[Chanakya|Kauṭilya]] and [[Pāṇini]] did not mention them as an independent polity, but instead included them as part of [[Vajjika League|Vṛji]] (the country of Mahā-Videha, which by then was known by the name of the Vajjika League).{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85-135}}{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=136-158}}<br />
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==Monarchical social institutions==<br />
The kings of Videha were titled {{Transliteration|pi|Videha}} or {{Transliteration|pi|Vedeha}}, meaning "Lord of Videha."{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=141}}{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=226}}<br />
<br />
==Republican institutions (social and political organization)==<br />
=== Assembly ===<br />
Like the Licchavikas, the republican Vaideha [[Gaṇasaṅgha|{{Transliteration|sa|gaṇasaṅgha}}]] ([[aristocracy|aristocratic]] [[oligarchy|oligarchic]] [[republic]]) had their own ruling Assembly. The Vaidehas, like their Licchavika, Mallaka, Nāyika confederates within the Vajjika League, were a [[kshatriya|{{Transliteration|sa|kṣatriya}}]] tribe, and the Vaidehas' Assembly was largely constituted of the heads of the {{Transliteration|sa|kṣatriya}} clans of the tribe, although it was smaller than the Licchavika Assembly and the heads of non-{{Transliteration|sa|kṣatriya}} clans were allowed to join it: [[Brahmin|{{Transliteration|sa|brāhmaṇa}}]]s were either allowed to become members of the Assembly or, as {{Transliteration|sa|brāhmaṇa}} heads of families, were able to influence it; since Mithilā was a centre of trade, wealthy merchants also either were members of the Assembly or were able to influence it. Of the 84,000 to 100,000 population of Videha, the 6,000 heads of the {{Transliteration|sa|kṣatriya}} clans were automatically accorded membership within the Vaideha Assembly (called {{Transliteration|pi|rājā}}s, meaning "ruler"), similarly to how membership to the Licchavika Assembly functioned.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=136-158}}{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=169-181}}<br />
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Like the Licchavika Assembly, the Vaideha Assembly possessed a [[santhāgāra]] as meeting place, although it normally met only once a year.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=136-158}}<br />
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=== {{Transliteration|sa|Gaṇa Mukhya}} (Consul)===<br />
The {{Transliteration|sa|Gaṇa Mukhya}} ("Head of the Republic") was a consul {{Transliteration|pi|rājā}} chosen by the citizen body, and who maintained the old title of {{Transliteration|pi|Videha}} or {{Transliteration|pi|Vedeha}} ("Lord of Videha"). The position of {{Transliteration|sa|Gaṇa Mukhya}} was accessible only to a {{Transliteration|sa|kṣatriya}} who had the support of his clan and of influential people, and criteria for his election included personal leadership, strength, eloquence, and popularity.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=136-158}}{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=226}}<br />
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Like the Licchavika {{Transliteration|sa|Gaṇa Mukhya}}, the {{Transliteration|sa|Gaṇa Mukhya}} of Videha shared his power with a body of four public officers, consisting of the {{Transliteration|sa|Gaṇa Mukhya}} himself, as well as a {{Transliteration|pi|uparājā}} ("Viceroy"), a {{Transliteration|pi|senāpati}} ("General-in-Chief"), and a {{Transliteration|pi|bhaṇḍāgārika}} ("Treasurer").{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=136-158}}<br />
<br />
===Council===<br />
Since the Vaideha Assembly met only once a year, it was the Council, that is the inner body of the Assembly, which met more frequently to administer the Videha republic. The Vaideha Council was the body with the supreme authority of the internal administration of the republic, although in practice it held the supreme power of the republic under the administration of the Licchavikas.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=136-158}}<br />
<br />
This Council was similar to that of the Licchavikas, being composed of members elected from within the Assembly, but was smaller and might have been composed of four {{Transliteration|pi|rājā}}s, consisting of the {{Transliteration|sa|Gaṇa Mukhya}} and three councillor {{Transliteration|pi|rājā}}s, who were in charge of the public administration of the republic and recommended measures of importance to the Assembly. The Council also received envoys of other states and took important decisions in the name of the Assembly, which had to approve them.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=136-158}}<br />
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==Courtesanry==<br />
An unusual custom of the Vaidehas was that every one of their villages and towns had a dancing girl of courtesan, and Videha had a troop composed of panegyrists, music instrument players, and those dancing girls who were considered to be the most beautiful.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=136-158}}<br />
<br />
At the state level, a beauty competition was held to choose who was the most beautiful woman of the whole state. This woman, who possessed talents and traits such as significant beauty, charm, and was accomplished in dance and music, was not allowed to lead a normal married life, and she was instead chosen to be the [[Nagarvadhu|{{Transliteration|pi|Nagaravadhu}}]] ("courtesan of the republic"), and spent her life as a public woman with political influence. One such courtesan of Videha was Piṅgalā, who was mentioned in the {{Transliteration|sa|Bhaviṣyata Purāṇa}}, which is a later text.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=136-158}}<br />
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==Legacy==<br />
Beginning with the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] period, the names Mithilā and Tirabhukti replaced that of Videha as the appellation of the [[Mithila (region)|whole former territory of the Mahā-Videha kingdom]].{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=136-158}}<br />
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Videha and Mithilā appear in the [[Itihasa]] texts such as the [[Rāmāyaṇa]] and the [[Mahābhārata]], with the protagonist of the former being the Vaidehī princess [[Sītā]]. The narrative of these epics is based on the monarchical period of Videha.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=136-158}}<br />
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== Rulers ==<br />
There were 52 ''Janaka'' (kings) ruled Videha dynasty of Mithila-<ref>{{cite web|author1=Dr. Kamal Kant Jha, Pt. Sri ganeshrai Vidyabhushan, Dr. Dhanakar Thakur|title=A Brief History of Mithila State Bihar Articles|url=http://www.bihar.ws/info/Cultural-regions-of-Bihar/A-Brief-History-of-Mithila-State.html|access-date=10 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301094238/http://www.bihar.ws/info/Cultural-regions-of-Bihar/A-Brief-History-of-Mithila-State.html|archive-date=1 March 2012|language=en|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
# [[King Mithi|Mithi]] - (founder of Mithila and the first Janaka)<ref name="Singh">''Encyclopaedia of Hinduism''. Nagendra Kumar Singh, p. 3239.</ref><br />
# Udavasu<br />
# Nandivardhana<br />
# Suketu<br />
# [[Devarata Janaka|Devarata]]<br />
# Brihadvrata<br />
# Mahavira<br />
# Sudhriti<br />
# Dristaketu<br />
# Haryasva<br />
# Maru<br />
# Pratindhaka<br />
# Kritiratha<br />
# Devamidha<br />
# Vibhuta<br />
# Mahidhrata<br />
# Kirtirata<br />
# Mahorama<br />
# Svarnorama<br />
# [[Hrasvaroman Janaka|Hrasvaroma]]<br />
# [[Janaka|Seeradhvaja]] (father of [[Sita]])<br />
# [[Bhanumaan Janaka|Bhaanumaan]]<br />
# Shatadyumna<br />
# Shuchi<br />
# Oorjanaamaa<br />
# Kriti<br />
# Anjana<br />
# Kurujit<br />
# Arishtanemi<br />
# Shrutaayu<br />
# Supaarshva<br />
# Srinjaya<br />
# Kshemaavee<br />
# Anenaa<br />
# Bhaumaratha<br />
# Satyaratha<br />
# Upagu<br />
# Upagupta<br />
# Svaagata<br />
# Svaananda<br />
# Suvarchaa<br />
# Supaarshwa<br />
# Subhaasha<br />
# Sushruta<br />
# Jaya<br />
# Vijaya<br />
# Rita<br />
# Sunaya<br />
# Veetahavya<br />
# Dhriti<br />
# [[Bahulashva Janaka|Bahulaashwa]]<br />
# Kriti - (last King of Videha or Janaka dynasty, Kirti Janak was atrocious ruler who lost control over his subjects. He was dethroned by public under leadership of [[Acharya]]s (learned men).<br />
<br />
During this period of fall of Videha dynasty, the famous republic of [[Licchavi (clan)|Licchavi]] was rising in [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]] and Mithila region came under control of Licchavi clan of [[Vajji|Vajji confederacy]] in around eight century BCE.<ref>Raychaudhuri, Hemchandra (1972), ''Political History of Ancient India'', University of Calcutta, Calcutta, pp. 106–113, 186–90</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Vedic period]]<br />
* [[Janapada]] and [[Mahajanapada]]<br />
* [[Gaṇasaṅgha]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{reflist|group=note}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
===Citations===<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
===Sources===<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
* {{citation |last=Jain |first=Pannalal |author-link=Pannalal Jain |title= Uttarapurāṇa of Āchārya Guṇabhadra |year=2015 |publisher=[[Bhartiya Jnanpith]] |isbn=978-81-263-1738-7 |ref={{sfnref|Pannalal Jain|2015}} }}<br />
*Mahabharata of Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa, translated to English by Kisari Mohan Ganguli<br />
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GdKcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA246|title=The Geography of India: Sacred and Historic Places|date=April 2010|publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing|isbn=9781615302024}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Sharma |first=J. P. |author-link= |date=1968 |title=Republics in Ancient India, C. 1500 B.C.-500 B.C. |url= |location=[[Leiden]], [[Netherlands]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|E. J. Brill]] |page= |isbn=978-9-004-02015-3 }}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Tribes and kingdoms of the Mahabharata}}<br />
{{Darbhanga Division topics}}<br />
{{Nepal topics}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Videha| ]]<br />
[[Category:Gaṇa saṅghas]]<br />
[[Category:Kingdoms in the Ramayana]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient Indo-Aryan tribes]]<br />
[[Category:Historical regions in India]]<br />
[[Category:Populated places in Mithila, India]]<br />
[[Category:1st millennium BC in India]]<br />
[[Category:States and territories established in the 9th century BC]]<br />
[[Category:5th-century BC disestablishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:1st millennium BC in Nepal]]<br />
[[Category:Vajjika League]]<br />
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 7th century BC]]</div>Saddiqa khatrihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sishya_(film)&diff=456487Sishya (film)2026-03-20T21:45:41Z<p>Saddiqa khatri: refine intro as per guidelines and cleaned formatting</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Sishya<br />
| director = [[Selvaa (director)|Selvaa]]<br />
| writer = Selvaa<br />
| producer = Tharangai V. Sunder<br />Tharangai V. Chandrasekhar<br />
| starring = [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]]<br />[[Roshini (actress)|Roshini]]<br />
| cinematography = B. Bhalamurugan<br />
| editing = N. Rajoo<br />
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]<br />
| studio = Sri Rajakaali Amman Cine Arts<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1997|4|27|ref1=}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| runtime = 142 minutes<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Sishya''''' ({{Translation|Disciple}}) is a 1997 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[Selvaa (director)|Selvaa]]. The film stars [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] and [[Roshini (actress)|Roshini]] and was released on 27 April 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |title=சிஷ்யா / Sishya (1997) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/sishya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114070713/https://screen4screen.com/movies/sishya |archive-date=14 January 2024 |access-date=14 January 2024 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref> It was a box office failure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chelvaa |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=6006380&cid=2408 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331145742mp_/http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=6006380&cid=2408 |archive-date=31 March 2014 |access-date=16 May 2025 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
{{more plot|date=January 2024}}<br />
Shruti, the daughter of ex prime minister, flees from Delhi to Chennai, where she falls in love with Aravindan. However, fate intervenes when the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] locates her and sends her back to Delhi.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
*[[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] as Aravind<br />
*[[Roshini (actress)|Roshini]] as Shruti / Anu<br />
*[[Goundamani]] as Aravind's friend<br />
*[[Manivannan]] as Police inspector Malachamy<br />
*[[Visu]] as Aadhimoolam<br />
*[[Sonia (actress)|Sonia]] as Anu, Aadhimoolam's daughter<br />
*[[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]]<br />
*[[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]]<br />
*[[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as C.B.I Ashok Narayanan<br />
*[[Crazy Mohan]] as Manager<br />
*[[Chitti Babu (Tamil actor)|Chitti Babu]] as Minister<br />
*[[Gowtham Sundararajan]] as Gowtham<br />
*[[Mohan V. Ram]]<br />
*[[Vichu Vishwanath]]<br />
*[[LIC Narasimhan]]<br />
*[[Vichithra]] as Special appearance in "O Lamba" song<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
The soundtrack was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sishya |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/sishya/2dkSOYL,ipY_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106115305/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/sishya/2dkSOYL,ipY_ |archive-date=6 January 2023 |access-date=26 June 2023 |website=[[JioSaavn]]|date=14 November 1996 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Arunachalam – Sishya – Tamil Audio CD by Deva |url=https://mossymart.com/product/arunachalam-sishya-tamil-audio-cd-by-deva/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329041937/https://mossymart.com/product/arunachalam-sishya-tamil-audio-cd-by-deva/ |archive-date=29 March 2023 |access-date=26 June 2023 |website=Mossymart}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{tracklist<br />
| headline = Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| total_length = 23:17<br />
| title1 = Yaro Azhaithadhu<br />
| extra1 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Uma Ramanan]]<br />
| lyrics1 = [[Palani Barathi]]<br />
| length1 = 5:20<br />
| title2 = Apollo Apollo<br />
| extra2 = [[Swarnalatha]], [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]]<br />
| lyrics2 = Vaasan<br />
| length2 = 4:56<br />
| title3 = Thigu Thigura<br />
| extra3 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]<br />
| lyrics3 = Palani Barathi<br />
| length3 = 5:04<br />
| title4 = O Lamba<br />
| extra4 = [[Sabesh–Murali|Sabesh]], Gopal Rao<br />
| lyrics4 = Palani Barathi<br />
| length4 = 4:46<br />
| title5 = Bombay Dyeing<br />
| extra5 = [[S. Janaki]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]<br />
| lyrics5 = Vaasan<br />
| length5 = 3:11<br />
}}<br />
== Critical reception ==<br />
K. N. Vijiyan of ''[[New Straits Times]]'' wrote, "All in all, humour is a strong element in [''Sishya'']. That alone saves the movie from being a mediocre effort".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. N. |date=17 May 1997 |title=When a PM's daughter falls in love |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=6PxOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=GRUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3924%2C2114492 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610102635/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=6PxOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=GRUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3924%2C2114492 |archive-date=10 June 2024 |access-date=26 June 2023 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=27 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
{{Selva (director)}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1997 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:1997 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1997 films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Selva (director)]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]<br />
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Crazy Mohan]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>Saddiqa khatrihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unicameralism&diff=451180Unicameralism2026-03-19T23:48:54Z<p>Saddiqa khatri: Enhanced content and organization</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Governmental practice of having a single legislative or parliamentary chamber}}<br />
{{Redirect|Unicameral}}<br />
{{Legislature}}<br />
<br />
'''Unicameralism''' (from ''uni''- "one" + Latin ''camera'' "chamber") is a type of [[legislature]] consisting of one house or assembly that legislates and votes as one.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lanham |first=Url |title=The insects |url=https://worldcat.org/title/1003201754 |year=2018 |publisher=Gene-Tech Books |isbn=978-81-89729-42-4 |oclc=1003201754}}</ref> Unicameralism has become an increasingly common type of legislature, making up nearly 60% of all national legislatures<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title= Structure of parliaments |url=https://data.ipu.org/compare?field=country%3A%3Afield_structure_of_parliament#pie |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=IPU PARLINE database }}</ref> and an even greater share of subnational legislatures.<br />
<br />
Sometimes, as in [[New Zealand]] and [[Denmark]], unicameralism comes about through the abolition of one of two bicameral chambers, or, as in [[Sweden]], through the merger of the two chambers into a single one, while in others a second chamber has never existed from the beginning.<br />
<br />
==Rationale for unicameralism and criticism==<br />
The principal advantage of a unicameral system is more efficient lawmaking, as the legislative process is simpler and there is no possibility of [[gridlock (politics)|deadlock]] between two chambers. Proponents of unicameralism have also argued that it reduces costs, even if the number of legislators stays the same, since there are fewer institutions to maintain and support financially. More popular among modern-day democratic countries, unicameral, [[Proportional representation|proportional]] legislatures are widely seen as both more democratic and effective.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Wirls |first=Daniel |title=The invention of the United States Senate |date=2004 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |others=Stephen Wirls |isbn=0-8018-7438-6 |location=Baltimore |oclc=51878651}}</ref><br />
<br />
Proponents of [[bicameral]] legislatures say that having two legislative chambers offers an additional restraint on the [[majority]], though critics note that there are other ways to restrain majorities, such as through non-partisan courts and a robust constitution.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Litt |first=David |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers |title=Democracy in One Book Or Less: How It Works, Why It Doesn't, and Why Fixing It Is Easier Than You Think |date=2020 |isbn=978-0-06-287936-3 |edition=First |location=New York, NY |oclc=1120147424}}</ref><br />
<br />
==List of unicameral legislatures==<br />
[[File:Unibicameral Map.svg|thumb|upright=1.8|{{legend|#38b4d8|Countries with a bicameral legislature{{refn|Classifications of Germany as a country with a bicameral legislature can be controversial.<ref>Reuter, Konrad (2003). "Zweite Kammer?". Bundesrat und Bundesstaat: Der Bundesrat der Bundesrepublik Deutschland(PDF) (in German) (12th ed.). Berlin: Direktor des Bundesrates. p. 50. ISBN 3-923706-22-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-28. Retrieved 2007-01-04. Im Ausland wird ein solches parlamentarisches System im Allgemeinen als Zweikammer- System bezeichnet. Für Bundestag und Bundesrat ist dagegen eine gemeinsame Bezeichnung nicht allgemein üblich, und es ist sogar umstritten, ob der Bundesrat eine Zweite Kammer ist. (English: Abroad, such a parliamentary system is in general called a bicameral one. For Bundestag and Bundesrat such a common designation is not usual and it is even contentious whether the Bundesrat is a second chamber at all.)</ref>}}}}{{legend|#f09c30|Countries with a unicameral legislature}}{{legend|#b0e947|Countries with a unicameral legislature and an advisory body}}{{legend|#333333|Countries with no legislature}}]]<br />
<br />
Approximately half of the world's [[sovereign state]]s are currently unicameral. The [[China|People's Republic of China]] is somewhat in-between, with a legislature and a formal advisory body. China has a [[Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference]] which meets alongside the [[National People's Congress]], in many respects an advisory "upper house".<br />
<br />
Many [[Administrative division|subnational entities]] have unicameral legislatures. These include the state of [[Nebraska]] and territories of [[Guam]] and the [[United States Virgin Islands|Virgin Islands]] in the [[United States]], the Chinese [[special administrative regions of China|special administrative regions]] of [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau|Macao]], the [[Australia]]n state of [[Queensland]] as well as the [[Northern Territory]] and the [[Australian Capital Territory]], a majority of the [[provinces of Argentina]], all of the [[provinces and territories of Canada|provinces and territories]] in [[Canada]], all of the [[regions of Italy]], all of the [[provinces of Nepal]], all of the [[Spanish autonomous communities]], both of the [[autonomous regions of Portugal]], most of the [[states and union territories of India]], all of the states of [[Nigeria]], and all of the states of [[federative units of Brazil|Brazil]] and [[States of Germany|Germany]]. In the [[United Kingdom]], the devolved [[Scottish Parliament]], the Welsh [[Senedd]], the [[Northern Ireland Assembly]], and the [[London Assembly]] are also unicameral.<br />
<br />
===National (UN member states and observers)===<br />
====Federal====<br />
{{table alignment}}<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable col3right"<br />
! width=160|Country <br />
! width=160|Unicameral body <br />
! Seats <br />
! class=unsortable|Notes<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Germany}} <br />
| [[Bundestag]] <br />
|630 <br />
|The Bundestag is technically the unicameral parliament of Germany, since the [[Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany|Basic Law]] (German constitution) defines the [[German Bundesrat|Bundesrat]] not as a chamber of the legislature, but as a completely separate legislative institution.<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Iraq}} <br />
| [[Council of Representatives of Iraq|Council of Representatives]] <br />
|329 <br />
| A provision exists for the founding of a "Council of Union", but no move to this effect has been initiated by the existing Council<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Micronesia}} <br />
| [[Congress of the Federated States of Micronesia|Congress]] <br />
|14<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}} <br />
| [[National Assembly of Saint Kitts and Nevis|National Assembly]] <br />
|15<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}} <br />
| [[Federal National Council]] <br />
|40<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{flag|Venezuela}} <br />
| [[National Assembly (Venezuela)|National Assembly]] <br />
|285<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Unitary====<br />
{{table alignment}}<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable col3right"<br />
! Country <br />
! Unicameral body <br />
! Seats <br />
! class=unsortable|Notes<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Afghanistan}}<br />
| [[Leadership Council of Afghanistan|Leadership Council]]<br />
|30<br />
|Purely advisory, powers reside in the emir.<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Albania}}<br />
| [[Parliament of Albania|Kuvendi]]<br />
|140<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Andorra}}<br />
| [[General Council (Andorra)|General Council of Andorra]]<br />
|28<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Angola}}<br />
| [[National Assembly of Angola|National Assembly]]<br />
|220<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Armenia}}<br />
| [[National Assembly of Armenia|National Assembly]]<br />
|107<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Azerbaijan}}<br />
| [[National Assembly of Azerbaijan|National Assembly]]<br />
|125<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Bangladesh}}<br />
| [[Jatiya Sangsad]]<br />
|350<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Benin}}<br />
| [[National Assembly of Benin|National Assembly]]<br />
|109<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Botswana}}<br />
| [[National Assembly of Botswana|National Assembly]]<br />
|69<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Brunei}}<br />
| [[Legislative Council of Brunei|Legislative Council]] <br />
|34<br />
|Purely advisory, powers reside in the King<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Bulgaria}}<br />
| [[National Assembly of Bulgaria|National Assembly]] <br />
|240<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Burkina Faso}}<br />
| [[National Assembly of Burkina Faso|National Assembly]]<br />
|127<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Cape Verde}}<br />
| [[National Assembly of Cape Verde|National Assembly]]<br />
|72<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Central African Republic}}<br />
| [[National Assembly of the Central African Republic|National Assembly]]<br />
|140<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|China}}<br />
| [[National People's Congress]]<br />
|2977<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Costa Rica}}<br />
| [[Legislative Assembly of Costa Rica|Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|57<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Croatia}}<br />
| [[Sabor]]<br />
|151<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Cuba}}<br />
| [[National Assembly of People's Power]]<br />
|470<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Cyprus}}<br />
| [[House of Representatives (Cyprus)|House of Representatives]]<br />
|56<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Denmark}}<br />
| [[Folketing]]<br />
|179<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Djibouti}}<br />
| [[National Assembly of Djibouti|National Assembly]]<br />
|65<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Dominica}}<br />
| [[House of Assembly of Dominica|House of Assembly]]<br />
|32<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|East Timor}}<br />
| [[National Parliament of East Timor|National Parliament]]<br />
|65<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Ecuador}}<br />
| [[National Assembly (Ecuador)|National Assembly]]<br />
|151<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|El Salvador}}<br />
|[[Legislative Assembly of El Salvador|Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|60<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Eritrea}}<br />
| [[National Assembly of Eritrea|National Assembly]]<br />
|150<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Estonia}}<br />
| [[Riigikogu]]<br />
|101<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Fiji}}<br />
| [[Parliament of Fiji|Parliament]]<br />
|55<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Finland}}<br />
| [[Parliament of Finland|Parliament]]<br />
|200<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Gambia}}<br />
| [[National Assembly of the Gambia|National Assembly]]<br />
|58<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Georgia}}<br />
| [[Parliament of Georgia|Parliament]]<br />
|150<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Ghana}}<br />
| [[Parliament of Ghana|Parliament]]<br />
|276<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Greece}}<br />
| [[Hellenic Parliament|Parliament]]<br />
|300<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Guatemala}}<br />
| [[Congress of Guatemala|Congress]]<br />
|160<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Guinea}}<br />
| [[National Assembly (Guinea)|National Assembly]]<br />
|81<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Guinea-Bissau}}<br />
| [[National People's Assembly of Guinea-Bissau|National People's Assembly]]<br />
|102<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Guyana}}<br />
| [[National Assembly of Guyana|National Assembly]]<br />
|65<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Honduras}}<br />
| [[National Congress of Honduras|National Congress]]<br />
|128<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Hungary}}<br />
| [[National Assembly of Hungary|National Assembly]]<br />
|199<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Iceland}}<br />
| [[Althing]]<br />
|63<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Iran}}<br />
| [[Islamic Consultative Assembly (Iran)|Islamic Consultative Assembly]]<br />
|290<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Israel}}<br />
| [[Knesset]]<br />
|120<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Kazakhstan}}<br />
| [[Kurultai of Kazakhstan|Kurultai]]<br />
|145<br />
| transitional parliament from bicameralism to unicameralism with the new constitution approved in referendum on March 15, 2026. It will come into effect on July 1st of that same year<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Kiribati}}<br />
| [[House of Assembly of Kiribati|House of Assembly]]<br />
|45<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|North Korea}}<br />
| [[Supreme People's Assembly]]<br />
|687<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|South Korea}}<br />
| [[National Assembly of South Korea|National Assembly]] <br />
|300<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Kuwait}}<br />
| [[National Assembly of Kuwait|National Assembly]]<br />
|65<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}<br />
| [[Supreme Council of Kyrgyzstan|Supreme Council]]<br />
|90<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Laos}}<br />
| [[National Assembly of Laos|National Assembly]]<br />
|164<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Latvia}}<br />
| [[Saeima]]<br />
|100<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Lebanon}}<br />
| [[Parliament of Lebanon|Parliament]]<br />
|128<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Libya}}<br />
| [[House of Representatives (Libya)|House of Representatives]] <br />
|200<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Liechtenstein}}<br />
| [[Landtag of Liechtenstein|Landtag]]<br />
|25<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Lithuania}}<br />
| [[Seimas]]<br />
|141<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Luxembourg}}<br />
| [[Chamber of Deputies of Luxembourg|Chamber of Deputies]]<br />
|60<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Madagascar}}<br />
| [[National Assembly of Madagascar|National Assembly]]<br />
|163<br />
|Senate suspended<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Malawi}}<br />
| [[National Assembly of Malawi|National Assembly]]<br />
|229<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Maldives}}<br />
| [[People's Majlis|Majlis]]<br />
|93<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Mali}}<br />
| [[National Assembly (Mali)|National Assembly]]<br />
|147<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Malta}}<br />
| [[Parliament of Malta|Parliament]]<br />
|79<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Marshall Islands}}<br />
| [[Legislature of the Marshall Islands|Legislature]]<br />
|33<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Mauritania}}<br />
| [[Mauritanian Parliament|Parliament]]<br />
|176<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Mauritius}}<br />
| [[National Assembly of Mauritius|National Assembly]]<br />
|66<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Moldova}}<br />
| [[Parliament of the Republic of Moldova|Parliament]]<br />
|101<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Monaco}}<br />
| [[National Council of Monaco|National Council]]<br />
|24<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Mongolia}}<br />
| [[State Great Khural]]<br />
|126<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Montenegro}}<br />
| [[Parliament of Montenegro|Parliament]]<br />
|81<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Mozambique}}<br />
| [[Assembly of the Republic of Mozambique|Assembly of the Republic]]<br />
|250<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Nauru}}<br />
| [[Parliament of Nauru|Parliament]]<br />
|19<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|New Zealand}}<br />
| [[New Zealand Parliament|Parliament]]<br />
|123<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Nicaragua}}<br />
| [[National Assembly of Nicaragua|National Assembly]]<br />
|90<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Niger}}<br />
| [[National Assembly of Niger|National Assembly]]<br />
|171<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|North Macedonia}}<br />
| [[Assembly of North Macedonia|Assembly]]<br />
|120<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Norway}}<br />
| [[Storting]]<br />
|169<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Palestine}}<br />
| [[Palestinian Legislative Council|Legislative Council]]<br />
|132<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Panama}}<br />
| [[National Assembly of Panama|National Assembly]]<br />
|71<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Papua New Guinea}}<br />
| [[National Parliament of Papua New Guinea|National Parliament]]<br />
|118<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Peru}}<br />
| [[Congress of the Republic of Peru|Congress of the Republic]]<br />
|130<br />
| In 2026 the Congress will return to a bicameral legislature,<br>with a 60-seat Senate and 130-seat Chamber of Deputies.<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Portugal}}<br />
| [[Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)|Assembly of the Republic]]<br />
|230<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Qatar}}<br />
| [[Consultative Assembly of Qatar|Consultative Assembly]]<br />
|45<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}<br />
| [[House of Assembly of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|House of Assembly]]<br />
|21<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Samoa}}<br />
| [[Legislative Assembly of Samoa|Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|51<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag| Saudi Arabia}}<br />
| [[Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia|Consultative Assembly]]<br />
|150<br />
|Purely advisory, powers reside in the King<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|San Marino}}<br />
| [[Grand and General Council]]<br />
|60<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|São Tomé and Príncipe}}<br />
| [[National Assembly of São Tomé and Príncipe|National Assembly]]<br />
|55<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Senegal}}<br />
| [[National Assembly (Senegal)|National Assembly]]<br />
|165<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Serbia}}<br />
| [[National Assembly of Serbia|National Assembly]]<br />
|250<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Seychelles}}<br />
| [[National Assembly of Seychelles|National Assembly]]<br />
|34<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Sierra Leone}}<br />
| [[Parliament of Sierra Leone|Parliament]]<br />
|149<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Singapore}}<br />
| [[Parliament of Singapore|Parliament]]<br />
|99<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Slovakia}}<br />
| [[National Council of the Slovak Republic|National Council]]<br />
|150<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Solomon Islands}}<br />
| [[National Parliament of Solomon Islands|National Parliament]]<br />
|50<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Sri Lanka}}<br />
| [[Parliament of Sri Lanka|Parliament]]<br />
|225<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Suriname}}<br />
| [[National Assembly of Suriname|National Assembly]]<br />
|51<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Sweden}}<br />
| [[Riksdag]]<br />
|349<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Syria}}<br />
| [[Parliament of Syria|People's Assembly]]<br />
|210<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Tanzania}}<br />
| [[National Assembly of Tanzania|National Assembly]]<br />
|393<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Tonga}}<br />
| [[Legislative Assembly of Tonga|Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|26<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Tunisia}}<br />
| [[Assembly of the Representatives of the People|National Assembly]]<br />
|161<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Turkey}}<br />
| [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey|Grand National Assembly]]<br />
|600<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Turkmenistan}}<br />
| [[Assembly of Turkmenistan|Assembly]]<br />
|125<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Tuvalu}}<br />
| [[Parliament of Tuvalu|Parliament]]<br />
|16<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Uganda}}<br />
| [[Parliament of Uganda|Parliament]]<br />
|529<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Ukraine}}<br />
| [[Verkhovna Rada]]<br />
|450<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Vanuatu}}<br />
| [[Parliament of Vanuatu|Parliament]]<br />
|52<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Vatican City}}<br />
| [[Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State|Pontifical Commission]]<br />
|8<br />
|All powers delegated by the sovereign<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Vietnam}}<br />
| [[National Assembly of Vietnam|National Assembly]]<br />
|500<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Zambia}}<br />
| [[National Assembly of Zambia|National Assembly]]<br />
|167<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Territorial===<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Country <br />
! Unicameral body <br />
! Seats <br />
! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Åland Islands}}<br />
| [[Parliament of Åland|Parliament]]<br />
|30<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Anguilla}}<br />
| [[House of Assembly (Anguilla)|House of Assembly]]<br />
|13<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Aruba}}<br />
| [[Parliament of Aruba|Parliament]]<br />
|21<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Azores}}<br />
| [[Legislative Assembly of the Azores|Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|57<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Bougainville}}<br />
| [[Bougainville House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]<br />
|41<br />
|Autonomous region of Papua New Guinea<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|British Virgin Islands}}<br />
| [[House of Assembly of the British Virgin Islands|House of Assembly]]<br />
|15<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Cayman Islands}}<br />
| [[Legislative Assembly of the Cayman Islands|Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|21<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Cherokee Nation}}<br />
| [[Cherokee Nation Tribal Council|Tribal Council]]<br />
|17<br />
| Indian reservation of the United States<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Cook Islands}}<br />
| [[Parliament of the Cook Islands|Parliament]]<br />
|24<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Curaçao}}<br />
| [[Parliament of Curaçao|Parliament]]<br />
|21<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Falkland Islands}}<br />
| [[Legislative Assembly of the Falkland Islands|Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|11<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Faroe Islands}}<br />
| [[Løgting]]<br />
|33<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|French Polynesia}}<br />
| [[Assembly of French Polynesia|Assembly]]<br />
|57<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Gibraltar}}<br />
| [[Gibraltar Parliament|Parliament]]<br />
|17<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Greenland}}<br />
| [[Inatsisartut]]<br />
|31<br />
| Autonomous territory of the Kingdom of Denmark<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Guam}}<br />
| [[Legislature of Guam|Lehislaturan]]<br />
|15<br />
| Unincorporated territory of the United States<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Guernsey}}<br />
| [[States of Guernsey|States]]<br />
|40<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Hong Kong}}<br />
| [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]]<br />
|90<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Jersey}}<br />
| [[States Assembly]]<br />
|54<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Madeira}}<br />
| [[Legislative Assembly of Madeira|Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|47<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Macao}}<br />
| [[Legislative Assembly of Macau|Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|33<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Montserrat}}<br />
| [[Legislative Assembly of Montserrat|Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|11<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Navajo Nation}}<br />
| [[Navajo Nation Council|Tribal Council]]<br />
|24<br />
| Indian reservation of the United States<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|New Caledonia}}<br />
| [[Congress of New Caledonia|Congress]]<br />
|54<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Niue}}<br />
| [[Niue Assembly|Assembly]]<br />
|20<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Pitcairn Islands}}<br />
| [[Island Council (Pitcairn)|Island Council]]<br />
|10<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Saint Barthélemy}}<br />
| [[Territorial Council of Saint Barthélemy|Territorial Council]]<br />
|19<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Saint Helena}}<br />
| [[Legislative Council of Saint Helena|Legislative Council]]<br />
|15<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Saint Martin}}<br />
| [[Politics of the Collectivity of Saint Martin|Collectivity of Saint Martin]]<br />
|23<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Saint Pierre and Miquelon}}<br />
| [[Territorial Council of Saint Pierre and Miquelon|Territorial Council]]<br />
|19<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Sint Maarten}}<br />
| [[Parliament of Sint Maarten|Parliament]]<br />
|15<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Tobago}}<br />
| [[Tobago House of Assembly|House of Assembly]]<br />
|15<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Tokelau}}<br />
| [[General Fono]]<br />
|20<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Turks and Caicos Islands}}<br />
| [[House of Assembly (Turks and Caicos Islands)|House of Assembly]]<br />
|21<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|U.S. Virgin Islands}}<br />
| [[Legislature of the Virgin Islands|Legislature]]<br />
|15<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Wallis and Futuna}}<br />
| [[Territorial Assembly of Wallis and Futuna|Territorial Assembly]]<br />
|20<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===State parliaments with limited recognition===<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Country <br />
! Unicameral body <br />
! Seats <br />
! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Abkhazia}}<br />
| [[People's Assembly of Abkhazia|People's Assembly]]<br />
|35<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Kosovo}}<br />
| [[Assembly of Kosovo|Assembly]]<br />
|120<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Northern Cyprus}}<br />
| [[Assembly of the Republic (Northern Cyprus)|Assembly of the Republic]]<br />
|50<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic}}<br />
| [[Sahrawi National Council|National Council]]<br />
|51<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|South Ossetia}}<br />
| [[Parliament of South Ossetia|Parliament]]<br />
|34<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Taiwan}}<br />
| [[Legislative Yuan]]<br />
|113<br />
|The [[Constitution of the Republic of China|original constitution]] is partially superseded by the [[Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China|additional articles]] only on Taiwan which replaced the tricameral parliament into a unicameral one. A sunset clause in the additional articles will terminate them in the event of a hypothetical resumption of ROC rule in mainland China.<br />
|-<br />
| {{flag|Transnistria}}<br />
| [[Supreme Council (Transnistria)|Supreme Council]]<br />
|33<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Subnational===<br />
====Federations====<br />
[[File:Legislaturas provinciales de Argentina.png|thumb|upright|[[List of provincial legislatures in Argentina|Provincial legislatures in Argentina]]]]<br />
<br />
* All legislatures and legislative councils of the [[communities, regions, and language areas of Belgium|regions and communities]] of Belgium<br />
