Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Md. Najrul Islam

2026-05-06T18:55:09Z

Sachin Soni:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mohammed Najrul Islam
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Mothabari Assembly constituency|Mothabari]]
| predecessor = Sabina Yeasmin
| term_start = 2026
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| profession = Politician
}}
'''Mohammed Najrul Islam''' is an Indian politician and member of the [[All India Trinamool Congress]]. He was elected as a Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Mothabari Assembly constituency|Mothabari]] constituency in the [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Islam Md Najrul(All India Trinamool Congress(AITC)):Constituency- MOTHABARI(MALDA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/WestBengal2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=547 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Islam Md Najrul, MOTHABARI constituency, AITC, WestBengal Assembly Election 2026: Profile & Affidavit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/WestBengal2026/islam-md-najrul-547/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Islam, Mohammed Najrul}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2026–2031]]

{{WestBengal-politician-stub}}

Aanandi Joshi

2026-05-06T10:17:15Z

Sachin Soni:

{{Short description|Indian playback singer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Aanandi Joshi
| image = Aanandi Joshi (cropped) 2.jpg
| caption = Joshi in 2018
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Playback singer
| years_active = 2006–present
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Jasraj Jayant Joshi]]|2023}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=गायिका आनंदी जोशी- जसराज अडकले विवाहबंधनात, कोर्ट मॅरेज करून दिली Good News |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/marathi-singer-jasraj-joshi-and-anandi-joshi-gets-married/articleshow/102669358.cms |access-date= |website=Maharashtra Times}}</ref>
| signature =
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| genre = [[Indian classical music|classical]], pop, [[filmi]]
| instrument = Vocals
| label =
| website =
}}
}}

'''Aanandi Joshi''' is an Indian [[playback singer]] who predominantly sings for [[Marathi language|Marathi]] films. She has received several awards, including a [[Filmfare Awards Marathi|Filmfare Award Marathi]], two [[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar]] and a [[Maharashtra State Film Awards|Maharashtra State Film Award]] for the best female playback singer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2024 |title=मराठी चित्रपट पुरस्कार सोहळ्यात शिवाजी साटम, आशा पारेख यांचा सन्मान; वाचा विजेत्यांची यादी |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/59th-maharashtra-state-film-awards-shivaji-satam-asha-parekh-honoured-by-government-check-winners-list-hrc-97-4551539/ |access-date= |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>

==Career ==
Her career gained momentum after her participation in [[Zee Marathi]]’s music reality show ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Marathi]]'', where her singing talent was noticed by a wider audience. This exposure allowed her to pursue opportunities in playback singing, live performances, and music albums.<ref name="reverbnation">{{Cite web |last=Ltd |first=BandLab Singapore Pte |title=Aanandi Joshi |url=https://www.reverbnation.com/page_object/page_object_bio/artist_1504800 |access-date= |website=ReverbNation |language=en}}</ref>

She has worked with several composers and singers, contributing to Marathi films, television shows, and theatrical productions. Some of her collaborations include notable music directors such as [[A. R. Rahman]], [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Ashok Patki]], [[Amitraj]], [[Taufiq Qureshi]], [[Avadhoot Gupte]], [[Nilesh Moharir]] and [[Kaushal Inamdar]]. In 2011, she released her debut solo album ''Aanandi'', which was composed by Mithilesh Patankar, a music arranger and composer.<ref>{{Cite news |title=You were fun, enlightening and honest; pens Anandi Joshi for Mrunmayee Deshpande |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/you-were-fun-enlightening-and-honest-pens-anandi-joshi-for-mrunmayee-deshpande/articleshow/100626996.cms |access-date=11 December 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Joshi has also performed at various cultural and music festivals, including the [[Maharashtra State Film Awards|Maharashtra State Film Awards 2012]], Pulotsav in [[Pune]], and the [[Mumbai Film Festival|Mumbai Festival]]. These events have showcased her ability to perform in diverse musical settings, ranging from traditional to contemporary compositions.<ref name="reverbnation"/>

Her journey in music began during her college years, where she participated in intercollegiate and inter-university competitions, earning recognition for her performances. She won multiple awards at youth festivals and music competitions, representing [[Ramnarain Ruia College]] and the [[University of Mumbai]].<ref name="reverbnation"/>

== Discography ==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
!No.
!Year
!Film
!Song
!Co-singer
!Composer
!Ref.
|-
|1
|2006
|''[[Anandache Jhaad]]''
|"Butkyanchya Deshat"
|
|[[Ashok Patki]]
|
|-
|2
| rowspan="3" |2010
| rowspan="3" |''Ved Laavi Jeeva''
|"Mi Tula"
|
| rowspan="5" |[[Bapi–Tutul]]
|
|-
|3
|"Dhinchyak Dhinchyak Kara"
|
|
|-
|4
|"Por Parkari"
|
|
|-
|5
| rowspan="3" |2011
| rowspan="2" |''Dubhang''
|"Tu Aanik Mi"
|
|
|-
|6
|"He Divas Sukhache"
|
|
|-
|7
|''[[Raja Shivchhatrapati (TV series)|Raja Shivchhatrapati]]''
|"Zulva Palana"
|
|[[Ashok Patki]]
|
|-
|8
| rowspan="2" |2012
| rowspan="2" |''[[Ajintha (film)|Ajintha]]''
|"Chaitacha Rang Sang"
|[[Priyanka Barve]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kaushal Inamdar]]
|
|-
|9
|"Jari Maza Tuza"
|
|
|-
|10
| rowspan="4" |2013
|''[[Duniyadari]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deva Tujhya Gabharyala / देवा तुझ्या गाभाऱ्याला उंबराच नाही - Marathi Songs's Lyrics |url=https://geetmanjusha.com/lyrics/9252-deva-tujhya-gabharyala-%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE |access-date= |website=geetmanjusha |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|"Deva Tujhya Gabharyala"
|[[Adarsh Shinde]] Kirti Killedar
|[[Amitraj]]
|
|-
|11
|''[[Narbachi Wadi]]''
|"Shabay Shabay"
|[[Adarsh Shinde]]
|Mangesh Dhakde
|
|-
|12
|''[[Asa Mee Ashi Tee]]''
|"Jind Merie"
|
|[[Amitraj]]
|
|-
|13
|''Mee Ani U''
|"Jallosh Talacha"
|
|[[Avinash–Vishwajeet]]
|
|-
|14
| rowspan="11" |2014
|''[[Sangharsh (2014 film)|Sangharsh]]''
|"Aik Jara"
|
| rowspan="3" |[[Bapi–Tutul]]
|
|-
|15
|''Misal Pav''
|
|
|
|-
|16
|"Zale Ase Kase"
|
|
|
|-
|17
|''[[Priyatama (2014 film)|Priyatama]]''
|"Tujhya Roopacha Chandana"
|Prasanjeet Kosambi
|Chaitanya Adkar
|
|-
|18
|''Cappuccino''
|"Barsun Yeh"
|
|Sahil Kulkarni
|
|-
|19
| rowspan="3" |''[[Ishq Wala Love]]''
|"Tu Disata"
|[[Swapnil Bandodkar]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Avinash–Vishwajeet]]
|
|-
|20
|"Tu Nasata"
|Solo
|
|-
|21
|"Bhui Bhijali"
|
|
|-
|22
|''[[Pyaar Vali Love Story]]''
|"Bawari"
|Jaideep Bagwadkar & Sandeep Patil
| rowspan="2" |[[Amitraj]]
|
|-
|23
|''[[Candle March (film)|Candle March]]''
|"Sahar Sahar"
|
|
|-
|24
|''Zari''
|"Hirwya Gara"
|
|Pravin Kunvar
|
|-
|25
| rowspan="10" |2015
|''[[Double Seat]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desai |first=Nandini |date=1 August 2015 |title=Kiti Saangaychay Mala: New song from Double Seat. |url=https://marathistars.com/videos/kiti-saangaychay-mala-marathi-song-double-seat/ |access-date= |website=MarathiStars |language=en-US}}</ref>
|"Kiti Sangaychay Mala"
|[[Jasraj Jayant Joshi]]
|[[Jasraj Jayant Joshi|Jasraj-Saurabh-Rishikesh]]
|
|-
|26
|''Wanted Bayko No. 1''
|"Tujhe Khatyaal Dole"
|
|Pravin Kunvar
|
|-
|27
|''Varhadi Vajantri''
|"Jeev Maza Jaltoy Ha"
|
|Avi Lohar
|
|-
|28
|''[[Online Binline]]''
|"Haralo Viralo"
|[[Hrishikesh Ranade]]
|[[Nilesh Moharir]]
|
|-
|29
|''[[A Paying Ghost]]''
|"Raat Bhar"
|
|[[Narendra Bhide]]
|
|-
|30
|''[[Shortcut (2015 film)|Shortcut]]''
|"Tuch Tu"
|
|[[Prem Anand]]
|
|-
|31
|''[[Dagadi Chawl]]''
|"Dhaga Dhaga"
|
|[[Amitraj]]
|
|-
|32
|''[[Katyar Kaljat Ghusali (film)|Katyar Kaljat Ghusali]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Katyar Kaljat Ghusli (Music review), Marathi – Shankar Ehsaan Loy & Pandit Jitendra Abhisheki by Milliblog! |url=https://milliblog.com/2015/11/03/katyar-kaljat-ghusli-music-review-marathi-shankar-ehsaan-loy-pandit-jitendra-abhisheki/ |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202020231/https://milliblog.com/2015/11/03/katyar-kaljat-ghusli-music-review-marathi-shankar-ehsaan-loy-pandit-jitendra-abhisheki/ |archive-date=2 February 2017 }}</ref>
|"Sur Niragas Ho"
|
|[[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
|
|-
|33
|''[[Urfi (film)|Urfi]]''
|"Yaar Bas Tu"
|
|Chinar-Mahesh
|
|-
|34
|''[[Mumbai-Pune-Mumbai 2]]''
|"Band Baja"
|
|[[Avinash–Vishwajeet]]
|
|-
|35
| rowspan="7" |2016
|''[[One Way Ticket (2016 film)|One Way Ticket]]''
|"Reshami Reshami"
|
|[[Gaurav Dagaonkar]]
|
|-
|36
|''[[Vrundavan]]''
|"Aaj Premachi"
|
|[[Amitraj]]
|
|-
|37
|''[[Cheater (film)|Cheater]]''
|"Man Majhe"
|[[Sonu Nigam]]
|Abhijeet Narvekar
|
|-
|38
|''[[Family Katta]]''
|"Ek Sohala Nirala"
|
|Mangesh Dhakde
|
|-
|39
|''[[Kanha (film)|Kanha]]''
|"Mitraa"
|[[Adarsh Shinde]] [[Rohit Raut]]
|[[Avadhoot Gupte]]
|
|-
|40
|''[[Pindadaan]]''
|"He Mann Jhale Tujhe"
|
|Sagar Dhote
|
|-
|41
|''1234''
|"Bolna"
|
|[[Amitraj]]
|
|-
|42
| rowspan="8" |2017
|''[[Hrudayantar]]''
|"Vate Vari"
|
|Praful Karlekar
|
|-
|43
|''Happy Birthday''
|"Tu Yetana Samori"
|
|Vikrant Warde
|
|-
|44
| rowspan="2" |''Bhetali Tu Punha''
|"Jaanu Jaanu"
|
| rowspan="2" |Chinar-Mahesh
|
|-
|45
|"Harvu Jara"
|
|
|-
|46
|''[[Mala Kahich Problem Nahi]]''
|"Tuzya Sathi"
|
|[[Jasraj Jayant Joshi|Jasraj-Saurabh-Rishikesh]]
|
|-
|47
|''[[Anaan]]''
|"Gandhi Sugandhi"
|
| rowspan="2" |[[Saurabh-Durgesh]]
|
|-
|48
|''Maza Algaar''
|"Thamb Na"
|
|
|-
|49
|''[[Muramba]]''
|"Aga Aik Na"
|
|Shailendra Barve
|
|-
|50
| rowspan="8" |2018
|''Atrocity''
|"Aala Bai Tarunya"
|
|[[Raamlaxman]]
|
|-
|51
|''[[Truckbhar Swapna]]''
|"Luklukle Swapna"
|
|Shreyashh
|
|-
|52
|''[[Ranangan]]''
|"Sakhya Re"
|
|[[Amar Mohile]]
|
|-
|53
|''Hrudayat Vaje Something''
|"Tuzi Odh Lagali"
|Aniruddha Kale
|
|
|-
|54
|''Bedhadak''
|"Bedhadak"
|
|Pravin Bandkar
|
|-
|55
|''Yuntum''
|"Gara Gara"
|
|Chinar-Mahesh
|
|-
|56
|''[[Mumbai Pune Mumbai 3]]''<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 November 2018 |title='Mumbai-Pune-Mumbai 3' new song: 'Kuni Yenar Ga' is a perfect baby shower song for all to-be mothers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/mumbai-pune-mumbai-3-new-song-kuni-yenar-ga-is-a-perfect-baby-shower-song-for-all-to-be-mothers/articleshow/66603674.cms |access-date=11 December 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|"Kuni Yenar Ga"
|
|[[Nilesh Moharir]]
|
|-
|57
|''[[Naal (film)|Naal]]''
|"He Daryavata"
|
|[[AV Prafullachandra]]
|
|-
|58
| rowspan="7" |2019
|''College Diary''
|"Palke"
|
|Niranjan Pedgaonkar
|
|-
|59
|''Berij Vajabaki''
|"Kshan Ha Virala"
|
|Abhijeet Narvekar
|
|-
|60
|''Judgement''
|"Tujhya Sobatila"
|
|Naval Shastri
|
|-
|61
| rowspan="2" |''Thapadya''
|"Najuk Kaya Attar Faya"
|
| rowspan="2" |Pankaj Padghan
|
|-
|62
|"Avari Bhavati Chawat"
|
|
|-
|63
|''[[Miss U Mister]]''<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 June 2019 |title=Music review: Miss U Mister |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/music/music-review-miss-u-mister/articleshow/70001034.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|"Tuzi Aathavan"
|
|Aalap Desai
|
|-
|64
|''[[Malaal (film)|Malaal]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kulkarni |first=Shubham |date=19 June 2019 |title=Malaal song Zara Suno: The romantic number beautifully captures the budding romance between Meezaan Jaffery and Sharmin Segal |url=https://cineblitz.in/news-gossip/malaal-song-zara-suno-the-romantic-number-beautifully-captures-the-budding-romance-between-meezaan-jaffery-and-sharmin-segal/ |access-date= |website=CineBlitz |language=en-US}}</ref>
|"Zara Suno"
|
|[[Shail Hada]]
|
|-
|65
| rowspan="4" |2020
|''Online Guru''
|"Online Guru"
|
|[[Rohan-Rohan]]
|
|-
|66
|''[[Bamfaad]]''
|"Munasib"
|
|[[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]
|
|-
|67
|''[[Anandi Gopal]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Songs from Anandi Gopal (2019) |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/anandi-gopal-36610/songs |access-date=11 December 2024 |website=www.cinestaan.com |language=en-us}}</ref>
|"Anand Ghana"
|
|[[Jasraj Jayant Joshi|Jasraj-Saurabh-Rishikesh]]
|
|-
|68
|''[[Dhurala]]''
|"Kaakan Kinkin"
|
|[[AV Prafullachandra]]
|
|-
|69
| rowspan="2" |2021
|''[[Meenakshi Sundareshwar]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=28 October 2021 |title='Mann Kesar Kesar' from Meenakshi Sundareshwar is the perfect song to celebrate love this season; Sanya Malhotra's impromptu dance adds to the magic : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website= [[Bollywood Hungama]]|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/mann-kesar-kesar-meenakshi-sundareshwar-perfect-song-celebrate-love-season-sanya-malhotras-impromptu-dance-adds-magic/ |access-date= |language=en}}</ref>
|"Mann Kesar Kesar"
|
|[[Justin Prabhakaran]]
|
|-
|70
|''Hashtag Prem''
|"Thoda Thoda"
|
|Pravin Kuwar
|
|-
|71
| rowspan="12" |2022
|''[[Tamasha Live]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zore |first=Suyog |title=Tamasha Live song 'Rang Lagala': Sonalee Kulkarni grooves to garba beats |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2022/jun/21/34907/tamasha-live-song-rang-lagala-sonalee-kulkarni-grooves-to-garba-beats/amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM=#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17339389407609&referrer=https://www.google.com&ampshare=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2022/jun/21/34907/tamasha-live-song-rang-lagala-sonalee-kulkarni-grooves-to-garba-beats |access-date= |website=www.cinestaan.com}}</ref>
|"Rang Lagala"
|[[Amitraj]]
|[[Amitraj]]
|
|-
|72
|''[[The Legend (2022 film)|The Legend]]''
|"Hui Meri Raahein"
| rowspan="3" |Solo
|[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|
|-
|73
|''[[The Ghost (2022 film)|The Ghost]]''
|"Jahan Jhukti Hain Baadal"
|Bharatt Saurabh
|
|-
|74
|''[[Tadka (film)|Tadka]]''
|"Ajnabiji"
|[[Anup Rubens]]
|
|-
|75
|''[[Panghrun]]''
|"Satrangi Jhala Re"
|[[Pawandeep Rajan]]
|[[Pawandeep Rajan]]
|
|-
|76
|''Bhirkit''
|"Line De Mala"
|[[Nakash Aziz]]
|Shail-Pritesh
|
|-
|77
| rowspan="3" |''[[Sita Ramam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=8 September 2022 |title=Meet Vishal, the man behind Sita Ramam's soulful music |url=https://telanganatoday.com/from-a-six-year-old-boy-who-spent-hours-on-keyboard-playing-bhajans-to-composing-the-soul-stirring-music-of-sita-ramam-vishal-chandrasekhar |access-date= |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref>
|"Aise Dhale Raat Re"
|[[Shivam Pathak]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Vishal Chandrashekhar]]
|
|-
|78
|"Aaja Sajna"
|Solo
|
|-
|79
|"Khwaab Tere"
|[[Neha Shitole]]
|
|-
|80
|''We2''
|"We 2"
|Solo
|Manmaan Mishra
|
|-
|81
|''Respect''
|"Dehatlya Doha Madhe"
|Rupali Moghe
|Praful Swapnil
|
|-
|82
|''[[Sunny (2022 film)|Sunny]]''
|"Maza Sobati"
|[[Siddharth Mahadevan]]
|Souumil-Siddharth
|
|-
|83
| rowspan="13" |2023
|''[[TDM (film)|TDM]]''
|"Man Majha Malhari"
|Vaibhav Shirole
|Vaibhav Shirole
|
|-
|84
| rowspan="2" |''[[Ravrambha]]''
|"Ek Raav, Ek Rambha"
|[[Adarsh Shinde]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Amitraj]]
|
|-
|85
|"Majhya Davnila"
|Solo
|
|-
|86
|''[[Autograph (2023 film)|Autograph]]''
|"Ogha Oghani"
|[[Jasraj Jayant Joshi]]
|[[Jasraj Jayant Joshi|Jasraj-Saurabh-Rishikesh]]
|
|-
|87
|''Tuza Durava''
|"Sparsh Zhala"
|Solo
|Shridhar Atrayya
|
|-
|88
|''[[Jogira Sara Ra Ra]]''
|"Babua"
|Suvarna Tiwari
|[[Hitesh Modak]]
|
|-
|89
|''[[Sari (film)|Sari]]''
|"Sammohini"
|Solo
|[[Amitraj]]
|
|-
|90
| rowspan="2" |''[[Phulrani]]''
|"Tuzya Sobatiche"
|[[Swapnil Bandodkar]]
|[[Nilesh Moharir]]
|
|-
|91
|"Beautiful Rani"
|[[Avadhoot Gupte]]
|Varun Likhate
|
|-
|92
|''Rangiley Funter''
|"Man Zhale Baware"
| rowspan="3" |Solo
|Raja Ali
|
|-
|93
|''Do Gubbare''
|"Woh Adhure Khwaab"
|Saurabh Bhalerao
|
|-
|94
|''[[Gadkari (film)|Gadkari]]''
|"Tujhyat Pahile Me"
|Radhika Basuri
|
|-
|95
|''[[Jhimma 2]]''
|"Butti Maar"
|[[Amitraj]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Amitraj]]
|
|-
|96
| rowspan="4" |2024
|''[[Sridevi Prasanna]]''
|"Asech Asel Ka"
|Harshvardhan Wavare
|
|-
|97
|''[[Bai Ga]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bai Ga {{!}} Song - Chand Thambla {{!}} Marathi Video Songs - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/marathi/bai-ga-song-chand-thambla/videoshow/111058479.cms |access-date=11 December 2024 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|"Chand Thambla"
|[[Abhay Jodhpurkar]]
|Varun Likhate
|
|-
|98
|''Ek Daav Bhootacha''
|"Vajnaar Ga, Gajnaar Ga"
|[[Avadhoot Gupte]]
|Gaurav Chati
|
|-
|99
|''[[Paani (film)|Paani]]''
|"Nachnaara"
|[[Adarsh Shinde]]
|Gulraj Singh
|
|-
|100
| rowspan="7" |2025
|''[[Fussclass Dabhade]]''
|"Dis Sarale"
|Harshvardhan Wavare
|[[Amitraj]]
|
|-
|101
|[[GauriShankar (film)|''GauriShankar'']]
|"Sukh Aale"
|[[Kunal Ganjawala]]
|Prashant-Nishant
|
|-
|102
|''[[Ata Thambaycha Naay!]]''
|"Ata Thambaycha Naay! Title Track"
|[[Ajay Gogavale]]
|Gulraj Singh
|
|-
|103
|''[[Shastra (2025 film)|Shastra]]''
|"Social Media"
|Siddharth Bhavsar, [[Mehul Surti]]
|[[Mehul Surti]]
|
|-
|104
|''[[Gulkand (film)|Gulkand]]''
|"Chanchal"
|[[Rohit Raut]]
|[[Avinash–Vishwajeet]]
|
|-
|105
|''[[Chhaava]]''
|Backing vocals
| [[Sumedha Karmahe]], Aasa Singh, Sudeep Jaipurwale, Sana Aziz, [[Nakul Abhyankar]], Sarthak Kalyani
|[[A.R. Rahman]]
|
|-
|106
|''[[Parinati (2025 film)|Parinati]]''
|"Swapna"
|Solo
|Praful Swapnil
|
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Composer
!Co-artist
!Ref.
|-
|2007
|''Lajjatdar''
| rowspan="2" |[[Ashok Patki]]
| rowspan="2" |Solo
|
|-
|2012
|''Great Gruhini''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013
|''[[Tuza Maza Jamena]]''
|Sameer Saptiskar
|Aarti Shenoi, [[Mahesh Manjrekar]], Sameer Saptiskar
|
|-
|''[[Durva (TV series)|Durva]]''
|Nihar Shembekar
|[[Rohit Raut]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014
|''Lagori - Maitri Returns''
|[[Nilesh Moharir]]
|Solo
|
|-
|''[[Jawai Vikat Ghene Aahe]]''
|Shashank Powar
|[[Vaishali Samant]]
|
|-
|2016
|''[[Tujhyat Jeev Rangala]]''
|[[AV Prafullachandra]]
|Solo
|
|-
|2018
|''Aamhi Doghi''
|[[Nilesh Moharir]]
|[[Neha Rajpal]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|''Sindhu''<ref>{{Cite news |title=Anandi Joshi croons for the title track of Sindhu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/anandi-joshi-croons-for-the-title-track-of-sindhu/articleshow/70586399.cms |access-date=11 December 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|Shashank Powar
| rowspan="2" |Solo
|
|-
|''[[Rang Majha Vegla]]''
|[[Nilesh Moharir]]
|
|-
|2021
|''[[1962: The War in the Hills]]''
|[[Hitesh Modak]]
|[[Sukhwinder Singh]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2024
|''Bhumikanya''
|Kunal-Karan
|Solo
|
|-
|''Tu Bhetshi Navyane''
|Shailendra Barve
|[[Abhay Jodhpurkar]]
|
|-
|''Lagnanantar Hoilach Prem''
|[[Avinash–Vishwajeet]]
|Solo
|
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Work
!Result
|-
|2015
|[[Maharashtracha Favourite Kon?]]
|[[MFK Award for Favourite Female Playback Singer|Favourite Female Singer]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Double Seat]]''
|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |2016
| rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Awards Marathi]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Marathi|Best Playback Singer - Female]]
|{{Won}}<ref name="filmfare">{{Cite web |title=Filmfare Awards Marathi winners |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-karrm-filmfare-awards-marathi-17002.html |website=Filmfare}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Dagadi Chawl]]''
|{{Nom}}<ref name="filmfare"/>
|-
|[[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar]]
|[[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar for Best Playback Singer – Female|Best Playback Singer - Female]]
|''[[Double Seat]]''
|{{Won}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebrating Marathi Cinema's Global Reach at Zee Chitra Gaurav 2016 - ZEE Entertainment Corporate Website |url=https://www.zee.com/in-the-news/celebrating-marathi-cinemas-global-reach-at-zee-chitra-gaurav-2016/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203120856/https://www.zee.com/in-the-news/celebrating-marathi-cinemas-global-reach-at-zee-chitra-gaurav-2016/ |archive-date=3 February 2024 |access-date= |website=www.zee.com |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2017
|[[Filmfare Awards Marathi]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Marathi|Best Playback Singer - Female]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Hrudayantar]]''
|{{Nom}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2018 |title=Filmfare Awards Marathi 2018 winners list: Sonali Kulkarni wins Best Actress, Mithila Palkar bags Best Debut Female |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/filmfare-awards-marathi-winners-list-5379126/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar]]
|[[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar for Best Playback Singer – Female|Best Playback Singer - Female]]
|{{Nom}}<ref>{{Cite web |last1= Sontakke|first1= Siddhi|date=11 March 2018 |title=Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar 2018 Winners - |url=https://starmarathi.in/zee-chitra-gaurav-puraskar-2018-winners/ |access-date= |website=STAR Marathi |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[[Maharashtracha Favourite Kon?]]
|[[MFK Award for Favourite Female Playback Singer|Favourite Female Singer]]
|''[[Muramba]]''
|{{Nom}}
|-
|2020
|[[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar]]
|[[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar for Best Playback Singer – Female|Best Playback Singer - Female]]
|''[[Anandi Gopal]]''
|{{Won}}
|-
|2021
|[[Filmfare Awards Marathi]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Marathi|Best Playback Singer - Female]]
|''[[Tamasha Live]]''
|{{Nom}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 March 2023 |title=7th Planet Filmfare Marathi Awards 2022: Complete winners' list |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/7th-planet-filmfare-marathi-awards-2022-complete-winners-list/articleshow/99110903.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|Rowspan="2"|[[Maharashtra State Film Awards]]
|Rowspan="2"|[[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|''[[Anandi Gopal]]''
|{{Nom}}
|-
|2021
|''Kali Maati''
|{{Nom}}
|-
|2022
|Mirchi Music Awards Marathi
|Female Vocalist of the Year
|''[[Dhurala]]''
|{{Won}}
|-
|2023
|[[Fakt Marathi Cine Sanman]]
|[[Fakt Marathi Cine Sanman for Best Playback Singer Female|Best Playback Singer - Female]]
|''[[Tamasha Live]]''
|{{Won}}<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-09-05 |title=कलाकारांच्या सन्मानासाठी रंगणार 'फक्त मराठी सिने सन्मान' सोहळा |url=https://saamtv.esakal.com/entertainment/fakt-marathi-awards-show-will-take-place-on-15th-september-sh04 |access-date= |website=Marathi News Saam TV |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|[[Sakal|Sakal Premier Awards]]
|Best Female Playback Singer
|''[[Autograph (2023 film)|Autograph]]''
|{{Won}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=वृत्तसेवा |first=सकाळ |date=12 July 2024 |title=Sakal Premier Awards 2024 : 'सकाळ प्रीमियर' पुरस्कार सोहळ्याचे रविवारी प्रसारण;'सन मराठी' वाहिनीवर पाहता येणार रंगारंग सोहळा |url=https://www.esakal.com/maharashtra/sakal-premier-awards-2024-the-award-ceremony-will-be-telecast-on-sunday-ceremony-can-be-seen-on-sun-marathi-channel-adi01 |access-date= |website=Marathi News Esakal |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|[[Maharashtra State Film Awards]]
|[[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|''Rangiley Funter''
|{{Won}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Navarashtra |date=22 August 2024 |title=५९ वा महाराष्ट्र राज्य मराठी चित्रपट पुरस्कार सोहळा संपन्न; वाचा विजेत्यांची संपूर्ण यादी! |url=https://www.navarashtra.com/movies/bollywood/list-of-59th-maharashtra-state-marathi-film-awards-winners-605956.html |access-date= |website=Navarashtra |language=mr}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|12856542}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joshi, Aanandi}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Singers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Marathi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Maharashtra]]

S. N. Subbareddy

2026-04-29T13:46:57Z

Sachin Soni: made the data w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1966)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''S. N. Subba Reddy''' (born 7 May 1966) is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. He is a three time member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from [[Bagepalli Assembly constituency]] in [[Chikkaballapura district]]. He represented [[Indian National Congress]] and won the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=S N Subbareddy (Chinnakayalapalli) in Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/s-n-subbareddy-chinnakayalapalli-bagepalli-candidate-s10a140c003/ |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Election: Bagepalli Assembly constituency result 2023 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/karnataka/acno140-acno140.html |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-13 |title=Bagepalli Constituency Election Results: Assembly seat details, MLAs, candidates & more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/bagepalli-assembly-constituency-election-results-assembly-seat-details-mlas-candidates/articleshow/99454623.cms |access-date=2024-07-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

He was appointed chairman for Karnataka Stat Seeds Corporation on 26 January 2024.<ref name="Karnataka: 34 MLAs made chiefs of boards, Shanti Nagar MLA gets BDA">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=27 January 2024 |title=Karnataka: 34 MLAs made chiefs of boards, Shanti Nagar MLA gets BDA |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Jan/27/karnataka-34-mlas-made-chiefs-of-boards-shanti-nagar-mla-gets-bda |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120155042/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Jan/27/karnataka-34-mlas-made-chiefs-of-boards-shanti-nagar-mla-gets-bda |archive-date=20 January 2025 |access-date=20 January 2025 |publisher=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Reddy is from [[Bagepalli]], [[Chikkaballapura district]]. His father is Nanjunda Reddy. He completed his SSLC in 1983 from Government High School, Gulur, [[Bagepalli]] Taluk and later did his teacher training certificate in 1986, TCH from Venkatesh TCH Training College, [[Marathahalli]], Bangalore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=S.n. Subba Reddy(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- BAGEPALLI(CHIKKABALLAPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/karnataka2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=6376 |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Reddy won from [[Bagepalli Assembly constituency]] representing [[Indian National Congress]] in the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 82,128 votes and defeated his nearest rival, C. Muniraju of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 19,179 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Bagepalli Election Result 2023 Live: Inc Candidate S.n. Subbareddy (chinnakayalapalli) Wins From Bagepalli |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/chikkaballapur-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-name-bjp-congress-jds-karnataka-assembly-election-result-1601859 |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-12 |title=Bagepalli Election Results LIVE: Congress SN Subba Reddy leads in early trends - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/bagepalli-election-results-live-will-sn-subba-reddy-retain-his-seat-16641771.htm |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

The Karnataka High Court on 16 February 2026 declared the election of S. N. Subbareddy in 2023 from the Bagepalli constituency invalid and void. According to the petition filed by BJP candidate C Muniraju, congress candidate Subbareddy filed incorrect nomination papers and concealed details regarding his assets and liabilities during the filing process.<ref name="Karnataka HC sets aside Subbareddy’s election as Bagepalli MLA">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Karnataka HC sets aside Subbareddy’s election as Bagepalli MLA |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2026/Feb/17/karnataka-hc-sets-aside-subbareddys-election-as-bagepalli-mla |access-date=17 February 2026 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=17 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260217053511/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2026/Feb/17/karnataka-hc-sets-aside-subbareddys-election-as-bagepalli-mla |archive-date=17 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Subba Reddy, S. N. }}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Chikkaballapura district]]

Haoramhal

2026-04-28T22:33:47Z

Sachin Soni: New New Article

{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}

'''Haoramhal''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯥꯎꯔꯝꯍꯜ}}), also known as '''Haoramhan''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯍꯥꯎꯔꯝꯍꯟ}}), was a prince of the [[Khuman dynasty]] of the [[Khuman kingdom|Khuman Kingdom]], and was the eldest son of King [[Yoithongai|Yoithong-ngai]] and Queen Nganurol Kaireima. He is remembered for the [[Khuman royal necklace incident|royal family conflict involving a sacred necklace]]. He is mentioned in the [[Khuman Kangleirol]] text and other works in [[ancient Meitei literature]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466994/page/%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AD/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Kangleirol|last=Khelchandra Singh|first=Ningthoukhongjam|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1980|location=India|language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466468/page/10/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Ningthouron Lambuba|last=Kullachandra Sharma|first=B|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|location=India|language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465221/page/n9/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron|last=Ibobi|first=Laikhuram|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|location=India|language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465404/page/n9/mode/thumb|title=Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba|last=Kullachandra|first=B.|date=1989-03-15|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|location=India|language=mni}}</ref>

== Family ==

Haoramhal was the eldest son of King Yoithong-ngai and Queen Nganurol Kaireima. He had two younger brothers, [[Haoramyaima]], the middle son, and [[Haoramton]] (also called Haoramtol), the youngest son.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" />

The royal nomenclature of their names show birth order in the [[classical Meitei language]] ([[Khuman dialect]]) as "-hal / -han" means the eldest, "-yaima" means the middle, "-ton / -tol" means the youngest.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" />

== Necklace inheritance tradition ==

King Yoithong-ngai once had an heirloom necklace which was given to his queen and later given to the three sons to be shared.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" />
They decided that the necklace would be used by each son in rotation, changing from one son to another each day.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" />

== Visit to the Luwang Kingdom ==

One day, [[Luwang Ningthou Punshiba]], the contemporary king of the [[Luwang dynasty]], invited the Khuman royal family for a royal feast on the occasion of the inauguration of his new palace. Haoramhal and his brother Haoramyaima wanted to attend the banquet, wearing their best clothing.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" />
That day was the turn of Haoramton to use the heirloom necklace. Haoramton was away from home at the time. Haoramhal asked his mother for permission to wear the necklace for the event. Initially, she refused, saying it was Haoramton's day. Haoramhal then offered to give his own future turn day to Haoramton in exchange for wearing it for that particular day. Mother agreed.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" />
Haoramhal wore the necklace and went to the Luwang Kingdom.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" />

== Attack by Haoramton ==

After learning that the necklace had been taken by Hapramhal, Haoramton became angry. He waited for his brothers on their return journey, hiding among trees and carrying the imperial sword.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" />
When Haoramhal and Haoramyaima returned, Haoramton launched a surprise attack. He severely wounded Haoramhal, immediately killing him on the spot, and forcibly took back the necklace.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" />

=== Effects of sibling rivalry ===

The attack deeply affected the Khuman royal family. Witnessing the violence, Haoramhal's middle younger brother, Haoramyaima, feared for his own life and fled from the Khuman kingdom to the [[Moirang kingdom]], where he later took refuge.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba" />

== See also ==
* [[Khuman Apokpa]]
* [[Khumanlol]]
* [[List of Khuman and Luwang common ancestral monarchs]]
* [[List of Khuman kings]]
* [[List of Khuman queens]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Notelist}}

== Bibliography ==
* Hodson, Thomas Callan. The Meitheis. India: D. Nutt, 1908.
* {{Cite book|title=Khamba Thoibi Ahanba Saruk|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.467162|date=1963-02-25|first=Kabrambam|last=Gouramani|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|location=India|language=mni|others=Manipur University Library, Imphal; North Eastern States Libraries}}
* {{Cite book|title=Moirang Shaion|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465120|first=Sarangthem|last=Bormani|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=2003|location=India|language=mni|others=Manipur University Library, Imphal; North Eastern States Libraries}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:8th-century deaths]]
[[Category:People from the Khuman kingdom]]
[[Category:Victims of fratricide]]
[[Category:Deaths by decapitation]]
[[Category:Medieval murder victims]]
[[Category:Assassinated royalty]]
[[Category:Crown princes]]

Vinay Mohan Kwatra

2026-04-26T11:00:13Z

Sachin Soni: created initial info added tags!

{{Short description|Indian diplomat (born 1962)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vinay Mohan Kwatra
| image = Ambassador Vinay Mohan Kwatra Indian Foreign Service.png
| honorific_prefix = [[His Excellency]]
| honorific_suffix = [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]]
| alt =
| caption = Kwatra in August 2024
| office = 29th [[List of ambassadors of India to the United States|Ambassador of India to the United States]]
| term_start = 12 August 2024<ref>{{cite web |title=Ambassador Vinay Kwatra |url=https://indianembassyusa.gov.in/VinayKwatra |publisher=Embassy of India, Washington DC |access-date=2025-10-25}}</ref>
| president = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Taranjit Singh Sandhu]]
| successor =
| office1 = 34th [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Foreign Secretary of India]]
| term_start1 = 1 May 2022
| prime_minister1 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| minister1 = [[S. Jaishankar]]
| term_end1 = 14 July 2024
| predecessor1 = [[Harsh Vardhan Shringla]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Haidar |first1=Suhasini |title=Former PMO official Vinay Kwatra to be next Foreign Secretary |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/vinay-mohan-kwatra-appointed-indias-new-foreign-secretary-government/article65289783.ece |access-date=4 May 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=4 April 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
| successor1 = [[Vikram Misri]]
| office2 = 25th [[Embassy of India, Kathmandu|Ambassador of India to Nepal]]
| term_start2 = March 2020
| term_end2 = April 2022
| predecessor2 = [[Manjeev Singh Puri]]
| successor2 = Naveen Srivastava
| office3 = 24th [[List of ambassadors of India to France|Ambassador of India to France]]
| term_start3 = July 2017
| term_end3 = February 2020
| predecessor3 = Dr. Mohan Kumar
| successor3 = [[Jawed Ashraf]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1962|12|15|df=yes}}
| birth_place = India
| party =
| other_party = 
| height = 
| spouse = Pooja Kwatra
| partner = 
| relations =
| children = 2 sons
| parents =
| mother =
| father =
| relatives =
| education = [[M.Sc]]
| occupation = [[Indian Foreign Service]]
| profession = [[Diplomat]]
| known_for =
| salary =
| net_worth = 
| portfolio =
| awards = 
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website = 
| module =
| footnotes =
| alma_mater =
*[[G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology]]
*[[Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies]]
| blank1 = Rank
| data1 = [[Secretary to the Government of India|Secretary]]
}}
'''Vinay Mohan Kwatra''' (born 15 December 1962) is an [[Indian People|Indian]] [[diplomat]] of [[Indian Foreign Service]] (IFS) who served as the 34th [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Foreign Secretary of India]], from May 2022 until July 2024<ref>{{Cite news |agency=PTI |date=2022-04-04 |title=Vinay Mohan Kwatra appointed India's new Foreign Secretary: Government |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/vinay-mohan-kwatra-appointed-indias-new-foreign-secretary-government/article65289783.ece |access-date=2022-04-04 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |agency=PTI|date=May 1, 2022 |title=Vinay Mohan Kwatra takes charge as new foreign secretary {{!}} India News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/vinay-mohan-kwatra-takes-charge-as-new-foreign-secretary/articleshow/91228932.cms |access-date=2022-05-04 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> and is currently serving as [[List of ambassadors of India to the United States|Ambassador of India to the United States]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vinay Mohan Kwatra Takes Charge As India's Ambassador To US |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/vinay-mohan-kwatra-takes-charge-as-indias-ambassador-to-us-6325242 |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Haidar |first=Suhasini |date=2024-07-19 |title=Former Foreign Secretary Vinay Kwatra named new Indian Ambassador to the U.S, to take charge soon |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/vinay-mohan-kwatra-appointed-as-the-next-ambassador-of-india-to-the-us/article68421028.ece |access-date=2024-07-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Previously, he has served as the [[List of ambassadors of India to France|Ambassador of India to France]] and [[Nepal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=India picks Vinay Mohan Kwatra as its new ambassador to Nepal |url=https://kathmandupost.com/2/2020/01/14/india-picks-vinay-mohan-kwatra-as-its-new-ambassador-to-nepal |access-date=2021-07-15 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Vinay Mohan Kwatra was born on 15 December 1962.<ref>{{cite news |title=WHO IS VINAY MOHAN KWATRA? |url=https://www.business-standard.com/about/who-is-vinay-mohan-kwatra#collapse |access-date=4 May 2022 |work=Business Standard India}}</ref> He holds the degree of [[B.Sc.]] and [[Master of Science|M.Sc.]] in [[Agriculture]] and [[Animal Husbandry]] from [[G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vinay Mohan Kwatra : कौन हैं देश के नए विदेश सचिव विनय मोहन क्वात्रा, पंत विवि से रहा है गहरा नाता |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/nainital-new-foreign-secretary-vinay-mohan-kwatra-has-studied-at-gb-pant-agricultural-university-22602183.html |access-date=2022-05-04 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rastogi |first=Manthan |date=2022-04-10 |title=गर्व के पल: पंतनगर यूनिवर्सिटी के छात्र रहे विनय मोहन क्वात्रा होंगे देश के नए विदेश सचिव |url=https://haldwanilive.com/gb-pant-university-student-vinay-mohan-kwatra-new-foreign-secretary-of-india/ |access-date=2022-05-04 |website=Uttarakhand News |language=en-US}}</ref> He has also obtained a diploma in [[International Relations]] from the [[Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vinay Mohan Kwatra, India's ambassador to Nepal, to take over from Shringla as Foreign Secretary |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/vinay-mohan-kwatra-foreign-secretary-7852550/ |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=indianexpress.com |date=4 April 2022 |language=English}}</ref>

== Diplomatic Career ==
=== Training and Posting in Switzerland ===
After clearing the [[UPSC CSE]] examination, Kwatra joined the [[Indian Foreign Service]] (IFS) in 1988. Between 1988 and 1990, he completed the foundation course at [[LBSNAA]] and underwent professional diplomatic training at [[SSIFS|FSI]]. He was subsequently posted as Third Secretary to the Permanent Mission of India in [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]] where he also completed his [[French language]] training. Upon his promotion to Second Secretary, he handled responsibilities related to specialized [[United Nations]] agencies and the [[United Nations Commission on Human Rights|Human Rights Commission]] until 1993.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=Vinay Mohan Kwatra, India's Ambassador To Nepal, To Be New Foreign Secretary |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/vinay-mohan-kwatra-indias-ambassador-to-nepal-to-be-new-foreign-secretary-2861921 |access-date=4 May 2022 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref name="GraduateInstitute2023">{{cite web |title=The Life of a Career Diplomat |url=https://www.graduateinstitute.ch/communications/news/life-career-diplomat |publisher=Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies |date=31 January 2023 |access-date=26 April 2026}}</ref>

=== MEA Headquarters and Overseas Assignments (1993–2003) ===
Vinay subsequently served as a Desk Officer at [[Ministry of External Affairs of India|MEA]] Headquarters in [[New Delhi]], where he coordinated with the United Nations. He later held assignments as Second Secretary, First Secretary and later as Counsellor in diplomatic missions in [[Tashkent]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Durban]], [[South Africa]] and [[Karachi]], [[Pakistan]] between 1993 and 2003.<ref name="GraduateInstitute2023"/>

=== Deputy Chief of Mission in China ===
From 2003 to 2006, he served as Counsellor and was later appointed as the [[Deputy Chief of Mission]] at the [[Embassy of India, Beijing|Embassy of India]] in [[Beijing]], [[China]].<ref name="GraduateInstitute2023"/>

=== SAARC Secretariat in Nepal ===
From 2006 to 2010, he served at the [[SAARC]] Secretariat in [[Kathmandu]], [[Nepal]] as Director and later as a [[Joint Secretary]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/vinay-mohan-kwatra-takes-charge-as-new-foreign-secretary/articleshow/91228932.cms |title=Vinay Mohan Kwatra takes charge as new foreign secretary |publisher=The Times of India}}</ref>

=== Counsellor in United States ===
From May 2010 to July 2013, he led the Commercial Wing at the [[Embassy of India in Washington, D.C.]] as a Counsellor, where he was responsible for advancing India’s trade and economic engagement with the [[United States of America]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://theprint.in/diplomacy/former-foreign-secretary-vinay-mohan-kwatra-is-indias-ambassador-designate-to-the-us/2178731/ |title=Former Foreign Secretary Vinay Mohan Kwatra is India’s Ambassador-designate to the US |publisher=ThePrint}}</ref>

=== Ministry of External Affairs, New Delhi ===
From July 2013 to October 2015, Vinay headed the ''Policy Planning & Research Division'' of the [[Ministry of External Affairs of India]] and subsequently served as the head of the ''Americas Division'' in the MEA, overseeing India’s relations with the United States and [[Canada]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aaas.org/news/leading-benefit-society-conversation-ambassador-vinay-mohan-kwatra-indias-ambassador-us |title=Leading Benefit Society Conversation with Ambassador Vinay Mohan Kwatra, India’s Ambassador to the US |publisher=AAAS}}</ref>

=== Joint Secretary in Prime Minister's Office ===
Ambassador Kwatra served as Joint Secretary in the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]] to the Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] from 2015 to 2017. During this period, he later got empanelled to the rank of [[Additional Secretary]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/vinay-mohan-kwatra-appointed-indias-new-foreign-secretary-government/article65289783.ece |title=Vinay Mohan Kwatra appointed India’s new Foreign Secretary |publisher=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/vinay-mohan-kwatra-appointed-as-the-next-ambassador-of-india-to-the-us/article68421028.ece |title=Vinay Mohan Kwatra appointed as the next Ambassador of India to the US |publisher=The Hindu}}</ref>