* All legislative assemblies in all states of Brazil<br />
* All [[Legislative assemblies of Canadian provinces and territories|legislative assemblies]] of the [[provinces and territories of Canada|provinces and territories]] of Canada<br />
* All [[Landtag]]e of the [[states of Germany|states]] of Germany<br />
* All legislative assemblies of the [[states and federal territories of Malaysia|states]] of Malaysia<br />
* All legislatures in all states of Mexico<br />
* All legislatures of the [[Provinces of Nepal|provinces]] in Nepal<br />
* All legislatures of the [[administrative units of Pakistan|provinces and territories]] in Pakistan<br />
* The [[Nebraska Legislature|legislature]] of the [[U. S. state|state]] of Nebraska, and [[Council of the District of Columbia|council]] of the District of Columbia in the [[United States]]<br />
* The tribal councils of the [[Five Civilized Tribes]] in the [[U. S. state|state]] of Oklahoma<br />
* [[Parliament of Queensland|Parliament]] of Queensland and the [[parliaments of the Australian states and territories|legislative assemblies]] of the [[states and territories of Australia|territories]] of Australia (but not the other states)<br />
* [[Provincial legislature (South Africa)|Provincial legislatures]] of the [[provinces of South Africa|provinces]] of South Africa<br />
* [[National Assembly of the Republic of Srpska|Narodna skupština]] of Republika Srpska<br />
* 15 of the 23 [[provinces of Argentina]] — [[Chaco province|Chaco]], [[Chubut province|Chubut]], [[Córdoba Province, Argentina|Córdoba]], [[Formosa Province|Formosa]], [[Jujuy Province|Jujuy]], [[La Pampa]], [[La Rioja Province, Argentina|La Rioja]], [[Misiones]], [[Neuquén Province|Neuquén]], [[Río Negro Province|Río Negro]], [[San Juan Province, Argentina|San Juan]], [[Santa Cruz Province, Argentina|Santa Cruz]], [[Santiago del Estero Province|Santiago del Estero]], [[Tierra del Fuego Province, Argentina|Tierra del Fuego]], [[Tucumán Province|Tucumán]], and the [[Buenos Aires|autonomous city of Buenos Aires]].<br />
* 22 of the 28 [[states and union territories of India]] — [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Assam]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Goa]], [[Gujarat]], [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Kerala]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Manipur]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Mizoram]], [[Nagaland]], [[Odisha]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Sikkim]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Tripura]], [[Uttarakhand]], and [[West Bengal]]; and 3 of the [[union territories]] — [[Delhi]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]].<br />
<br />
====Devolved governments====<br />
* [[Regional council (France)|Regional councils]] of France<br />
* [[Iraqi Kurdistan Parliament]]<br />
* [[Regional council (Italy)|Regional councils]] of Italy<br />
* [[Regional House of Representatives|Regional House of Representative councils]] of Indonesian [[Provinces of Indonesia|provinces]], [[Regency (Indonesia)|regencies]], and [[City status in Indonesia|cities]]<br />
* [[Bangsamoro Parliament]] in Philippines<br />
* Parliaments (variously named ''Parlamento'', ''Cortes'', ''Junta'') of the [[Autonomous communities of Spain]]<br />
* City and County Councils of the [[administrative divisions of Taiwan]]<br />
* Councils of the [[oblasts of Ukraine]]<br />
* [[Countries of the United Kingdom]]:<br />
** [[Northern Ireland Assembly]]<br />
** [[Scottish Parliament]]<br />
** Welsh [[Senedd]]<br />
<br />
====Others====<br />
* [[Elections in China#Local People's Congresses|Local People's Congresses]] of all levels of provinces, regions, and municipalities of the People's Republic of China<br />
* [[Palestinian National Council|National Council]] of the Palestine Liberation Organization<br />
<br />
==List of historical unicameral legislatures==<br />
===National===<br />
* The [[First Protectorate Parliament]] and [[Second Protectorate Parliament]] of the [[Kingdom of England]], regulated by the [[Instrument of Government]] (dissolved)<br />
* [[Parliament of Scotland|Parliament]] of the [[Kingdom of Scotland]] until 1707 (dissolved)<br />
* [[Congress of the Confederation]] was unicameral before being replaced in 1789 by the current, bicameral United States Congress.<br />
* [[Provisional Congress of the Confederate States|Provisional Congress]] of the Confederate States was unicameral before being replaced by the bicameral Confederate States Congress in 1862.<br />
* [[Ministry of Dáil Éireann]] of the [[Irish Republic]] a revolutionary state between 1919 to 1922 was unicameral during the [[Irish War of Independence]]. Replaced by the bicameral [[Irish Free State]] government's Seanad (upper house) & Dail (lower house)<br />
* [[Congress of Deputies (Spain)|Congress of Deputies]] of [[Second Spanish Republic]] was unicameral between 1931 and 1936. Dissolved at the end of [[Spanish Civil War]]<br />
* [[Sejm]] of [[Polish People's Republic|Poland under Soviet influence]] was unicameral between 1947 and 1989. The bicameral parliament was restored following the end of communist rule.<br />
* The [[Parliament of Uzbekistan]] was unicameral before being replaced in 2005 by the current, bicameral [[Oliy Majlis]].<br />
* [[National Assembly (Cameroon)|National Assembly]] of [[Cameroon]] was unicameral before being replaced in 2013 by the current, bicameral Parliament of Cameroon.<br />
* [[Chamber of Deputies (Equatorial Guinea)|Chamber of People's Representative]] of [[Equatorial Guinea]] was unicameral before being replaced in 2013 by the current, bicameral Parliament of Equatorial Guinea.<br />
* [[National Assembly (Kenya)|National Assembly]] of [[Kenya]] was the country's unicameral legislature before becoming the lower house of the bicameral Parliament of Kenya in 2013.<br />
* [[National Assembly (Ivory Coast)|National Assembly]] of [[Ivory Coast]] was the country's unicameral legislature before becoming the lower house of the bicameral Parliament of Ivory Coast in 2016.<br />
* [[Central Indonesian National Committee|Central National Committee]] and the [[Provisional People's Representative Council]] of [[Indonesia]] was the unicameral legislature of the Republic of Indonesia during the [[Indonesian National Revolution|War of Independence]] and the [[liberal democracy period in Indonesia|Liberal democracy era]].<br />
* The [[National Assembly of Togo|National Assembly]] of [[Togo]]<br />
*The [[National Assembly of Chad|National Assembly]] of [[Chad]]<br />
<br />
===Subnational===<br />
* [[Georgia General Assembly|General Assembly]] of [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] until 1789<br />
* [[Pennsylvania General Assembly|General Assembly]] of [[Pennsylvania]] until 1790<br />
* [[Vermont General Assembly|General Assembly]] of [[Vermont]] until 1836<br />
* [[Nebraska Legislature|Legislature]] of [[Nebraska]]<br />
<br />
===Other===<br />
* [[Assembly of Representatives (Mandatory Palestine)|Assembly of Representatives]] of [[Yishuv]] community in [[Mandatory Palestine]] from 1920 to 1949<br />
<br />
==Unicameralism in the Philippines==<br />
Though the current [[Congress of the Philippines]] is bicameral, the country experienced unicameralism in 1898 and 1899 (during the [[First Philippine Republic]]), from 1935 to 1941 (the [[Commonwealth of the Philippines|Commonwealth]] era) and from 1943 to 1944 (during the [[Japanese occupation of the Philippines|Japanese occupation]]). Under the 1973 Constitution, the legislative body was called [[Batasang Pambansa]], which functioned also a unicameral legislature within a [[parliamentary system]] (1973–1981) and a [[semi-presidential system]] (1981–1986) form of government.<br />
<br />
The ongoing process of amending or revising the [[1987 Constitution|current Constitution]] and form of government is popularly known as [[Charter Change]]. A shift to a unicameral parliament was included in the proposals of the constitutional commission created by President [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.concom.ph/proposals/ |title= Proposals and Recommendations |publisher=Consultative Commission |access-date=2013-11-26 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926232047/http://www.concom.ph/proposals/ |archive-date= Sep 26, 2007 }}</ref> Unlike in the United States, senators in the [[Senate of the Philippines]] are elected not per district and state but nationally; the [[Philippines]] is a [[unitary state]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/a6.asp |title= The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines |website=gov.ph |access-date=2013-11-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225020806/http://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/a6.asp |archive-date=February 25, 2008}}</ref> The Philippine government's decision-making process, relative to the United States, is more rigid, highly centralised, much slower and susceptible to [[political gridlock]]. As a result, the trend for unicameralism as well as other political system reforms are more contentious in the Philippines.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.concom.ph/news/oct192005whychange.php |title=Why change our Presidential Government to a Parliamentary Government |first1=Jose V. |last1=Abueva |date=Oct 19, 2005 |publisher=Consultative Commission |access-date=2013-11-26 |archive-date=2006-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060818155246/http://www.concom.ph/news/oct192005whychange.php |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
While Congress is bicameral, all local legislatures are unicameral: the [[Bangsamoro Parliament]], the [[Sangguniang Panlalawigan]] (Provincial Boards), [[Sangguniang Panlungsod]] (City Councils), [[Sangguniang Bayan]] (Municipal Councils), [[Sangguniang Barangay]] ([[Barangay]] Councils), and the [[Sangguniang Kabataan]] (Youth Councils).<br />
<br />
==Unicameralism in the United States==<br />
Three U.S. states and territories have a unicameral legislature: the state of [[Nebraska]], and the territories of [[Guam]] and the [[United States Virgin Islands|Virgin Islands]].<br />
<br />
The [[Nebraska Legislature]] (also called the Unicameral) is the supreme legislative body of the state of Nebraska and the only unicameral state legislature in the United States. Its members are called "senators", as it was originally the upper house of a bicameral legislature before the Nebraska House of Representatives dissolved in 1937. The legislature is also notable for being nonpartisan and officially recognizes no party affiliation, making Nebraska unique among US states. With 49 members, it is also the smallest legislature of any US state.<br />
<br />
A 2018 study found that efforts to adopt unicameralism in Ohio and Missouri failed due to rural opposition.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last=Myers |first=Adam S. |date=2018 |title=The Failed Diffusion of the Unicameral State Legislature, 1934–1944 |journal=Studies in American Political Development |language=en |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=217–235 |doi=10.1017/S0898588X18000135 |s2cid=150363451 |issn=0898-588X}}</ref> There was a fear in rural communities that unicameralism would diminish their influence in state government.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
Local government legislatures of counties, cities, or other political subdivisions within states are usually unicameral and have limited lawmaking powers compared to their state and federal counterparts.<br />
<br />
Some of the 13 colonies which became independent, such as [[Pennsylvania#Governance|Pennsylvania]], [[New Jersey#Government and politics|New Jersey]] and [[New Hampshire#Law and government|New Hampshire]] had initially introduced strong unicameral legislature and (relatively) less powerful governors with no veto power. Pennsylvania's constitution lasted only 14 years. In 1790, conservatives gained power in the state legislature, called a new constitutional convention, and rewrote the constitution. The new constitution substantially reduced universal male suffrage, gave the governor veto power and patronage appointment authority, and added an upper house with substantial wealth qualifications to the unicameral legislature. [[Thomas Paine]] called it a constitution unworthy of America.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}<br />
<br />
In 1944, [[Missouri]] held a vote on changing the [[Missouri General Assembly|General Assembly]] to a unicameral one, which was narrowly rejected by the voters 52.42–47.58. Only the city of [[St. Louis]] and the [[St. Louis County, Missouri|St. Louis County]] voted in favor, whilst [[Jackson County, Missouri|Jackson County]] (containing the bulk of [[Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City]]) narrowly voted against, and all other counties voted against the change to unicameralism.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Missouri Unicameral Legislature, Issue 2 (1944) |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Missouri_Unicameral_Legislature,_Issue_2_(1944) |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Ballotpedia |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=1944 Referendum General Election Results - Missouri |url=https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.php?fips=29&year=1944&f=0&off=51&elect=0}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1970, [[North Dakota]] voters voted to call a constitutional convention. In 1972, a change to a unicameral legislature was approved by 69.36–30.64,<ref>{{Cite web |title=North Dakota Unicameral or Bicameral Legislature, Alternate Proposition 1 (1972) |url=https://ballotpedia.org/North_Dakota_Unicameral_or_Bicameral_Legislature,_Alternate_Proposition_1_(1972) |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Ballotpedia |language=en}}</ref> however, since the voters rejected the new constitution at the same referendum, it never took effect.<ref>{{Cite web |title=North Dakota Constitution, Main Proposition (1972) |url=https://ballotpedia.org/North_Dakota_Constitution,_Main_Proposition_(1972) |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=Ballotpedia |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1999, Governor [[Jesse Ventura]] proposed converting the [[Minnesota Legislature]] into a single chamber.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/199904/29_kastem_uni/ |title=One People – One House |publisher=News.minnesota.publicradio.org |date=1999-04-29 |access-date=2013-11-26}}</ref> Although debated, the idea was never adopted.<br />
<br />
The [[territories of the United States|US territory]] of [[Puerto Rico]] held a non-binding [[Puerto Rican unicameralism referendum|referendum in 2005]]. Voters approved changing its [[Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico|Legislative Assembly]] to a unicameral body by 456,267 votes in favor (83.7%) versus 88,720 against (16.3%).<ref>{{cite web |title=Referéndum sobre el Sistema Cameral |date=2005-07-10 |url=http://168.62.166.179/referendum2005/ |publisher=Comisión Estatal de Elecciones de Puerto Rico}}</ref> If both the territory's [[Puerto Rico House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] and [[Puerto Rico Senate|Senate]] had approved by a {{frac|2|3}} vote the specific amendments to the [[Puerto Rico Constitution]] that are required for the change to a unicameral legislature, another referendum would have been held in the territory to approve such amendments. If those constitutional changes had been approved, Puerto Rico could have switched to a unicameral legislature as early as 2015.<br />
<br />
On June 9, 2009, the [[Maine House of Representatives]] voted to form a unicameral legislature, but the measure did not pass the Senate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mainelegislature.org/legis/bills/bills_124th/billpdfs/HP100001.pdf |title=RESOLUTION, Proposing an Amendment to the Constitution of Maine To Establish a Unicameral Legislature |access-date=2013-11-26}}</ref><br />
<br />
Because of [[legislative gridlock]] in 2009, former Congressman [[Rick Lazio]], a prospective candidate for governor, has proposed that [[New York (state)|New York]] adopt unicameralism.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/14/opinion/14lazio.html One for All], [[Rick Lazio]], ''New York Times'', July 14, 2009</ref><br />
<br />
The United States as a whole was subject to a unicameral Congress during the years 1781–1788, when the [[Articles of Confederation]] were in effect. The [[Confederate States of America]], pursuant to its Provisional Constitution, in effect from February 8, 1861, to February 22, 1862, was governed by a unicameral Congress.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/csa_csapro.asp |title=Avalon Project - Confederate States of America - Constitution for the Provisional Government |website=avalon.law.yale.edu}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* {{anl|Bicameralism}}<br />
* {{anl|Tricameralism}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
==Further reading ==<br />
* {{cite book<br />
| last1 = Martin<br />
| first1 = Shane<br />
| last2 = Strøm<br />
| first2 = Kaare W.<br />
| year = 2023<br />
| chapter = Cameral Structures<br />
| title = Legislative Assemblies: Voters, Members, and Leaders<br />
| publisher = Oxford University Press<br />
| doi = 10.1093/oso/9780198890829.003.0005<br />
|isbn=9780198890829<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{National unicameral legislatures}}<br />
{{Navboxes |list =<br />
{{National bicameral legislatures}}<br />
{{National lower houses}}<br />
{{National upper houses}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Subject bar<br />
|portal1 = Law<br />
|portal2 = Politics<br />
|commons = yes<br />
|commons-search = Category:Unicameral legislatures<br />
|wikt = yes<br />
|d = yes<br />
|d-search = Q140247<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Legislatures]]<br />
[[Category:Forms of government]]<br />
[[Category:Unicameral legislatures| ]]</div>Saddiqa khatrihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Munishwar_Chandar_Dawar&diff=519097Munishwar Chandar Dawar2026-03-14T19:15:52Z<p>Saddiqa khatri: Added basic entry more to come</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian physician (1946–2025)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| pre-nominals = <br />
| name = Munishwar Chandar Dawar<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| alias = Twenty Rupees Doctor<br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1946|1|16|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], British India<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2025|7|4|1946|1|16|df=y}}<br />
| death_place = <br />
| known_for = Physician<br />
| education = <br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| spouse = <br />
| relatives = <br />
| children = <br />
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2023)<br />
| signature = <br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Munishwar Chandar Dawar''' (16 January 1946 – 4 July 2025) was an Indian physician who was known for treating needy people for twenty rupees. In 2023, he was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] by the Indian Government for his contribution in the field of medicine.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Padma Shri awardee doctor MC Dawar treats patients for Just Rs 20 in Madhya Pradesh |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/padma-shri-awardee-doctor-mc-dawar-treats-patients-for-just-rs-20-in-madhya-pradesh/articleshow/97355414.cms?from=mdr |access-date=27 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh doctor who treats people for Rs 20 gets Padma Shri honour |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/madhya-pradesh-doctor-mc-dawar-treats-people-for-rs-20-padma-shri-award-2326741-2023-01-26 |access-date=27 January 2023 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |agency=ANI|date=26 January 2023 |title=Jabalpur doctor MC Dawar who treats people for just Rs 20 conferred with Padma Shri {{!}} Bhopal News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/jabalpur-doctor-dr-m-c-dawar-who-treats-people-for-just-rs-20-conferred-with-padma-shri-mp-madhya-pradesh-padam-shri-fourth-highest-civilian-award-indo-pak-war-in-1971-indian-army/articleshow/97347223.cms |access-date=27 January 2023 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life and education==<br />
Dawar was born on 16 January 1946 in [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], India. After the partition of India and Pakistan, he moved to [[Jalandhar]] in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. His schooling was in [[Jalandhar]]. He completed his [[MBBS]] from [[Jabalpur]] in 1967.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Dawar started his career in 1971 by joining the Army as a doctor during the Indo-Pakistani war. In 1972, he started his practice in Jabalpur, and he charged two rupees. In March 2022, he increased his fee to twenty rupees.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet Dr MC Dawar Madhya Pradesh Doctor Who Treats People For Rs 20 Conferred With Padma Shri |url=https://www.india.com/madhya-pradesh/meet-dr-mc-dawar-madhya-pradesh-doctor-who-treats-people-for-rs-20-conferred-with-padma-shri-5870443/ |access-date=27 January 2023 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2023 |title=Madhya Pradesh doctor who treats patients for ₹20 honoured with Padma Shri |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/madhya-pradesh-doctor-who-treats-patients-for-20-honoured-with-padma-shri-101674737750661.html |access-date=27 January 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> He died on 4 July 2025, aged 79.<ref>{{Citation |title=Diane Gagliardi Collins Passes Away at Ninety |date=17 September 2019 |work=Radio Active |pages=392–392 |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvpg85h7.79 |access-date=5 July 2025 |publisher=Fordham University Press}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Death==<br />
Dawar died on 4 July 2025, at the age of 79. He had been ill for several days.<ref>[https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/local/mp/jabalpur/news/jabalpurs-20-doctor-munishwar-dawar-passes-away-at-79-padma-shri-awardee-treated-patients-for-53-years-known-for-selfless-service-and-affordable-care-to-the-poor-135372819.html MP’s doctor who charged just ₹20 for treatment passes away]</ref><br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
* [[Padma Shri]] in 2023<ref>{{Cite web |last=जबलपुर |first=अजय त्रिपाठी |title=20 रुपए में इलाज करने वाले डॉ. एमसी डावर को पद्मश्री सम्मान, 1971 के जंग में दे चुके हैं सेवा |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/madhya-pradesh/padma-shri-2023-dr-mc-dawar-of-jabalpur-honored-treated-patients-in-just-rs-20-ann-2317479 |access-date=27 January 2023 |website=ABP News |language=hi}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine|state=collapsed}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dawar, Munishwar Chandar}}<br />
[[Category:1946 births]]<br />
[[Category:2025 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]<br />
[[Category:Indian medical doctors]]</div>Saddiqa khatrihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charam&diff=493564Charam2026-03-12T10:44:57Z<p>Saddiqa khatri: Creating initial post first draft</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{for|the place in Iran|Charam, Iran}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Charam<br />
| image =<br />
| caption =<br />
| director = [[P. A. Backer]]<br />
| producer = C. H. Khalid<br />
| writer = [[Raghunath Paleri]]<br>[[Jayan]] (dialogues)<br />
| screenplay = P. A. Backer<br />
Associate Director= Adam Ayub<br />
| starring = [[Prem Nazir]]<br>Meena Menon<br>Urmila<br />
| music = [[G. Devarajan]]<br />
| cinematography = Hemachandran<br />
| editing = Ravi<br />
| studio = Chitramandir<br />
| distributor = Kings Creation<br />
| released = {{Film date|1983|2|11|df=y}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Malayalam<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Charam''''' is a 1983 Indian [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] film, directed by [[P. A. Backer]] and produced by C. H. Khalid.<ref>K. N. Shaji (31 May 2013). "ബക്കർ, പവിത്രൻ, ജോൺ കലയും കലാപവും". ''[[Samakalika Malayalam Vaarika]]'' (in Malayalam).</ref> The film stars [[Prem Nazir]] and Meena Menon in the lead roles. The film follows the search by a lawyer for his missing daughter in [[Bombay]]'s [[Kamathipura|red-light district]].<ref name="Socrates K. Valath">[[Socrates K. Valath]] (22 March 2019). [https://www.southlive.in/movie/retrospective/film-life-of-director-p-a-backer "കണ്ടും കേട്ടും സിനിമ ചെയ്യാന് പഠിച്ച പി.എ. ബക്കര്"]. ''Southlive.in'' (in Malayalam). Retrieved 12 March 2023.</ref><ref name="Saju Gangadharan">Saju Gangadharan (11 February 2023). [https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/charam-malayalam-movie-history-pa-backer-prem-nazir/articleshow/97819434.cms "'കക്ഷത്തിലെ പൂട കാട്ടുന്നവരുടെ പട'ത്തില് പ്രേംനസീര്: ചാരത്തിന്റെ കഥ"]. ''[[The Times of India|Samayam.com]]'' (in Malayalam). Retrieved 12 March 2023.</ref> The film is considered a breakthrough in independent Malayalam cinema and features a musical . It has a musical score by [[G. Devarajan]].<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Barrister James lives with his daughter Preethi following the death of his wife. Preethi feels incredibly lonely and isolated at home since James is very busy with his work. Preethi's only friend is Lily, whom she meets at college.<br />
<br />
One day, Preethi goes missing. James soon realizes that she has not attended college for several days. He starts a frantic search for his daughter, but his efforts are in vain until he listens to an audio recording made by her, which inadvertently reveals her relationship with a man named Charlie. James inquires about Charlie but gets no information. Later, Lily gives James details about Charlie and a photo of him.<br />
<br />
After a few days, Lily receives a letter that says Preethi is in [[Bombay]]. James travels to Bombay to search for his daughter. He happens to see a nude picture of Preethi on the cover of a fashion magazine. In disguise as a magazine owner in Kerala, James befriends a nude photographer named Desai to know more about Preethi's whereabouts, but he does not get much information. However, he discovers that Charlie was friends with a photographer named Gopan and tracks him down. Gopan denies having taken Preethi's nude cover photo, but he does reveal where Charlie lives. James confronts Charlie, who tells him that Preethi is no longer with him and has become a sex worker in the [[Kamathipura|city's red-light district]].<br />
<br />
James goes to the city's red-light district in search of his daughte, but it takes several attempts before he is able to find her. With the help of a Malayali man, James rescues Preethi by paying off the brothel owner. The last shot of the film shows Preethi and James in the backseat of the car, surrounded by several sex workers laughing at them.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{colbegin}}<br />
*[[Prem Nazir]] as Barrister James<ref>{{Cite news|title=പ്രേംനസീറിനെപ്പോലെ മറ്റൊരു താരം മലയാള സിനിമയിൽ ഉണ്ടായിട്ടില്ല|author=Adam Ayub| url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/magazine/wide-angle-46-adam-ayub-273807| publisher=Media One|date=2 December 2024}} </ref><br />
*Meena Menon as Preethi<br />
*Urmila as Lily<br />
*[[Hari (actor)|Hari]]<br />
*[[Cochin Haneefa]]<br />
*Manju George<br />
*Bindulekha<br />
*Chandraji<br />
*Chaplin<br />
*[[Jagannatha Varma]] as S. P. Sahadevan<br />
*Kalyanikkutty Amma<br />
*[[Sadhana (Malayalam actress)|Sadhana]]<br />
*[[Valsala]]<br />
*Mookambika B. Nair<br />
* Siddiq as Charlie <br />
* G A Jose<br />
* Sukumaran<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
The film's music was composed by [[G. Devarajan]]. A version of the song "Man Mohanaa Bade Jhoote" from the Hindi film ''Seema'' is used in the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1451|title=Chaaram|accessdate=2014-10-19|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?1567|title=Chaaram|accessdate=2014-10-19|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019183734/http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?1567|archivedate=19 October 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/charam-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019181144/http://spicyonion.com/title/charam-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=19 October 2014|title=Charam|accessdate=2014-10-19|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Music<br />
|-<br />
| 1 || "Man Mohanaa Bade Jhoote" (Resung from Hindi film ''Seema'') || [[P. Madhuri]] || Shailendra || [[Shankar Jaikishan]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
The film attained critical appreciation but was not a commercial success.<ref name="Express">[https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2012/nov/16/remembering-p-a-backer-425218.html "Remembering P A Backer"]. ''[[The New Indian Express]]''. 16 November 2012. Retrieved 12 March 2023.</ref><ref name="Socrates K. Valath"/> Nevertheless, the film is considered a breakthrough in [[independent film|independent cinema]] in Malayalam.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author2=Paul Willemen |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |date=1998 |publisher=BFI Publishing Oxford University Press |location=New Delhi |pages=85}}</ref> Most of Backer's films won big at [[Kerala State Film Awards]] and [[National Film Awards]]. However, Backer refused to send ''Charam'' to be considered for any award because he objected to the addition of some sex sequences and unwanted scenes in the film eying commercial benefit.<ref name="Express"/><br />
<br />
==Additional information==<br />
[[Mammootty|Mammooty]], then an aspiring actor, was interested in the role of Charlie in the movie. Director [[P. A. Backer|Backer]] thought someone with a rugged look would be better suited for the role. Eventually, the role went to Siddiq, a Kozhikode-based actor.<ref>{{cite news|title=സൗന്ദര്യം കാരണം മമ്മൂട്ടിക്ക് നഷ്ടമായ സിനിമ;പ്രേം നസീറിന്റെ മഹാമനസ്കതയിൽ നിന്നും ഉടലെടുത്ത ‘ചാരം’|author=Adam Ayub| url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/mediaone-shelf/column/mammootty-lost-the-movie-because-of-his-glamour-274163|publisher=MediaOne|date=7 December 2024}}, Archived on 2 September 2025</ref> For this movie, actor Prem Nazir reportedly chose to work for nearly half his regular remuneration.<ref>{{Cite news|title=സൗന്ദര്യം കാരണം മമ്മൂട്ടിക്ക് നഷ്ടമായ സിനിമ; പ്രേം നസീറിന്റെ മഹാമനസ്കതയിൽ നിന്നും ഉടലെടുത്ത ചാരം|author=Adam Ayub|url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/mediaone-shelf/column/mammootty-lost-the-movie-because-of-his-glamour-274163|publisher=Media One|date=7 December 2024}} </ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|0154309|Charam}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1983 films]]<br />
[[Category:1983 Malayalam-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about prostitution in India]]</div>Saddiqa khatrihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thangarathinam&diff=540275Thangarathinam2026-03-04T05:17:37Z<p>Saddiqa khatri: Added first entry initial version</p>
<hr />
<div>{{More citations needed|date=March 2024}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Thangarathinam<br />
| image = Thangarathinam.jpg<br />
<br />
| caption = Poster<br />
| director = [[S. S. Rajendran]]<br />
| producer = T. V. Narayanasamy<br />
| screenplay = K. G. Radhamanalan<br />
| story = <br />
| based_on = <br />
| starring = [[S. S. Rajendran]]<br />[[C. R. Vijayakumari]]<br />
| narrator = <br />
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]<br />
| cinematography = M. Karnan<br />
| editing = R. Devan<br />
| studio = S. S. R. Pictures<br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1960|11|25|ref1=<ref name="lakshmansruthi">{{Cite web |title=1960 – தங்க ரத்தினம் – எஸ்.எஸ்.ஆர்.பிக்சர்ஸ் |trans-title=1960 – Thangarathinam – S. S. R. Pictures |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1960-cinedetails23.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170427023849/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1960-cinedetails23.asp |archive-date=27 April 2017 |access-date=27 April 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>}}<br />
| runtime = 2 hrs. 56 mins. (15891 ft.)<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
'''''Thangarathinam''''' is a 1960 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[S. S. Rajendran]] starring himself and [[C. R. Vijayakumari|Vijayakumari]].<ref name="songbook">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/download/Thangarathinam/Thanga%20rathinam.pdf |title=தங்கரத்தினம் |publisher=SSR Pictures |language=ta |type=[[song book]] |access-date=28 June 2022 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref><!-- https://archive.org/details/kalki1961-01-08/page/n23/mode/2up --><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Thangam is a young man from a rich family studying in Chennai. When he goes to his village during holidays, he meets a poor girl, Rathinam and they becomes lovers. He returns to Chennai before his father Mirasudhar Nallamuthu Pillai learns of his love affair. Selvam is Thangam's friend. Two girls, Seethai and Meena are in love with Selvam, but Selvam loves Seethai. Meena is frustrated and receives a telegram that her mother is not well. When she goes to the village, her mother has already died and her father Vadivelu is unable to settle his debts. Mirasudhar Nallamuthu Pillai offers to help them and in return he weds Seetha. Thangam learns that his aged father has married a young girl. He returns home to find Seetha as his step mother. He thinks that Seetha has cheated his friend Selvam. He leaves home and gets involved in social reform activities. He works as a labourer for his living. He learns that his girl friend Rathinam and her father Veerasamy were ill-treated by his father. He consoles them and promises Veerasamy that he will marry Rathinam. Selvam comes to the village in search of Thangam. When he goes to Thangam's home, he finds Seetha there and thinks Thangam has married her. Mirasudhar attacks Selvam and chases him out. Selvam thinks Thangam has cheated him and searches for him with a knife. How these problems are settled forms the rest of the story.<ref name="songbook" /><br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
The following lists are compiled from the database of [[Film News Anandan]]<ref name="lakshmansruthi" /> and from the film's song book.<ref name="songbook" /><br />
<br />
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}<br />
*[[S. S. Rajendran]]<br />
*[[C. R. Vijayakumari|Vijayakumari]]<br />
*[[K. A. Thangavelu]]<br />
*[[M. N. Rajam]]<br />
*[[Prem Nazir]]<br />
*[[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]]<br />
*[[Nagesh]]<br />
*P. Hemalatha<br />
*Pushpamala<br />
* Meenakshi<br />
*[[V. Nagayya]] (cameo appearance)<br />
*T. V. Narayanasamy<br />
*S. S. Sivasooriyan<br />
*P. S. Thedchanamoorthy<br />
*K. R. Rathinam<br />
*K. R. Seetharaman<br />
*T. N. Krishnan<br />
*K. G. Archunan<br />
*K. T. Rajagopal<br />
*S. S. Subburam<br />
*S. A. G. Sami<br />
*Krishnan<br />
*Perumal Raju<br />
*Thangappan<br />
*Rangaraju<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
The music was composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]]. A folk song also was included in the film.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam&nbsp;— Part 1 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |year=2014 |edition=1st |location=Chennai |pages=199 |language=Tamil}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! Song !! Singer/s !! Lyricist !! Length<br />
|-<br />
| "Edhaiyum Thaangum Manasu" || rowspan=3|T. M. Soundararajan & K. Jamuna Rani || [[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]]|| 03:14<br />
|-<br />
| "Thunbam Theeraadho, Thuyaram Maaraadho" || [[S. S. Rajendran]]|| 02:23<br />
|-<br />
| "Jaalamellaam Theriyudhu Aahaa" || rowspan=3|[[A. Maruthakasi]]|| 04:45<br />
|-<br />
| "Innoruvar Thayavedharku" || rowspan=2|P. Susheela ||<br />
|-<br />
| "Enakku Nee Unakku Naan" || 02:33<br />
|-<br />
| "Sandana Podhigaiyin Thendralenum" || C. S. Jayaraman || Kudanthai Krishnamoorthi || 03:14<br />
|-<br />
| "Maamarathu Solaiyile" || S. S. Rajendran || Folk song ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1960 drama films]]<br />
[[Category:1960 films]]<br />
[[Category:1960 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:1960 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>Saddiqa khatrihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kattu_Roja&diff=470024Kattu Roja2026-03-04T05:16:31Z<p>Saddiqa khatri: small updated structure to improve readability and fixed typos</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Kattu Roja<br />
| image = Kattu Roja.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = A. Subba Rao<br />
| producer = [[T. R. Sundaram]]<br />
| writer = M. S. Solaimani <br /> N. Padmanaban <br /> G. Devarajan<br />
| screenplay = <br />
| story = <br />
| based_on = <br />
| starring = [[S. S. Rajendran]] <br /> [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]]<br />
| narrator = <br />
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]<br />
| cinematography = R. Sambath W. I. C. A.<br />
| editing = L. Balu<br />
| studio = [[Modern Theatres]]<br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{film date|1963|4|12|df=y|ref1=}}<br />
| runtime = 131 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Kattu Roja''''' ({{IPA|ta|kaːʈu ɾoːdʑaː}} {{translation|Forest Rose}}) is 1963 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama film]], directed by A. Subba Rao and produced by [[Modern Theatres]]. The script was written by M. S. Solaimani and the dialogue was by N. Padmanabam and G. Devarajan. The music was by [[K. V. Mahadevan]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=14 April 1963 |title=காட்டு ரோஜா |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1963/apr/14-04-1963/p66.jpg |url-status=dead |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta |page=66 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220724044323/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1963/apr/14-04-1963/p66.jpg |archive-date=24 July 2022 |access-date=5 July 2022}}</ref> The film stars [[S. S. Rajendran]] and [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]], with [[M. R. Radha]], [[R. S. Manohar]], [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]], [[G. Varalakshmi]] and [[K. A. Thangavelu]]. It was released on 12 April 1963.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1963 – காட்டு ரோஜா – மாடர்ன் தியேட்டர்ஸ் |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1963-cinedetails15.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215052542/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1963-cinedetails15.asp |archive-date=15 December 2019 |access-date=10 September 2020 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=ta}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
A young, innocent man, Baskaran lives alone with his elderly parents Ponnambla Mudaliar, Vadivu and his cousin Kuzhandai Velu. The elderly couple wishes for an arranged marriage for their family friend Shanmuga Mudaliar and daughter Baby. So, Baskar and his cousin visit Neelagiri for Shanmuga Mudaliar's home. On the way, their car was struggling, so Thangavelu searches water, meantime, Baskar drives the car and has an accident. A young village girl Ponni saves him and she gives aid for his injured body.<br />
<br />
Then both fall in love with each other. Meanwhile, Kuzhandai Velu reaches Shanmuga Mudaliar's home, meets him and his daughter Baby. Baby and Kuzhandai fall in love. And after searching for Baskar, finally he finds him. Then, Kuzhandai was received at home with Baskar. Baskar ever time was spelled for ''Kattu Roja''. So, his parents and cousin decided he was mentally disturbed. In the meantime, Somu reached Ponni's home. Ponni's father was dying in bed, her father was to bring Ponni for his Uncle Somu's hand.<br />
<br />
Then, there was comes to Ponnamblam house and Ponni joins for house maid. In the meantime, the household faces some problems for son shapes. Accidentally, Baskar and Ponni meet again. Since, he was disturbed for heartly. Baskar was, in the meantime, closed relationship with his Uncle Thanga Durai, wish like his sister Pushpa gets married Baskar, So he hatches a secret plan for this. Baskar goes to the wrong pathway and becomes an alcoholic. His mother worries about her son's attitude and once Baskar tries to molest Ponni.<br />
<br />
Then Vadivu decided to arrange a marriage of Ponni and Somu. Ponni tries to commit suicide, Baskar saved her life at a mountain edge. Somu knew Ponni's past life. Baskar is her past lover. Finally, Baskar and Ponni get married, but Thanga Durai stopped the ceremonies. Because, he told Baskar secretly married his sister Pushpa and their couple has one female child. The baby is also identified, but who is the father? In the meantime, Kuzhandi Velu says in truth the baby is Thanga Durai's child. He was spoiled Ponni's sister's life, so she leaves the child in Baskar's car and Baskar submits the baby to Thanga Durai. Thanga Durai was trained to baby for shows Baskar and Pushpa photograph and teach the child for father and mother identifications. Finally Thanga Durai admits his mistake and reunites with his family and Pushpa marries Somu.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
* [[S. S. Rajendran]] as Baskaran<br />
* [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] as Ponni<br />
* [[M. R. Radha]] as Thanga Durai<br />
* [[R. S. Manohar]] as Somu, Baskar's house servant<br />
* [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as Ponnambla Mudaliar, Baskar's father<br />
* [[K. A. Thangavelu]] as Kuzhandai Velu, Baskar's cousin<br />
* [[G. Varalakshmi]] as Vadivu, Baskar's mother<br />
* [[Pushpalatha]] as Pushpa, Thanga Durai's sister<br />
* [[G. Sakunthala]] as Baby<br />
* [[P. D. Sambandam]] as Shanmuga Mudaliar<br />
* T. S. Muthaiah as Ponni's father<br />
* [[B. S. Saroja]] as Ponni's elder sister<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
Music was composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kattu Roja ,Nangu Killadigal Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by K.V.Mahadevan , Veda |url=https://mossymart.com/product/kattu-roja-nangu-killadigal-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-k-v-mahadevan-veda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925034934/https://mossymart.com/product/kattu-roja-nangu-killadigal-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-k-v-mahadevan-veda/ |archive-date=25 September 2021 |access-date=5 July 2022 |website=Mossymart}}</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Song !! Singer !! Lyrics !! Length<br />
|-<br />
| "Kathavu Thiranthatha" <br />
|[[P. Susheela]]|| [[Kannadasan]]|| 4:04<br />
|-<br />
| "Vandondru Vanthathu" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]] [[P. Susheela]] || Kannadasan || 3:52<br />
|-<br />
| "Chinna Chinna Kannakukku" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]] [[P. Susheela]]|| Kannadasan|| 3:11<br />
|-<br />
| "Entha Oor Endravane" || [[P. B. Srinivas]]|| Kannadasan|| 3:21<br />
|-<br />
| "Ennai Paaru Paaru" || [[K. Jamuna Rani]]|| [[Panchu Arunachalam]]|| 3:31<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
<br />
{{Modern Theatres}}<br />
[[Category:1963 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:1963 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1963 films]]<br />
[[Category:1963 romantic drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]<br />
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>Saddiqa khatrihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palabishegham&diff=456317Palabishegham2026-03-04T04:48:39Z<p>Saddiqa khatri: slightly improve section for accuracy and cleaned formatting per sources</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| image = Palabishegam poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Poster<br />
| director = [[K. S. Gopalakrishnan]]<br />
| writer = K. S. Gopalakrishnan<br />
| producer = T. Raju<br />
| starring = [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] <br /> [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]] <br /> [[Sripriya]] <br /> [[S. A. Ashokan]] <br /> [[Rajasulochana]]<br />
| cinematography = Nellai S. S. Maniyan<br />
| editing = R. Devarajan<br />
| music = [[Shankar–Ganesh]]<br />
| studio = Kalavalli Combines<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1977|5|14|ref1=}}<br />
| runtime = 146 minutes<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dharap |first=B. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AckHAQAAIAAJ&q=PALABISHEGHAM |title=Indian Films |publisher=Motion Picture Enterprises |year=1977 |pages=132}}</ref><br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Palabishegham''''' ({{IPAc-en|p|ɑː|l|ə|b|i|ʃ|eɪ|ɡ|ə|m}} {{translation|[[Abhisheka]] of Milk}}) is a 1977 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film written and directed by [[K. S. Gopalakrishnan]]. The film stars [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]], [[Sripriya]] and [[Rajasulochana]]. It was released on 14 May 1977.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Palabishegham (1977) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/palabishegham |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119072559/https://screen4screen.com/movies/palabishegham |archive-date=19 November 2023 |access-date=19 July 2022 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Palaabhishekam ( 1977 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/allCast.cgi?id=93 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041118205424/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/allCast.cgi?id=93 |archive-date=18 November 2004 |access-date=2 September 2022 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