=== Ambassador of India to France & Monaco ===
Kwatra was appointed as the [[List of ambassadors of India to France|Ambassador of India to France]] & [[Monaco]] and the Permanent Representative of India to [[UNESCO]], serving from August 2017 to February 2020. During this period, he focused on streamlining the visa process for Indian students studying in [[France]] and expediting the arrival of the first batch of [[Rafale]] jets.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1579692&reg=3&lang=2 |title=Government of India provides assistance/medical supplies to Nepal (Press Release) |publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), Government of India}}</ref> He later got empanelled to the rank of [[Secretary to the Government of India|Secretary]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Vinay Mohan Kwatra appointed as the next Ambassador of India to France |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/28454/Vinay |publisher=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |date=11 May 2017 |access-date=26 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vinay Mohan Kwatra named India’s new ambassador to France |url=https://www.ifcci.org.in/communication/news/n/news/vinay-mohan-kwatra-named-indias-new-ambassador-to-france.html |publisher=Indo-French Chamber of Commerce and Industry |date=11 May 2017 |access-date=26 April 2026}}</ref>

=== Ambassador of India to Nepal ===
In January 2020, Kwatra was appointed as the [[Ambassador of India]] to [[Nepal]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Shri Vinay Mohan Kwatra appointed as the next Ambassador of India to Nepal |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/32336/Shri+Vinay+Mohan+Kwatra+appointed+as+the+next+Ambassador+of+India+to+Nepal |publisher=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |date=30 January 2020 |access-date=26 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vinay Mohan Kwatra, India's Ambassador To Nepal, To Be New Foreign Secretary |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/vinay-mohan-kwatra-indias-ambassador-to-nepal-to-be-new-foreign-secretary-2861921 |publisher=NDTV |date=4 April 2022 |access-date=26 April 2026}}</ref> During this time period, [[Covid-19]] happened in which on behalf of the Government of India, 23 tonnes of medicines were formally handed over to [[Bhanu Bhakta Dhakal]], Minister for Health and Population of Nepal. The consignment, presented as a gift from the people of India to the people of Nepal, comprised 8.25 lakh doses of essential medicines, including 3.2 lakh doses of [[Paracetamol]] and 2.5 lakh doses of [[Hydroxychloroquine]], more than 30,000 kits of [[RT-PCR]] and [[Covaxin]] under the ''Vaccine Maitri'' initiative.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indembkathmandu.gov.in/media-detail/338 |title=India gifts 23 tonnes of essential medicines to Nepal |publisher=Embassy of India, Kathmandu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indembkathmandu.gov.in/media-detail/340 |title=Embassy of India, Kathmandu – Media Release 340 |publisher=Embassy of India, Kathmandu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.shutterstock.com/editorial/search/indian-ambassador-to-nepal-vinay-mohan-kwatra |title=Indian Ambassador to Nepal Vinay Mohan Kwatra - Editorial Images |publisher=Shutterstock Editorial}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/govt-of-india-officially-hands-over-covid-19-vaccines-to-nepal |title=Government of India officially hands over COVID-19 vaccines to Nepal |publisher=The Himalayan Times}}</ref>

=== Foreign Secretary of India ===
[[File:Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi met H.E. Ms. Giorgia Meloni, Prime Minister of Italy on the sidelines of the 50th G7 Summit in Apulia, Italy on 14 June 2024.jpg|thumb|Prime Minister Shri [[Narendra Modi]] along with External Affairs Minister [[S. Jaishankar]] and Foreign Secretary Vinay Mohan Kwatra met H.E. Ms. [[Giorgia Meloni]], Prime Minister of Italy on the sidelines of the [[50th G7 summit]] in [[Apulia]], Italy on 14 June 2024]]
On 4 April 2022, it was announced that Mr. Kwatra would succeed [[Harsh Vardhan Shringla]] as the [[Foreign Secretary of India]] following Shringla’s superannuation on 30 April 2022, just a few months before his own retirement. He is among the relatively few Indian Foreign Service officers who joined the service at a comparatively later age of 26 and rose to the position of Foreign Secretary, reflecting an distinguished career in diplomacy.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://theprint.in/diplomacy/who-is-vinay-kwatra-and-why-he-superseded-seniors-to-be-named-indias-next-foreign-secretary/902308/ |title=Who is Vinay Kwatra, and why he superseded seniors to be named India’s next Foreign Secretary |publisher=ThePrint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-04-04|title=Vinay Mohan Kwatra announced as the new foreign secretary|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/vinay-mohan-kwatra-india-s-ambassador-to-nepal-to-be-new-foreign-secretary-101649073091154.html|work=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> During his engagements, Foreign Secretary Kwatra discussed regional strategic developments and India’s security concerns in light of [[2020–2021 China–India skirmishes|border tensions with China since 2020]], with a focus on their broader implications for regional stability.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiasentinels.com/diplomacy/amid-india-china-tensions-foreign-secretary-vinay-mohan-kwatra-concludes-important-visit-to-bhutan-6181 |title=Amid India-China tensions, Foreign Secretary Vinay Mohan Kwatra concludes important visit to Bhutan |publisher=India Sentinels}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Vinay Mohan Kwatra takes charge as new Foreign Secretary |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/vinay-mohan-kwatra-takes-charge-as-new-foreign-secretary/article65372676.ece |access-date=4 May 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=1 May 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

=== Ambassador to the United States ===
[[File:Ambassador Vinay Kwatra was honoured to present his credentials to the President of the US, Joe Biden as Ambassador of India to the United States on September 18. 2024 (Cropped).png|Ambassador Vinay Kwatra was honoured to present his credentials to the President of the US, [[Joe Biden]] as [[Ambassador of India to the United States]] on September 18. 2024|thumb]]
[[File:President Donald Trump celebrated Diwali with the Indian Diplomats and officials of the US Government in the White House Picture 3.png|President [[Donald Trump]] celebrated [[Diwali]] with the Indian Diplomats and officials of the US Government in the [[White House]]|thumb]]
On 12 August 2024, Kwatra succeeded [[Taranjit Singh Sandhu]] as the [[List of ambassadors of India to the United States|Ambassador of India to the United States of America]]. During his tenure, [[Donald Trump]] assumed office as the 47th [[President of the United States]]. The Ambassador, together with officials of the Embassy, focused on strengthening bilateral [[India–United States relations|relations between India and the United States]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian Ambassador to US Vinay Mohan Kwatra expresses gratitude to 56th Speaker of US House of Representatives Mike Johnson |url=https://www.newsonair.gov.in/indian-ambassador-to-us-vinay-mohan-kwatra-expresses-gratitude-to-56th-speaker-of-us-house-of-representatives-mike-johnson/ |work=News on Air |date= |access-date=4 March 2026}}</ref> Subsequently, following the [[2025 Pahalgam attack|2025 Pahalgam terrorist attack]], India carried out [[Operation Sindoor]] against Pakistan. Although hostilities later ceased, the cessation was not formally confirmed by the Government of India, amid reports of pressure from the United States, particularly President Trump. In an interview with [[CNN]], he referred to the perpetrators of the attack and [[Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism|Pakistan-sponsored terrorism]] in strongly critical terms, describing them as "''lowlifes''" and "''subhuman monsters''", which drew widespread attention.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Haidar |first=Suhasini |title='We are at war with terrorists': Indian Ambassador to U.S. Vinay Kwatra |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/we-are-at-war-with-terrorists-indian-ambassador-to-us-vinay-kwatra/article69556192.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=6 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Shri Vinay Mohan Kwatra appointed as the next Ambassador of India to the United States of America |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/37978/Shri+Vinay+Mohan+Kwatra+appointed+as+the+next+Ambassador+of+India+to+the+United+States+of+America |website=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |date= |access-date=4 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title="Trade Deal With US New Economic Pillar": India's Washington Envoy To NDTV |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/trade-deal-with-us-new-economic-pillar-indias-washington-envoy-vinay-kwatra-to-ndtv-10996926 |work=NDTV |date=13 February 2026 |access-date=4 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India‑Pakistan tension after attack; terrorists, says Vinay Kwatra |url=https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/india-pakisan-tension-attack-terrorists-vinay-kwatra-125050900533_1.html |work=Business Standard |date=9 May 2025 |access-date=4 March 2026}}</ref>

Thereafter, the United States imposed a 25% tariff along with an additional 25% penalty tariff on India, citing its purchase of [[Russian oil]]. New regulatory measures concerning [[H-1B visa]]s were also introduced, adversely affecting Indian professionals working in the United States.<ref>{{cite news |title=US imposes 50 percent tariff on India over Russian oil purchases |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/8/27/us-imposes-50-percent-tariff-on-india-over-russian-oil-purchases |work=Al Jazeera |date=27 August 2025 |access-date=4 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Indian envoy Vinay Mohan Kwatra discusses 'common interests', bilateral ties with top US diplomat |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/indian-envoy-vinay-mohan-kwatra-discusses-common-interests-bilateral-ties-with-top-us-diplomat/articleshow/125152973.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=7 November 2025 |access-date=4 March 2026}}</ref>

While [[Prime Minister of India|PM]] [[Modi]] maintained a firm position, in January 2026 President Trump reduced the tariff on India to 18%, making it lower than those applied to Pakistan and China.<ref>{{cite news |title=How India‑US ties evolved amid trade and geopolitical tensions |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0j91p8w20vo |work=BBC News |date= |access-date=4 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Trump, India Trade Deal Compared With Europe‑India Pact |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2026/02/03/trump-us-india-trade-deal-europe-india-deal-compared.html |work=CNBC |date=3 February 2026 |access-date=4 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Trump says US to cut tariffs on India to 18% as part of trade deal |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/trump-says-agreed-trade-deal-with-india-2026-02-02/ |work=Reuters |date=2 February 2026 |access-date=4 March 2026}}</ref> Throughout these developments, Ambassador Kwatra played a significant role in maintaining engagement and restoring confidence in India–US relations. Ultimately, India and the United States came close to finalizing a comprehensive trade agreement.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-03 |title=India-US trade deal: Hope and uncertainty as Trump cuts tariffs |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cpwnlwj80p8o |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=How India reached biggest trade breakthrough with US; envoy Vinay Mohan Kwatra reveals |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/us-news/story/how-india-reached-biggest-trade-breakthrough-with-us-envoy-vinay-mohan-kwatra-reveals-glbs-2866922-2026-02-12 |work=India Today |date=12 February 2026 |access-date=4 March 2026}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He is married to Pooja Kwatra. The couple has two sons. Kwatra speaks [[French language|French]], [[Hindi]] and [[English language|English]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eoiparis.gov.in/page/amb-profile/|website=Embassy of India, Paris|title=Ambassador of India H.E. Vinay Mohan Kwatra|access-date=2019-12-08|archive-date=30 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930094517/https://www.eoiparis.gov.in/page/amb-profile/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Indian Foreign Service]]
* [[Harsh Vardhan Shringla]]
* [[Taranjit Singh Sandhu]]
* [[Syed Akbaruddin]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

==External links==
* [https://mea.gov.in/fs.htm Profile at Ministry Website]
{{commons}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-dip}}
{{s-bef| before = Dr. Mohan Kumar}}
{{s-ttl| title = [[List of ambassadors of India to France|Ambassador of India to France]]| years = 2017–2020}}
{{s-aft| after = [[Jawed Ashraf]]}}
{{s-bef| before = [[Manjeev Singh Puri]]}}
{{s-ttl| title = [[Embassy of India, Kathmandu|Ambassador of India to Nepal]]| years = 2020–2022}}
{{s-aft| after = Naveen Srivastava}}
{{s-bef| before = [[Harsh Vardhan Shringla]]}}
{{s-ttl| title = [[Foreign Secretary of India]]| years = 2022-2024}}
{{s-aft| after = [[Vikram Misri]]}}
{{s-bef| before = [[Taranjit Singh Sandhu]]}}
{{s-ttl| title = [[Ambassador of India to the United States]]| years = 2024-Present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kwatra, Vinay Mohan}}
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to the United States]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to France]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Nepal]]
[[Category:Indian Foreign Service officers]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies alumni]]
[[Category:Foreign secretaries of India]]

Rasgulla

2026-04-26T05:31:47Z

Sachin Soni: quick update

{{Short description|Syrupy dessert popular in South Asia}}
{{Redirect|Rosogolla|the 2018 film|Rosogolla (film)}}
{{pp-move}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Rasgulla
| image = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 250
| perrow = 1/1
| image1 = Rasgulla.jpg
| caption1 = Bengali rosogolla, also known as ''rasgulla''
| alternate_name = Rosogolla, roshogolla, rasbhari or rasbari (Nepali), rasagola, rosgola
| image2 = RasGulla_Jaggery1.jpg
| caption2 = Banglar Nolen Gurer roshogolla, also known as jaggery rosogolla}}
| region = [[West Bengal]], [[Odisha]]
| course = [[Dessert]]
| type = Soft sweet soaked in syrup
| served = Hot, cold, or room temperature
| main_ingredient = [[Chhena]], sugar
| minor_ingredient =
| variations = Bengali roshogolla, Odia pahala rasa gola, Bengali Nolen Gurer roshogolla, Bengali baked rosogolla
| serving_size =
| calories =
| protein =
| fat =
| carbohydrate =
| glycemic_index =
| similar_dish = [[Ras malai]], [[khiramohana]], [[Khondoler misti]]
| other =
| associated_cuisine = [[Indian cuisine|Indian]]
| place_of_origin = India
| cookbook = Rosogulla
}}

'''Rasgulla''' (literally "syrup-filled ball"){{efn|Also known as rasagola, rosogola, or rosogolla.}} is a syrupy dessert popular in the [[Eastern South Asia|eastern part]] of South Asia. It is made from ball-shaped dumplings of [[chhena]] dough cooked in light sugar syrup until the syrup permeates the dumplings.

While it is nearly universally agreed that the dessert originated in the eastern Indian subcontinent, the exact locus of origin is disputed between locations such as [[West Bengal]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Subodhchandra Sengupta|url=http://archive.org/details/SamsadBanglaCharitabhidhan|title=Samsad Bangla Charitabhidhan|date=1960}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Ghosh|first=Bishwanath|date=15 November 2014|title=Kolkata Chromosome: Like KC for 'rossogolla'|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/J5jK255x5F6wpRll00gVFP/Kolkata-Chromosome-Like-KC-for-rossogolla.html|access-date=24 August 2021|work=mint|language=en}}</ref> and [[Odisha]],<ref>{{Cite news|title=Panel seal on rasgulla's Odisha origin|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160714/jsp/frontpage/story_96633.jsp#.V_DfrHV97Qo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715155949/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160714/jsp/frontpage/story_96633.jsp#.V_DfrHV97Qo|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 July 2016|access-date=2 October 2016}}</ref> where it is offered at the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Puri Jagannath Temple]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Sarat Chandra Mahapatra|title=Car Festival of Lord Jagannath, Puri|date=1994|publisher=Sri Jagannath Research Centre|location=Puri|page=149|oclc=967072714}}</ref>

In 2017, when West Bengal received its rosogolla's [[geographical indication]] (GI) status, the Registry Office of India clarified that West Bengal was given GI status for Banglar rosogolla, and Odisha could claim it too if it cited the place of origin of its variant along with colour, texture, taste, juice content, and method of manufacturing.<ref name="NIE_2017" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ipindiaservices.gov.in/GI_DOC/533/533%20-%20Certificate%20of%20Registration%20-%2014-11-2017.pdf|title=GI Certificate by Govt of India}}</ref> In 2019, the Government of Odisha was granted the GI status for "Odisha rasagola" (Odia rasagola).<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/food-wine/odisha-receives-gi-tag-for-rasagola-5860795/|title=Sweet success: Odisha's Rasagola gets GI tag|date=29 July 2019|work=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=29 July 2019}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/battle-over-origin-of-rasgulla-contines-after-odisha-files-petition-demanding-change-of-gi-tag-2056055.html|title=Battle Over Origin of 'Rasgulla' Continues, After Odisha Files Petition Demanding Change of GI Tag|work=News18|access-date=29 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-odisha-finally-gets-geographical-indication-tag-for-odishara-rasagola/335106|title=Odisha Finally Gets Geographical Indication Tag For 'Odishara Rasagola'|magazine=Outlook|access-date=29 July 2019}}</ref>

== Names ==
The dessert is {{IPA|bn|rɔʃoɡolːa|pron}} in [[Bengali language|Bengali]], {{IPA|or|ɾɔsɔɡola|pron}} in [[Odia language|Odia]], and {{IPA|sa|rɐsɐɡoːlɐkɐm|pron}} in [[Sanskrit]]. Its [[Hindi]] name ''rasgulla'' is a [[calque]] of its [[Bengali language|Bengali]] name ''roshogolla'', meaning a ball (''gōlla/gullā'') of juice (''rôs/ras'').<ref>{{Citation |title=rasgulla |date=2025-12-16 |work=Wiktionary, the free dictionary |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=rasgulla&oldid=88609645 |access-date=2026-03-07 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=রসগোল্লা |date=2025-10-21 |work=Wiktionary, the free dictionary |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE&oldid=87497261 |access-date=2026-03-07 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=रसगुल्ला |date=2025-11-01 |work=Wiktionary, the free dictionary |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE&oldid=87909683 |access-date=2026-03-07 |language=en}}</ref> Other names for the dish include ''rasagulla'',<ref>{{cite news|author=Deepika Sahu|date=2 July 2012|title=Discover Odisha's 'sweet' magic|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/Discover-Odishas-sweet-magic/articleshow/14595468.cms|work=The Times of India}}</ref> ''rasagola'',<ref name="ZeeJuly2015">{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/and-more/rasagola-originated-in-odisha-did-you-know_1638800.html|title=Rasagola originated in Odisha- Did you know?|publisher=Zee News|date=30 July 2015}}</ref> ''rasagolla'',<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Food/how-to-makerasagolla/article4927694.ece|title=How to make...Rasagolla|author=Sonali Pattnaik|newspaper=The Hindu|date=18 July 2013}}</ref> and ''rasbhari'' or ''rasbari'' (Nepali).<ref name="Alan2006"/>

== History ==
=== Claims of invention in Bengal ===
==== Claims of invention in West Bengal ====
According to sweetmeat researcher Haripada Bhowmick, ''dela rasagulla'' was popular in [[Nabadwip]] and [[Phulia]] of [[Nadia district|Nadia]]. [[Sri Chaitanya]] loved this type of rasagulla, and the art of its making spread to other regions during the [[Bhakti movement]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=The rasogolla's journey, from Nadia to Odisha and Kolkata|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/the-rasogollas-journey-from-nadia-to-odisha-and-kolkata/articleshow/61651738.cms|work=The Times of India|issn=0971-8257|date=15 November 2017|access-date=9 August 2024}}</ref> The spongy, white rôśôgolla is believed to have been introduced in present-day [[West Bengal]] in 1868 by the [[Kolkata]]-based confectioner [[Nobin Chandra Das]].<ref>{{cite book|date=1976|title=Samsad Bangla Charitabhidhan|edition=1st|url=https://archive.org/stream/SamsadBanglaCharitabhidhan/Samsad-Bangla-Charitabhidhan#page/n237/mode/2up|access-date=23 February 2018|editor-last=Subodh Chandra|editor-first=Sengupta|publisher=Sahitya Samsad|location=Kolkata|page=240}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Ghosh|first=Bishwanath|date=15 November 2014|title=Kolkata Chromosome: Like KC for 'rossogolla'|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/J5jK255x5F6wpRll00gVFP/Kolkata-Chromosome-Like-KC-for-rossogolla.html|access-date=29 September 2020|work=mint|language=en}}</ref> Das started making rôśôgolla by processing the mixture of [[chhena]] and [[semolina]] in boiling sugar [[syrup]] in contrast to the mixture sans semolina in the original rôśôgolla in his sweet shop in [[Sutanuti]] (present-day [[Bagbazar]]).

Another theory is that rôśôgolla was first prepared by someone else in Bengal, and Das only popularised it. In ''Banglar Khabar'' (1987), food historian Pranab Ray writes that a man named Braja Moira introduced rôśôgolla in his shop near [[Calcutta High Court]] in 1866, two years before Das started selling it.<ref name="Michael_Oxford">{{cite book|author=Ishita Dey|display-editors=etal|year=2015|editor=Michael Krondl|title=The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R1bCBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA580|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=580–581|isbn=978-0-19-931361-7}}</ref> In 1906, Panchana Bandopadhyay wrote that rôśôgolla was invented in the 19th century by Haradhan Mondal (Moira),<ref>{{Cite news|script-title=bn:বিশ্বের 'সবথেকে বড়' রসগোল্লার আত্মপ্রকাশ, ফুলিয়ায় মিষ্টিযজ্ঞ|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/bengal/fulia-makes-worlds-biggest-rosogolla/|access-date=1 May 2025|work=Sangbad Pratidin|language=bn}}</ref> a [[Phulia]]-based sweetmaker who worked for the Pal Chowdhurys of [[Ranaghat]].<ref>{{cite news|date=29 September 2014|title=The sweet legacy of Durga Puja|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food/The-sweet-legacy-of-Durga-Puja/articleshow/43790152.cms|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> According to ''Mistikatha'', a newspaper published by the West Bengal Sweetmeat Traders Association, many other people prepared similar sweets under different names, such as ''gopalgolla'' (prepared by Gopal Moira of Burdwan district), ''jatingolla'', ''bhabanigolla'', and ''rasugolla''.<ref name="Michael_Oxford"/> Food historian Michael Krondl says that irrespective of its origin, rôśôgolla likely predates Nobin Chandra Das. A sales brochure of the company run by Das's descendants also hints at this: "it is hard to tell whether or not cruder versions of similar sweets existed anywhere at that time. Even if they did, they did not match the quality of Nobin Chandra, and having failed to excite the Bengali palate, they slipped into oblivion."<ref name="Michael_2011"/>

[[Bhagwandas Bagla]], a [[Marwari people|Marwari]] businessman and a customer of Nobin Chandra Das, popularised the Bengali rôśôgolla beyond the shop's locality by ordering huge amounts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-how-the-rasogolla-became-a-global-name/20111116.htm?print=true |title=How the rasogolla became a global name!|date=16 November 2011|publisher=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

=== Modern popularity ===
In 1930, the introduction of [[vacuum packing]] by Nobin Chandra's son [[Krishna Chandra Das]] led to the availability of canned Rasgullas, which made the dessert popular outside Kolkata and then outside India.<ref name="IE_sticky_2011">{{cite news|author=Piyasree Dasgupta|date=29 October 2011|title=Sticky Sweet Success|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/sticky-sweet-success/867051/0|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> Krishna Chandra's son [[Sarada Charan Das]] established the K. C. Das Pvt Ltd company in 1946.<ref name="GHOSH2014">{{cite book|author=Bishwanath Ghosh|title=Longing, Belonging: An Outsider At Home In Calcutta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C4obBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT177|date=29 October 2014|publisher=Westland|isbn=978-93-84030-60-5|page=177}}</ref> Sarada Charan's younger, estranged son Debendra Nath established [[K.C. Das Grandsons]] in 1956.

Today, canned rasgullas are available throughout India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, as well as in South Asian grocery stores outside the Indian subcontinent. In [[Nepal]], rasgulla became popular under the name ''rasbari''.<ref name="Alan2006">{{cite book|author=Alan Davidson|title=The Oxford Companion to Food|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pZ-1AQAAQBAJ&pg=PT1880|date=21 September 2006|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-101825-1|pages=1880}}</ref>

The Indian space agency, [[ISRO]], is developing dehydrated rasgullas and other dishes for Indian astronauts in its planned crewed missions.<ref>{{cite news|author=Ram Kumar Ramaswamy|date=16 June 2012|title=Isro astronauts to savour idlis, rasgullas in space|url=http://archive.asianage.com/hyderabad/isro-astronauts-savour-idlis-rasgullas-space-187|newspaper=Asian Age|archive-date=14 May 2014|access-date=20 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514033720/http://archive.asianage.com/hyderabad/isro-astronauts-savour-idlis-rasgullas-space-187|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2015, the Odisha government initiated a move to get [[geographical indication]] (GI) status for the rasagulla made in Pahala.<ref name="ToI_citing_2015"/> On 30 July, the people of Odisha celebrated "Rasagola Dibasa" ("Rasgulla Day") to reaffirm Odisha as the dish's origin.<ref name ="HT20July2015">{{cite news|author=Ramani Ranjan Mohapatra|date=30 July 2015|title=#RasagolaDibasa trends as Odias reclaim iconic dish|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/rasagoladibasa-trends-as-odias-reclaim-iconic-dish/story-CoHZUeQ9zpxL4OLW5zSw5L.html|newspaper=Hindustan Times}}</ref> In August, [[West Bengal]] contested Odisha's move to obtain GI status.<ref name="ToI_Jhimli_2015">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Maharashtra-takes-up-rosogolla-battle-with-Odisha/articleshow/48417745.cms|title=Maharashtra (West Bengal) takes up rosogolla battle with Odisha|work=The Times of India|date=10 August 2015|author=Jhimli Mukherjee Pandey}}</ref> In 2015, the Odisha state government constituted three committees to claim the rasgulla. The committees submitted their interim report to the government. Noted journalist and food researcher [[Bhakta Tripathy]] and a member of the committee had submitted a dossier containing historical evidence of rasgulla origin in [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://orissadiary.com/ShowOriyaColumn.asp?id=62220|title=Sweet Struggle - Origin of Rasgulla|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818041330/http://orissadiary.com/ShowOriyaColumn.asp?id=62220|archive-date=18 August 2016|url-status=dead|date=16 October 2015|author=Sumit Behera|website=rissadiary.com}}</ref> The Science and Technology Department of the West Bengal government also started the process to get its own GI status for the dessert.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/west-bengal-and-odisha-battle-over-the-invention-of-rasgulla-1211128|title=West Bengal and Odisha Battle Over the Invention of 'Rasgulla'|publisher=NDTV|date=26 August 2015}}</ref>

=== Alternative claims of Puri temple tradition of Odisha ===
According to historians of Odisha, the rasgulla originated in [[Puri]], as ''[[Khiramohana|khira mohana]]'', which later evolved into the Pahala rasgulla.<ref name="ToI_Bishwa_2015">{{cite news|author=Mitra Bishwabijoy|date=6 July 2015|title=Who invented the rasgulla?|newspaper=The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food/food-features/Who-invented-the-rasgulla/articleshow/47909754.cms|access-date=2 August 2015}}</ref> It has been traditionally offered as ''[[bhog]],'' a religious offering, to goddess [[Lakshmi]] at [[Jagannath Temple, Puri]].<ref>{{cite news|date=5 July 2009|title=Trinity take 'adhar pana' on raths|newspaper=The New Indian Express|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/article90964.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512225523/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/article90964.ece#.UytBYlcqQ0M|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 May 2014}}</ref> According to the local legend, Lakshmi got upset because her husband, [[Jagannath|Lord Jagannath]], went on a 9-day sojourn (the ''ratha yatra'') without her consent, so she locked ''Jai Vijay Dwar'', one of the temple gates, and prevented his convoy from reentering the temple's [[Garbhagriha|Garbhagṛha]] (sanctum sanctorum). Jagannath offered her rasgullas to appease her. This ritual, known as ''Bachanika'', is part of the "Niladri Bije" (or "Arrival of the God") observance, which marks the return of the deities to the temple after the [[Ratha-Yatra (Puri)|Ratha Yatra]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Subhashish Mohanty|date=3 July 2012|title=Lord placates wife with sweet delight|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120703/jsp/odisha/story_15682727.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314143938/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120703/jsp/odisha/story_15682727.jsp#.UytFEVcqQ0M|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=26 July 2010|title=Sweet and sermon return for deities|newspaper=The Telegraph|location=Calcutta|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100726/jsp/orissa/story_12725909.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025125021/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100726/jsp/orissa/story_12725909.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 October 2012}}</ref>

Jagannath Temple scholars, such as Laxmidhar Pujapanda, and researchers like Jagabandhu Padhi say the tradition dates to the 12th century, when the temple was first built.<ref name="ToI_citing_2015">{{cite news|author1=Mohapatra Bhattacharya|author2=Debabrata Kajari|date=31 July 2015|title=Citing Rath ritual, Odisha lays claim to rasagulla, WB historians don't agree|newspaper=The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Citing-Rath-ritual-Odisha-lays-claim-to-rasagulla-WB-historians-dont-agree/articleshow/48297818.cms|access-date=1 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="Padhi2000">{{cite book|author=Jagabandhu Padhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QHMeMwEACAAJ|title=Sri Jagannatha at Puri|date=2000|publisher=S.G.N. Publications}}</ref> Pujapanda says the Niladri Bije tradition is mentioned in ''Niladri Mahodaya'', which dates to the 18th century by Sarat Chandra Mahapatra.<ref name="ToI_citing_2015" /><ref>{{cite book|author=Sarat Chandra Mahapatra|title=Car Festival of Lord Jagannath, Puri|date=1994|publisher=Sri Jagannath Research Centre|location=Puri|page=55|oclc=967072714}}</ref> According to Mahapatra, several temple scriptures over 300 years old have evidence of the rasgulla offering ritual in Puri.<ref>{{cite news|author=Debabrata Mohapatra|date=29 July 2007|title=Researchers Claim Rasgullas Were Born In Puri|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>

According to folklore, Pahala (a village on the outskirts of Odisha's capital, [[Bhubaneswar]]) had many cows. The village produced excess milk, and the villagers threw it away when it spoiled. When a priest from the Jagannath Temple saw this, he taught them the art of [[curdling]], including the recipe for rasagulla. Pahala thus became the biggest market for chhena-based sweets in the area.<ref>{{cite news|author=Madhulika Dash|date=11 September 2014|title=The Food Story: How India's favourite sweet dish rosugulla was born|newspaper=The Indian Express|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/food-wine/the-food-story-how-indias-favourite-sweet-dish-rosugulla-was-born/}}</ref>

According to Asit Mohanty, an Odia research scholar on the Jagannath cult and traditions, the sweet is mentioned as "Rasagola" in the 15th-century text ''[[Odia Ramayana|Jagamohana Ramayana]]'' of Balaram Das.<ref>{{cite news|date=15 July 2016|title=Hopes for Rasagola Origin in Odisha Revived|newspaper=The Pioneer|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhubaneswar/hopes-for-rasagola-origin-in-odisha-revived.html|access-date=20 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Odisha celebrates GI Tag, distributes 50,000 Rasagolas in Bhubaneswar|work=Hindustan Times|date=19 August 2019|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/odisha-celebrates-gi-tag-distributes-50-000-rasagolas-in-bhubaneswar/story-TxjS2Z2uuKUM5pOTmo1mzL.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=The unkindest cut: 'Rasagolas' are not Bengali after all|date=3 August 2015|url=http://www.firstpost.com/living/unkindest-cut-rasagolas-not-bengali-2375514.html|work=Firstpost|access-date=12 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=New evidence on rasagola's Odisha origin found | Sambad English|date=18 May 2016|url=https://sambadenglish.com/new-evidence-found-rasagolas-odisha-origin/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rasagola | PDF|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/472998635/Rasagola}}</ref>

The text mentions rasagola along with other sweets found in Odisha. There is also mention of many other cheese sweets like ''chhenapuri'', ''chhenaladu'', and ''rasabali''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ramayana|first=Jagamohan|title=Ramayana|publisher=Balaram Das|location=Ajodhya Kanda}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Typical selections from Oriya Literature|title=Ramayana|publisher=B.C. Mazumdar|page=84}}</ref> Another ancient text, ''Premapanchamruta'' of Bhupati, also mentions cheese (''chhena'').<ref>{{cite book|author=G. C. Praharaj|url=http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/contextualize.pl?p.15.praharaj.1121967|title=Purnnacandra Odia Bhashakosha|date=1931–1940|publisher=Utkal Sahitya Press|location=Cuttack|page=2594|access-date=20 July 2016|archive-date=27 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027000623/http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/contextualize.pl?p.15.praharaj.1121967|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is argued that the cheese-making process was well known before the Portuguese came to Odisha.

According to the Bengali culinary historian Pritha Sen, in the mid-18th century, many [[Odia people|Odia]] cooks were employed in Bengali homes who arguably introduced rasgulla along with many other Odia dishes, but there is no proof of that.<ref name="ToI_Bishwa_2015" /> According to another theory, Bengali visitors to Puri carried the recipe for rasgulla back to Bengal in the 19th century, but evidence of that is also lacking.<ref name="gastr">{{cite journal|author=Michael Krondl|date=Summer 2010|title=The Sweetshops of Kolkata|journal=Gastronomica|volume=10|issue=3|pages=58–65|doi=10.1525/gfc.2010.10.3.58|jstor=10.1525/gfc.2010.10.3.58}}</ref>

According to food historians [[K. T. Achaya]] and Chitra Banerji, there are no references to cheese (including chhena) in India before the 17th century. The milk-based sweets were mainly made up of [[khoa]], before the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] influence led to the introduction of cheese-based sweets, so it is highly unlikely that a cheese-based dish was offered at Jagannath Temple in the 12th century.<ref>{{cite news|author=Shoaib Daniyal|date=4 August 2015|title=Who Deserves Credit For The Rasgulla? Bengalis, Odiyas...Or The Portuguese?|newspaper=Kashmir Observer|url=http://www.kashmirobserver.net/news/opinion/who-deserves-credit-rasgulla-bengalis-odiyasor-portuguese|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009143538/http://www.kashmirobserver.net/news/opinion/who-deserves-credit-rasgulla-bengalis-odiyasor-portuguese|archive-date=9 October 2015}}</ref> According to Nobin Chandra Das's descendant Animikh Roy and historian Haripada Bhowmik, rasgulla is not among the ''chhappan bhog'' ("56 offerings") in the temple's early records; the name was coined in Bengal. They also say it would have been blasphemy to offer something made from spoiled milk (chhena) to a deity.<ref name="ToI_citing_2015" /><ref name="ToI_Jhimli_2015" /> But Michael Krondl argued that Hindu dietary rules vary by region and that this restriction may not have existed in present-day Odisha. Krondl gave no substantial information to uphold this claim.<ref name="Michael_2011">{{cite book|author=Michael Krondl|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gN6ySQnUnfwC&pg=PA53|title=Sweet Invention: A History of Dessert|publisher=Chicago Review Press|year=2011|isbn=978-1-55652-954-2|pages=55–59}}</ref>

== Niladri Bije ==
Niladri Bije is a Hindu ritual that happens after Rath Yatra. When Lord [[Jagannath]] returns to Puri Mandir, Lakshmi feeds him roshogolla. On this point, Odisha also claims roshogolla. Lord Jagannath is highly prayed in both [[Odisha]] and [[West Bengal]]. Sand artist [[Sudarshan Patnaik]] made a sand sculpture in [[Puri Beach]] depicting "Niladri Bije" and Jagannath offering rasgulla to Lakshmi.<ref name="OST">{{Cite news|last=|date=31 July 2015|title=Odisha celebrates 'Rasagola Dibasa' with great fanfare|url=http://odishasuntimes.com/2015/07/31/odisha-celebrates-rasagola-dibasa-with-great-fanfare/|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150731215142/http://odishasuntimes.com/2015/07/31/odisha-celebrates-rasagola-dibasa-with-great-fanfare/|archive-date=31 July 2015|access-date=2 August 2015|work=Odisha Sun Times}}</ref>

== Rosogolla Utsob ==
To pay tribute to the inventor of rosogolla, [[Nobin Chandra Das]], and to promote the [[Bengali cuisine|Bengali]] claim of authenticity over rosogolla, since 2017 the government of [[West Bengal]] has celebrated "Rosogolla Utsob" every year on 28 December.<ref>{{Cite news|title=All you need to know about the 'Rosogolla Festival'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food-news/all-you-need-to-know-about-the-rosogolla-festival/articleshow/67284341.cms|access-date=24 August 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> At the 2017 rosogolla festival, Bengali confectioners prepared the world's largest rasgulla, which weighed nine kilograms.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sengar|first=Resham|title=Now, West Bengal creates world's biggest 'Rasgulla' weighing 9 kg!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/now-west-bengal-creates-worlds-biggest-rasgulla-weighing-9-kg/as61818151.cms|access-date=24 August 2021|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Venkatesh|first=Shruti|date=24 November 2017|title=Sweet Treat: West Bengal Makes World's Biggest Rasgulla to Celebrate GI Tag for 'Banglar Rosogolla'|url=https://www.india.com/viral/west-bengal-makes-worlds-biggest-rasgulla-to-celebrate-gi-for-banglar-rosogolla-2670637/|access-date=24 August 2021|website=India News, Breaking News {{!}} India.com|language=en}}</ref> To celebrate the 150th anniversary of rosogolla's invention, the government of West Bengal organised a three-day 'Rosogolla festival' from 28 to 30 December 2018.

== Preparation ==
To prepare rasgulla, the cheese (chhena) mixture is formed into small balls. These balls are then simmered in a sugar syrup.<ref>{{cite book|author=Lois Sinaiko Webb|title=Multicultural Cookbook of Life-cycle Celebrations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CdLuaG_3LowC&pg=PA309|date=1 January 2000|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57356-290-4|pages=309–}}</ref> It can also be prepared using a [[pressure cooker]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Tarla Dalal|title=Desserts Under Ten Minutes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BvBzBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT69|date=17 November 2003|publisher=Sanjay & Co|isbn=978-81-86469-84-2|pages=69–}}</ref> or an oven.<ref>{{cite book|title=Low Calorie Sweets|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CfFwnkCqCigC&pg=PA42|author=Tarla Dalal|year=2006|publisher=Sanjay & Co|isbn=978-81-89491-34-5|pages=42–}}</ref> While serving, a drop of rose water (only the organic and edible type of rose water, not rose perfume or synthetic flavours) can be added.

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Divided Chhena - Rasgulla Preparation - Digha - East Midnapore - 2015-05-02 9556.JPG | Chhena divided into balls
File:Boiling Rasgulla - Digha - East Midnapore - 2015-05-02 9561.JPG | Chenna balls being boiled
File:Gopal Maishal - Rasgulla Preparation - Digha - East Midnapore - 2015-05-02 9579.JPG | Rasgulla being taken out of the syrup
</gallery>

== Variations ==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Rasgulla - Kolkata 2011-08-02 4547.JPG|Rajbhog from [[Kolkata]], India
File:Red color rasagola from Pahala, Khurda district, Odisha, India.jpg| Reddish rasgullas from Pahala (located between the cities of [[Bhubaneswar]] and [[Cuttack]]), Odisha
File:The famous Indian syrupy dessert Rasgulla, from West Bengal.jpg|Sponge Rasgulla of Kolkata
File:Bengali orange rasgulla.jpg| ''Kamalabhog'', an orange-flavoured Bengali rasgulla
File:Baked Rasgulla.JPG|Kolkata's Baked rosogolla – a Bengali variation
File:Ishwar Rasogola.JPG|Colored Rasagola from Kalahandi, Odisha
</gallery>

== Nutrition ==
Typically, a 100-gram serving of rasgulla contains 186 calories, out of which about 153 calories come from carbohydrates. It also contains about 1.85 grams of fat and 4 grams of protein.<ref name = "nutrit">[http://www.livestrong.com/article/49345-nutrition-information-rasgulla/ Nutrition Information For Rasgulla]. Livestrong.Com. Retrieved 6 December 2012.</ref>

== Geographical indication (GI) tag ==
In 2015, West Bengal applied for a [[geographical indication]] (GI) status for "Banglar Rasogolla" (Bengali Rasgulla). The Government clarified that there was no conflict with Odisha, and its application was only for a specific variant that was different "in colour, texture, taste, juice content and method of manufacturing" from the variant produced in Odisha.<ref name="NDTV_claim_2016">{{cite news|title=Our Claim Only On A Variety Of Rasogolla, No Dispute With Odisha: West Bengal|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/our-claim-only-on-a-variety-of-rasogolla-no-dispute-with-odisha-bengal-1436883|access-date=24 August 2016|agency=[[Press Trust Of India]]|publisher=[[NDTV]]|date=27 July 2016}}</ref> On 14 November 2017, the [[List of Geographical Indications in India|GI Registry of India]] granted West Bengal the GI status for Banglar Rasogolla.<ref name="NIE_2017">{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/nov/14/sweet-war-this-gi-tag-is-for-banglar-rosogolla-it-is-not-about-the-origin-1700787.html|title=Sweet War: This GI tag is for Banglar Rosogolla, it is not about the origin|date=14 November 2017|newspaper=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ipindiaservices.gov.in/GirPublic/ViewApplicationDetails.aspx?AppNo=533&index=0&pIndex=0&status=1|title=Intellectual Property India|website=ipindiaservices.gov.in|language=en|access-date=15 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ipindiaservices.gov.in/GI_DOC/533/533%20-%20Certificate%20of%20Registration%20-%2014-11-2017.pdf|title=Certificate of Registration of Geographical Indication under section 16 (1)-or of authorised user under section 17(3)(e)|date=14 November 2017|website=Intellectual Property India|access-date=15 November 2017}}</ref>

The GI Registrar office at [[Chennai]] later specifically clarified that West Bengal was given GI status only for the Bengali version of rasgulla ("Banglar Rasogolla"), not for the sweet's origin. The office also said that Odisha had not by then applied for a GI tag, but could also get Odisha Rasgulla's GI tag by presenting the necessary evidence.<ref name="NIE_2017" />

In 2018, Odisha applied for GI status in the Chennai GI Registry.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/odisha-rasagola-receives-gi-tag-two-years-after-west-bengal/story/368775.html|title=Odisha Rasagola receives geographical indication tag; here's what it means|magazine=Business Today|access-date=29 July 2019}}</ref> On 29 July 2019, the GI Registry of India granted Odisha the GI status for "Odisha Rasagola", the Odia version of Rasgulla.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== See also ==
* [[Bangladeshi cuisine]]
* [[Bengali cuisine]]
* [[Dharwad pedha]]
* [[List of Indian sweets and desserts]]
* [[Litti (dish)|Litti]]
* [[Mysore pak]]
* [[Odia cuisine]]
* [[West Bengal cuisine]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}
{{clear}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{India topics}}
{{Cuisine of India}}
{{Indian Dishes}}
{{West Bengal}}
{{Culture of West Bengal}}
{{Bengali cuisine}}
{{Cheese dishes}}
{{Geographical indications in West Bengal}}

[[Category:Bangladeshi cuisine]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi desserts]]
[[Category:Bengali cuisine]]
[[Category:Bengali desserts]]
[[Category:Cheese desserts]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Odisha]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian cheese dishes]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Indian desserts]]
[[Category:Indo-Caribbean cuisine]]
[[Category:Mauritian cuisine]]
[[Category:Nepalese cuisine]]
[[Category:Cuisine of Odisha]]
[[Category:Semolina desserts]]
[[Category:Sweets of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Vegetarian dishes of India]]
[[Category:West Bengal cuisine]]

Endosulfan tragedy in Kerala

2026-04-25T17:02:21Z

Sachin Soni: creating basic details basic info

{{Short description|Disaster in India caused by pesticide endosulfan}}
A series of health problems occurred in [[Kerala]], India, following the use of the pesticide [[endosulfan]], which was sprayed aerially in cashew orchards in [[Kasaragod district]] of Kerala to control pests such as [[Helopeltis antonii|tea mosquito bugs]]. It was found that people living in these areas were affected by physical and genetic problems after the application of this pesticide. The health effects of the endosulfan use were evident in the people of 11 panchayats in the district, with the victims suffering from birth defects, physical and intellectual disabilities, and gynecological problems. It also affected biodiversity of the region.

In April 2011, the Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee, a subsidiary body to the [[Stockholm Convention]] declared endosulfan molecule as a [[persistent organic pollutant]]. One reason for this declaration was a campaign launched by various stakeholders in the context of the health problems seen in Kasaragod.

==Overview==
During 1963–64, the Agriculture Department started planting cashews in the hills around Padre, which is now in Kasaragod district.<ref name="Down">{{cite web |last1=savvy |first1=soumya misra |last2=Sopan |first2=Joshi |title=Tracking decades-long endosulfan tragedy in Kerala |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/health/tracking-decades-long-endosulfan-tragedy-in-kerala-56788 |website=Down To Earth |language=en |date=13 January 2017}}</ref> In 1978, the plantations were taken over by Plantation Corporation of Kerala (PCK), a subsidiary of the Kerala government.<ref name="Down"/>

Endosulfan is an [[organochlorine]] [[insecticide]] and [[acaricide]], which acts by blocking the GABA-gated chloride channel of the insect ([[Insecticide Resistance Action Committee#Table of modes of action and classes of insecticide|IRAC]] group 2A).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sparks |first1=Thomas C |last2=Storer |first2=Nicholas |last3=Porter |first3=Alan |last4=Slater |first4=Russell |last5=Nauen |first5=Ralf |date=2021 |title=Insecticide resistance management and industry: the origins and evolution of the I nsecticide R esistance A ction C ommittee (IRAC) and the mode of action classification scheme |journal=Pest Management Science |volume=77 |issue=6 |pages=2609–2619 |doi=10.1002/ps.6254 |issn=1526-498X |pmc=8248193 |pmid=33421293 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Endosulfan was aerially sprayed over the cashew orchards under the Plantation Corporation, in 1978, after a trial in 1977–78.<ref name="cseindia">{{cite web |title=Endosulfan Industry's Dirty War - A Chronology of events |url=https://www.cseindia.org/endosulfan-industrys-dirty-war-a-chronology-of-events--1927 |website=www.cseindia.org |language=en}}</ref> It was used to control the tea mosquito bugs that affects cashews.<ref name="Manorama">{{cite news |title=Children born after Oct 2011 won't be considered endosulfan victims, says new govt order |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/11/23/kerala-government-order-says-children-born-after-october-2011-not-endosulfan-victims.html |agency=[[Malayala Manorama]] |language=en}}</ref> Endosulfan was sprayed from helicopters three times a year.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dhillon |first=Amrit |date=2017-02-15 |title=Childhoods lost: disabilities and seizures blight India's endosulfan victims |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2017/feb/15/childhoods-lost-disabilities-seizures-blight-india-kerala-endosulfan-victims |access-date=2025-01-05 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Later, it was found that people living in these areas were affected by physical and genetic problems after the application of this pesticide. These health problems have been reported mostly in panchayats like [[Enmakaje]], Bellur, [[Kumbadaje]], [[Pullur, Kasaragod|Pullur]] and [[Periya, Kasaragod|Periye]] in [[Kasaragod district]] of Kerala.<ref name="Samayam3">{{cite news |title=എൻഡോസൾഫാൻ ബാധിതരും വെല്ലുവിളികളും |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/latest-news/kerala-news/endosulfan-victims-and-their-life-challenges/articleshow/92452282.cms |work=Samayam Malayalam |agency=The Times of India |language=ml}}</ref> It is said that after almost 20 years of continuous aerial spraying of endosulfan pesticide in these panchayats, the local residents started succumbing to various diseases and deaths.<ref name="Samayam3"/>

==Consequences==
In 1981, Sripadre, an independent environmental journalist, first exposed the consequences of the large-scale use of the pesticide endosulfan by reporting on various disorders among domestic animals in areas sprayed with the pesticide.<ref name="EPW">{{cite web |last1=Irshad |first1=S Mohammed |last2=Jacquleen |first2=Joseph |title=An Invisible Disaster Endosulfan Tragedy of Kerala |url=https://www.academia.edu/12119329 |publisher=Economic and Political Weekly |pages=61–65 |language=English |date=March 14, 2015}}</ref> On December 25, 1981, Evidence Weekly published a report on cows giving birth to calves with deformed limbs after aerial spraying of endosulfan in Enmakaje.<ref name="Down"/>

It was later discovered that the use of endosulfan also had a significant impact on humans. The health effects of the spraying of endosulfan were evident in the people of 11 panchayats in the district, with the victims suffering from birth defects, physical disabilities, intellectual disability, cancer, and gynecological problems.<ref name="cseindia"/><ref name="IJSER">{{cite journal |last1=Neema |first1=Bisht |last2=Sunita |first2=Pal |last3=Sindhu |first3=Tayade |title=Endosulfan – A Disastrous Pesticide |journal=International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research |date=December 2015 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=19–22 |url=https://www.ijser.org/researchpaper/Endosulfan-A-Disastrous-Pesticide.pdf}}</ref> Similar to Kerala, the same health problems are now being seen in the [[South Canara]] district of [[Karnataka]], where the Karnataka Cashew Development Corporation aerially sprayed endosulfan on cashew orchards for over 20 years.<ref name="cseindia"/> Since 1995, 500 deaths have been officially recognized as being related to the spraying of endosulfan.<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |title=No end to Endosulfan tragedy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/No-end-to-Endosulfan-tragedy/article16888527.ece |work=The Hindu |date=25 October 2009 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

Following widespread public opposition, in 1998, the Kerala government temporarily suspended aerial spraying of endosulfan.<ref name="EPW"/> In February 2001, a government-appointed team from the Kerala Agricultural University recommended an immediate halt to aerial spraying.<ref name="Manorama"/> Government imposed a permanent ban of this pesticide following a lower court ruling in 2001.<ref name="EPW"/> In January 2002, the National Institute of Occupational Health released a report stating that they had found traces of endosulfan in water samples and blood samples collected from the village of Padre.<ref name="Manorama"/> A study published in 2018 found that endosulfan residues persist in Kasaragod soil even 20 years after its use was stopped.<ref name="IJES">{{cite journal |last1=Greeshma |first1=Odukkathil |last2=Namasivayam |first2=Vasudevan |last3=Athira |first3=K. |title=ASSESSMENT OF ENDOSULFAN AND OTHER PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN SOIL OF ENMAKAJE PANCHAYATH, KASARAGOD, KERALA, INDIA |journal=Indian Journal of Environmental Sciences |date=2018 |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=95–99 |url=https://ijesonline.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/95-99-Odukkathil-et-al.-2018.pdf |archive-date=2025-01-04 |access-date=2025-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104143243/https://ijesonline.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/95-99-Odukkathil-et-al.-2018.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2001, following media reports that spraying of the pesticide endosulfan in Kasaragod district had caused serious health problems, the [[National Human Rights Commission of India|National Human Rights Commission]] (NHRC) asked the [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] to study the matter and submit a report in July. In 2002, one of its constituent institutions, the [[National Institute of Occupational Health]] (NIOH), conducted a study on the subject and reported that the prevalence of the disease was higher in these areas.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=NHRC's Recommendations on Endosulfan |url=https://nhrc.nic.in/press-release/nhrcs-recommendations-endosulfan}}</ref> Following this, the commission urged the central government to impose a ban on endosulfan across India.<ref name=":0" />

Although India government opposed a global ban of endosulfan,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-10-16 |title=India opposes ban on endosulfan despite Kerala plea |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/India-opposes-ban-on-endosulfan-despite-Kerala-plea/article15783711.ece |access-date=2025-01-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The End of Days for Endosulfan {{!}} Building and Enabling Disaster Resilience of Coastal Communities (BEDROC) |url=http://www.bedroc.in/?q=content/end-days-endosulfan |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=www.bedroc.in}}</ref> in April 2011, the Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee declared endosulfan molecule as a persistent organic pollutant.<ref name="epw">{{cite web |title=An Evidence-based Inquiry into the Endosulfan Tragedy in Kasaragod, Kerala {{!}} Economic and Political Weekly |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2021/41/special-articles/evidence-based-inquiry-endosulfan-tragedy.html |website=www.epw.in |language=en |date=9 October 2021}}</ref> One reason for this declaration was the campaign launched by various stakeholders in the context of the health problems seen in Kasaragod.<ref name="epw"/>

The Kerala State Health and Family Welfare Department classified 6278 individuals suffering from various types of diseases as "endosulfan victims" and the deaths that occurred in the said areas at that time as "endosulfan poisoning victims".<ref name="Samayam3"/> In this way, all those suffering from various diseases caused by endosulfan were included in the list of victims and they were provided with financial assistance, monthly pension, free ration, free treatment, housing and many other facilities.<ref name="Samayam3"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Meethal |first1=Amiya |title=An ever-bleeding wound called Endosulfan tragedy |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/Mar/09/an-ever-bleeding-wound-called-endosulfan-tragedy-2274059.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=11 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref> In 2006, the government distributed Rs.50,000 each to the dependents of 135 persons who died of endosulfan.<ref>{{cite news |title='കാസർകോടെന്താ കേരളത്തിലല്ലേ'; എന്തിനീ സ്ത്രീയെ നിങ്ങൾ പട്ടിണിക്കിടുന്നു? |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/why-government-is-not-intervening-to-end-dayabayi-protest-for-endosulfan-victims-1.7954073 |work=Mathrubhumi |date=13 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

The spraying of endosulfan in cashew orchards has also caused significant damage to the biodiversity of the area, according to a study conducted by Dr. V.S. Vijayan of the Salim Ali Foundation. A rapid survey conducted by Vijayan and his team indicated that the use of the pesticide resulted in a 40 to 70 percent reduction in plant diversity in the area, and it affected native species, especially fish, being the most.<ref>{{cite news |title=Endosulfan destroyed biodiversity of Kasaragod villages |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Endosulfan-destroyed-biodiversity-of-Kasaragod-villages/article10693037.ece |work=The Hindu |date=22 April 2011 |language=en-IN}}</ref> Studies have also found declines in numbers and distribution of butterflies, which are considered biological indicators of healthy and diverse ecosystems.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Raghavendra |first1=K. N. |last2=Arvind |first2=Kumar |last3=Anushree |first3=G. K. |last4=Grace |first4=Tony |date=2020-09-29 |title=Biodiversity of butterflies in endosulfan-affected areas of Kerala, India |journal=The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology |volume=81 |issue=1 |pages=58 |doi=10.1186/s41936-020-00192-w |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020JBAZ...81...58R |issn=2090-990X}}</ref>

==Objections==
There is controversy over whether endosulfan is the main cause of health problems in these areas. One argument is that it has not been proven that these diseases are more prevalent in Kasaragod than in other areas.<ref name="Open The Magazine">{{cite news |last1=Pulla |first1=Priyanka |title=Kerala's Endosulfan Tragedy |url=https://openthemagazine.com/features/india/keralas-endosulfan-tragedy/#google_vignette |work=Open The Magazine |date=22 May 2013 |language=en}}</ref> It is also said that diseases that have nothing to do with endosulfan are also being attributed to it.<ref name="Open The Magazine"/>

Scientist and head of the Department of Agricultural Entomology at Kerala Agricultural University, Dr. K. M. Sreekumar has spoken out strongly about the unscientific nature of the endosulfan disaster claims.<ref name="Samayam2">{{cite news |title=ഹൈഡ്രോസിഫലസ്, സെറിബ്രല്‍ പാല്‍സി, ഡൗണ്‍ സിന്‍ഡ്രോം രോഗങ്ങൾ എൻഡോസൾഫാൻ മൂലമെന്നതിന് ശാസ്ത്രീയാടിസ്ഥാനമെന്ത്? ആരോപണമുന്നയിക്കുന്നവരുടെ പഠന രീതിശാസ്ത്രം എന്തായിരുന്നു? ശാസ്ത്രീയ തെളിവുകൾ ഉണ്ടായേ തീരൂ ഹരിത മാനവ് - ഡോ. കെ. എം. ശ്രീകുമാർ |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/latest-news/kerala-news/endosulfan-issue-dr-k-m-sreekumar-interview/articleshow/95338009.cms |work=Samayam Malayalam |agency=The Times of India |language=ml}}</ref> Sreekumar says that the child with the enlarged head, which is said to be caused by endosulfan, was due to a disease called hydrocephalus, and that it can be caused by various reasons, such as difficulties during normal childbirth, problems that occur when two children are born together, etc.<ref name="Samayam2"/> He adds that there is not even a research paper yet that this is caused by endosulfan.<ref name="Samayam2"/> He says that these patients are present in areas where endosulfan has been sprayed and in areas where endosulfan has not been used so far, and that all types of diseases that have been shown to be caused by endosulfan in Kasaragod district are similar.<ref name="Samayam2"/> He points out that while health workers are identifying patients who say they are due to endosulfan, there is a lack of clinical or biochemical evidence to confirm that these illnesses are a result of endosulfan.<ref name="Samayam2"/>

Although a study by Calicut Medical College spot a high incidence of disease in Kasargod, according to a critique by Sreekumar and fellow entomologist Prathapan Divakaran, published in the journal Current Science, the levels of endosulfan in the blood of patients in the Calicut Medical College study appeared to have no correlation with the health of these patients.<ref name="Open The Magazine"/>

==Legal actions==
Leela Kumari Amma, an agricultural officer from village of Pullur in Kasaragod, was the first to approach the court regarding endosulfan ban. On October 18, 1998, she filed a case in the Hosdurg Munsif Court demanding a halt to the spraying of endosulfan, and the court issued an interim order not to spray endosulfan in that area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leelakumari Amma (India) {{!}} WikiPeaceWomen – English |url=https://wikipeacewomen.org/wpworg/en/?page_id=2340 |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=wikipeacewomen.org}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2012-05-16 |title=Victory of grit and courage |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2011/Jul/25/victory-of-grit-and-courage-274861.html |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> When the Munsif Court order came, the Plantation Corporation moved the case to the Kanhangad Sub Court, but she won there too.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gangadharan |first=Kiran |title=Mother's Day:വിഷമഴയ്ക്കെതിരെ പ്രതിരോധത്തിന്റെ കുട നിവർത്തിയ അമ്മ |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/news/features/mothers-day-2017-leelakumari-amma-endosulfan-fight-kasargod-kerala-plea-court/ |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=malayalam.indianexpress.com |language=ml}}</ref> After that, the Corporation moved straight to the High Court, but rejecting this, in 2000, the [[Kerala High Court]] upheld the lower court's order and permanently stopped the spraying of endosulfan.<ref name=":1" /> In 2011, Supreme Court of India banned production, sale and use of Endosulfan in the country till further orders.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ban of Endosulfan |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=107462}}</ref>

In January 2017, the Supreme Court of India ordered state government to give a compensation of Rs 5 lakh each to the victims of endosulfan.<ref name="News18">{{cite news |title=എന്‍ഡോസള്‍ഫാന്‍ ദുരിതബാധിതര്‍ക്കുള്ള നഷ്ടപരിഹാരം വൈകുന്നു; വിമര്‍ശനവുമായി സുപ്രീംകോടതി |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/india/endosulfan-tragedy-supreme-court-slams-kerala-govt-for-disbursing-compensation-to-only-8-out-of-3704-victims-ak-532448.html |work=News18 മലയാളം |date=14 May 2022 |language=ml |archive-date=17 May 2022 |access-date=4 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517153402/https://malayalam.news18.com/news/india/endosulfan-tragedy-supreme-court-slams-kerala-govt-for-disbursing-compensation-to-only-8-out-of-3704-victims-ak-532448.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 2022, after the government failed to distribute compensation to everyone even after five years of the order, Supreme Court has strongly criticized the state government for delaying the distribution of compensation to endosulfan victims.<ref name="News18"/>

The Supreme Court had ordered in 2017 that adequate medical facilities should be provided to endosulfan victims. However, following a contempt petition filed in the Supreme Court in 2021 alleging that the state had failed to implement this, the Kerala High Court directed the Kasaragod District Legal Services Authority (DLSA) to submit a detailed report on the medical and palliative care facilities for endosulfan victims in the district.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala High Court seeks detailed report on medical care for endosulfan victims in Kasaragod |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-high-court-seeks-detailed-report-on-medical-care-for-endosulfan-victims-in-kasaragod/article68764025.ece |work=The Hindu |date=17 October 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
''Arajeevithangalkkoru swargam'' ({{langx|en|A Paradise for Half Lives}}) is a documentary film directed by M. A. Rahman that highlights the seriousness of the Endosulfan disaster.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=ലേഖകൻ |first=മാധ്യമം |date=2021-11-10 |title='അരജീവിതങ്ങൾക്കൊരു സ്വർഗ'ത്തിന് രണ്ടുപതിറ്റാണ്ട് {{!}} 20 years of endosulfan documentary {{!}} Madhyamam |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/kerala/kasaragod/20-years-of-endosulfan-documentary-871637 |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=www.madhyamam.com |language=ml}}</ref> Produced by 'Greenfox' under the leadership of K.M.K. Kunjabdulla, the documentary began shooting in 1999 and was completed in 2002.<ref name=":2" /> ''A Pestering Journey'', directed by K. R. Manoj, is another documentary based on this tragedy.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2011-12-03 |title='വസുധ' പുരസ്‌കാരം 'എ പെസ്റ്ററിങ് ജേര്‍ണി'ക്ക്‌ , Iffi 2011 - Mathrubhumi Movies |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/iffi_2011/233993/ |access-date=2025-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203002217/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/iffi_2011/233993/ |archive-date=3 December 2011 }}</ref> This documentary was also submitted before the Supreme Court of India as evidence in the Endosulfan case.<ref name=":3" />

''[[Enmakaje (novel)|Enmakaje]]'' (Translated as ''Swarga'' in English), a novel written by [[Ambikasuthan Mangad]] is based on the Endosulfan tragedy in Kasaragod.<ref name="Financial Express">{{cite news |title=Malayalam author Ambikasuthan Mangad's new novel 'Swarga' is a reminder for us of our mindless crimes against humanity |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/malayalam-author-ambikasuthan-mangads-new-novel-swarga-is-a-reminder-for-us-of-our-mindless-crimes-against-humanity/796178/ |work=The Financial Express |date=2017-08-06 |access-date=2021-06-16 |archive-date=2021-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195336/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/malayalam-author-ambikasuthan-mangads-new-novel-swarga-is-a-reminder-for-us-of-our-mindless-crimes-against-humanity/796178/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Wire">{{cite news |title='Swarga' Draws on Mythical Tales to Depict Kerala's Struggle Against Endosulfan Spraying |url=https://thewire.in/books/swarga-book-review |work=The Wire |access-date=2021-06-16 |archive-date=2021-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195245/https://thewire.in/books/swarga-book-review |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Valiya Chirakulla Pakshikal]]'' ({{langx|en|Birds with Large Wings}}), a 2015 [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] [[drama film]] written and directed by [[Dr. Biju]] is also based on this incident.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/keralas/26|title=Ace Malayalam director is making a movie based on the Endosulfan tragedy|date=5 January 2015|access-date=6 May 2015|archive-date=10 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710015130/http://www.thenewsminute.com/keralas/26|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''[[Pakarnnattam]]'', directed by [[Jayaraj]] is also based on this incident.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-12/thiruvananthapuram/30508330_1_seema-biswas-film-political-violence | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714192010/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-12/thiruvananthapuram/30508330_1_seema-biswas-film-political-violence | url-status=dead | archive-date=2012-07-14 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Jayaraj's film 'Pakarnnattam' discusses political violence | date=2011-12-12}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Health disasters in India]]
[[Category:Chemical disasters]]
[[Category:Disasters in Kerala]]
[[Category:Toxic effects of pesticides]]
[[Category:Environmental disasters in India]]

Hey Balwanth

2026-04-23T02:32:31Z

Sachin Soni:

{{More citations needed|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Hey Balwanth.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Gopi Atchara
| screenplay = Gopi Atchara
| story = Shanmukha Prashanth
| producer = B. Narendra Reddy
| starring = {{Plain list|
* [[Suhas (Telugu actor)|Suhas]]
* Shivani Nagaram
* [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]]
}}
| cinematography = Mahi Reddy Pandugula
| editing = Viplav Nyshadam
| music = [[Vivek Sagar]]
| studio = Trishul Visionary Studios
| distributor = {{Plain list|
* BV Works
* Vamsi Nandipati Entertainments
}}
| released = {{Film date|2026|02|20|df=y}}
| runtime = 134 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| gross = ₹9.25 crore<ref>{{cite web |title=హే బల్వంత్ మూవీ టోటల్ కలెక్షన్స్….హిట్టా-ఫట్టా!! |url=https://t2blive.com/heybalwanth-total-collections/ |website=T2BLive |language=en |date=5 April 2026 |access-date=8 April 2026}}</ref>
}}

'''''Hey Balwanth''''' (internationally released as '''''Hey Bhagawan''''') is a 2026 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy drama]] film co-written and directed by Gopi Atchara, in his directorial debut.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-20 |title=Hey Balwanth movie review: VK Naresh shines in an otherwise uneven film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/hey-balwanth-movie-review-vk-naresh-shines-in-an-otherwise-uneven-film-10542019/ |access-date=2026-03-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The film stars [[Suhas Pagolu|Suhas]], Shivani Nagaram, and [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]]. Produced by B. Narendra Reddy under the banner of Trishul Visionary Studios, the film was released theatrically on 20 February 2026 to mixed reviews from critics and audiences and emerged as a commercial failure at the box office, grossing over only ₹9.25 crore globally.<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Raghu |date=April 5, 2026 |title=హే బల్వంత్ మూవీ టోటల్ కలెక్షన్స్….హిట్టా-ఫట్టా!! |trans-title=Hey Balwant Movie Total Collections |url=https://t2blive.com/heybalwanth-total-collections/ |access-date=April 22, 2026 |website=T2BLive}}</ref><ref name="indianexpress">{{Cite web |date=16 February 2026 |title=Suhas' Hey Bhagawan renamed to Hey Balwanth at last minute amid censor objection |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/suhas-hey-bhagawan-renamed-to-hey-balwanth-at-last-minute-amid-censor-objection-10534840/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260217200319/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/suhas-hey-bhagawan-renamed-to-hey-balwanth-at-last-minute-amid-censor-objection-10534840/ |archive-date=17 February 2026 |access-date=20 February 2026 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Krishna (Suhas) is a Guntur-based postgraduate who idolizes his father, Rao Balwanth (VK Naresh). Though Krishna wants to join the family business, Balwanth refuses and encourages him to work elsewhere. Krishna eventually joins an NGO run by Mithra (Shivani Nagaram) and the two fall in love.

When Balwanth suffers a heart attack, Krishna takes over the family’s operations and discovers "Balwanth Lodge" is a front for a brothel. Distraught by the discovery, Krishna attempts to sell the property while hiding the truth from the idealistic Mithra. He and his friend Banka (Sudharshan) pretend the lodge is a "nature cure center" to maintain the deception.

The situation escalates when Mithra’s grandfather (Babu Mohan) was found dead at the lodge, drawing the attention of local political rivals Durga Rao (Ajay Ghosh) and Mithra’s father PVB (Harsha Vardhan). Further problems arise when Durga Rao’s son Yuvan (Vennela Kishore) falls in love and wishes to marry a prostitute Champa (Sravanthi Chokkarapu) who works in that lodge. After a series of confrontations, Balwanth reveals the personal sacrifices and social circumstances that led to his career choice. Krishna accepts his father's reasoning and the two reconcile.

== Cast ==
* [[Suhas (Telugu actor)|Suhas]] as Krishna Balwanth
* Shivani Nagaram as Mithra
* [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] as Rao Balwanth, Krishna's father
* [[Vennela Kishore]] as Yuvan
* [[Ajay Ghosh]] as Durga Rao, Yuvan’s father
* [[Sudharshan]] as Banka, Krishna’s friend
* [[Annapurna (actress)|Annapurna]] as Krishna’s grandmother
* [[Harsha Vardhan]] as PVB, Mithra’s father
* [[Babu Mohan]] as Mithra’s grandfather
* Sravanthi Chokarapu as Champa
* Lavanya Reddy as Madalasa
* Rocket Raghava as Surendra, PVB's [[Personal assistant|PA]]
* Jabardasth Dorababu as Kamlesh, PVB’s right-hand man
* Jaya Naidu as Mithra’s mother
* Appaji Ambarisha Darbha as Party President

== Release ==

=== Theatrical release ===
''Hey Balwanth'' was theatrically released on 20 February 2026. The film was initially titled ''Hey Bhagawan'', but just four days prior to its release, the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] (CBFC) requested a title change due to concerns over religious sentiments.<ref name="indiatoday">{{Cite web |date=16 February 2026 |title=Suhas' Hey Bhagawan retitled Hey Balwanth after censor objection |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/hey-balwanth-title-change-cbfc-buzz-telugu-comedy-release-2869235-2026-02-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260227005610/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/hey-balwanth-title-change-cbfc-buzz-telugu-comedy-release-2869235-2026-02-16 |archive-date=27 February 2026 |access-date=20 February 2026 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The digital streaming rights for the film were acquired by [[Zee5]], while the satellite rights were secured by [[Zee Telugu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Telugu |first=TV9 |date=2026-03-29 |title=Hey Balwanth: OTTలోకి వస్తున్న సుహాస్ న్యూ ఫిల్మ్ |url=https://tv9telugu.com/videos/entertainment-videos/hey-balwanth-ott-release-suhas-starrer-now-streaming-on-zee5-from-march-31-video-1779652.html |access-date=2026-03-30 |website=TV9 Telugu |language=te}}</ref> The film began premiering on Zee5 on 31 March 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-08 |title=Suhas-starrer Hey Balwanth's digital premiere locked for this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2026/Mar/27/suhas-starrer-hey-balwanths-digital-premiere-locked-for-this-date |access-date=2026-03-30 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
Suhas Sistu of ''[[The Hans India]]'' wrote, "''Hey Balwanth'' works best as a feel-good social dramedy that balances humour with emotion. Its clean comedy, heartfelt dialogues, and relatable father-son dynamics give it strong emotional grounding".<ref name="hansindia">{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=20 February 2026 |title=Hey Balwanth: A heartfelt, clean comedy-drama |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/hey-balwanth-a-heartfelt-clean-comedy-drama-1050267 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260227004503/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/hey-balwanth-a-heartfelt-clean-comedy-drama-1050267 |archive-date=27 February 2026 |access-date=20 February 2026 |website=[[The Hans India]]}}</ref> Suresh Kavirayani of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' wrote, "''Hey Balwanth'' offers intermittent laughs and a few emotional moments. While the story’s backdrop isn’t entirely convincing, the director manages to present it in an entertaining way".<ref name="cineexpress">{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=20 February 2026 |title=Hey Balwanth Movie Review: A message-laden film that entertains in parts |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2026/Feb/20/hey-balwanth-movie-review-a-message-laden-film-that-entertains-in-parts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260227003629/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2026/Feb/20/hey-balwanth-movie-review-a-message-laden-film-that-entertains-in-parts |archive-date=27 February 2026 |access-date=20 February 2026 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> Divya Shree of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote, "Despite a few tonal inconsistencies, director Gopi Atchara effectively weaves together familial conflict and situational humour, shaping the film into a fairly engaging and dependable comedy entertainer".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shree |first=Divya |date=21 February 2026 |title=Hey Balwanth Movie Review: A sensitive comedy drama that blends heart and humour |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/a-sensitive-comedy-drama-that-blends-heart-and-humour/movie-review/128639590.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260227004813/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/a-sensitive-comedy-drama-that-blends-heart-and-humour/movie-review/128639590.cms |archive-date=27 February 2026 |access-date=27 February 2026 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|37342587}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/hey-balwanth/0-0-1z5934774 Hey Balwanth] at [[Zee5]]

[[Category:2026 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2026 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2026 films]]
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vivek Sagar]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language comedy-drama films]]

Baria (caste)

2026-04-22T18:10:11Z

Sachin Soni: made new stub - done

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Koli clan of Gujarat}}
{{use indian english|date=August 2025}}
{{use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox gotra|name=Baria Koli|local name=બારિયા કોલી|type=[[Gotra|Clan]] of [[Koli people|Koli]] [[Caste system in India|caste]]|ethnicity=[[Koli people]]|location=[[Gujarat]]|religion=* [[Hindus|Hindu]]
* [[Jainism|Jain]]|surnames=* [[Patel]]
* [[Thakor]]
* [[Rathva koli]]|image=File:Koli popular in 1931.jpg|caption=Koli population in Gujarat in 1931 including Baria Kolis}}
'''Baria''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Enthoven |first=Reginald Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FoT6gPrbTp8C&dq=Baria+Koli&pg=PA65 |title=The Tribes and Castes of Bombay |publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]] |year=1990 |isbn=978-81-206-0630-2 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=65 |language=en}}</ref> or '''Baraiya,'''<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Yājñika |first1=Acyuta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wmKIiAPgnF0C&dq=Baraiya+Koli&pg=PA304 |title=The Shaping of Modern Gujarat: Plurality, Hindutva, and Beyond |last2=Sheth |first2=Suchitra |publisher=[[Penguin Books India]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-14-400038-8 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=304 |language=en}}</ref> '''Bareeya'''<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwluAAAAMAAJ |title=Dominance and State Power in Modern India: Decline of a Social Order |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-19-562098-6 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=104 |language=en}}</ref> and '''Bariya'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Plunkett |first=Hugh Sheridan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rmFKAQAAMAAJ |title=Leadership and Social Change in a District of Rajasthan, India |publisher=[[University of California, Berkeley]] |year=1972 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=191 |language=en}}</ref> is a [[clan]] ([[Gotra]]) of the [[Koli people|Koli]] [[Caste system in India|caste]] found in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian State]] of [[Gujarat]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=A community called Koli - Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/a-community-called-koli------------------------/214908/ |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref> and [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gopal |first=Krishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pQfgAAAAMAAJ |title=Fairs and Festivals of India: Chhattisgarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu, Goa, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |year=2003 |isbn=978-81-212-0811-6 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=35 |language=en}}</ref> the [[Devgadh Baria|Devgad Baria]] was their Stronghold or given their name to [[Baria State]] in Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Desai |first=Anjali H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gZRLGZNZEoEC&q=Baria+Koli |title=India Guide Gujarat |publisher=India Guide Publications |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-9789517-0-2 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=184 |language=en}}</ref> according to the historian Y.V.S Nath, the ruling royal family of [[Baria State]] is original [[Koli people|Koli]] by caste but later they claimed to be of [[Rajput]] origin to be in high status among other [[Princely State]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nath |first=Y. V. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eXEbAAAAMAAJ |title=Bhils of Ratanmal: An Analysis of the Social Structure of a Western Indian Community |publisher=[[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]] |year=1960 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=65: presence in these regions, by explaining that they came in the wake of the founders of the present ruling houses of Bariya State and other estates in the area. The latter however claim to be Rajputs today, though the local traditions give them a Koli extraction." Till recently, most of the thakurdari and ankadi rights in these States were held by Bariya Kolis. Some of them even claim kinship with the Rulers of Baria and the Thakurs of Ratanmal |language=en}}</ref>

According to the census records of 1931, there were 1,03,769 [[Hindus|Hindu]] Baria Kolis and 5 Baria Kolis were converted to [[Jainism|Jain]] [[Religion in India|religion]] in the [[Baroda State]] of [[Gaekwad dynasty|Gaekwars]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lobo |first=Lancy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1DBuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Thakors of North Gujarat: A Caste in the Village and the Region |publisher=Hindustan Publishing Corporation |year=1995 |isbn=978-81-7075-035-2 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=188 |language=en}}</ref>

== Origin ==
The Baria Kolis got their name from the [[Devgadh Baria]] of Gujarat and it was their Stronghold as well as they were lawless and turbulent people.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Shah |first1=A. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RY1uAAAAMAAJ |title=Division and Hierarchy: An Overview of Caste in Gujarat |last2=Desai |first2=Ishwarlal Pragji |publisher=Hindustan Publishing Corporation |year=1988 |isbn=978-81-7075-008-6 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=7 |language=en}}</ref>

== Piracy ==
Historically, the Baria Kolis were well known [[Piracy|pirates]] of Gujarat and the [[Piram Island|Piram]] [[island]] of Gujarat was stronghold of Baria Koli pirates but later they were defeated by Mokhadaji Gohil in 1325.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singhji |first=Virbhadra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NYK7ZSpPzkUC&q=Baria+Koli |title=The Rajputs of Saurashtra |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=1994 |isbn=978-81-7154-546-9 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=39 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Rawal (title)|Rawal]] [[Bhavsinhji II|Bhavsinhji]] of [[Bhavnagar State|Bhavnagar]] died in 1764, leaving behind him five sons, and the eldest of and these, Akherajji I, succeeded as Ruler of the State. At this juncture the fort of [[Talaja, Bhavnagar|Talaja]] was in the hands of Baria Koli pirates, a ment lawless band of pirates who infested the western littoral from [[Cambay State|Cambay]] to the [[Indus River|Indus]]. Their unjust exactions pressed so heavily upon merchants in that locality that the large trade previously carried on was almost entirely ruined, even British ships falling ment then sent [[troop]]s, which were assisted by Rawal Akherajji and his army, and it was their combined forces which captured the stronghold of Talaja and defeated the Baria clan of Koli pirates.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bond |first1=J. W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC&q=Baria+Koli |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |last2=Wright |first2=Arnold |publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=371–376 |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
During the [[British Raj|British]] Raj in Gujarat, The Baria Kolis were holders of Vanta lands (private estates).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Clark |first=Alice Whitcomb |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PQFtAAAAMAAJ |title=Central Gujarat in the Nineteenth Century: The Integration of an Agrarian System |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin--Madison]] |year=1979 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=354–355 |language=en}}</ref> the Bariya Kolis were formerly known as Bandits because of their anti-social activities but later settled as agriculturist in villages.<ref name=":0" />

Around 1950, Kolis of Baria clan joined the [[Gujarat Kshatriya Sabha]] which was started by Koli elite [[Natwarsinh Solanki]] for upliftment of Koli society.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ghosh |first1=Buddhadeb |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zleOAAAAMAAJ |title=State Politics and Panchayats in India |last2=Kumar |first2=Girish |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors |year=2003 |isbn=978-81-7304-487-8 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=95 |language=en}}</ref> after joining the Sabha, Baria Kolis were not in conflicts against [[Rajput]]s but Kolis of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] didn't join the Sabha because they thought that '[[Patidar]] wasn't their enemy and they didn't need to be Rajputs to be called as [[Kshatriya]]'.<ref name=":1" />

== See also ==
* [[Devgadh Baria]]
* [[Baria State]]
* [[Rathwa]]
* [[Rathva koli]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Koli clans]]

== External links ==
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=MMCSDgAAQBAJ&dq=Baria+Koli&pg=PT192 Feminists Rethink the Neoliberal State: Inequality, Exclusion, and Change by Leela Fernandes]

Siddharth Basrur

2026-04-22T10:13:40Z

Sachin Soni: created new details more to come!

{{Promotional|date=June 2014}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Siddharth Basrur
| image = Siddharth Basrur.png
| caption = Siddharth in 2013
| genre = [[Indie music|Indie]], [[Filmi|Bollywood]], [[Playback singing]], [[Progressive metal]], [[Alternative rock]]
| occupation = Singer, songwriter
| associated_acts = Goddess Gagged, Kinky Ski Munky
}}

'''Siddharth Basrur''' is an Indian vocalist, composer, and playback singer. He began his career in the indie music scene with his first band, Kinky Ski Munky. He is the frontman of Mumbai's progressive metal band, Goddess Gagged. Basrur has contributed to Bollywood movies such as ''[[Haunted 3D]]'', ''[[Players (2012 film)|Players]]'', and ''[[David (Hindi film)|David]]''.

== Early life ==
Siddharth Basrur was born in 1981 and developed an interest in music during his childhood. He dropped out of his first year of college and started working in a music store. Basrur grew up listening to a wide range of music, from [[Alice Cooper]] to [[Kishore Kumar]], influenced by his father and uncles, who were fans of classic rock 'n’ roll. By the age of 15, alternative rock had become his favorite genre.

== Career ==
Basrur earned a diploma in audio engineering and initially worked in the film industry, focusing on audio post-production. He later transitioned to content writing for [[Channel V]] in 2008 but eventually left to pursue music full-time. In 2000, Basrur composed vocal melodies for the band Kinky Ski Munky. His first significant break in commercial music came when he was asked by Chirantan, a friend involved in the making of the soundtrack for ''[[Haunted – 3D|Haunted 3D]]'', to sing two songs for the movie. In 2016, he sang the Hindi version of "We Know the Way" for the Hindi-dubbed release of the [[Disney]] animated feature film ''[[Moana (2016 film)|Moana]]''.

== Performances and appearances ==
He was asked to open the show for the daughter of well-known late Indian sitar composer [[Ravi Shankar]], [[Norah Jones]], who performed at the 'A Summer's Day' music festival, held in Mumbai on 2 March 2013.<ref>Yahoo.in [https://in.news.yahoo.com/siddharth-basrur-honoured-open-norah-jones-show-105406717.html "Siddharth Basrur honoured to open Norah Jones Show"]</ref> Basrur and [[Meiyang Chang]] performed a jam session at the [[Bestseller (company)|Jack & Jones]] store in [[Mumbai]] on 20 October 2013.<ref>Times of India. [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/mumbai/Meiyang-Chang-Siddharth-Basrur-perform-at-jam-session/movie-review/24341000.cms "Meiyang Chang and Siddharth Basrur perform at jam session"]</ref> He has also performed live at IndiEarth at the Park, held in Chennai.<ref>[http://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news-releases/indiearth-the-park-with-siddharth-basrur-band-and-your-chin "IndiEarth-The Park with Siddharth Basrur band and Your Chin"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518172426/http://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news-releases/indiearth-the-park-with-siddharth-basrur-band-and-your-chin |date=18 May 2014 }}</ref>

== Music style and impact ==
Basrur's music ranges between a variety of genres like punk rock and indie rock, to metal music. In 2013, he released his solo album Chasing Rain in two chapters - respectively named Chapter 1 and Chapter 2.<ref name=indianbandshub>Indian Bands Hub. [http://indianbandshub.blogspot.in/2013/03/siddharth-basrur.html "Siddharth Basrur"]</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
Siddharth Basrur won the [[MTV]] VMAI in 2013 for Roots Song of the Year.<ref>Soundbox. [http://www.soundbox.co.in/mtv-vmai-award-winners-revealed/ "MTV VMAI Award Winners Revealed"]</ref> He has been nominated for the Radio Cit Awards in 2013,<ref>Planet Radio City. {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20141221064920/http://www.planetradiocity.com/rcfa/winners.php?cid=3 "Radio City Freedom Awards-Winners"]}}</ref> and also for the Jack Daniels Rock Awards in 2014 in the categories of song of the year and male artist of the year<ref>NH7 [http://nh7.in/indiecision/2014/02/21/our-picks-for-the-jd-rock-awards-2014 "Our picks for the JD Rock Awards"]</ref>

== Discography ==
'''Bollywood'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Song !! Movie !! Composer
|-
|rowspan="2"|2011
| "Mujhe De De Har Gham Tera"
|rowspan="2"|''[[Haunted – 3D]]''
|rowspan=2|[[Chirantan Bhatt]]
|-
|"Jaaniya"
|-
|rowspan="2"|2012
|"Jhoom Jhoom Ta Hoon Main"
|rowspan=2| ''[[Players (2012 film)|Players]]''
|rowspan=2|[[Pritam]]
|-
|"Jis Jagah"
|-
|2013 || "Theme song" (Hindi, Tamil, Telugu)||''[[David (2013 Hindi film)|David]]'' (Bilingual film)
|[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|2014
|"Wind of Change" || ''[[Paranthe Wali Gali]]''
|[[Vasundhara Das]]
|-
|"Haseena Tu Kameena Mein" || ''[[Happy Ending (2014 film)|Happy Ending]]''
|rowspan=2|[[Sachin-Jigar]]
|-
|rowspan="3"|2015
|"Naach Meri Jaan"||''[[ABCD 2]]''
|-
|"Jaago Mohan Pyaare" || ''[[Katti Batti]]''
|[[Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy]]
|-
|"Neend Na Mujhko Aaye"||''[[Shaandaar (2015 film)|Shaandaar]]''
|[[Amit Trivedi]]
|-
|rowspan="4"|2016
| "Get Ready to Fight"|| ''[[Baaghi (2016 film)|Baaghi]]''
|Pranaay Rijia
|-
| "Paani Ka Raasta"|| ''[[Raman Raghav 2.0]]''
|[[Ram Sampath]]
|-
|"Parwah Nahin" || ''[[M.S. Dhoni: The Untold Story]]''
|[[Amaal Mallik]]
|-
|"Roke Na Ruke"|| ''[[Phobia (2016 film)|Phobia]]''
|Daniel B George
|-
|rowspan=4|2017
|"Baat Ban Jaaye" || ''[[A Gentleman]]''
|Sachin-Jigar
|-
|"Beparwah" || ''[[Munna Michael]]''
|Gourav-Roshin
|-
|"Karaiyaadhe"
|rowspan=2| ''[[Solo (2017 film)|Solo]]'' (HindI dub)
|rowspan=2|Gourav Godkhindi
|-
|"You"
|-
|2018 ||"Get Ready to Fight Again" || ''[[Baaghi 2]]''
|Pranaay Rijia
|-
|2019
|"Jigra"
| ''[[Uri: The Surgical Strike]]''
|[[Shashwat Sachdev]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|2020
|"Bezuban Kab Se"
| ''[[Street Dancer 3D]]''
|Sachin-Jigar
|-
|"Get Ready To Fight -Reloaded"
| ''[[Baaghi 3]]''
|Pranaay Rijia
|-
|2022
|"Jungle Mein Kaand"
| ''[[Bhediya (film)|Bhediya]]''
|Sachin-Jigar
|-
|rowspan=2|2023
|"Hum Aaye Hain"
| ''[[Ganapath]]''
|[[Sachin-Jigar|The White Noise]]
|-
|"Bloody Sweet"
| ''[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|Leo]]'' (Hindi dub)
|Anirudh Ravichander
|-
|rowspan=2|2024
|"Shaitaan Theme"
| ''[[Shaitaan (2024 film)|Shaitaan]]''
|Amit Trivedi
|-
|"Hunter Ka Avtaar"
| ''[[Vettaiyan]]'' (Hindi dub)
|Anirudh Ravichander
|-
|2025
|"I Am The Danger"
| ''[[Coolie (2025 film)]]'' (Hindi dub)
|Anirudh Ravichander
|-
|}

'''Kannada'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Song !! Movie !! Composer
|-
| "Hulli Hulli" || ''[[Hebbuli]]'' || [[Arjun Janya]]
|-
| "Shiva Shankara" || ''[[The Villain (2018 film)|The Villain]]'' || Arjun Janya
|-
| "Bloody Sweet" || ''[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|Leo]]'' ||[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|-
| "Hunter Bandha" || ''[[Vettaiyan]]'' ||Anirudh Ravichander
|-
|}

'''Tamil'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Song !! Movie !! Composer
|-
| "Bloody Sweet" || ''[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|Leo]]'' ||[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|-
| "Hunter Vantaar" || ''[[Vettaiyan]]'' ||Anirudh Ravichander
|-
|"I Am the Danger"
|[[Coolie (2025 film)]]
|[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|-
|"Rage Of Kaantha"
|[[Kaantha]]
|Jhanu Chanthar
|}

'''Telugu'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Song !! Movie !! Composer
|-
| "Bloody Sweet" || ''[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|Leo]]'' (Telugu dub) ||[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|-
| "Hunter Entry" || ''[[Vettaiyan]]'' (Telugu dub) ||Anirudh Ravichander
|-
| "Ragile Ragile" || ''[[Kingdom (2025 film)|Kingdom]]'' ||[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|-
| "I Am The Danger" || ''[[Coolie (2025 film)]]'' (Telugu dub) ||[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|-
|"Rage Of Kaantha"
|[[Kaantha]] (Telugu dub)
|Jhanu Chanthar
|}

'''Malayalam'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Song !! Movie !! Composer
|-
| "Bloody Sweet" || ''[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|Leo]]'' (D) ||[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|-
| "Pyara Mera Veera" || ''[[Varshangalkku Shesham]]'' || Amrit Ramnath
|-
| "I Am The Danger" || ''[[Coolie (2025 film)]]'' (D) ||[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|-
|}

'''IPL 2018'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Song !! Music
|-
| Best vs BEST || Dan Mace
|}
'''Solo Career'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Album !! Track list
|-
| Chasing Rain (Chapter 1) || In Between feat. Devesh Dayal
|-
| || Rain
|-
| || Stay
|-
| || Lifting The Veil
|-
| || Battleships feat. Naina Kundu
|-
| Chasing Rain (Chapter 2) || Light Up My Life
|-
| || Sandwich Song
|-
| || Come September ft.Vishal J.Singh
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Singles
|-
| You Never Know
|-
| Logic Is Such A Liar
|-
| Make Me A Sandwich
|-
| Scuttle
|-
| Okakifreak – That's Right, Fool
|-
| Don't Release Me
|-
| Secrets<ref name=indianbandshub />
|}
'''Goddess Gagged'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Album !! Track list
|-
| Resurfaces || Modern Machines
|-
| || Rosemary's Baby
|-
| || Dreamer
|-
| || Inspire
|-
| || Visionary
|-
| || Sink or Swim
|-
| || Preliminary Stages of The Master Plan
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Singles
|-
| Shades
|-
| Flow
|-
| Push Me To Solidarity
|-
| Fine Lines
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Basrur, Siddharth}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian male singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian singer-songwriters]]

Meghalu Cheppina Prema Katha

2026-04-18T18:12:22Z

Sachin Soni: Made

{{Short description|2025 Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Meghalu Cheppina Prema Katha
| image = Meghalu Cheppina Prema Katha.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name =
| director = Vipin
| writer = Vipin
| producer = Uma Devi Kota
| starring = {{plain list|
* Naresh Agastya
* Rabiya Khatoon
}}
| cinematography = Mohana Krishna
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]
| music = [[Justin Prabhakaran]]
| studio = Sunethra Entertainment
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2025|08|22|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Meghalu Cheppina Prema Katha''''' ({{Translation|The love story told by the clouds}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film written and directed by Vipin.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-26 |title=Former media exec turns filmmaker with Naresh Agastya's romantic drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/former-media-exec-turns-filmmaker-with-naresh-agastyas-romantic-drama/articleshow/122085298.cms |access-date=2025-09-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It stars Naresh Agastya and Rabiya Khatoon in important roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=|date=2025-03-27 |title=Naresh Agastya, Rabiya Khatoon's romantic drama titled 'Meghalu Cheppina Prema Katha' |url=https://ianslive.in/naresh-agastya-rabiya-khatoons-romantic-drama-titled-meghalu-cheppina-prema-katha--20250327201601 |access-date=2025-09-26 |website=IANS News |language=en}}</ref>

The film was released on 22 August 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-07-25 |title='Meghalu Cheppina Prema Katha' trailer: Melodies, love, and dreams |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/meghalu-cheppina-prema-katha-trailer-melodies-love-and-dreams-990995 |access-date=2025-09-26 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{No plot|date=September 2025}}

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* Naresh Agastya as Varun
* Rabiya Khatoon as Meghana
* [[Radhika Sarathkumar]] as Kamakshi Shanakaramurthy, Varun’s grandmother
* [[Aswathi Thirunal Rama Varma]] as Guruji
* [[Suman (actor)|Suman]] as Mahendra, Varun’s father
* [[Aamani]] as Revathi, Varun’s mother
* [[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi]] as Meghana’s mother
* Venkatesh Kakumanu as Hari, Varun’s bestfriend
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Hari’s uncle
* [[Vidyullekha Raman]] as Komali, Meghana’s colleague
* Raja Chembolu as Aditya, Meghana’s colleague and love-interest
* [[Mohan Raman]] as Estate Manager
* [[Harsha Vardhan]] as Meghana’s boss
* [[Ananth Babu]] as Priest
* [[Duvvasi Mohan]] as Yoga teacher
* [[Rajashree (actress)|Rajashree]] as Meghana’s aunt
* Viraajita as Meghana’s cousin
* Renga Prasanth as Ranga, Estate Waiter
* Divya Chalamasetty as Divya, Meghana’s colleague
* Ping Pong Surya as Surya, Meghana’s colleague
* Jogi Naidu as Beggar
* Sanjay Reddy as Mahendra’s friend
* Radha Krishna
* Narasimha
* Parnika
* Nagi Jabardasth
* Prasanth
* Divya
* Karthikeya Dev
* Mrunal Varma
}}

==Music==
The background score and soundtrack were composed by [[Justin Prabhakaran]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-08-09 |title=Justin Prabhakaran creates a stunning soundscape in 'Saage Nade', new single from Meghalu Cheppina Prema Katha |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Aug/09/justin-prabhakaran-creates-a-stunning-soundscape-in-saage-nade-new-single-from-meghalu-cheppina-prema-katha |access-date=2025-09-26 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Tillana
| extra1 = [[Aswathi Thirunal Rama Varma]]
| length1 = 2:23
| lyrics1 = [[M. Balamuralikrishna]]
| title2 = Saage Nade
| extra2 = [[Anurag Kulkarni]]
| length2 = 3:54
| lyrics2 = [[Krishna Kanth]]
| title3 = Gala Gala
| extra3 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Chinmayi Sripada]]
| title4 = Kalaya Yashode
| length4 = 4:16
| lyrics4 = [[Narayana Teertha]]
| extra4 = [[Madhushree]]
| title5 = Sound Of Love
| length5 = 4:05
| lyrics5 = Rehman
| extra5 = [[S. P. Charan]], [[Shashaa Tirupati]]
| title6 = Oh Megham
| length6 = 3:41
| lyrics6 = Vipin
| extra6 = Gowtham Bharadwaj
| title7 = Nuvvevaro
| length7 = 4:15
| lyrics7 = Rehman
| extra7 = Gowtham Bharadwaj
| title8 = Shobillu
| length8 = 3:34
| lyrics8 = [[Tyagaraja]]
| extra8 = Aswathi Thirunal Rama Varma
| length3 = 5:06
| lyrics3 = Rehman
}}

==Release==
''Meghalu Cheppina Prema Katha'' was earlier scheduled to release on 17 July 2025,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-06-29 |title=Meghalu Cheppina Prema Katha releasing on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jun/29/meghalu-cheppina-prema-katha-releasing-on-this-date |access-date=2025-09-26 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> but later released on 22 August 2025 due to delays in production.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-07-09 |title=Release postponed for Naresh Agastya's Meghalu Cheppina Prema Katha |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jul/09/release-postponed-for-naresh-agastyas-meghalu-cheppina-prema-katha |access-date=2025-09-26 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-07-25 |title=Meghalu Cheppina Prema Katha trailer: A poetic romance set in a hill station |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jul/25/meghalu-cheppina-prema-katha-trailer-a-poetic-romance-set-in-a-hill-station |access-date=2025-09-26 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> Post-theatrical digital streaming rights were acquired by [[Sun NXT]] and premiered on 26 September 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-26 |title=Meghalu Cheppina Prema Katha is streaming on this platform |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Sep/26/meghalu-cheppina-prema-katha-is-streaming-on-this-platform |access-date=2025-09-26 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Aditya Devulapally of [[Cinema Express|''Cinema Express'']] rated the film 2 out of 5 and opined that the film struggled against the weight of clumsy writing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-08-22 |title=Meghalu Cheppina Prema Katha review: A tender romance stranded by clumsy writing |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2025/Aug/22/meghalu-cheppina-prema-katha-review-a-tender-romance-stranded-by-clumsy-writing |access-date=2025-09-26 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> Satya Pulagam of [[ABP Desam|''ABP Desam'']] too gave same rating and was critical towards slow paced narration and writing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pulagam |first=Satya |date=2025-08-22 |title=మేఘాలు చెప్పిన ప్రేమకథ సినిమా రివ్యూ: థియేటర్లలో చివరి వరకూ కూర్చోగలమా? |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-meghalu-cheppina-prema-katha-review-in-telugu-naresh-agastya-rabia-khatoon-radhika-sarathkumar-starrer-musical-love-story-critics-review-rating-217793 |access-date=2025-09-26 |website=ABP Desam |language=te}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|37140876|Meghalu Cheppina Prema Katha}}

[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2025 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films scored by Justin Prabhakaran]]
[[Category:2025 directorial debut films]]

Bayinnaung's Bell Inscription

2026-04-13T09:59:01Z

Sachin Soni:

{{infobox book | 
| name = Bayinnaung's Bell Inscription
| title_orig = ပဲခူးမှ ဘုရင့်နောင် ခေါင်းလောင်းစာ
| translator = Nai Bee Htaw Monzel to English
| image = Bayinnaung's Bell inscription.jpg
| caption =
| author = Man Dhamma (မင်းဓမ္မ)
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = [[Toungoo dynasty|Kingdom of Burma]]
| language = [[Burmese language|Burmese]], [[Mon language|Mon]]
| series = [[Burmese chronicles]]
| genre = [[Chronicle]], [[History]]
| publisher =
| release_date = 1554
| english_release_date = 1838, July 2022
| media_type =
| pages =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}

'''Bayinnaung's Bell Inscription''' is a bilingual inscription found on a bell which was cast by Emperor [[Bayinnaung]] of [[Toungoo dynasty]] and hung in the middle of a road in [[Bago, Myanmar|Bago]], Burma (Myanmar), during the rule of king Bayinnaung from 1554 to 1581. It is written in [[Burmese language|Burmese]] and [[Mon people|Mon]]. The bell was first taken to Mrauk U, [[Arakan]], [[Myanmar|Burma]]. In 1825 it was taken to India by Bheem Singh<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wroughton |first1=R. Capt. |date=January 1837 |title=Account and drawing of two Burmese Bells now placed in a Hindu temple in Upper India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=060IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1064 |journal=The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |volume=6 |issue=72 |pages=1064–1065 |doi= |access-date=}}</ref> and it was later hanged in a Hindu temple, Bhim Ghanta (also called 84 Mann Temple), QJJ9+J77, Bakner, Uttar Pradesh 207123, India.<ref name=Monzel>{{cite journal |last1=Monzel |first1=Nai Bee Htaw |date=July 2022 |title=ခၞိင်ဖရင်နံင် မနွံ ပ္ဍဲဘုတ်ဘိမ်ဃန္တ တွဵုရးဥတ္တာရ်ပြဒေသ်၊ အိန္ဒိယ |url= |journal=Amartdein Journal |volume=14 |issue=14 |pages=2 |doi= |access-date=}}</ref> This bell is one attributed to King Bayinnaung. Another known example is [[Shwezigon Pagoda Bell|the bell at Shwezigon Pagoda]], which bears inscriptions in Burmese, Mon, and Pāli.