{{more plot|date=July 2022}}<br />
Kumaran is a hard working farmer living a simple life along with his mother Meenakshi. In reality, Meenakshi is the wife of the village landlord, who lives with his concubine Sengamalam and a son named Muthaiah. Kumaran despises Muthaiah and they lock horns to win the love of Sivagami. Sivagami chooses to marry Kumaran, but her father "Poisatchi" Boothalingam does not approve. So Sivagamai escapes her home and marries Kumaran. Muthaiah and his mother plot to destroy Kumaran. Sengamalam also hatches a secret plan along with Boothalingam to take over the landlord's property.<br />
<br />
Sengamalam is seen in a compromising position with Boothalingam by Muthaiah, who now understands the true intentions of his mother. Sengamalam's plan is to kill the landlord by giving milk laced with poison and make it look like suicide, for which she writes a letter to the police by imitating the landlord's signature. This plan is overheard by Muthaiah, who informs Kumaran and his mother to help save their father and also asks for an apology from Kumaran. Now Kumaran and Muthaiah unite to thwart the plan and save the landlord, who realises his mistake and regrets his misdeeds and apologises to his wife Meenakshi and unites with his first family.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
* [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] as Kumaran<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2019 |title=எம்ஜிஆர், சிவாஜி, கமல், ரஜினியை விட 77ல் அலமேலுவின் ஆடு சூப்பர் ஹீரோ! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/514066-aattukkara-alamelu.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902055735/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/514066-aattukkara-alamelu.html |archive-date=2 September 2022 |access-date=2 September 2022 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref><br />
* [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]] as Muthaiah<br />
* [[Sripriya]] as Sivakami<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2016 |title="நாகின்'' படத்தைப் பார்த்துவிட்டு ஸ்ரீபிரியா தயாரித்த படம் "நீயா'' |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinehistory/2016/12/31220541/1059349/Cine-History-Sri-Piriya-produced-film-Neeya.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817072647/https://www.maalaimalar.com/amp/cinema/cinehistory/2016/12/31220541/1059349/Cine-History-Sri-Piriya-produced-film-Neeya.vpf |archive-date=17 August 2022 |access-date=2 September 2022 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref><br />
* [[S. A. Ashokan]] as the Landlord Ekambaram<br />
* [[Pandari Bai]] as Meenakshi<br />
* [[Rajasulochana]] as Sengamalam<br />
* [[Thengai Srinivasan]] as "Poisatchi" Bhuthalingam<br />
* [[Suruli Rajan]]<br />
* [[T. K. S. Natarajan]]<br />
* [[Samikannu]]<br />
* [[Typist Gopu]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
The film was primarily shot at Kerugambakkam.<ref name="pa">{{Cite news |date=7 August 1977 |title=இதயத்தை தொட்ட மூன்று விழா |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_1_38/3.jp2/full/1000,1364/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250203121609/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_1_38/3.jp2/full/1000,1364/0/default.jpg |archive-date=3 February 2025 |access-date=19 November 2025 |work=Anna |pages=3 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
Music was composed by [[Shankar–Ganesh]] and lyrics were written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] and [[A. Maruthakasi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Palabishegam Tamil Film EP Vinyl record by Shankar Ganesh |url=https://macsendisk.com/product/palabishegam-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-shankar-ganesh/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719083447/https://macsendisk.com/product/palabishegam-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-shankar-ganesh/ |archive-date=19 July 2022 |access-date=19 July 2022 |website=Macsendisk}}</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Song !! Singers !! Length<br />
|-<br />
| "Aalamarathu Kili" || rowspan=2|[[Vani Jairam]]|| 3:31<br />
|-<br />
| "Padam Edukkum Pambu" || 3:02<br />
|-<br />
| "Machane Acharam Podu" || Vani Jairam, Krishnamoorthy || 3:08<br />
|-<br />
| "Kundril Aadum Kumaranukku" || [[T. K. Kala]], S. C. Krishnan || 2:11<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
The film ran for 50 days in theatres and its celebration event was held at Kerugambakkam.<ref name="pa" /><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}<br />
{{K. S. Gopalakrishnan}}<br />
[[Category:1977 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:1977 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1977 films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about landlords]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by K. S. Gopalakrishnan]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Ganesh]]<br />
[[Category:Films with screenplays by K. S. Gopalakrishnan]]<br />
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>Saddiqa khatrihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caravan_(1971_film)&diff=455013Caravan (1971 film)2026-03-03T23:40:23Z<p>Saddiqa khatri: small rework details for clarity and fixed typos per standard format</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|1971 Indian film}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Caravan<br />
| image = Caravan 1971.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[Nasir Hussain]]<br />
| producer = [[Tahir Hussain]]<br />
| writer = Nasir Hussain<br />
| screenplay = [[Sachin Bhowmick]]<br />
| starring = [[Jeetendra]]<br />[[Asha Parekh]]<br />
| music = [[R. D. Burman]]<br />
| cinematography = Munir Khan<br />
| editing = Babu Lavande<br /> Gurudutt Shirali<br />
| studio = Nasir Hussain Films <br /> T.V. Films<br />
| distributor = Sky Entertainment (DVD since 2002)<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1971|10|29}}<br />
| runtime = 161 min<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = 3.6 crore, re-release collection {{estimation}} {{₹|353 million|link=yes}} ({{US$|44 million|long=no|link=yes}})<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Caravan''''' ({{IPA|hns|kɑːɾʋɑ̃ː}}) is a 1971 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[crime thriller film]] directed by [[Nasir Hussain]] and produced by his brother [[Tahir Hussain]], under the Nasir Hussain Films and T.V. Films banners. The film stars [[Jeetendra]] and [[Asha Parekh]]. Three Hussain fixtures were involved in the music production: composer [[R.D. Burman]], lyricist [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]], and singer [[Mohammad Rafi]]. The film's plot was loosely inspired by ''[[Girl on the Run (1953 film)|Girl on the Run]]'' (1953).<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
''Caravan'' was a superhit domestically in India. It found even greater [[List of highest-grossing Indian films in overseas markets|success abroad]] in China when it released there in 1979, becoming the [[List of highest-grossing films in China|highest-grossing foreign film in China]]. The film is estimated to have sold [[List of films by box office admissions|over {{nowrap|300 million}} tickets]] in Asia, mostly in China. Adjusted for inflation, it is still one of the highest grossing Indian films of all time.<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Mohandas, a successful mill owner, finds out that his trusted employee, Rajan, has been embezzling money from him. After he confronts him, Rajan pushes him out of the window of a multi-story building, killing him. Mohandas' only daughter and heiress, Sunita, is deeply saddened by her father's death and writes a will naming Rajan as the sole heir to her father's property after her own death. Rajan lies to Sunita, claiming that it was Mohandas' final wish for them to marry. After the wedding, Monica, a [[cabaret]] dancer and Rajan's lover, confronts him in front of Sunita, presenting an unsent letter by Mohandas to his friend, Karamchand, as evidence that he embezzled money. She then reveals that he also murdered Sunita's father and that Sunita is his next target, so Sunita runs to her car and drives off, unaware that Rajan had tampered with the brakes, leaving her unable to stop. As the car speeds down a hill, Sunita jumps out, and the police presume she is dead. However, since her body was never found, Rajan believes she is still alive and sends his team to search for her.<br />
<br />
To seek justice for her father's murder, Sunita plans to travel to [[Mumbai|Bombay]] to retrieve the letter from Monica. To do so, she changes her identity to Soni, a village girl, and secretly hides in the back of a lorry of Mohan and Johnny, who are a part of a group of performing [[Banjara]]s, heading to Bombay to pick up Mohan's brother, Montu, before traveling to [[Khandala]] and [[Bangalore]], to see their mother. After Mohan catches Sunita stealing his food, he agrees to take her to Bombay.<br />
<br />
When Sunita enters Monica's dressing room, she sees Monica and Rajan together, revealing that she was complicit in his plan. Rajan says that he is afraid of Karamchand, who would sacrifice his life for Sunita and will be in Bangalore in two months. After Rajan sees Sunita, she sneaks back into the lorry, planning to travel with their [[Caravan (travellers)|caravan]] to Bangalore and Montu sneaks Sunita into their tent. When Mohan finds out, Sunita promises to be their servant in repayment, but since she doesn't know how to cook, Montu steals Ratna's food and serves it as Sunita's. After Ratna confronts her, Mohan kicks Sunita out for causing Johnny and Montu to lie to him, but Johnny convinces Mohan to bring Sunita back. Then Nisha, Mithalal Tota's prized dancer who is smitten with Mohan, attacks Sunita, so, in response, Mohan lies to Nisha, telling her that Sunita is his future wife. At Nisha's performance at a warehouse in [[Pune|Poona]], she refuses to go on stage unless they abandon Sunita. To avoid the owner calling the police, Mohan tells Sunita to go dance alongside him.<br />
<br />
After Sunita escapes from Rajan's men, who kidnapped her at the market, she is taken to the hospital to treat her injuries. When the nurse mentions Mohan's concern for her survival, Sunita falls in love with him. Mohan then proposes, but she refuses, thinking about her marriage to Rajan, and as a result, Mohan turns to alcohol. Since Rajan plans to kill Monica after Sunita, Monica chooses not to dispose of the letter and instead calls Karamchand to warn him about Rajan.<br />
<br />
After Sunita and Mohan reconcile, they arrive in Bangalore for their wedding ceremony, but Sunita runs away to call Karamchand, who is later killed by Rajan's men. When Mohan, Sunita, Nisha, and Montu arrive at Monica's home, Rajan's men break in, tie Monica up, and kidnap them. When Nisha escapes, she cuts the noose Mohan is on while standing on Montu. Mohan steals the kidnappers car to find Sunita, who is tied to a tree, while Rajan is digging her grave. As Mohan unties Sunita after fighting Rajan, Rajan rises up and points their gun at them. However, Nisha appears and takes the bullet, sacrificing herself. The police then shoot and kill Rajan. After the Banjaras bid farewell to Sunita, she reappears, choosing to rejoin them on their journey.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}<br />
* [[Asha Parekh]] as Sunita / Soni<br />
* [[Jeetendra]] as Mohan<br />
* [[Aruna Irani]] as Nisha<br />
* [[Mehmood Junior|Mehmood Jr.]] as Montu<br />
* [[Helen (actress)|Helen]] as Monica<br />
* Krishen Mehta as Rajan<br />
* [[Ravindra Kapoor]] as Johnny<br />
* [[Madan Puri]] as Mithalal Tota<br />
* [[Sanjana (actress)|Sanjana]] as Tara<br />
* [[Manorama (Hindi actress)|Manorama]] as Ratna<br />
* [[Anwar Ali (actor)|Anwar Ali]] as Bhola<br />
* [[Murad (actor)|Murad]] as Mohandas<br />
* [[Dulari (actress)|Dulari]] as Mohan's mother<br />
* [[Shivraj]] as Karamchand<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
The film was largely a [[List of Hindi film families#Khan–Hussain family (of Nasir Hussain)|Khan–Hussain family]] production, directed by [[Nasir Hussain]] and produced by his brother [[Tahir Hussain]], under the Nasir Hussain Films banner.<br />
<br />
The film's plot was loosely inspired by the 1953 film ''[[Girl on the Run (1953 film)|Girl on the Run]]'', a little-known [[crime drama]] set against the backdrop of a [[carnival]] [[burlesque]] show, which was changed to a Banjara show in ''Caravan''.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last1=Parekh |first1=Asha |author1-link=Asha Parekh |last2=Mohamed |first2=Khalid |author2-link=Khalid Mohamed |title=Asha Parekh: The Hit Girl |date=2017 |publisher=Om Books International |isbn=978-93-86316-98-1 |page=120 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IaGiDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA120 |access-date=18 June 2020 |archive-date=6 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906064524/https://books.google.com/books?id=IaGiDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA120 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Caravan<br />
| type = soundtrack<br />
| artist = <br />[[R. D. Burman]]<br />
| cover =<br />
| caption =<br />
| released = 1971<br />
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]<br />
| language = [[Hindi]]<br />
| label = [[Odeon Records]]<br />
}}<br />
The soundtrack of the film is one of the hit compositions by [[R. D. Burman]]. The lyrics of the songs are provided by the veteran poet [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]].<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! Title !! Singer(s) !! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| "Hum To Hain Rahi Dil Ke"<br />
| [[Kishore Kumar]]<br />
| Picturized on Jeetendra<br />
|-<br />
| "Ab Jo Mile Hain To"<br />
| [[Asha Bhosle]]<br />
| Picturized on [[Aruna Irani]], [[Jeetendra]] & [[Asha Parekh]]<br />
|-<br />
| "[[Chadti Jawani Meri Chaal Mastani]]"<br />
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Mohammed Rafi]]<br />
| Picturized on Jeetendra & Aruna Irani<br />
|-<br />
| "Daiya Yeh Main Kahan"<br />
| Asha Bhosle<br />
| Picturized on Asha Parekh<br />
|-<br />
| "Dilbar Dil Se Pyare"<br />
| Lata Mangeshkar<br />
| Picturized on Aruna Irani<br />
|-<br />
| "Goria Kahan Tera Desh"<br />
| Mohammad Rafi, Asha Bhosle<br />
| Picturized on Jeetendra and Aruna Irani<br />
|-<br />
| "Kitna Pyara Wada Hai"<br />
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], Mohammad Rafi<br />
| Picturized on Jeetendra and Asha Parekh<br />
|-<br />
| "[[Piya Tu Ab To Aja]]"<br />
| Asha Bhosle, R.D. Burman<br />
| Picturized on [[Helen (actress)|Helen]]<br> Asha Bhosle won the [[Filmfare Best Female Playback Award]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Box office==<br />
''Caravan'' was declared a "Super Hit" domestically according to ''[[Box Office India]]''.<ref name="boxofficeindia">{{Cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/worth-their-weight-in-gold-70s/ |title=Worth Their Weight in Gold! (70′s) &#124; Box Office India : India's premier film trade magazine |access-date=24 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118181419/http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/worth-their-weight-in-gold-70s/ |archive-date=18 November 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The film grossed {{INR|36 million|link=yes}}<ref name=Boxoffice>{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=177&catName=MTk3MQ== |work=[[Box Office India]] |title=Box Office 1971 |access-date=31 Jan 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922021200/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=177&catName=MTk3MQ%3D%3D |archive-date=22 September 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> ({{US$|{{#expr:36/7.49 round 2}} million|long=no}})<ref>{{cite web |title=Official exchange rate (INR per US$, period average) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.FCRF?end=1971&locations=IN&start=1970 |publisher=[[World Bank]] |year=1971 |access-date=8 February 2019 |archive-date=15 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215222924/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.FCRF?end=1971&locations=IN&start=1970 |url-status=live }}</ref> in India. It was the sixth highest-grossing film of 1971 at the domestic Indian box office.<ref name=Boxoffice/> Adjusted for inflation, the film's domestic box office gross is equivalent to {{INR|{{#expr:{{Inflation|IN|36|1971|1993|r=2}}*21.38/1000 round 2}} billion}} in 2017.{{#tag:ref|Inflation rate from 1993 to 2017: {{#expr:274.584584/12.845 round 2}} times<br />
* ''[[Aankhen (1993 film)|Aankhen]]''{{'}}s domestic nett of {{INR|128.45 million}} in 1993 is equivalent to {{INR|2,745,845,840}} in 2017.<ref name="inflation93">{{cite web|title=Top Adjusted Nett Grossers 1993|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/india-adjusted-nett-gross.php?year=1993|website=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=19 October 2018|archive-date=9 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509134920/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/india-adjusted-nett-gross.php?year=1993|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|group=n|name=Inflation93}} If we assume it was pure Hindi release then it sold around 19 million in india, as of 2023 Hindi movies ticket price (₹195.6) it grossed 370 core at domestic Box Office.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Our Insights |date=2024-01-22 |title=12K Crore: A new record at the India box office |url=https://www.ormaxmedia.com/insights/stories/12k-crore-a-new-record-at-the-india-box-office.html |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Ormax Media Pvt. Ltd. |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[List of highest-grossing Indian films in overseas markets|Overseas]], ''Caravan'' released in [[China]] in 1979 and became a blockbuster there, surpassing [[Raj Kapoor]]'s ''[[Awaara]]'' (1951). ''Caravan'' became the [[List of highest-grossing films in China|highest-grossing foreign film]] ever in China up until then, with 88{{nbsp}}million [[List of films by box office admissions|box office admissions]] in its initial run. It reportedly sold a total of nearly 300{{nbsp}}million tickets including re-runs, the highest for any foreign film ever released in China. At an average ticket price of {{CNY|{{#expr:(0.10+0.30)/2}}0|link=no}},<ref>{{cite book |last1=Link |first1=Perry |title=The Uses of Literature: Life in the Socialist Chinese Literary System |date=2000 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=9780691001982 |page=204 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qhBYxOitb-MC&pg=PA204 |access-date=9 February 2019 |archive-date=18 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118133400/https://books.google.com/books?id=qhBYxOitb-MC&pg=PA204 |url-status=live }}</ref> the film grossed an estimated {{CNY|{{#expr:300*0.2}} million}}, equivalent to {{US$|{{#expr:60/1.55 round 0}} million|long=no}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Official exchange rate (CNY per US$, period average) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.FCRF?end=1980&locations=CN&start=1979 |website=[[World Bank]] |year=1979 |access-date=7 February 2019 |archive-date=10 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190210152640/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.FCRF?end=1980&locations=CN&start=1979 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Official exchange rate (INR per US$, period average) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.FCRF?end=1980&locations=IN&start=1979 |publisher=[[World Bank]] |year=1979 |access-date=8 February 2019 |archive-date=24 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024135752/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.FCRF%3Fend%3D1980%26locations%3DIN%26start%3D1979 |url-status=live }}</ref> Adjusted for inflation, As of 2023 average ticket price of ¥42.3 <ref>{{Cite web |title=China: average movie ticket price 2023 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1238058/china-average-movie-ticket-price/ |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Statista |language=en}}</ref>($5.97), it grossed $1.791 billion (₹14,800 crore)<br />
<br />
In total, the film grossed an estimated {{INR|{{#expr:36+317}} million}} ({{US$|{{#expr:4.81+39 round 0}} million|long=no}}) in Asia. Adjusted for inflation, this is equivalent to {{INR|{{#expr:5.09+8.59}} billion}} in 2017, or {{INRConvert|{{Inflation|IN|13.68|2017|r=2}}|b}} in {{Inflation/year|IN}}.<br />
<br />
In terms of footfalls, the film sold an estimated {{#expr:36/(1.44*0.58+2.5*0.42) round 0}}{{nbsp}}million tickets in India,<ref name=Boxoffice/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mittal |first1=Ashok |title=Cinema Industry in India: Pricing and Taxation |date=1995 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=9788173870231 |pages=71 & 77 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RJVodLc6NgoC&pg=PA77 |access-date=9 February 2019 |archive-date=18 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118133358/https://books.google.com/books?id=RJVodLc6NgoC&pg=PA77 |url-status=live }}</ref> and nearly 300{{nbsp}}million tickets in China, for an estimated total of nearly {{#expr:19+300}}{{nbsp}}million tickets sold in Asia.<br />
<br />
==Legacy==<br />
Along with ''Awaara'' and ''[[Noorie]]'' (1979), ''Caravan'' left a strong impression on Chinese audiences in the 1980s. It took decades before Tahir Hussain's son [[Aamir Khan]] later had a similar impact in China,<ref name="chinadaily">{{cite news|title=Dangal underlines popularity of Indian films in China|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2017-07/20/content_30186720.htm|work=[[China Daily]]|date=2017-07-20|access-date=21 October 2017|archive-date=5 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005123558/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2017-07/20/content_30186720.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="rediff">{{cite web|title=Aamir: I couldn't really enjoy the food in China|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/aamir-i-couldnt-really-enjoy-the-food-in-china/20150521.htm|website=[[Rediff]]|date=21 May 2015|access-date=22 October 2017|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327111949/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/aamir-i-couldnt-really-enjoy-the-food-in-china/20150521.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> with films such as ''[[Lagaan]]'' (2001),<ref name="lagaan-china">{{cite news|title=Lagaan revives memories of Raj Kapoor in China|author=Anil K. Joseph|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|date=20 November 2002|url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=16983|access-date=30 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924055801/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=16983|archive-date=24 September 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ''[[3 Idiots]]'' (2009), ''[[PK (film)|PK]]'' (2014), and ''[[Dangal (2016 film)|Dangal]]'' (2016).<ref name="chinadaily"/><ref name="rediff"/><ref name="ndtv">{{cite news|title=Aamir Khan's Father's Film Caravan Still Remembered in China. Now, it Loves PK|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/aamir-khans-fathers-film-caravan-still-remembered-in-china-now-it-loves-pk-770762|work=[[NDTV]]|date=11 June 2015|language=en|access-date=23 January 2018|archive-date=6 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406164733/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/aamir-khans-fathers-film-caravan-still-remembered-in-china-now-it-loves-pk-770762|url-status=live}}</ref> During his visit to China, Aamir Khan said his father's film ''Caravan'' is still fondly remembered there.<ref name="ndtv"/><br />
<br />
==Awards and nominations==<br />
<br />
; [[19th Filmfare Awards|'''19th''' '''Filmfare Awards''']]<nowiki>:</nowiki><br />
<br />
'''Won'''<br />
<br />
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]] – Asha Bhosle for "Piya Tu Ab To Aaja"<br />
<br />
'''Nominated'''<br />
<br />
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] – [[Aruna Irani]]<br />
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] – [[R. D. Burman]]<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of highest-grossing Indian films in overseas markets]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Reflist|group=n}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|0066888}}<br />
<br />
{{Nasir Hussain}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1971 crime thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:1971 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1971 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:1971 films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Nasir Hussain]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by R. D. Burman]]<br />
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]</div>Saddiqa khatrihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jugnu_(1973_film)&diff=506662Jugnu (1973 film)2026-03-03T23:39:42Z<p>Saddiqa khatri: Put up new details!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{about|the 1973 film|the 1947 film|Jugnu (1947 film)}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=June 2019}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Jugnu<br />
| image = Jugnu 1973 poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Film poster<br />
| director = [[Pramod Chakravorty]]<br />
| producer = Pramod Chakravorthy<br />
| writer = [[Sachin Bhowmick]]<br />[[Gulshan Nanda]]<br />[[Ehsan Rizvi]]<br />
| narrator = <br />
| starring = [[Dharmendra]]<br />[[Hema Malini]]<br />[[Mehmood Ali|Mehmood]]<br />[[Pran (actor)|Pran]]<br />[[Prem Chopra]]<br />[[Nazir Hussain]]<br />[[Ajit Khan|Ajit]]<br />
| music = [[Sachin Dev Burman]]<br />
| cinematography = [[V. K. Murthy]]<br />
| editing = [[R. M. Tipnis]]<br />
| studio = Pramod Films<br />
| distributor = [[Gala Entertainment Corp.]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1973|08|30}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| budget = <br />
}}<br />
'''''Jugnu''''' ({{Translation|Firefly}}) is a 1973 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action film|action]] [[heist film]] produced and directed by [[Pramod Chakravorty]]. The story is about an extremely intelligent crook with a "Golden" heart ([[Dharmendra]]), who has the remarkable ability to steal from the most protected setups. The movie also stars [[Hema Malini]], [[Mehmood Ali|Mehmood]], [[Lalita Pawar]], [[Prem Chopra]], [[Nazir Hussain]], [[Ajit Khan|Ajit]] and [[Pran (actor)|Pran]]. The music is by [[S. D. Burman]] and the lyrics by [[Anand Bakshi]]. The film features a popular dialogue written by [[Sachin Bhowmick]], "Baap ke naam kaa sahara kamzor log lete hai", Meaning: "The weak seek to be known by their father's reputation", which was said on two occasions by [[Dharmendra]] and [[Pran (actor)|Pran]]. It went on to become one of the most loved and famous dialogues of all time in Hindi cinema. ''Jugnu'' Remains a cult classic of Hindi cinema and represents one of Dharmendra's finest performances. This film was remade into Tamil and Telugu in 1980 as ''[[Guru (1980 film)|Guru]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=12 August 2015|title=Sridevi: 5 times the actress bowled us with her performance|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/sridevi-5-times-the-actress-bowled-us-with-her-performance/etphotostory/48450778.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424051532/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/sridevi-5-times-the-actress-bowled-us-with-her-performance/etphotostory/48450778.cms|archive-date=24 April 2024|access-date=14 December 2020|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Actor !! Character<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dharmendra]] || Ashok Roy "Jugnu"<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hema Malini]] || Seema<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mehmood Ali|Mehmood]] || Mahesh<br />
|-<br />
| [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] || Shyam<br />
|-<br />
| [[Ajit Khan|Ajit]] || Boss<br />
|-<br />
| [[Prem Chopra]] || Ramesh<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lalita Pawar]] || Mrs. Ghanshyam Das<br />
|-<br />
| [[Jayshree T.]] || Sheela<br />
|-<br />
| [[Manmohan (actor)|Manmohan]] || Mike<br />
|-<br />
| [[Raj Mehra]] || Inspector General<br />
|-<br />
| [[Nazir Hussain]] || Shyam's Father<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kamal Kapoor]] || Police Inspector<br />
|-<br />
| [[Brahm Bhardwaj]] || Mr. Mazumdar<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dhumal (actor)|Dhumal]] || Sheela's Father<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Jugnu<br />
| type = Soundtrack<br />
| artist = [[S. D. Burman]]<br />
| released = {{Start date|1973|5|24}}<ref name="Apple Music">{{Cite web |date=3 December 2023 |title=Jugnu |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/jugnu-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1281285827|publisher=Apple Music|access-date=3 December 2023 }}</ref><br />
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = {{Duration|m=28|s=}}<br />
| language = [[Hindi]]<br />
| label = [[Saregama]]<br />
| producer = [[S. D. Burman]]<br />
| prev_title = [[Abhimaan (1973 film)|Abhimaan]]<br />
| prev_year = 1973<br />
| next_title = [[Chhupa Rustam]]<br />
| next_year = 1973<br />
| chronology = [[S. D. Burman]]<br />
}}<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| all_lyrics = [[Anand Bakshi]]<br />
| all_music = [[S. D. Burman]]<br />
| headline = Songs<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Jane Kya Pilaya Tune<br />
| length1 = 4:22<br />
| extra1 = [[Lata Mangeshkar]]<br />
| title2 = Gir Gaya Jhumka Girne Do<br />
| length2 = 4:20<br />
| extra2 = [[Kishore Kumar]] & [[Lata Mangeshkar]]<br />
| title3 = Mere Payalia<br />
| length3 = 5:25<br />
| extra3 = [[Lata Mangeshkar]]<br />
| title4 = Tera Peechha Na Chhodunga<br />
| length4 = 4:53<br />
| extra4 = [[Kishore Kumar]]<br />
| title5 = Jugnu Chamke<br />
| length5 = 4:48<br />
| extra5 = [[Lata Mangeshkar]]<br />
| title6 = Deep Diwali Ke Jhuthe<br />
| length6 = 4:16<br />
| extra6 = [[Kishore Kumar]] & [[Sushma Shrestha]]<br />
| total_length = {{Duration|m=28|s=00}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|0070253|Jugnu}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1973 films]]<br />
[[Category:1973 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1973 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by S. D. Burman]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Pramod Chakravorty]]<br />
[[Category:1973 action films]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}</div>Saddiqa khatrihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mandya_(film)&diff=466025Mandya (film)2026-03-03T21:44:21Z<p>Saddiqa khatri: quick refined section per sources and improved wording to improve readability</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Mandya<br />
| image = Mandya (film).jpg<br />
| caption = DVD cover<br />
| director = [[Om Prakash Rao]]<br />
| based_on = ''[[Samba (2004 film)|Samba]]'' (Telugu)<br />
| producer = Om Prakash Rao<br />
| writer = Purushottam Rao<br />
| narrator = <br />
| starring = [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]]<br />[[Rakshita]]<br />[[Kutty Radhika|Radhika]]<br />
| music = [[Gurukiran]]<br />
| cinematography = Anaji Nagaraj<br />
| editing = S. Manohar<br />
| studio = Thrisha Pictures<br />
| released = {{Film date|2006|1|6|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = 161 minutes<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| language = Kannada<br />
| budget = <br />
}}<br />
'''''Mandya''''' is a 2006 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[action drama film]] produced and directed by [[Om Prakash Rao]] and written by Purushottam Rao. The film stars [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]], [[Radhika (Kannada actress)|Radhika]] and [[Rakshita]] in the lead roles. The film is a remake of Telugu film ''[[Samba (2004 film)|Samba]]'' (2004).<br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
{{no plot|date=February 2025}}<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
* [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] as Ganesh alias Eshwar<br />
* [[Rakshita]] as Parvathi<br />
* [[Radhika Kumaraswamy]] as Ganga<br />
* Swasthik Shankar as Eshwar's uncle<br />
* Dharma as Bhadrayya<br />
* Ravi Chetan as Chetu<br />
* Lakshman as Parvathi's father<br />
* Siddharth as Bhadrayya's aide<br />
* [[G. V. Sudhakar Naidu]] as Bhadrayya's aide<br />
* Harish Rai as Jaggu<br />
* [[Sathyajith (Kannada actor)|Sathyajith]] as Bhadrayya's aide<br />
* [[Diganth]] as Harsha<br />
* [[Sadhu Kokila]] as Subramanya<br />
* Anantha Velu as Dhanraj<br />
* [[Shobaraj]] as Cylinder Seena<br />
* Siddaraju Kalyankar as Siddanna<br />
* Kirloskar Sathya as Dharmanna<br />
* [[Sudharani]] as Gayatri<br />
* [[Chitra Shenoy]] as Bhadrayya's wife<br />
* Malathi Sardeshpande<br />
* Shailaja Joshi<br />
* Pushpa Swamy as mother of Priya's stalker<br />
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Bhoopayya<br />
* Ashwath Narayan<br />
* [[R. G. Vijayasarathy]] as father of Priya's stalker<br />
* [[Karibasavaiah]] as Halappa<br />
* Baby Raksha as young Gayatri<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
The music of the film was composed by [[Gurukiran]].<ref>[http://www.raaga.com/channels/kannada/moviedetail.asp?mid=k0000101 Mandya Songs]</ref><br />
<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Mandya<br />
| type = Soundtrack<br />
| artist = [[Gurukiran]]<br />
| cover =<br />
| alt =<br />
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2006|}}<br />
| recorded =<br />
| venue =<br />
| studio =<br />
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length =<br />
| label = [[Anand Audio]]<br />
| producer =<br />
| prev_title =<br />
| prev_year =<br />
| next_title =<br />
| next_year =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| total_length = <br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Moriya Oh Bappa<br />
| lyrics1 = <br />
| extra1 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]]<br />
| length1 = <br />
| title2 = Sundara<br />
| lyrics2 = <br />
| extra2 = [[Anupama (singer)|Anupama]], Timmy<br />
| length2 = <br />
| title3 = Ko Ko Ko Koli<br />
| lyrics3 = <br />
| extra3 = [[Gurukiran]], [[Anuradha Sriram]]<br />
| length3 = <br />
| title4 = Muttidare Yaako<br />
| extra4 = [[Gurukiran]], [[Shamitha Malnad]], [[Malathy Lakshman|Malathi]]<br />
| lyrics4 =<br />
| length4 = <br />
| title5 = Eshwar<br />
| extra5 = [[Gurukiran]]<br />
| lyrics5 = <br />
| length5 = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "But in ''Mandya'', he [Om Prakash Rao] staggers continuously and loses grip of the storyline. Thus he remains a stranger to both what he wants to convey and what he conveys".<ref>{{Cite news |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2006010801080200.htm&date=2006/01/08/&prd=th&|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070504101528/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2006010801080200.htm&date=2006/01/08/&prd=th&|url-status=usurped|archive-date=4 May 2007|title=The message is unclear in 'Mandya' |first=K.N. |last=Venkatasubba Rao|date=8 January 2006}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote that the film "fails to generate interest among the viewers because of a weak script".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/mandya/20060110.htm|title=Mandya: Darshan carries it on his shoulders|first=R. G.|last=Vijayasarathy|date=10 January 2006|work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> ''Sify'' called it "strictly for Darshan fans".<ref>{{cite web|title=Mandya|website=[[Sify]] |access-date=4 October 2023|url=http://sify.com/movies/kannada/review.php?id=14116912&ctid=5&cid=2427|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060315053347/http://sify.com/movies/kannada/review.php?id=14116912&ctid=5&cid=2427|archive-date=15 March 2006}}</ref> Echoing the same, a critic from ''[[Chitraloka.com]]'' wrote that "the film is stitched for Darshan fans".<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20070504143923/http://www.chitraloka.com/sections/how_is_it/mandya_2006.shtml</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mandya}}<br />
[[Category:2006 films]]<br />
[[Category:2006 Kannada-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2006 action drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Telugu films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Gurukiran]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Om Prakash Rao]]<br />
[[Category:2000s masala films]]<br />
[[Category:2006 Indian films]]<br />
[[kn:ಮಂಡ್ಯ]]</div>Saddiqa khatrihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ottayan&diff=462203Ottayan2026-03-03T21:08:24Z<p>Saddiqa khatri: correct details further and updated info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Ottayan<br />
| image = Ottayan Malayalam poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Poster<br />
| director = [[Crossbelt Mani|Velayudan Nair]]<br />
| producer = Keshavan Nair<br />
| writer = [[Cheri Viswanath]]<br />
| screenplay = Cheri Viswanath<br />
| starring = [[Ratheesh]]<br />[[Sathaar]]<br />[[Balan K. Nair]]<br />[[Silk Smitha]]<br />
| music = Guna Singh<br />
| cinematography = Cross Belt Mani<br />
| editing =<br />
| studio = Rose Enterprises<br />
| distributor = Rose Enterprises<br />
| released = {{Film date|1985|3|15|df=y}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Malayalam<br />
| budget = ₹1&nbsp;million<br />
| gross = ₹1.2&nbsp;million<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Ottayan''''' is a 1985 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film, directed by [[Crossbelt Mani]] and produced by N. Kesavan Nair. The film stars [[Ratheesh]], [[Sathaar]], [[Balan K. Nair]], [[Ramu (actor)|Ramu]] and [[Silk Smitha]]. The film has musical score by Guna Singh. <br />
<br />
The film faced negative criticism regarding execution of the story upon its release.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1793|title=Ottayaan|accessdate=2014-10-13|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?5313|title=Ottayaan|accessdate=2014-10-13|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/ottayan-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016214426/http://spicyonion.com/title/ottayan-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=16 October 2014|title=Ottayaan|accessdate=2014-10-13|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref> A [[Malayalam softcore pornography]] film distributed in Kerala's main theatres, it features a [[rape and revenge]] storyline where the heroine's blouse is pulled off during a six-minute rape scene and the villain massages her breasts. It cost ₹1&nbsp;million to make, made ₹1.2&nbsp;million in two weeks until the censor board banned it.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Soft-porn boom hits commercial cinema in Kerala like a bolt from the blue |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19860515-soft-porn-boom-hits-commercial-cinema-in-kerala-like-a-bolt-from-the-blue-800882-1986-05-14 |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=India Today |date=15 May 1986 |language=en |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005191353/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19860515-soft-porn-boom-hits-commercial-cinema-in-kerala-like-a-bolt-from-the-blue-800882-1986-05-14 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
It is an [[action drama]] based on revenge. Ramesh an orphan is taken in by a poor family, he is an auto-driver. The girl in the family is constantly disturbed by two rich youngsters. Ramesh warns them off. Jilted they kidnap Ramesh's sister and rapes her, his sister stabs Suresh fatally and Suresh strangles her down before dying. Knowing the news, Ramesh comes first to the scene. Police seeing Ramesh at the crime scene arrests him.<br />
<br />
Suresh's father is a Mafia boss, he is disturbed by the death of his eldest son Suresh. He wants to take revenge on the whole family and sends Jambu to extradite Ramesh from the prison to punish him personally. Injured, Ramesh escapes en route into the forest and reaches in front of a tribal fight master's hut. The police officer who was in charge gets punishment transfer to the nearby forest, which is operation area of the Mafia boss. Ramesh recuperates and learns tribal fighting style from the master. He falls in love with Rani, his master's daughter.<br />
<br />
Jambu, who has to meet requirements of Arabian smugglers from the forest finds it hard with the presence of the police officer. He warns the police officer for raiding and taking over his materials. He later comes in with the Mafia boss' youngest son Sughu and rapes the Police officers wife and hangs her dead body in the forest and leaves the baby in the forest. Ramesh and Rani in their walkabout find the baby and fight off a tiger to save it and decide to look after the child. The Police officer who is in search of his family hears his child crying in the forest and follows it. Seeing Ramesh, he mistakes that Ramesh kidnapped his wife and child. Tribal master resolves the dispute and they look for his wife and find the body. Angered, he and Ramesh storm into the smugglers' camp and kill Sughu. Hearing this news, the Mafia boss is angered and decides to go all out on those who have wronged him. After a long fight the police officer, Ramesh, Rani and Khellappan's ragtag team captures them with accompanying police force.<br />
<br />
Ramesh, who finds peace goes back into the jungle with Rani and the tribal master.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
*[[Ratheesh]] as Ramesh<br />
*[[Balan K. Nair]] as Mafia boss<br />
*[[Sathaar]] as Rambo Jambu<br />
*[[Shivaji (Malayalam actor)|Shivaji]] as Suresh<br />
*[[Ramu (actor)|Ramu]] as Police officer<br />
*[[Silk Smitha]] as Rani (credited as Vijayalakshmi)<br />
*[[Sudheer (Malayalam actor)|Sudheer]] as Tribal fight master<br />
*[[Kuthiravattam Pappu]] as Khellappan<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
The music was composed by Guna Singh with lyrics by Bharanikkavu Sivakumar.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)<br />
|-<br />
| 1 || "Malarmizhiyude Chantham" || [[Lathika]] || Bharanikkavu Sivakumar || <br />
|-<br />
| 2 || "Vaanam Thookum" || [[P. Jayachandran]] || Bharanikkavu Sivakumar || <br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|0274699|Ottayan}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1985 films]]<br />
[[Category:1985 Malayalam-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Obscenity controversies in film]]<br />
[[Category:Censored films]]<br />
[[Category:Film censorship in India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian rape and revenge films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian erotic drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Pornography in India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in jungles]]<br />
[[Category:1985 controversies]]</div>Saddiqa khatrihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Larsen_%26_Toubro&diff=461889Larsen & Toubro2026-02-23T15:33:06Z<p>Saddiqa khatri: general refine structure after review also and updated info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian multinational conglomerate company}}<br />
{{promotional|date=August 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2017}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox company<br />
| name = Larsen & Toubro Limited<br />
| logo = Larsen&Toubro logo.svg<br />
| logo_size = 130px<br />
| image = L&T Construction Head office chennai.jpg<br />
| image_caption = L&T office in [[Manapakkam]], [[Chennai]] with core sector divisions<br />
| type = [[Public company|Public]]<br />
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{BSE|500510}}|{{NSE|LT}}|[[BSE SENSEX]] constituent|[[NIFTY 50|NSE NIFTY 50]] constituent}}<br />
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|INE018A01030}}<br />
| industry = [[Conglomerate (company)|Conglomerate]]<br />
| founded = {{Start date and age| 7 February 1946}}<ref>{{cite web|title=incorporated on 07th February, 1946|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/162206794/|website=www.larsentoubro.com|access-date=11 February 2022}}</ref><br /> [[Bombay]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]]<br />{{small|(present-day [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]])}}<br />
| founders = {{Unbulleted list<br />
|[[Henning Holck-Larsen]]|[[Søren Kristian Toubro]]}}<br />
| hq_location = L&T House, [[Ballard Estate]]<br />
| hq_location_city = Mumbai, Maharashtra<br />
| hq_location_country = India<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.larsentoubro.com/corporate/contact-us/indian-offices/|title=Contact L&T|website=www.larsentoubro.com|access-date=11 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212093205/http://www.larsentoubro.com/corporate/contact-us/indian-offices/|archive-date=12 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| num_locations = <br />
| num_locations_year = <!-- Year of num_locations data (if known) --><br />
| area_served = Worldwide<br />
| key_people = {{ubl|[[A. M. Naik]] <br /> {{small|([[Emeritus|Chairman Emeritus]])}}|[[S. N. Subrahmanyan]] <br /> {{small|([[Chairman]] & [[Managing Director|MD]])}}|R. Shankar Raman <br /> {{small|([[Chief Financial Officer|CFO]])}}}}<br />
| products = {{hlist<br />
| Construction & Mining Machinery<br />
| Defence Equipment and Vessels<br />
| Heavy Equipment<br />
| Power Generation Equipment<br />
| Rubber Processing Machinery<br />
| [[Valves]]<br />
}}<br />
| brands = <br />
| production = <br />
| production_year = <!-- Year of production data (if known) --><br />
| services = {{hlist<br />
| [[Electric power industry|Power generation]] <br />
| [[Ecommerce]]<br />