==Print publications==
The inscriptions were first translated and published in English in 1838 in the Journal of the Asiatic Society No. 76. April.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Prinsep |first1=James |date=December 1838 |title=Restoration and Translation of the Inscription on the large Arracan Bell now at Nadrohíghát, Zillah Alligarh, described by Captain Wroughton in the Journal of the Asiatic Society, December 1837 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r1BQAQAAMAAJ&dq=Wroughton%2C%20arracan%20bell%20inscription&pg=PA287 |journal=The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |volume=7 |issue=76 |pages=288–297 |doi= |access-date=}}</ref> But the copied of the texts and the translations were much mistaken. In 2022 Nai Bee Htaw Monzel read and translated the Mon part and it was published in ''Amartdein Journal'' Vol. 14 in July 2022.<ref name=Monzel/>

==The text and English translation by Nai Bee Htaw Monzel==
'''{1} ။ ။ ပ္ဍဲဘဒြကဝ်ဝွံအ် တဳလမနွေံာပိုန် ကျာ်တြယ်ကုက္ကုသန်။ တ္လဳမနွံပိုန် ကျာ်တြဲကောနာဂီု။ တဳလမနွံပိုန် ကျာ်တြဲကဿပ။ သီုသာသနာ ကလိလောန်တုဲ {2} တ္လဳမနွံပိုန် ကျာ်တြဲမဟာဂေါတမ။ မက္တိုဝ်ဒဟ်။'''

{1} ။ ။ On this Bhadrakalpa (world) after the Lord Buddha Kukkuson (Kukusanda), the Lord Buddha Konāgium (Konagamana), the Lord Buddha Kassapa (Kasyapa) and their religions were passed the Lord Buddha Mahā Gotama (Gautama) appeared.

'''နူစၞာံ တ္လဳမနွံပိုန် ကျာ်တြဲ မှာဂေါတမ မပပရိနိဗ္ဗာန် သာသနာ ၂၀၉၅ စၞာံ ကလိလောန်အာတုဲ။ ပ္ဍဲသက္ကရာံ ၉၁၃ တ္လဉး မနွံဂုန်ဇမၞာံ{3} ပိ။ မတွဟ်ဂး တျာဂဂုန်။ နွံကိုဝ်ကွေတ် မဟွံအ်ဒဍဝ် သတျဂုန် တိတ်ပါဲတုဲ ညံင်္ စရှိတ် မတဴတၟံကီု။ သုရဂုန်။ နွံဂၞ်ု င်္ညံဆုအိန်ဒက္ခဳ မဟွံအ်က္ဆဳကီု။'''

After the Lord Buddha Mahā Gotama attained parinirvana 2095 years passed, In the Sakka year 913 (=CE 1552) a king who with three qualities, included Tyā Guna; being in faith without change, Satya Guna; after refutation like Sarit being on stone, Sura Guna; having a quality like indakhilo tree that was unmovable,

'''မနွံမ်သတ္တိပိ။ မတွဟ်ဂး မတြဳသတ္တိ။ မနွံ[ဂသပ်မခိုဟ်တုဲ]{4} ဥဿဟသတ္တိ။ မနွံဝဳ မစိုပ်ဒတုဲ။ ပဘူဝသတ္တိ။ မနွံသတ္တိ မကိုဝ်ဒန် ကိုဝ်ညး မဒးပဗွဲဓဝ်။'''

having three kinds of courage, included Mattrî Satti; having courage which is a good intention, Ussaha Satti; having diligence which is a completion, Pabhūwa Satti; having courage which is punished for the justice,

'''မဆိုက်ပဒက် ပ္ဍဲဥပါယ်ပန်။ မတွဟ်ဂး သာမဥပါဲ။ မဆိုက်ဗဒက် ပ္ဍဲမ[ပ္တုန်ပ္အာ]ညး။ ဒဏ္ဍဥပါဲ။ မဆိုက်ဗဒ{5} က် ပ္ဍဲမပေါက်ပၞာန် ကုညး။ ဒါနဥပါဲ။ မဆိုက်ဗဒက် ပ္ဍဲမကိုရ်လာပ်သကာ ကုညး။ ဘေဒဥပါဲ။ မဆိုက်ဗဒက် ပ္ဍဲမပလီုပါပမိတ်ညး။'''

being qualified in the four stratagems included Sama-upaya; qualification of keeping calm, Danda-upaya; qualification of attacking others, Dāna-upaya; qualification of distributing favors to others, Bheda-upaya; qualification of destroyed others’ evil-friends,

'''မနွံဒြရ္ဟတ်မသုန်။ မတွဟ်ဂး အဘိဇာတျဗလ။ ဒြရ္ဟတ် မနွံဂကူ။ [ဒသ]{6} ဗလ။ နွံ ဒရ္ဟတ်ကလောည္ဒာတ် သ္ကံစွးမဂၠိုင်္ ။ ဘောဂဗလ။ မနွံဒြရ္ဟတ်ပိုန်ဟာန် စိင်က္ဆေဟ် ဒြပ် ရတ်မဂၠိုင်္ ။ ဗာဟုဗလ။ နွံဒရ္ဟတ်ကွတ်သပါတ် မလောန်နူညး။ ညာဏဗလ။ နွံဒရ္ဟတ်ပညာ မတီဒွးမုတ်။'''

Having five kinds of strength, included Abhijātya-bala; having a strength of nobility, Dasa-bala, having a strength of numerous relatives and followers, Bhoga-bala; having a strength of the rich, possessed many elephants, horses, and properties, Bhāhu-bala; having a strength which is skillful more than others, Ñāna-bala; having a strength which is intelligent that knowing right and wrong,

'''ဗဝဝ်ဂုန်မဂလိုင်္ {7} ဝွံအ် ဍောက်င်္ပေတုဲ။ ကမိန်ဍုင်ကေတုမတဳ။ သရေခေတ္တရာ။ အရိမဒ္ဒပူရ။ သာယာဝဒဳ။ ပရန်တပ္ပ။ တိင်ထွင်္ ။ စင်္လ။ ကမန်င်္ဍုတအ်ဝွံအ် ပ္လောပ်လက်တဲတုဲ။'''

After having entirely adequate of those qualities, (the king) conquered all the kingdoms of Ketumatî, Srikhettarā, Arimaddapūra, Sāyāwadî, Parantappa, Tintwan, Salan.

'''ဟိုတ်စိုတ် သၟိက်ယောက် သာသနာ။ သၟီပြန် မဒဟ်ဒေံ တ္လဉး မကိုဝ်သဒိုဓမၟ{8}ရာဇာ ကိုဝ်ပသၟီဗိုဝ်။ သၟီဗကာံ၊ သၟီသာယာဝဒဳ၊ သၟီပရန်[တပ်]။ သၟီတဝ်င်္ထွ။ သၟီစင်္လ။ ပၞာန်င်္ဒၠု သီုဒရ္ဟတ်စလ င်္က္ၜ ရာဲလှေ လှဴဂါ။ သဍဝ် သီုဗဵုဗလး ကိုဝ်ဇက်စိုဟ်င်္တၠု နူင်္ဍုပြန်။ ဇကုတ္လဉး တဴဒေါ်၊ ဒေံတ္လဉး သရဳဇဲယကျဝ်င်္ထ မစမတၟ၊ ဒေံ{9}တ္လဉး င်္မရာဲသဳဂသူ မစကေတုမတဳ ညးၜါဝွံ တဴလပါက်သ္တုံ၊ ကွံန်တ္လဉး င်္မရာဲကျဝ်ဇွာ။ သၟီသရိဇဲယနူရထာ မစ[ရမၠ]။ သၟီင်္မရာဲင်္သခယာ မစကောလယ၊ ညးပိဝွံ တဴလပါက်ဇွိ၊'''

Due to serving the religion, (the king) let his brother the lord of Prome, Sadow Dammarājā, be a commander in chief, the lord of Bagan, the lord of Sāyāwatî, the lord of Parantap, the lord of Tawthwan, the lord of Salan, boat-army with ship and boat of state, together with soldiers and chiefs marched from Prome. The king himself was in the middle. The king brother Min Sarî Jauya Kyaw Htin the lord of Mattam, the king brother Min Rai Sîgasū the lord of Ketumatî, those two persons were on the right-hand side. The king's son Min Rai Kyaw Jwā, the lord of Dala Sari Jauya Nurathā, and the lord of Kolaya Min Rai Sankhayā, those three persons were on the left-hand side.

'''ဂိတုစဲ ၅ မၟံက် ရာသဳမန် င်္အသာ တ္ငဲအဒိုတ် (10) တ္ငဲတိုန် - - း။ လက်မိဟ် တြယ်[အတ္ထကဒဳ] သီုပၞာန်စိံ ပၞာန်က္ဆေံ ပၞာန်တောက် သရာဲသခက် ဗိုဝ်လဗး မတုပ် ကုစိုတ် ဇက်စိုဟ်င်္တၠု င်္ဍုကေတုမတဳ။'''

On the 5th waxing day of Chaitra, Pisces, Aansā, Sunday, after the sun rises – –, Lakmih, Tray, Atathakadî, the army of elephants, cavalry, infantry with the masses of soldiers and military commanders who had the same mission marched from Prome.

'''ဂိတုစဲ ပိစဝေက် ရာသဳမိန် င်္အသာ ၁၅ တ္ငဲ ၀။ တ္လဉး စိုပ်ဗစး။ သၟီဨက{11}ရာံင်္ဍုမန်တုံ။ ပၞာန်စိံ ပၞာန်က္ဆေံ ပၞာန်တောက် သရာဲ သခက် ဗိုဝ်လဗး။ သီုဒရ္ဟတ် ဇက်င်္တၠု ဒဵုစိုပ်ဗစး။ တ္ငဲဂဟ် ဨကရာံၜါ [ဒဝ်]စနေဟ်။ သၟီဨကရာံင်္ဍုမွန်။ ဍောက်စိံစေတ်င်္ချ။ သီုဒရ္ဟတ် ဗတိုက်ပၞာန်တ္လဉး။ ဗမာ {12} သေံ သီုပအိုတ် ပေက်ဒသိုတ်အာ။'''

On the 3rd waning day of Chaitra, Pisces, Aansā 15, Saturday the king arrived with a force at Ba Cah. The king of Monland also marched with the army of elephants, cavalry, and infantry with the masses of soldiers and military commanders and arrived with a force at Ba Cah. On that day the two kings fought each other. The king of Monland mounted on an elephant Cet Chan and fought the king's army. All Burman and Shan (soldiers) ran away.

'''ဇကုတ္လဉး သီုမငွာံက္ဍိုပ်စိံသို[င် တ္လဒတဴဒၟံင်္] ဟွံအ်က္ဆဳ ဨယ်ရသ္ဂောံယောက် သာသနာ ပ္ဍဲင်္ဍုမွန်။ ပၞာန်ဝွံအ် ကိုရ်ဂွံအ်ဇၞး။ အိငဟ်အဒိဋ္ဌာန်တုဲ။ တ္လဉးဗျိုဝ်စိင် ကိုဝ် ဨကရာံင်္ဍုမွန်{13} ဥပေါသတ္ထ မယောက်စေင်္ချ။ တမ္အိပ်သြလောတ်။ ဒြင်ဥပေါသတ္ထကဝ် မွဲဟတ်သာံဒံင်္ ။ စေတ်င်္ချ သီုဨကရာံင်္ဍုမန်။ ဒလာက်က္တိုဝ် ကရဴဒဴ။ တ္လဉးမဂွံဇၞးပၞာန်ဇၞော်။ မကလိဂွံအ် ကမိန်ဍုင်သြဳ{14} ဟံင်္ သာဝတဳ။ မနွံပနှဳရးမွံန်ပိစွံအ်။ မတွဟ်ဂး ပါစိနရး။ မဇ္ဆိမရး။ ပစ္ဆိမရး။'''

The king remained on the head of the elephant without moving. “If I am the person who has to serve the religion in Monland, may I get the victory in this war!” that the king made a vow, then, the king fought elephant with the king of Monland. (The king's elephant) Uposattha lifted Cet Chan and pushed. (Cet Chan) fell. Uposattha's tusk was broken off one cubit. Cet Chan and the king of Monland got up and ran away. The king victoried over the great battle and conquered the kingdom of Hamsawatî which was an area with three Mon regions: Pācina region, Majchima region and Pacchima region.

'''အမာတ်ဒကိုပ်ပၞာန်ဇမၞော်သမတ် ပ္လောပ်လင်္ကတဲတုဲ။ ကမ္လတ်ဒမ္လသတြုတမ မတွဟ်ဂး [ဒဝ်]ဇလ တးဝးက္လေံ{15} တုဲ။ အခေါန်ဖလှာ မဟဒဟ် ပဗွဲဓဝ်။ မတုပ်တဴရဴဆုဂျိ ကိုရ်လပေါက်က္လေံအ် ဗအိုတ်တုဲ၊ ဒြပ်စေတဳယသန္တက။ ဓမၟသန္တက။ သင်္ဃသန္တက။ မတုပ်တဴရဴ က[လွောင်္ ဗသဲမဍာဲ]။ အမာတ်ဒကိုပ်{16} ပၞာန်ဇမၞောက်သမတ် ဟွောအ်ကိုရ်စ။ ဇကုလွေဝ် ဟဂွောအ်နှဴ။'''

(The king) put ministers, high and low rank of military men under his power. Thieves, robbers, and enemies that like a thorn were cleared. Unlawful taxes like poison trees were removed. The pagodas’ properties, the Dhammas’ properties, and the monasteries’ properties that like a hot iron would not be taken/taxed by ministers, high and low rank of military men. Even the king did not take it.

'''ပ္ဍဲသတ်ဂမ္လိုင် မနွံစိုတ် မင်္သ္ဇုဂွု ညံင်္ ထာင်္ ပ္ကဴကုသန် မဂွုစ္အးကိုမ်။ ပ္ဍဲမကိုရ်စၞောဝ် ကုသတ်ဂမ္လိုင် ညံင်္ သၟီယီု မပ္တုဲသင်္ရ မဟွံအ်စွး{17} ဗောက်ကီုမ်။ ပ္ဍဲမကိုဝ်ပိုန်ဟာန် စာသံက် ဒဳင်္ဒ္လု ကိုရ်အမာတ် ဒကိုပ်ပၞာန် ဇမၞောံ သမတ် ညံင်္ သၟီဂတုမတိုန် အရံင်္ လျးသမန်စၞံင်္ ဇမၞေံာက်သမတ်ကီု။ ပ္ဍဲမင်္ဒုသဇိုင် သတ်ဂမ္လိုင် ညံင်္ တိဇ{18} နောက် မင်္ဒုသဇိုင်သတ် မဟွံအ်ရုဲစဟ်ကီု။ ပ္ဍဲမကိုရ် ဒသောက်က္တောဝ် မတ် ကွံန်ဂြကူတြုဟ်ဗြဴ ညံင်္ အိန်တလသွဝ်ၜါ မင်္ပ္ကင်္ရကမိန်။ မကိုရ် ဒသောက်က္တောဝ် မတ်ဒေဝတဴတြုဟ်ဗြဴကိုမ်။ {19} တိုင်ဓဝ်သၟီတမ္လာ ဟဂွံအ်ပလီုတုဲ။ ပဗွဲဓဝ်င်္ဟေ ကမိန်င်္ဍုၐြဳဟံသာဝတဳ ကွံမ်ကု ကမိန်ရးဗမာ မဟွံအ်[ဒဍဝ်ဒရိ]တဴရ]။'''

(The king) has a clean mind like a Kuson flower to all being. When (he) gives a judicial decision, (it is) like the king of hell doing his work without leaving behind. When (he) gives property, position to minister, high and low rank of military men, (it is) like the moon rising and big and small stars are shining. He takes responsibility for all being like the earth bearing all life without discrimination. He gives happiness of ears and eyes to men and women citizens like the Lord Indra rules his two realms and gives happiness of ears and eyes to men and women celestial being. He did not destroy any rule and custom from former kings, and he rules the kingdom of Hamsawatî and kingdom of Burma peacefully.

'''နွံကာလမွဲတ္ငဲ။ ပယာံသာရဒဥတု။ ဒၟံင်တဴ လတူ သနာဒသောက် စို{20}တ် မစိုန်သ္ကီုမ်တဴ ကွံမ်ကုဓဝ်သဒ္ဓါ။ သဳလ။ စာဂ။ သာက်ဝွံအ် တ္လဉးက္ဆပ်။ ပ္ဍဲဨယ် မင်္ပ္ကရင် ကမိန်ဝွံအ်။ ယရဴသတ်မွဲ မနွံကိုဝ် ဒရ္ဟတ် တ္ငဲမဟဂွံအ်စၞောဝ် သ္ဂောအ်လမိင်ဨယ်။ ဨယ်သ္ဂောအ်{21} ကိုဝ်စၞောဝ်။ ယရဴသတ်မွဲ မအန်ဒရ္ဟတ်။ တ္ငဲမဟဂွံအ်စၞောဝ် လမိင်ဨယ် ဟဂွံအ် သ္လေင်အာရသောအ်။'''

One day on the month of Sārada (the king) in his mind of generosity, precepts, and charity he thought that when I rule this kingdom, any of person who is strong/in power when they do not get justice, they inform me, and I give them justice. Any person who is weak/not in power when they do not get justice, (they) cannot inform me, they lose.

'''ရန်ကိုဝ် သတ်မအန် ဒရ္ဟတ်။ မိက်ကိုဝ်ဂွံအ်စၞောဝ်။ ဂနှိင်မွဲ ဨယ်သောန် ဨယ်{22} ကွက်လဝ် ဒေါဝ်ဂ္လောင်။ ယရဴသတ်မွဲ မဟဂွံအ်စၞောဝ်။ င်္တ္လုတိုက်ဂနှိင်သမ္တိမ်ဗရုဂနှိင် ဨယ်သ္ကိုဝ်စၞောဝ် ကိုဝ်သတ်တအ်ဂဟ်။ သာက်ဝွံအ် တ္လဉးက္ဆပ်တုဲ။ သိုမ်စိုတ် မနွံကြုန်နှာ {23} မမိက်ဗလး တဒေါက်သတ်။ နသ္လာက်။ မနွံဗၞတ်လ္ၚိမ်ဗသာ။ း။'''

For person who are weak/ not in power, due to give them justice, I will cast a bell and hang it in the middle of a road. Anyone who did not get justice, they come and strike the bell. The sound of which reaching me, I will give them the justice. That the king thought. With the mind of sympathy and want to release people from suffering (he cast a bell) with a thousand vis of bronze.

'''ပ္ဍဲသက္ကရာတ် ၉(၁၄) ။ ဖလ္လဂုဏ္ဏင်္သံဝစ္ဆဝ်။ ဂတုမြိုက်ဂသိုဝ် စသ်ပိမမံက် တ္ငဲစန်။ ဘဒြာတိတ္ထဳ လက်ဓနု တ္ငဲ{24} တိုန်တုဲ ပိနာဍဳ ၜါပါတ် တြိင်္ယ ဗြဘတိ နဝင် ဗုဒ္ဓဝါ။ တ္လဉး ကိုဝ်သောန်ဂနှိင် ကွက်လဝ် ဒေါဝ်ဂ္လောင်။'''

In the Sakka year 9(14)၊ Phālguna Sanwachaw, the thirteenth waxing day of Mārgasira, Monday, Bhadrātitthî, Lakdhanu, after rising of the sun 3 hours two Pāt, Triyan, Brabhati, Nawan, Buddhawā, the king let cast a bell and hang it in the middle of a road.

'''နူတဝိုဝ် မကွက်ဂနှိင်။ ရာသတ် မဟဂွံအ်စၞောဝ် အာတိုက်ဂနှိင်{25} သမ္တီဗရုဂနှိင်။ တ္လဉး ဂွံအ်ကိုဝ်စၞောဝ် ကုသတ်ဂမ္လိုင်။ ပဝိုင်နူဂဟ် သတ်တအ်ဂမ္လိုင် ဂွံအ်တဴ ဒသောက်စိုတ်။ ရာမန္ညဒေသ ရာင်္ ဆာဲသန်င်္ဟေ။ သၟီဨကရာတ်မင်္ပ္ကရင်ကမိ{26}န် င်္ဍုသြဳင်္ဟံသာဝတဳ။'''

From the time of the bell was hang, when people did not get justice (they) strike the bell, the sound of which has been heard by (the king). The king can give justice to people. From then on people have got happiness. Rāmanñdesa has certainly prospered. The king rules the kingdom of Srî Hamsawatî.

'''ပဗွဲကြဴ။ ဂနှိင်ဝွံအ် လီုပြိုဝ်ဒၞတ်ဒကုတ်။ ရန်ကိုဝ် မသ္ဒဟ်ဒတုဲမဝ် သတ်ဂမ္လိုင်္ ကနှံပြုင်္ပြေလဝ်ညိ။ ဖိုရ်ဨယ်မကနှံ မကိုင်္ စၞောဝ်ကိုဝ်သတ္တအ်ဝွံအ်။ ပ္ဍဲအနာ{27}ဂတ် နဗရုဒေသနာညာန် မတုပ်တဴရဴ ဗရုဂနှဳ။ သံဂမ္လိုင်္ မတဴပ္ဍဲဘုံပိ မဟဂွံအ်စၞောဝ် ပ္ဍဲဓဝ်အကုသိုရ် မပတံကု အဝိဇာ။ ကိုရ်ဨယ်ဂွံအ်[က္လိ]စၞောဝ်ညိ။ ။ ။ မင်ဓမၟနာဲစင်္ရ'''

Later, if this bell is broken, for the benefit of people let repair it. The benefit of what I have made it and giving justice to people, in the future, with the sound of teaching like the sound of a bell, all being in the three worlds who did not get law/Dhamma and living in sin such as ignorance, may I get law/justice.
Man Dhamma, the writer.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Inscriptions of Myanmar]]
[[Category:16th-century inscriptions]]
[[Category:First Toungoo Empire]]

Mayiladuthurai

2026-04-13T05:41:45Z

Sachin Soni: Stub

{{About|2=its namesake district|3=Mayiladuthurai district|the special grade municipality in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name =
| official_name = Mayiladuthurai
| native_name_lang = ta
| other_name = Māyavaram Mayuram
| settlement_type = Special Grade Municipality
| image_skyline = Gopura of the Mayuranathaswamy Temple.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Mayuranathar Temple at Mayiladuthurai
| pushpin_map = Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Mayiladuthurai, Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[File:TamilNadu Logo.svg|22px]] [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mayiladuthurai district|Mayiladuthurai]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Region]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Cauvery Delta]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipality|Special Grade Municipality]]
| governing_body = Mayiladuthurai Municipality
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name = N Selvaraj
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 55
| elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title=elevation.city -Mayiladuthurai |url=https://elevation.city/in/r2q7 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251207065640/https://elevation.city/in/r2q7 |archive-date=7 December 2025 |access-date=26 February 2026 |website=elevation.city}}</ref>
| elevation_m = 16
| population_total = 85,632
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 609001
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91–4364
| registration_plate = TN-82
| website =
}}

'''Mayiladuthurai''' (formerly known as '''Mayavaram''' or '''Mayuram''') is a [[List of urban local bodies in Tamil Nadu#:~:text=Count-,Special Grade,-Exceeding Rs.100|Special Grade Municipality]]<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Fernando |first=Antony |date=18 April 2023 |title='Special-grade municipality' status to boost Mayiladuthurai's infrastructure growth in TN |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/Apr/17/special-grade-municipality-status-to-boost-mayiladuthurais-infrastructure-growth-in-tn-2566547.html |access-date=19 February 2025 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418020349/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/Apr/17/special-grade-municipality-status-to-boost-mayiladuthurais-infrastructure-growth-in-tn-2566547.html|archive-date=18 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Statistical Hand Book of Tamil Nadu-2022-23 |first=Commissioner of Revenue Administration |title=Local Bodies |url=https://www.tn.gov.in/deptst/localbodies.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown |access-date=23 February 2026 |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011154632/https://www.tn.gov.in/deptst/localbodies.pdf |archive-date=11 October 2022 |postscript=Note: This link is geographically restricted and may not function outside of India. }}</ref> and the district headquarters of [[Mayiladuthurai district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], India. The town is located {{convert|256|km|abbr=on}} from the state capital, [[Chennai]].

In medieval times, Mayiladuthurai was ruled by the [[Chola dynasty|Chola Dynasty]]. It was subsequently part of the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallavas]], [[Pandya dynasty|Pandiyas]], [[Vijayanagara Empire]], [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom]], [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom|Thanjavur Maratha]] kingdom, and eventually the [[British Empire]]. Mayiladuthurai was a part of the erstwhile [[Tanjore District (Madras Presidency)|Tanjore district]] until India's independence in 1947, [[Thanjavur district]] until 1991, and subsequently a part of the newly formed [[Nagapattinam district]] until 2020. Mayiladuthurai was carved out of Nagapattinam district and inaugurated as the 38th district of Tamil Nadu on 28 December 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2020 |title=Mayiladuthurai Announced As 38th District Of Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/mayiladuthurai-announced-as-38th-district-of-tamil-nadu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229053242/https://www.dtnext.in/News/TamilNadu/2020/12/28141432/1268631/Mayiladuthurai-Announced-As-38th-District-Of-Tamil-.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 December 2020 |access-date=31 December 2020 |website=dtNext.in |language=en }}</ref>

Mayiladuthurai is administered by a town [[Panchayati raj|panchayat]] established in 1866. In 1949, it was upgraded to a selection-grade municipality, and in 2023 it was upgraded to special-grade municipality status. As of 2025, the municipality covered an area of {{convert|11.27|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}. Mayiladuthurai is within the [[Mayiladuthurai (State Assembly Constituency)|Mayiladuthurai constituency]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] and elects its member once every five years. It is part of the [[Mayiladuthurai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mayiladuthurai constituency]] of the national assembly and elects its [[Member of Parliament]] (MP) also once every five years.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Public (Election) Department {{!}}{{!}} List of MPs from Tamilnadu - GELS 2024 |url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/GELS2024_MPs.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424035234/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/GELS2024_MPs.aspx |archive-date=24 April 2025 |access-date=24 August 2025 |website=www.elections.tn.gov.in |language=en |postscript=Note: This link is geographically restricted and may not function outside of India.}}</ref>

Mayiladuthurai serves as an important junction of the main line connecting Chennai with [[Tiruchirappalli|Trichy]]. Roadways and railways are the major mode of transportation to the town.<ref name=":0" /> The nearest airport, [[Pondicherry Airport]], is located {{convert|116|km|mi|abbr=on}} away. The town is known for agriculture and weaving. As Mayiladuthurai district is situated on the east coast, fishing plays a vital role in generating its revenue. In 2023, the district was declared a protected agricultural zone.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 October 2023 |title=T.N. Assembly {{!}} Bill adopted to make Mayiladuthurai district part of protected agricultural zone |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-assembly-bill-adopted-to-make-mayiladuthurai-district-part-of-protected-agricultural-zone/article67407379.ece |access-date=29 April 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=29 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429205528/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-assembly-bill-adopted-to-make-mayiladuthurai-district-part-of-protected-agricultural-zone/article67407379.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Thula Kattam Mayiladuthurai.jpg|thumb|The ''Thula Kattam'' or Tula [[Ghat]] in Mayiladuthurai, on the banks of the Cauvery river.]]

== Etymology ==
The name Mayiladuthurai is derived from a story in which the [[Devi|goddess]] [[Parvati|Parvathi]] manifested herself as a peacock (''mayil'') to attract the attention of Lord [[Shiva]] through a miraculous dance.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=30 March 2025 |title=Government of Tamil Nadu - Mayiladuthurai District Website |url=https://mayiladuthurai.nic.in/history/ |access-date=30 March 2025 |website=Government of Tamil Nadu - Mayiladuthurai District Website |archive-date=11 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211210539/https://mayiladuthurai.nic.in/history/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="southindianshrinesp271" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2025 |title=Department of Tourism, Government of Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/mayiladuthurai-district |access-date=30 March 2025 |website=Department of Tourism, Government of Tamil Nadu |archive-date=7 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241107171725/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/mayiladuthurai-district |url-status=live |postscript=Note: This link is geographically restricted and may not function outside of India.}}</ref> [[Mayuranathaswami Temple, Mayiladuthurai|Mayuranathaswami Temple]] is one of the most important Hindu temples in the town. There is a statue depicting goddess Amman in a [[peahen]] form worshipping ''[[lingam]]'', an iconic symbol of [[Shiva]].<ref name="southindianshrinesp271">[[#Ayyar|Ayyar 1920]], p 57</ref><ref name=":5">[[Mayiladuthurai#cite note-southindianshrinesp271-9:~:text=The Imperial Gazetteer of India 1908, Vol 17. Clarendon Press. 1908. pp. 237–238.|The Imperial Gazetteer Of India Vol.17]]</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Mayuranathaswami temple tank.jpg|thumb|left|Mayuranathaswami temple tank filled with water from the Kaveri River]]

Mayiladuthurai is known to have been inhabited since the 3rd millennium BC. Ancient pottery shards have been found at [[Akkur, Nagapattinam|Akkur]], {{convert|14|km|mi|abbr=on}} to the east of Mayiladuthurai.<ref name="indianarchaeologyp23">[[#Arch69|Archaeological Survey of India 1969]], p. 23</ref> In 2006, artifacts with Indus Valley signs dated between 2000 and 1500 BC were found at the nearby village of [[Sembiyankandiyur]].<ref name="thehindu_20060501">{{cite news |title=Significance of Mayiladuthurai find |url=http://hindu.com/2006/05/01/stories/2006050101992000.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060617092617/http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/01/stories/2006050101992000.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 June 2006 |date=1 May 2006 |author=T. S. Subramanian |location=Chennai, India |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=17 May 2014 }}</ref><ref name="thehindu_20080427">{{cite news |title=Megalithic pottery found |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/27/stories/2008042757322000.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430204206/http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/27/stories/2008042757322000.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 April 2008 |author=T. S. Subramanian |date=27 April 2008 |location=Chennai, India |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=17 May 2014 }}</ref> There were references to Mayiladuthurai in the works of the 7th century Saivite saint [[Sambandar]].<ref name="originp317">[[#Swami|Swami 1939]], p. 317</ref>

The region's oldest extant temples date to the time of the [[Medieval Cholas|Cholas]]. Epigraphic records indicate that during the Chola period, the Mayavaram region formed parts of two administrative divisions: Rajadhiraja-valanadu, named after [[Rajendra I|Rajendra Cholan I]] and Uyyakkondar-valanadu, an administrative divisions in [[Chola Nadu|Kaveri delta]] region. During the reign of [[Kulottunga I]] and his successors, the division was also referred to by names such as Rajanarayana-valanadu, Rajasundara-valanadu, and Jayangonda-Chola-valanadu.<ref name=":11">[[Mayiladuthurai#References:~:text=Annual report on South-Indian epigraphy. Calcutta: Government of India. 21 March 2025.|South Indian epigraphy]], pg. 80, 87</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-08-12 |title=13th-century inscription speaks of caste clash resolution in Thanjavur |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/Aug/12/13th-century-inscription-speaks-of-caste-clash-resolution-in-thanjavur-2018053.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260104202151/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/Aug/12/13th-century-inscription-speaks-of-caste-clash-resolution-in-thanjavur-2018053.html |archive-date=4 Jan 2026 |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

An inscription discovered at Akkur in the Mayavaram records the activities of [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]] ruler [[Kopperunchinga I]] during the 13th century AD. The record states that he subdued the forces of the [[Hoysala Kingdom|Hoysala Empire]] and exacted tribute from the Pandya dynasty before returning to the Chola dynasty country. Travelling eastward along the southern bank of the Kaveri River, he visited several sacred sites, ordered repairs to temples, and granted tax-free status to lands belonging to them.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" />

In the later 13th century AD, inscriptions of the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyas]] in the Mayavaram record the activities of rulers such as [[Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I|Jatavarman Sundara Pandya I]] and [[Maravarman Sundara Pandyan I]]. These inscriptions, found at Akkur temple, document temple endowments and other administrative actions.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" />

The [[Thanjavur Nayak]] king [[Raghunatha Nayak]] constructed ''mandapams'' in Mayiladuthurai.<ref name="sourcesp324">[[#Aiyangar|Aiyangar 1919]], p. 324</ref> During the 17th and 18th centuries AD, Mayiladuthurai was ruled by the [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom|Thanjavur Marathas]].<ref name="modernp53">[[#Trivedi|Trivedi 1971]], p. 53</ref><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" />

In 1799, Mayiladuthurai was ceded to the [[British East India Company]], along with the rest of the Thanjavur Maratha kingdom, by the Thanjavur Maratha ruler [[Serfoji II]].<ref name="indicap125">[[#SS|S. S. 1996]], p. 125</ref> Mayiladuthurai prospered under British rule, emerging as an important town in the Tanjore district. When the Tanjore district was trifurcated in 1991, Mayiladuthurai was transferred to the newly formed [[Nagapattinam district]]. Mayiladuthurai District, with the town as its headquarters, was inaugurated as the 38th district of Tamil Nadu on 28 December 2020. The district was carved out of the existing Nagapattinam district.<ref name="Nagdistrict2">{{cite web |year=2011 |title=Nagapattinam District Home Page |url=https://nagapattinam.nic.in/ |access-date=17 May 2014 |publisher=Government of India |archive-date=25 Feb 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260225073538/https://nagapattinam.nic.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=D. Vincent Arockiaraj |date=28 December 2020 |title=Edappadi K Palaniswami: Tamil Nadu CM Edappadi K Palaniswami inaugurates newly created Mayiladuthurai district |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-edappadi-k-palaniswami-inaugurates-newly-created-mayiladuthurai-district/articleshow/79990617.cms |access-date=30 December 2020 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=30 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230180226/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-edappadi-k-palaniswami-inaugurates-newly-created-mayiladuthurai-district/articleshow/79990617.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Geography and climate ==
[[File:Kaveri Bridge Mayiladuthurai.jpg|thumb|right|Bridge across the Cauvery River connecting Uttara Mayuram with Mayiladuthurai town]]

Mayliladuthurai is located {{Convert|281|km}} from Chennai and {{Convert|122|km}} from [[Tiruchirappalli]].<ref name="1971census">[[#K.|Chockalingam 1974]]</ref><ref name="falling_grain">{{cite web |url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/25/Madurai.html |title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Madurai, India |publisher=Falling Rain Genomics, Inc |access-date=17 May 2014 |archive-date=4 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604174230/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/25/Madurai.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Situated at a distance of {{Convert|24|km}} from the [[Bay of Bengal]] coast, the town is situated at an altitude of barely {{Convert|16|m|ft}} above mean sea level.<ref name="1971census" /><ref>{{cite web |title=elevation.city -Mayiladuthurai |url=https://elevation.city/in/r2q7 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251207065640/https://elevation.city/in/r2q7 |archive-date=7 December 2025 |access-date=26 February 2026 |website=elevation.city|postscript=Note: This link is geographically restricted and may not function outside of India.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mayiladuthurai Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Tamil Nadu, India) - Weather Spark |url=https://weatherspark.com/y/109776/Average-Weather-in-Mayiladuthurai-Tamil-Nadu-India-Year-Round |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=weatherspark.com |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260226055120/https://weatherspark.com/y/109776/Average-Weather-in-Mayiladuthurai-Tamil-Nadu-India-Year-Round|archive-date=26 Feb 2026}}</ref> The [[Kaveri River]] runs through the town, bisecting it into Uttara Mayuram and Mayuram proper. Most of the town lies to the south of the river, and the Mayuranathaswami Temple lies a mile to its south. The [[Parimala Ranganatha Perumal temple]] is situated at [[Thiruvilandur|Tiruindalur]], which lies north of the Kaveri River; there is a bathing [[ghat]] on the river.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agriculture {{!}} Mayiladuthurai District, Government of Tamilnadu |url=https://mayiladuthurai.nic.in/agriculture/ |access-date=29 April 2024 |language=en-US |archive-date=17 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417170208/https://mayiladuthurai.nic.in/agriculture/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The climate of Mayiladuthurai is tropical, featuring hot temperatures throughout the year, with the exception of monsoon seasons. The average maximum temperature is 39.4 degrees Celsius, while the average minimum temperature is 32.8 degrees Celsius.<ref name="1971census" /> The average annual rainfall is {{Convert|1125|mm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name="1971census" />{{Weather box
| location = Mayiladuthurai
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 34.2
| Feb record high C = 38.5
| Mar record high C = 41.4
| Apr record high C = 43.0
| May record high C = 43.4
| Jun record high C = 43.0
| Jul record high C = 41.6
| Aug record high C = 41.2
| Sep record high C = 40.2
| Oct record high C = 40.5
| Nov record high C = 35.6
| Dec record high C = 36.0
| year record high C = 43.4
| Jan high C = 30.0
| Feb high C = 32.3
| Mar high C = 35.3
| Apr high C = 37.2
| May high C = 38.3
| Jun high C = 36.9
| Jul high C = 36.1
| Aug high C = 35.6
| Sep high C = 34.3
| Oct high C = 32.0
| Nov high C = 29.5
| Dec high C = 28.3
| Jan low C = 20.2
| Feb low C = 21.4
| Mar low C = 23.0
| Apr low C = 25.8
| May low C = 27.0
| Jun low C = 26.5
| Jul low C = 26.2
| Aug low C = 25.6
| Sep low C = 24.6
| Oct low C = 24.1
| Nov low C = 22.8
| Dec low C = 21.5
| Jan record low C = 17.1
| Feb record low C = 16.6
| Mar record low C = 18.4
| Apr record low C = 20.5
| May record low C = 21.0
| Jun record low C = 22.5
| Jul record low C = 21.5
| Aug record low C = 21.6
| Sep record low C = 21.0
| Oct record low C = 21.0
| Nov record low C = 19.0
| Dec record low C = 17.0
| year record low C = 16.6
| Jan precipitation mm = 37
| Feb precipitation mm = 15
| Mar precipitation mm = 13
| Apr precipitation mm = 19
| May precipitation mm = 47
| Jun precipitation mm = 38
| Jul precipitation mm = 63
| Aug precipitation mm = 113
| Sep precipitation mm = 121
| Oct precipitation mm = 191
| Nov precipitation mm = 352
| Dec precipitation mm = 100
| year precipitation mm = 1109
| Jan precipitation days = 1.0
| Feb precipitation days = 0.5
| Mar precipitation days = 0.8
| Apr precipitation days = 1.4
| May precipitation days = 3.2
| Jun precipitation days = 2.6
| Jul precipitation days = 2.9
| Aug precipitation days = 5.3
| Sep precipitation days = 6.2
| Oct precipitation days = 10.0
| Nov precipitation days = 9.7
| Dec precipitation days = 6.0
| year precipitation days = 49.6
| Jan humidity = 65
| Feb humidity = 55
| Mar humidity = 50
| Apr humidity = 53
| May humidity = 52
| Jun humidity = 51
| Jul humidity = 50
| Aug humidity = 53
| Sep humidity = 62
| Oct humidity = 69
| Nov humidity = 76
| Dec humidity = 75
| year humidity = 59
| source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]] (normals 1991–2020, extremes 1975–1999, estimated)<ref name="IMD">{{cite web |url=https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf |title=Climatological Tables 1991-2020 |publisher=India Meteorological Department |access-date=7 April 2025 |archive-date=10 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241110020508/https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
| source 2 = Climate-Data.org (precipitation)<ref name="Climate-Data">{{cite web |url=https://en.climate-data.org/asia/india/tamil-nadu/mayiladuthurai-24036/ |title=Climate: Mayiladuthurai |publisher=Climate-Data.org |access-date=7 April 2025 |archive-date=26 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426075802/https://en.climate-data.org/asia/india/tamil-nadu/mayiladuthurai-24036/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| note = Temperature, rainy days, and humidity are estimated based on regional data; precipitation is specific to Mayiladuthurai.
}}