| [[Infrastructure]]<br />
| [[Construction]]<br />
| [[Heavy industry]] <br />
| [[IT services]] <br />
| [[Rapid transit]] <br />
| [[Financial services]]<br />
| [[Shipbuilding]]<br />
| [[Real estate]]<br />
| [[Defence (military)|Defence]]}}<br />
| revenue = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|259859|c}}<ref name=pnl>{{Cite web|title=Larsen & Toubro Consolidated Profit & Loss account, Larsen & Toubro Financial Statement & Accounts|url=https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachLive/a50baf56-e23a-4874-b616-3fbf55bb50e7.pdf|access-date=8 May 2024|website=www.bseindia.com|language=en}}</ref><br />
| revenue_year = 2025<br />
| operating_income = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|23104|c}}<ref name=pnl/><br />
| income_year = 2025<br />
| net_income = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|17687|c}}<ref name=pnl/><br />
| net_income_year = 2025<br />
| assets = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|379524|c}}<ref name=pnl /><br />
| assets_year = 2025<br />
| equity = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|115404|c}}<ref name=pnl /><br />
| equity_year = 2025<br />
| owner = <br />
| num_employees = 407,438 (including 348,094 workmen)<ref name="fy2022">{{cite web |url=https://investors.larsentoubro.com/Annual-Reports-Archives.aspx# |title=Larsen & Toubro Annual Report Fiscal Year 2024 Results |publisher=Larsen & Toubro |website=larsentoubro.com |date=26 June 2024 |access-date=26 June 2024 }}</ref><br />
| num_employees_year = 2024<br />
| parent = <br />
| divisions = *Real Estate (Realty)<br />
*[[Technology]]<br />
*[[Ecommerce|B2B eCommerce]]<br />
*[[Engineering]]<br />
*[[Construction]]<br />
*[[Manufacturing]]<br />
| subsid = {{plainlist|<br />
* [[LTIMindtree|LTM]]<br />
* [[L&T Technology Services]]<br />
* L&T Heavy Engineering<br />
* [[Hyderabad Metro Rail|L&T Metro Rail]]<br />
* L&T Realty<br />
* [[L&T Shipbuilding]]}}<br />
| module = <!-- Used to embed other templates --><br />
| website = {{URL|http://www.larsentoubro.com/}}<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Larsen & Toubro Limited''' ('''L&T''') is an Indian multinational [[Conglomerate (company)|conglomerate]] headquartered in [[Mumbai]]. It operates in sectors including [[industrial technology]], [[heavy industry]], [[engineering]], [[construction]], [[manufacturing]], [[Electric power industry|power]], [[information technology]], [[Arms industry|defence]], and [[financial services]].<br />
<br />
L&T was founded in 1938 in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] by Danish engineers [[Henning Holck-Larsen]] and [[Søren Kristian Toubro]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Shah|first1=Shashank|date=18 February 2014|title=Stakeholders Management in the Indian Construction Industry: Insights into the Approach at Larsen & Toubro's Construction Division|url=http://scholar.valpo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1095&context=jvbl|journal=Journal of Values Based Leadership|volume=7|issue=1|access-date=11 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523040114/http://scholar.valpo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1095&context=jvbl|archive-date=23 May 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Larsen & Toubro (L&T) {{!}} Who we are |url=https://www.lntecc.com/who-we-are/ |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=L&T Construction |language=en}}</ref> As of 31 March 2022, the L&T Group consisted of 93 subsidiaries, 5 associate companies, 27 joint ventures, and 35 joint operations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Check out the larsen toubro ltd Management Discussions {{!}} Live stock/Share Prices at indiainfoline.com |url=https://indiainfoline.com/company/larsen-toubro-ltd/management-discussions/348 |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=indiainfoline.com |language=en}}</ref> As of 1 October 2023, [[S N Subrahmanyan]] serves as the chairman and managing director of L&T, having succeeded [[A. M. Naik|A M Naik]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 May 2023|title=SN Subrahmanyan named L&T CMD, AM Naik steps down|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/sn-subrahmanyan-named-lt-cmd-am-naik-steps-down/articleshow/100142919.cms|access-date=1 December 2023|website=The Economic Times|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Multiple image|perrow = 2|total_width=375|align=right<br />
|image1 = EXCON 2025, Bangalore International Exhibition Centre (880).jpg<br />
|width1 = 125px<br />
|image2 = EXCON 2025, Bangalore International Exhibition Centre (862).jpg<br />
|width2 = 125px<br />
|footer = Larsen & Toubro at [[EXCON]] 2025, [[Bangalore International Exhibition Centre|BIEC]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
{{multiple image<br />
| direction = vertical<br />
| align = right<br />
| width = <br />
| image1 = Lotus Temple-Panoroma-Visit During WCI 2016- IMG 6471.jpg<br />
| image2 = Statue of Unity358.jpg<br />
| image3 = Narendra Modi Stadium view from the gallery.jpg<br />
| image4 = Pran Pratishtha ceremony of Shree Ram Janmaboomi Temple in Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh on January 22, 2024.jpg<br />
| footer = L&T's notable construction projects<br />
| total_width = <br />
| alt1 = <br />
| caption1 = [[Lotus Temple]], [[Delhi]]<br />
| caption2 = [[Statue of Unity]], [[Kevadia]]<br />
| caption3 = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]<br />
| caption4 = [[Ram Mandir]], [[Ayodhya]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Henning Holck-Larsen and Søren Kristian Toubro were in India to represent the interests of the Danish dairy equipment manufacturer [[FLSmidth]] when they founded L&T through an oral agreement in 1938. The company was legally incorporated in 1946.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
The start of [[Second World War|World War II]] in 1939 and the resulting blockade of trade, led Larsen and Toubro to undertake jobs and provide service facilities. The [[German invasion of Denmark (1940)|German invasion of Denmark]] in April 1940 stopped supplies of Danish products. The war-time need to repair, refit, and degauss ships offered L&T an opportunity, and led to the formation of a new company, Hilda Ltd, to handle these operations. L&T also started to repair and fabricate ships. The [[internment]] of German engineers in India who were to construct a [[soda ash]] plant for the [[Tata Group]] gave L&T a chance to enter the field of installation.<ref name="larsentoubro.com">{{cite web |url= http://www.larsentoubro.com/lntcorporate/LnT_Offerings/Service_Template1.aspx?res=P_ENC_COFF_SBU_SERV&srid=125&sbu=31 |title= Larsen & Toubro&nbsp;– Hydrocarbon Upstream |access-date= 21 June 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130507204336/http://www.larsentoubro.com/lntcorporate/LnT_Offerings/Service_Template1.aspx?res=P_ENC_COFF_SBU_SERV&srid=125&sbu=31 |archive-date= 7 May 2013 |url-status= dead }}</ref><br />
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In 1946, they incorporated Engineering Construction & Contracts Ltd. (ECC) to focus on construction projects. ECC now exists as the construction division of L&T.<ref name=":2" /> By 1947, the company represented the manufacturers of equipment used to manufacture products such as [[hydrogenated oil]]s, [[biscuit]]s, soaps and glass. In 1947, the company signed an agreement with [[Caterpillar Inc.|Caterpillar Tractor Company]] to market [[Heavy equipment|earth moving equipment]]. At the end of the war, large numbers of war-surplus Caterpillar equipment were available at attractive prices, but the finances required were beyond the capacity of the partners. This prompted them to raise additional equity capital, and on 7 February 1946, Larsen & Toubro Private Limited was incorporated.<ref name="larsentoubro.com" /><br />
<br />
In 1947, the firm set up offices in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] and [[Chennai|Madras]] and [[New Delhi]]. In 1948, {{convert|55|acre|ha|order=flip}} of undeveloped marsh and jungle was acquired in [[Powai]], Mumbai. In December 1950, L&T became a public company with a paid-up capital of {{INRConvert|20|l|year=1950}}. The sales turnover in that year was {{INRConvert|1.09|c|year=1950}}. In 1956, a major part of the company's Bombay office moved to ICI House in [[Ballard Estate]], which would later be purchased by the company and renamed as L&T House, its present headquarters.<ref name="larsentoubro.com" /><br />
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During the 1960s, ventures included the [[Utkal Machinery Limited]] (UTMAL, set up in 1960), [[Audco India Limited]] (1961), [[Eutectic Welding Alloys]] (1962) and [[Tractor Engineers Limited]] (TENGL, 1963).<ref name="larsentoubro.com" /><br />
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In 1965, the firm had been chosen as a partner for building [[nuclear reactor]]s. Dr. [[Homi J. Bhabha|Homi Bhabha]], chairman of the [[Atomic Energy Commission of India|Atomic Energy Commission]] had approached L&T in the 1950s to fabricate critical components for nuclear reactors.<br />
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During the 1970s, L&T was contracted to work with [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO). Chairman [[Vikram Sarabhai]] chose L&T as manufacturing partner.<ref name="Merchant, 2017 54">{{Cite book|last=Merchant, Minhaz|title=The nationalist : how A.M. Naik overcame great odds to transform Larsen & Toubro into a global powerhouse|year=2017|isbn=978-93-5277-288-9|location=Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India|pages=54|oclc=1021061261}}</ref><br />
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In 1976, ECC bid for a large airport [[Abu Dhabi International Airport|project]] in [[Abu Dhabi]]. ECC's balance sheet, however, did not meet the bid's financial qualification requirement. So it was merged into L&T. ECC was eventually rechristened L&T Construction and now accounts for the largest slice of the group's annual revenue.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Merchant, Minhaz|title=The nationalist : how A.M. Naik overcame great odds to transform Larsen & Toubro into a global powerhouse|year=2017|isbn=978-93-5277-288-9|location=Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India|pages=53, 55|oclc=1021061261}}</ref><br />
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In 1985, L&T entered into a partnership with the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO). L&T was not yet allowed by the government to manufacture defence equipment but was permitted to participate in design and development programmes with DRDO. After the design and development was done, the firm had to hand over all the drawings to DRDO. The [[Government of India|Indian government]] would then assign the production work to a public sector defence unit or ordnance factory for manufacture. The firm currently makes a range of weapon and missile systems, command and control systems, engineering systems, and submarines through DRDO.<ref name="Merchant, 2017 54" /> Larsen & Toubro established a [[financial services]] subsidiary called L&T Finance in November 1994.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ltfinance.com/overview.aspx|title=Overview|publisher=Larsen&Toubro|access-date=10 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826063755/http://www.ltfinance.com/overview.aspx|archive-date=26 August 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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In 2015, the company began developing commercial, retail and office space around the [[Hyderabad Metro Rail]] project.<ref>{{cite web |author=V. Rishi Kumar |title=L&T Hyderabad Metro wins infrastructure award |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/lt-hyderabad-metro-wins-infrastructureaward/article7625261.ece |work=The Hindu Business Line |date=7 September 2015}}</ref> In June 2019, the company acquired a controlling stake in IT services company [[Mindtree]].<ref>{{cite news|date=26 June 2019|title=Mindtree erases gains to settle in the red|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/mindtree-jumps-as-lt-hikes-stake-to-51/articleshow/69953716.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626104519/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/mindtree-jumps-as-lt-hikes-stake-to-51/articleshow/69953716.cms|archive-date=26 June 2019|access-date=26 June 2019|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref> In 2022, L&T purchased the whole ownership stake that was held by [[Chiyoda Corporation]], a Japanese engineering company, in their joint venture, L&T-Chiyoda, which was formed in 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2022 |title=Larsen and Toubro buys out partners stake in three-decade old joint venture for Rs 75 crore |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/market/stocks/lt-joint-venture-chiyoda-stake-75-crore-epc-business-15226881.htm |access-date=13 May 2025 |website=CNBC TV18 |language=}}</ref><br />
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As of 2024, L&T is India's largest private-sector defence manufacturing company by revenue.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharjee |first=Nivedita |date=7 March 2025 |title=L&T bets on space exploration as India expands private rocket and satellite industry |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/lt-bets-space-exploration-india-expands-private-rocket-satellite-industry-2025-03-05/ |access-date=24 March 2025 |website=Reuters}}</ref> The company is also in the process of expanding its [[Space industry|space]] business, which includes manufacturing space [[launch vehicle]]s and [[satellite]]s, as of 2024.<ref name=":0" /> L&T is the production partner for the DRDO designed [[Zorawar (tank)|Zorawar]] [[light tank]], a prototype for which was unveiled in 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 January 2024 |title=Indian light tank Zorawar begins trials, expected to be ready for user tests by April |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-light-tank-zorawar-begins-trials-expected-to-be-ready-for-user-tests-by-april/articleshow/106780188.cms?from=mdr |access-date=13 May 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=6 July 2024 |title=India unveils light tank Zorawar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/drdo-unveils-indigenous-light-tank-zorawar/article68375255.ece |access-date=13 May 2025 |work=The Hindu |language= |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
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In January 2025, the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] rejected the joint bid by L&T and [[Navantia]], a Spanish shipbuilding company, for the [[Indian Navy]]'s [[Project-75 (India) submarine acquisition project|Project-75(I) submarine program]] for technical reasons.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parashar |first=Kiran |date=24 January 2025 |title=L&T-Navantia out, Mazagon-Thyssenkrupp likely to land Rs 70,000-crore submarine deal |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/lt-navantia-out-mazagon-thyssenkrupp-likely-to-land-rs-70k-crore-submarine-deal-9795974/ |access-date=13 May 2025 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> L&T, in a consortium with [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]], is also manufacturing the first privately built variant of the [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]] (PSLV), designated PSLV-XL N1, which is scheduled to launch in 2025.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 September 2024 |title=First privately made PSLV likely to see launch by year-end as private participation in India's space sector gains traction |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/private-pslv-space-9576053/ |access-date=28 March 2025 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><br />
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In March 2025, L&T was awarded an order from [[QatarEnergy LNG]], a Qatari [[liquefied gas]] company, for the engineering, procurement, fabrication, installation, and commissioning of two offshore compression complexes for the North Field Production Sustainability Offshore Compression Project.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Pillay |first=Amritha |date=26 March 2025 |title=L&T's biggest ever: Bags contract worth over $4 bn from QatarEnergy |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/l-t-wins-largest-contract-ever-as-qatarenergy-awards-one-worth-over-4-bn-125032600861_1.html |access-date=13 May 2025 |website=Business Standard}}</ref> The order, worth US$4 billion, is the largest order in L&T's history.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
==Major subsidiaries==<br />
<br />
===Construction===<br />
<br />
* L&T Construction<br />
** L&T Metro Rail Hyderabad<br />
* L&T Realty<br />
<br />
=== EPC Projects ===<br />
* L&T Valves<br />
* L&T Energy Hydrocarbon<br />
* L&T CarbonLite-Solutions(previously Power)<br />
<br />
=== Technology ===<br />
* [[LTIMindtree|LTM]]<br />
* [[L&T Technology Services]]<br />
<br />
=== Manufacturing ===<br />
* L&T Heavy Engineering<br />
* L&T Precision Engineering and Systems<br />
* L&T Shipbuilding<br />
* L&T Rubber Processing Machinery<br />
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=== [[Finance|Financial]] services ===<br />
* L&T Finance<br />
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=== Digital===<br />
* L&T-SuFin<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 March 2022|title=Larsen and Toubro launches L&T SuFin to empower MSMEs|url=https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/larsen-and-toubro-launches-lt-sufin-to-empower-msmes/90058414|access-date=1 December 2023|website=The Economic Times|language=en}}</ref><br />
* L&T Edutech<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 October 2021|title=L&T forays into EdTech space, launches learning app |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2021/oct/16/lt-forays-into-edtech-space-launcheslearning-app-2372113.html|access-date=12 January 2024|website=Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Engineering<br />
<br />
==Other subsidiaries and joint ventures==<br />
As of 31 March 2022, L&T has 93 subsidiaries, 5 associate companies, 27 joint ventures and 35 joint operations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stock Share Price {{!}} Get Quote {{!}} BSE |url=https://www.bseindia.com/stock-share-price/larsen--toubro-ltd/lt/500510/financials-annual-reports/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=www.bseindia.com}}</ref><br />
*L&T – Construction Equipment Limited: having its registered office at [[Mumbai]], India and focusing on [[construction equipment]] and [[mining equipment]], '''L&T-Komatsu Limited'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.komatsu.com/CompanyInfo/profile/group/detail.cgi?name=L%26T-Komatsu%20Limited%20%5BLTK%5D%20 |title=L&T Komatsu Ltd |publisher=Komatsu Limited |access-date=10 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928040125/http://www.komatsu.com/CompanyInfo/profile/group/detail.cgi?name=L&T-Komatsu%20Limited%20%5BLTK%5D%20 |archive-date=28 September 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> was a joint-venture of Larsen and Toubro, and Komatsu Asia Pacific Pte Limited, Singapore, a wholly owned subsidiary of [[Komatsu Limited]], Japan. Komatsu is the world's second largest manufacturer of hydraulic excavators and has manufacturing and marketing facilities.<ref>[[Komatsu Limited]]</ref> The plant was started in 1975 by L&T to manufacture hydraulic excavators for the first time in India. In 1998, it became a joint-venture. The Bengaluru works comprise machinery and hydraulics works, with a manufacturing facility for design, manufacture, and servicing of earth moving equipment. In April 2013, L&T bought the 50% stake held by Komatsu Asia & Pacific. The company's name was changed to L&T Construction Equipment Limited.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.larsentoubro.com/lntcorporate/common/ui_templates/HtmlContainer.aspx?res=P_CMB_BABT_COPR_ALNT|title=Change name|publisher=Larsen&Toubro|access-date=10 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606061346/http://www.larsentoubro.com/lntcorporate/common/ui_templates/HtmlContainer.aspx?res=P_CMB_BABT_COPR_ALNT|archive-date=6 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-04-13/news/38511372_1_larsen-toubro-construction-equipment-brand-equity | title=L&T to buy out Komatsu subsidiary in joint venture | date=13 April 2013 | publisher=Economic Times | access-date=13 April 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130710080524/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-04-13/news/38511372_1_larsen-toubro-construction-equipment-brand-equity | archive-date=10 July 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
* L&T jointly with Qatari company Al Balagh group were the main contractors for the [[Ahmed bin Ali Stadium|Al Rayyan stadium]], where the [[2022 FIFA World Cup]] was held.<ref>{{Cite news|date=7 June 2016|title=Indian firm L&T named main contractors for 2022 FIFA WC stadium|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/indian-firm-l-t-named-main-contractors-for-2022-fifa-wc-stadium-116060700642_1.html|access-date=15 July 2020}}</ref><br />
* A partnership between L&T Finance and [[Sonalika Group]] farm equipment maker International Tractors Ltd in April 2014 provided credit and financing to customers of Sonalika Group in India.<ref>{{cite news|title=International Tractors Ltd signs pact with L&T Finance for vehicle loans|newspaper=The Economic Times|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/auto/automobiles/international-tractors-ltd-signs-pact-with-lt-finance-for-vehicle-loans/articleshow/34074103.cms|publisher=The Economic Times of India|access-date=22 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140511045939/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/auto/automobiles/international-tractors-ltd-signs-pact-with-lt-finance-for-vehicle-loans/articleshow/34074103.cms|archive-date=11 May 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* L&T Special Steels and Heavy Forgings Pvt Ltd. is a joint venture between L&T and the [[Nuclear Power Corporation of India]] (NPCIL), headquartered at Hazira. It is the largest integrated steel plant and heavy forging unit in India, capable of producing forgings weighing 120 MT each. LTSSHF currently is engaged in projects from the nuclear, hydrocarbon, power and oil and gas sectors.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.npcil.nic.in/pdf/press_lnt_jv.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=28 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228034722/http://www.npcil.nic.in/pdf/press_lnt_jv.pdf |archive-date=28 December 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
* L&T-Sargent & Lundy Limited (L&T-S&L), established in 1995, is an engineering and consultancy firm in the power sector, formed by L&T and Sargent & Lundy L.L.C. - USA, a global consulting firm in the power industry since 1891.<ref>{{cite web|title=L&T-Sargent & Lundy Ltd - Company Profile and News|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/8158918Z:IN|access-date=2020-09-26|website=Bloomberg.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lntsnl.com/about-us/|title=Premier Engineering & Consultancy firm in the Power Sector - L&T-Sargent & Lundy|website=www.lntsnl.com|access-date=24 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325045116/http://www.lntsnl.com/about-us/|archive-date=25 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* SA & Alstom Projects India.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=20 January 2013 |title=L&T-Alstom JV wins Chennai Metro track work project |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/l-t-alstom-jv-wins-chennai-metro-track-work-project-111012200037_1.html |access-date=13 May 2025 |website=Business Standard}}</ref> A joint venture between L&T and Alstom, a French rolling stock manufacturing company, that works on metro rail projects.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=28 May 2013 |title=15 Indian companies, MNCs on the job |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2013/May/28/15-indian-companies-mncs-on-the-job-481259.html |access-date=13 May 2025 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><br />
* L&T MBDA Missile Systems.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Amiti |date=5 May 2019 |title=L&T MBDA, Tata Power defence proposals get SEZ board approval |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/lt-mbda-tata-power-defence-proposals-get-sez-board-approval/article27040570.ece |access-date=25 March 2025 |website=The Hindu Business Line}}</ref> Founded in 2017, L&T MBDA Missile Systems is a joint venture between L&T and European missile company, [[MBDA]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2017 |title=Larsen & Toubro, MBDA ink deal to develop missiles for Indian armed forces |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/industry-larsen-toubro-mbda-ink-deal-to-develop-missiles-for-indian-armed-forces-550016/ |access-date=25 March 2025 |website=Financial Express}}</ref> Owned 51% by L&T and 49% by MBDA, the joint venture was formed to produce and supply [[missile]]s and missile systems to the [[Indian Armed Forces]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us: Overview |url=https://www.lntmbda.com/about-us/overview/ |access-date=25 March 2025 |website=L&T MBDA Missile Systems}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Divestments ==<br />
L&T has across the decades exited from several businesses. These include:<br />
<br />
=== Cement ===<br />
L&T sold its 16.5 million tonne/per year capacity cement division to [[UltraTech Cement]] and also divested its 8.5% stake in A V Birla group company [[Grasim Industries]] in 2004.<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 May 2004|title=L&T cement business demerger comes into effect|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/LT-cement-business-demerger-comes-into-effect/articleshow/675137.cms|access-date=14 July 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== L&T-John Deere ===<br />
In 1992, L&T established a 50-50 joint venture with [[John Deere]] to manufacture tractors in India, called L&T - John Deere. L&T sold their interest to John Deere in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|title=L&T India - Error Page|url=http://www.larsentoubro.com/lntcorporate/LnT_PRS/news_news_press.aspx?res=P_CORP_EMID_BPRS&PR_ID=150|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319004246/http://www.larsentoubro.com/lntcorporate/LnT_PRS/news_news_press.aspx?res=P_CORP_EMID_BPRS&PR_ID=150|archive-date=19 March 2018|access-date=15 June 2017|website=www.larsentoubro.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== L&T Case ===<br />
In 1992, L&T established L&T-Case Construction with CNH Global as a 50-50 joint venture to build backhoes. In 2011, L&T sold its share to CNH, and the company was renamed Case New Holland Construction Equipment India.<ref>{{Cite news|title=L&T divests stake in L&T-Case JV|url=https://www.constructionweekonline.in/lt-divests-stake-in-lt-case-jv|access-date=14 July 2020|newspaper=Construction Week India|date=31 March 2011 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== L&T Medical Equipment and Systems ===<br />
In 1987, L&T launched the L&T Medical Equipment & Systems division.<ref>{{Cite web|title=L&T to sell medical equipment biz|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/lampt-to-sell-medical-equipment-biz/article20530051.ece1|access-date=10 July 2020|website=@businessline|date=16 November 2012 |language=en}}</ref> In November 2012, it was sold to Skanray Technologies Pvt Ltd.<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 November 2012|title=L&T sells medical equipment biz to Skanray Healthcare|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/lt-sells-medical-equipment-biz-to-skanray-healthcare/1032279/|access-date=10 July 2020|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref> It manufactures surgical robots, MRI, X-ray, DR Imaging etc.<br />
<br />
=== EWAC Alloys Limited ===<br />
EWAC Alloys Limited was a wholly owned subsidiary of L&T. The company was engaged in design & development, manufacture and supply of special welding electrodes, gas [[brazing]] rods and fluxes, [[welding torch]]es and accessories, atomised metal powder alloys, flux cored continuous wires & wire feeders, polymer compounds & wear-resistant plates.<br />
<br />
Prof Wasserman, founder of Eutectic Castolin, and Henning Hock Larsen, founder of L&T, founded the Eutectic Division in India in the year 1962. Eutectic Castolin was later merged into the [[Messer Group]] of companies, Germany and referred as Messer Eutectic Castolin (MEC). In 2010, L&T, bought the entire stake from Messer to become the wholly owned subsidiary of it. The current headquarters is in Ankleshwar, Gujarat (India), and the products are sold under the name EWAC.<br />
<br />
L&T sold its entire stake in unlisted subsidiary EWAC Alloys to UK-registered ESAB Holdings for a total consideration of Rs 522 crore. The share purchase agreement has been executed on 11 October 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 October 2017|title=Larsen and Toubro sells EWAC Alloys for Rs 522 cr to UK's ESAB|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/larsen-and-toubro-sells-ewac-alloys-for-rs-522-cr-to-uks-esab/891102/|access-date=10 July 2020|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref> The acquirer ESAB offers products for welding and cutting process. In 2012, ESAB was acquired by Colfax Corp., a diversified industrial manufacturing company based in the US.<br />
<br />
=== Petroleum Dispensing Pump (PDP) ===<br />
In November 2009, Larsen and Toubro (L&T) sold its [[Gasoline pump|petroleum dispensing pump]] (PDP) business to [[Gilbarco Veeder-Root]], a US-based payments systems company, for around Rs 150 crore.<br />
Gilbarco has signed a definitive purchase agreement to acquire the business. With the completion of acquisition, L&T's PDP business will become part of a new division called Gilbarco Veeder-Root India Pvt Ltd.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/l-t-sells-fuel-dispenser-biz-to-us-firm-for-rs-150-crore-109111800095_1.html | title=L&T sells fuel dispenser biz to US firm for Rs 150 crore }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== L&T Kobelco Machinery Private Limited ===<br />
This was a [[joint venture]] of L&T and Kobe Steel of Japan, to manufacture internal mixers and twin screw roller-head extruder's for the tyre industry. L&T sold its entire 51% stake in L&T Kobelco Machinery Private to its joint venture partner in the company, Kobe Steel of Japan, for Rs 43.5 crore.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Prasad|first=Rachita|title=L&T sells 51% stake in JV to partner Kobe Steel for Rs 43.5 crore - The Economic Times|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/lt-sells-51-stake-in-jv-to-partner-kobe-steel-for-rs-43-5-crore/articleshow/68705621.cms|access-date=15 July 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== L&T Electrical and Automation Ltd. ===<br />
L&T was an international manufacturer of electrical and electronic products and systems. The company manufactured custom-engineered switchboards for industrial sectors like power, refineries, petrochemicals and cement.<ref>{{cite web|title=Larsen & Toubro Limited |url=http://www.rina.org.uk/page666.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717045722/http://www.rina.org.uk/page666.html|archive-date=17 July 2011|access-date=16 July 2010|publisher=Rina.org.u}}</ref> In the electronic segment, L&T offered a range of [[Electricity meter|metre]]s and provides control automation systems for industries. In May 2018, the firm signed a definitive agreement with [[Schneider Electric]] for the strategic divestment of its electrical and automation (E&A) business in an all-cash deal of ₹14,000 crore.<ref>{{Cite news|title=L&T to divest automation division in Rs 14,000 crore deal - The Economic Times|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/lt-to-divest-automation-division-in-rs-14000-crore-deal/articleshow/63986428.cms?from=mdr|access-date=14 July 2020}}</ref> The deal was completed on 31 August 2020 after receiving the requisite regulatory approvals. L&T has said that its exit from the electrical and automation business is a part of its strategic portfolio review process.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Thomas|first=Tanya|date=31 August 2020|title=L&T sells electrical, automation business to Schneider Electric for ₹14,000 cr|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/l-t-sells-its-electrical-and-automation-business-to-schneider-electric-for-rs-14-000-crore-11598877278444.html|access-date=8 September 2020|website=mint|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== L&T Mutual Fund ===<br />
L&T Mutual Fund was the [[mutual fund]] company of the L&T Group. Its average [[assets under management]] (AUM) as of May 2019 is {{Indian Rupee}} 73,936.68 crore.<ref>{{cite web |title=Average AUM |url=http://www.amfiindia.com/research-information/aum-data/average-aum |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213060208/http://www.amfiindia.com/research-information/aum-data/average-aum |archive-date=13 December 2013 |access-date=8 December 2013 |publisher=Association of Mutual Funds in India}}</ref> On November 26, 2022, L&T Mutual Fund was sold to [[HSBC]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Will L&T Mutual Fund's acquisition inject fresh life into HSBC India MF? Its co-CEO weighs in |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/personal-finance/will-lt-mutual-funds-acquisition-inject-life-in-a-comatose-hsbc-india-mf-9837831.html |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=Moneycontrol |date=10 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== L&T Infrastructure Development Projects Limited ===<br />
Larsen & Toubro, signed an agreement to divest its stake in L&T IDPL to a portfolio company of Infrastructure Yield Plus II, an infrastructure fund managed by Edelweiss Alternatives in December 2022. The transaction is subject to completion of customary closing conditions including receipt of applicable regulatory and other approvals.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-19 |title=Larsen & Toubro divests entire 51% stake in L&T Infrastructure Development Projects |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/larsen-toubro-divests-entire-51-stake-in-lt-infrastructure-development-projects-356873-2022-12-19 |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Listing and shareholding==<br />
The [[equity shares]] of the company are listed on the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] (BSE) and the [[National Stock Exchange of India]] (NSE). The company's shares constitute a part of the [[BSE SENSEX]] of the BSE as well as the [[NIFTY 50]] index of the NSE.<ref name=AR201213>{{cite web |url=http://www.bseindia.com/bseplus/AnnualReport/500510/5005100313.pdf |title=Annual Report 2012-13 |publisher=L&T |access-date=3 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209055027/http://www.bseindia.com/bseplus/AnnualReport/500510/5005100313.pdf |archive-date=9 December 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Its [[global depository receipt]]s (GDR) are listed on the [[Luxembourg Stock Exchange]] and [[London Stock Exchange]].<ref name=AR201213/><br />
<br />
=== Shareholders ===<br />
Shareholders as of 31 December 2022<ref>{{Cite web |title=L&T India {{!}} Downloads {{!}} Shareholding Pattern |url=https://investors.larsentoubro.com/Shareholding-Pattern-Archives.aspx |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=investors.larsentoubro.com}}</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Category<br />
! No. of Shares<br />
! %<br />
|-<br />
|Financial Institutions<br />
|21,28,76,252<br />
|15.15<br />
|-<br />
|Foreign Portfolio Investors<br />
|32,30,70,981<br />
|22.99<br />
|-<br />
|Shares underlying GDRs<br />
|1,85,26,770<br />
|1.32<br />
|-<br />
|Mutual Funds<br />
|24,49,70,289<br />
|17.43<br />
|-<br />
|Bodies Corporate<br />
|1,51,76,276<br />
|1.08<br />
|-<br />
|Qualified Institutional Buyer<br />
|8,85,65,413<br />
|6.30<br />
|-<br />
|Directors & Relatives<br />
|17,84,815<br />
|0.13<br />
|-<br />
|L&T Employees Trust<br />
|19,25,58,158<br />
|13.70<br />
|-<br />
|Others<br />
|30,78,35,173<br />
|21.90<br />
|-<br />
|'''TOTAL'''<br />
|'''1,40,53,64,127'''<br />
|'''100.00'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Employees==<br />
As on 31 March 2022, the company had 45,615 permanent employees, out of which 2,997 were women and 48 employees with disabilities. At the same period company had 200,062 workers on contract basis.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230401073221/https://www.bseindia.com/bseplus/AnnualReport/500510/73655500510.pdf BSE India]</ref><br />
<br />
==Awards and recognition==<br />
* L&T ranked 2nd in Top 25 EPC Contractors 2022 in the Middle East List by Oil & Gas Middle East<ref>{{Cite news |title=Top 25 EPC Contractors 2022 |url=https://www.oilandgasmiddleeast.com/lists/top-25-epc-contractors-2022 |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=Oil & Gas Middle East|date=6 October 2022 }}</ref><br />
* L&T ranked 4th in the 2021 LinkedIn Top Companies list, India<ref>{{Cite web|title=Top Companies 2021: The 25 best workplaces to grow your career in India|url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/top-companies-2021-25-best-workplaces-grow-your-career-|access-date=2021-07-16|website=www.linkedin.com|language=en}}</ref><br />
*In 2021, L&T won the Innovation in Onboarding at the OLX People HR Excellence awards by The Economic Times HRWorld<ref>{{Cite web|title=OLX People HR Excellence Awards|url=https://hr.economictimes.indiatimes.com/olx-people-hr-excellence-awards|access-date=2021-07-16|website=ETHRWorld.com|language=en}}</ref><br />
*L&T Hydrocarbon won the Federation of Indian Petroleum Industry (FIPI) ‘Engineering Procurement Construction (EPC) - Company of the Year’ Award for 2020<ref>{{Cite web|title=FIPI - Federation of Indian Petroleum Industry {{!}} www.fipi.org.in|url=https://www.fipi.org.in/winners-2020.php|access-date=2021-07-16|website=www.fipi.org.in|archive-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716170549/https://www.fipi.org.in/winners-2020.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
*In 1997, the Bengaluru Works division was awarded the "Best of all" [[Rajiv Gandhi National Quality Award]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.bis.org.in/other/rgnqa_win_12.pdf | title = Annex IV: List of Award Winners of Rajiv Gandhi National Quality Awards | last1 = Shrawan | date = 29 May 2013 | website = bis.org.in | publisher = [[Bureau of Indian Standards]] | location = [[New Delhi]] | access-date = 15 May 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141202153812/http://www.bis.org.in/other/rgnqa_win_12.pdf | archive-date = 2 December 2014 | url-status = live }}</ref><br />
* In 2013, L&T Power received 'Golden Peacock National Quality Award – 2012' at the 23rd World Congress on 'Leadership & Quality of Governance'.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.goldenpeacockawards.com/past-winners/national-quality-award-gpnqa.html |title=National Quality Award (GPNQA) |publisher=goldenpeacockawards.com |date=13 February 2013 |access-date=3 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109214339/http://www.goldenpeacockawards.com/past-winners/national-quality-award-gpnqa.html |archive-date=9 November 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.larsentoubro.com/lntcorporate/LnT_NWS/PDF/GoldenPeackLTPower13022013.pdf |title=L&T Power Wins 'Golden Peacock National Quality Award' |publisher=L&T |date=13 February 2013 |access-date=3 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206200925/http://www.larsentoubro.com/lntcorporate/LnT_NWS/PDF/GoldenPeackLTPower13022013.pdf |archive-date=6 December 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
* L&T ranked at No.22 among World's Best Employers and No.1 in India by [[Forbes]] for 2018.<br />
<br />
== Industry collaboration ==<br />
An agreement has been signed by Nibe Space, a division of Nibe Defence and Aerospace on 9 September 2024, with Larsen & Toubro, [[Skyroot Aerospace]], [[Centum Electronics]], [[AgniKul Cosmos]], SpaceFields, Sisir Radar and CYRAN AI Solutions for the launch of India's first constellation of multi-sensor, all-weather, high-revisit Earth observation satellites.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shukla |first1=Ajai |date=11 September 2024 |title=Nibe shoots for stars with Earth observation satellite constellation |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/nibe-shoots-for-stars-with-earth-observation-satellite-constellation-124091101304_1.html |access-date=18 September 2024 |publisher=Business Standard}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Controversy ==<br />
{{Multiple issues|section=yes|{{Importance section|date=March 2025}}<br />
{{Essay-like|section|date=March 2025}}}}<br />
In January 2025, an undated video of Subrahmanyan's New Year address sparked widespread controversy online. In the video, an employee is heard asking why Larsen & Toubro, one of India's largest conglomerates, requires employees to work on Saturdays. In response, Subrahmanyan expressed remorse not being able to make employees work on Sundays, stating it would make him happier since he himself works on Sundays.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2025-01-09 |title='How long can you stare at wife?': L&T chairman Subrahmanyan suggests 90-hour work week |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/how-long-can-you-stare-at-wife-lt-chairman-subrahmanyan-suggests-90-hour-work-week/article69082012.ece |access-date=2025-01-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He further questioned that what do employees do "sitting at home" and how long could spouses stare at each other, suggesting that employees should "Get to the office and start working" on Sundays instead.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title="What Do You Do Sitting At Home": L&T Chairman Suggests Working Sundays |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/l-t-chairman-sn-subrahmanyans-90-hours-work-a-week-statement-draws-criticism-7433804 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite web |title=Anupam Mittal's Humorous Take On L&T Chief's 'Stare at Wife' Remark: "But Sir, If..." |url=https://www.ndtv.com/feature/anupam-mittals-humorous-take-on-l-t-chiefs-stare-at-wife-remark-but-sir-if-7455707 |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> Shortly after the video went viral, Meena Subrahmanyan, his wife, became the target of widespread trolling on social media due to her husband's remarks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meena Subrahmanyan, Wife Of L&T Chief SN Subrahmanyan, Gets The Heat From Netizens For Latter's 90-Hour Workweek Remark |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/business/meena-subrahmanyan-wife-of-lt-chief-sn-subrahmanyan-gets-the-heat-from-netizens-for-latters-90-hour-workweek-remark |access-date=10 January 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
Subrahmanyan justified this stance by citing a conversation with a Chinese individual who claimed that China's longer work hours could enable them to surpass the United States.<ref name=":12" /> He subsequently endorsed a 90-hour workweek for employees, adding that such effort was necessary for achieving success.<ref name=":12" /> However, his statements were contradicted by a 2021 [[United Nations]] report, which highlighted the detrimental effects of excessive work hours on mental and physical health.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Panwar |first=Sanya |date=Jan 10, 2025 |title=L&T chairman SN Subrahmanyan endorses '90-hour work week' but a UN report warns long working hours can kill you |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/health/lt-chairman-sn-subrahmanyan-under-fire-90-hour-work-week-reaction-un-report-long-working-hours-can-kill-you-warning-101736488457967.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
The remarks reignited concerns about toxic work environments in India, especially following the 2024 suicide of an Indian Chartered Accountant and death due to heart attack of another one attributed to work pressure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anna Sebastian Perayil: Death of Indian employee sparks debate on 'toxic work culture' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0kjgp4jr5yo |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=www.bbc.com |date=24 September 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref> This controversy also brought attention to Subrahmanyan's substantial remuneration in 2024, which amounted to ₹510,000,000 (approximately $6,000,000 in 2025), compared to L&T's median employee salary of ₹955,000 (approximately $11,000 in 2025).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-06-11 |title=L&T CMD got Rs 51 crore salary in FY24, up 43% |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2024/Jun/11/lt-cmd-got-rs-51-crore-salary-in-fy24-up-43 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Prominent figures such as [[Harsh Goenka]], [[Deepika Padukone]], [[Anand Mahindra]], [[Anupam Mittal]] and [[Cyrus S. Poonawalla|Cyrus Poonawalla]] expressed their disapproval of Subrahmanyan's remarks on social media.<ref>{{Cite web |title='She Loves Staring At Me On Sundays': Adar Poonawalla Espouses Anand Mahindra, Takes A Swipe L&T Chairman SN Subrahmanyan In The 90-Hour Debate |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/business/she-loves-staring-at-me-on-sundays-adar-poonawalla-espouses-anand-mahindra-takes-a-swipe-lt-chairman-sn-subrahmanyan-in-the-90-hour-debate |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-11 |title=Love staring at my wife: Anand Mahindra's cheeky reply to 90-hour work week debate |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/anand-mahindra-lt-chief-sn-subrahmanyan-work-week-row-work-life-balance-narayana-murthy-2663431-2025-01-11 |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-10 |title='Rename Sunday to Sun-duty': Harsh Goenka slams L&T chairman's 90-hour workweek remark; Deepika Padukone says it's 'shocking' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/rename-sunday-to-sun-duty-harsh-goenka-slam-larsen-and-toubro-chairman-90-hour-workweek-remark-9770894/ |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":32" /> A spokesperson for Larsen & Toubro defended his statements, describing them as a call for collective dedication and effort to drive progress and achieve the shared vision of [[India]], emphasizing that extraordinary outcomes demand extraordinary effort.<ref name=":23">{{Cite news |last=Srivastava |first=Soumya |date=Jan 9, 2025 |title=Deepika Padukone calls out L&T chairman for wanting employees to work everyday: 'Shocking to see such…' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/deepika-padukone-calls-out-l-t-chairman-for-wanting-employees-to-work-everyday-shocking-to-see-such-101736428209798.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal bar|Companies|India}}<br />
* [[List of companies of India]]<br />
* [[Jakson Group]]<br />
* [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited]]<br />
* [[Engineers India]]<br />
* [[Walchandnagar Industries]]<br />
* [[List of oilfield service companies]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{commons category}}<br />
* {{official website}}<br />
<br />
{{Larsen & Toubro}}<br />
{{Nifty 200 companies}}<br />
{{BSE Sensex}}<br />
{{S&P CNX Nifty companies}}<br />
<br />
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[[Category:Conglomerate companies established in 1938]]<br />
[[Category:Indian brands]]<br />
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[[Category:Controversies in India]]<br />
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in India]]</div>Saddiqa khatrihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jasveer_Kaur&diff=462507Jasveer Kaur2026-02-07T23:02:40Z<p>Saddiqa khatri: added article per sources and added references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian television actress}}<br />
{{BLP sources|date=May 2016}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Jasveer Kaur<br />
| image = Jasveer Kaur at launch of Telly Calendar 2017.jpg<br />
| caption = Kaur in 2017<br />
| other_names = Jaswir Kaur<br />
| birth_date = <!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--><br />
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India<br />
| occupation = [[Actress]]<br />
| citizenship = Indian<br />
| yearsactive = 1998–present<br />
| known_for = {{ubl|''[[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]''|''[[Shakti - Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki|Shakti Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki]]''|''[[Sasural Simar Ka]]''|''[[Anupamaa]]''|''[[Waaris (2016 TV series)|Waaris]]''}}<br />
| notable_works = {{ubl|''[[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]''|''[[Shakti - Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki|Shakti Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki]]''|''[[Anupamaa]]''}}<br />
| spouse ={{marriage|Vishal Madlani|2016}}<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/new-mom-jaswir-kaur-reveals-the-name-of-her-baby-girl-in-this-heartwarming-post/articleshow/64854044.cms |title=New mom Jaswir Kaur reveals the name of her baby girl in this heartwarming post|access-date=2019-03-11 |language=en}}</ref><br />
| children = 1<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Jasveer Kaur''', also known as '''Jaswir Kaur''', is an Indian television actress and former backup dancer.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/new-mom-jaswir-kaur-reveals-the-name-of-her-baby-girl-in-this-heartwarming-post/articleshow/64854044.cms |title=New mom Jaswir Kaur reveals the name of her baby girl in this heartwarming post|access-date=2019-03-11 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-17 |title=Rupali Ganguly wishes Anupamaa co-star Jaswir Kaur on her birthday with a sweet note |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rupali-ganguly-wishes-anupamaa-co-star-jaswir-kaur-on-her-birthday-with-a-sweet-note/articleshow/92271323.cms |access-date=2025-04-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She is best known for her role as Sub-Inspector Kajal in ''[[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]].''<br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
===Films===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! scope="col" | Year<br />
! scope="col" | Title<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
! scope="col" | Language<br />
!Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 1998|| ''[[Soldier (1998 Indian film)|Soldier]]'' || || [[Hindi]] <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1999|| ''[[Baadshah (1999 film)|Baadshah]]'' || Air Hostess|| Hindi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1999|| ''[[Taal (film)|Taal]]'' || || Hindi <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2000|| ''[[Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai]]'' ||<br />
|| Hindi <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2000|| ''[[Badal]]'' || || Hindi <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2000|| ''[[Mohabbatein]]'' || || Hindi <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2000|| ''[[Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani]]'' || || Hindi <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2001|| ''[[Ek Rishtaa: The Bond of Love]]'' || || Hindi <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2001|| ''[[Yaadein (2001 film)|Yaadein]]'' || || Hindi <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2003||''[[Koi Mil Gaya]]''|| || Hindi <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2003||''[[Kuch Naa Kaho]]''|| || Hindi <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2007|| ''[[Katha Parayumpol]]'' || || [[Malayalam]] <br />
|[[Malayalam]] film<br />
|-<br />
| 2017|| ''[[JD (film)|JD]]'' || || Hindi <br />
|special appearance in the item number "Kamariya Pe Lattu"<ref>{{cite web |date=18 August 2015 |title=PIX: JD gets an item number |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/pix-jd-gets-an-item-number/20150818.htm |accessdate=21 July 2018 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Television===<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" | Year<br />
! scope="col" | Title<br />
! scope="col" | Role(s)<br />
!Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| 2004–2006<br />
| no wrap | ''[[K. Street Pali Hill]]''<br />
| Shalini/Smriti Gupta<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2006–2009<br />
| ''[[Ghar Ki Lakshmi Betiyann]]''<br />
| Pavitra/Kajribai<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2007–2008<br />
|''[[Maayka]]''<br />
|Suhani<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|''[[Left Right Left (TV series)|Left Right Left]]''<br />
|Simranjeet Kaur<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | 2008<br />
| ''[[Mr. & Ms. TV]]''<br />
| 1st Runner-up<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Ek Se Badhkar Ek – Jalwe Sitaron Ke]]''<br />
|Winner<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Saas v/s Bahu]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2010–2012<br />
|''[[C.I.D. (Indian TV series)|CID]]''<br />
| Inspector Kajal <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2012<br />
|''[[Veer Shivaji]]''<br />
|Gauhar Khan<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2012–2013<br />
| ''[[Hitler Didi]]''<br />
| Savita Verma<br />
|<ref name="timesofindia">{{cite news |author=Vijaya Tiwari |date=4 September 2012 |title=Jasveer Kaur to enter Hitler Didi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Jasveer-Kaur-to-enter-Hitler-Didi/articleshow/16243451.cms |accessdate=21 July 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=TNN}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2013<br />
|''[[Savitri – Ek Prem Kahani|Savitri]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Rowspan=2| 2013<br />
| ''Navvidhaan''<br />
| Rowspan=2| Unknown<br />
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite news |author=Tejashree Bhopatkar |title=Jasveer Kaur opposite Sachin Shroff in Navvidhaan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Jasveer-Kaur-opposite-Sachin-Shroff-in-Navvidhaan/articleshow/22657905.cms |accessdate=21 July 2018 |work=The Times of India |agency=TNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Tejashree Bhopatkar |title=Jasveer Kaur bag a show |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Jasveer-Kaur-Siddharth-Sagar-Rajesh-Kumar-bag-a-show/articleshow/27779704.cms |accessdate=21 July 2018 |work=The Times of India |agency=TNN}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''Jay-Veeru''<br />
|-<br />
| 2014<br />
| ''[[Adaalat (TV series)|Adaalat]]''<br />
| Challenger<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2015<br />
|''Krishna-Kanhaiya''<br />
| Gurjeet/Guddu<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-06-11 |title=Jaswir Kaur back on TV after four years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/jaswir-kaur-back-on-tv-after-four-years/articleshow/47613998.cms |access-date=2025-04-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| Rowspan=2|2015<br />
|''[[Ishq Ka Rang Safed]]''<br />
| Bijli Singh<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Gangaa]]''<br />
| Shreya Mathur<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Rowspan=2|2016<br />
|''Box Cricket League 2''<br />
| Rowspan=2| Herself<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''Box Cricket League Punjabi''<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2016–2017<br />
| ''[[Sasural Simar Ka]]''<br />
| Rita Sumeet Kapoor<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-07-26 |title=CID actress Jaswir Kaur to enter 'Sasural Simar ka' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/cid-actress-jaswir-kaur-to-enter-sasural-simar-ka/articleshow/53395406.cms |access-date=2025-04-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2017<br />
| ''[[Waaris (2016 TV series)|Waaris]]''<br />
| Mohini Harjeet Bajwa<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2020–2021<br />
|''[[Shakti – Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki]]''<br />
| Parmeet Santbaksh Singh<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-11 |title=Rubina Dilaik, Kamya Punjabi, Jaswir Kaur celebrate early pack-up, dance on 'Yaar Bina Chain Kahan Re' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/shakti-actors-rubina-dilaik-kamya-punjabi-celebrate-early-pack-up-7353224/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2020–present<br />
| ''[[Anupamaa]]''<br />
| Devika Mehta<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anupamaa: अनुपमा और देविका ने 'मुंगड़ा मुंगड़ा' गाने पर क्लब में किया जोरदार डांस, वायरल हुआ Video |url=https://ndtv.in/television/anupamaa-and-devika-dances-in-a-club-on-mungda-mungda-song-watch-viral-video-2578857 |access-date=2021-11-13 |website=NDTVIndia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-23 |title=Anupamaa's Rupali Ganguly and Jaswir Kaur dance their heart out to THIS iconic song; WATCH fun video |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/anupamaas-rupali-ganguly-and-jaswir-kaur-dance-their-heart-out-to-this-iconic-song-watch-fun-video-1331303 |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2022<br />
| ''[[Gud Se Meetha Ishq]]''<br />
| Nimrit Navdeep Shergill<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2023<br />
| ''[[Ali Baba (Indian TV series)|Ali Baba]]'' <br />
| Roshni<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-06 |title=Jaswir Kaur to play Ali's mother in 'Alibaba - Ek Andaaz Andekha: Chapter 2' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/jaswir-kaur-to-play-alis-mother-in-alibaba-ek-andaaz-andekha-chapter-2/articleshow/99290024.cms |access-date=2025-04-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2024<br />
| ''[[Mishri]]''<br />
| Chitra Dwivedi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2025<br />
| ''Gehna – Zewar Ya Zanjeer''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb name|2907029}}<br />
*{{instagram|jaswirkaur}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaur, Jasveer}}<br />
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>Saddiqa khatrihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cooch_Behar_College&diff=447737Cooch Behar College2026-01-31T20:54:15Z<p>Saddiqa khatri: clean up</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|College in West Bengal, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox university<br />
| name = Cooch Behar College<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| image = <br />
| image_upright = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| latin_name = <br />
| other_name = <!--or, other_names--><br />
| former_name = <br />
| motto = <br />
| motto_lang = <br />
| mottoeng = <br />
| top_free_label = <br />
| top_free = <br />
| type = [[Public college]]<br />
| established = {{start date and age|1970}}<br />
| closed = <!-- {{end date|YYYY}} --><br />
| founder = <br />
| parent = <br />
| affiliation = [[Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University]]<br />
| religious_affiliation = <br />
| academic_affiliation = <br />
| endowment = <br />
| budget = <br />
| officer_in_charge = <br />
| chairman = <br />
| chairperson = <br />
| chancellor = <br />
| president = <br />
| vice-president = <br />
| superintendent = <br />
| vice_chancellor = <br />
| provost = <br />
| rector = <br />
| principal = Pankaj Kumar Debanath<br />
| director = <br />
| dean = <br />
| head_label = <br />
| head = <br />
| academic_staff = <br />
| administrative_staff = <br />
| students = <br />
| undergrad = <br />
| postgrad = <br />
| doctoral = <br />
| other = <br />
| address = No.2, Kalighat Rd Number 1<br />
| city = [[Cooch Behar]]<br />
| state = [[West Bengal]]<br />
| province = <br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| postcode = 736101<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|26|19|01.48|N|89|27|25.19|E|display=title,inline}}<br />
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India<br />
| campus = Urban<br />
| language = English, Bengali <br />
| free_label = <br />
| free = <br />
| free_label2 = <br />
| free2 = <br />
| colors = <!--or, colours= --><br />
| athletics = <br />
| athletics_nickname = <!--or, sports_nickname= --><br />
| sporting_affiliations = <br />
| mascot = <!--or, mascots= --><br />
| sports_free_label = <br />
| sports_free = <br />
| sports_free_label2 = <br />
| sports_free2 = <br />
| website = [http://www.coochbeharcollege.org.in/ Cooch Behar College]<br />
| logo = Cooch_Behar_College.jpg<br />
| logo_size = 150px<br />
| logo_alt = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Cooch Behar College''' is an [[undergraduate education|undergraduate]] college located in [[Cooch Behar]], in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. It was established in 1970 and offers Bachelor's Degree in Science (BSC), Commerce (B.Com) and Arts (BA). The college is affiliated to [[Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University]].<ref>[http://cbpbu.ac.in/affiliated_college/?st= Colleges under Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127233925/http://cbpbu.ac.in/affiliated_college/?st=|date=27 January 2016}}</ref> In 2016 the college has been awarded B++ grade by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://naac.gov.in/docs/18th%20SC%20-%202nd%cycle.pdf|publisher=naac.gov.in|title=18th SC - 2nd cycle|accessdate=18 Feb 2017}}{{Dead link|date=November 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The college is recognized by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC).<ref>[http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/browse_reco_colleges.php?st=West%20Bengal Colleges in WestBengal, University Grants Commission] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116042454/http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/browse_reco_colleges.php?st=West%20Bengal |date=16 November 2011 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Courses offered ==<br />
*[[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] [[Honours degree|Honours]] : [[Geography]], [[Philosophy]], [[History]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Economics]], [[English language|English]], [[Political science|Political Science]], [[Sanskrit]]<br />
*[[Bachelor of Commerce|B.Com]]. [[Honours degree|Honours]] : [[Accounting|Accountancy]]<br />
*[[Bachelor of Science|B.Sc]].[[Honours degree|Honours]] : [[Mathematics]], [[Computer science|Computer Science]], [[Chemistry]], [[Physics]]<br />
*[[Bachelor of Business Administration|BBA]]<br />
*[[Bachelor of Business Management, BBM-TAH in Service Sector Sector like <br />
Tourism industry, Aviation Industry & Hospitality Management]]<br />
*COP: Eco Tourism and Management, Women Studies, Communicative English, [[Computer Applications]]<br />
*[[M.Sc]]: [[Geography]]<br />
*[[Master of Arts|M.A]]: [[English language|English]]<br />
*UGC-NSQF Course: Certificate & Diploma Course in [[Geoinformatics]]<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{Columns-list|colwidth=22em|<br />
*[[List of institutions of higher education in West Bengal]]<br />
*[[Education in India]]<br />
*[[Education in West Bengal]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://coochbeharcollege.org.in/ Official Website]<br />
<br />
{{Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Cooch Behar district]]<br />
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University]]<br />
[[Category:Academic institutions formerly affiliated with the University of North Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1970]]<br />
[[Category:1970 establishments in West Bengal]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{WestBengal-university-stub}}</div>Saddiqa khatrihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magnetic_Hill_(India)&diff=445327Magnetic Hill (India)2026-01-30T06:52:27Z<p>Saddiqa khatri: page updated</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Cyclop hill at Leh, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}<br />
[[File:Magnetic Hill, Leh.jpg|thumb|300px|Magnetic Hill in [[Ladakh]], India.]]<br />
[[File:Magnetic Hill (India) sign.jpg|thumbnail|A sign board near the Magnetic Hill in Ladakh, India.]]<br />
<br />
'''Magnet Hill''' is a [[gravity hill]] located, near [[Leh]] in [[Leh district]] of [[Ladakh]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Magnetic Hill in Ladakh|url=https://wanderon.in/blogs/guide-for-magnetic-hill-in-ladakh|access-date=4 January 2024}}</ref> The layout of the area and surrounding slopes create the [[optical illusion]] of a hill. The hill road is actually a downhill road. Objects and cars on the hill road may appear to roll uphill in defiance of gravity when they are, in fact, rolling downhill.<ref>{{cite news|title=NOTHING MAGNETIC ABOUT MAGNETIC HILL|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/others/sci-tech/Nothing-magnetic-about-Magnetic-Hill/articleshow/48299466.cms|date=31 July 2015|access-date=11 March 2016}}</ref> It is 7.5 km southeast of [[Nimo, Leh|Nimmoo]] and 26.5 km west of Leh on [[Srinagar]]-[[Leh]] road.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of magnetic hills#India|List of magnetic hills in India]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Gravity hills]]<br />
[[Category:Geography of Ladakh]]<br />
[[Category:Tourism in Ladakh]]<br />
{{coord|34.1710|N|77.3525|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}{{Ladakh-geo-stub}}</div>Saddiqa khatrihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nityanand_Kanungo&diff=458468Nityanand Kanungo2026-01-26T06:07:05Z<p>Saddiqa khatri: further refine layout and added references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician (1900–1988)}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Nityanand Kanungo<br />
| image = Nityanand Kanungo.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|1900|05|04|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Cuttack]], [[British India]]<br />
| order1 = 2nd<br />
| office1 = Governor of Gujarat<br />
| term_start1 = 1 August 1965<br />
| term_end1 = 6 December 1967<br />
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister<br />
| 1namedata1 = [[Balwantrai Mehta]]<br>[[Hitendra Kanaiyalal Desai]]<br />
| predecessor1 = [[Mehdi Nawaz Jung]]<br />
| successor1 = [[P. N. Bhagwati]] {{small|(Acting)}}<br />
| order = 6th<br />
| office = Governor of Bihar<br />
| term_start = 7 December 1967<br />
| term_end = 20 January 1971<br />
| 1blankname = Chief Minister<br />
| 1namedata = [[Mahamaya Prasad Sinha]]<br>[[Satish Prasad Singh]]<br>[[B. P. Mandal]]<br>[[Bhola Paswan Shastri]]<br>[[Harihar Singh]]<br>[[Daroga Prasad Rai]]<br>[[Karpoori Thakur]]<br />
| predecessor = [[M. A. S. Ayyangar]]<br />
| successor = [[U.N. Sinha]] {{small|(Acting)}}<br />
| office3 = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]<br />
| constituency3 = [[Kendrapara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kendrapara]]<br />
| term3 = 1952–1957<br />
| predecessor3 = <br />
| successor3 = [[Surendranath Dwivedy]]<br />
| constituency4 = [[Cuttack (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cuttack]]<br />
| term4 = 1962–1967<br />
| predecessor4 = <br />
| successor4 = Srinibas Mishra<br />
| office5 = 3rd [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of Industry]]<br />
| term_start5 = 1955<br />
| term_end5 = 1957<br />
| primeminister5 = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]<br />
| predecessor5 = <br />
| successor5 = <br />
| office6 = Minister of Commerce, Govt of India<br />
| term_start6 = 1957<br />
| term_end6 = 1962<br />
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|1988|08|02|1900|05|04|df=y}}<br />
| relatives = * [[Sarala Devi]] <br/> (sister)<br />
* [[Bhagirathi Mahapatra]] (brother in law)<br />
| death_place = <br />
| nationality = [[India]]n<br />
| other_names = <br />
| known_for = <br />
| occupation = Politician<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| source = https://sansad.in/ls/members/biography/779?from=amembers&former=1&profileURL=https://lssapi.nic.in/MemberProfile/biodata_1_12/779.htm<br />
}}<br />
'''Nityanand Kanungo''' (4 May 1900 – 2 August 1988) was one of India's prominent politicians from the state of Odisha, who held successive high-profile portfolios in Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]'s cabinet.<br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Nityanand Kanungo was born in [[Cuttack]] on 4 May 1900 in an aristocratic [[Karan (caste)|Zamindar Karan]] family<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pradhan |first=Atul Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jmswAQAAIAAJ&q=karan |title=The Nationalist Movement in a Regional Setting, 1920-34: The Rise of Congress to Power in Orissa |date=1992 |publisher=Amar Prakashan |isbn=978-81-85420-32-5 |language=en}}</ref> and was educated at [[Ravenshaw College]] and University College (Calcutta). His father was [[Dewan]] Basudev Kanungo, and his mother was Padmavati Devi. His sister [[Sarala Devi]] was the first Odia woman to join the [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)|Non-cooperation movement]] in 1921 and the first woman to be elected to the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]].<br />
<br />
== Public life ==<br />
He was a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] and served as a member of the [[Orissa Legislative Assembly]] from 1937 to 1939 and again from 1946 to 1952.<ref name="GRB">{{cite web | url=http://www.rajbhavan.gujarat.gov.in/honorable-governors/past-governor-details.aspx?PastGovernerId=2 | title=Past Governors Nityanand Kanungo | publisher=Raj Bhavan Gujarat | accessdate=31 December 2018 | archive-date=10 May 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510102842/http://www.rajbhavan.gujarat.gov.in/honorable-governors/past-governor-details.aspx?PastGovernerId=2 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Choudhury1971">{{cite book|author=Pranab Chandra Roy Choudhury|title=C. F. Andrews: His Life and Times|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T5IhAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=31 December 2018|year=1971|publisher=Somaiya Publications|page=154|isbn=978-0-8426-0229-7 }}</ref><br />
<br />
When Orissa was granted provincial autonomy as per the [[Government of India Act 1935]], Kanungo served as the Minister for Revenue and Public Works Departments in the cabinet of [[Bishwanath Das]] from 1937 to 1939. He was again appointed a Minister in 1946 and served till 1952, looking after the Home, Law, Industries and Agriculture portfolios.<br />
<br />
In 1952, Kanungo was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]] from the [[Kendrapara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kendrapara constituency]]. In September, 1954 he was appointed Union Deputy Minister of Commerce and Industry. From August 1955 in Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]'s cabinet; he was Union Minister of Industries, and in June 1956 was designated Union Minister of Consumer Industries.<ref name="Kohli1992">{{cite book|author=A. B. Kohli|title=Ministries and ministers, a directory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zVIOAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=31 December 2018|year=1992|publisher=Reliance Pub. House|page=40}}</ref> In 1957, he was again returned to the Lok Sabha and was appointed Union Minister of Commerce. Kanungo was a member of the Indian Delegation to the International Labour Conference in San Francisco (1948) and was the Leader of the Delegation to the Conference of the International Rice Commission held in [[Jakarta]] in 1952.<ref name="GRB"/><br />
<br />
In the [[1962 Indian general election]], Kanungo was elected to the Lok Sabha from the [[Cuttack (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cuttack constituency]]. He was Union Minister for Commerce and Industries, in the Nehru cabinet, and after the bifurcation of that portfolio, Union Minister, in turn, for Commerce and later for Industry. He finished up as Union Minister for Civil Aviation.<ref name="GRB"/><br />
<br />
Kanungo served as the [[Governor of Gujarat]] from 1 August 1965 to 6 December 1967. He was the [[Governor of Bihar]]<ref name="Srivastava1980">{{cite book|author=Meera Srivastava|title=Constitutional Crisis in the States in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DAroH5ZqPgsC&pg=PA92|accessdate=31 December 2018|year=1980|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|pages=92–|id=GGKEY:0BS5QYU7XF2}}</ref><ref name="Paxton2016">{{cite book|author=J. Paxton|title=The Statesman's Year-Book 1971-72: The Businessman's Encyclopaedia of all nations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0zODQAAQBAJ&pg=PA357|date=28 December 2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-230-27100-5|pages=357–}}</ref> from 7 December 1967 to 20 January 1971.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of governors of Bihar]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://sansad.in/ls/members/biography/779?from=amembers&former=1&profileURL=https://lssapi.nic.in/MemberProfile/biodata_1_12/779.htm Official Biographical Sketch in Lok Sabha Website]<br />
<br />
{{Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)}}<br />
{{Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)}}<br />
{{Governor of Gujarat}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kanungo, Nityanand}}<br />
[[Category:1900 births]]<br />
[[Category:1988 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:People from Cuttack]]<br />
[[Category:India MPs 1952–1957]]<br />
[[Category:India MPs 1957–1962]]<br />
[[Category:India MPs 1962–1967]]<br />
[[Category:Governors of Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Governors of Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 1937–1945]]<br />
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 1946–1952]]<br />
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Odisha]]<br />
[[Category:People from Kendrapara district]]<br />
[[Category:Commerce and industry ministers of India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Odisha]]</div>Saddiqa khatrihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tulasi_Apa&diff=469387Tulasi Apa2026-01-16T14:27:08Z<p>Saddiqa khatri: adjust layout additionally and added references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{EngvarB|date=September 2017}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Tulasi Apa<br />
| image =<br />
| director = [[Amiya Patnaik]]<br />
| producer = [[Anupam Patnaik]]<br />
| starring = [[Barsha Nayak]]<br>Madhusmita<br>[[Sujit Paikray]]<br>[[Choudhury Bikas Das]]<br>[[Premanjan Parida]]<br>[[Lochani Bag]]<br />
| music = [[Pankaj Jal]]<br />
| cinematography = [[Arjun Jena]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|2015|||Kolkata Film Festival|2017|05|19|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = 121 minutes<br />
| language = [[Odia language|Odia]]<br />
}}<br />
'''''Tulasi Apa''''' is a 2015 first [[Odia language|Odia]] biographical film, produced by [[Anupam Patnaik]] and directed by [[Amiya Patnaik]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/english/odisha+sun+times-epaper-osuntime/tulasi+apa+first+odia+biopic+to+inspire+generations-newsid-67876780|title=Tulasi Apa - First Odia biopic to inspire generations - Odisha Sun Times|website=DailyHunt|language=en|access-date=2019-01-07}}</ref> The film depicts the life of [[Tulasi Munda]], an educator and social activist from [[Keonjhar|Keonjhar, Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://incredibleorissa.com/tulasi-apa-odia-movie/|title=[Watch] Tulasi Apa odia movie trailer - A biopic on social activist Tulasi Munda, release on May 19|date=2017-05-06|website=Incredible Orissa|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-05}}</ref> The film was released on 19 May 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wwgossip.com/2017/05/16/tulasi-apa-an-odia-biographical-film-all-set-to-release-on-19th-may-2017/|title=Tulasi Apa An Odia Biographical Film All Set To Release on 19th May 2017.| publisher=WwGossip|last=admin|access-date=21 May 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
The film introduces Barsha Nayak as the main protagonist. The film has been critically acclaimed and won numerous awards including Six Odisha State awards in 2015. It was officially selected in Bengaluru, Kolkata, Tehran and other film festivals. Barsha Nayak got the best actress award in Haryana Film festival. The film also won the best film award in Shimla Film Festival<br />
<br />
Goutam Giri And Antara Chakraborty Also won State Award for the Best Singer in 2015 <br />
<br />
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://reportodisha.com/biopic-tulasi-apa-to-be-screened-at-tehran-jasmine-international-film-festival/|title=Biopic 'Tulasi Apa' to be screened at Tehran Jasmine International Film Festival|last=Bureau|first=ReportOdisha|date=2016-10-15|website=ReportOdisha.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-15}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
Born and brought up in a tribal region of Odisha, 'Padmashri<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kendujhar.nic.in/tulasif.htm|title=file:///c:/windows/desktop/Keon1/tulasif.htm|website=kendujhar.nic.in|access-date=29 April 2017}}</ref>' [[Tulasi Munda]] did not allow the poverty, illiteracy and un-development of her locality to dishearten her, discourage her or dampen her spirit. She took a humble step to educate her fellow beings, which grew into a huge movement. Be it urban-rural divide or conflict of mines-owner and workers or exploitation of the have-nots by the haves, Tulasi Munda protested each and every act of injustice and discrimination and turned the tide in favour of her fellow beings.<br />
<br />
The film encapsulates the essence of Tulasi Munda's life.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unsung.in/tulasi-munda/|title=Tulasi Munda {{!}} Unsung|website=Unsung|access-date=29 April 2017}}</ref> It enumerates her struggle and highlights her achievements.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
*[[Barsha Nayak]] as [[Tulasi Munda]]<br />
*Madhusmita as young Tulasi Munda<br />
*Sujit Paikray as Sahrai Oram<br />
*Mamata Panda as Janha<br />
*[[Lochani Bag]] as Ghasa Munda, [[Tulasi Munda]]'s Mother<br />
*Premanjan Parida as [[Tulasi Munda]]'s Father<br />
*Netrananda Barik as [[Tulasi Munda]]'s Uncle<br />
*Kanakalata Das as [[Tulasi Munda]]'s Aunty<br />
*Kajal Satpathy as Jhingi<br />
*Debananda Sony as Jhingi's Husband<br />
*Susil Mishra as Nabakrishna Chaudary<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
The research started on 2014 November by Abha Rani Bal. She was a primary school teacher in Barbil. She used to travel every week to Serenda, Tulasi Munda's home to meet her and get the story from her. After months of meetings, discussions and research the script was formed by the end of 2014. Barsha Nayak, who portrays the lead character was shortlisted from some auditions. She had to travel from [[Hyderabad]] to [[Bhubaneswar]] frequently for the shooting as she was working in an IT company in Hyderabad. The workshop started in Bhubaneswar in January 2015, followed by the shooting in February first week. The entire schedule was completed in 30 days.<br />
<br />
The film is shot in and around [[Kendujhar|Keonjhar]], [[Joda]] and [[Barbil railway station|Barbil]] all mining areas, and original locations where Tulasi Munda had grown up and spent her entire childhood.<br />
<br />
According to the director the most difficult part, as it was with biopic Tulasi Apa is that one cannot take cinematic liberties. Most of the time people are sure, that while making a biopic, you will end up making a documentary if you are going to be inflexible. How to dramatise a person's life, without making it look like a documentary&nbsp;– that was the challenge. 'And when you end up doing it correctly, I think it's a tremendous achievement' said Amiya Patnaik.<br />
<br />
== Music ==<br />
The music for Tulasi Apa has been composed by Pankaj Jal, and the lyrics has been penned down Nimai Mohanty. The music rights of the film has been acquired by Eastern Media Entertainment.<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Tulasi Apa<br />
| type = Soundtrack<br />
| artist = Pankaj Jal<br />
| cover = <br />
| alt =<br />
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2017|05|19}}<br />
| recorded = 2017<br />
| venue = <br />
| studio = <br />
| genre = [[Feature Film Soundtrack]]<br />
| length = 16.03<br />
| label = Eastern Media<br />
| producer = Anupam Patnaik<br />
| prev_title =<br />
| prev_year =<br />
| next_title =<br />
| next_year =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| all_writing = <br />
| all_music = <br />
| headline = Track Listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Dui Ek Dui<br />
| length1 = 4.00<br />
| extra1 = Ira Mohanty, Pankaj Jal<br />
| title2 = Makar Mela<br />
| length2 = 4.17<br />
| extra2 = Bulu, Manasi<br />
| title3 = Jibana Pradipa<br />
| length3 = 4.41<br />
| extra3 = Ira Mohanty<br />
| title4 = Andha Kupa<br />
| length4 = 3.45<br />
| extra4 = Subhas Das<br />
| total_length = 16.03<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
=== Festival Screening ===<br />
''Tulsi Apa'' premiered in the 21st [[Kolkata International Film Festival]] in 2015. It was also screened at 4th Tehran Jasmine International Film Festival, the first Odia film to be screen there. It has won best feature film in 2nd International Film Festival of Shimla. It was also screened at Nashik International Film Festival, the Bengaluru International Film Festival and the 1st Haryana International Film Festival.<br />
<br />
=== Theatre Release ===<br />
Tulasi Apa is slated to hit the theatres on 19 May 2017 at several single theatres across India.<br />
<br />
=== Streaming release ===<br />
Tulasi Apa was released on Amazon Prime videos in November 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pragativadi.com/check-out-odia-film-tulasi-apa-on-amazon-prime/|title=Check Out Odia film 'Tulasi Apa' on Amazon Prime!|date=2019-11-09|website=Pragativadi: Leading Odia Dailly|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref> It is the first Odia language movie to be released on Amazon Prime videos worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.odishabytes.com/odia-feature-film-tulasi-apa-marks-debut-on-amazon-prime-world-wide/|title=Odia Feature Film 'Tulasi Apa' Marks Debut On Amazon Prime World Wide|date=2019-11-09|website=ODISHA BYTES|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Accolades ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Award<br />
!Category<br />
!Recipient(s) and nominee(s)<br />
!Result<br />
!Ref<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="9" style="text-align: center;"|2015<br />
| rowspan="8" style="text-align: center;" | 27th [[Odisha State Film Awards]]<br />
|Best Director<br />
|Amiya Pattanaik<br />
|{{won}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="8" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/tulasi-apa-sweeps-film-awards/cid/1476132|title=Tulasi Apa sweeps film awards|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2019-01-05}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Best Actress<br />
|Barsha Nayak<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Music<br />
|Pankaj Jaal<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Playback Singer&nbsp;– Male<br />
|Gautam Giri<br />
|{{Won}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Playback Singer&nbsp;– Female<br />
|Antra Chakarbarti<br />
|{{Won}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Cinematography<br />
|[[Arjun Jena]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Dialogue<br />
|Chinmay Das Pattnaik<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Child Artist<br />
|Madhusmita Maharana<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|style="text-align: center;"| 21st [[Kolkata International Film Festival]]<br />
|Official Selection<br />
|<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="14" style="text-align: center;"|2016<br />
|style="text-align: center;" |4th Tehran Jasmine International Film Festival<br />
|Official Selection<br />
|<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://discoverbbsr.com/tulasi-apa-screened-tehran-film-festival/|title=Award-winning Biography 'Tulasi Apa' to be Screened at Tehran Film Festival|date=2016-10-22|website=Discover Bhubaneswar|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-05|archive-date=5 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105200946/https://discoverbbsr.com/tulasi-apa-screened-tehran-film-festival/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"|[[Bengaluru International Film Festival]]<br />
|Official Selection<br />
|<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;"| Nashik International Film Festival<br />
|Official Selection<br />
|<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | Golden Triangle Film Festival<br />
|Official Selection<br />
|<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | 2nd International Film Festival of Shimla<br />
|Best Feature Film<br />
|Anupam Patnaik<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://odishasuntimes.com/biopic-odisha-activist-tulasi-munda-bags-top-honours-iffs/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105201101/https://odishasuntimes.com/biopic-odisha-activist-tulasi-munda-bags-top-honours-iffs/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=5 January 2019|title=Biopic on Odisha activist Tulasi Munda bags top honours at IFFS {{!}} OdishaSunTimes.com|last=Ayaskant|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-05}}</ref><br/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://reportodisha.com/biopic-on-odishas-social-activist-tulasi-munda-won-the-best-feature-film-at-the-iffs/|title=Biopic on Odisha's social activist, Tulasi Munda won the Best feature film at the IFFS|last=Bureau|first=ReportOdisha|date=2016-10-05|website=ReportOdisha|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-05}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | 1st Haryana International Film Festival<br />
|Best Actress<br />
|Barsha Nayak<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="4" style="text-align: center;"|Chalachitra Jagat Awards<br />
|Best Film<br />
|Anupam Patnaik<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|rowspan="4" style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
|Best Director<br />
|Amiya Pattanaik<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Actress<br />
|Barsha Nayak<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Cinematography<br />
|[[Arjun Jena]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" style="text-align: center;"|Cinema Sansar Awards<br />
|Best Film<br />
|Anupam Patnaik<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|rowspan="4" style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
|Best Popular Actress<br />
|Barsha Nayak<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Popular Producer<br />
|Anupam Patnaik<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Director<br />
|Amiya Pattanaik<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="10" style="text-align: center;"|2017<br />
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;"|Roopnagar Mayanagri Star Screen Awards<br />
|Best Film<br />
|Anupam Patnaik<br />
|{{won}}<br />
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
|Best Actress<br />
|Barsha Nayak<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Director<br />
|Amiya Pattanaik<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" style="text-align: center;"|Showtime Awards, Belabhumi, Puri<br />
|Best Actress<br />
|Barsha Nayak<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|rowspan="4" style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
|Best Director<br />
|Amiya Pattanaik<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Film<br />
|Anupam Patnaik<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Screenplay and Dialogues<br />
|Chinmay Das Pattnaik<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;"|Banichitra Awards<br />
|Best Director (Critics)<br />
|Amiya Pattanaik<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;"|<br />
|-<br />
|Best Actress (Critics)<br />
|Barsha Nayak<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Film (Critics)<br />
|Anupam Patnaik<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|5571488}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2015 films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]<br />
[[Category:2010s Odia-language films]]</div>Saddiqa khatrihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khwaja_Ajmal&diff=509887Khwaja Ajmal2025-12-28T13:09:11Z<p>Saddiqa khatri: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Pioneer of Bengali-language film}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}<br />
'''Khwaja Mohammad Ajmal''' ({{langx|bn|খাজা মোহাম্মদ আজমল|Khāja Môhômôd Ājmôl}} {{IPA|bn|kʰadʒa moɦammad adʒmɔl|}}) (1905 – 17 December 1971) was one of the pioneers of the Bengali-language films during the [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British Indian era]] (present-day [[Bangladesh]]). He was associated with early silent Bengali films such as ''[[Sukumari (film)|Sukumari]]'' (1927)<ref>{{cite web|date=2018-10-18|title=ঢাকাই ছবির প্রথম নায়ক|url=https://mzamin.com/article.php?mzamin=140213|access-date=2024-06-30|work=Manabzamin}}</ref><ref name="bd-pratidin.com">{{cite web|date=2016-10-01|title=ঢাকাই ছবিতে যা কিছু প্রথম|url=https://www.bd-pratidin.com/entertainment-news/2016/10/01/173687|access-date=2024-06-30|work=Bangladesh Pratidin}}</ref> and ''[[The Last Kiss (1931 film)|The Last Kiss]]'' (1931).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roy |first1=Anjali Gera |last2=Huat |first2=Chua Beng |title=Travels of Bollywood Cinema: From Bombay to LA |date=10 November 2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-908862-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7vQtDwAAQBAJ&dq=Khwaja+Ajmal&pg=PT123 |access-date=30 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref> He was a member of the [[Nawab family of Dhaka]].<ref>{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Nawab Family of Dhaka|author=Mohammad Alamgir}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2018-09-18|language=bn|title=শিক্ষায়-শিল্পে নবাব পরিবারের অবদান|trans-title=Contribution of the Nawab family to education and industry|url=https://www.jugantor.com/todays-paper/literature-magazine/346004/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8|access-date=2024-06-30|website=Jugantor}}</ref><br />
<br />
He was born in 1905. He was the second child of Khan Bahadur Khwaja Mohammad Azam, superordinate of [[Panchayati raj]] in Dhaka and artist [[Meherbanu Khanam]], daughter of the Nawab of Dhaka, Nawab Bahadur Sir [[Khwaja Ahsanullah]]. Journalist and poet Khwaja Mohammad Adil was his elder brother. He worked for [[Wari Club Dhaka|Wari Club]] and Dhaka Sporting Association. He used to play table tennis and hockey in the 1930s and 1940s. He was the first motor vehicle user in Dhaka.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Dhaka|chapter=আজমল, খাজা|trans-chapter=Ajmal, Khwaja|language=bn|page=32|last=Hasan|first=Delwar|publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]|orig-year=2012|year=2016|place=[[Dhaka]]|isbn=9789845120197}}</ref> <br />
<br />