== Demographics ==
{{bar box|title=Religious census|titlebar=#ddd|left1=Religion|right1=Percent(%)|float=left|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|Orange|88.69}}{{bar percent|[[Islam|Muslim]]|Green|6.38}}{{bar percent|[[Christianity|Christian]]|purple|4.19}}{{bar percent|[[Sikhism|Sikh]]|yellow|0.04}}{{bar percent|[[Buddhism|Buddhist]]|Gold|0.03}}{{bar percent|[[Jainism|Jain]]|Blue|0.32}}{{bar percent|Other|grey|0.35}}}}According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Mayiladuthurai had a population of 85,632 with a sex-ratio of 1,045 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.<ref name="2011census" /> A total of 7,720 were under the age of six, constituting 3,883 males and 3,837 females. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] accounted for 5.87% and .57% of the population respectively. The average literacy rate of the town was 83.55%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.<ref name="2011census" /> The town had a total of 21,929 households. There were a total of 29,855 workers, comprising 321 cultivators, 707 main agricultural labourers, 734 in household industries, 23,004 other workers, 5,089 marginal workers, 74 marginal cultivators, 485 marginal agricultural labourers, 246 marginal workers in household industries, and 4,284 other marginal workers.<ref name="2011census">{{cite web |title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals - Mayiladuthurai |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/population-finder |publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |year=2013 |access-date=26 January 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924145516/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=693369 |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref> As of 2001, there were 26 slums in Mayiladuthurai, with a total population of 32,381.<ref name="general_info" />
{{Historical populations|1871|21165|1881|23044|1891|23766|1901|24276|1911|27121|1921|28617|1931|31887|1941|32670|1951|43436|1961|51393|1971|60195|1981|70019|1991|76837|2001|84290|2011|85632|2026|126,000|type=|state=collapsed|footnote=* 1871-1931:<ref>[[#census33|Census of India, 1931]], p. 24</ref>
* 1941-1991:<ref>[[#census91|Census of India, 1991]], p. 548</ref>
* 2011:<ref name=2011census/>
*2026: Estimated}}
The density of population is higher in the core areas, along the banks of river Cauvery, compared to the peripheral areas.<ref name=urban3/>
As of 1996, a total {{convert|498.84|ha|sqkm|abbr=on}} (44.27%) of the land was used for residential, {{convert|68.87|ha|sqkm|abbr=on}} (6.11%) for commercial, {{convert|6.33|ha|sqkm|abbr=on}} (0.56%) for industrial, {{convert|22.35|ha|sqkm|abbr=on}} (1.98%) for educational, {{convert|24.27|ha|sqkm|abbr=on}} (2.16%) for public and semi-public purposes; and {{convert|506.35|ha|sqkm|abbr=on}} (44.92%) was devoted to agriculture.<ref name="urbaninfra5">[[#urban|Conversion of City Corporate Plan to Business Plan for Mayiladuthurai municipality Report 2007]], p. 5</ref> As of 2008, there were a total of 26 notified slums, with 16,434, comprising 13% of the total population, residing there.<ref>[[#urban|Conversion of City Corporate Plan to Business Plan for Mayiladuthurai municipality Report 2007]], p. v</ref> The municipal data pointed to an increase in population in slum areas.<ref name="urban3">[[#urban|Conversion of City Corporate Plan to Business Plan for Mayiladuthurai municipality Report 2007]], p. 3</ref>

[[Hinduism]] is the major religion followed in Mayiladuthurai, and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] is the major language spoken.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Mayiladuthurai Municipality City Population Census 2011-2026 {{!}} Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/803670-mayiladuthurai-tamil-nadu.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250323041458/https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/803670-mayiladuthurai-tamil-nadu.html |archive-date=23 March 2025 |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Population by mother tongue, Tamil Nadu - 2011 |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10222 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501000000/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10222 |archive-date=1 May 2025 |access-date=6 March 2026 |website=Census of India}}</ref> The vast majority of the populace are engaged in [[agriculture]].<ref name="general_info" /> About 15 percent of the total working population are engaged in trade while 25 percent are engaged in other commercial activities.<ref name="general_info" /> As per the religious census of 2011, Mayiladuthurai had 88.69% [[Hindus]], 6.38% [[Muslims]], 4.19% [[Christians]], 0.04% [[Sikhs]], 0.03% [[Buddhists]], 0.32% [[Jainism|Jains]], and 0.35% following other religions.<ref name="religion2011">{{cite web |title=Population By Religious Community - Tamil Nadu |year=2011 |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11361 |format=XLS |publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |access-date=13 September 2015 |archive-date=13 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

As of 2026, the estimated population of Mayiladuthurai municipality is approximately 126,000.<ref name=":7" /> The 2021 [[census of India]] was postponed due to COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Amit Baruah & Vijaita |date=2021-01-31 |title=Government likely to postpone census to 2022 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/government-likely-to-postpone-census-to-2022/article33710753.ece |access-date=2026-03-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=12 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812220738/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/government-likely-to-postpone-census-to-2022/article33710753.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The next censes expected to conduct in [[2027 census of India|2027]], is anticipated to have preliminary result released by late 2027, with the final report expected by late 2028.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-08-22 |title=Long-delayed population census may start in September, likely to take 18 months to finish: Report |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Aug/22/long-delayed-population-census-may-start-in-september-likely-to-take-18-months-to-finish-report |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=24 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124035610/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Aug/22/long-delayed-population-census-may-start-in-september-likely-to-take-18-months-to-finish-report |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Administration and politics ==
{| class="toccolours" style="clear:right; float:right; background:#fff; margin:0 0 0.5em 1em; width:220px"
|-
! style="background:#a8bdec; text-align:center;" colspan="2"|'''District Administration'''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |District Collector||H.S.Srikanth.,IAS<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=30 March 2025 |title=Mayiladuthurai Collectorate |url=https://mayiladuthurai.nic.in/about-district/whos-who/ |access-date=30 March 2025 |website=Mayiladuthurai District |archive-date=10 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210112902/https://mayiladuthurai.nic.in/about-district/whos-who/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |Superintendent of Police||G.Stalin<ref name=":3" />
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |District Revenue Officer||R.Poongudi<ref name=":3" />
|-
! style="background:#a8bdec; text-align:center;" colspan="2"|'''Municipality Officials'''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |Commissioner||A. Veera Muthukumar<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2025 |title=Mayiladuthurai Municipality |url=https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/mayiladuthurai/commissioner/ |access-date=30 March 2025 |website=Mayiladuthurai Municipality |archive-date=29 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429151433/https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/mayiladuthurai/commissioner/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |Chairman||N.Selvaraj<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2025 |title=Mayiladuthurai Municipality |url=https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/mayiladuthurai/whos-who/chairman/ |access-date=30 March 2025 |website=Mayiladuthurai Municipality |archive-date=23 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250323005920/https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/mayiladuthurai/whos-who/chairman/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|Vice Chairman||S.Sivakkumar<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2025 |title=Mayiladuthurai Municipality |url=https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/mayiladuthurai/vice-chairman/ |access-date=30 March 2025 |website=Mayiladuthurai Municipality |archive-date=17 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117071923/https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/mayiladuthurai/vice-chairman/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! style="background:#a8bdec; text-align:center;" colspan="2"|'''Elected Members'''
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|Member of Legislative Assembly||[[S. Rajakumar]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=16th Assembly members |url=https://assembly.tn.gov.in/16thassembly/members.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250310170416/https://assembly.tn.gov.in/16thassembly/members.php |archive-date=10 March 2025 |access-date=24 August 2025 |website=www.assembly.tn.gov.in |language=en |postscript=Note: This link is geographically restricted and may not function outside of India.}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|Member of Parliament||[[Sudha Ramakrishnan]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2025 |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/ConstituencywiseS2228.htm |access-date=30 March 2025 |website=General Election to Parliamentary Constituencies |archive-date=26 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426165328/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/ConstituencywiseS2228.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|}

Mayiladuthurai is the headquarters of the Mayiladuthurai district. The town of Mayiladuthurai is administered by a municipal council which was created in 1866, as per the Town Improvements Act 1865.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Playne |first1=Somerset |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4xEAQAAMAAJ&dq=mayavaram+history&pg=PA463 |title=Southern India, Its History, People, Commerce, and Industrial Resources |last2=Bond |first2=J. W. |last3=Wright |first3=Arnold |date=1915 |publisher=Foreign and Colonial Compiling and Publishing Company |language=en }}</ref> The council initially had eleven members.<ref name="munci_abtus">{{cite web |title=About Us |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/mayiladuthurai/abus_municip.html |publisher=Mayiladuthurai Municipality |year=2011 |access-date=17 May 2014 |archive-date=20 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920020958/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/mayiladuthurai/abus_municip.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> This was increased to 18 in 1883.<ref name="munci_abtus" /><ref name="hemingwayp213">[[#Hemingway|Hemingway]], p. 213</ref> As of 2025, the municipality covers an area of {{convert|11.27|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} and its council, in which legislative powers are vested, has a total of 36 members,<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2025 |title=MAYILADUTHURAI MUNICIPALITY - Ward List and Details |url=https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/mayiladuthurai/wp-content/uploads/sites/66/2022/07/street.pdf |access-date=30 March 2025 |website=MAYILADUTHURAI MUNICIPALITY - Ward List and Details |archive-date=20 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250920165502/https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/mayiladuthurai/wp-content/uploads/sites/66/2022/07/street.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> one from each of the town's 36 wards.<ref name="councillor">{{cite web |title=Councillors of municipality |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/mayiladuthurai/who_councilors.html |publisher=Mayiladuthurai municipality |access-date=1 January 2014 |year=2011 |archive-date=19 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519002553/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/mayiladuthurai/who_councilors.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The council is headed by an elected chairperson assisted by a deputy chairperson.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Municipal Administration |url=http://www.tn.gov.in/cma/introduction.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925203650/http://www.tn.gov.in/cma/introduction.htm |archive-date=2012-09-25 |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=www.tn.gov.in|url-status=dead}}</ref> The functions of the municipality are divided into six departments: General, Engineering, Revenue, Public Health, Town Planning, and the Computer Wing. All these departments are under the control of a municipal commissioner who is the supreme executive head.<ref name="organizationalchart">{{cite web |title=Commissionerate of Municipal Administration |url=http://www.tn.gov.in/cma/chart5.htm |publisher=Commissionerate of Municipal Administration |access-date=1 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106103849/http://www.tn.gov.in/cma/chart5.htm |archive-date=6 November 2012 }}</ref> There are a total of four [[Revenue Village|revenue villages]] with Mayiladuthurai - [[Thiruvilandur]], [[Dharmapuram]], Nanchilnadu and [[Kornad]].<ref name="general_info">{{cite web |title=General Information |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/mayiladuthurai/sal_generalinformation.html |publisher=Mayiladuthurai Municipality |year=2011 |access-date=17 May 2014 |archive-date=20 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920021519/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/mayiladuthurai/sal_generalinformation.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2023, Mayiladuthurai's selection grade municipality status was upgraded to special grade municipality.<ref name=":8" />

Mayiladuthurai is represented in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] by the [[Mayiladuturai (State Assembly Constituency)|Mayiladuthurai state assembly constituency seat]].<ref name="assemblyconstituencymap">{{cite web |title=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency map |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |publisher=[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] |access-date=17 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614070155/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/const_map/map.htm |archive-date=14 June 2012 }}</ref> The current Member of Legislative Assembly is [[S. Rajakumar]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] party alliance with [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]].<ref name=":2" />

[[Mayiladuthurai (State Assembly Constituency)|Mayiladuthurai]] is a part of the [[Mayiladuthurai (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name="election62">{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf |title=Key highlights of the general elections 1962 to the Third Lok Sabha |publisher=Election Commission of India |page=49 |access-date=16 April 2011 |archive-date=9 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009143136/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=elections80>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |title=Key highlights of the general elections 1980 to the Seventh Lok Sabha |publisher=Election Commission of India |page=79 |access-date=26 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175926/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref> The current Member of Parliament is [[Sudha Ramakrishnan]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] party alliance with [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] by the [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]].<ref name=":1" />

== Utility services ==
Potable water is provided by the municipality. Mayiladuthurai's main source of water is the [[Kollidam River]].<ref name="watersupply">{{cite web |title=Water supply |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/mayiladuthurai/sal_watersupply.html |publisher=Mayiladuthurai Municipality |access-date=17 May 2014 |year=2011 |archive-date=20 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920021536/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/mayiladuthurai/sal_watersupply.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A total of 7.50 million liters per day (MLD) are pumped out every day from five water tanks located in various parts of the town.<ref name="watersupply" /> About 104 metric tonnes of solid waste is generated every day, while 85 metric tonnes are collected from the town every day by door-to-door collection. Subsequent source segregation and dumping is carried out by the sanitary department of the municipality.<ref name="solidwastermanagement">{{cite web |title=Solid waste management |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/mayiladuthurai/sal_solidwastemanagement.html |publisher=Mayiladuthurai Municipality |access-date=17 May 2014 |year=2011 |archive-date=20 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920021548/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/mayiladuthurai/sal_solidwastemanagement.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

There is limited underground drainage in the town and the major sewer system for disposal of sullage is through septic tanks, open drains, and public conveniences.<ref name="urban8">[[#urban|Urban Infrastructure Report 2008]], pp. 8-9</ref> The municipality maintains a total of {{convert|39|km|mi|abbr=on}} of surfaced storm water drains and {{convert|4|km|mi|abbr=on}} kutcha (mud or brick) drains in Mayiladuthurai.<ref name="urban8" /><ref name="stormwater">{{cite web |title=Storm water drainage |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/mayiladuthurai/sal_stromwaterdrainage.html |publisher=Mayiladuthurai Municipality |access-date=17 May 2014 |year=2011 |archive-date=20 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920021559/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/mayiladuthurai/sal_stromwaterdrainage.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>[[File:Clock Tower Mayiladuthurai 2025.jpg|thumb|Clock tower in M. G. Road, Mayiladuthurai]]

The Mayiladuthurai municipality, under the [[Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation|AMRUT 2.0]] scheme, has launched an ₹83 crore project to improve the city's underground drainage system. The initiative involves replacing 6 km of the existing backbone sewer, setting up a 36 km sewage collection network with over 6,000 household connections, and constructing two sewage treatment plants (STPs) with capacities of 9.05 MLD and 0.44 MLD. The project is scheduled to go live by early 2027.<ref>{{Cite news |title=₹83-crore underground sewerage overhaul project begins in Mayiladuthurai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/83-crore-underground-sewerage-overhaul-project-begins-in-mayiladuthurai/article69396810.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250401141821/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/83-crore-underground-sewerage-overhaul-project-begins-in-mayiladuthurai/article69396810.ece |archive-date=2025-04-01 |access-date=2026-03-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=27 November 2023 |title=More Areas in Tamil Nadu's Mayiladuthurai Municipality to Get Underground Drainage Network |url=https://thewaterdigest.com/more-areas-in-tamil-nadus-mayiladuthurai-municipality-to-get-underground-drainage-network |access-date=3 April 2025 |website=Water Digest |language=en-US |archive-date=22 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222075722/https://thewaterdigest.com/more-areas-in-tamil-nadus-mayiladuthurai-municipality-to-get-underground-drainage-network/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=26 November 2023 |title=More areas in Mayiladuthurai Municipality to get underground drainage network |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/more-areas-in-mayiladuthurai-municipality-to-get-underground-drainage-network/article67576492.ece |access-date=3 April 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=1 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201003129/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/more-areas-in-mayiladuthurai-municipality-to-get-underground-drainage-network/article67576492.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

In healthcare, there are five government hospitals,<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2025 |title=Mayiladuthurai District Website |url=https://mayiladuthurai.nic.in/public-utility-category/hospitals/ |access-date=3 April 2025 |website=Mayiladuthurai District Website |archive-date=22 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250422030000/https://mayiladuthurai.nic.in/public-utility-category/hospitals/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Hospitals in Mayiladuthurai district |url=https://www.cmchistn.com/empanelment/district-wise-multi-speciality |access-date=28 Feb 2026 |website=Government of Tamil Nadu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228070600/https://www.cmchistn.com/empanelment/district-wise-multi-speciality|archive-date=28 Feb 2026|url-status=live}}</ref> including a maternity ward, and twenty-five private hospitals and clinics.<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Mayiladuthurai hospitals |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/mayiladuthurai/srv_hospitals.html |publisher=Mayiladuthurai municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu |year=2011 |access-date=1 January 2014 |archive-date=24 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110224183116/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/Mayiladuthurai/srv_hospitals.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Periyar Government District Head Quarters Hospital, at Mayiladuthurai, provides a wide range of medical services, including emergency care, accident emergency care, surgery, maternity services, and outpatient consultations; it serves as a primary healthcare provider for numerous villages and towns around Mayiladuthurai. An additional building, constructed to address the hospital's space constraints, was inaugurated in February 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |title=TN gets 642 SHCs; more facilities coming soon: Ma Su {{!}} Chennai News - The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tn-gets-642-shcs-more-facilities-coming-soon-ma-su/articleshow/127846323.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260202041105/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tn-gets-642-shcs-more-facilities-coming-soon-ma-su/articleshow/127846323.cms |archive-date=2026-02-02 |access-date=2026-03-08 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> This new addition is expected to enhance the hospital's capacity, in adding specialized medical services.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 September 2024 |title=Work on new block at Mayiladuthurai Government Hospital gains momentum |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/work-on-new-block-at-mayiladuthurai-government-hospital-gains-momentum/article68621967.ece |access-date=3 April 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=23 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523045939/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/work-on-new-block-at-mayiladuthurai-government-hospital-gains-momentum/article68621967.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=27 January 2023 |title=Upgraded Mayiladuthurai GH to get new buildings |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/upgraded-mayiladuthurai-gh-to-get-new-buildings/article66440347.ece |access-date=3 April 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=21 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721214850/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/upgraded-mayiladuthurai-gh-to-get-new-buildings/article66440347.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Education ==
The first convent schools in Mayiladuthurai were founded by Christian missionaries in April 1819.<ref name="missionaryregisterp79">[[#church|Church Missionary Society 1825]], p. 79</ref> The Municipal High School, constructed by the municipality between 1885 and 1893, was considered to be one of the premium educational institutions in the erstwhile Tanjore district.<ref name="hemingwayp213" /> As of 2025, Mayiladuthurai is home to over 30 educational institutions, primarily offering curricula based on the Tamil Nadu State Board and the [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]. The town hosts a mix of government and private schools, including five government schools.<ref name="schools">{{cite web |title=Schools in Mayiladuthurai |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/mayiladuthurai/srv_edu.html |publisher=Mayiladuthurai Municipality |access-date=17 May 2014 |year=2011 |archive-date=20 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090420012907/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/mayiladuthurai/srv_edu.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2025 |title=List of Schools |url=https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/mayiladuthurai/educational-institutions/ |access-date=30 March 2025 |website=List of Schools |archive-date=11 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250911161123/https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/mayiladuthurai/educational-institutions/ |url-status=live |postscript=Note: This link is geographically restricted and may not function outside of India.}}</ref> The town also has one specialized school offering education for students with both blindness and deafness.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List Of Special Schools For The Hearing Impaired |url=https://ayjnishd.nic.in/list-of-special-schools-for-the-hearing-impaired/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114202419/https://ayjnishd.nic.in/list-of-special-schools-for-the-hearing-impaired/ |archive-date=14 January 2025 |access-date=3 April 2025 |website=ayjnishd.nic.in |language=en-US }}</ref>

Notable colleges in the area include [[A. V. C. College]], [[A. V. C. College of Engineering]], [[A. R. C. Vishwanathan College]], [[Tamil Nadu Open University]] (TNOU), Dharmapuram Adhinam Arts College, [[Dharmapuram Gnanambigai Government Arts College for Women]].<ref name="commonwealthuniversities">[[#common|Commonwealth universities yearbook 2003]], p. 737</ref><ref name="universities_handbook">[[#Gupta|Gupta 2006]], p. 123</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Colleges in Mayiladuthurai - 2025 Rankings, Fees, Placements - Collegedunia |url=https://collegedunia.com/mayiladuthurai-colleges |access-date=3 April 2025 |website=collegedunia.com |language=en |archive-date=11 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811223447/https://collegedunia.com/mayiladuthurai-colleges |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Colleges in Mayiladuthurai 2025 – Courses, Fees, Admission, Rank |url=https://www.careers360.com/colleges/mayiladuthurai-colleges-fctp |access-date=3 April 2025 |website=Careers360 |language=en |archive-date=26 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426075823/https://www.careers360.com/colleges/mayiladuthurai-colleges-fctp |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Economy ==
=== Agriculture ===
[[File:Paddy Field Mayiladuthurai.jpg|thumb|Paddy Field Mayiladuthurai]]
The economy of Mayiladuthurai is primarily agricultural.<ref name="industry">{{cite web |title=Industry |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/mayiladuthurai/srv_industry.htm |publisher=Mayiladuthurai Municipality |access-date=17 May 2014 |year=2011 |archive-date=20 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920021511/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/mayiladuthurai/srv_industry.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mayiladuthurai has fertile soils due to its location in the [[Cauvery delta|Kaveri Delta]]. Paddy (rice) is the main crop, which is being cultivated in more than 90% of the agricultural area. Apart from paddy, crops such as coconuts, groundnuts, various pulses, gingelly (sesame), sugarcane, and cotton are also cultivated in the region. These agricultural products contribute significantly to the local economy.<ref name="railwayguidep52">[[#railwayguide|South Indian Railway Co. Ltd. 1926]], p. 52</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2025 |title=Tamil Nadu Government GO |url=https://msmeonline.tn.gov.in/deap/pdf/038.pdf |access-date=30 March 2025 |website=Tamil Nadu Government GO |archive-date=3 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250403070724/https://msmeonline.tn.gov.in/deap/pdf/038.pdf |url-status=live |postscript=Note: This link is geographically restricted and may not function outside of India.}}</ref>

Pathiri mango is a [[mango]] variety introduced and grown in Mayiladuthurai around the [[Mayiladuthurai district]]. The name Pathiri is a contraction of the Tamil word ''pathiriyar'', which is usually translated as "priest" in English. The mango type was initially planted by Rev. Ochs, a German pastor and Christian missionary of the [[Tamil Evangelical Lutheran Church]] in [[Koranad]], Mayiladuthurai.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pathiri mango: a variety introduced by German missionary in Tamil Nadu's Mayiladuthurai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/pathiri-mango-a-variety-introduced-by-german-missionary-in-tamil-nadu-mayiladuthurai/article69877690.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250803210746/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/pathiri-mango-a-variety-introduced-by-german-missionary-in-tamil-nadu-mayiladuthurai/article69877690.ece |archive-date=3 August 2025 |access-date=27 August 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en }}</ref>

=== Industry ===
The [[Tamil Nadu Small Industries Development Corporation Limited|SIDCO]] industrial park in Mayiladuthurai, established in 2009 on 12.56 acres, located in Kulichar, Mayiladuthurai, supports small-scale industries, boosting employment. It hosts 31 operational units as of 2024. It fosters local entrepreneurship with subsidies such as 25% on capital and 20% on electricity for five years. Industries include biofuel, cement products, and food processing. Its growth reflects rising interest in agriculturally-based ventures.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 September 2024 |title=SIDCO estate in Mayiladuthurai emerging as a key hub for small-scale units |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/sidco-estate-in-mayiladuthurai-emerging-as-a-key-hub-for-small-scale-units/article68593075.ece |access-date=3 April 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=11 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250911195319/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/sidco-estate-in-mayiladuthurai-emerging-as-a-key-hub-for-small-scale-units/article68593075.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=TANSIDCO |url=https://tansidco.org/Home/industrial_estate_list |access-date=3 April 2025 |website=tansidco.org |archive-date=22 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822043803/https://tansidco.org/Home/industrial_estate_list |url-status=live }}</ref> Confectioneries, printing presses, vehicle manufacturing units, and rice mills are the major industries in Mayiladuthurai.<ref name="industry" /> Industrial workers form 27.14 percent of the town's population as of 2011.<ref name="industry" />

=== Weaving ===
[[File:Koorai silk saree 6.jpg|thumb|Koorai silk saree]]
Mayiladuthurai is known for its traditional weaving industry, contributing to the local economy. The heritage [[sari]] ''[[Koorai silk saree|koorai pattu paduvai]]'' or ''Koorainadu sari'' has originated from Koorainadu or [[Kornad]], a suburb of Mayiladuthurai.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Nagendra Kr |url=https://books.google.com.qa/books?id=10IwAQAAIAAJ&q=koorai+pudavai&redir_esc=y |title=Global Encyclopaedia of the South Indian Dalit's Ethnography |date=2006 |publisher=Global Vision Publishing House |isbn=978-81-8220-167-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Modak |first=S. |url=https://books.google.com.qa/books?id=yHgsAAAAYAAJ&dq=kornad+cloth&pg=PA426&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=kornad%20cloth&f=false |title=Directory of Protestant Indian Christians |date=1900 |publisher=Printed at the Bombay Education Society's Steam Press |language=en}}</ref> These saris are made from a blend of silk and cotton dyed in bright colours, featuring unique chequered patterns. They are deeply rooted in Tamil culture, and are especially worn during weddings and religious ceremonies.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com.qa/books?id=SzWvq8EYBwUC&dq=The+Illustrated+Guide+to+the+South+Indian+Railway+kornad+cloth&pg=PA52&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway (Incorporated in England) |date=1926 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1889-3 |pages=52 |language=en |postscript=Refer - Kornad Clothes}}</ref><ref name="railwayguidep52" /><ref name="francisp160">[[#W.|Francis]], p. 160</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Koorainadu Sari, Checked In Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.thevoiceoffashion.com/fabric-of-india/the-south-india-edit/koorainadu-sari-checked-in-tamil-nadu-2633 |access-date=3 April 2025 |website=www.thevoiceoffashion.com |language=en |archive-date=8 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250908184450/https://www.thevoiceoffashion.com/fabric-of-india/the-south-india-edit/koorainadu-sari-checked-in-tamil-nadu-2633 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Dry fish market ===
Mayiladuthurai's [[Mayiladuthurai dry fish market|Karuvattu Santhai]] (dry fish market) was established over a century ago.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Tamil |first1=Hindu |title=227697 |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/others/227697-.html |access-date=3 April 2025 |website=Hindu Tamil |date=14 July 2017 |archive-date=18 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250918234819/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/others/227697--4.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Harish |date=3 June 2019 |title=Mayiladuthurai is home to one of the earliest large-scale dried fish markets in Tamil Nadu. #MyVikatan |url=https://www.vikatan.com/literature/arts/158975-mayiladuthurai-karuvattu-sandhai-is-100-years-old |access-date=3 April 2025 |website=vikatan.com |language=ta |archive-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312195659/https://www.vikatan.com/literature/arts/158975-mayiladuthurai-karuvattu-sandhai-is-100-years-old |url-status=live }}</ref> Located along the Coromandel coast, it has been a central hub for the dry fish trade. The market—offering a variety of dried seafood, including shrimp, sardines, mackerel, and anchovies—contributes significantly to the local economy and culture.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Decades-old dry fish market in Mayiladuthurai lacks basic amenities |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/decades-old-dry-fish-market-in-mayiladuthurai-lacks-basic-amenities/article69940932.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250818064353/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/decades-old-dry-fish-market-in-mayiladuthurai-lacks-basic-amenities/article69940932.ece |archive-date=2025-08-18 |access-date=2026-03-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>

=== Others ===
The municipality operates four markets—a vegetable market, weekly market, farmer's market (''uzhavar santhai''), and fish market—that cater to the needs of the town and the rural areas around it.<ref>{{cite web |year=2011 |title=Mayiladuthurai Markets |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/mayiladuthurai/sal_markets.html |access-date=1 January 2014 |publisher=Mayiladuthurai Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu |archive-date=20 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920021529/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/mayiladuthurai/sal_markets.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="markets">{{cite web |title=Markets and commercial complexes |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/mayiladuthurai/sal_markets.html |publisher=Mayiladuthurai Municipality |access-date=17 May 2014 |year=2011 |archive-date=20 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920021529/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/mayiladuthurai/sal_markets.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> There are many department stores in Mayiladuthurai. The only shopping complex is the Kittappa commercial complex which is maintained by the municipality.<ref name="markets" />

== Transport ==

=== By road ===
The town has several significant routes passing through it, including state highways SH-22, SH-23, SH-64, SH-147, SH-149, and SH-150.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2023 |title=Division wise List of Government Roads under the Tamil Nadu Highways Act, 2001 |url=https://www.stationeryprinting.tn.gov.in/gazette/2023/37_II_2_A_Sup_2023.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106000816/https://www.stationeryprinting.tn.gov.in/gazette/2023/37_II_2_A_Sup_2023.pdf |archive-date=2023-11-06 |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=www.stationeryprinting.tn.gov.in}}</ref> These highways connect Mayiladuthurai to key neighbouring towns such as [[Thanjavur]], [[Thiruvarur|Tiruvarur]], [[Kumbakonam]], [[Sirkazhi|Sirkali]], [[Chidambaram]], [[Poombuhar|Poompuhar]], [[Nagapattinam]], and Karaikal.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 June 2024 |title=State Highways Department to widen, upgrade road network; ring roads to be laid for towns in southern T.N. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/assembly-state-highways-department-to-widen-upgrade-road-network-ring-roads-to-be-laid-for-towns-in-southern-tn/article68331854.ece |access-date=3 April 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=20 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250920125808/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/assembly-state-highways-department-to-widen-upgrade-road-network-ring-roads-to-be-laid-for-towns-in-southern-tn/article68331854.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

In addition to the state highways, Mayiladuthurai is connected to various parts of [[Tamil Nadu]] through national highways. [[National Highway 32 (India)|National Highway 32]] (NH-32), also known as the [[East Coast Road]], which begins in [[Chennai]] and terminates at [[Thoothukudi]], provides vital connectivity to the region.<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Mohamed Salahudeen |date=2026-02-06 |title=Risky ride for commuters as NH 32 stretch in Karikal not relaid 'for a decade' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2026/Feb/06/risky-ride-for-commuters-as-nh-32-stretch-in-karikal-not-relaid-for-a-decade |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260306114544/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2026/Feb/06/risky-ride-for-commuters-as-nh-32-stretch-in-karikal-not-relaid-for-a-decade |archive-date=2026-03-06 |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Subhashini |first=V. Bhagya |date=2023-05-03 |title=Tamil Nadu: East Coast Road Expansion Project Gains Momentum, Mayiladuthurai-Karaikal Stretch To Be Completed By 2024 |url=https://indiainfrahub.com/featured/tamil-nadu-east-coast-road-expansion-project-gains-momentum-mayiladuthurai-karaikal-stretch-to-be-completed-by-2024/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250427112216/https://indiainfrahub.com/featured/tamil-nadu-east-coast-road-expansion-project-gains-momentum-mayiladuthurai-karaikal-stretch-to-be-completed-by-2024/ |archive-date=27 Apr 2025 |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=India Infra Hub |language=en-US}}</ref> Similarly, [[National Highway 36]] (NH-36), extending from [[Vikravandi]] to [[Manamadurai]], further enhances the transportation network in the area.<ref>{{Cite news |title=NHAI set to begin work on developing final section of Vikravandi-Thanjavur national highway |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/nhai-set-to-begin-work-on-developing-final-section-of-vikravandi-thanjavur-national-highway/article69678941.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723123351/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/nhai-set-to-begin-work-on-developing-final-section-of-vikravandi-thanjavur-national-highway/article69678941.ece |archive-date=23 July 2025 |access-date=2026-03-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Notably, NH-32 and NH-36 are interconnected by [[National Highway 136B (India)|National Highway 136B]], which passes through Mayiladuthurai, serving as a crucial link between these two highways.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-29 |title=PIL seeks implementation of 4-lane NH |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/pil-seeks-implementation-of-4-lane-nh/articleshow/113773135.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930015324/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/pil-seeks-implementation-of-4-lane-nh/articleshow/113773135.cms |archive-date=30 Sep 2024 |access-date=2026-03-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Charan |first=N. Sai |date=2 May 2023 |title=NHAI to complete the ECR expansion work on Mayiladuthurai - Karaikal stretch by July 2024 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/nhai-to-complete-the-ecr-expansion-work-on-mayiladuthurai-karaikal-stretch-by-july-2024/article66803479.ece |access-date=3 April 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=3 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603043125/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/nhai-to-complete-the-ecr-expansion-work-on-mayiladuthurai-karaikal-stretch-by-july-2024/article66803479.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Bus stand.jpeg|thumb|Mayiladuthurai Bus Station]]

As of 2007, Mayiladuthurai municipality contained {{convert|87.54|km|mi|abbr=on}} of roads: {{convert|5.6|km|mi|abbr=on}} of cement roads, {{convert|75.8|km|mi|abbr=on}} of bituminous roads, {{convert|3.46|km|mi|abbr=on}} of [[Macadam#Water-bound_macadam|water-bound macadam]] (WBM) roads, and {{convert|2.6|km|mi|abbr=on}} of earthen roads. Additionally, there were {{convert|20.85|km|mi|abbr=on}} of highways in the town.<ref name="urban9">[[#urban|Urban Infrastructure Report 2007]], p. 9</ref><ref name="howtoreach" /> In 2026, the [[Mayiladuthurai new bus station|new bus terminus facility]] began operations, featuring 28 bus bays, 49 shops, and restaurants, frequent shuttle services are provided between the new terminus and the existing bus stands.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Delay in opening of new Mayiladuthurai bus stand draws flak |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/delay-in-opening-of-new-mayiladuthurai-bus-stand-draws-flak/article70004214.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250902142229/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/delay-in-opening-of-new-mayiladuthurai-bus-stand-draws-flak/article70004214.ece |archive-date=2025-09-02 |access-date=2026-03-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref><ref name="urban10">[[#urban|Urban Infrastructure Report 2007]], p. 10</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Chief Minister inaugurates new bus stand in Mayiladuthurai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/chief-minister-inaugurates-new-bus-stand-in-mayiladuthurai/article70739200.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260314081142/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/chief-minister-inaugurates-new-bus-stand-in-mayiladuthurai/article70739200.ece |archive-date=2026-03-14 |access-date=2026-03-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref> There are regular bus services to important cities in Tamil Nadu.<ref name="howtoreach">{{cite web |title=How to reach |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/mayiladuthurai/abcity_How%20to%20reach.html |publisher=Mayiladuthurai Municipality |access-date=17 May 2014 |year=2011 |archive-date=21 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921093111/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/mayiladuthurai/abcity_How%20to%20reach.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> There are also regular services to other South Indian cities such as [[Chennai]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Madurai]], [[Bengaluru]], and [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]].<ref name="howtoreach" /> Mayiladuthurai forms a part of the [[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation]] which is headquartered at [[Kumbakonam]].<ref name="cholanroadways">{{cite web |title=Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation (KUM DIV-I) Ltd., Kumbakonam |url=http://www.tn.gov.in/transport/kumdivone.htm |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu |access-date=17 May 2014 |archive-date=16 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116051934/http://www.tn.gov.in/transport/kumdivone.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> In February 2026, the foundation stone for the Mayiladuthurai [[Bypass (road)|bypass road]] was laid, with an estimated cost of ₹185 crore.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Foundation stone laid for bypass in Mayiladuthurai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/foundation-stone-laid-for-bypass-in-mayiladuthurai/article70680204.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260311160044/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/foundation-stone-laid-for-bypass-in-mayiladuthurai/article70680204.ece |archive-date=2026-03-11 |access-date=2026-03-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>

=== By rail ===
[[File:Junction1.jpeg|thumb|Mayiladuthurai Junction]]

[[Mayiladuthurai Junction railway station|Mayiladuthurai Junction]] is a crucial railway station in Tamil Nadu. It in the [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]'s Tiruchirappalli division, located on the [[Main Line, Tamil Nadu|Main line]] connecting the state capital Chennai with Tiruchirappali.<ref name=":5" /> With five platforms, it connects major cities such as [[Chennai]], [[Thanjavur]], and [[Karaikudi]], handling both passenger and freight traffic, including services to [[Karaikal Port|Karaikal port]]. The station currently manages 79 trains, with 21 originating and 21 terminating, and hosts long-distance trains such as the [[Rameswaram–Faizabad Shraddha Sethu Express|Rameswaram Ayodhya Cantonment Express]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-07 |title=Trains to Rameswaram: Indian Railways announces 28 trains via new Pamban Bridge from 11 cities including Ayodhya, Banaras, Bhubaneswar – FULL LIST |url=https://www.etnownews.com/infrastructure/trains-to-rameswaram-indian-railways-announces-28-trains-via-new-pamban-bridge-from-11-cities-including-ayodhya-banaras-bhubaneswar-full-list-article-151358789 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250407020103/https://www.etnownews.com/infrastructure/trains-to-rameswaram-indian-railways-announces-28-trains-via-new-pamban-bridge-from-11-cities-including-ayodhya-banaras-bhubaneswar-full-list-article-151358789 |archive-date=2025-04-07 |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=ET Now |language=en}}</ref> Mannargudi Bhagat Ki Kothi SF Express,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-07 |title=Mannargudi and Bhagat Ki Kothi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/several-trains-cancelled-diverted/articleshow/110801242.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607154037/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/several-trains-cancelled-diverted/articleshow/110801242.cms |archive-date=2024-06-07 |access-date=2026-03-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Banaras Rameswaram Weekly SF Express, Mysuru–Mayiladuthurai Mail Express, [[Cholan Express|Cholan Super Fast Express]], Padmini Express and [[Mayiladuthurai–Coimbatore Jan Shatabdi Express]].<ref name=":10">{{cite web |title=National Train Enquiry System (NTES) |url=https://enquiry.indianrail.gov.in/ntes/index.html |access-date=6 March 2026 |website=Indian Railways |publisher=Centre for Railway Information Systems (CRIS) |postscript=Note: This link is geographically restricted and may not function outside of India. |archive-date=24 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424171703/https://enquiry.indianrail.gov.in/ntes/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=TTI |title=MV / Mayiladuturai Junction Railway Station {{!}} Train Arrival / Departure Timings at Mayiladuturai Junction |url=https://www.totaltraininfo.com/station/mv/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250421205144/https://www.totaltraininfo.com/station/mv/ |archive-date=2025-04-21 |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=Total Train Information |language=en}}</ref> There are regular express trains that connect the city with major cities in the state such as [[Chennai]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Madurai]], and [[Tiruchirappalli]]. There are passenger trains that connect Mayiladuthurai with [[Thanjavur]], [[Tiruchirapalli]], [[Thiruvarur]], [[Karaikal|Karaikkal]], [[Nagapattinam]],<ref>{{cite news |date=11 May 2013 |title=Passenger trains to be run on Mayiladuthurai-Tiruvarur line |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/passenger-trains-to-be-run-on-mayiladuthuraitiruvarur-line/article4704782.ece |access-date=20 May 2014 |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Tiruchi |archive-date=21 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521034549/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/passenger-trains-to-be-run-on-mayiladuthuraitiruvarur-line/article4704782.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Chidambaram]], [[Cuddalore]], [[Karaikal]], [[Mannargudi]], [[Karaikudi]], [[Rameswaram|Rameshwaram]] and [[Viluppuram]].<ref name=":10" /><ref>{{cite news |date=30 March 2013 |title=Passenger trains to Mayiladuthurai, Katpadi, flagged off at Villupuram |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/passenger-trains-to-mayiladuthurai-katpadi-flagged-off-at-villupuram/article4563666.ece |access-date=20 May 2014 |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Villupuram |archive-date=21 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521041932/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/passenger-trains-to-mayiladuthurai-katpadi-flagged-off-at-villupuram/article4563666.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=6 April 2025 |title=New Pamban rail bridge inaugurated by PM Modi - check schedule of Rameswaram-Tambaram Express & salient features of vertical lift sea bridge |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/new-pamban-rail-bridge-inaugurated-by-pm-modi-check-schedule-of-rameswaram-tambaram-express-salient-features-of-vertical-lift-sea-bridge/articleshow/120034939.cms |access-date=7 April 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=7 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250407022806/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/new-pamban-rail-bridge-inaugurated-by-pm-modi-check-schedule-of-rameswaram-tambaram-express-salient-features-of-vertical-lift-sea-bridge/articleshow/120034939.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== By air ===
The closest airport is [[Tiruchirappalli International Airport]] (TRZ), approximately 136 km (85 mi) away, offering domestic and international flights. Next is [[Pondicherry Airport]] (PNY), about 114 km (71 mi) from Mayiladuthurai, mainly serving domestic routes. A major international hub, [[Chennai International Airport]] (MAA) lies 250 km (155 mi) away, connecting globally. Lastly, [[Madurai Airport]] (IXM), around 275 km (171 mi) distant, provides domestic and some international options.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2025 |title=Government of Tamil Nadu Mayiladuthurai District |url=https://mayiladuthurai.nic.in/tourism/how-to-reach/ |access-date=30 March 2025 |website=Government of Tamil Nadu Mayiladuthurai District |archive-date=3 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250403124910/https://mayiladuthurai.nic.in/tourism/how-to-reach/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Culture ==
[[File:Dakshinamoorthi Temple Mayiladuthurai.jpg|thumb|upright|Entrance to the Dakshinamoorthi temple in Mayiladuthurai]]

Mayiladuthurai has several ancient temples, such as [[Mayuranathaswami Temple, Mayiladuthurai|Mayuranathaswami Temple]],<ref name=":5" /><ref>''This temple is one of the 276 Paadal Petra Sthalams glorified in the Tevaram poems by Tamil Saivite Nayanar Tirugnanasambandar.''</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=K |first=Seetha |date=2020 |title=sri mayuranathar temple at mayiladuthurai a historical study |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/343730 |journal=University |hdl=10603/343730 |language=English |archive-date=26 April 2025 |access-date=6 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426075743/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/343730 |url-status=live }}</ref> a prominent [[Shaivite]] shrine and [[Parimala Ranganatha Perumal Temple]], a [[Vaishnavite]] shrine on the northern banks of the [[Kaveri|Cauvery River]], it is one of the [[Divya Desam|Divya desam]], and also forms a part of [[Pancharanga Kshetrams|Pancha rangam]] which are located in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Tourism, Government of India - Identification of Tourism Circuits across India |url=http://tourism.nic.in/writereaddata/CMSPagePicture/file/marketresearch/Tentavely%20Identified%20circuit%20for%20various%20states/new/Tamil.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727162133/http://tourism.nic.in/writereaddata/CMSPagePicture/file/marketresearch/Tentavely%20Identified%20circuit%20for%20various%20states/new/Tamil.pdf |archive-date=2014-07-27 |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=tourism.nic.in |page=14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Parimala Ranganathar Temple : Parimala Ranganathar Temple Details {{!}} Parimala Ranganathar- Tiru Indalur {{!}} Tamilnadu Temple {{!}} |url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=316 |access-date=6 April 2025 |website=temple.dinamalar.com |archive-date=24 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250524171923/https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=316 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Srinivasan |first=Venu |url=https://www.google.com.qa/books/edition/%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B7%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%B5_108_%E0%AE%A4/uJZeDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=108+divya+desam+list+in+tamil&printsec=frontcover |title=Sri Vaishnava 108 Divya Desangal |date=2015-01-01 |publisher=Kizhakku Pathippagam |isbn=978-93-5135-197-9 |language=ta |chapter=23}}</ref>