He was the first president of [[Mohammedan SC (Dhaka)|Mohammedan Sporting Club]] of Dhaka in 1936.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mahmud |first1=Dulal |year=2018|script-title=bn:ঢাকার ফুটবলের গৌরবময় সেইদিন ({{Translation|The glorious day of football in Dhaka}})|publisher=Bishhoshahitto Bhobon|pages=105–106|isbn=978-984-93467-8-4}}</ref> He also refereed two exhibition football matches between Dhaka Sporting Association and [[Islington Corinthians F.C.|Islington Corinthians]] in Dhaka on 21 and 22 September 1937.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pakistan Observer, 1969.08.05 — South Asian Newspapers|url=https://gpa.eastview.com/crl/san/newspapers/paob19690805-01.1.10|access-date=2025-04-01 |website=gpa.eastview.com|archive-date=2025-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250401105526/https://gpa.eastview.com/crl/san/?a=d&d=paob19690805-01.1.10|url-status=live}}</ref> He also refereed the 1950 [[National Football Championship (Pakistan)|National Football Championship]] final held in [[Quetta]], Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news|title=জাতীয় ফুটবল প্রতিযোগিতায় বেলুচ দলের সাফল্য|trans-title=Baloch team's success in national football competition|publisher=[[The Azad]]|page=8|date=14 September 1950|language=bn}}</ref><br />
<br />
He played a significant leading role both as an actor and a cameraman in ''Sukumari'' and ''The Last Kiss''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive1.ittefaq.com.bd/print-edition/city/2015/05/09/47770.html|title=মুক্তি পেল 'দ্য লাস্ট কিস'|trans-title='The Last Kiss' released|work=The Daily Ittefaq|access-date=25 October 2020|archive-date=28 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028211215/https://archive1.ittefaq.com.bd/print-edition/city/2015/05/09/47770.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
He joined the Dhaka station in [[Radio Pakistan]] as an announcer in 1949 and also participated in many radio dramas.<ref name="bd-pratidin.com"/> One of his sons collaborated with the [[Pakistan Armed Forces|Pakistani forces]] during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]], which led to his assassination by the [[Mukti Bahini]] on 17 December 1971.<ref>{{cite web|date=2017-03-17|title=বইটি আমাকে হিরোর মর্যাদা দিয়েছে|trans-title=The book made me feel like a hero.|url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/feature/kothaikothai/2017/03/17/475400|access-date=2024-06-30|work=Kaler Kantho}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb name|id=3017154|name=Khwaja Azmal}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1905 births]]<br />
[[Category:1971 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Actors from Dhaka]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali film cinematographers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male silent film actors]]<br />
[[Category:Sportspeople from British India]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistani male dramatists and playwrights]]<br />
[[Category:Bangladeshi football administrators]]<br />
[[Category:Bangladeshi football referees]]<br />
[[Category:Members of the Dhaka Nawab family]]<br />
[[Category:People murdered in Dhaka]]<br />
[[Category:Assassinated Pakistani people]]<br />
[[Category:People killed in the Bangladesh Liberation War]]</div>Saddiqa khatrihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Galma,_Darbhanga&diff=499667Galma, Darbhanga2025-12-18T09:09:33Z<p>Saddiqa khatri: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{unreliable sources|date=October 2024}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Galma<br />
| settlement_type = Village<br />
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|26.040344|N|86.286010|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Bihar Government Banner.png}} [[Bihar]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Darbhanga district|Darbhanga]]<br />
| established_title = <br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = matric area_footnotes =<br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 5,252<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 847427<ref>{{cite web |title=Galma Pin Code - 847427, All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search darbhanga Post Office Address |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/bihar/darbhanga/galma-pincode-847427.html#:~:text=Galma%20Pin%20Code%20is%20847427,Galma%20comes%20under%20Darbhanga%20district. |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#BR.E2.80.94Bihar|BR]]-07<br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Darbhanga]]<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Darbhanga Lok Sabha constituency|Darbhanga]]<br />
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Alinagar Assembly constituency|Alinagar]]<br />
| website = {{URL|https://darbhanga.nic.in/}}<br />
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Galma''' is a small village situated in the Ghanshyampur block of [[Darbhanga district]] in the Indian state of [[Bihar]], India.<ref>{{cite web |title=गलमा गांव की बेटी बनी सीडीपीओ |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/darbhanga/story-daughter-of-galma-village-became-cdpo-9141841.amp.html |website=livehindustan.com |access-date=1 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=गलमा धाम में बह रही भक्ति की धारा |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/darbhanga/story-stream-of-devotion-flowing-in-galma-dham-7829793.amp.html |website=livehindustan.com |access-date=27 February 2023}}</ref> It is part of the Punhad Panchayat and lies within the [[Darbhanga division]]. Located approximately 47&nbsp;km east of [[Darbhanga]], the district headquarters, and about 3&nbsp;km from Ghanshyampur, Galma is well-connected by road and is around 146&nbsp;km away from the state capital [[Patna]].<br />
<br />
The postal PIN code for Galma is 847427, with its postal head office in Ghanshyampur. Nearby villages include [[Pali, Darbhanga|Pali]] (3&nbsp;km), Alinagar (6&nbsp;km), Ghanshyampur (5&nbsp;km), Kasraur (5&nbsp;km), and Korthu (7&nbsp;km), adding to the vibrant rural community. It's bordered by [[Alinagar Assembly constituency|Alinagar Block]] to the north, Kiratpur Block to the west, [[Gaura Bauram Assembly constituency|Gaura Bauram Block]] to the south, and Tardih Block to the north. Cities like [[Jhanjharpur]], [[Supaul]], [[Saharsa]], and [[Madhubani, India|Madhubani]] are also nearby, providing additional connectivity. Additionally, the people of Galma have to go to nearby villages primarily [[Pali, Darbhanga|Pali Bazar]] for shopping purposes as the village lacks a proper market.<br />
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==Geography==<br />
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The village is characterized by its rural landscape, with agricultural fields surrounding it. It experiences a [[subtropical climate]] with hot summers, a monsoon season, and cool winters. The land is highly fertile, supporting extensive agriculture in the surrounding region.<br />
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==Civic administration==<br />
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===Police station===<br />
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Ghanshyampur Police Station<ref>{{cite web |title=SHO GHANSHYAMPUR {{!}} Welcome to Darbhanga District {{!}} India |url=https://darbhanga.nic.in/whoswho/stri Harish Chandra Mishra / Sukh Chandra Mishra/ |website=darbhanga.nic.in}}</ref> under the Ghanshyampur block is responsible for maintaining [[Rule of law|law and order]], addressing public safety concerns, and [[crime prevention|handling crime prevention]] and investigation in the village and nearby villages.<ref>{{cite web |title=घनश्यामपुर थाने के दारोगा पर रिश्वत मांगने का आरोप |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/darbhanga/story-ghanshyampur-police-station-inspector-accused-of-demanding-bribe-4682890.amp.html?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17283267230549&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livehindustan.com%2Fbihar%2Fdarbhanga%2Fstory-ghanshyampur-police-station-inspector-accused-of-demanding-bribe-4682890.html |website=www.livehindustan.com |access-date=27 September 2021 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=घनश्यामपुर थानाध्यक्ष के विरुद्ध माले ने किया धरना-प्रदर्शन - Biraul News |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/amp/local/bihar/darbhanga/biraul/news/male-protested-against-ghanshyampur-police-station-chief-132707456.html?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17283267230549&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bhaskar.com%2Flocal%2Fbihar%2Fdarbhanga%2Fbiraul%2Fnews%2Fmale-protested-against-ghanshyampur-police-station-chief-132707456.html |website=Dainik Bhaskar |access-date=12 March 2024 |language=hi}}</ref><br />
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==Demographics==<br />
Just like the other nearby villages, [[Maithili language|Maithili]] is the official and spoken language of Galma. [[Maithil Brahmin]]s dominate the village population, with several other castes living in the village and nearby villages.<br />
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According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Galma village had a total population of 5,252 of which 2,775 (52.84%) were males and 2447 (42.16%) were females. The population of children with age 0 to 6 years was 783. The total number of literate people in Galma was approximately 3,402 ( which is 64.78% out of the total population).<ref>{{cite web |title=Gulma Village Population - Ghanshyampur - Darbhanga, Bihar |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/227753-gulma-bihar.html |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><br />
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==Economy==<br />
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The economy of Galma is predominantly agrarian. The residents of the village primarily rely on farming, growing [[rice]], [[wheat]], and [[vegetables]]. Additionally, some villagers are involved in small-scale industries and trade.<ref>{{cite web |title=Economy {{!}} Welcome to Darbhanga District {{!}} India |url=https://darbhanga.nic.in/economy/ |website=darbhanga.nic.in}}</ref><br />
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==Transport==<br />
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Although a rural village, it's connected by roads to [[Darbhanga|Darbhanga city]], which provides access to essential services and transport links.<br />
The village lacks a railway station within a 10&nbsp;km radius. The nearest major Railway station is [[Darbhanga Junction]].<br />
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==Education==<br />
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The village do have some government [[primary school|primary]] and [[higher secondary school]] but lacks any private schools or educational institutions. The children go to schools available in the nearby villages, such as, Bal Kalyan Public School,<ref>{{cite web |title=Bal Kalyan Public School Pali, Darbhanga: Admission, Fee, Affiliation |url=https://school.careers360.com/schools/bal-kalyan-public-school-pali-darbhanga |website=school.careers360.com |language=en}}</ref> in [[Pali, Darbhanga|Pali]] which is a [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] affiliated 10+2 private school.<ref>{{cite web |title=BAL KALYAN PUBLIC SCHOOL |url=http://demo1.patroninfotech.in/imagebag/1531482725A1612.pdf |website=demo1.patroninfotech.in}}</ref> For higher education, residents have to travel to nearby cities.<br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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[[Category:Villages in Darbhanga district]]</div>Saddiqa khatrihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hero_FinCorp&diff=502648Hero FinCorp2025-12-13T00:02:55Z<p>Saddiqa khatri: Put up new info!</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian financial institution}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{Unreliable sources|date=April 2025}}<br />
{{Notability|1=Companies|date=November 2025}}<br />
}}<br />
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Hero FinCorp}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox company<br />
| name = Hero FinCorp Ltd<br />
| logo = Hero_FinCorp_Logo.svg<br />
| logo_size = <br />
| logo_padding = <br />
| logo_alt = <br />
| logo_caption = <br />
| image = <br />
| image_size = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <!-- Use ISO 639-1 code, e.g. "fr" for French. For multiple names in different languages, use {{lang|[code]|[name]}}. --><br />
| former_name = <br />
| type = <br />
| industry = [[Financial services]]<br />
| founded = <!-- if known: {{start date|YYYY|MM|DD}} in [[city]], [[country]] --><br />
| founder = <!-- or: | founders = --><br />
| hq_location = <br />
| hq_location_city = [[New Delhi]]<br />
| hq_location_country = [[India]]<br />
| area_served = <!-- or: | areas_served = --><br />
| key_people = Abhimanyu Munjal, CEO<br />
| products = Two Wheeler Loans <br /> Loan Against Property <br /> SME & Commercial Loans<br />
| brands = <br />
| services = <br />
| revenue = <br />
| owner = <!-- or: | owners = --><br />
| ratio = <!-- for BANKS ONLY --><br />
| rating = AA+ / Stable ([[CRISIL]]<ref>[http://www.crisil.com/ratings/company_fact_sheet.jsp?ID=HEROHON "CRISIL Rating of Hero FinCorp Ltd."]{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} ''CRISIL Rating''. Retrieved 2015-11-10.</ref> and [[ICRA Limited|ICRA]]<ref>[http://www.icra.in/search.aspx?word=hero "ICRA Rating - Hero FinCorp Ltd."] ''ICRA Rating''. Retrieved 2015-11-10.</ref>)<br />
| website = {{url|https://www.herofincorp.com|herofincorp.com}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Hero FinCorp''' is an Indian [[non-banking financial company]] (NBFC) and an associate company of [[Hero MotoCorp]]. It provides consumer finance services, including financing for Hero MotoCorp vehicles and loans against property. It is also engaged in commercial lending, such as [[working capital]] loans and machinery loans.<br />
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== History ==<br />
[[File:Hero FinCorp Logo New Final 2013 Vertical Wiki.png|thumb|Previous logo]]<br />
The company was launched in 1992 as Hero Honda Finlease Ltd by extending working capital loans and medium-term finance to component suppliers and dealers of parent firm Hero MotoCorp, then called Hero Honda Motors Ltd.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130504110644/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-05-02/news/38983751_1_dealers-hmcl-hero-motocorp "Hero FinCorp forays into retail financing"] ''[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]]'', Mumbai, 03 May 2013. Retrieved on 06 November 2015.</ref><br />
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In 2011, as Hero Honda Motors was restructured, the company was renamed Hero FinCorp and acquired its present form. By April 2013, the company began giving two-wheelers loans to customers. In 2014, it ventured into loans against property, loans for small and medium enterprises and commercial loans.<ref name=":0" /><br />
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In September 2016, Hero FinCorp raised about {{INR}}1,002 crore, out of which {{INR}}702 crore was raised from ChrysCapital and [[Credit Suisse]], while the remaining {{INR}}300 crore was raised from the Hero Group.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/g7MXyNOnPjvBltmpnxPVhM/Hero-FinCorp-raises-Rs1000-crore-to-expand-and-diversify-bu.html|title=Hero FinCorp raises Rs1,000 crore from ChrysCapital, others|last=Paladhi|first=Arijit|date=2016-09-15|work=livemint.com/|access-date=2017-05-24}}</ref> ChrysCapital acquired an 11% stake in Hero FinCorp while Credit Suisse obtained around 2.5%, valuing the company around {{INR}}5,200 crore.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vccircle.com/hero-fincorp-raises-105-mn-chyrscapital-credit-suisse/|title=Hero FinCorp raises $105 mn from ChyrsCapital, Credit Suisse|date=2016-09-19|work=VCCircle|access-date=2017-05-24|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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== Services ==<br />
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Hero FinCorp provides financing for purchase of Hero MotoCorp two wheelers.<ref name=":0">[http://www.livemint.com/Companies/1VEFsrklOQSYfs3X9lFHyO/Hero-FinCorp-plans-minority-stake-sale-to-raise-100-million.html "Hero FinCorp Ltd."] ''Livemint''. Retrieved 2015-11-06.</ref> It also provides financing options for its existing customers who have availed loans to purchase two-wheelers from Hero MotoCorp. The company later started financing of used cars.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/aftermarket/cardekho-hero-fincorp-to-bring-innovative-loan-offers-on-used-cars/60827398|title = CarDekho, Hero FinCorp to bring innovative loan offers on used cars - ET Auto}}</ref> <br />
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The company provides loans against property to corporates, partnership firms and self-employed individuals.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}<br />
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In early 2020, the company launched SimplyCash app and entered the instant cash loan segment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.finance.yahoo.com/news/indias-millennials-spending-more-responsibly-073642677.html|title=Yahoo Search - Web Search}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.prnewswire.com/in/news-releases/india-s-millennials-are-spending-more-responsibly-borrowed-most-for-home-repair-amp-medical-emergencies-824525589.html| title = India's millennials are spending more responsibly; borrowed most for home repair & medical emergencies}} </ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.businessworld.in/article/India-s-millennials-spending-more-responsibly-borrowed-most-for-home-repair-medical-emergencies/17-02-2021-378542/|title=India's millennials spending more responsibly; borrowed most for home repair, medical emergencies}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pr-newswire?rkey=20210217EN82213&filter=4315|title = PR Newswire}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=31230537 Hero FinCorp] at [[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]<br />
* News on [http://www.livemint.com/Search/Link/Keyword/Hero%20Fincorp Hero FinCorp] at [[Livemint|Mint]]<br />
{{Financial services in India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Financial services companies of India]]<br />
[[Category:Financial services companies established in 1991]]<br />
[[Category:1991 establishments in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Companies based in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Hero Group]]<br />
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1991]]</div>Saddiqa khatrihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sachin_Ahuja&diff=531607Sachin Ahuja2025-12-06T13:24:41Z<p>Saddiqa khatri: </p>
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<div>{{short description|Indian music producer and music composer|bot=PearBOT 5}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Sachin Ahuja<br />
| image = <br />
| landscape = <br />
| native_name = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1978|07|19}}<br />
| birth_place = Delhi (India)<br />
| occupation = [[Record producer|Music producer]]<br>[[Composer|Music composer]]<br>Reality Show judge<br />
| years_active = 1996-present<br />
| module = <br />
| spouse = <br />
| label_name = Various<br />
| awards = Punjabi Music Awards<br>[[Punjab Rattan Award]]<br>[[Mirchi Music Awards]]<br />
| father = [[Charanjit Ahuja]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sachin Ahuja''' is an Indian [[Record producer|music producer]] and [[Composer|music composer]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/Sachin-Ahuja-Indian-Punjabi-singers-promoting-brands-in-their-songs-is-so-funny/articleshow/47431693.cms|title=Indian Punjabi singers promoting brands in their songs is so funny|work=The Times of India|date=13 January 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/punjabi-music-director-sachin-ahuja-censured-for-making-insensitive-comments/story-mjFdmRnJaHtj7ZqhzSddFL.html|title=Punjabi music director Sachin Ahuja censured for making insensitive comments|work=Hindustan Times|date=27 July 2017 }}</ref><br />
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== Films ==<br />
* ''[[Yaariyan (2008 film)|Yaariyan]]''<br />
* [[Pooja Kiven AA]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/Pooja-Kiven-Aa-set-for-release/articleshow/18707298.cms|title=Sachin Ahuja: Pooja Kiven Aa set for release|work=The Times of India|date=10 January 2017 }}</ref><br />
* [[Jora 10 Numbaria]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/this-gangster-knows-his-business/460979.html|title=This gangster knows his business|work=tribuneindia.com|author=Tribune India}}</ref><br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb name|nm3974423}}<br />
* {{facebook|thesachinahuja}}<br />
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{{Authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahuja, Sachin}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Indian film score composers]]<br />
[[Category:1978 births]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]</div>Saddiqa khatrihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nanjangud_Town_railway_station&diff=453550Nanjangud Town railway station2025-11-30T18:38:19Z<p>Saddiqa khatri: refine lead as per guidelines additionally and corrected details after review</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Railway station in Karnataka, India}}<br />
{{Infobox station<br />
| name = Nanjangud Town<br />
| native_name = <hr/>Nanjanagodu Town<br />
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station<br />
| style = Indian Railways<br />
| image = <br />
| image_size = <br />
| image_caption = Nanjangud railway station<br />
| address = [[Mysore District]], [[Karnataka]]<br />
| country = India<br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|12.122770|76.683522|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br />
| elevation = {{cvt|760|m}}<br />
| structure = Standard (on ground station)<br />
| platform = 2<br />
| parking = Yes<br />
| opened = {{start date and age|2008}}<br />
| code = {{Indian railway code<br />
<br />
| code = NTW<br />
| zone = [[South Western Railway zone]]<br />
| division = {{rwd|Mysore}}<br />
<br />
}}<br />
| electrified = Yes<br />
| status = Functioning<br />
<br />
}}<br />
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'''Nanjangud Town''' is a railway station on [[Mysore–Chamarajanagar branch line]]. The station is located in Mysore district, Karnataka state, India.<br />
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==Location==<br />
Nanjangud town railway station is located near Nanjangud town in Mysore district.<br />
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== History ==<br />
The project cost {{INRConvert|313|c}}. The gauge conversion work of the {{convert|61|km}} stretch was completed.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/nanjangudchamarajanagar-rail-line-inaugurated/article1374377.ece|title=Nanjangud-Chamarajanagar rail line inaugurated|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=12 November 2014|accessdate=14 August 2016|location=[[Chamarajanagar]]}}</ref><br />
There are six trains running forward and backward in this route. Five of them are slow moving passenger trains.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/Work-on-new-railway-line-will-begin-this-month/articleshow/29982356.cms|title=Work on new railway line will begin this month|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 February 2014|accessdate=14 August 2016|location=[[Mysore]]}}</ref><br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IndiaRailInfo|6932}}<br />
{{Railway stations in Karnataka}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2008]]<br />
[[Category:Railway stations in Mysore district]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Karnataka-railstation-stub}}</div>Saddiqa khatrihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Indian_state_songs&diff=547364List of Indian state songs2025-11-01T14:04:55Z<p>Saddiqa khatri: expanded information per sources and updated info</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[List of Indian state anthems]]<br />
<br />
{{Redirect category shell|<br />
{{R from move}}<br />
}}</div>Saddiqa khatrihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nihal_Singh&diff=448471Nihal Singh2025-10-23T03:50:00Z<p>Saddiqa khatri: Updated and refined page content</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Maharaj-Rana of Dholpur from 1873 until his death in 1901}}<br />
{{for|the Indian shooter|Nihal Singh (sport shooter)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox royalty<br />
| name = Nihal Singh<br />
| image = Rana Nihal Singh.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| succession = [[Dholpur|Maharaj-Rana of Dholpur]]<br />
| reign = 1873–1901<br />
| coronation = 9 February 1873<br />
| predecessor = [[Bhagwant Singh]]<br />
| regent = [[Dinkar Rao]]&lt;br&gt;[[Thomas Dennehy]]<br />
| reg-type = Regents<br />
| successor = [[Ram Singh of Dholpur|Ram Singh]]<br />
| spouse = <br />
| issue = [[Ram Singh of Dholpur|Ram Singh]]&lt;br&gt;[[Udai Bhan Singh]]<br />
| full name = Rais-ud-Daula Sipahdar-ul-Mulk Saramad-i-Rajah-i-Hind Maharajadhiraj Sri Sawai Maharaj-Rana Sir Ram Singh Lokendra Bahadur Diler Jang Jai Deo<br />
| house = [[Bamraulia Dynasty]]<br />
| royal anthem = <br />
| father = Kulendar Singh<br />
| mother = Basant Kaur<br />
| birth_date = 4 May 1863<br />
| death_date = 20 July 1901<br />
| death_place = [[Mashobra]]<br />
| buried = <br />
| signature = <br />
| religion = [[Hinduism]]<br />
| investiture = 19 February 1883<br />
| module = {{Infobox person<br />
| embed = yes<br />
| education = {{plainlist|<br />
* [[Mayo College]]<br />
* [[Imperial Cadet Corps]]<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Infobox military person | embed = yes<br />
| allegiance = &lt;!--No flags per MOS:INFOBOXFLAG--&gt;[[British Raj]]<br />
| branch = &lt;!--No flags per MOS:INFOBOXFLAG--&gt;[[21st Horse (Central India Horse)|Central India Horse]]<br />
| rank = [[Major (rank)|Major]]<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Nihal Singh''' [[Order of the Bath|CB]] (4 May 1863 – 20 July 1901) was the Maharaj-Rana of f [[Dholpur (princely state)|Dholpur princely state]] from 1873 until his death in 1901.<br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Nihal Singh was born on 4 May 1863, to Kulendra Singh, the heir-apparent of [[Dholpur State|Dholpur]], who was born in 1863 and died in 1870,{{Vague|reason=Did he die aged 7 only? Isn't it he who fathered Nihal Singh?|date=September 2025}} and his wife, Basant Kaur, the daughter of Narendra Singh, the Maharaja of [[Patiala State|Patiala]], who died in 1888.&lt;ref name=":6"&gt;{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.03014 |title=Imperial coronation durbar 1911 |date=1911 |publisher=The Imperial Publishing, Lahore}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=":3"&gt;{{Cite book |last=Lethbridge |first=Sir Roper |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zykYAAAAYAAJ&amp;dq=bank+dholpur+nihal+singh&amp;pg=PA64 |title=The Golden Book of India: A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled Or Decorated, of the Indian Empire, with an Appendix for Ceylon |date=1900 |publisher=S. Low, Marston &amp; Company |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=":2"&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bayley |first=C. S. |url=http://archive.org/details/chiefsleadingfam00csba |title=Chiefs and leading families in Rajputana |date=2004 |publisher=New Delhi : Asian Educational Services |others=Public Resource |isbn=978-81-206-1066-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Massy |first=Charles Francis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QPcYAQAAIAAJ&amp;dq=1888+dholpur&amp;pg=PA15 |title=Chiefs and Families of Note in the Dehli [sic], Jalandhar, Peshawar and Derajat Divisions of the Panjab |date=1890 |publisher=Printed at the Pioneer Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=":0" /&gt;&lt;ref name=":1" /&gt;<br />
<br />
== Marriage ==<br />
He married Harbans Kaur, the second daughter of prince [[Shahdeo Singh]], grandson of Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]], on 30 April 1879, by whom he had two sons, [[Ram Singh of Dholpur|Ram Singh]] and [[Udai Bhan Singh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Lethbridge |first=Sir Roper |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zykYAAAAYAAJ&amp;dq=dholpur+shahdeo&amp;pg=PA284 |title=The Golden Book of India: A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled Or Decorated, of the Indian Empire, with an Appendix for Ceylon |date=1900 |publisher=S. Low, Marston &amp; Company |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=":2" /&gt;<br />
<br />
== Reign ==<br />
He succeeded his grandfather, Bhagwant Singh, as a minor to the throne on 9 February 1873.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=De |first=Amrita Lal |url=http://archive.org/details/studentshistoryo00deam |title=The students' history of Rajpootana, being an account of the Princes of Rajpootana from the earlist (sic) ages to the modern times |date=1889 |publisher=Calcutta Printed by Bama Churan Dutta, at the Nobo Sarassuta Press |others=Robarts - University of Toronto}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Webb |first=William Wilfrid |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JHcWAAAAYAAJ&amp;dq=nihal+singh+9+February+1873&amp;pg=PA133 |title=The Currencies of the Hindu States of Rájputána |date=1893 |publisher=A. Constable and Company |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=":3" /&gt;<br />
<br />
=== Minority ===<br />
[[Dinkar Rao]] was appointed as a guardian to oversee the general administration of the state, granting him general powers of control.&lt;ref name=":4"&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BysfAQAAMAAJ&amp;dq=dinkar+rao+dholpur&amp;pg=PA466 |title=The New Volumes of the EncyclpÆedia Britannica: Constituting, in Combination with the Existing Volumes of the Ninth Edition, the Tenth Edition of that Work, and Also Supplying a New, Distinctive, and Independent Library of Reference Dealing with Recent Events and Developments ... |date=1902 |publisher=A. &amp; C. Black |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Buckland |first=Charles Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ukkDAAAAYAAJ&amp;dq=dinkar+rao+dholpur&amp;pg=PA350 |title=Dictionary of Indian Biography |date=1906 |publisher=Library Reprints, Incorporated |isbn=978-0-7222-2504-2 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Neogy |first=Ajit K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9NgdAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=dinkar+rao+dholpur |title=The Paramount Power and the Princely States of India, 1858-1881 |date=1979 |publisher=K. P. Bagchi |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=":1" /&gt; However, these powers were subject to the overall control of British authorities.&lt;ref name=":1" /&gt; Due to his ill health, he resigned shortly thereafter.&lt;ref name=":4" /&gt;&lt;ref name=":1" /&gt; Subsequently, a British officer was appointed to oversee the political affairs of Dholpur and to manage the education of Maharaj-Rana.&lt;ref name=":1" /&gt;<br />
<br />
The administration of the state was carried out from 1874 to 1883 by [[Thomas Dennehy]], upon whose departure, a council was replaced by the appointment of a Diwan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Brockman |first=H. E. Drake |url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.30756 |title=Gazetteer of Eastern Rajputana (Bharatpur, Dholpur and Karauli) |date=1957 |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
=== Investiture ===<br />
He was invested with full ruling powers by [[Sir Edward Bradford, 1st Baronet|Sir Edward Bradford]], the-then Agent to the [[Governor-General of India]] for [[Rajputana]], on 19 February 1883.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fKUIAAAAQAAJ&amp;dq=COLONEL+Dennehy+DHOLPUR&amp;pg=PA272 |title=Various Census of India |date=1884 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
=== Feud between Dholpur and Gwalior ===<br />
Royal Houses of [[Gwalior State|Gwalior]] and [[Dholpur State|Dholpur]] never had friendly relations, and the feud between them was always exploited by the British.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rajasthan (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KRCXiWPgJTkC&amp;q=Feud+between+dholpur+and+gwalior |title=Rajasthan District Gazetteers |date=1962 |publisher=Printed at Government Central Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=":8"&gt;{{Cite book |last=Mauji |first=Purushottama Viṣrama |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.03015 |title=Imperial Durbar Album |date=1911 |publisher=Lakshmi Arts, Bombay}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Keene |first=Henry George |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G48v4DJJxv0C&amp;dq=Feud+between+dholpur+and+gwalior&amp;pg=PT197 |title=The Fall of the Moghul Empire of Hindustan |publisher=Library of Alexandria |isbn=978-1-4655-2035-7 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; However this feud between them was abandoned at a public [[Durbar (court)|durbar]] in 1875.&lt;ref name=":8" /&gt; This occurred when [[Jiwajirao Scindia]], the Maharaja of [[Gwalior State|Gwalior]], visited [[Dholpur]] and embraced Nihal Singh, the Maharaj-Rana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Scindia |first1=Vijaya R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sbNaTBhe5nUC&amp;dq=Feud+between+dholpur+and+gwalior&amp;pg=PA212 |title=The Last Maharani of Gwalior: An Autobiography |last2=Malgonkar |first2=Manohar |date=1987-09-01 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-88706-659-7 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
=== State Bank of Dholpur ===<br />
State Bank of Dholpur was inaugurated on 16 August 1894.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Harish Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lMywvjUt22gC&amp;q=bank+dholpur+nihal+singh |title=Growth of Banking in a Developing Economy: A Case Study of Evolution, Growth, and Future Prospects of Banking in Rajasthan in Relation to Other States of India |date=1969 |publisher=Sahitya Bhawan |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its initial capital was provided by the Maharaj-Rana. It was established to assist impoverished individuals as well as tenants and zamindars who required financial assistance at a low interest rate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Bhagat |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35762 |title=Annual Report On The Administration Of The Dholpur State For The Year Ending 30 September 1913 |date=1914}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
=== Wildlife sanctuary ===<br />
The establishment of the Wildlife Sanctuary in Dholpur traces its origins to the tenure of [[Thomas Dennehy]] as the Political Agent in Dholpur during the minority of the Maharaj-Rana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=C. Hayavando |url=https://archive.org/details/indianbiographic00raoc |title=The Indian biographical dictionary |date=1915 |publisher=Madras : Pillar |others=University of California Libraries}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=":7"&gt;{{Cite book |last=S Szafranski |url=http://archive.org/details/biostor-149785 |title=A Note on the Dholpur Wild Life Sanctuary, Rajasthan. with a Sketch Map and Two Plates |date=1953 |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt; During this period, a place within the Van Vihar Forest&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dholpur Tourism: Best Places To Visit In Dholpur - Rajasthan Tourism |url=https://www.tourism.rajasthan.gov.in/dholpur.html |website=Official Website of Department of Tourism, Government of Rajasthan}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wildlife Sanctuary in Dholpur, Ramsagar Sanctuary Dholpur |url=https://www.dholpuronline.in/city-guide/wildlife-in-dholpur |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=www.dholpuronline.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; was inhabited by seven sadhus for fifty years.&lt;ref name=":7" /&gt; These sadhus objected to killing animals in the forest on religious grounds, and it is believed that the idea of the first sanctuary originated thus.&lt;ref name=":7" /&gt;<br />
<br />
Maharaj-Rana and Herbert Cunningham Clogstoun made further improvements, and another area was designated as a sanctuary after the creation of an artificial lake by building a dam on the [[Banganga River (Rajasthan)|Banganga River]] in 1904.&lt;ref name=":7" /&gt;<br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
He had an impressive collection of jewels, art, historic items, carriages, polo ponies, and dogs.&lt;ref name=":5"&gt;{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/aclarch0000269a296 |title=ACL-ARCH 00269 Indian Princes And The Crown}}&lt;/ref&gt; After his death, most of these possessions had to be sold to settle his personal liabilities.&lt;ref name=":5" /&gt; He was an expert horseman, hunter, and pigsticker, and earned many trophies.&lt;ref name=":5" /&gt;<br />
<br />
== Titles, styles, honours and military ranks ==<br />
<br />
=== Titles and styles ===<br />
[[Major (rank)|Major]] [[Highness|His Highness]] Rais-ud-Daula Sipahdar-ul-Mulk Saramad-i-Rajah-i-Hind Maharajadhiraj Sri Sawai Maharaj-Rana Sir Nihal Singh Lokendra Bahadur Diler Jang Jai Deo, Maharaj-Rana of Dholpur, [[Order of the Bath|CB]].&lt;ref name=":3" /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K_YvAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=The+ruling+prince:+Rais+ud-Daula,+Sipahdar+ul-Mulk,+Saramad+Rajha-i-Hind,+Maharajadhiraj+Sri+Sawai+Maharaja+Rana+(personal+name)+Lokendra+Bahadur,+Diler+Jang,+Jai+Deo,+Maharaj+Rana+of+Dholpur,+with+the+style+of+His+Highness. |title=Encyclopaedia Indica: Princely States in colonial India |date=1996 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7041-859-7 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
=== Honours ===<br />
<br />
* {{Flag|United Kingdom}}:<br />
** '''1898:''' Companion of the [[Order of the Bath]]&lt;ref name=":6" /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Army |first=Great Britain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5lNEAQAAIAAJ&amp;dq=1898+order+of+bath+dholpur&amp;pg=RA25-PA15 |title=The Monthly Army List |date=1898 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=":0"&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SoRDAAAAYAAJ&amp;dq=Nihal+Singh+Dholpur&amp;pg=PA324 |title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India: Coondapoor to Edwardesābād |date=1908 |publisher=Today &amp; Tomorrow's Printers &amp; Publishers [1972 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
*{{Flag|British India}}:<br />
**'''1897-8:''' Frontier Medal in the [[Tirah campaign]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The India General Service Medal, 1895. Punjab Frontier, Tirah |url=https://www.northeastmedals.co.uk/britishguide/indiageneralservice1895.htm |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=www.northeastmedals.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=":6" /&gt;<br />
<br />
=== Military ranks ===<br />
He was an Honorary [[Major (rank)|Major]] in the [[21st Horse (Central India Horse)|Central India Horse]].&lt;ref name=":6" /&gt;&lt;ref name=":3" /&gt;&lt;ref name=":0" /&gt;<br />
<br />
== Death ==<br />
He died on 20 July 1901 at [[Mashobra]], and was succeeded by his eldest son, [[Ram Singh of Dholpur|Ram Singh]].&lt;ref name=":6" /&gt;&lt;ref name=":1"&gt;{{Cite book |last=Department |first=India Foreign and Political |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7If217KeokC&amp;dq=1898+order+of+bath+dholpur&amp;pg=PA272 |title=A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads, Relating to India and Neighbouring Countries |date=1909 |publisher=Superintendent Government Printing, India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=":0" /&gt;<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}{{s-start}}<br />
{{s-hou|[[Bamraulia Dynasty]]|4 May|1863|20 July|1901}}<br />
{{s-reg|}}<br />
{{s-bef<br />
| before = Bhagwant Singh<br />
}}<br />
{{s-ttl<br />
| title = [[Dholpur (princely state)|Maharaj-Rana of Dholpur]]<br />
| years = 1873-1901<br />
}}<br />
{{s-aft<br />
| after = [[Rana Ram Singh|Ram Singh]]<br />
}}<br />
{{end}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Rana Nihal}}<br />
[[Category:1863 births]]<br />
[[Category:1901 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Rulers of Dholpur state]]<br />
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Bath]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Kaisar-i-Hind Medal]]<br />
[[Category:People from British India]]<br />
[[Category:British Indian Army personnel]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian royalty]]</div>Saddiqa khatrihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepak_Sharma_(director)&diff=495971Deepak Sharma (director)2025-10-07T05:32:14Z<p>Saddiqa khatri: Creating first bio needs work</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian television director and producer}}<br />
{{BLP sources|date=July 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
|name = Deepak Sharma<br />
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1975|9|22}}<br />
|birth_place = [[New Delhi, India]]<br />
|known_for = ''[[Waapasi]]'' (Short film), ''[[Kaisa Ye Pyar Hai]]'', ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'', ''[[Saathii Re]]'' (TV shows)<br />
|occupation = Director and producer<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Deepak Sharma''' (born 1975) is an Indian television director and producer predominantly working in Hindi Television.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Team|first1=Tinsel Gupshup|title=The 'Wow' factor Director - Deepak Sharma|url=http://www.tinselgupshup.com/news/view/182/The-Wow-factor-Director-Deepak-Sharma|website=Tinsel Gupshup|accessdate=31 July 2015}}</ref> <br />
<br />
==Early life and career==<br />
Sharma's career began in 1996 as a theatre worker in [[Delhi]]. He is the recipient of the Junior Fellowship for Punjabi Folk Theatre (NAQQAL) from the Ministry of Tourism & Culture, Department of Culture for the year 2002-2004. Later, Sharma started working as an assistant director to Santram Verma. He made his directorial debut with Kaisa Yeh Pyaar hai (2006), an Indian romantic drama series that aired on Sony TV, produced by Balaji Telefilms, starring Iqbal Khan, Neha Bamb, Hiten Tejwani and Jaya Bhattacharya.<ref>{{cite web|last1=External|first1=Cine Punjab|title=Punjabi short film WAAPASI bags Best Short Film at Dada Saheb Film Festival|url=http://www.cinepunjab.com/2013/05/punjabi-short-film-waapasi-bags-best.html|website=Cine Punjab|accessdate=31 July 2015|archive-date=29 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629103459/http://www.cinepunjab.com/2013/05/punjabi-short-film-waapasi-bags-best.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Team|first1=Indian Television|title=Waapasi bags best film award at Dada Saheb Film Festival|url=http://www.indiantelevision.org.in/aac/y2k13/aac241.php|website=Indiantelevision.com|accessdate=31 July 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
This was followed by some of his most commercially successful television shows such as ''Kumkum'', ''Kyunki... Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi'', ''Kasam Se'', ''Bhagyavidhata'' and ''Na Bole Tum Na Maine Kuch Kaha''.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Chatterjee|first1=Swasti|title=Rohit Bharadwaj got his first award as an actor|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/Rohit-Bharadwaj-got-his-first-award-as-an-actor/articleshow/20857685.cms|website=The Times of India|accessdate=22 July 2015}}</ref> He is also the founder of Vertika Films.{{cn|date=May 2021}}<br />
<br />
In 2013, Sharma ventured into short filmmaking with his Punjabi film ''Waapasi''. The film received the award for 'Best Short Film – Jury Award' and Best Actor Award ([[Rohit Bhardwaj]]) at the 3rd Dada Saheb Film Festival 2013.<ref name="www.indiantelevision.com">{{cite news |title=Waapasi bags best film award at Dada Saheb Film Festival |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/aac/y2k13/aac241.php?/news/20221111-paralysis-nerve-stimulation-walk/ |work=Indian Television}}</ref> At the Noida International Film Festival 2014, Deepak received the 'Best Director Award'.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bollywood Director Deepak Sharma Biography, News, Photos, Videos |url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/hindi/director/deepak-sharma |work=nettv4u |language=en}}</ref>{{cn|date=May 2021}}<br />
<br />
Later in the year 2004, Sharma moved to Mumbai and joined Indian Television.{{fact|date=April 2023}}<br />
<br />
==Television series==<br />
* [[Kaisa Ye Pyar Hai]] - Sony TV<br />
* [[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]] - Star Plus<br />
* [[Saathii Re]] - Star One<br />
* [[Kasamh Se]] - Zee TV<br />
* [[Kasturi (2007 TV series)|Kasturi]] - Star Plus<br />
* [[Kahe Naa Kahe]] - 9X<br />
* [[Chhoona Hai Aasmaan]] - Star One<br />
* Dahhej - 9X<br />
* Kumkum - Star Plus<br />
* [[Chand Ke Paar Chalo (TV series)|Chand Ke Paar Chalo]] - NDTV Imagine<br />
* Vivaah - Zee TV<br />
* [[Ranbir Rano]] - Zee TV<br />
* Bhagyavidhaata - Colors<br />
* [[Yahaaan Main Ghar Ghar Kheli]] - Zee TV<br />
* Geeta - Zee TV<br />
* Chhoti Si Zindagi - Zee TV<br />
* [[Na Bole Tum Na Maine Kuch Kaha]] - Colors<br />
* Bani – Ishq da Kalma - Colors<br />
<br />
===Short films===<br />
* [[Waapasi]] (Punjabi Language)<br />
<br />
== Awards and nominations ==<br />
*2013 - Best Short Film (''[[Waapasi]]'') – Jury Award at the 3rd Dada Saheb Film Festival 2013<br />
*2014 - Best Director Award (''[[Waapasi]]'') at the Noida International Film Festival 2014<br />
*2014 - Best Film Award (''[[Waapasi]]'') at the PGF Film Festival<ref name="www.indiantelevision.com"/><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Deepak}}<br />
[[Category:1975 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian television directors]]<br />
[[Category:Indian television producers]]<br />
[[Category:Mass media people from Delhi]]</div>Saddiqa khatrihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enkitta_Modhaade&diff=498539Enkitta Modhaade2025-09-30T04:22:47Z<p>Saddiqa khatri: Creating the pg first draft</p>
<hr />
<div>{{About|the TV series|similar uses|Enkitta Mothathe (disambiguation){{!}}Enkitta Mothathe}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = Enkitta Modhaade.jpg<br />
| caption =<br />
| native_name = <br />
| genre = [[Reality television|Reality]] <br> Game show<br />
| creator = <br />
| based_on = <br />
| director = <br />
| presenter = [[Dhivyadharshini]] (1-2) <br> [[Dheena (actor)|Dheena]] (2)<br />
| starring = <br />
| judges = <br />
| theme_music_composer = <br />
| opentheme = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
| num_seasons = 2<br />
| num_episodes = 32<br />
| list_episodes = #Episode_list<br />
| executive_producer = <br />
| producer = <br />
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]<br />
| runtime = approx. 45-50 minutes<br />
| company = <br />
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2018|4|21}}<br />
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2019|9|29}}<br />
| music = <br />
| channel = [[Vijay TV]] <br />
}}<br />
{{Contains special characters|Tamil}}<br />
<br />
'''''Enkitta Modhaade''''' is a 2018-2019 [[Tamil language|Tamil]] reality game show that aired on [[Vijay TV]] and digitally streams on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]. The show features Vijay TV's soap opera families in which the actors will compete in a number of entertainment based challenges. The show has currently entered the second season. The first season aired from 21 April 2018 to 14 July 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-game-show-en-kitta-modhaadhe-is-all-set-to-be-launched/articleshow/63817790.cms|title=New game show En Kitta Modhaadhe is all set to be launched|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-04-18|language=en}}</ref> The first episode of the second season aired on 19 May 2019. The show is hosted by [[Dhivyadharshini]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-tv-serials/68410/Chinna-thirai-Television-News/DD-backs-to-Television.htm|title=மீண்டும் சின்னத்திரையில் திவ்யதர்ஷினி |publisher=[[Dinamalar]]|access-date=2018-04-19|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tv-host-dhivya-dharshini-shakes-a-leg-on-the-dance-floor-after-a-long-time/articleshow/63847478.cms|title=TV host Dhivya Dharshini shakes a leg on the dance floor after a long time|newspaper=The Times of India|date=20 April 2018|access-date=15 January 2020|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Series overview==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! style="padding: 0 8px" colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Season<br />
! style="padding: 0 8px" rowspan="2" | Episodes<br />
! colspan="2" | Original Broadcast<br />
! rowspan="2" |Winner<br />
|-<br />
! style="padding: 0 8px" | First Aired<br />
! style="padding: 0 8px" | Last Aired<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:#0000A0|<br />
|align="center"| [[#Season 1|1]]<br />
| 12<br />
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2018|4|21}}<br />
|{{end date|df=yes|2018|7|14}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:#E0C56E|<br />
|align="center"| [[#Season 2|2]]<br />
| 20<br />
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2019|5|19}}<br />
|{{start date|df=yes|2019|9|29}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Episode list==<br />
===Season 1===<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
!style="width:50pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Episode<br />
!style="width:200pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Serial Team<br />
!style="width:200pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Episode Winner<br />
!style="width:100pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Telecast date<br />
|-<br />
| 1<br />
| [[Raja Rani (Tamil TV series)|Raja Rani]] <br> [[Ponmagal Vanthal]]<br />
|<br />
| {{Start date|df=yes|2018|04|21}}<br />
|- <br />
| 2<br />
| [[Pagal Nilavu (TV series)|Pagal Nilavu]] <br> [[Chinna Thambi (TV series)|Chinna Thambi]]<br />
|<br />
| {{Start date|df=yes|2018|04|28}}<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
| [[Mouna Raagam (Tamil TV series)|Mouna Ragam]] <br> [[Villa To Village]]<br />
|<br />
| {{Start date|df=yes|2018|5|5}}<br />
|- <br />
| 4<br />
| [[Saravanan Meenatchi (season 3)]] <br> [[Nenjam Marappathillai (TV series)|Nenjam Marappathillai]]<br />
| [[Nenjam Marappathillai (TV series)|Nenjam Marappathillai]]<br />
| {{Start date|df=yes|2018|5|12}}<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
| [[Kalyanamam Kalyanam (TV series)|Kalyanamam Kalyanam]] <br> [[Pagal Nilavu (TV series)|Pagal Nilavu]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/en-kitta-modhaadhe-team-kalyanamam-kalyanam-vs-pagal-nilavu-this-weekend/articleshow/64223503.cms|title=En kitta Modhaadhe: Team Kalyanamam Kalyanam vs Pagal Nilavu this weekend|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-05-18|language=en}}</ref><br />
| [[Kalyanamam Kalyanam (TV series)|Kalyanamam Kalyanam]] <br />
| {{Start date|df=yes|2018|5|19}}<br />
|-<br />
| 6<br />
| [[Chinna Thambi (TV series)|Chinna Thambi]] <br> [[Raja Rani (Tamil TV series)|Raja Rani]]<br />
| [[Chinna Thambi (TV series)|Chinna Thambi]]<br />
| {{Start date|df=yes|2018|05|26}}<br />
|-<br />
| 7<br />
| [[Avalum Naanum]] <br> [[Nenjam Marappathillai (TV series)|Nenjam Marappathillai]]<br />
| [[Nenjam Marappathillai (TV series)|Nenjam Marappathillai]]<br />
| {{Start date|df=yes|2018|6|2}}<br />
|-<br />
| 8<br />
| [[Kalyanamam Kalyanam (TV series)|Kalyanamam Kalyanam]] <br> [[Ponmagal Vanthal (TV series)|Ponmagal Vanthal]]<br />
| [[Kalyanamam Kalyanam (TV series)|Kalyanamam Kalyanam]]<br />
| {{Start date|df=yes|2018|6|9}}<br />
|- <br />
| 9<br />
| [[Chinna Thambi (TV series)|Chinna Thambi]] <br> [[Kalyanamam Kalyanam (TV series)|Kalyanamam Kalyanam]]<br />
| [[Chinna Thambi (TV series)|Chinna Thambi]]<br />
| {{Start date|df=yes|2018|6|23}}<br />
|-<br />
| 10<br />
| [[Nenjam Marappathillai (TV series)|Nenjam Marappathillai]] <br> [[Pagal Nilavu (TV series)|Pagal Nilavu]]<br />
| [[Nenjam Marappathillai (TV series)|Nenjam Marappathillai]]<br />
| {{end date|df=yes|2018|6|30}}<br />
|-<br />
| 11<br />
|rowspan="2" | [[Chinna Thambi (TV series)|Chinna Thambi]] <br> [[Nenjam Marappathillai (TV series)|Nenjam Marappathillai]]<br />
|rowspan="2" | Semi-Final<br />
| {{end date|df=yes|2018|7|7}}<br />
|-<br />
| 12<br />
| {{end date|df=yes|2018|7|14}}<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Season 2===<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
!style="width:50pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Episode<br />
!style="width:200pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Serial Team<br />
!style="width:200pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Episode Winner<br />
!style="width:100pt; background:LightSteelBlue;"|Telecast date<br />
|-<br />
| 1<br />
| [[Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar (TV series)|Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar]] <br> [[Eeramana Rojave (TV series)|Eeramana Rojave]]<br />
| Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar<br />
| {{Start date|df=yes|2019|5|19}}<br />
|- <br />
| 2<br />
| [[Raja Rani (Tamil TV series)|Raja Rani]] <br> [[Aranmanai Kili (TV series)|Aranmanai Kili]]<br />
| Raja Rani<br />
| {{Start date|df=yes|2019|5|26}}<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
| [[Bharathi Kannamma (2019 TV series)|Bharathi Kannamma]] <br> [[Ponnukku Thanga Manasu (TV series)|Ponnukku Thanga Manasu]]<br />
| Bharathi Kannamma<br />
| {{Start date|df=yes|2019|6|2}}<br />
|- <br />
| 4<br />
| [[Chinna Thambi (TV series)|Chinna Thambi]] <br> [[Siva Manasula Sakthi (TV series)|Siva Manasula Sakthi]]<br />
| Chinna Thambi<br />
| {{Start date|df=yes|2019|6|9}}<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
| [[Mouna Raagam (Tamil TV series)|Mouna Raagam]] <br> [[Avalum Naanum]]<br />
| <br />
| {{Start date|df=yes|2019|6|16}}<br />
|- <br />
| 6<br />
| [[Eeramana Rojave (TV series)|Eeramana Rojave]] <br> [[Aranmanai Kili (TV series)|Aranmanai Kili]]<br />
| <br />
| {{Start date|df=yes|2019|6|23}}<br />
|-<br />
| 7<br />
| [[Kadaikutty Singam (TV series)|Kadaikutty Singam]] <br> [[Pandian Stores]]<br />
| <br />
| {{Start date|df=yes|2019|6|30}}<br />
|- <br />
| 8<br />
| [[Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar (TV series)|Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar]] <br> [[Neelakuyil (TV series)|Neelakuyil]]<br />
| <br />
| {{Start date|df=yes|2019|7|7}}<br />
|-<br />
| 9<br />
| [[Chinna Thambi (TV series)|Chinna Thambi]] <br> [[Ponnukku Thanga Manasu (TV series)|Ponnukku Thanga Manasu]]<br />
| <br />
| {{Start date|df=yes|2019|7|14}}<br />
|- <br />
| 10<br />
| [[Ponmagal Vanthal (TV series)|Ponmagal Vanthal]] <br> [[Raja Rani (Tamil TV series)|Raja Rani]]<br />
| <br />
| {{Start date|df=yes|2019|7|21}}<br />
|-<br />
| 11<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| {{Start date|df=yes|2019|7|28}}<br />
|- <br />
| 12<br />
| [[Sundari Neeyum Sundaran Naanum (TV series)|Sundari Neeyum Sundaran Naanum]] <br> [[Pandian Stores]]<br />
| <br />
| {{Start date|df=yes|2019|8|4}}<br />
|-<br />
| 13<br />
| [[Eeramana Rojave (TV series)|Eeramana Rojave]] <br> [[Siva Manasula Sakthi (TV series)|Siva Manasula Sakthi]]<br />
| <br />
| {{Start date|df=yes|2019|8|11}}<br />
|- <br />
| 14<br />
| [[Chinna Thambi (TV series)|Chinna Thambi]] <br> [[Ayutha Ezhuthu (TV series)|Ayutha Ezhuthu]]<br />
| <br />
| {{Start date|df=yes|2019|8|18}}<br />
|-<br />
| 15<br />
| [[Aranmanai Kili (TV series)|Aranmanai Kili]] <br> [[Siva Manasula Sakthi (TV series)|Siva Manasula Sakthi]]<br />
| <br />
| {{Start date|df=yes|2019|8|25}}<br />
|- <br />
| 16<br />
| Celebrity Round<br />
| <br />
| {{Start date|df=yes|2019|9|1}}<br />
|-<br />
| 17<br />
| [[Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar (TV series)|Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar]] <br> [[Pandian Stores]]<br />
| <br />
| {{Start date|df=yes|2019|9|8}}<br />
|-<br />
| 18<br />
| [[Eeramana Rojave (TV series)|Eeramana Rojave]] <br> [[Bharathi Kannamma (2019 TV series)|Bharathi Kannamma]]<br />
|<br />
| {{Start date|df=yes|2019|9|15}}<br />
|- <br />
| 19<br />
| Celebrity Round<br />
| <br />
| {{Start date|df=yes|2019|9|22}}<br />
|-<br />
| 20<br />
| [[Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar (TV series)|Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar]] <br> [[Bharathi Kannamma (2019 TV series)|Bharathi Kannamma]]<br />
| <br />
| {{Start date|df=yes|2019|9|29}}<br />
|- <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Adaptations ==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"<br />
|- style="color:white"<br />
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:15%;"| Language<br />
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:30%;"| Title<br />
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:22%;"| Original release<br />
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:12%;"| Network(s)<br />
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:18%;"| Last Aired<br />
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:27%;"| Notes<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br />
| ''Enkitta Modhaade'' <br> என்கிட்ட மொதாடே<br />
| 21 April 2018<br />
| [[Star Vijay]]<br />
| 29 September 2019<br />
| Original<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hindi]]<br />
| ''[[Ravivaar With Star Parivaar]]'' <br> रविवार विथ स्टार परिवार<br />
| 12 June 2022<br />
| [[StarPlus]]<br />
| 25 September 2022<br />
| rowspan="2" | Remake<br />
|-<br />
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br />
| ''[[Aata Hou De Dhingana]]'' <br> आता होऊ दे धिंगाणा<br />
| 10 September 2022<br />
| [[Star Pravah]]<br />
| Ongoing<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|tt10196078}}<br />
<br />
{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language reality television series]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language game shows]]<br />
[[Category:2018 Tamil-language television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:2018 Tamil-language television seasons]]<br />
[[Category:2019 Tamil-language television seasons]]<br />
[[Category:2019 Tamil-language television series endings]]<br />
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]</div>Saddiqa khatrihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vimal_Mishra&diff=544634Vimal Mishra2025-09-28T19:28:11Z<p>Saddiqa khatri: Added initial data first draft!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description| Academic, scientist}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Vimal Mishra<br />
| image = Vimal Mishra - Academic and Researcher.jpg<br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = <br />
| citizenship = Indian<br />
| education = (PhD) [[Purdue University]], (M.Tech) [[IIT Kharagpur]] and (B.Tech) [[Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology]]<br />
| occupation = [[Academician]], Researcher<br />
| years_active = <br />
| era = <br />
| employer = [[IIT Gandhinagar]], [[Gandhinagar]], [[Gujarat]], India.<br />
| alma_mater = [[Purdue University]]<br />
| known_for = <br />
| notable_works = <!-- produces label "Notable work"; may be overridden by |credits=, which produces label "Notable credit(s)"; or by |works=, which produces label "Works" --><br />
| style = <br />
| height = <!-- "X cm", "X m" or "X ft Y in" plus optional reference (conversions are automatic) --><br />
| television = <br />
| title = [[Professor (title)|Prof.]]<br />
| term = <br />
| predecessor = <br />
| party = <br />
| movement = <br />
| opponents = <br />
| boards = <br />
| criminal_charge = <!-- Criminality parameters should be supported with citations from reliable sources --><br />
| criminal_penalty = <br />
| criminal_status = <br />
| spouse = <br />
| partner = <!-- (unmarried long-term partner) --><br />
| children = <br />
| parents = <!-- overrides mother and father parameters --><br />
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| father = <!-- may be used (optionally with mother parameter) in place of parents parameter (displays "Parent(s)" as label) --><br />
| relatives = <br />
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| website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --><br />
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| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Vimal Mishra''' is an academic, researcher and climate scientist. He is a Vikram Sarabhai Chair Professor at the [[IIT Gandhinagar|Indian Institute of Technology]] Gandhinagar, India. His research focuses on [[Climate variability and change]], land-atmospheric interactions, land surface [[hydrological modelling]], operational hydrology to monitor and predict hydrologic extremes, and hydroclimatic extremes and their physical understanding (droughts, floods, and heatwaves).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Churchill's policies to blame for millions of Indian famine deaths, study says |url= https://edition.cnn.com/2019/03/29/asia/churchill-bengal-famine-intl-scli-gbr/index.html |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=CNN |date= 29 March 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nearly Half Of India Facing Droughts, Say IIT Scientists |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/nearly-half-of-india-facing-droughts-say-iit-scientists-2000785 |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vimal Mishra |url= https://csd.iitgn.ac.in/wp/team/vimal_mishra/|access-date=2025-03-04 |website=CSD}}</ref> For his research work, he was awarded [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], in 2022 by the [[Council of Scientific & Industrial Research]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prized Science, Every drop counts, and making quality medicine|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/editors-pick/prized-science-every-drop-counts-and-making-quality-medicine-101695938386746.html |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=Hindustan Times |date=29 September 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Koshy |first1=Jacob |title= After year's delay, CSIR's Bhatnagar awards for 2022 announced|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/centre-announces-winners-of-bhatnagar-prize-after-a-years-delay/article67295145.ece|access-date=2025-03-04 |website=The Hindu |date=11 September 2023 }}</ref> He was the sole awardee in the Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean, and Planetary Sciences category in 2022 for this prize.<br />
<br />
== Education ==<br />
<br />
Mishra completed his bachelor's in technology in [[Agricultural engineering|Agricultural Engineering]] from [[Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology]], Kanpur, followed by master's in technology from [[Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Professor Vimal Mishra |url=https://blogs.iiit.ac.in/monthly_news/prof-vimal-mishra |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=IIIT}}</ref> He completed his [[PhD]] from [[Purdue University]], West Lafayette, USA. His dissertation title was “Understanding impacts of historic climate variability and climate change on lakes in the Great Lakes Region.”<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Mishra |first1=Vimal |title= Understanding the impacts of historic climate variability and climate change on lakes in the Great Lakes region|url=https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/dissertations/AAI3413988/|access-date=2025-03-04 |website=Purdue University |date=January 2010 |pages=1–238 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
<br />
He started his career as a Post-Doctoral Research Associate at the [[University of Washington-Seattle]], Washington where he served for two years. Coming back to India, he joined as an assistant professor at the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar]]. He is currently serving as a Vikram Sarabhai Chair Professor, lead researcher at IIT Gandhinagar.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Vimal Mishra |url=https://iitgn.ac.in/faculty/civil/fac-vimal |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=IITGN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vimal Mishra's Profile |url= https://futureearth.org/contacts/v-vimal-mishra/|access-date=2025-03-04 |website=Future Earth}}</ref><br />
<br />
Prof. Mishra is a Fellow of [[American Geophysical Union]] (AGU),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vimal Mishra's Profile on AGU |url= https://www.agu.org/user-profile?cstkey=D64220A2-16AF-4955-A34C-F13684D60AC4 |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=AGU}}</ref> Fellow of [[Indian Academy of Sciences]], The [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] (NASI),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vimal Mishra's Profile |url= https://fellows.ias.ac.in/profile/v/FL2025026|access-date=2025-03-04 |website=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> Indian National Science Academy,<ref>{{Cite web |title= Fellows Elected 2025 |url=https://insaindia.res.in/recent-elected-fellows/|access-date=2025-09-29 |website=Indian National Science Academy}}</ref> Indian Meteorological Society (IMS),<ref>{{Cite web |title= IMS Fellows |url=https://www.imetsociety.org/wp-content/pdf/docs/others/IMS_fellows.pdf|access-date=2025-03-06 |website=IMET Society}}</ref> a member of other reputed organizations and committees.<br />
<br />
Prof. Mishra's lab at IITGN is reported to make a significant contribution to developing real-time monitoring and prediction systems for droughts and floods in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Extreme weather events to rise manifold in India |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/science/extreme-weather-events-to-rise-manifold-in-india-due-to-climate-change-iit-study-1163785.html |access-date=2025-03-06|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> He is credited with developing and transferring an operational platform for real-time monitoring and forecasting of land surface [[hydrology]] products to the [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD). The India Drought Monitor, a platform he developed, provides real-time information and forecasts on drought.<ref>{{Cite news |title= India heat wave climate change |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/05/09/india-heat-wave-climate-change |access-date=2025-03-06|newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= Climate change has made India's heatwaves 199 times more likely |url=https://thewire.in/environment/climate-change-has-made-indias-heatwaves-100-times-more-likely |access-date=2025-03-06|website=The Wire}}</ref><br />
<br />
A study conducted by Prof. Mishra and his team on “Drought and Famine in India, 1870–2016”, published in the [[Geophysical Research Letters]] Journal, provided scientific backing for the argument that [[Winston Churchill in politics, 1900–1939|Winston Churchill]]'s policies played a significant role in contributing to the 1943 catastrophe, The [[Bengal famine of 1943|Bengal famine]], that claimed 3 million Indian lives.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Safi |first1=Michael |title=Churchill's policies contributed to 1943 Bengal famine – study|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/29/winston-churchill-policies-contributed-to-1943-bengal-famine-study|access-date=2025-03-04 |website=The Guardian |date=29 March 2019 }}</ref><br />
<br />
He is also a lead author for India's Climate Research Agenda: 2030 and beyond.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Climate Research Agenda 2030 and beyond|url=<br />
https://dst.gov.in/sites/default/files/India%27s%20Climate%20Research%20Agenda%202030%20and%20beyond.pdf |access-date=2025-03-06|website=DST.Gov}}</ref> He was a contributing author of the [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] ([[IPCC]]). He served as an expert in the Scoping Meeting of IPCC AR7.<ref>{{Cite web |title= IPCC|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter08.pdf<br />
|access-date=2025-03-06|website=IPCC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= IPCC Report |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2022/04/FINAL-REPT-P-55.pdf |access-date=2025-03-06|website=IPCC}}</ref><br />
<br />
He is on editorial board as an editor, associate editor of various journals such as Earth's Future ([[American Geophysical Union|AGU]]),<ref>{{Cite web |title= Editorial Board |url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/hub/journal/23284277/editorial-board/editorial-board|access-date=2025-03-04 |website=AGU Pubs |doi=10.1002/(ISSN)2328-4277 }}</ref> [[Scientific Data (journal)|Scientific Data]] ([[Nature Publishing Group]]),<ref>{{Cite web |title= Editorial Board Nature Publishing Group |url=<br />
https://www.nature.com/sdata/editorial-board<br />
|access-date=2025-03-04 |website=Nature}}</ref> [[Journal of Hydrology]], [[Frontiers in Earth Science]]s, [[Frontiers in Climate]],<ref>{{Cite web |title= Editorial|url=<br />
https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/738095/editorial |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=Frontiers}}</ref> Remote Sensing of Earth Systems Science ([[Springer Publishing|Springer]]),<ref>{{Cite web |title= Editorial Board Springer Publishing |url= https://link.springer.com/journal/41976/editorial-board|access-date=2025-03-06 |website=Springer}}</ref> and other reputed journals with high impact factor.<br />
<br />
== Awards==<br />
<br />
Prof. Mishra received [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] for his contributions in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title= IIT Gandhinagar Professor Receives National Academy of Sciences Fellowship for His Research on Water Sustainability |url= https://www.news18.com/news/education-career/iit-gandhinagar-professor-receives-national-academy-of-sciences-fellowship-for-his-research-on-water-sustainability-4506611.html |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=News18}}</ref> <br />
American Geophysical Union (AGU) Devendra Lal Memorial Medal for his research and contributions to Earth Sciences.<br />
<br />
== Publications==<br />
<br />
He has over 150 peer-reviewed journal articles, published in reputed journals such as Nature Geoscience, Water Resources Research, Nature Reviews Earth and Environment, Journal of Geophysical Research, Earth's Future, Environmental Research Letters, and other leading journals.<br />
<br />
Some of the journal articles are as follows:<br />
<br />
* D. Singh Chuphal,K. Thirumalai, & V. Mishra, Recent drying of the Ganga River is unprecedented in the last 1,300 years, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 122 (40) e2424613122, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2424613122 (2025).<br />
* Asoka, A., Gleeson, T., Wada, Y., & Mishra, V. (2017). Relative contribution of monsoon precipitation and pumping to changes in groundwater storage in India. Nature Geoscience, 10(2), 109–117. doi:10.1038/ngeo28699<br />
* Mishra, V., Ambika, A. K., Asoka, A., Aadhar, S., Buzan, J., Kumar, R., & Huber, M. (2020). Moist heat stress extremes in India enhanced by irrigation. Nature Geoscience, 13(11), 722–728. doi:10.1038/s41561-020-00650-8<br />
* Shah, D., & Mishra, V. (2020b). Integrated Drought Index (IDI) for Drought Monitoring and Assessment in India. Water Resources Research, 56(2), e2019WR026284 doi:10.1029/2019WR026284<br />
* Shah, R. D., & Mishra, V. (2015a). Development of an experimental near-real-time drought monitor for India. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 16(1), 327–345. doi:10.1175/JHM-D-14-0041.1<br />
* Nanditha, J., & Mishra, V. (2022a). Multiday precipitation is a prominent driver of floods in Indian river basins. Water Resources Research, 58(7), e2022WR032723. doi:10.1029/2022WR03272<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links==<br />
<br />
*{{google scholar id|CAhMWqQAAAAJ}}<br />
*[https://vmishra.people.iitgn.ac.in/water&climate/#/ Water and Climate Lab, IIT Gandhinagar]<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mishra, Vimal}}<br />
[[Category:Fellows of the American Geophysical Union]]<br />
[[Category:Indian climatologists]]<br />
[[Category:Purdue University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:IIT Kharagpur alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]</div>Saddiqa khatrihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christ_Church,_Mussoorie&diff=494493Christ Church, Mussoorie2025-09-11T09:41:10Z<p>Saddiqa khatri: Creating initial data basic info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Church building in Uttarakhand, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}<br />
[[File:Mussoorie, distant view, 1865.jpg|thumb|An 1867 image of the Christ Church in Mussoorie]]<br />
'''Christ Church, Mussoorie''' is a church in [[Mussoorie]], Uttarakhand, India, that is considered to be the oldest church in the Himalayan region.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/oldest-church-in-himalayas-located-in-mussoorie-in-midst-of-land-row/articleshow/86897174.cms|title=Oldest church in Himalayas located in Mussoorie in midst of land row &#124; Dehradun News - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> It was erected in 1836 by the small British community that had made the town their home.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hutchison|first=Robert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qPfSCQAAQBAJ&dq=christ+church+mussoorie&pg=PT102|title=The Raja of Harsil: The Legend of Frederick "Pahari Wilson"|date=2010-07-01|publisher=Roli Books Private Limited|isbn=978-93-5194-092-0|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2015/state-editions/a-speaking-tree-in-the-queen-of-hills-mussoorie.html|title=A speaking tree in the Queen of Hills, Mussoorie|first=The|last=Pioneer|website=The Pioneer}}</ref> Today, it is part of the [[Church of North India]], a part of the [[Anglican Communion]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/march-spl-for-christ-church--queen-of-hills.html|title=March spl for Christ Church, Queen of Hills|first=The|last=Pioneer|website=The Pioneer}}</ref> It is built in [[Gothic Revival]] style.<br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Uttarakhand}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Churches in Uttarakhand]]<br />
[[Category:Church of North India church buildings]]<br />
[[Category:Mussoorie]]<br />
[[Category:Gothic Revival architecture in India]]<br />
[[Category:British colonial architecture in India]]</div>Saddiqa khatrihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gandhavariya&diff=468570Gandhavariya2025-09-08T11:01:14Z<p>Saddiqa khatri: quick correct intro for clarity and cleaned formatting</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Rajput Clan in Bihar}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}<br />
The '''Gandhavariya''' (also known as '''Gandhawariya''' and '''Gandhawaria''') are a [[Rajput]] clan based in northern [[Bihar]]. They ruled over parts of [[Madhepura district]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1011_PART_B_DCHB_MADHEPURA.pdf|title=District Census Handbook, Madhepura|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Bihar|year=2011|pages=11}}</ref> and [[Saharsa district]] during medieval times after the decline of the [[Oiniwar Dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://lrc.bih.nic.in/Gazetteer/Saharsa/chapter-II.pdf|title=History- General|page=35|access-date=21 October 2018|archive-date=22 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022071940/http://lrc.bih.nic.in/Gazetteer/Saharsa/chapter-II.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Origin== <br />
One of the theories put forward about the origins of the Gandhavariyas is that they originate from a branch of the [[Karnat dynasty]] of Mithila that remained in the region after the Karnat king, [[Harisimhadeva]] fled to [[Kathmandu]] following the invasion of [[Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq]].<ref name=Pathak83>{{cite journal | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283324/page/n567 | title=Origin of the Gandhavaria Rajputs of Mithila | author=P. Pathak | journal=The Journal of the Bihar Puravid Parisad | year=1983 | volume= Vii And Viii | pages=406–420}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The writer [[Jyotirishwar Thakur]] recorded the existence of the ''Gandhavariyas Rajaputas'' in his 14th century book [[Varna Ratnakara|''Varṇa Ratnākara'']] and detailed how they held sway over much of North Bihar.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108178/page/n159 | title=Mithila In The Age Of Vidyapati | publisher=Chaukhambha Orientalia | access-date=14 January 2019 | author=Radhakrishna Choudhary | pages= 131–132}}</ref> The traditions of the Gandhavariyas record that prior to their ascendancy in the region, they were engaged in a war with the [[Bhar]] who the Gandhavariyas claim to have finished.<ref name="Choudhary1970">{{cite book|author=Radhakrishna Choudhary|title=History of Muslim rule in Tirhut, 1206-1765, A.D.|url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfMuslimRuleInTirhut|year=1970|publisher=Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office|page=[https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfMuslimRuleInTirhut/page/n130 116]}}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[zamindar]]i estate of [[Sonbarsa Raj]] was established by Raja Ranjit Singh who belonged to the Gandhavariya clan. They also controlled Baruari and Barail.<ref name=Pathak83 /><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
*[[Sonbarsa Raj]]<br />
*[[Bihari Rajput]]s<br />
*[[Rajput|Rajputs]]<br />
*[[Banaut|Banauts]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Rajput Groups |state=expanded}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Rajput clans of Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Social groups of Bihar]]</div>Saddiqa khatrihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shrawan_Kumar_(mathematician)&diff=535285Shrawan Kumar (mathematician)2025-08-11T06:12:59Z<p>Saddiqa khatri: </p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian mathematician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}<br />
[[File:Shrawan Kumar.jpg|thumb|220px|Shrawan Kumar at [[Mathematical Research Institute of Oberwolfach|Oberwolfach]] in 2005]]<br />
'''Shrawan Kumar''' is the [[Endowed chair|John R. and Louise S. Parker distinguished professor]] of [[mathematics]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stewart |first=Melissa |date=2020-08-28 |title=Kumar, Shrawan |url=https://math.unc.edu/faculty-member/kumar-shrawan/ |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Department of Mathematics |language=en-US}}</ref> at the [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]]. He has written two books: ''Kac-Moody groups, their flag varieties, and representation theory'' and ''Frobenius splitting methods in geometry and representation theory'' (jointly with {{interlanguage link|Michel Brion|fr}}).<br />
<br />
Born and raised in [[Ghazipur]], [[India]], Shrawan Kumar earned a Ph.D. in mathematics from the [[University of Mumbai]] and the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] (TIFR), Mumbai in 1986. His advisor was [[S. Ramanan]]. Shrawan Kumar is the younger brother of [[Gopal Prasad]], a professor of mathematics at the [[University of Michigan]], and the elder brother of [[Dipendra Prasad]], a professor of mathematics at the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]].<br />
<br />
In 2012 he became a fellow of the [[American Mathematical Society]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=AMS :: Fellows of the American Mathematical Society |url=http://www.ams.org/cgi-bin/fellows/fellows.cgi |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=www.ams.org}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{MathGenealogy|id=35940}}<br />
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{{authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Shrawan}}<br />
[[Category:1953 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian mathematicians]]<br />
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]<br />
[[Category:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill faculty]]<br />
[[Category:Tata Institute of Fundamental Research alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Fellows of the American Mathematical Society]]<br />
[[Category:People from Ghazipur]]<br />
[[Category:Scientists from Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-scientist-stub}}<br />
{{Asia-mathematician-stub}}<br />
{{US-mathematician-stub}}</div>Saddiqa khatrihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sahebpur&diff=531836Sahebpur2025-07-28T03:46:55Z<p>Saddiqa khatri: Added the entry first draft!</p>
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<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Sahebpur<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| settlement_type = Census Town<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| imagesize = 300px<br />
| image_caption = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India<br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal##Location in India<br />
| pushpin_mapsize = 300<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|22.4117|N|88.4925|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = State<br />
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = District<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[South 24 Parganas]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = CD block<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Sonarpur (community development block)|Sonarpur]]<br />
| established_title = <br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 2.06<br />
| area_rank = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = 9<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_total = 7109<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref><br />
| demographics1_title2 = Additional&nbsp;official<br />
| demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/><br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = PIN<br />
| postal_code = 743330<br />
| area_code = +91 33<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| registration_plate = [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-19 to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-22, [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-95 to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-99<br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = Lok Sabha constituency<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]]<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = Vidhan Sabha constituency<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Sonarpur Dakshin (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sonarpur Dakshin]]<br />
| website = {{URL|www.s24pgs.gov.in}}<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sahebpur''' is a [[census town]] within the jurisdiction of the [[Sonarpur]] police station in the [[Sonarpur (community development block)|Sonarpur]] [[Community development block|CD block]] in the [[Baruipur subdivision]] of the [[South 24 Parganas]] district in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].<br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
{{OSM Location map<br />
| width=350| height=250| zoom=10<br />
| coord={{coord|22|29|0|N|88|31|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the northern part of Baruipur subdivision (including Sonarpur, Bhangar I & II CD blocks) in South 24 Parganas district'''<br/>M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, N: neighbourhood<br/>Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly<br />
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|27|5|N|88|28|18|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Radhanagar| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Radhanagar, Sonarpur]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2<br />
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|25|10|N|88|21|25|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2=Danga | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Danga, Sonarpur]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|26|0|N|88|22|25|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Ramchandrapur | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Ramchandrapur, Sonarpur]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|24|35|N|88|27|13|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Bidyadharpur | numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Bidyadharpur]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|25|20|N|88|30|30|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Kalikapur | numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Kalikapur, Sonarpur]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|26|15|N|88|31|10|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Chak Baria | numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Chak Baria]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|23|45|N|88|29|30|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7=Sahebpur | numbered7=CT| mark-title7= Sahebpur (CT)|shape-color7=black| label-size7=13|label-color7=black <!-- make the subject of the article stand out with black colors --><br />
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|26|55|N|88|25|5|E}} | label-pos8=top|label8=Rajpur Sonarpur| numbered8=M| mark-title8= [[Rajpur Sonarpur]] (M) |shape-color8=#800000<br />
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|26|50|N|88|23|48|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Narendrapur| numbered9=N| mark-title9= [[Narendrapur]] (N)|shape-color9=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|24|25|N|88|26|5|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Subhashgram| numbered10=N| mark-title10= [[Subhanshgram]] (N)|shape-color10=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|30|40|N|88|35|38|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11=Maricha | numbered11=CT| mark-title11= [[Maricha, Bhangar]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|31|10|N|88|30|34|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Bhangar Raghunathpur | numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Bhangar Raghunathpur]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|30|25|N|88|37|0|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Gobindapur| numbered13=CT| mark-title13= [[Gobindapur, Bhangar]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|30|10|N|88|27|32|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Bantala| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Bantala]] (R)|shape-color14=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|34|35|N|88|35|12|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15= Uttar Kasipur| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Uttar Kasipur]] (R)|shape-color15=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|29|35|N|88|36|4|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Nalmuri| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Nalmuri]] (R)|shape-color16=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|32|48|N|88|38|22|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Jirongachhi| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Jirongachhi]] (R)|shape-color17=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|25|20|N|88|25|7|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Harinavi| numbered18=N| mark-title18= [[Harinavi]] (N)|shape-color18=#C42222}}<br />
<br />
===Area overview===<br />
Baruipur subdivision is a rural subdivision with moderate levels of urbanization. 31.05% of the population lives in the urban areas and 68.95% lives in the rural areas. In the northern portion of the subdivision (shown in the map alongside) there are 10 [[census town]]s. The entire district is situated in the [[Ganges Delta]] and the northern part of the subdivision is a flat plain bordering the metropolis of [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South Twety-four Parganas |work = Table 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 5 December 2019 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf| title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal, District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, Series – 20, Part XII-A, Village and Town Directory |work= Page 13, Physiography| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 5 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Chapter 9: Sundarbans and the Remote Islanders, p 290-311 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 5 December 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
<small>Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.</small><br />
<br />
===Location===<br />
Sahebpur is located at {{coord|22.4117|N|88.4925|E|format=dms}}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|9|m}}.<br />
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[[Kalikapur, Sonarpur|Kalikapur]], [[Chak Baria]] and Sahebpur form a cluster of census towns in the Sonarpur CD block, as per the map of Sonarpur CD block in the District Census Handbook for the South 24 Parganas.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf| title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal, District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, Series – 20, Part XII-A, Village and Town Directory |work= Page 257 - Map of Sonarpur CD block | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 8 November 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Sahebpur had a total population of 7,109, of which 3,642 (51%) were males and 3,467 (49%) were females. There were 636 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The total number of literate people in Sahebpur was 4,419 (79.47% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 8 November 2019}}</ref><br />
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==Infrastructure==<br />
According to the District Census Handbook 2011, Sahebpur covered an area of 2.0573&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>. [[Kalikapur railway station]] is 2&nbsp;km away. Among the civic amenities, the protected water supply involved overhead tank and service reservoir. It had 698 domestic electric connections. Among the educational facilities it had were 2 primary schools, the nearest middle school and the nearest secondary school at Jafarpur 1&nbsp;km away, the nearest senior secondary school at [[Kalikapur, Sonarpur|Kalikapur]] 2&nbsp;km away, the nearest general degree college at Ghoshpara, [[Rajpur Sonarpur|Sonarpur]] 3&nbsp;km away. Among the important commodities it produced were tube light and lamp. It had the branch office of 1 nationalised bank.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook South Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 999-1006 Statement I: Status and Growth History, Pages 1006-1010; Statement II: Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, Pages 1010-1015; Statement III: Civic and other Amenities, Pages 1015-1019; Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Pages 1019-1027 Statement V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, Pages 1027- 1029: Statement VI: Industry and Banking | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 9 November 2018}}</ref><br />
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==Transport==<br />
A short stretch of local roads link Sahebpur to the Sonarpur-Chak Baria Road.<ref name="google">Google maps</ref><br />
<br />
[[Kalikapur railway station]] is located nearby.<ref name="google"/><br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