The [[Mayuranathaswami Temple, Mayiladuthurai|Mayuranathaswami Temple]] complex was built during the time of the [[Medieval Cholas]].<ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web |title=Sri Mayuranathar temple |url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=214 |access-date=16 April 2011 |publisher=Dinamalar |archive-date=25 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325235624/http://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=214 |url-status=live }}</ref> The annual chariot festival at the Mayuranathaswami Temple is a major event, drawing thousands of devotees. Other important festivals celebrated at the temple are [[Navarathri]], Adi Pooram, Avani Moolam, [[Karthigai Deepam]], and Vaikashi Brahmavotsavam.<ref name="dinamalar" /> A yearly dance festival, on the pattern of the Chidambaram Natyanjali festival, called the Mayura Natyanjali is conducted within the precincts of the Mayuranathaswami Temple by the Saptasvarangal Trust during Maha Shivaratri.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |last2= |last3= |last4= |last5= |first5= |title=Mayura Natyanjali |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/spiritual/17th-year-natyanjali-festival-inaugurated-very-well-in-mayiladuthurai-district-rq5q2n |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260307054824/https://tamil.asianetnews.com/spiritual/17th-year-natyanjali-festival-inaugurated-very-well-in-mayiladuthurai-district-rq5q2n |archive-date=2026-03-07 |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=Asianet News Tamil |language=ta}}</ref><ref name="thehindu_20090304">{{cite news |date=4 May 2009 |title=Brilliant show by Chennai dance school students |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/04/stories/2009030450410200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090309022928/http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/04/stories/2009030450410200.htm |archive-date=9 March 2009 |access-date=17 May 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-02-15 |title=Mayura Natyanjali Festival Sees Participation from Switzerland and Australia |url=https://www.dinamani.com/all-editions/edition-nagapattinam/mayiladuthurai/2026/Feb/15/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9E%E0%AE%BE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260307055400/https://www.dinamani.com/all-editions/edition-nagapattinam/mayiladuthurai/2026/Feb/15/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9E%E0%AE%BE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81 |archive-date=2026-03-07 |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=Dinamani |language=Tamil}}</ref>
[[File:Mayuranathaswami Temple gopuram.jpg|thumb|[[Gopuram]] of Mayuranathaswami Temple, photographed in 1920]]
The festival of holi bath known as "Muzhukku" in the river [[Kaveri|Cauvery]] is celebrated every year in the month of October (from the first day of the month of [[Aippasi]] to the first day of [[Tamil calendar|Karthigai]]) Mudavan Muzhukku / Kadai Muzhuku/ Thula Snana is the most celebrated festival on the Cauvery River at the Thula Gattam. It is believed by the devotees that taking a dip in the Cauvery during the Thulam Snanam period is like taking a dip in the [[Ganges|River Ganges]] and other holy rivers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mayuranathar Temple : Mayuranathar Temple Details {{!}} Mayuranathar- Mayiladuthurai {{!}} Tamilnadu Temple {{!}} மாயூரநாதர் |url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=214 |access-date=6 April 2025 |website=temple.dinamalar.com |archive-date=17 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617175103/https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=214 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The significance of Tula Snanam / Kadaimukam / Mudavan Mulukku |url=https://shaivam.org/hindu-shaivaite-festivals-and-vratas/tula-snanam/#gsc.tab=0 |access-date=6 April 2025 |website=shaivam.org |archive-date=26 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426075937/https://shaivam.org/hindu-shaivaite-festivals-and-vratas/tula-snanam/#gsc.tab=0 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The town is also known for religious festivals such as "Cauvery Pushkaram" or "[[Kaveri Pushkaram]]" (Thula festival),<ref name=":5" /> a celebration similar to the [[Kumbh Mela|kumbha melas]] of northern India. During the month of ''[[Aippasi]]'' ([[Ashvin (month)|''Ashvina'']]), pilgrims bathe in the [[Cauvery River]] at the ''Thula Kattam'' ([[Tula (month)|Tula]] [[Ghat]]) in Mayiladuthurai to cleanse themselves of their sins.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Thula Utsavam {{!}} Devotees take holy dip in the Cauvery at Mayiladuthurai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/devotees-take-a-holy-dip-in-the-cauvery-at-mayiladuthurai/article67541231.ece |date=16 November 2023 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |access-date=23 August 2025 |archive-date=18 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250918050421/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/devotees-take-a-holy-dip-in-the-cauvery-at-mayiladuthurai/article67541231.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Tamil |first1=Hindu |date=17 November 2017 |title=Kadaimuzhukku festival held at Mayiladuthurai Thula Kattam; thousands take ceremonial dip |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/tamilnadu/108685-.html |access-date=6 April 2025 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta |archive-date=12 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250912211730/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/tamilnadu/108685-.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2017 |title=Kaveri Maha Pushkaram concludes at Mayiladuthurai Thula Kattam; 100,000 people take ritual dip in a single day |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/tamilnadu/98449-1.html |access-date=6 April 2025 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta |archive-date=26 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426075732/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/tamilnadu/98449-1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Cauvery River - Thula Kattam 1.jpg|thumb|Thula Kattam during full flow of the Cauvery River in 2025]]The Vadaranyeswarar Temple and Kailasanathar Temple in Utthara Mayuram, the Tulagattam Kashivishwanathar Temple, the Padithurai Vishwanathar Temple, the Aiyaarappar Temple, and the [[Koorainadu Punukeeswarar Temple|Punukeeswarar Temple]] at Koranad, Mayiladuthurai, are other important ancient Shiva temples in Mayiladuthurai.<ref name="placesofinterest">{{cite web |title=Places of Interest |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/mayiladuthurai/abcity_Place%20of%20interest.html |publisher=Mayiladuthurai Municipality |access-date=17 May 2014 |year=2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920021144/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/mayiladuthurai/abcity_Place%20of%20interest.html |archive-date=20 September 2012 }}</ref> The Adhi Ranganathar Temple, and Kolikutti Vanamutti Perumal Temple are other important Vishnu temples in Mayiladuthurai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vanamutti perumal Temple : Vanamutti perumal Temple Details {{!}} Vanamutti perumal- Mayiladuthurai {{!}} Tamilnadu Temple {{!}} |url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=513 |access-date=2026-02-19 |website=temple.dinamalar.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250213183657/https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=513|archive-date=13 Feb 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-01-08 |title=Vanamutti Perumal temple associated with beliefs about removal of ‘Kodi dosham’ |url=https://www.dinamani.com/religion/religion-news/2026/Jan/08/the-sky-high-perumal-who-removes-millions-of-sins |access-date=2026-02-19 |website=Dinamani |language=ta|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120103327/https://www.dinamani.com/religion/religion-news/2026/Jan/08/the-sky-high-perumal-who-removes-millions-of-sins|archive-date=20 Jan 2026|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dailythanthi |date=2022-09-06 |title=Yagasala puja held at Kozhikuthi Vanamutti Perumal Temple |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/news/tamilnadu/yagasala-puja-at-kozhikode-vanamutty-perumal-temple-786433 |access-date=2026-02-19 |website=Daily Thanthi |language=ta |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260305083322/https://www.dailythanthi.com/news/tamilnadu/yagasala-puja-at-kozhikode-vanamutty-perumal-temple-786433 |archive-date=5 March 2026 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to local folklore, Mayiladuthurai was associated with Hindu holy men called "siddhars".<ref name="historicalmoments">{{cite web |title=Historical Moments: History of Mayuram |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/mayiladuthurai/abcity_Historical%20Moments.htm |publisher=Mayiladuthurai Municipality |year=2011 |access-date=17 May 2014 |archive-date=20 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920021039/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/mayiladuthurai/abcity_Historical%20Moments.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> To this day, a neighbourhood of Mayiladuthurai is called Siddharkaadu.<ref name="historicalmoments" />

== Tourist attractions ==
The [[Navagraha temples in Tamil Nadu|Navagraha temples]], [[Poombuhar|Poompuhar]], Tranquebar or [[Tharangambadi]], the mangroves of [[Pichavaram]], Tirumullaivasal, Pazhaiyar near [[Sirkazhi|Sirkali]], not to be confused with the [[Palaiyar]], and [[Karaikal]] are some of the most prominent tourist attractions located around the town.<ref name="tourist">{{cite web |title=Places of tourists |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/mayiladuthurai/srv_tour.html |publisher=Mayiladuthurai Municipality |year=2011 |access-date=17 May 2014 |archive-date=7 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307071753/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/mayiladuthurai/srv_tour.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Navagraha temples]] are also among the most popular pilgrimage sites and attractions. Six out of nine temples are closely located within a {{Convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} radius from [[Mayiladuthurai district|Mayiladuthurai]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2YsMW4DMwiIC&dq=%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88&pg=PA17 |title=Aanmeega Sutrula Vazhi Thunaivan- A Guide for Pilgrims |publisher=Bharathi Puthakalayam |language=ta }}</ref>

== Notable people ==
The following people were either born in or were connected to Mayiladuthurai, in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]], in alphabetical order by last name

{{Dynamic list}}
* [[Viswanathan Anand]] – An Indian [[chess grandmaster]] and five-time [[World Chess Championship|World Chess Champion]]. He became the first grandmaster from India. In 2008 he has been awarded with [[Padma Vibhushan]], second highest civilian award in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 February 2025 |title=Viswanathan Anand {{!}} Biography, Awards, Championship Wins, & Books |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Viswanathan-Anand |access-date=20 February 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=20 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220071110/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Viswanathan-Anand |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[G. N. Balasubramaniam]] – A Carnatic vocalist, known for his contribution to classical music.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hindu : GNB, the good friend |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fr/2003/05/23/stories/2003052301640700.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606133814/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fr/2003/05/23/stories/2003052301640700.htm |archive-date=2011-06-06 |access-date=2026-02-19 |website=www.hinduonnet.com|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Gopalakrishna Bharathi]] - A Tamil poet and a composer of Carnatic music who composed the Tamil musical opera ''[[Nandanar#:~:text=it was the-,Nandanar Charitram,-by the Tamil|Nandanar Charitram]].''<ref>{{Cite news |title=When Mayiladuthurai resonates with songs |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/when-mayiladuthurai-resonates-with-songs/article66653208.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323133509/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/when-mayiladuthurai-resonates-with-songs/article66653208.ece |archive-date=2023-03-23 |access-date=2026-03-12 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar]] – An actor, singer, and composer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madras Musings - We care for Madras that is Chennai |url=https://archive.madrasmusings.com/Vol%2019%20No%2022/a-legend-in-his-lifetime.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250427112249/https://archive.madrasmusings.com/Vol%2019%20No%2022/a-legend-in-his-lifetime.html |archive-date=27 April 2025 |access-date=24 August 2025 |website=archive.madrasmusings.com }}</ref>
* [[Madurai Mani Iyer]] - A carnatic music singer and vocalists.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Carnatic musician ‘Madurai’ Mani Iyer’s Mayiladuthurai home symbolises lasting bond between great music and fine food |url=http://thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/carnatic-musician-madurai-maniiyer-mayiladuthurai-home-symbolises-lasting-bond-between-great-music-and-fine-food/article70357135.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251205113554/http://thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/carnatic-musician-madurai-maniiyer-mayiladuthurai-home-symbolises-lasting-bond-between-great-music-and-fine-food/article70357135.ece |archive-date=5 December 2025 |access-date=2026-03-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Sa. Kandasamy]] – A [[novelist]] and documentary film-maker.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 July 2020 |title=Sa Kandasamy, Tamil writer and documentary filmmaker, dies in Chennai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/sa-kandasamy-tamil-writer-and-documentary-filmmaker-dies-in-chennai/articleshow/77277465.cms |access-date=24 August 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=15 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815022818/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/sa-kandasamy-tamil-writer-and-documentary-filmmaker-dies-in-chennai/articleshow/77277465.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dutt |first=Kartik Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QA1V7sICaIwC&q=Sa.+Kandasamy+b.+23.7.1940&pg=PA561 |title=Who's who of Indian Writers, 1999: A-M |date=1999 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-0873-5 |language=en }}</ref>
* [[Kambar (poet)|Kambar]] – A poet and the author of the [[Ramayana]] in the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] language, popularly known as ''[[Kambaramayanam]].''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramaswamy |first=Vijaya |url=https://www.google.com.qa/books/edition/Historical_Dictionary_of_the_Tamils/H1aAEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=kammalar+caste+in+tamil&pg=PA184&printsec=frontcover |title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils |date=2017-08-25 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=979-8-216-20821-1 |pages=183 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[N. Kittappa]] - An Indian politician and former Member of [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]] from [[Mayuram (State Assembly Constituency)|Mayuram constituency]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Government of India|url=http://archive.org/details/whoiswho_1967|title=Who is Who 1967|date=1967-04-25}}</ref>
* [[Kalki Krishnamurthy|Kalki Krishnamoorthy]] – An author who wrote historical romances in Tamil such as ''[[Ponniyin Selvan]]'' and [[Sivagamiyin Sapatham|''Sivagamiyin Sabatham'']]. Kalki was the founder of [[Kalki (magazine)|''Kalki'' magazine]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=12 September 2022 |title=Who is Kalki Krishnamurthy, the author of Ponniyin Selvan |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/who-is-kalki-krishnamurthy-the-author-of-ponniyin-selvan-14704101.htm |access-date=21 February 2025 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en |archive-date=13 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913150501/https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/who-is-kalki-krishnamurthy-the-author-of-ponniyin-selvan-14704101.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=E Kalki {{!}} PDF {{!}} Kalki Krishnamurthy {{!}} Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/617843323/E-KALKI |access-date=21 February 2025 |website=Scribd |language=en |archive-date=26 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426075757/https://www.scribd.com/document/617843323/E-KALKI |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Samuel Vedanayagam Pillai|Samuel Vedhanaygam Pillai]] – An Indian civil servant, Tamil poet, novelist and social worker. He is remembered for authoring ''[[Prathapa Mudaliar Charithram]]'', recognized as the "first modern Tamil novel".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kolappan |first=B. |date=21 November 2023 |title=The author of first Tamil novel and advocate of women's education |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/the-author-of-first-tamil-novel-and-advocate-of-womens-education/article67559348.ece |access-date=18 February 2025 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=22 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250522091736/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/the-author-of-first-tamil-novel-and-advocate-of-womens-education/article67559348.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[P. Govindasamy Pillai]] – A businessman and philanthropist in [[Singapore]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=NewspaperSG |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19890310.2.72.6.8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250427112216/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19890310.2.72.6.8 |archive-date=27 April 2025 |access-date=24 August 2025 |website=eresources.nlb.gov.sg |language=en }}</ref>
* [[T. N. Rajarathnam Pillai|Nadaswaram Vidwan T.N. Rajarathinam]] – An Indian [[Carnatic music]]ian, [[Nagaswaram|nadaswaram]] ''maestro'', vocalist and film actor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hindu : Friday Review Chennai / Columns : The Emperor passes |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/12/07/stories/2007120751320600.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071208132554/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/12/07/stories/2007120751320600.htm |archive-date=8 December 2007 |access-date=24 August 2025 |website=www.hindu.com |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[R. D. Rajasekhar]] – A [[Cinematography|cinematographer]] who predominantly works in films of Indian languages such as Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu, and Hindi..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Native |first=Digital |date=29 August 2020 |title=Cinematographer RD Rajasekhar roped in for Muttiah Muralitharan biopic |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/cinematographer-rd-rajasekhar-roped-muttiah-muralitharan-biopic-131882 |access-date=24 August 2025 |website=The News Minute |language=en }}</ref>
* [[T. Rajendar]] – A Tamil filmmaker, actor, and lyricist.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anantharam |first=Chitradeepa |date=27 March 2017 |title=I am the pioneer of kuthu: T Rajendherr |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/i-am-the-pioneer-of-kuthu-t-rajendar-or-tr/article17676587.ece |access-date=24 August 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112035013/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/i-am-the-pioneer-of-kuthu-t-rajendar-or-tr/article17676587.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[T. R. Venkatarama Sastri]] – A lawyer and politician who served as the Advocate-General for [[Madras Presidency]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arnold |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nx8LAQAAIAAJ&q=venkatarama+sastri+advocate |title=The Congress in Tamilnad: Nationalist Politics in South India, 1919-1937 |date=1977 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=978-0-88386-958-1 |language=en }}</ref>
* [[Raghavan Seetharaman]] – Former CEO of Doha Bank, [[Qatar]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Khraiche |first=Dana |date=27 March 2022 |title=Doha Bank CEO Seetharaman Resigns After 15 Years in Role |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-03-27/doha-bank-ceo-seetharaman-resigns-after-15-years-in-role |access-date=13 May 2025 |work=Bloomberg |archive-date=14 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414231553/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-03-27/doha-bank-ceo-seetharaman-resigns-after-15-years-in-role |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[M. S. Udayamurthy|M.S. Udhayamoorthy]] – A [[Tamil literature|Tamil]] writer and social activist. Author of several books on [[self-improvement]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 January 2013 |title=Tamil writer M.S. Udayamurthy passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-writer-ms-udayamurthy-passes-away/article4328879.ece |access-date=24 August 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X }}</ref>
* [[S. R. D. Vaidyanathan]] – A musician who played the [[nadaswaram]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 November 2013 |title=Nagaswaram exponent dies |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/ |access-date=24 August 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=22 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822103045/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/The-abiding-lore-and-spirit-of-Onam/article16138152.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Knapp |first=Stephen |title=Spiritual India Handbook |year=2011 |publisher=Jaico Books |location=Mumbai |isbn=978-81-8495-024-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djI5mL2qeocC&q=mayuranathaswamy+temple&pg=PT335 |ref=Knapp |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.6509/mode/2up |archive-date=2020-03-07}}
* {{cite book |title=Handbook of Universities, Volume I |page=123 |first1=Ameeta |last1=Gupta |first2=Ashish |last2=Kumar |first3=Ashish |last3=Kumar |year=2006 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=9788126906079 |ref=Gupta}}
* {{cite book |title=Commonwealth universities yearbook, Volume 1 |publisher=Association of Commonwealth Universities |year=2003 |page=737 |ref=common}}
* {{cite book |title=Missionary register, Volume 13 |last=Church Missionary Society |publisher=Seeley, Jackson, & Halliday |year=1825 |ref=church}}
* {{cite book |title=Gazetteer of South India |last=W. |first=Francis |ref=W. |page=160}}
* {{cite book |title=Illustrated guide to the South Indian Railway (Incorporated in England): including the Tanjore District Board, Pondicherry, Peralam-Karaikkal, Travancore State, Cochin State, Coimbatore District Board, Tinnevelly-Tiruchendur, and the Nilgiri Railways |publisher=South Indian Railway Co. Ltd. |year=1926 |ref=railwayguide}}
* {{cite book |title=Census of India, 1931, Volume 1, Part 2 |publisher=Manager of Publications |year=1933 |ref=census33 |page=24}}
* {{cite book |title=Census of India, 1991: B Series. Economic tables. v. 1-2, v. 2 pt. 2, v. 3, pt. 1-2 |ref=census91 |publisher=Manager, Govt. of India Photolitho Press |page=548}}
* {{cite book |title=Sacred tanks of South India |publisher=C.P.R. Environmental Education Centre |first=Nanditha |last=Krishna |year=2002 |ref=Krishna}}
* {{cite book |title=Census of India, 1971 D: Migration Tables |last=K. |first=Chockalingam |publisher=Manager of Publications |year=1974 |ref=K.}}
* {{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Volume 100 |last=S. S. |first=Shashi |ref=SS |publisher=Anmol Publications |year=1996 |isbn=9788170418597}}
* {{cite book |title=Mahatmas: acharyas, mystics, saints, sages, seers |year=1971 |first=Krishnaji |last=Trivedi |publisher=Shivaji News Printers |ref=Trivedi}}
* {{cite book |title=Sources of Vijayanagar history |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924024120150 |first=S. Krishnaswami |last=Aiyangar |author-link=S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar |publisher=University of Madras |year=1919 |page=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924024120150/page/n345 324]}}
* {{cite book |title=Origin and early history of Śaivism in South India |page=317 |publisher=University of Madras |first=Sadananda |last=Swami |year=1939 |ref=Swami}}
* {{cite book |title=Indian archaeology: a review |year=1969 |url=http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201964-65%20A%20Review.pdf |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |ref=Arch69 |archive-date=1 November 2013 |access-date=14 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101231707/http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201964-65%20A%20Review.pdf |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |title=Madras District Gazetteers: Tanjore |first=F. R. |last=Hemingway |page=213 |ref=Hemingway}}
* {{cite book |title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India 1908, Vol 17 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.181655 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.181655/page/n227 237]–238 |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1908}}
* {{cite book |title=Debates, Official Report, Volume 89 |publisher=Tamil Nadu Legislative Council |year=1971 |ref=debate}}
* {{cite book |title=South Indian shrines: illustrated |author=P. V. Jagadisa Ayyar |publisher=Madras Times Printing and Pub. Co. |year=1920 |pages=57-61 |ref=Ayyar}}
* {{cite report |title=Conversion of City Corporate Plan into Business Plan |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/mayiladuthurai/CCP/MayiladuthuraiCCPJUNE2007.pdf |publisher=Tamil Nadu Urban Infrastructure Financial Services Limited |date= |year=2007 |ref=urban |archive-date=29 July 2010 |access-date=18 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100729061149/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/mayiladuthurai/CCP/MayiladuthuraiCCPJUNE2007.pdf |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |title=Annual report on South-Indian epigraphy |date=21 March 2025 |publisher=Government of India |year= |location=Calcutta}}{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage|Mayiladuthurai}}
* [https://www.trodly.com/india/destination-3328/mayiladuthurai Mayiladuthurai Travel Guide]
* [https://mayiladuthurai.nic.in/ Mayiladuthurai District Official Website]
* [https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/mayiladuthurai/ Mayiladuthurai Municipality Official Website]

== See also ==

* [[Kaveri Pushkaram]]
* [[Koorainadu Punukeeswarar Temple]]
{{Adjacent communities
| Centre = Mayiladuthurai
| North = [[Chidambaram]]
| Northeast = [[Sirkali]]
| East = [[Poompuhar]]
| Southeast = [[Karaikkal]]
| South = [[Thiruvarur]]
| Southwest = [[Mannargudi]]
| West = [[Kumbakonam]]
| Northwest = [[Virudhachalam]]
}}
{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}{{Mayiladuthurai district}}
{{Mayiladuthurai Topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mayiladuthurai| ]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian cities]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Mayiladuthurai district]]
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]

A. B. Subbaiah

2026-04-13T05:19:58Z

Sachin Soni: made a entry - done

{{Short description|Indian field hockey player and coach}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox field hockey player
| name = A. B. Subbaiah
| fullname = Anjaparavanda Bopaiah Subbaiah
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1970|8|8|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Madikeri]], [[Kodagu district]] [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nickname =
| height = 
| weight = 
| website = 
| position =
| clubs1 = Air India
| years1 = 1987–2007
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| clubs2 =
| years2 =
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| clubs3 =
| years3 =
| caps3 =
| goals3 =
| nationalteam1 = [[India men's national field hockey team|India]]
| nationalyears1 = 1988–1998
| nationalcaps1 = 100+
| nationalgoals1 =
| turnedpro =
| coach =
| retired =
| coaching =
| updated =
|medaltemplates={{MedalSport | Men's [[field hockey]]}}
{{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[1990 Asian Games|1990 Beijing]]|Team}}
{{MedalSilver|[[1994 Asian Games|1994 Hiroshima]]|Team}}
{{MedalGold|[[1998 Asian Games|1998 Bangkok]]|Team}}
}}

'''Anjaparavanda Bopaiah Subbaiah''' (born 8 August 1970) is a former Indian [[field hockey]] goalkeeper and coach.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Deep |first1=Sharad |title=Hockey World League Final: AB Subbaiah wants India to play attacking game |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/other-sports/hockey-world-league-final-ab-subbaiah-wants-india-to-play-attacking-game/story-pgdGLyg8A0l9h2XDNXSdfK.html |access-date=10 July 2019 |work=Hindustan Times |date=4 December 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=WION Sports: Former India Goalkeeper A.B Subbaiah reflects on World Cup Campaign |url=https://www.wionews.com/videos/wion-sports-former-india-goalkeeper-ab-subbaiah-reflects-on-world-cup-campaign-185188 |website=wionews |publisher=WION |access-date=10 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mithun Beerala gets hitched |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/mithun-beerala-gets-hitched/articleshow/68376783.cms |access-date=10 July 2019 |work=The Times of India |agency=TNN |publisher=Bengaluru News - Times of India |date=13 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Bharatiya Hockey">{{cite news |title=Anjaparavanda Subbaiah |url=http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/1998/dec1998photo.html |access-date=10 July 2019 |work=www.bharatiyahockey.org}}</ref><ref name="e-narada">{{cite web |title=Air Indian Subbaiah conferred Doctorate by Mangalore University |url=https://enarada.com/air-indian-subbaiah-conferred-doctorate-by-mangalore-university/ |website=enarada.com |publisher=e-Narada |access-date=10 July 2019 |date=28 February 2013}}</ref> He competed in the [[Field hockey at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|men's tournament]] at the [[1996 Summer Olympics]].<ref name="SportsRef">{{cite Sports-Reference |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/an/subbaiah-anjaparavanda-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418052210/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/an/subbaiah-anjaparavanda-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2020 |title=Subbaiah Anjaparavanda Olympic Results |accessdate=19 October 2019}}</ref>

== Early life ==

He was born in [[Madikeri]] ([[Kodagu]] district, [[Karnataka]])<ref name="e-narada"/> into the [[Kodava people|Kodava]] community.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Aiyappa |first1=Manu |title=Why Kodavas, who once blazed through the hockey pitch and Army battles, are abandoning both - Times of India ► |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/why-kodavas-who-once-blazed-through-the-hockey-pitch-and-army-battles-are-abandoning-both/articleshow/69482855.cms |access-date=10 July 2019 |work=The Times of India |agency=TNN |date=24 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="Case Study">{{cite book |last1=Raipalli |first1=Dr Manjunath Sahadevappa |title=A Case Study on Contribution of Karnataka Hockey Players towards the Development of Indian Hockey |date=14 April 2018 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=9781387712373 |page=114 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GulVDwAAQBAJ&q=a+b+subbaiah&pg=PA114 |access-date=10 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref> He played hockey for his school, St. Michael's Madikeri, as a fourteen year old.<ref name="Case Study"/> He was a product of [[Sports Authority of India]] (SAI) hostel, [[Bangalore]].<ref name="Case Study"/>

== Career ==
Subbaiah has participated in the [[Commonwealth Games]].<ref name="Bharatiya Hockey" /> He was part of the 1998 gold-winning [[Asian Games]] Indian team. He is a recipient of the [[Arjuna Award]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Hockey World Cup Memories: AB Subbaiah remembers 1994 edition, where India's chances were undone by South Africa |url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/hockey-world-cup-memories-ab-subbaiah-remembers-1994-edition-where-indias-chances-were-undone-by-south-africa-5658241.html |access-date=10 July 2019 |work=Firstpost |publisher=Firstpost |date=2 December 2018}}</ref> Between 1988 and 1998, he took part in 285 international matches.<ref name="Case Study" /><ref name="e-narada" /><ref>{{cite book |title=Lok Sabha Debates |date=2000 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q2BPAQAAMAAJ&q=a+b+subbaiah |access-date=10 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Reddy |first1=P. A. |title=Sports Promotion In India |date=2005 |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |isbn=9788171419272 |pages=44, 45, 184 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T37m8eRAEX0C&q=a+b+subbaiah&pg=PA44 |access-date=10 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lakde |first1=Dr Atul Tanaji |title=Field Hockey- National Game of India in General Parlance |date=16 June 2019 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=9780359694877 |page=23 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YBqeDwAAQBAJ&q=a+b+subbaiah&pg=PA23 |access-date=10 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Data India |date=1998 |publisher=Press Institute of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kHlDAAAAYAAJ&q=a+b+subbaiah |access-date=10 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref> He represented and captained the Indian hockey team between the years 1987 and 2007.<ref name="Case Study" />

== Awards ==

Subbaiah was conferred with an honorary doctorate from the [[Mangalore University]] by Hans Raj Bhardwaj, Governor of Karnataka.<ref name="e-narada"/>

== Retirement ==

He is a commentator, coach, manager, administrator, umpire and selector as well.<ref name="e-narada"/> He was part of the Hockey India disciplinary panel as well.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Josh |first1=Jagran |title=Current Affairs Quarterly Supplement (July '15, Aug '15 and Sept '15) eBook: Jagran Josh |publisher=Jagran Josh |page=177 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J1DdCgAAQBAJ&q=a+b+subbaiah&pg=RA1-PA177 |access-date=10 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref> A B Subbaiah is also part of the 13-member [[Hockey India]] committee.<ref>{{cite news |title=Former captain Sardar Singh named in selection committee of Hockey India |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/hockey/story/sardar-singh-hockey-india-selection-committee-1431622-2019-01-15 |access-date=10 July 2019 |work=India Today |agency=Press Trust of India |date=15 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=PTI |title=Sardar Singh named in selection committee of Hockey India |journal=Sportstar |date=16 January 2019 |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/hockey/sardar-singh-hockey-india-harendra-singh-asian-games/article26000521.ece |access-date=10 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref> He is the Hockey Karnataka secretary since 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Veerappa |first1=Manuja |title=Why wasn't KSHA stadium the venue for India-New Zealand hockey match? - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/why-wasnt-ksha-stadium-the-venue-for-india-new-zealand-hockey-match/articleshow/65064543.cms |access-date=10 July 2019 |work=The Times of India |agency=TNN |date=20 July 2019}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{sports links}}

{{India FH Squad 1996 Summer Olympics}}
{{Authority control}}
{{India FH Squad 1990 Asian Games}}
{{India FH Squad 1994 Asian Games}}
{{India FH Squad 1998 Asian Games}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Subbaiah, A.B.}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Olympic field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Indian men's field hockey players]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Indian field hockey coaches]]
[[Category:Kodava people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Kodagu district]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1996 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1990 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1994 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1998 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1990 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1994 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1998 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in field hockey]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists in field hockey]]

Ram Achal Rajbhar

2026-04-11T20:45:21Z

Sachin Soni: made initial article more to come

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Akbarpur (Assembly constituency)|Akbarpur]]
| term_start = 11 March 2017
| predecessor = [[Ram Murti Verma]]
| term_end =
| constituency1 = [[Akbarpur (Assembly constituency)|Akbarpur]]
| term_start1 = 1993
| predecessor1 = [[Pawan Pandey]]
| term_end1 = 2012
| successor1 = [[Ram Murti Verma]]
| office2 = [[Third Kejriwal ministry|Minister of State]], [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start2 = 13 May 2007
| term_end2 = 15 March 2012
| subterm2 = '''Cabinet'''
| suboffice2 = [[Fourth Mayawati ministry|Mayawati - IV]]
| 2blankname2 = Ministry and Departments
| 2namedata2 = Transport

| image =
| pronunciation =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1955|01|15|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| citizenship =
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| other_party = [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
}}

'''Ram Achal Rajbhar''' is an Indian politician and currently a member of [[Samajwadi Party]]. He is a five-time MLA from [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=अंबेडकरनगर…आसान नहीं होगी अकबरपुर सीट पर सपा की जीत:5 बार इस सीट पर बसपा से विधायक रहे रामअचल राजभर, इस बार सपा से लड़ सकते हैं चुनाव |work=bhaskar |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/ambedkarnagar/news/ram-achal-rajbhar-who-was-an-mla-from-bsp-for-5-times-will-contest-elections-from-sp-this-time-129302355.html}}</ref>

Previously Ram had contested from the Akbarpur assembly constituency as a [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] candidate in the [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] and won the seat by defeating Samajwadi Party's Ram Murti Verma by a margin of 14,013, serving as an MLA in the assembly from 2017 to 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |author=News9 Staff |date=2022-03-10 |title=Akbarpur Election Final Result 2022: SP's Ram Achal Rajbhar defeats BJP candidate Dharamraj Nishad by over 12,000 votes |url=https://www.news9live.com/elections/up-state-assembly-election-2022/akbarpur-election-result-2022-live-updates-uttar-pradesh-mla-vidhan-sabha-vote-countingtodayparty-candidate-constituency-wise-winner-loser-157983 |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=NEWS9LIVE |language=en |archive-date=16 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316193406/https://www.news9live.com/elections/up-state-assembly-election-2022/akbarpur-election-result-2022-live-updates-uttar-pradesh-mla-vidhan-sabha-vote-countingtodayparty-candidate-constituency-wise-winner-loser-157983 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-03-11 |title=Akbarpur Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Ram Achal Rajbhar of SP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/akbarpur-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-4850669.html |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

As a member of the [[Samajwadi Party]], Ram contested from Akbarpur in the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] and emerged victorious in this seat by 12,000 votes, beating BJP candidate Dharamraj Nishad by a margin of 12,455 votes.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Goshwami |first=Sarmistha |date=2022-03-14 |title=UP MLA List 2022 Winner MLAs in UP District & Party Wise |url=https://dmerharyana.org/up-mla-list/ |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=DMER Haryana: Recruitment, News, Admit card, result |language=en-US |archive-date=13 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313011007/https://dmerharyana.org/up-mla-list/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajbhar, Ram Achal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1993–1996]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1997–2002]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Bahujan Samaj Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:1955 births]]

Balvant Parekh

2026-04-11T16:21:50Z

Sachin Soni: made a page - done

{{Short description|Indian businessman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anurag kalya
| image = Portrait of Balvant Parekh.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = anurag kalya
| birth_date = {{birth date text|1925}}
| birth_place = [[Mahuva, Bhavnagar|Mahuva]], [[Gujarat]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2013|01|25|1925}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], India
| other_names = ''Fevicol Man''
 B K Parekh
| occupation =
| years_active =
| children = {{unbulleted list|[[Madhukar Parekh]]| Ajay Parekh| Kalpana Parekh}}
| known_for = Founder of [[Pidilite Industries]]
| notable_works =
}}

'''Balvantray Kalyanji Parekh''' (1925 – 25 January 2013) was an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[entrepreneur]] and founder of [[Pidilite Industries]]. He was known as the [[Fevicol]] Man.<ref>{{cite news|title=Balvant Parekh, India's Fevicol Man, Dies|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/naazneenkarmali/2013/01/27/balvant-parekh-indias-fevicol-man-dies/|access-date=2 March 2015|work=Forbes}}</ref>

==Early life==
Balvant was born in a [[Jainism|Jain]] family<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Business Tycoons {{!}} Best Online Business Magazine|url=https://www.thebusinesstycoons.com/chemical_sector_madhukar_parekh_cover_story.php|access-date=2021-06-13|website=www.thebusinesstycoons.com|archive-date=20 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020052011/https://www.thebusinesstycoons.com/chemical_sector_madhukar_parekh_cover_story.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> in Mahuva town of [[Bhavnagar]] district [[Gujarat]], India. Balvant's grandfather was a [[magistrate]]. Balvant finished his initial school education in Mahuva and got his law degree from Government Law College [[Mumbai]]. While he was studying, Balvant married Kantaben. Balvant never practiced law and worked in a dyeing and printing press in [[Mumbai]]. He changed jobs as a [[peon]] in a wood trader’s office where he used to stay in the [[warehouse]] along with his wife. Balvant decided to start his own business with the help of investor Mohan and started importing cycle, [[areca nut]], paper dyes from [[western countries]]. After starting his business, Balvant moved to a flat in [[Sion, Mumbai|Sion]] [[Mumbai]] along with his wife, son and brother Sushil.

==Pidilite Industries ==
Balvant joined fifty-per-cent partnership with [[Germany|German]] firm [[Fedco]], which represented another German company [[Hoechst AG|Hoechst]]. In 1954 on invitation from the managing director of [[Hoechst AG|Hoechst]], Balvant went to Germany for a month. After the death of Hoechst managing director, the company decided to do direct business. In 1954 Balvant started [[trade|trading]] and manufacturing of dye and [[industrial chemicals]], [[pigment]] [[emulsions]] unit in Jacob circle [[Mumbai]] along with his brother Sushil, which he named Parekh Dyechem Industries.<ref>{{cite news|title=Balvant Parekh: A Legacy That Sticks|url=http://forbesindia.com/article/india-rich-list-2013/balvant-parekh-a-legacy-that-sticks/36497/1|accessdate=2 March 2015|work=Forbes|archive-date=8 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808072839/http://forbesindia.com/article/india-rich-list-2013/balvant-parekh-a-legacy-that-sticks/36497/1|url-status=dead}}</ref> Balvant started buying more stocks of Fedco and made a glue named [[Fevicol]]. The name of glue was inspired by [[German language|German]] word ‘Col’ meaning anything that bonds two things and the [[Germany|German]] company was making identical product named ‘Movicol’. Balvant’s younger brother Narendra Parekh also joined his business after finishing studies from United States. The company was later renamed as [[Pidilite Industries]] in 1959.<ref>{{cite news|title=Fevicol fame Pidilite Industry's founder Balvantbhai Parekh passes away|url=http://deshgujarat.com/2013/01/26/fevicol-fame-pidilite-industrys-founder-balvantbhai-parekh-passes-away/|accessdate=2 March 2015|publisher=Desh Guarat}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Company History - Pidilite Industries Ltd.|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/pidilite-industries-ltd/infocompanyhistory/companyid-10460.cms|accessdate=2 March 2015|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>

==Philanthropy==
Balvant had provided support in starting an Arts and Science college in Mahuva [[Gujarat]] India. He donated {{Indian rupee}}2 [[crore]] for [[Bhavnagar]]’s Science city project and also donated to Gujarati Sahitya Parishad. In 2009 Balvant founded Balvant Parekh Centre for [[General Semantics]] and Other Human Sciences in [[Baroda]] [[Gujarat]] India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Balvant Parekh Centre for General Semantics and Other Human Sciences|url=http://balvantparekhcentre.org.in/profile.htm|publisher=Balvant Parekh Centre|accessdate=2 March 2015|archive-date=9 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109082404/http://www.balvantparekhcentre.org.in/profile.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=School dropout who's all starry-eyed|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/School-dropout-whos-all-starry-eyed/articleshow/3802903.cms|accessdate=2 March 2015|publisher=Times of India}}</ref>

==Awards and Recognitions==
* 1. J. Talbot Winchell Award in 2011<ref>{{cite news|title=Pidilite founder wins award|url=http://www.topnews.in/law/pidilite-founder-wins-award-264833|accessdate=2 March 2015|publisher=Top News|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304135909/http://www.topnews.in/law/pidilite-founder-wins-award-264833|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 2. Forbes India had placed him 45th on its annual rich list rankings<ref>{{cite news|title=Balvant Parekh - India's 100 Richest People|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/balvant-parekh/|accessdate=2 March 2015|work=Forbes}}</ref>

==Associations==
Balvant had served as the Chairman of Vinyl Chemicals India and the founder Chairman of [[Pidilite Industries]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Balvantray Kalyanji Parekh|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=8462191&ticker=VNYL:IN&previousCapId=171885&previousTitle=Cadbury%2520Limited|accessdate=2 March 2015|publisher=Bloomberg}}</ref>

==Family==
Balvant had two sons [[Madhukar Parekh]] and Ajay Parekh both part of the family business [[Pidilite Industries]].,<ref>{{cite news|title=Sticking with Family: Glue Magnate and Family Business leader Dies|url=http://www.campdenfb.com/article/sticking-family-glue-magnate-and-family-business-leader-dies|accessdate=2 March 2015|publisher=Campden|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304120605/http://www.campdenfb.com/article/sticking-family-glue-magnate-and-family-business-leader-dies|url-status=dead}}</ref> and one daughter, Kalpana Parekh. Balvant was close friend of [[Dhirubhai Ambani]] founder of [[Reliance Industries]] and lived in the same apartment block in Usha Kiran building on [[Carmichael Road]] [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Fevicol fame Pidilite Industry's founder Balvantbhai Parekh|url=http://deshgujarat.com/2013/01/26/fevicol-fame-pidilite-industrys-founder-balvantbhai-parekh-passes-away/|accessdate=2 March 2015|publisher=Desh Gujarat}}</ref>

Balvant died on 25 January 2013 at the age of 88.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kar |first=Prafulla C. |title=Obituary notice (Balvant K. Parekh: 1924-2013) |journal=ETC: A Review of General Semantics |volume=70 |issue=1 |year=2013 |page=69 |url=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A326660526/AONE?sid=wikipedia |accessdate=28 April 2019 |via=[[Academic Onefile]]}} {{Subscription required}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parekh, Balvant}}
[[Category:Businesspeople from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian billionaires]]
[[Category:Indian industrialists]]
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Jains]]
[[Category:Gujarati businesspeople]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Gujarat]]

Aadhavan (anchor)

2026-04-04T08:03:00Z

Sachin Soni:

{{Short description|Tamil Indian artist and actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}

{{BLP sources|date=February 2026}}{{Infobox person
| name = Aadhavan
| image = Aadhavan2.jpg
| caption = Aadhavan
| image_size =
| education = [[SRM Institute of Science and Technology]], [[Kattankulathur]]
| birth_name = Adhavan Umavathy Kesavamurthi
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Thanjavur]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| known for = Vocals
| genre =
| occupation = Film actor, [[Radio personality|Radio Jockey]], [[VJ (media personality)|video jockey]], [[mimicry artist]]
| years_active = 2005 – current
| website =
}}

'''Adhavan Umavathy Kesavamurthi''', known professionally as '''Aadhavan''', is an Indian mimicry [[artist]] and actor known for his work in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] television and films.<ref>{{cite news |title=Exclusive: Aadhavan to feature in daily soap Amman |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/exclusive-aadhavan-to-feature-in-daily-soap-amman-says-i-am-eagerly-waiting-for-the-feedback/articleshow/81211877.cms |work=The Times of India |date=25 February 2021 |access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Actor Manikandan of 'Jai Bhim' fame makes his debut as director |date=30 January 2022 |url=https://www.mangalorean.com/actor-manikandan-of-jai-bhim-fame-makes-his-debut-as-director/ |publisher=Mangalorean |access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref> He has been working as an RJ (Radio Jockey) and VJ (Video Jockey), in [[Tamil Nadu]]. He has made appearances in television comedy shows including ''Konjam Nadinga Boss'', ''[[Super Challenge]]'', ''[[Comedy Junction]]'', ''[[Savaale Samali (TV series)|Savaale Samaali]]'', ''Galatta Rani'', ''Lollu Pa'', and ''Maanga Idiots''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Maanga Idiots: "ONCEUPON A TIME IN KOLLYWOOD "stand up comedy show |date=14 November 2019 |url=https://chennaivision.com/maanga-idiots-onceupon-a-time-in-kollywoodstand-up-comedy-show/ |publisher=Chennaivision |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-date=5 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205111856/https://chennaivision.com/maanga-idiots-onceupon-a-time-in-kollywoodstand-up-comedy-show/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Career==
===Radio jockey ===
After completing his higher studies in Electrical and Electronics, Aadhavan worked in the banking, and information technology (IT) sectors. A turning point in his professional career came, when Sujith Kumar, HR Head of Infosys and, Founder of Maatram Foundation, invited Aadhavan to perform mimicry during a cultural program at Infosys, Chennai. [[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]], who was working in [[Radio Mirchi]], was the chief guest of that cultural function, where Aadhavan performed mimicry with variety of voices. Impressed by his performance, Shiva invited Aadhavan to join Radio Mirchi as RJ (Radio Jockey).<ref>{{cite web |title=Exclusive Interview With Aadhavan |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bJRRP5HVNVU |publisher=Manobala's Waste Paper (Youtube) |access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref> In 2007, Aadhavan, then, started a new career at Radio Mirchi as RJ, and also hosted a show ''Kollyudans'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Interaction with Aadhavan |date=4 October 2020 |url=https://shadesofficial.music.blog/events/interaction-with-aadhavan/ |publisher=Shades Officials |access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref> where instant updates, interviews, special shows, and information about newly released movies were given to listeners.

===Video jockey===
While Aadhavan was working at [[Radio Mirchi]], he participated as a contestant in ''[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru?]]'' (KPY), Season 4, a [[Tamil language]] comedy reality TV show on Vijay TV in 2008. With his ability to mimic voices of celebrities and sense of humor, Aadhavan was adjudged as the title winner of ''[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru]]'' Season 4. Participation in ''Kalakka Povathu Yaaru'' gave him an opportunity to show his skills. Aadhavan's talent was noticed by a leading Tamil channel Adithya TV.<ref>{{cite news |title=Adithya TV launches comedy tour |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/adithya-tv-launches-comedy-tour/articleshow/45600284.cms |work=The Times of India |date=22 December 2014 |access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref> When Adithya TV, a 24-hour Tamil comedy channel of [[Sun TV Network]] was launched on 8 February 2009, Aadhavan was invited to join and host comedy program.<ref>{{cite web |title=ரஜினி சொன்ன பதில் VJ ஆதவன் நெகிழ்ச்சி |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UrJgzd6OtZE |publisher=Cinema Vikatan (Youtube) |access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref> He, then, joined Aditya TV on 15 February 2009, and remained in the Sun TV Network for more than a decade. Aadhavan hosted a comedy show called ''Konjam Nadinga Boss'' on Adithya TV.<ref>{{cite web |title=கொஞ்சம் நடிங்க பாஸ் |url=https://www.dinakaran.com/Video_Index.asp?idv=6331&cat=49 |publisher=Dinakaran |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-date=5 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205111855/https://www.dinakaran.com/Video_Index.asp?idv=6331&cat=49 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This show is the first one of its kind in which random strangers were asked to repeat famous movie dialogues with similar tone as the actor in the movie, and turns it into a comedy. This show made Aadhavan popular.<ref>{{cite web |title=Konjam-Nadinga-Boss-Adhavan News In Tamil |url=https://www.vikatan.com/topics/konjam-nadinga-boss-adhavan |publisher=Vikatan |access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref>

Aadhavan was chosen to be one of the Judges sharing the space with Madurai Muthu for [[Comedy Junction]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Comedy Junction |url=https://www.sunnetwork.in/program-details.aspx?IProgramID=Z6Ay6WYkVNg=&ShowType=Category |publisher=Sun Network TV |access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref> which is a Tamil-language comedy talk show broadcast on Sun TV. He presented a number of live shows including ''Vaanga Sirikalaam'' and ''Idhudhaanda Sirippu''. Aadhavan has also anchored some of the super hit shows namely ''Natchathiram'', ''[[Super Challenge]]'' and ''[[Savaale Samali (TV series)|Savaale Samaali]]'' (Sun TV), ''Galatta Rani'' (Kalaignar TV) and ''Sun Kudumba Virudhugal 2019''.
Aadhavan was one of the judges of ''Kalakka Povadhu Yaaru'' Season 9 on Vijay TV, which marked his return to Vijay TV after a gap of 11 years.<ref name="A">{{cite news |title=Exclusive: Aadhavan to feature in daily soap Amman |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/exclusive-aadhavan-to-feature-in-daily-soap-amman-says-i-am-eagerly-waiting-for-the-feedback/articleshow/81211877.cms |work=The Times of India |date=25 February 2021 |access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref>

===Film career===
His association with celebrities, along with his mimicry skills, have helped Aadhavan to make an entry into Tamil film industry as an actor and an assistant director.<ref name="I">{{cite news |title=Comedian Aadhavan to make a cameo in Idhayathai Thirudathey |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/comedian-aadhavan-to-make-a-cameo-in-idhayathai-thirudathey-details-inside/articleshow/80880305.cms |work=The Times of India |date=13 February 2021 |access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref> Aadhavan lent his voice to [[Raghuvaran]], after his demise, for the 2008 Tamil film '' [[Ellam Avan Seyal]] ''. He also lent voice for a [[golden retriever]] in the movie ''[[Enga Kattula Mazhai]]'' (2018).<ref>{{cite news |last1=M |first1=Suganth |title=VJ Aadhavan gives voice-over for a golden retriever |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vj-aadhavan-gives-voice-over-for-a-golden-retriever/articleshow/62725109.cms |access-date=11 February 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=1 February 2018}}</ref> In the beginning, Aadhavan started his career as an assistant director with [[Dharani (director)|Dharani]], one of the directors in Tamil movies, and also worked for ''[[3 (2012 Indian film)|3]]'' (2012).{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year!!Film!!Role
! Notes
|-
|rowspan="2"|2013|| ''[[Onbadhule Guru]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Biriyani (film)|Biriyani]]''|| ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2014||''Madhavanum Malarvizhiyum''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Irukku Aana Illai]]''|| Meenakshi Sundaram ||
|-
|rowspan="4"|2015|| ''[[Rombha Nallavan Da Nee]]'' || || Special appearance
|-
|''Manadhil Oru Maatram'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Chikkiku Chikkikkichu]]''|| Venky ||
|-
| ''[[Sandamarutham]]''|| Aadhavan ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2016|| ''[[Ka Ka Ka Po]]''|| ||
|-
|''Ennama Katha Vudranunga''|| ||
|-
|2017 || ''[[12-12-1950]]''|| Ejamaan ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2021|| ''[[Eeswaran]]''|| Mayakannan ||
|-
|''[[Ikk]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2022 || ''[[Narai Ezhuthum Suyasaritham]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Powder (2022 film)|Powder]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2024 || ''[[Haraa (film)|Haraa]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Jolly O Gymkhana (film)|Jolly O Gymkhana]]'' || LIC Agent Dhandapani ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2025|| ''EMI''|| ||
|-
| ''Nirvaagam Porupalla''|| ||
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year!! Title !! Role !! Channel !! Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
|-
|2020-2021 || ''[[Amman (TV series)|Amman]]'' || Dr. Vinoth || [[Colors Tamil]] ||
|<ref name="I"/>
|-
|2021 || ''[[Idhayathai Thirudathe]]'' || Himself || [[Colors Tamil]] || Special appearance || <ref name="A"/>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://shadesofficial.music.blog/events/interaction-with-aadhavan/ Interaction with Aadhavan]
{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search =
|d = yes
|d-search =
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 =
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aadhavan (artist)}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Indian radio personalities]]
[[Category:Indian video jockeys]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian impressionists (entertainers)]]

Garuda

2026-03-28T04:42:31Z

Sachin Soni: update content per sources

{{short description|Eagle-like demigod in Hindu mythology}}
{{for-multi|the wasp|Megalara garuda|the name of a political party|Garuda Party|other uses}}
{{EngvarB|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = Brooklyn Museum - Vishnu on Garuda (cropped).jpg
| name = Garuda
| caption = Garuda carrying Vishnu (c. 1725 painting).
| Devanagari = गरुड
| Sanskrit_transliteration = {{IAST|Garuḍa}}
| parents = [[Kashyapa]] and [[Vinata]]
| affiliation = {{unordered list |Devotee of [[Vishnu]] (Hinduism) |[[Dharmapala]] (Buddhism)<ref name="Lopez314"/> |[[Shantinatha]] (Jainism)}}
| siblings = [[Aruṇa]] (brother), Sumati<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/sumati#purana | title=Sumati, Sumatī: 26 definitions | date=29 June 2012 | access-date=2 November 2022 | archive-date=2 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102132646/https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/sumati#purana | url-status=live }}</ref> (sister) [[Nagas]], [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]], [[Gandharvas]], [[Daityas]], [[Danavas]], [[Vanara]], and [[Yakshas]] (half-brothers)
| children = Sumukha (son)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/sumukha | title=Sumukha: 26 definitions | date=12 April 2009 | access-date=7 September 2022 | archive-date=7 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907100016/https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/sumukha | url-status=live }}</ref>
| god_of = God of Strength and Vigilance
| spouse = Unnati<ref>{{Cite book |last=Daniélou |first=Alain |date=December 1991 |title=Gods of India: The Classic Work on Hindu Polytheism |series=Princeton Bollingen Series |publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. |isbn=978-0-89281-354-4 |language=en|page=161 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1HMXN9h6WX0C&q=Bhishma |via=Google |url-status=live |access-date=3 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706205928/https://books.google.com/books?id=1HMXN9h6WX0C&q=Bhishma |archive-date=6 July 2023 }}</ref>
}}
'''Garuda''' ({{langx|sa|गरुड|translit=Garuḍa}}; {{langx|pi|गरुळ|Garuḷa}}) is a [[Hindu god|Hindu deity]] who is primarily depicted as the mount (''[[vahana]]'') of the Hindu god [[Vishnu]]. This divine creature is mentioned in the [[Hindu mythology|Hindu]], [[Buddhist mythology|Buddhist]], and [[Jain]] faiths.<ref name="Lopez314">{{cite book |first1=Robert E., Jr. |last1=Buswell|first2=Donald S., Jr. |last2=Lopez |year=2013 |title=The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-4805-8 |pages=314–315 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DXN2AAAAQBAJ |via=Google }}</ref><ref name="Dalal2010p145">{{cite book|first=Roshen |last=Dalal |year=2010 |title=Hinduism: An alphabetical guide |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-341421-6 |page=145|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC }}</ref><ref name=Glasenapp1999p532>{{cite book |first=Helmuth |last=von Glasenapp |year=1999 |title=Jainism: An Indian religion of Sslvation |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1376-2 |page=532|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WzEzXDk0v6sC&pg=PA532 |url-status=live |access-date=6 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706205929/https://books.google.com/books?id=WzEzXDk0v6sC&pg=PA532 |archive-date=6 July 2023 }}</ref> Garuda is also the half-brother of the [[Deva (Buddhism)|Devas]], [[Gandharva]]s, [[Daityas]], [[Danavas]], [[Nāga]]s, [[Vanara]] and [[Yakshas]]. He is the son of the sage [[Kashyapa]] and [[Vinata]]. He is the younger brother of [[Aruna (Hinduism)|Aruna]], the charioteer of the [[Surya|Sun]]. Garuda is mentioned in several other texts such as the [[Puranas]] and the [[Vedas]].

Garuda is described as the king of the birds and a [[Brahminy kite|kite]]-like figure.<ref name=williams21/><ref name=rao285/> He is shown either in a zoomorphic form (a giant bird with partially open wings) or an anthropomorphic form (a man with wings and some bird-like features). Garuda is generally portrayed as a protector with the power to swiftly travel anywhere, ever vigilant and an enemy of every serpent.<ref name=Lopez314/><ref name=rao285>{{cite book |first=T.A. Gopinatha |last=Rao |year=1993 |title=Elements of Hindu Iconography |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0878-2 |pages=285–287 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJD-KresBwIC&pg=PA285 |via=Google |url-status=live |access-date=7 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706205929/https://books.google.com/books?id=MJD-KresBwIC&pg=PA285 |archive-date=6 July 2023 }}</ref><ref name="Donaldson2001p253"/> He is also known as '''Tarkshya''' and '''Vainateya'''.

Garuda is a part of state insignia of [[India]], [[Indonesia]] and [[Thailand]]. Both [[Emblem of Indonesia|Indonesia]] and [[Emblem of Thailand|Thailand]] have Garuda as their [[coat of arms]], the [[Indian Army]] uses the Garuda on their [[Brigade of the Guards|Guards Brigade]] Regimental Insignia. The Indian Air Force named their special operations unit after him as the [[Garud Commando Force]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Meet the 7 mighty commando forces of India |date=10 June 2015 |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |place=Mumbai, IN |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/infrastructure/meet-the-7-mighty-commando-forces-of-india/garud/slideshow/47611225.cms |url-status=live |access-date=9 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509122054/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/infrastructure/meet-the-7-mighty-commando-forces-of-india/garud/slideshow/47611225.cms |archive-date=9 May 2022 }}</ref> It is often associated with the [[greater adjutant|Greater adjutant stork]] (''Leptoptilos dubius'').<ref>{{cite news |title=Garuda's population now 500 in Bhagalpur, Bihar |date=21 June 2015 |website=Zee News (zeenews.india.com) |agency=IANS |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/eco-news/garudas-population-now-500-in-bihar_1617481.html |url-status=live |access-date=9 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723004138/http://zeenews.india.com/news/eco-news/garudas-population-now-500-in-bihar_1617481.html |archive-date=23 July 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Sarkar |first=Gautam |date=16 December 2017 |title=Stork nests spread |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/stork-nests-spread/cid/1371119 |url-status=live |access-date=9 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228040644/https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/stork-nests-spread/cid/1371119 |archive-date=28 February 2022 }}</ref><ref name=embassyofindonesia>{{cite web |title=National Symbols |via=embassyofindonesia.org |url=http://www.embassyofindonesia.org/about/natsymbols.htm |access-date=17 March 2010 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827103247/http://www.embassyofindonesia.org/about/natsymbols.htm |archive-date=27 August 2013}}</ref>

==Hinduism==
[[File:Raja Ravi Varma, Lord Garuda.jpg|thumb|''Lord Garuda'', [[Raja Ravi Varma]]]]
In [[Hinduism]], {{IAST|Garuda}} is a divine eagle-like sun bird and the king of birds.<ref name=williams21>{{cite book|first=George M. |last=Williams |year=2008 |title=Handbook of Hindu Mythology |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-533261-2 |pages=21, 24, 63, 138 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7LOZfwCDpEC |quote=His vehicle was Garuda, the sun bird" ; "(...) Garuda, the great sun eagle, (...)" |quote-page=21, 74 }}</ref> A ''Garutman'' is mentioned in the ''[[Rigveda]]'' who is described as celestial [[Deva (Hinduism)|deva]] with wings.<ref name=dalal144/><ref name=Williams2008p138>{{cite book |first=George M. |last=Williams |year=2008 |title=Handbook of Hindu Mythology |publisher=Oxford University Press |place=Oxford, UK |isbn=978-0-19-533261-2 |pages=138–139 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7LOZfwCDpEC&pg=PA138 |url-status=live |via=Google |access-date=6 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706205929/https://books.google.com/books?id=N7LOZfwCDpEC&pg=PA138 |archive-date=6 July 2023 }}</ref> The ''Shatapatha [[Brahmana]]'' embedded inside the ''Yajurveda'' text mentions Garuda as the personification of courage. In the ''Mahabharata'', Garutman is stated to be same as Garuda, then described as the one who is fast, who can shapeshift into any form and enter anywhere.<ref name=dalal144/> He is a powerful creature in the epics, whose wing flapping can stop the spinning of heaven, earth and hell. He is described to be the vehicle mount of the Hindu god [[Vishnu]], and typically they are shown together.<ref name=dalal144>{{cite book |first=Roshen |last=Dalal |year=2010 |title=Hinduism: An alphabetical guide |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-341421-6 |pages=144–145 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC |via=Google }}</ref> He is the younger brother of [[Aruna (Hinduism)|Aruna]], who is a charioteer of the sun god, [[Surya]].

According to George Williams, Garuda has roots in the verb ''gri'', or speak.<ref name=Williams2008p138/> He is a metaphor in the Vedic literature for ''rik'' (rhythms), ''saman'' (sounds), ''yajna'' (sacrifices), and the ''[[Ātman (Hinduism)|atman]]'' (Self, deepest level of consciousness). Williams states that in the Puranas, Garuda becomes a literal embodiment of the idea, and the Self who attached to and inseparable from the Supreme Self (Vishnu).<ref name=Williams2008p138/><ref name=Dyczkowski1988p40>{{cite book |first=Mark S.G. |last=Dyczkowski |year=1988 |title=The Canon of the Saivagama and the Kubjika: Tantras of the western Kaula tradition |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-88706-494-4 |pages=40–41 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qoZIJMGo4W0C&pg=PA40 |via=Google |url-status=live |access-date=6 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706205929/https://books.google.com/books?id=qoZIJMGo4W0C&pg=PA40 |archive-date=6 July 2023 }}</ref> Though Garuda is an essential part of the [[Vaishnavism]], he also features prominently in [[Shaivism]], Shaiva texts such as the ''Garuda Tantra'' and ''Kirana Tantra'', and Shiva temples as a bird and as a metaphor of ''[[Ātman (Hinduism)|atman]]''.<ref name=Dyczkowski1988p40/><ref name="Heehs2002p195">{{cite book |first=Peter |last=Heehs |year=2002 |title=Indian Religions: A historical reader of spiritual expression and experience |publisher=New York University Press |isbn=978-0-8147-3650-0 |pages=195–196 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jgsu-aIm3ncC&pg=PA195 |url-status=live |access-date=6 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706205930/https://books.google.com/books?id=Jgsu-aIm3ncC&pg=PA195 |archive-date=6 July 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Dominic |last=Goodall |year=2001 |title=Hindu Scriptures |place=Delhi / New Delhi, IN |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1770-8 |pages=341–358 |lccn=80904833 |oclc=8285800 |ol=4248377M |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EKUteclXOK8C&pg=PA341 |url-status=live |via=Google |access-date=6 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706210430/https://books.google.com/books?id=EKUteclXOK8C&pg=PA341 |archive-date=6 July 2023 }}</ref>

===Iconography===
[[File:Bharhut portable Garuda pillar.jpg|thumb|upright|Relief depicting a portable Garuda pillar, one of the oldest images of Garuda, [[Bharhut]], {{nobr|{{circa|100}} {{sc|BCE}}.<ref>{{cite book |first=Swarajya Prakash |last=Gupta |year=1980 |title=The Roots of Indian Art:A detailed study of the formative period of Indian art and architecture, third and second {{nobr|centuries {{sc|BC}},}} Mauryan and Late Mauryan |publisher=B.R. Publishing |isbn=978-0-3910-2172-3 |page=29 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0lDqAAAAMAAJ }}</ref>}} ]]
The Hindu texts on Garuda iconography vary in their details. If in the bird form, he is eagle-like, typically with the wings slightly open as if ready and willing to fly wherever he needs to.<ref name=rao285/> In part human-form, he may have an eagle-like nose, beak or legs, his eyes are open and big, his body is the color of emerald, and his wings are golden-yellow. He may be shown with either two or four hands.<ref name=rao285/> If he is not carrying Vishnu, he holds a jar of ''[[amrita]]'' (immortality nectar) in one hand in the rear and an umbrella in the other, while the front pair of hands are in ''anjali'' ([[namaste]]) posture. If he is carrying Vishnu, the rear hands provide the support for Vishnu's feet.<ref name=rao285/><ref name=Donaldson2001p253>{{cite book |first=Thomas E. |last=Donaldson |year=2001 |title=The Iconography of Vaiṣṇava Images in Orissa |publisher=DK Printworld |pages=253–259 |isbn=978-81-246-0173-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2BvqAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live |access-date=7 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706210432/https://books.google.com/books?id=2BvqAAAAMAAJ |archive-date=6 July 2023 }}</ref>

According to the text ''Silparatna'', states Rao, Garuda is best depicted with only two hands and with four bands of colours: "golden yellow colour from feet to knees, white from knees to the navel, scarlet from navel to neck, and black above the neck". His hands, recommends the text, should be in ''abhaya'' (nothing to fear) posture.<ref name=rao285/> In ''Sritatvanidhi'' text, the recommended iconography for Garuda is a kneeling figure, who wears one or more serpents, pointed bird-beak like nose, his two hands in ''namaste'' posture. This style is commonly found in Hindu temples dedicated to Vishnu.<ref name=rao285/>

In some iconography, Garuda carries Vishnu and his two consorts by his side: [[Lakshmi|Sridevi]] and [[Bhumi (goddess)|Bhudevi]].<ref name=Dalal2010p123>{{cite book |first=Roshen |last=Dalal |year=2010 |title=The Religions of India: A concise guide to nine major faiths |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-341517-6 |page=123 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC |url-status=live |access-date=8 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706210439/https://books.google.com/books?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC |archive-date=6 July 2023 }}</ref>

Garuda iconography is found in early temples of India, such as on the underside of the [[eave]] at entrance of Cave 3 of the [[Badami cave temples]] (6th century).<ref name=rao285/><ref>{{cite book |first=George |last=Michell |year=2015 |title=Badami, Aihole, Pattadakal |publisher=Jaico Publishing |isbn=978-81-8495-600-9 |pages=49–52 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zzTcoQEACAAJ |via=Google }}</ref>

===Beliefs===
[[File:Garuda image facing Chennakeshava temple at Belur with gopura (entrance tower) in the background.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0 |left|Garuda is found in Vishnu temples; above: in [[Belur, Karnataka]]]]
Garuda's mythology is linked to that of [[Aruṇa|Aruna]], the charioteer of the Hindu sun god [[Surya]]. Both Aruna and Garuda developed from an egg. According to one version related by George Williams, Kashyapa Prajapati's two wives [[Vinata]] and [[Kadru]] wanted to have children, and [[Kashyapa]] granted each of them a boon.<ref name=Williams2008p62/> Kadru asked for one thousand [[Nāga]] sons, while Vinata asked for just two, but each an equal to all of Kadru's thousand sons. Kashyapa blessed them, and then retreated to a forest to meditate. Later, Kadru gave birth to one thousand eggs, while Vinata gave birth to two eggs. After incubating them for five hundred years, Kadru's eggs hatched and out came her 1,000 sons. Vinata, eager for her own sons, impatiently broke one of her eggs. From this egg emerged the partially formed Aruna, looking radiant and reddish as the morning sun, but not as bright as the midday sun as he was promised to be.<ref name="Williams2008p62">{{cite book|first=George M. |last=Williams |year=2008 |title=Handbook of Hindu Mythology |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-533261-2 |pages=62–63 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7LOZfwCDpEC }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Gopal |first=Madan |year=1990 |editor-first=K.S. |editor-last=Gautam |title=India through the ages |series=Publication Division |publisher=Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |page= [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/70 70] |url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada }}</ref> Aruna chided his mother Vinata for her impatience, and warned her to not break open the second egg, cursing her to be a slave until his brother rescued her. Aruna then left to become the charioteer of Surya, the sun god.

[[File:Garuda Wishnu Bali.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Bali]]nese wooden statue of Vishnu riding Garuda, [[Purna Bhakti Pertiwi Museum]], [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]].]]
Vinata waited, and after many years, the second egg hatched and Garuda was born. After losing a bet to Kadru through trickery, Vinata was forced to become her slave. Garuda later asked his brothers to free his mother from her slavery, to which they demanded Amrita from heaven. Garuda waged a war against gods with his extraordinary might and abilities, and defeated all of them, including [[Indra]]. He then took Indra's nectar vessel and flew back to earth. Vishnu then came to Garuda, and asked him to be his ride, to which he agreed. Indra requested that Garuda not give the [[Amrita]] to the [[Nāga|Nagas]] though, as it would bring great trouble later, so they forged a plan. Upon reaching his brothers Garuda placed the vessel before them, and asked them to first purify themselves before drinking. Meanwhile, [[Jayanta]] (Indra's son) stole the vessel back. On returning, the nagas were all devoured by Garuda.<ref name=Williams2008p62/><ref name=K2012>{{cite book |last=Ashok |first=Banker K. |year= 2012 |title=Forest of Stories |pages=173–175 |publisher= Westland |isbn=978-93-81626-37-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3sQqQQhe5aQC |access-date=6 March 2013 }}</ref>

Some myths present Garuda as so massive that he can block out the [[sun]].<ref>{{cite book | first = Brenda | last = Rosen | year = 2010 | title = Mythical Creatures Bible | publisher = Godsfield Press | isbn = 978-1-4027-6536-0| page = 158 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mI0vKhZXJqwC&pg=PA158 | url-status = live | access-date = 16 August 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230706210439/https://books.google.com/books?id=mI0vKhZXJqwC&pg=PA158 | archive-date = 6 July 2023 }}</ref> The text ''[[Garuda Purana]]'' is named after him.<ref>{{cite book |first=Ludo |last=Rocher |year=1986 |title=The Purāṇas |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3-447-02522-5 |pages=175–177 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n0-4RJh5FgoC |url-status=live |access-date=9 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706210440/https://books.google.com/books?id=n0-4RJh5FgoC |archive-date=6 July 2023 }}</ref>

Garuda is presented in the Mahabharata as one who eats snake meat, such as the story about him planning to kill and eat Sumukha snake, where [[Indra]] intervenes. Garuda in anger, vaunt about his feats and compares himself to Indra's equal. Vishnu teaches a lesson to Garuda and cured his pride on might.<ref name=Buitenen1973p167>{{cite book|first=Johannes Adrianus Bernardus |last=Buitenen |series=The Mahabharata |volume=3 |title=Book 4: The Book of the Virata; Book 5: The Book of the Effort |year=1973|publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-84665-1 |pages=167–168, 389–393 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wFtXBGNn0aUC&pg=PA167 |url-status=live |access-date=7 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706210432/https://books.google.com/books?id=wFtXBGNn0aUC&pg=PA167 |archive-date=6 July 2023 }}</ref> Garudas are also a race of birds who devour snakes in the epic.<ref name=Buitenen1973p167/>

The ''[[Suparṇākhyāna]]'', a late [[Vedic period]] poem considered to be among the "earliest traces of epic poetry in India," relates the legend of Garuda, and provides the basis for a later, expanded version which appears within the ''[[Mahabharata|Mahābhārata]]''.<ref name=Winternitz1996>{{cite book |first=Moriz |last=Winternitz |year=1996 |title=A History of Indian Literature |volume=1 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0264-3 |pages=291–292 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRfuJFRV_O8C&pg=PA292 |url-status=live |access-date=22 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706210944/https://books.google.com/books?id=JRfuJFRV_O8C&pg=PA292 |archive-date=6 July 2023 }}</ref><ref name=Vogel1995>{{cite book|first=Jean Philippe |last=Vogel |year=1995 |title=Indian Serpent-Lore: The Nāgas in Hindu legend and art |publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-1071-2|pages=53–54 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=caskYEbIQDoC&pg=PA53 |url-status=live |access-date=22 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706210945/https://books.google.com/books?id=caskYEbIQDoC&pg=PA53 |archive-date=6 July 2023 }}</ref>

===Symbolism===
[[File:Gilt bronze Garuda.jpg|thumb|150px|19th century gilt bronze Garuda.]]
Garuda's links to Vishnu – the Hindu god who fights injustice and destroys evil in his various [[avatar]]s to preserve [[dharma]] – have made him an iconic symbol of kings' duty and power, an insignia of royalty or dharma. His eagle-like form is shown either alone or with Vishnu, signifying divine approval of the power of the state.<ref name="Williams2008p138"/> He is found on the faces of many early Hindu kingdom coins with this symbolism, either as a single-headed bird or a three-headed bird that watches all sides.<ref name="Bajpai2004p19">{{cite book|author=K. D. Bajpai|title=Indian Numismatic Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=chGrJUMarHoC|date=October 2004|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-035-8|pages=19–24, 84–85, 120–124, 148–149|access-date=7 January 2018|archive-date=6 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706210945/https://books.google.com/books?id=chGrJUMarHoC|url-status=live}}</ref>

Throughout the Mahabharata, Garuda is invoked as a symbol of impetuous violent force, speed, and martial prowess. Powerful warriors advancing rapidly on doomed foes are likened to Garuda swooping down on a serpent. Defeated warriors are like snakes beaten down by Garuda. The Mahabharata character [[Drona]] uses a military formation named after Garuda. [[Krishna]] carries the image of Garuda on his banner.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VW6fDwAAQBAJ&dq=Krishna+Garuda+banner&pg=PA338 |title=Krishna's Lineage: The Harivamsha of Vyasa's Mahabharata |date=2 July 2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-027920-2 |pages=338 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Temples ===
{{Expand section|date=August 2024}}
Though Garuda statues and iconography can be seen in many Vishnu temples, there are very few temples dedicated to Garuda as a deity in India.

==== Vellamassery Garuda Temple, [[Triprangode]], [[Tirur]], [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]], [[Kerala]] ====
A 1800 year old ancient [[kavu]] dedicated to Garuda, it is famous in the state for the alleviation of 'sarpa dosham'. Nearby the main temple is a rare subsidiary shrine dedicated to the [[Kurma]] avatar of Lord Vishnu.

==== Chemmanadu Sri Krishna Garuda Mahavishnu Temple, [[Thiruvaniyoor|Tiruvaniyoor]], [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]], Kerala ====
This temple was believed to have been constructed after Garuda himself manifested in eagle form in front of the devotees during the consecration ceremony. Lord Vishnu is present in his [[Mohini]] ''swaroopam'' in this temple, adding to its rarity.

==== Garuda Swamy Temple, Koladevi, [[Mulabagilu|Mulbagal]], [[Kolar district|Kolar]], [[Karnataka]] ====

==Buddhism==
{{see also|Karura}}

[[File:Garuda vanquishing the Naga clan. Gandhara. Met.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Garuda vanquishing the [[nāga|Naga]] clan, a [[Gandhara]] artwork, second century CE.]]
Garuda, also referred to as ''Garula'', are golden-winged birds in Buddhist texts. Under the [[Saṃsāra (Buddhism)|Buddhist concept]] of ''[[saṃsāra]]'', they are one of the [[Eight Legions|Aṣṭagatyaḥ]], the eight classes of inhuman beings. In Buddhist art, they are shown as sitting and listening to the sermons of the Buddha.<ref name="Lopez314"/> They are enemies of the [[Nāgas]] (snakes) and are sometimes depicted with a serpent held between their claws. Like the Hindu art, both zoomorphic (giant eagle-like bird) and partially anthropomorphic (part bird, part human) iconography is common across Buddhist traditions.<ref name="Lopez314"/>

[[File:Garuda (Koh Ker style).jpg|thumbnail|upright|Garuda ({{langx|km|គ្រុឌ}}, {{lang|km-Latn|Krŭd}}) in [[Koh Ker]] style. Made of sandstone, this statue is from the first half of tenth century, ([[Angkor|Angkor period]]). On display at the [[National Museum of Cambodia]].]]
In [[Buddhist mythology|Buddhism]], the Garuda (Sanskrit; [[Pāli]]: {{IAST|garuḷā}}) are enormous predatory birds with a wingspan of 330 [[yojana]]s.<ref name="Lopez314"/> They are described as beings with intelligence and social organisation. They are also sometimes known as {{IAST|suparṇa}} (Sanskrit; Pāli: {{IAST|supaṇṇa}}), meaning "well-winged, having good wings". Like the [[Nāgas]], they combine the characteristics of animals and divine beings, and may be considered to be among the lowest of the [[Deva (Buddhism)|devas]].<ref name="Lopez314"/> The Garudas have kings and cities, and at least some of them have the magical power of changing into human form when they wish to have dealings with people. On some occasions Garuda kings have had romances with human women in this form. Their dwellings are in groves of the ''simbalī'', or [[Bombax ceiba|silk-cotton tree]].

Jataka stories describe them to be residents of Nagadipa or Seruma.<ref name="Lopez314"/>

The Garuda are enemies to the [[Naga (mythology)|nāga]], a race of intelligent serpent- or dragon-like beings, whom they hunt. The Garudas at one time caught the nāgas by seizing them by their heads; but the nāgas learned that by swallowing large stones, they could make themselves too heavy to be carried by the Garudas, wearing them out and killing them from exhaustion. This secret was divulged to one of the Garudas by the ascetic Karambiya, who taught him how to seize a nāga by the tail and force him to vomit up his stone (Pandara Jātaka, J.518).

The Garudas were among the beings appointed by [[Śakra (Buddhism)|Śakra]] to guard Mount [[Sumeru]] and the [[Trayastrimsa|{{IAST|Trāyastriṃśa}}]] heaven from the attacks of the [[Asura (Buddhism)|asuras]].

[[File:Garuda_Thap_Mam_13th_c.jpg|thumb|upright|left|13th century [[Art of Champa|Cham]] sculpture depicts Garuda devouring a [[Naga (mythology)|nāga]] serpent.]]
In the Maha-samaya Sutta (Digha Nikaya 20), the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] is shown making temporary peace between the Nagas and the Garudas.

In the [[Qing dynasty]] fiction ''[[Yue Fei#The Story of Yue Fei|The Story of Yue Fei]]'' (1684), Garuda sits at the head of the Buddha's throne. But when a celestial bat (an embodiment of the [[Aquarius (constellation)|Aquarius constellation]]) flatulates during the Buddha's expounding of the [[Lotus Sutra]], Garuda kills her and is exiled from paradise. He is later reborn as [[Song dynasty]] General [[Yue Fei]]. The bat is reborn as Lady Wang, wife of the [[Hanjian|traitor]] Prime Minister [[Qin Hui (Song dynasty)|Qin Hui]], and is instrumental in formulating the "Eastern Window" plot that leads to Yue's eventual political execution.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hsia|first=C.T.|title=C. T. Hsia on Chinese Literature|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2004|isbn=0-231-12990-4|page=154}}</ref> ''The Story of Yue Fei'' plays on the legendary animosity between Garuda and the Nagas when the celestial bird-born Yue Fei defeats a magic serpent who transforms into the unearthly spear he uses throughout his military career.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hsia|first=C.T.|title=C. T. Hsia on Chinese Literature|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2004|isbn=0-231-12990-4|page=149}}</ref> Literary critic [[C. T. Hsia]] explains the reason why Qian Cai, the book's author, linked Yue with Garuda is because of the homology in their Chinese names. Yue Fei's [[courtesy name]] is Pengju ({{lang|zh|鵬舉}}).<ref name=hsia>{{cite book|last=Hsia|first=C.T.|title=C. T. Hsia on Chinese Literature|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2004|isbn=0-231-12990-4|pages=149, 488, n.30}}</ref> A [[Peng (mythology)|Peng]] ({{lang|zh|鵬}}) is a giant mythological bird likened to the Middle Eastern [[Roc (mythology)|roc]].<ref>Chau, Ju-Kua, Friedrich Hirth, and W.W. Rockhill. ''Chau Ju-Kua: His Work on the Chinese and Arab Trade in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries, entitled Chu-Fan-Chi''. St. Petersburg: Printing Office of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, 1911, p. 149, n. 1</ref> Garuda's Chinese name is Great Peng, the Golden-Winged Illumination King ({{lang|zh|大鵬金翅明王}}).<ref name=hsia/>

==Jainism==
{{expand section|date=January 2018}}
The Garuda is a [[yaksha]] or guardian for [[Shantinatha]] in Jain iconography and mythology.<ref name="Dalal2010p145"/><ref name="Glasenapp1999p532"/> Jain iconography shows Garuda as a human figure with wings and a strand-circle.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2K83AAAAIAAJ|title=Studies in South Asian Culture|publisher=Universiteit van Amsterdam. Institute of South Asian Archaeology|page=24}}</ref>

==As a cultural and national symbol==
[[File:Garuda by Ida Made Tlaga 19th c.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Garuda according to Ida Made Tlaga, a 19th-century [[Bali]]nese artist.]]
In India and the rest of [[Southeast Asia]] the eagle symbolism is represented by Garuda, a large bird with eagle-like features that appears in both Hindu and Buddhist epic as the [[vahana]] (vehicle) of the god [[Vishnu]]. Garuda became the national [[emblem of Thailand]] and [[Garuda Pancasila|Indonesia]]; [[Thailand]]'s Garuda is rendered in a more traditional anthropomorphic style, while that of [[Indonesia]] is rendered in heraldic style with traits similar to the real [[Javan hawk-eagle]].

===Cambodia===
[[File:Cambodge Banteay Srei Temple (2).jpg|thumb|250px|right|Garuda guardian sculptures ''(two on right side)'', [[Banteay Srei]] temple, [[Cambodia]].]]
The word Garuda ({{langx|km|គ្រុឌ}} – " ''Krud'' ") is literally derived from Sanskrit.<ref>Khmer dictionary of Buddhist institute of Cambodia, published in 1967.</ref>

* In Cambodia, Khmer architects have used the Garuda sculptures as the exquisite ornate to equip on temples, [[Vihara]]s of [[wat]] and many elite houses since ancient time, especially from [[Khmer empire]] era until nowadays.
* Garuda is also mentioned in many legendary tales as the vehicle of [[Vishnu]] and its main rival is [[Nāga|Naga]].

=== China ===
*In China, Garuda (Chinese: {{lang|ja|迦楼羅}} Jiālóuluó) is considered one of the [[Eight Legions|Eight Legions of Devas and Nāgas]]. Another Chinese name for Garuda is [[Golden Winged Great Peng|Great Peng]], the Golden-Winged Illumination King ({{lang|zh|大鵬金翅明王}})
* In some temples in the [[Zhongyuan|Central Plains]], Garuda is also considered to be a manifestation of [[Avalokiteśvara|Avalokitesvara]], the [[Guanyin|Bodhisattva Guanyin]].

===India===
[[File:Garuda emblem.png|thumb|upright=1.2|{{center|Garuda emblem of the [[Gupta Empire]].}}]]
India primarily uses Garuda as a martial motif:

* Royal insignia (''Garudadhvaja'') of the [[Gupta Empire]].
* [[Garud Commando Force]] is a [[special forces]] unit of the [[Indian Air Force]], specialising in operations deep behind enemy lines.<ref>{{cite news | title = Here's everything you need to know about Indian Air Force's elite Garud Commandos #Pathankotattacks | newspaper = India Times | date = 4 January 2016 | author = Abhishek Saksena | url = http://www.indiatimes.com/culture/who-we-are/here-s-everything-you-need-to-know-about-indian-air-force-s-elite-garud-commandos-pathankotattacks-249057.html | access-date = 25 August 2017 | archive-date = 25 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170825191743/http://www.indiatimes.com/culture/who-we-are/here-s-everything-you-need-to-know-about-indian-air-force-s-elite-garud-commandos-pathankotattacks-249057.html | url-status = live }}</ref>
* [[Brigade of the Guards]] of the [[Indian Army]] uses Garuda as their symbol
* [[The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India]] (ICAI) uses Garuda as their logo<ref>{{cite web |title=ICAI unveils new logo to commemorate the start of its 75th year |url=https://news.caclubindia.com/icai-unveils-new-logo-to-commemorate-the-start-of-its-75th-year-22382.asp#:~:text=The%20logo%20features%20a%20modern,of%20the%20chartered%20accounting%20profession |website=CAclubindia |access-date=16 July 2023 |date=30 June 2023}}</ref>
* Elite bodyguards of the medieval [[Hoysala]] kings were called Garudas
* [[Kerala]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]] state road transport corporations use Garuda as the name for a/c mofussil buses
* Garuda rock, a rocky cliff in [[Tirumala]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]]
* The insignia of the 13th century [[Aragalur]] chief, Magadesan, included [[Rishabha (Hinduism)|Rishabha]] the sacred bull and the Garud
* Indian [[Hindi]]-language TV serial ''[[Dharm Yoddha Garud]]'', based on the life of Garuda<ref>{{cite news |title=Dharam Yoddha Garud: 5 things you didn't know about Garud |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/dharam-yoddha-garud-5-things-you-didnt-know-about-garud/articleshow/89963784.cms |access-date=12 May 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=3 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=21 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321145107/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/dharam-yoddha-garud-5-things-you-didnt-know-about-garud/articleshow/89963784.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

'''As an art form'''
* [[Garudan Thookkam|Garudan Thookam]], a temple dance primarily found in Central Kerala districts, where dancers dress as Garuda, and dance in praise of [[Kali|Goddess Kali]].

===Indonesia===
{{see also|Javan hawk-eagle|Brahminy kite}}
{{Commons category|Garuda in Indonesia}}
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Groep Balinese danseressen met op de voorgrond een man verkleed als de legendarische vogel Garoeda TMnr 10004672.jpg|thumb|Balinese dancers including a man dressed as Garuda (1935).]]
[[Image:Coat of Arms of Indonesia Garuda Pancasila.svg|thumb|The [[national emblem of Indonesia]], which uses a Garuda.]]
[[Indonesia]] uses the Garuda in a form called the ''[[National emblem of Indonesia|Garuda Pancasila]]'' as its [[Coat of arms of Indonesia|national symbol]]. The Garuda Pancasila is coloured black or [[Gilding|gilded]], symbolising both the greatness of the nation and the ''elang Jawa'' ([[Javan hawk-eagle]] ''Nisaetus bartelsi''). The black color represents nature. There are 17 feathers on each wing, 8 feathers on the lower tail, 19 feathers on the upper tail, and 45 feathers on the neck, which together represent "8/17/45" or 17 August 1945, the date when [[Proclamation of Indonesian Independence|Indonesia proclaimed its independence]]. The shield it carries bears the [[motto]] ''[[Pancasila (politics)|Panca Sila]]'', which symbolises self-defense and protection in struggle.<ref name=embassyofindonesia/>

* [[Garuda Indonesia]] - national [[airline]] of Indonesia
* [[Garuda Contingent]] - [[UN Peacekeeping|peacekeeping]] force of the [[Indonesian National Armed Forces]]
* [[Airlangga University]], one of the oldest and leading university in Indonesia uses Garuda on its emblem. The emblem, containing a Garuda in a blue and yellow circle, is called "Garudamukha", and depicts Garuda as the bearer of knowledge, carrying a jug of ''[[Amrita]]'', the water of eternity, symbolising eternal knowledge.
* In [[Bali]] and [[Java]], the Garuda has become a cultural symbol. The wooden statue and mask of Garuda is a popular feature in artworks and souvenirs.{{citation needed |date=July 2019}}
** The tallest Garuda statue, made of copper and brass standing {{convert|75|m|ft|1}} tall (or 122 metres tall including the pedestal), is located in [[Garuda Wisnu Kencana]] complex in [[Bali]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bali The Garuda Wisnu statue is set to become second tallest statue in the world |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/bali-garuda-wisnu-statue/ |website=Architecture & Design |date=29 July 2018 |access-date=8 March 2020 |archive-date=24 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024183817/https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/bali-garuda-wisnu-statue/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* The stylised brush stroke that resembles Garuda appears in [[2011 Southeast Asian Games#Logo|the logo of 2011 Southeast Asian Games]], held in [[Palembang]] and [[Jakarta]], Indonesia.
* The stylised curves that took the form of Garuda Pancasila appears in the logo of [[Tourism in Indonesia#Branding|Wonderful Indonesia tourism campaign]].

===Japan===
[[File:Karura of Kofukuji.jpg|thumb|upright|Wingless statue of Garuda or [[Karura]] in [[Kofukuji]] Temple, [[Nara, Nara|Nara]], Japan, eighth century.]]
* The [[Karura]] ({{lang|ja|迦楼羅}}) is a divine creature with human torso and birdlike head in Japanese Hindu-Buddhist epics.<ref>{{cite web | title = Karura 迦楼羅, Karura-Ō 迦楼羅王 (Skt. = Garuda) Bird of Life, Celestial Eagle, Half Bird Half Man | work = Japanese Buddhist Statuary | url = http://www.onmarkproductions.com/html/karura.shtml | access-date = 25 August 2017 | archive-date = 18 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170818050413/http://www.onmarkproductions.com/html/karura.shtml | url-status = live }}</ref>
* [[File:Kannon Avatar Garuda.jpg|thumb|Karura (Garuda) as an avatar of the goddess Kannon, fifteenth century.]]The name is a transliteration of Garuda (Sanskrit: {{lang|sa|Garuḍa गरुड}}; Pāli: {{lang|pi|Garuḷa}}) a race of enormously gigantic birds in Hinduism, upon which the Japanese Buddhist version is based. The same creature may go by the name of konjichō ({{lang|ja|金翅鳥}}, lit. "gold-winged bird", Skr. {{lang|sa|suparṇa}}).

===Malaysia===
In the northern Peninsular state of [[Kelantan]], the ''Geroda'' ({{langx|ms|label=[[Jawi alphabet|Jawi]]|{{Script|Arab|ݢرودا}}|italic=unset}}) often appears in stories of ''[[Wayang Kulit]] Kelantan'' as well as becoming the main motif of [[Burung Petala Processions|Burung Petala Indera]] boat-chariot made for special [[Sultan of Kelantan|royal]] processions in the early 20th century.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Mohd Nasrulamiazam Bin Mohd |last=Nasir |date=December 2022 |title=Pertala Indera boat: Historical and cultural aspects of bird-themed boats in Kelantan, Malaysia |journal=Bulletin of the [[National Museum of Ethnology (Japan)|National Museum of Ethnology]] |volume=47 |issue=1 |page=39-62 |doi=10.15021/00009962 }}</ref>

===Mongolia===
* The Garuda, known as Khangarid, is the symbol of [[Ulaanbaatar]], the capital of [[Mongolia]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Michael |last=Kohn |year=2005 |title=Lonely Planet Mongolia (Country Guide) |page=52 |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] |isbn=1-74059-359-6 }}</ref> According to popular Mongolian belief, Khangarid is the mountain spirit of the [[Bogd Khan Uul]] range who became a follower of Buddhist faith. Today he is considered the guardian of that mountain range and a symbol of courage and honesty.
* Khangarid (Хангарьд), a football (soccer) team in the [[Mongolian Premier League|Mongolia Premier League]] also named after Garuda.
* State Garuda (Улсын Гарьд) is a title given to the debut runner up in wrestling tournament during Mongolian National Festival Naadam.

===Myanmar===
* In Burmese epics, which was influenced by Hindu-Buddhist beliefs, Garuda is known as [[Mythical creatures in Burmese folklore|Galone]], the nemesis of the [[Nāgas]].<ref>{{cite book | first= Maitrii | last=Aung-Thwin | year = 2011 | title = The Return of the Galon King: History, Law, and Rebellion in Colonial Burma | publisher = NUS Press | isbn = 978-9971-69-509-5 | page = 122 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=U37wBgAAQBAJ&q=Galon+Burmese+Garuda&pg=PA122 | url-status = live | access-date = 31 October 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230706211045/https://books.google.com/books?id=U37wBgAAQBAJ&q=Galon+Burmese+Garuda&pg=PA122 | archive-date = 6 July 2023 }}</ref>
*The Garuda symbolises [[Sunday]] in the [[Burmese zodiac]], which is based on the days of the week.
* [[Saya San]] adopted the symbol of the Garuda in his rebellion against the British, who were symbolized by the Nāgas.

===Nepal===
{{Commons category|Garuda in Nepal}}
* Garuda is found in Nepalese traditions of Hinduism and Buddhism.
* The first sounding rocket of Nepal is named Garuda.
* The central bank, [[Nepal Rastra Bank]] uses Garuda in their official logo.
* Ancient palaces in Kathmandu Valley use statue of Garuda at their gates.

[[File:Bhaktapur - Golden gate - C360 2015-07-05-14-06-53-267.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Sun Dhoka Golden Gate with the Goddess Taleju Bhawani<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mahavidya.ca/2015/03/03/taleju-bhavani-and-kumari-worship|title=Taleju Bhawani and Kumari (goddess) worship|date=3 March 2015|last=Rodrigues|first=Hillary|access-date=8 October 2019|archive-date=8 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008082328/http://www.mahavidya.ca/2015/03/03/taleju-bhavani-and-kumari-worship/|url-status=live}}</ref> and Garuda, leading to the Royal Palace, [[Durbar Square]], [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]], [[Bhaktapur]], [[Nepal]].]]

===Philippines===
* in [[Luzon]] Mythology, Garuda or Galurâ (in [[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]]) is a winged assistant of [[Maria Sinukuan|Apúng Sinukuan (Mariang Sinukuan)]], he is represented by a giant eagle and believed to be the bringer of storms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arayat2012.tripod.com/maria.htm|title=The Legend of Maria Sinukuan|access-date=16 July 2010|archive-date=28 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100228162856/http://arayat2012.tripod.com/maria.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url = https://www.academia.edu/11314629|title = Myths and Legends of Pinatubo and Arayat |website=Academia |last1 = Manansala|first1 = Paul|access-date = 8 January 2022|archive-date = 8 January 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220108103421/https://www.academia.edu/11314629|url-status = live}}</ref>
* The [[Maranao people]] of southern Philippines believe in a race of creatures called ''garuda'' who dwell beneath the sea. These beings are winged, have big teeth, and huge talons that can carry six men. They look like eagles when flying in the sky but transform into humans when in their lairs.<ref>{{cite web| title = A Compendium of Creatures & Mythical Beings from Philippine Folklore & Mythology| work = The Aswang Project| date = 22 February 2016| url = https://www.aswangproject.com/creatures-mythical-beings-philippine-folklore-mythology/| access-date = 19 April 2019| archive-date = 27 March 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190327145840/https://www.aswangproject.com/creatures-mythical-beings-philippine-folklore-mythology/| url-status = live}}</ref>
* Artifacts from the [[Tabon Caves]] in the island of [[Palawan]], is an image of Garuda, the bird who is the mount of Vishnu. The discovery of sophisticated Hindu imagery in gold.<ref>Anna T. N. Bennett (2009), Gold in early Southeast Asia, ArcheoSciences, Volume 33, pp 99–107</ref>

===Suriname===
* In [[Suriname]], there is a radio and TV station called Radio en Televisie Garuda, which broadcasts programming from [[Indonesia]], particularly [[Java]], aimed at the [[Javanese Surinamese]] population.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rtv-garudasuriname.com/ |title=Garuda Radio & TV Suriname, het eerste Javaanse medium na 105 jaar Javaanse Immigratie in Suriname. |website= |publisher=Garuda Radio & TV |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117040412/https://rtv-garudasuriname.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Thailand===
{{Commons category|Garuda in Thailand}}
[[File:Bangkok Royal Barge National Museum 2.jpg|thumb|upright|Garuda as the masthead of Thai royal barge.]]
[[Thailand]] uses the Garuda ({{langx|th|ครุฑ, khrut}}) as [[Emblem of Thailand|its national symbol]], known as the ''Phra Khrut Pha'', meaning "Garuda, the vehicle (of Vishnu)," also used as the symbol of royalty.<ref>{{cite web| title = Thailand Information| work = Royal Embassy of Thailand in Doha, Qatar| url = http://www.thaiembassy.org/doha/en/relation| access-date = 25 August 2017| archive-date = 25 August 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170825194026/http://www.thaiembassy.org/doha/en/relation| url-status = live}}</ref> It adorns the banknote of their currency - the Baht - as well.<ref name="Garuda̠-Thai-Currency">{{cite web | title = Garuda: a symbol on Thai currency | work = emuseum.treasury.go.th | url = http://emuseum.treasury.go.th/articles-en/537-garuda-coin.html | access-date = 25 August 2017 | archive-date = 24 March 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190324085902/http://emuseum.treasury.go.th/articles-en/537-garuda-coin.html }}</ref>
* Almost all official documents issued by the government or monarchy bear the Garuda at the top, from royal commandments to land deeds and court orders. The Kingdom of Siam has had an image of Garuda in its coins since at least the [[Ayutthaya era]].<ref name="Garuda̠-Thai-Currency" />
* Statues and images of Garuda adorn many Buddhist temples in Thailand. It also has become a cultural symbol of Thailand.
* The figure of Garuda is also installed as the figurehead or masthead of [[Royal Barge Procession|Thai royal barges]].

===United States===
[[File:VAQ-134 Emblem.svg|thumb|180px]]
The Electronic Attack Squadron 134 ([[VAQ-134]]) of the [[United States Navy]] is named after and uses the Garuda Insignia.