Jafarpur Kalinath High School is a Bengali-medium coeducational school established in 1968. It has facilities for teaching from class 5 to class XII.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/south--twenty-four-pargan/19182804202/jafarpur-k-nath-high-school.html | title = Jafarpur K Nath High School | publisher = Schools | access-date = 5 January 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Healthcare==<br />
Sonarpur Rural Hospital, with 25 beds, at [[Rajpur Sonarpur]], is the major government medical facility in the Sonarpur CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 7 January 2020 | archive-date = 8 October 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|3}}<br />
<br />
{{South 24 Parganas}}<br />
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in South 24 Parganas district]]<br />
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:Kolkata Metropolitan Area]]</div>Saddiqa khatrihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Galsi,_Bardhaman&diff=473963Galsi, Bardhaman2025-07-26T15:47:23Z<p>Saddiqa khatri: further update structure after review and corrected details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Other uses|Galsi (disambiguation){{!}}Galsi}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Galsi<br />
| native_name =<br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Village<br />
| image_skyline = Railway stations in West Bengal 32.jpg<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = Galsi<br />
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India <br />
| pushpin_label_position = 23°20'14.0"N 87°41'33.0"E<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India <br />
| coordinates = {{coord|23|20|14.0|N|87|41|33.0|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 10700<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 713406 (Galsi)<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code<br />
| area_code = 0342<br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bardhaman-Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman-Durgapur]]<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Galsi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Galsi]]<br />
| website = {{URL|purbabardhaman.gov.in/}} <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Galsi''' is a village in [[Galsi II]] CD Block in [[Bardhaman Sadar North subdivision]] of [[Purba Bardhaman district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
Galsi lies in the Bardhaman Plain, the central plain area of the district. Bardhaman Sadar North subdivision extends from the Kanksa Ketugram plain, which lies along the [[Ajay River|Ajay]] on the north to the Bardhaman Plain, the central plain area of the district, with the [[Damodar River|Damodar]] on the south and the east.<ref>Chattopadhyay, Akkori, ''Bardhaman Jelar Itihas O Lok Sanskriti'' (History and Folk lore of Bardhaman District.), {{in lang|bn}}, Vol I, p18,28, Radical Impression. {{ISBN|81-85459-36-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf |title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal: District Census Handbook, Barddhaman |work = Physiography, pages 13-14| publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 3 March 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
===Urbanisation===<br />
73.58% of the population of Bardhaman Sadar North subdivision live in the rural areas. Only 26.42% of the population live in the urban areas, and that is the highest proportion of urban population amongst the four subdivisions in Purba Bardhaman district.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bardhaman | work = Table 2.2 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 25 January 2019 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref> The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.<br />
<br />
{{OSM Location map<br />
| width=450| height=400| zoom=10<br />
| coord={{coord|23|23|11|N|87|45|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the Bardhaman Sadar North subdivision of Purba Bardhaman district'''<br/>M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical site, W: river project, C: craft centre<br/>Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly<br />
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|14|0|N|87|52|0|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1=Bardhaman | numbered1=M| mark-title1= [[Bardhaman]] (M)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=13| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2<br />
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|30|0|N|87|45|0|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Guskara| numbered2=M| mark-title2= [[Guskara]] (M)<br />
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|15|12|N|87|50|19|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3=Goda | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Goda, Purba Bardhaman]] (CT)|shape-color3=#A40000<br />
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|16|6|N|87|52|21|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4=Bahir Sarbamangala | numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Bahir Sarbamangala]] (CT)|shape-color4=#A40000<br />
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|17|4|N|87|52|54|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5=Mirzapur | numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Mirzapur, Bardhaman]] (CT)|shape-color5=#A40000<br />
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|15|10|N|87|53|30|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Nari | numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Nari, Purba Bardhaman]] (CT)|shape-color6=#A40000<br />
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|13|6|N|87|55|0|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7=Gangpur | numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Gangpur]] (CT)|shape-color7=#A40000<br />
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|25|25|N|87|32|33|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8=Raipur | numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Raipur, Purba Bardhaman]] (CT)|shape-color8=#A40000<br />
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|24|30|N|87|32|50|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9=Bud Bud | numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Bud Bud]] (CT)|shape-color9=#A40000<br />
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|23|30|N|87|32|50|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10=Sukdal | numbered10=CT| mark-title10= [[Sukdal]] (CT)|shape-color10=#A40000<br />
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|27|7|N|87|33|10|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11=Mankar| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Mankar]] (R)| shape-color11=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|30|56|N|87|39|42|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12=Ausgram| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Ausgram, Bardhaman]] (R)| shape-color12=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|25|11|N|87|55|0|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13=Bhatar| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Bhatar]] (R)| shape-color13=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|20|43|N|87|41|8|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14=Galsi| numbered14=R| mark-title14= Galsi, Bardhaman (R)|shape-color14=black| label-size13=14|label-color14=black <!-- make the subject of the article stand out with black colors --><br />
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|26|20|N|87|35|1|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15=Amrargar| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Amrargar]] (R)| shape-color15=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|18|33|N|87|52|14|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16=Kamnara| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Kamnara]] (R)| shape-color16=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|11|19|N|87|58|12|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17=Barshul| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Barshul]] (R)| shape-color17=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|15|45|N|87|58|42|E}} | label-pos18=top|label18=Hatgobindapur| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Hatgobindapur]] (R)| shape-color18=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|32|30|N|87|37|23|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19=Bononabagram| numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Bononabagram]] (R)| shape-color19=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|22|16|N|87|37|39|E}} | label-pos20=left|label20=Pursha| numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Pursha]] (R)| shape-color20=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|20|15|N|87|58|47|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21=Kurmun| numbered21=R| mark-title21= [[Kurmun]] (R)| shape-color21=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|26|7|N|87|36|9|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22=Jamtara| numbered22=R| mark-title22= [[Jamtara, Bardhaman]] (R)| shape-color22=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|17|39|N|87|38|47|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23=Adrahati| numbered23=R| mark-title23= [[Adrahati]] (R)| shape-color23=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|34|19|N|87|38|59|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24=Pandu Rajar Dhibi| numbered24=H| mark-title24= [[Pandu Rajar Dhibi]] (H)| shape-color24=#AA6666<br />
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|22|8|N|87|28|15|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25=Randiha| numbered25=W| mark-title25= [[Randiha]] (H)| shape-color25=#AA6666<br />
|mark-coord26={{coord|23|27|51|N|87|42|1|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26=Dwariapur| numbered26=C| mark-title26= [[Dwariapur, Bardhaman]] (C)| shape-color26=#AA6666<br />
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|12|16|N|87|57|36|E}} | label-pos27=left|label27=Saktigarh| numbered27=R| mark-title27= [[Saktigarh, Bardhaman]] (R)| shape-color27=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord28={{coord|23|11|11|N|88|0|57|E}} | label-pos28=top|label28=Palsit| numbered28=R| mark-title28= [[Palsit]] (R)| shape-color28=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord29={{coord|23.2722|87.5665}}| label29=Damodar River| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=45| label-pos29=top| label-size29=10| mark-size29=0| mark-title29 =none<br />
|mark-coord30={{coord|23.5661|87.8404}}| label30=Ajay River| label-color30 = #77A1CB| label-angle30=0| label-pos30=right| label-size30=10| mark-size30=0| mark-title30 =none}}<br />
<br />
===Police station===<br />
Galsi police station has jurisdiction over [[Galsi II]] and a part of [[Galsi I]] CD blocks. The area covered is 294.4&nbsp;km.<sup>2</sup><ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bardhaman | work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 23 September 2018 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://purbabardhamanpolice.org/ps | title = Purba Bardhaman District Police | work = Police Station | publisher = West Bengal Police | access-date = 23 September 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180927234333/http://purbabardhamanpolice.org/ps | archive-date = 27 September 2018 | url-status = usurped }}</ref><br />
<br />
===CD block HQ===<br />
The headquarters of [[Galsi II]] CD block are located at Galsi.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1909_PART_B_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Barddhaman | work= Map of Barddhaman with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 20 February 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2110 | title = BDO Offices under Burdwan District | work = Department of Mass Education Extension & Library Services, Government of West Bengal | publisher = West Bengal Public Library Network | access-date = 8 February 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181005055734/http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2110 | archive-date = 5 October 2018 | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
As per [[2011 Census of India]] Galsi had a total population of 10,700 of which 5,394 (50%) were males and 5,306 (50%) were females. Population below 6 years was 1,094. The total number of literates in Galsi was 7,193 (74.88% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/census-tables|title=Census tables | publisher=Government of India|access-date=2024-02-03}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Transport==<br />
Galsi is a station on the [[Bardhaman-Asansol section]], which is a part of [[Howrah-Gaya-Delhi line]], [[Howrah-Allahabad-Mumbai line]] and [[Howrah-Delhi main line]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/barddhaman-asansol-memu-63509/14847/2/7 |title = 63509 Bardhaman-Asansol MEMU |work = Time Table | publisher= indiarailinfo | access-date = 9 February 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[National Highway 19 (India)|NH 19]] (old numbering NH 2)/ [[Grand Trunk Road]] passes through Galsi.<ref name="renumber">{{cite web|url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways|publisher=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=10 February 2017|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201124738/http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|archive-date=1 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
[[Galsi Mahavidyalaya]] was established at Galsi in 2007 by Left Front Government.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.galsimahavidyalaya.com/ |title = Galsi Mahavidyalaya | publisher= GM | access-date = 29 October 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
Galsi High School was established in 1935. A Co Ed Bengali medium school it has arrangements for teaching from Class V to Class XII.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.icbse.com/schools/galsi-high-school-wpynyr | title = Galsi High School| publisher = ICBSE |access-date = 17 July 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
Galsi Sarada Vidyapith was established in 1961. A girls only Bengali medium school it has arrangements for teaching from Class V to Class XII.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.icbse.com/schools/galsi-sarada-vidyapitha-2qe9ee | title = Galsi Sarada Vidyapith | publisher = ICBSE |access-date = 17 July 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
Galsi High School, a boys only high school, Galsi Kalimati Debi High School, a coeducational high school and Galsi Sarda Vidyapith, a girls high school, are affiliated with the West Bengal Board of Secondary Education.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbbse.org/sburdwan.htm | title = West Bengal Board of Secondary Education | work = Burdwan | publisher = WBBSE | access-date = 29 January 2019 | archive-date = 2 May 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140502213643/http://wbbse.org/sburdwan.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> Galsi High School, a co-educational higher secondary unit, is affiliated with West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education for higher secondary classes.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbchse.nic.in/admin/Burdwan_school_list.php?page=16& | title = West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education| work=Budwan | publisher = WBCHSE |access-date = 29 January 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Purba Bardhaman District}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Purba Bardhaman district]]</div>Saddiqa khatrihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ugabhad&diff=542391Ugabhad2025-07-22T12:03:52Z<p>Saddiqa khatri: Added basic page added tags!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Ugabhad<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = Ugābhād<br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Village<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| image_map = Lalganj block map.png<br />
| map_caption = Map showing Ugabhad (#816) in Lalganj CD block<br />
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|26.200709|N|80.958396|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{Cite web |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=20 October 2021 |archive-date=12 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412035207/https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/><br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 3.698<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 1633<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/><br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = <br />
| registration_plate = UP-35<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Ugabhad''' is a village in [[Lalganj, Uttar Pradesh|Lalganj]] block of [[Rae Bareli district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Rae Bareli, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=288–306 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0927_PART_A_DCHB_RAE%20BARELI.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=19 October 2021}}</ref> It is located 3&nbsp;km from Lalganj, the block and [[tehsil]] headquarters.<ref name="Census 1981"/> As of 2011, it has a population of 1,633 people, in 325 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It has no formal healthcare facilities and hosts a weekly [[haat]] but not a permanent market.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It belongs to the [[nyaya panchayat]] of [[Mubarakpur, Lalganj|Mubarakpur]].<ref name="Census 1991"/><br />
<br />
The [[1951 Census of India|1951 census]] recorded Ugabhad as comprising 3 hamlets, with a population of 555 people (271 male and 284 female), in 119 households and 105 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1951">{{cite book |title=Census of India, 1951: District Census Handbook Uttar Pradesh (42 - Rae Bareli District) |date=1955 |location=Allahabad |pages=120–1 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/933/1/23644_1951_RAE.pdf |access-date=20 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 957 [[acre]]s.<ref name="Census 1951"/> 67 residents were literate, 64 male and 3 female.<ref name="Census 1951"/> The village was listed as belonging to the [[pargana]] of [[Khiron]] and the [[thana]] of [[Gurbakshganj]].<ref name="Census 1951"/><br />
<br />
The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Ugabhad as comprising 3 hamlets, with a total population of 658 people (327 male and 331 female), in 132 households and 115 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (39 - Raebareli District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=lxxviii-lxxix of section "Dalmau Tahsil" |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1047/1/22852_1961_RAE.pdf |access-date=20 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 957 [[acre]]s.<ref name="Census 1961"/><br />
<br />
The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Ugabhad as having a population of 926 people, in 166 households, and having an area of 391.33 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=150–1 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1298/1/50861_1981_RAE.pdf |access-date=20 October 2021}}</ref> The main staple foods were listed as wheat and rice.<ref name="Census 1981"/><br />
<br />
The [[1991 Census of India|1991 census]] recorded Ugabhad (as "Uga Bhad") as having a total population of 1,082 people (499 male and 583 female), in 123 households and 123 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1991">{{cite book |title=Census 1991 Series-25 Uttar Pradesh Part-XII B Village & Townwise Primary Census Abstract District Census Handbook District Raebareli |date=1992 |pages=xxiv-xxviii, 188–9 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1443/1/36846_1991_RAE.pdf |access-date=20 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was listed as 387 hectares.<ref name="Census 1991"/> Members of the 0-6 age group numbered 220, or 20% of the total; this group was 48% male (106) and 52% female (114).<ref name="Census 1991"/> Members of [[scheduled castes]] made up 42% of the village's population, while no members of [[scheduled tribes]] were recorded.<ref name="Census 1991"/> The [[literacy rate]] of the village was 27.5% (204 men and 94 women).<ref name="Census 1991"/> 367 people were classified as main workers (238 men and 129 women), while 65 people were classified as marginal workers (13 men and 52 women); the remaining 650 residents were non-workers.<ref name="Census 1991"/> The breakdown of main workers by employment category was as follows: 177 cultivators (i.e. people who owned or leased their own land); 147 agricultural labourers (i.e. people who worked someone else's land in return for payment); 0 workers in livestock, forestry, fishing, hunting, plantations, orchards, etc.; 0 in mining and quarrying; 10 household industry workers; 3 workers employed in other [[manufacturing]], processing, service, and repair roles; 0 [[construction worker]]s; 0 employed in trade and commerce; 0 employed in transport, storage, and communications; and 40 in other services.<ref name="Census 1991"/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Raebareli district}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Raebareli district]]</div>Saddiqa khatrihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanke&diff=448921Kanke2025-07-01T10:27:25Z<p>Saddiqa khatri: Updated and refined page content</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Other uses}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=September 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Kanke<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| settlement_type = [[Census Town]]<br />
| image_skyline = Kanke Dam - Ranchi 9308.JPG<br />
| image_alt = Kanke Dam<br />
| image_caption = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = <br />
| coordinates = {{coord|23.43|N|85.32|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = India<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]]<br />
| established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]<br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 4.9<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = 611<br />
| population_total = 17560<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages (*For language details see [[Kanke block#Language and religion]])<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 834006 <br />
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code<br />
| area_code = 0651<br />
| registration_plate = JH 1<br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = 88.14%<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Ranchi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ranchi]]<br />
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Kanke (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kanke]]<br />
| website = {{URL|ranchi.nic.in/}} <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Kanke''' is a [[census town]] in the [[Kanke block|Kanke]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in the [[Ranchi Sadar subdivision]] of [[Ranchi district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]]. Kanke has a large water reservoir called Kanke Dam, which is used to supply water to [[Ranchi]] city.<br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Kanke had a total population of 17,560, of which 9,166 (52%) were males and 8,394 (48%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 1,862. The total number of literate persons in Kanke was 13,837 (88.14% of the population over 6 years).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2019_PART_B_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Rural PCA-C.D. blocks wise Village Primary Census Abstract, location no. 373565, page 28-29|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 11 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&amp;state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&amp;state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2011: Data from the 2011 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kanke had a population of 16,396. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Kanke has an average literacy rate of 75%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 80%, and female literacy is 70%. In Kanke, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.<br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
{{OSM Location map<br />
| width=450| height=350| zoom=9<br />
| coord={{coord|23|23|0|N|85|25|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Ranchi district in South Chotanagpur Division'''&lt;br/&gt;M: municipality, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, N: neighbourhood, T: tourist centre, D: dam, H: historical/ religious centre&lt;br/&gt;Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly<br />
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|24|26|N|85|29|6|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Angara | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Angara, Jharkhand]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2<br />
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|32|53|N|84|55|25|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Balsokra| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Balsokra]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|18|5|N|85|0|56|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Bero| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Bero, India]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|34|28|N|85|7|53|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Burmu| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Burmu]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|30|44|N|84|58|35|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Chanho| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Chanho]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|34|43|N|85|31|2|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Chutupalu| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Chutupalu]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|40|5|N|85|1|20|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Dakra| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Dakra, Ranchi]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|21|24|N|85|7|21|E}} | label-pos8=top|label8= Itki| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Itki, India]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|6|45|N|84|56|32|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Lapung| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Lapung]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|27|47|N|85|5|29|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Mandar| numbered10=R| mark-title10=[[Mandar, Ranchi]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|26|5|N|85|24|44|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Mesra| numbered11=R| mark-title11=[[Mesra, Ranchi]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|19|20|N|85|11|0|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Nagri| numbered12=R| mark-title12=[[Nagri, Jharkhand]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|29|30|N|85|29|0|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Ormanjhi| numbered13=R| mark-title13=[[Ormanjhi]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|15|55|N|85|38|40|E}} | label-pos14=top|label14= Rahe| numbered14=R| mark-title14=[[Rahe, Jharkhand]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|21|1|N|85|51|4|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Silli| numbered15=R| mark-title15=[[Silli]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|12|13|N|85|42|26|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Sonahatu| numbered16=R| mark-title16=[[Sonahatu]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|3|15|N|85|39|19|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Tamar| numbered17=R| mark-title17=[[Tamar, India]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|16|40|N|85|18|30|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Hatia| numbered18=R| mark-title18=[[Hatia]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|21|6|N|85|19|12|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19=Ranchi| numbered19=M| mark-title19= [[Ranchi]] (M) |label-size19=12 |label-color19=#800000<br />
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|10|12|N|85|34|48|E}} | label-pos20=top|label20=Bundu| numbered20=M| mark-title20= [[Bundu, India]] (M) |label-color20=#800000<br />
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|21|25|N|85|24|15|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Ara | numbered21=CT| mark-title21=[[Ara, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color21= #A40000<br />
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|25|50|N|85|20|40|E}} | label-pos22=top|label22= Arsande | numbered22=CT| mark-title22=[[Arsande]] (CT) |shape-color22= #A40000<br />
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|18|20|N|85|22|11|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23= Bargarwa | numbered23=CT| mark-title23=[[Bargarwa]] (CT) |shape-color23= #A40000<br />
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|39|40|N|85|0|16|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Bishrampur | numbered24=CT| mark-title24=[[Bishrampur, Jharkhand]] (CT) |shape-color24= #A40000<br />
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|41|55|N|85|1|11|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Churi | numbered25=CT| mark-title25=[[Churi]] (CT) |shape-color25= #A40000<br />
|mark-coord26={{coord|23|27|46|N|85|26|32|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Irba | numbered26=CT| mark-title26=[[Irba]] (CT) |shape-color26= #A40000<br />
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|26|8|N|85|18|20|E}} | label-pos27=bottom|label27= Kanke | numbered27=CT| mark-title27= Kanke (CT) |shape-color27=black| label-size27=13|label-color27=black &lt;!-- make the subject of the article stand out with black colors --&gt;<br />
|mark-coord28={{coord|23|38|10|N|84|59|0|E}} | label-pos28=bottom|label28= Khelari | numbered28=CT| mark-title28=[[Khelari]] (CT) |shape-color28= #A40000<br />
|mark-coord29={{coord|23|23|44|N|85|51|41|E}} | label-pos29=left|label29= Muri | numbered29=CT| mark-title29=[[Muri, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color29= #A40000<br />
|mark-coord30={{coord|23|19|50|N|85|22|36|E}} | label-pos30=right|label30= Namkum | numbered30=N| mark-title30=[[Namkum, Ranchi]] (N) |shape-color30=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord31={{coord|23|25|13|N|85|13|14|E}} | label-pos31=top|label31= Ratu | numbered31=CT| mark-title31= [[Ratu, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color31= #A40000<br />
|mark-coord32={{coord|23|42|36|N|85|3|12|E}} | label-pos32=right|label32= Ray | numbered32=CT| mark-title32=[[Ray, Jharkhand]] (CT) |shape-color32= #A40000<br />
|mark-coord33={{coord|23|22|57|N|85|25|44|E}} | label-pos33=right|label33= Tati | numbered33=CT| mark-title33=[[Tati, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color33= #A40000<br />
|mark-coord34={{coord|23|19|20|N|85|14|10|E}} | label-pos34=bottom|label34= Tundul | numbered34=CT| mark-title34=[[Tundul]] (CT) |shape-color34= #A40000<br />
|mark-coord35={{coord|23|27|4|N|85|41|36|E}} | label-pos35= bottom|label35=Hundru |labela35= Falls| numbered35=T| mark-title35= [[Hundru Falls]] (T) |shape-color35= #74C365<br />
|mark-coord36={{coord|23|20|30|N|85|36|30|E}} | label-pos36=right|label36=Jonha Falls| numbered36=T| mark-title36= [[Jonha Falls]] (T) |shape-color36= #74C365<br />
|mark-coord37={{coord|23|8|46|N|85|28|2|E}} | label-pos37=left|label37=Dassam Falls| numbered37=T| mark-title37= [[Dassam Falls]] (T) |shape-color37= #74C365<br />
|mark-coord38={{coord|23|27|34|N|85|32|40|E}}| label38= Getalsud |labela38= Dam| label-color38 = #C42222 | label-angle38=0| label-pos38=right| label-size38=11| mark-size38=12| numbered38=D|mark-title38 =[[Getalsud Dam]]| shape-color38=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord39={{coord|23|28|0|N|85|48|0|E}} |label39= Subarnarekha |labela39= River |label-color39 = #77A1CB| label-angle39= 5| label-pos39=top| label-size39=10| mark-size39=0| mark-title39 =none<br />
|mark-coord40={{coord|23|16|0|N|85|46|0|E}} |label40= Raru |labela40= River |label-color40 = #77A1CB| label-angle40= 10| label-pos40=top| label-size40=10| mark-size40=0| mark-title40 =none<br />
|mark-coord41={{coord|23|5|20|N|85|43|0|E}} |label41= Kanchi |labela41= River |label-color41 = #77A1CB| label-angle41= -25| label-pos41=top| label-size41=10| mark-size41=0| mark-title41 =none<br />
|mark-coord42={{coord|22|58|0|N|85|48|0|E}} |label42= Karkari |labela42= River |label-color42 = #77A1CB| label-angle42= 5| label-pos42=top| label-size42=10| mark-size42=0| mark-title42 =none<br />
|mark-coord43={{coord|23|29|40|N|85|37|0|E}} |label43= Bhairavi |labela43= River |label-color43 = #77A1CB| label-angle43= -10| label-pos43=top| label-size43=10| mark-size43=0| mark-title43 =none<br />
|mark-coord44={{coord|23|42|20|N|85|9|0|E}} |label44= Damodar |labela44= River |label-color44 = #77A1CB| label-angle44= 0| label-pos44=top| label-size44=10| mark-size44=0| mark-title44 =none<br />
|mark-coord45={{coord|23|24|0|N|84|55|0|E}} |label45= Koel |labela45= River |label-color45 = #77A1CB| label-angle45= 0| label-pos45=top| label-size45=10| mark-size45=0| mark-title45 =none<br />
|mark-coord46={{coord|23|38|20|N|85|1|20|E}} | label-pos46=right|label46=CCL North|labela46= Karanpura Area |numbered46=0 | mark-title46=[[North Karanpura Area]] | label-size46=12| shape-color46=#AA6666<br />
|mark-coord47={{coord|23|23|18|N|84|57|45|E}} | label-pos47=left|label47= Narkopi| numbered47=R| mark-title47=[[Narkopi]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord48={{coord|23|31|17|N|85|17|29|E}} | label-pos48=left|label48= Pithuriya| numbered48=R| mark-title48=[[Pithuriya]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord49={{coord|23|29|6|N|85|36|33|E}} | label-pos49=right|label49= Sikidiri| numbered49=R| mark-title49=[[Sikidiri]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord50={{coord|23|19|37|N|84|55|28|E}} | label-pos50=top|label50= Khukhragarh| numbered50=H| mark-title50=[[Khukhragarh]] (H)<br />
|arc-coordA={{coord|23|12|10|N|85|57|0|E}}|arc-textA= WEST BENGAL| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-95| arc-gapA=2.5| arc-radiusA=0.4}}<br />
<br />
===Location===<br />
Kanke is located at {{Coord|23.43|N|85.32|E|}}.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/38/Kanke.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Kanke]&lt;/ref&gt; It has an average elevation of 611&amp;nbsp;metres (2004&amp;nbsp;feet).<br />
<br />
===Area overview===<br />
The map alongside shows a part of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau|Ranchi plateau]], most of it at an average elevation of 2,140 feet above sea level. Only a small part in the north-eastern part of the district is the lower Ranchi plateau, spread over [[Silli block|Silli]], [[Rahe block|Rahe]], [[Sonahatu block|Sonahatu]] and [[Tamar block|Tamar]] CD blocks, at an elevation of 500 to 1,000 feet above sea level. There is a 16&amp;nbsp;km long ridge south-west of Ranchi. There are isolated hills in the central plateau. The principal river of the district, the [[Subarnarekha River|Subarnarekha]], originates near [[Ratu, Ranchi|Ratu]], flows in an easterly direction and descends from the plateau, with a drop of about 300 feet at [[Hundru Falls]]. Subarnarekha and other important rivers are marked on the map. The forested area is shaded in the map.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 10-11: Physiography, Drainage |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 19 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A major part of the [[North Karanpura Area]] and some fringe areas of the [[Piparwar Area]] of the [[Central Coalfields|Central Coalfields Limited]], both located in the [[North Karanpura Coalfield]], are in Ranchi district.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/areas/nrkpra.php | title= Central Coalfields Limited| work= Areas – North Karanpura |publisher= CCL| accessdate = 19 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/areas/pprwr.php| title= Central Coalfields Limited| work= Areas – Piparwar |publisher= CCL| accessdate = 19 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; There has been extensive industrial activity in Ranchi district, since independence.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 14: Industry |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 19 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ranchi district is the first in the state in terms of population. 8.83% of the total population of the state lives in this district - 56.9% is rural population and 43.1% is urban population.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 10-11: Physiography, Drainage |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 19 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Kanke LGA has an average temperature of 29 degrees Celsius and a total area of 926 square kilometers. In the LGA, the average humidity is 59%. The region has two different seasons: the dry season and the rainy season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kanke Local Government Area |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/709/kanke |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=www.manpower.com.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-08-22 |title=Hourly weather forecast for Kanke |url=https://www.yr.no/en/forecast/hourly-table/2-8634506/Nigeria/Plateau%20State/Kanke/Kanke?i=8 |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=Yr |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
&lt;small&gt;Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.&lt;/small&gt;<br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
One of the most prestigious Law Schools in the Country, [[National University of Study and Research in Law]] is located in Kanke. Additionally, [[Birsa Agricultural University]], Institute for Coal Management, and few other institutions are located in Kanke.<br />
<br />
==Healthcare==<br />
The Kanke Mental Asylum (one of the largest in India) and [[Central Institute of Psychiatry]] (formerly known as European Mental Hospital) was started by the British who thought that the cooler climate of Ranchi would be salubrious to mental health.<br />
<br />
==Infrastructure==<br />
According to the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Ranchi'', Kanke covered an area of 4.9&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. Among the civic amenities, it had 23&amp;nbsp;km roads with open drains, the protected water supply involved hand pump, tap water from treated source. It had 2,631 domestic electric connections, 12 road lighting points. Among the medical facilities, it had 3 hospitals, 2 dispensaries, 2 health centres, 1 family welfare centre, 10 maternity and child welfare centres, 10 maternity homes, 1 nursing home, 7 medicine shops. Among the educational facilities it had 12 primary schools, 11 middle schools, 7 secondary schools, 2 senior secondary schools, 1 general degree college. It had 1 non-formal educational centre (Sarva Siksha Abhiyan). Among the social, recreational and cultural facilities, it had 1 auditorium/ community hall. Three important commodities it produced were bakery items, furniture, leaf plates. It had the branch offices of 4 nationalised banks, 1 cooperative bank.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url =https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Ranchi, Census of India 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work= Pages 675-681| publisher = Directorate of census Operations, Jharkhand |access-date = 10 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{South Chotanagpur Division}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in Ranchi district]]</div>Saddiqa khatrihttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vetri_(cinematographer)&diff=544187Vetri (cinematographer)2025-06-09T22:14:09Z<p>Saddiqa khatri: Added initial post w/ infobox!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian cinematographer}}<br />
{{about||Tamil actor| Vetri (actor)}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{BLP sources|date=July 2023}}<br />
{{BLP one source|date=July 2023}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Vetrivel Palanisamy<br />
| image = <br />
| image_size = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = Vetrivel Palanisamy<br />
| other_names = Vetri<br />Vetri Palanisamy <br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = [[Palladam]]<br />
[[Tirupur]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India<br />
| occupation = [[Director of photography]]<br />
| alma_mater = [[Film and Television Institute of Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| parents = [[N. S. Palanisamy]] (father)<br />
| years_active = 2007-present<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Vetrivel Palanisamy''' is an Indian [[cinematographer]] who primarily works in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film industries. He is an alumnus of [[Film and Television Institute of Tamil Nadu]], [[Chennai]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Nathan |first=Archana |date=2017-07-23 |title=Ajith is an even bigger star off-screen, says ‘Vivegam’ cinematographer Vetri Palanisamy |url=https://scroll.in/reel/844632/ajith-is-an-even-bigger-star-off-screen-says-vivegam-cinematographer-vetri-palanisamy |access-date=2023-07-23 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> He is known for his work in films such as ''[[Souryam]]'', ''[[Muni 2: Kanchana]]'', ''[[Veeram (2014 film)|Veeram]],'' ''[[Vedalam]], [[Viswasam]] and [[Annaatthe]].''<br />
<br />
==Early life and career==<br />
Vetri hails from a village located in the [[Tiruppur]] district of Tamil Nadu. After completing the Diploma in film Technology in Cinematography Vetri started assisting with Cinematographer [[S. Saravanan]] in the films like ''[[Aahaa..! (1997 film)|Aahaa..!]]'', [[Auto Driver]], [[Sangamam (1999 film)|Sangamam]], [[Oruvan (1999 film)|Oruvan]], [[Vallarasu]], [[Maayi]].<br />
Vetri made his debut as a cinematographer in the film [[Agaram (film)|Agaram]] and then he got a break with the action drama film ''[[Thenavattu]]'' (2008), before working on the comedy ''[[Maasilamani]]'' (2009) and the successful horror film, ''[[Muni 2: Kanchana]]'' (2011) with [[Raghava Lawrence]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
Vetri has often collaborated with director [[Siva (director)|Siva]] and has been a part of his [[Telugu language|Telugu]] films, ''[[Souryam]]'' (2008), ''[[Sankham]]'' (2009), and ''[[Daruvu]]'' (2012), as well as his [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films with [[Ajith Kumar]]: ''[[Veeram (2014 film)|Veeram]]'' (2014), ''[[Vedalam]]'' (2015), ''[[Vivegam]]'' (2017), and ''[[Viswasam]]'' (2019).<ref>{{cite web |author=S. R. ASHOK KUMAR |title=Showbitz |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/showbitz/article2350509.ece |work=The Hindu}}</ref> The pair had earlier studied together at [[M.G.R. Government Film and Television Training Institute]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Film !! Language !! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2007 || ''[[Agaram (film)|Agaram]]''<br />
| rowspan="3" | Tamil || Debut<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Rameswaram (film)|Rameswaram]]'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2|2008 || ''[[Thenavattu]]'' ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Souryam]]'' || Telugu || Debut in [[Telugu cinema]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2| 2009 || ''[[Maasilamani]]'' || Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sankham]]'' || Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3|2011 || ''[[Venghai]]'' || Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Muni 2: Kanchana]]'' || Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vellore Maavattam]]'' || Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2012 || ''[[Daruvu]]'' || Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2013 || ''[[Ya Ya (film)|Ya Ya]]''<br />
| rowspan=2| Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2|2014 || ''[[Veeram (2014 film)|Veeram]]'' ||<ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Loukyam]]'' || Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2015 || ''[[Vedalam]]''<br />
| rowspan="2" | Tamil || rowspan="2" |<ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2017 || ''[[Vivegam]]'' <br />
|-<br />
|''[[Oxygen (2017 film)|Oxygen]]''<br />
| Telugu<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| 2019 || ''[[Viswasam]]''|| Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kanchana 3]]'' || Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Chanakya (2019 film)|Chanakya]]'' || Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2020 || ''[[Laxmii]]'' || Hindi || Debut in [[Hindi cinema]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2021 || ''[[Annaatthe]]'' || Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2023 || ''[[Ramabanam]]'' || Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2024 || ''[[Kanguva]]'' || Tamil ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajaraman |first=Kaushik |date=2023-07-22 |title=DT Next Exclusive: Kanguva is sheer happiness, says director Siva |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/kanguva-is-sheer-happiness-director-siva-725806 |access-date=2023-07-23 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb name|id=3903523}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vetri}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Artists from Chennai]]<br />
[[Category:People from Coimbatore district]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu film cinematographers]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil cinematographers]]<br />
[[Category:Cinematographers from Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:M.G.R. Government Film and Television Training Institute alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>Saddiqa khatri