==Gallery==
;Insignia
<gallery>
File:Brigade of the Guards Insignia (India).svg|Garuda as the badge of [[Brigade of the Guards]] of [[India]]
File:Garuda emblem.png|Garuda emblem of the [[Gupta Empire]].
File:Coat of Arms of Indonesia Garuda Pancasila.svg|Garuda as [[National emblem of Indonesia|national symbol]] of [[Indonesia]]
File:Garuda Emblem of Thailand.svg|Garuda as [[Emblem of Thailand|national symbol]] of [[Thailand]]
File:Coat of arms of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.svg|Garuda (''Khangardi'') as the symbol of [[Ulaanbaatar]], [[Mongolia]]
</gallery>
;Coins
<gallery>
File:Skandagupta Kramaditya Circa 455-467 CE.jpg|5th-century Gupta-era coin, Garuda with snakes in his claws
File:Coin of Prasannamatra of the Sarabhapuriyas in Kosala Circa 525-550.jpg|6th century coin with Garuda and Vishnu's chakra and conch on side
File:Garuda 4 Pe - Scott Semans 02.jpg|A Cambodian coin during French Protection period 1853
Copper Jital coin of the Vijayanagar Empire, struck during the reign of Krishnadevaraya.jpg|Copper Jital coin of the [[Vijayanagar Empire]], struck during the reign of [[Krishnadevaraya]], having the Garuda motif on obverse
</gallery>
;Temples
<gallery>
File:Garuda Idol - Radha Krishna Temple Complex - Sabarna Roy Choudhury Estate - Barisha - Kolkata 2012-10-23 1118.JPG|Garuda iconography at a Radha Krishna Temple in Kolkata.
File:8th century Durga Surya temple Vishnu riding his Garuda vahana, Aihole Hindu temples monuments.jpg|8th century Garuda carrying Vishnu in [[Aihole]], Karnataka, India
File:Airlangga.jpg|King [[Airlangga]] depicted as [[Vishnu]] mounting Garuda, 11th century [[East Java]], Indonesia
File:Ornate Garuda Thap Mam.jpg|12th century [[Art of Champa|Cham]] sculpture, Viet Nam, in the Thap Mam style depicts Garuda serving as an [[atlas (architecture)|atlas]]
File:Garudas in the bot of the Wat Phra Kaew.jpg|The statues of Krut battling naga serpent, a [[Thai Buddhist]] adaptation of Garuda in [[Wat Phra Kaeo]] temple, Thailand.
File:Vishnu on Garuda det.jpg|12th century [[bas relief]] at [[Angkor Wat]] in [[Cambodia]] showing [[Vishnu]] in battle mounted on Garuda
File:WLA haa Head of a Garuda Khmer.jpg|Head of a Garuda during the 14th century Cambodia, [[Honolulu Museum of Art]]
File:Srivilliputtur15, a part.JPG|Garuda at [[Srivilliputhur Andal temple]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
File:Statue of garuda.JPG|Garuda pillar, [[Nepal]]
File:2005 02242010Kathnandu10022.JPG|Garuda at Durbar square in Kathmandu, Nepal.
File:Garuda at the funeral of Bhumibol Adulyadej.jpg|Garuda at the funeral of King [[Bhumibol Adulyadej]] of Thailand in 2017
</gallery>
;Artworks
<gallery>
File:--Garuda-- figure, gilt bronze, --Khmer Empire--, 12th-13th century, --John Young Museum--, --University of Hawaii at Manoa--.jpg|Garuda figure, gilt bronze, [[Khmer Empire]] Cambodia, 12th-13th century, [[John Young Museum]], [[University of Hawaii at Manoa]]
File:Garuda returning with the vase of Amrita.jpg|Garuda returning with the vase of Amrita
File:Balinese garuda.jpg|Balinese Garuda statue at [[Ngurah Rai Airport]], [[Bali]], [[Indonesia]]
File:Garuda Vishnu Laxmi.jpg|Garuda carries Vishnu and [[Lakshmi]]
File:Garuda Raden Sjarif.png|Javanese Garuda according to Raden P. Sjarip, then 4th Regent of [[Malang Regency|Malang]]
</gallery>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=12em}}
* [[Ababil (mythology)|Ababil]]
* [[Fenghuang]]
* [[Garid]]
* [[Khmer architecture#Garuda|Garuda in the architecture of Cambodia]]
*[[Garuda Dandaka]]
* [[Garuda Linux]]
* [[Garuda Purana]]
* [[Garudasana]]
* [[Harpy]]
* [[Kalaviṅka]]
* [[Karura]]
* [[Konrul]]
* [[List of avian humanoids]]
* [[Roc (mythology)|Roc]]
* [[Sarutahiko Ōkami]]
* [[Simurgh]]
* [[Sirin]]
* [[Tengu]]
* [[Thunderbird (mythology)|Thunderbird]]
* [[Turul]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|25em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[https://archive.org/details/garuapurasroddh00subrgoog The Garuḍa Purana (Sâroddhâra), by Ernest Wood and S.V.Subramanyam, 1918 (Online, downloadable PDF)] [[archive.org]]
*[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/gpu/index.htm The Garuda Purana (Wood and Subrahmanyam translation, 1911)] at [[sacred-texts.com]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150725121006/http://www.veda.harekrsna.cz/encyclopedia/garuda-purana.htm Garuda Purana]

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[[Category:Characters in the Ramayana]]
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[[Category:Heraldic birds]]
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List of awards and nominations received by Kamal Haasan

2026-03-27T10:42:39Z

Sachin Soni:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2011}}
{{dynamic list}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{| class="infobox" style="width: 25em; text-align: left; font-size: 90%; vertical-align: middle;"
|+ '''[[Kamal Haasan]] awards and nominations'''
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Kamal Haasan at 62nd Filmfare Awards south.jpg|250px]] Haasan at the [[62nd Filmfare Awards South]] 2015
|-
| colspan=3 |
{| class="collapsible collapsed" width=100%
! colspan=3 style="background-color: #D9E8FF; text-align: center;" | Awards and nominations
|
|- bgcolor=#D9E8FF
| style="text-align:center;" | '''Award'''
| style="text-align:center; background: #cceecc; text-size:0.9em" width=50| '''Wins'''
| style="text-align:center; background: #ffccdd; text-size:0.9em" width=50| '''Nominations'''
|-
|align="center"|
;[[List of awards and nominations received by Kamal Haasan#Government Honours|Government Honours]]
|{{won|6}}
|{{nom|6}}
|-
|align="center"|
;[[List of awards and nominations received by Kamal Haasan#National Film Awards|National Film Awards]]
|{{won|5}}
|{{nom|5}}
|-
|align="center"|
;[[List of awards and nominations received by Kamal Haasan#Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Awards]]
|{{won|21}}
|{{nom|64}}
|-
|align="center"|
;[[List of awards and nominations received by Kamal Haasan#Tamil Nadu State Film Awards|Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
|{{won|11}}
|{{nom|11}}
|-
|align="center"|
;[[List of awards and nominations received by Kamal Haasan#Nandi Awards|Nandi Awards]]
|{{won|5}}
|{{nom|5}}
|-
|align="center"|
;[[List of awards and nominations received by Kamal Haasan#South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|{{won|5}}
|{{nom|9}}
|-
|align="center"|
;[[List of awards and nominations received by Kamal Haasan#Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards|Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
|{{won|5}}
|{{nom|7}}
|-
|align="center"|
;[[List of awards and nominations received by Kamal Haasan#Vijay Awards|Vijay Awards]]
|{{won|8}}
|{{nom|16}}
|-
|align="center"|
;[[List of awards and nominations received by Kamal Haasan#Vijay Music Awards|Vijay Music Awards]]
|{{won|2}}
|{{nom|2}}
|-
|align="center"|
;[[List of awards and nominations received by Kamal Haasan#Cinema Express Awards|Cinema Express Awards]]
|{{won|13}}
|{{nom|13}}
|-
|align="center"|
;[[List of awards and nominations received by Kamal Haasan#Zee Cine Awards|Zee Cine Awards]]
|{{won|2}}
|{{nom|3}}
|-
|align="center"|
;[[List of awards and nominations received by Kamal Haasan#Screen Awards|Screen Awards]]
|{{won|1}}
|{{nom|1}}
|-
|align="center"|
;[[List of awards and nominations received by Kamal Haasan#Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards|Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]]
|{{won|2}}
|{{nom|2}}
|-
|align="center"|
;[[List of awards and nominations received by Kamal Haasan#Other Film Awards|Other Film Awards]]
|{{won|14}}
|{{nom|15}}
|-
|align="center"|
;[[List of awards and nominations received by Kamal Haasan#Film Festival Awards|Film Festival Awards]]
|{{won|34}}
|{{nom|35}}
|-
|align="center"|
;[[List of awards and nominations received by Kamal Haasan#Other Honours|Other Honours]]
|{{won|75}}
|{{nom|76}}
|}
|- bgcolor=#D9E8FF
|align="center" colspan="3"|
;'''Total number of wins and nominations'''
|-
|{{won|'''Totals'''}}
|{{won|'''209'''}}
|{{nom|'''270'''}}
|}

[[Kamal Haasan]]{{efn|In an interview, Haasan revealed that Parthasarathy was one of the names given to him.<ref>{{cite web|title=59 Years of Kamal Haasan: Lesser known facts about the Ulaganayagan|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/59-years-of-kamal-haasan-lesser-known-facts-about-the-ulaganayagan/photostory/65452293.cms|date=29 August 2019|website=Times of India|access-date=15 August 2025|archive-date=31 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531102938/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/59-years-of-kamal-haasan-lesser-known-facts-about-the-ulaganayagan/photostory/65452293.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He was initially named after the Parthasarathy deity at Pallava-era temple in Chennai. Later his father changed his name to Kamal Haasan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamal Haasan turns 70: Let's take a look at his filmy family tree |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/bollywood/kamal-haasan-turns-70-let-s-take-a-look-at-his-filmy-family-tree/ar-AA1tF1vO |website=MSN}}</ref> His name as per the records of Rajya Sabha is Shri Kamal Haasan.<ref name="List of Members">{{Cite web |title=List of Members |url=https://sansad.in/rs/members |website=Rajya Sabha Council of States |access-date=15 August 2025 |archive-date=29 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250529091102/https://sansad.in/rs/members |url-status=live }}</ref>}} (born 7 November 1954) is an Indian actor, filmmaker and politician who works primarily in [[Tamil cinema]], and currently serving as a [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] for [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="List of Members">{{Cite web |title=List of Members |url=https://sansad.in/rs/members |website=Rajya Sabha Council of States |access-date=15 August 2025 |archive-date=29 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250529091102/https://sansad.in/rs/members |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Quote box
|quote = "Debuting as a child star, Kamal Haasan has gone on to become a Renaissance Man"
|author = – British magazine [[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-07 |title=The 12 best Bollywood actors |url=https://www.timeout.com/film/best-bollywood-actors |website=TimeOut}}</ref>
|align = center
|border = 2px
|fontsize = 100%
|bgcolor = Cornsilk
}}

== Overview ==
Regarded as one of the greatest and most versatile actors of all time,<ref name="KH1">
* {{Cite web |quote=Kamal sir is not just one of the greatest actors of all time, but also one of the greatest minds. |date=2023-06-15 |title=I Want To Die In One Of His Films Because...: Anurag Kashyap On Working With Lokesh Kanagaraj |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/i-want-to-die-in-one-of-his-films-because-anurag-kashyap-on-working-with-lokesh-kanagaraj-8087491.html |website=News18 |access-date=13 August 2025 |archive-date=16 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616234634/https://www.news18.com/movies/i-want-to-die-in-one-of-his-films-because-anurag-kashyap-on-working-with-lokesh-kanagaraj-8087491.html |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite web |quote=Indian superstar Kamal Haasan turned 68 today. He is considered as one of the greatest actors of all time. |date=2022-11-07 |title=KAMAL HAASAN'S BEST FILMS YOU CAN'T MISS |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/web-stories/entertainment/kamal-haasans-best-films-you-cant-miss/photostory/95355515.cms |website=Times Now }}
* {{Cite web |quote=Kamal Haasan is widely regarded as one of the greatest actors of all time. |date=2023-11-06 |title=Celebrating the Cinematic Brilliance Of Kamal Haasan: Highest-Earning Movie Picks |url=https://www.lifestyleasia.com/ind/entertainment/celebrities/best-kamal-haasan-movies-to-watch/ |website=Lifestyle Asia |access-date=13 August 2025 |archive-date=17 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250417003729/https://www.lifestyleasia.com/ind/entertainment/celebrities/best-kamal-haasan-movies-to-watch/ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite web |quote=On meeting Kamal Haasan: He is, without a doubt one of the greatest actors we have in Indian cinema as well as the world. |date=2008-06-06 |title=Kamal Haasan is the best we've got |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jun/06jaya.htm |website=Rediff |access-date=13 August 2025 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015220216/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jun/06jaya.htm |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite web |last1=Team |first1=Theprint |quote=Kamal Haasan, one of the greatest actors India has ever produced, is unique in many ways. He has usually gone beyond just enacting a role to completely immersing himself in it. |date=2024-07-05 |title=New book throws light on Kamal Haasan's cinematic journey exploring his illustrious career |url=https://theprint.in/softcover/new-book-throws-light-on-kamal-haasans-cinematic-journey-exploring-his-illustrious-career/2161753/ |website=The Print }}
* {{Cite web |quote=Being the most versatile actor, filmmaker and social activist, Haasan has reenvisioned the landscape of the Tamil cinema industry and beyond. |title=Kamal Haasan turns 70: Let's take a look at his filmy family tree |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/bollywood/kamal-haasan-turns-70-let-s-take-a-look-at-his-filmy-family-tree/ar-AA1tF1vO |website=MSN }}
* {{Cite web |quote=Kamal Haasan has been associated with show business since he was a child and has proved his mettle as one of the most versatile and successful actors of all time. |date=2023-09-21 |title=Mansions to Magnificent cars: Here are the most expensive things owned by Kamal Haasan |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/lifestyle-mansions-to-magnificent-cars-here-are-the-most-expensive-things-owned-by-kamal-haasan-3244922/lite/ |website=Financial Express }}
* {{Cite web |quote=One of the most versatile actors of all time, Kamal Haasan turns 64 today! |date=2018-11-07 |title=Kamal Haasan Birthday Special: 5 Unforgettable Roles Fans Must Revisit On The Superstar's Special Day! |url=https://www.latestly.com/entertainment/south/kamal-haasan-birthday-special-5-unforgettable-roles-fans-must-revisit-on-the-superstars-special-day-476154.html/ |website=LatestLY }}
* {{Cite web |quote=universal star Kamal Haasan is one of the most versatile actors we had seen on big screen |date=2017-04-14 |title=Kamal Proves Indisputable Versatility |url=https://www.m9.news/movienews/kamal-haasan-proves-indisputable-versatility/ |website=M9 News }}
* {{Cite web |quote=The versatile actor in the industry who amazes everyone with his acting |date=2020-01-14 |title=These Talents Proved Kamal Haasan Is The Most Versatile Person |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/movies/photos-movies/talents-proved-kamal-haasan-versatile-person/2020/01/14 |website=IWM Buzz }}</ref> Haasan is renowned for portraying diverse and complex roles, across multiple genres, often involving physical transformations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-23 |title= This multi-talented South superstar once worked as a make-up artist in Sylvester Stallone's Rambo 3 |url=https://www.economictimes.com/magazines/panache/this-multitalented-south-superstar-once-worked-as-a-makeup-artist-in-sylvester-stallones-rambo-3/articleshow/121364091.cms |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> He is also known for pushing creative boundaries<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-07 |title= Celebrating Kamal Haasan's legendary style moments: A cinematic chameleon's transformations |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2024/Nov/07/celebrating-kamal-haasans-legendary-style-moments-a-cinematic-chameleons-transformations |website=Indulge (Indian Express)}}</ref> and pioneering many new technologies in [[Indian cinema]].<ref name="KH2">
* {{Cite web |quote= In his career spanning more than six decades, the versatile cinematic magician has done everything that is related to Cinema. Kamal Haasan took Indian Cinema forward with his vision and finesse. He pioneered many techniques in the industry. He introduced many first of its kind technologies to the Indian industry. |last=Sumanth |date=2022-06-01 |title=10 First Of Its Kind Technologies Introduced By Kamal Haasan To Indian Cinema |url=https://wirally.com/10-first-of-its-kind-technologies-introduced-by-kamal-haasan-to-indian-cinema/ |access-date=2022-07-03 |website=Wirally |language=en-US |archive-date=13 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613044738/https://wirally.com/10-first-of-its-kind-technologies-introduced-by-kamal-haasan-to-indian-cinema/ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite web |last=Athimuthu |first=Soundarya |date=2022-04-27 |title=Vishwaroopam to Vikram: Kamal Haasan & Tech Innovation in His Films |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/celebrities/vishwaroopam-to-vikram-technologies-brought-in-by-kamal-haasan-in-his-films |website=The Quint |access-date=2022-07-03 |quote=Kamal Haasan, also referred to as the 'Ulaganayagan' (the world’s actor), is known for introducing interesting technologies to the Indian cinema. |language=en }}
* {{Cite web |date=2020-08-12 |title=61 years of Kamal Haasan: Ten remarkable techniques that were introduced by Ulaganayagan to Tamil or Indian cinema |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/61-years-of-kamal-haasan-ten-remarkable-techniques-that-were-introduced-by-ulaganayagn-to-tamil-or-indian-cinema/photostory/77504008.cms |access-date=2022-07-03 |website=The Times of India |quote=He has also brought many new techniques with his films, and been a lesson for many. |language=en |archive-date=3 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703042107/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/61-years-of-kamal-haasan-ten-remarkable-techniques-that-were-introduced-by-ulaganayagn-to-tamil-or-indian-cinema/photostory/77504008.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Filmmakers{{efn|Jackie Chan,<ref>{{Cite web |quote=Kamal can do stunts, sing, dance, fight and romance. He's incredible. |date=2008-05-04 |title=I'm a true Gandhian |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/im-a-true-gandhian/articleshow/3008562.cms |website=Times of India}}</ref> Ang Lee,<ref>{{Cite web |quote=Haasan is not only an amazing actor but a great human being who knows everything about world-class cinema. |date=2012-11-02 |title=Ang Lee: Stunned by Kamal Haasan's brilliance |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/ang-lee-stunned-by-kamal-haasans-brilliance-519709.html |website=News18 |access-date=5 August 2025 |archive-date=10 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410010621/http://www.news18.com/news/india/ang-lee-stunned-by-kamal-haasans-brilliance-519709.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Barrie M. Osborne,<ref>{{Cite web |quote=The international filmmaker says Kamal is like a cinema encyclopedia. |date=2012-08-08 |title=Kamal Haasan to go international |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/gossip/story/kamal-haasan-to-go-international-112667-2012-08-07 |website=India Today}}</ref> A. R. Rahman,<ref>{{Cite web |quote=He also called Kamal Haasan an 'encyclopedia', and said that the Ulaganayagan is a university by himself. |date=2024-10-16 |title=AR Rahman calls Rajinikanth and Kamal Haasan the 'Oxygen' and 'Hydrogen' of film industry |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ar-rahman-calls-rajinikanth-and-kamal-haasan-the-oxygen-and-hydrogen-of-film-industry/articleshow/114273846.cms |website=Times of India}}</ref> Amitabh Bachchan,<ref>{{Cite web |quote=Amitabh, who was on a video call told him, “Stop being so modest, Kamal, you are much, much greater than all of us. |date=2023-07-21 |title=Kamal Haasan tells Amitabh Bachchan he hated Sholay, 'couldn't sleep' the night he watched it |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kamal-haasan-tells-amitabh-bachchan-he-hated-sholay-couldnt-sleep-101689917623592.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Shah Rukh Khan,<ref>{{cite news |quote=I find Haasan greater than [[Dustin Hoffman]] and [[Robert De Niro|De Niro]] put together. He's a technician par excellence. That kind of knowledge and control every actor should strive to get. |author=S. Shiva Kumar |date=25 August 2006 |title=A dream come true for him |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2006/08/25/stories/2006082502240100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111062838/http://hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2006/08/25/stories/2006082502240100.htm |archive-date=11 November 2012 |access-date=21 January 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Atlee,<ref>{{Cite web |quote=He called Haasan the bible and encyclopedia of Indian cinema. |date=2024-06-26 |title=Atlee expresses wish to work with Kamal Haasan: Someday, I will crack a script |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/atlee-kamal-haasan-indian-2-trailer-launch-mumbai-2558295-2024-06-26 |website=India Today |access-date=5 August 2025 |archive-date=26 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626223413/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/atlee-kamal-haasan-indian-2-trailer-launch-mumbai-2558295-2024-06-26 |url-status=live }}</ref> Daggubati Venkatesh,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-31 |quote=Kamal sir is an actor par excellence. He is the global star with unparalleled talent. |title=Kamal Is A Global Star With Unparalleled Talent: Venky |url=https://www.gulte.com/movienews/173790/kamal-is-a-global-star-with-unparalleled-talent-venky |website=Gulte}}</ref> Pawan Kalyan,<ref>{{Cite web |quote=Haasan's exceptional command over every aspect of filmmaking as a writer, singer, director, producer, and actor is truly inspiring. He is a true master of the craft. |date=2025-06-29 |title=Proud Pawan Kalyan LAUDS 'True Master' Of Cinema Kamal Haasan On The Academy Invitation: Phenomenal Acting Career |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/proud-pawan-kalyan-lauds-true-master-of-cinema-kamal-haasan-on-the-academy-invitation-phenomenal-acting-career-article-152176219 |website=Times Now |access-date=5 August 2025 |archive-date=24 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724115755/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/proud-pawan-kalyan-lauds-true-master-of-cinema-kamal-haasan-on-the-academy-invitation-phenomenal-acting-career-article-152176219 |url-status=live }}</ref> Jaideep Ahlawat,<ref>{{Cite web |quote=Describing Kamal Haasan as an “encyclopedia” of knowledge, Jaideep praised his co-actor’s depth of research and understanding of various aspects of filmmaking. |date=2025-01-30 |title=An encyclopedia...intense focus: Jaideep Ahlawat recalls working with Kamal Haasan, Ranbir Kapoor |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/an-encyclopediaintense-focus-jaideep-ahlawat-recalls-working-with-kamal-haasan-ranbir-kapoor20250130224454/ |website=Asian News International}}</ref> Pooja Kumar<ref>{{Cite web |quote=Mr Haasan has an immense knowledge on history, science and philosophy. He is a walking encyclopedia. |date=2013-07-11 |title=Pooja Kumar: Working with Kamal Haasan, experience of a lifetime |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/pooja-kumar-working-with-kamal-haasan-experience-of-a-lifetime-612788 |website=New Delhi TeleVision}}</ref>}} have described Haasan as "cinema encyclopedia" for his immense knowledge and mastery of various aspects of filmmaking as an actor, director, producer, screenwriter, singer, lyricist, and dancer.<ref>{{Cite web |quote=If there’s one Indian actor who is a one-man industry in himself, it’s Kamal Haasan who has always taken the road less travelled. A polymath in the truest sense, Kamal has made sure he goes beyond the realms of acting — he’s a dancer, singer, director, producer, lyricist, technician and make-up artist too! |date=2019-11-07 |title=Happy Birthday Kamal Haasan: Ten lesser known facts about the legend as he turns 65 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/happy-birthday-kamal-haasan-ten-lesser-known-facts-about-the-legend-as-he-turns-65/story-atCTXSYuOCMdO15wy869FK.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=13 August 2025 |archive-date=3 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103171022/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/happy-birthday-kamal-haasan-ten-lesser-known-facts-about-the-legend-as-he-turns-65/story-atCTXSYuOCMdO15wy869FK.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |quote=Kamal Haasan is a multi-faceted personality who is a master of many aspects of filmmaking. In his almost seven-decade-long career, the actor has managed to learn every aspect of filmmaking. |date=2024-11-07 |title=Photography to learning musical instruments: Kamal Haasan's passion beyond cinema |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/photography-to-learning-musical-instruments-kamal-haasan-passion-beyond-cinema-2629698-2024-11-07 |website=India Today}}</ref> He has also worked as an assistant director, choreographer, editor, make-up artist, narrator, television host, and a distributor of films. He founded a magazine, ''Maiam'' ({{translation|''Center''}}), which he edited, and has written over 100 poems and [[Kamal Haasan#Literary_works|some books]]. In his cinematic career spanning more than 65 years, he has made over 250 films in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]], [[Hindi]], [[Kannada]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]] languages.<ref>
* {{Cite web |quote=I have acted in over 250 films, the veteran actor added. |date=2024-07-16 |title=Kamal Haasan Overjoyed With Kalki 2898 AD's Massive Success: 'A Moment To Be Celebrated' |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/kamal-haasan-overjoyed-with-kalki-2898-ads-massive-success-a-moment-to-be-celebrated-8968007.html |website=News18 }}
* {{Cite news |quote=actor Kamal Haasan’s career, spanning over 250 films |date=2024-08-26 |title=Kamal Haasan wants to be the best 'rasigan' above everything: Film historian K. Hariharan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kamal-haasan-wants-to-be-the-best-rasigan-above-everything-film-historian-k-hariharan/article68565989.ece/ |website=The Hindu }}
* {{Cite web |quote=Haasan has been a part of over 250 films |date=2021-08-12 |title=Ulaganayagan Kamal Haasan Is The Man Who Inspired Quentin Tarantino |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ulaganayagan-kamal-hassan-is-the-man-who-inspired-quentin-tarantino/articleshow/85265470.cms |website=Times of India}}</ref> Haasan has won numerous accolades, including five [[National Film Awards]],{{efn|
* 1. [[National Film Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|Best Actor in a Leading Role]] for [[Moondram Pirai]] (1982)
* 2. Best Actor in a Leading Role for [[Nayakan]] (1987)
* 3. Best Actor in a Leading Role for [[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]] (1996)
* 4. [[National Film Award for Best Tamil Feature Film|Best Tamil Feature Film]] for [[Thevar Magan]] (1992)
* 5. [[National Film Award for Best Child Artist]] for [[Kalathur Kannamma]] (1960) (The award for best acting was given out as a [[Rashtrapati Award]] (President's Gold Medal) until the 14th National Film Awards ceremony held in 1967, when the National Awards were called as the "State Awards for Films". They were renamed to the current [[National Film Awards]] from the 15th National Film Awards ceremony held in 1968.)<ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{Cite web |quote=Kamal had won the best child actor National Award for his performance in his debut film. |date=2009-08-10 |title=Kamal Haasan celebrates 50 years in films! |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/kamal-haasan-celebrates-50-years-in-films/story-GaBya7QITzCIdowfoIdCCP.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=18 August 2025 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127180852/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/kamal-haasan-celebrates-50-years-in-films/story-GaBya7QITzCIdowfoIdCCP.html |url-status=live }}</ref>}} twenty-one [[Filmfare Awards]],{{efn|
* 1. [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Malayalam|Best Actor – Malayalam]] for [[Kanyakumari (film)|Kanyakumari]] (1974)
* 2. [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor – Tamil]] for [[Apoorva Raagangal]] (1975)
* 3. Best Actor – Tamil for [[Oru Oodhappu Kan Simittugiradhu]] (1976)
* 4. Best Actor – Tamil for [[16 Vayathinile]] (1977)
* 5. Best Actor – Tamil for [[Sigappu Rojakkal]] (1978)
* 6. Best Actor – Malayalam for [[Eeta]] (1978)
* 7. [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor – Telugu]] for [[Varumayin Niram Sivappu|Aakali Rajyam]] (1981)
* 8. Best Actor – Tamil for [[Raja Paarvai]] (1981)
* 9. Best Actor – Telugu for [[Sagara Sangamam]] (1983)
* 10. [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor – Hindi]] for [[Saagar (film)|Saagar]] (1985)
* 11. [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada|Best Actor – Kannada]] for [[Pushpaka Vimana (1987 film)|Pushpaka Vimana]] (1987)
* 12. Best Actor – Telugu for [[Indrudu Chandrudu]] (1989)
* 13. Best Actor – Tamil for [[Gunaa]] (1991)
* 14. Best Actor – Tamil for [[Thevar Magan]] (1992)
* 15. Best Actor – Tamil for [[Kuruthipunal (film)|Kuruthipunal]] (1995)
* 16. Best Actor – Tamil for [[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]] (1996)
* 17. Best Actor – Tamil for [[Hey Ram]] (2000)
* 18. Best Actor – Tamil for [[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]] (2022)
* 19. [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film – Tamil]] for [[Apoorva Sagodharargal (1989 film)|Apoorva Sagodharargal]] (1989)
* 20. Best Film – Tamil for ''[[Amaran (2024 film)|Amaran]]'' (2024)
* 21. [[Filmfare Award for Best Story|Best Story – Hindi]] for [[Virasat (1997 film)|Virasat]] (1997)}} eleven [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]],{{efn|
* 1. [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] for [[16 Vayathinile]] (1977)
* 2. Best Actor for [[Varumayin Niram Sivappu]] (1980)
* 3. Best Actor for [[Moondram Pirai]] (1982)
* 4. Best Actor for [[Apoorva Sagodharargal (1989 film)|Apoorva Sagodharargal]] (1989)
* 5. Best Actor for [[Thevar Magan]] (1992)
* 6. Best Actor for [[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]] (1996)
* 7. Best Actor for [[Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu]] (2006)
* 8. Best Actor for [[Dasavathaaram]] (2008)
* 9. [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Best Feature Film (Second Prize)]] for [[Thevar Magan]] (1992)
* 10. [[Tamil Nadu State Film Honorary Award#M.G.R. Award|MGR Award]] (1989) and
* 11. [[Tamil Nadu State Film Honorary Award#Sivaji Ganesan Award|Nadigar Thilagam Sivaji Ganesan Award]] (1999) for Contributions to the development of Tamil cinema}} and five [[Nandi Awards]].{{efn|
* 1. [[Nandi Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] for [[Sagara Sangamam]] (1983)
* 2. Best Actor for [[Swathi Muthyam]] (1986)
* 3. Best Actor for [[Indrudu Chandrudu]] (1989)
* 4. [[NTR National Award]] (2014) for Lifetime achievements and contributions to Indian cinema
* 5. [[P. Jairaj|Paidipati Jairaj Award]] (2026) for Outstanding contributions to the growth and development of Indian cinema (given as [[Telangana Gaddar Film Awards]] from 2025)}} He was honoured with the [[Kalaimamani]] in 1978, the [[List of Padma Shri award recipients (1990–1999)|Padma Shri]] in 1990, the [[List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (2010–2019)|Padma Bhushan]] in 2014, and the [[List of members of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres|Order of Arts and Letters]] (''Chevalier'') by the [[Government of France]] in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|author=|date=22 August 2016|title=Tamil film actor Sivaji Ganesan Dead Kamal Haasan to get prestigious French honour|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/kamal-haasan-to-be-conferred-frances-chevalier-honour/article9014634.ece|url-status=live|access-date=22 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821152327/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/kamal-haasan-to-be-conferred-frances-chevalier-honour/article9014634.ece|archive-date=21 August 2016}}</ref> He was invited by the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] in 2025 to become a member of its actors' branch, for being one of the "exceptionally talented individuals having made indelible contributions to global filmmaking community."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-26 |title=THE ACADEMY INVITES 534 TO MEMBERSHIP |url=https://press.oscars.org/news/academy-invites-534-membership |website=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences |quote=Through their commitment to filmmaking and to the greater movie industry, these exceptionally talented individuals have made indelible contributions to our global filmmaking community. |language=en |archive-date=27 June 2025 |access-date=27 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250627075036/https://press.oscars.org/news/academy-invites-534-membership |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Quote box
|quote = "The inimitable Kamal Haasan, regarded by many as the best actor India has ever produced"
|author = – [[The Times of India]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-01-03 |title=Bollywood movies to watch out for in 2013 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/bollywood-movies-to-watch-out-for-in-2013/articleshow/17853739.cms |website=Times of India}}</ref>
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Haasan started his career at the age of 5 in the 1960 Tamil film [[Kalathur Kannamma]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-19 |title=Here's how Kamal Haasan made his debut in 'Kalathur Kannamma' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/heres-how-kamal-haasan-made-his-debut-in-kalathur-kannamma/articleshow/97131669.cms |access-date=2025-04-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204232843/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/heres-how-kamal-haasan-made-his-debut-in-kalathur-kannamma/articleshow/97131669.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> which earned him the [[National Film Award for Best Child Artist|National Award for Best Child Artist]].{{efn|The award for best acting was given out as a [[Rashtrapati Award]] (President's Gold Medal) until the 14th National Film Awards ceremony held in 1967, when the National Awards were called as the "State Awards for Films". They were renamed to the current [[National Film Awards]] from the 15th National Film Awards ceremony held in 1968.<ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{Cite web |quote=Kamal had won the best child actor National Award for his performance in his debut film. |date=2009-08-10 |title=Kamal Haasan celebrates 50 years in films! |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/kamal-haasan-celebrates-50-years-in-films/story-GaBya7QITzCIdowfoIdCCP.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=18 August 2025 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127180852/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/kamal-haasan-celebrates-50-years-in-films/story-GaBya7QITzCIdowfoIdCCP.html |url-status=live }}</ref>}} After playing a few supporting roles, he progressed to lead role in the 1974 Malayalam film [[Kanyakumari (film)|Kanyakumari]], for which he won his first [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Malayalam|Filmfare Award for Best Actor]]. He then earned three [[National Film Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|National Awards for Best Actor]] for [[Moondram Pirai]] (1982), [[Nayakan]] (1987) and [[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]] (1996). Haasan has won 21 Filmfare Awards in total, the most for any actor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-06 |title=A true Ulaganayagan (Global Hero) and a cinematic pioneer! |url=https://x.com/filmfare/status/1975135786283475182 |quote=With 20 Filmfare Awards to his name, Kamal Haasan stands alone, holding the record for the most Filmfare Awards won by any actor in Indian cinema! This staggering record, which includes the most Filmfare Awards for Best Actor, is a proof of his unmatched versatility across Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, and Hindi films. |website= Filmfare magazine on X}}</ref> He holds the record for the most Filmfare Awards for Best Actor, with a total of 18 wins – [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|eleven]] in Tamil, [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|three]] in Telugu, [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Malayalam|two]] in Malayalam, [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|one]] in Hindi, and [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada|one]] in Kannada.{{efn|
* Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil:
* 1. [[Apoorva Raagangal]] (1975)
* 2. [[Oru Oodhappu Kan Simittugiradhu]] (1976)
* 3. [[16 Vayathinile]] (1977)
* 4. [[Sigappu Rojakkal]] (1978)
* 5. [[Raja Paarvai]] (1981)
* 6. [[Gunaa]] (1991)
* 7. [[Thevar Magan]] (1992)
* 8. [[Kuruthipunal (film)|Kuruthipunal]] (1995)
* 9. [[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]] (1996)
* 10. [[Hey Ram]] (2000)
* 11. [[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]] (2022)
* Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu:
* 1. [[Varumayin Niram Sivappu|Aakali Rajyam]] (1981)
* 2. [[Sagara Sangamam]] (1983)
* 3. [[Indrudu Chandrudu]] (1989)
* Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Malayalam:
* 1. [[Kanyakumari (film)|Kanyakumari]] (1974)
* 2. [[Eeta]] (1978)
* Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Hindi:
* [[Saagar (film)|Saagar]] (1985)
* Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada:
* [[Pushpaka Vimana (1987 film)|Pushpaka Vimana]] (1987)}} He has been nominated for 64 Filmfare Awards, the most for any actor.{{efn|
* 35 nominations for Best Actor – Tamil
* 10 nominations for Best Film – Tamil
* 2 nominations for Best Director – Tamil
* 1 nomination for Best Playback Singer– Tamil
* 7 nominations for Best Actor – Telugu
* 4 nominations for Best Actor – Hindi
* 1 nomination for Best Story – Hindi
* 1 nomination for Best Supporting Actor – Hindi
* 2 wins for Best Actor – Malayalam
* 1 win for Best Actor – Kannada}} He also holds the record for the most Filmfare Award nominations for acting, with 50 nominations. He is the only actor who has won Filmfare Awards across five different languages. He won his 18th [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Filmfare Award for Best Actor]] for ''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]'' (2022).{{efn|Though Haasan wrote a letter to the organisation asking them to not give him any more awards after his win for [[Hey Ram]] (2000),<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-07 |title=Kamal Haasan Birthday: From Being the First Choice for Robot to Most Number of Filmfare Awards, Here Are Some Surprising Facts about the Actor |url=https://www.latestly.com/entertainment/south/kamal-haasan-birthday-from-being-the-first-choice-for-robot-to-most-number-of-filmfare-awards-here-are-some-surprising-facts-about-the-actor-1318834.html/ |website=LatestLY}}</ref> he won his eighteenth Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role (Male) for [[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]] (2022) at the 68th Filmfare Awards South 2023 - Tamil.<ref>{{Cite web |title=68th Filmfare Awards South 2023 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2023/tamil/winners |website=Filmfare |access-date=15 August 2025 |archive-date=14 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214094228/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2023/tamil/winners |url-status=live }}</ref>}} Besides several acting awards for his acclaimed performances,{{efn|
* Films for which Haasan won other acting awards (other than National Award and Filmfare Award):
* 1. For [[Varumayin Niram Sivappu]] (1980), Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor
* 2. For [[Swathi Muthyam]] (1986), Asia-Pacific Film Festival Award for Best Actor, Nandi Award for Best Actor
* 3. For [[Apoorva Sagodharargal (1989 film)|Apoorva Sagodharargal]] (1989), Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor
* 4. For [[Chanakyan]] (1989), Cinema Express Award for Best Actor – Malayalam
* 5. For [[Michael Madana Kama Rajan]] (1990), Cinema Express Award for Best Actor – Tamil
* 6. For [[Chachi 420]] (1997), Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Comic Role
* 7. For [[Pammal K. Sambandam]] (2002), V Shantaram Award for Best Actor – Tamil
* 8. For [[Anbe Sivam]] (2003), Southern India Cinematographers Association Award for Best Actor
* 9. For [[Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu]] (2006), Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor, Film Fans' Association Award for Best Actor
* 10. For [[Dasavathaaram]] (2008), Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor, Ananda Vikatan Cinema Award for Best Actor, Vijay Awards for Best Comedian, Best Villain and Favourite Hero, Film Fans' Association Award for Best Actor
* 11. For [[Vishwaroopam]] (2013), Vijay Award for Best Actor, Behindwoods Gold Medal Award for Legendary Performance as Actor
* 12. For [[Uttama Villain]] (2015), Los Angeles Independent Film Festival (LAIFF) Award for Best Actor, MGR-SIVAJI Academy Award for Best Actor
* 13. For [[Papanasam (film)|Papanasam]] (2015), MGR-SIVAJI Academy Award for Best Actor
* 14. For [[Thoongaa Vanam]] (2015), MGR-SIVAJI Academy Award for Best Actor
* 15. For [[Kalki 2898 AD]] (2024), South Indian International Movie Award (SIIMA) for Best Actor in a Negative Role – Telugu}} he has won many other cinematic awards for producing, directing, screenwriting, singing, lyric writing, choreographing and dancing.{{efn|
* Films for which Haasan won other cinematic awards (other than acting awards):
* 1. For [[Apoorva Sagodharargal (1989 film)|Apoorva Sagodharargal]] (1989), Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil and Cinema Express Award for Best Film – Tamil
* 2. For [[Thevar Magan]] (1992), National Film Award for Best Tamil Feature Film, Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Feature Film (Second Prize) and Cinema Express Award for Best Film – Tamil
* 3. For [[Kuruthipunal (film)|Kuruthipunal]] (1995), Cinema Express Award for Best Film – Tamil
* 4. For [[Virasat (1997 film)|Virasat]] (1997), Filmfare Award for Best Story – Hindi and Screen Award for Best Story
* 5. For [[Hey Ram]] (2000), Bengal Film Journalists' Association Award for Most Outstanding Work of the Year
* 6. For [[Virumaandi]] (2004), Puchon International Fantastic Film Festival (PiFan) Best Asian Film Award
* 7. For [[Dasavathaaram]] (2008), Ananda Vikatan Cinema Award for Best Screenplay, Vijay Awards for Best Story, Screenplay Writer and Best Dialogue Writer
* 8. For [[Manmadan Ambu]] (2010), Vijay Music Awards for Best Lyricist and Best Song sung by an Actor (Song: Neela Vaanam)
* 9. For [[Vishwaroopam]] (2013), Vijay Award for Favourite Director, Behindwoods Gold Medal Award for Legendary Performance as Director, Writer, Producer and Singer, Jagran Film Festival Special Jury Award for raising the bar of mainstream Indian cinema to International level
* 10. For [[Uttama Villain]] (2015), Los Angeles Independent Film Festival (LAIFF) Awards for Best Picture, Best Produced Screenplay and Best Original Song (Song: Iraniyan Naadagam), Behindwoods Gold Medal Award for Best Song Choreographer
* 11. For [[Thoongaa Vanam]] (2015), MGR-SIVAJI Academy Award for Best Film
* 12. For [[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]] (2022), South Indian International Movie Award (SIIMA) for Best Playback Singer (Male) – Tamil (Song: Pathala Pathala), Osaka Tamil International Film Festival Award for Best Tamil Film
* 13. For [[Amaran (2024 film)|Amaran]] (2024), Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil, South Indian International Movie Award (SIIMA) for Best Film – Tamil, Chennai International Film Festival Award for Best Tamil Feature Film
* 14. Haasan has also received the [[Big FM Tamil Entertainment Awards|Big FM Tamil Entertainment Award]] for Best Bharatanatyam Dancer}} Haasan is also distinguished for starring in the highest number of films submitted by India for [[Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|Best International Feature Film]] at the [[Academy Awards]], with seven films – [[Saagar (film)|Saagar]] (1985), [[Swathi Muthyam]] (1986), [[Nayakan]] (1987), [[Thevar Magan]] (1992), [[Kuruthipunal (film)|Kuruthipunal]] (1995), [[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]] (1996), and [[Hey Ram]] (2000) which he directed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-12-29 |title=Kamal Haasan Films Top The List of Oscar Submissions From India |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/kamal-haasan-films-top-the-list-of-oscar-submissions-from-india-4605548.html |quote=Kamal Haasan enjoys the rare feat of the highest number of films featuring him being sent to Oscars from India. |website=News18}}</ref> He has won [[List of awards and nominations received by Kamal Haasan#Film Festival Awards|many awards]] at various international film festivals,{{efn|
* Haasan's films that were screened at film festivals in countries other than India:
* 1. [[Sagara Sangamam]] (1983) – Asia-Pacific Film Festival, Moscow International Film Festival
* 2. [[Swathi Muthyam]] (1986) – Asia-Pacific Film Festival, Moscow International Film Festival
* 3. [[Nayakan]] (1987) – International Film Festival Rotterdam
* 4. [[Pushpaka Vimana (1987 film)|Pushpaka Vimana]] (1987) – Cannes Film Festival, International Film Festival Rotterdam, Shanghai International Film Festival
* 5. [[Thevar Magan]] (1992) – International Film Festival Rotterdam, Toronto International Film Festival
* 6. [[Mahanadhi (1994 film)|Mahanadhi]] (1994) – International Film Festival Rotterdam
* 7. [[Kuruthipunal (film)|Kuruthipunal]] (1995) – International Film Festival Rotterdam
* 8. [[Hey Ram]] (2000) – International Film Festival Rotterdam, Toronto International Film Festival, Locarno Film Festival
* 9. [[Aalavandhan]] (2001) – Fantastic Fest
* 10. [[Virumaandi]] (2004) – International Film Festival Rotterdam, Puchon International Fantastic Film Festival (PiFan)
* 11. [[Vishwaroopam]] (2013) – India International Film Festival of Tampa Bay
* 12. [[Uttama Villain]] (2015) – Los Angeles Independent Film Festival (LAIFF)
* 13. [[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]] (2022) – Busan International Film Festival, Osaka Tamil International Film Festival
* 14. [[Kalki 2898 AD]] (2024) – Busan International Film Festival}} including the inaugural Best Asian Film Award for his directorial feature ''[[Virumaandi]]'' (2004) at the [[Bucheon International Fantastic Film Festival]], [[South Korea]].{{efn|The European jury of eminent filmmakers said, "[[Virumaandi]] successfully manages to combine social and political drama, romance, humour, musical and spectacular action in one story of epic proportions. All the more impressive is the fact that it has been written, produced and directed by one man who also plays the lead role. It is a film that should easily appeal to audiences from all over the world." [[:nl:Jan Doense|Jan Doense]], filmmaker and a member of the jury gave the award to Haasan and said, "Astounding", even as he appreciated the ethnicity of the film.<ref>{{cite news |date=2004-07-30 |title= Award, accolade and much more ... |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=22 January 2011 |url=http://hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/07/30/stories/2004073001610100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125134302/http://hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/07/30/stories/2004073001610100.htm |archive-date=25 November 2010 }}</ref>}} ''[[Uttama Villain]]'' (2015) won six awards, including four for Haasan – Best Picture, Best Actor, Best Screenplay and Best Song at the Los Angeles Independent Film Festival, [[United States]]. His production company [[Raaj Kamal Films International]] has produced many of his films, including ''[[Thevar Magan]]'' (1992) for which he won the [[National Film Award for Best Tamil Feature Film|National Award for Best Tamil Film]] as a producer. He won his 21st [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Filmfare Award]] for producing ''[[Amaran (2024 film)|Amaran]]'' (2024), which was also nominated for the prestigious [[IFFI Best Film Award|Golden Peacock Award]].

[[File:Kamal Haasan interviews Ang Lee.jpg|thumb|alt=Ang Lee, a grey-haired man, looking at Haasan (who is speaking)|Haasan with [[Ang Lee]]]]

Haasan's portrayal of an innocent man in [[Mahanadhi (1994 film)|Mahanadhi]] (1994), was selected by [[Forbes India]] as one of the 25 greatest acting performances of Indian cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-04-27 |title=25 Greatest Acting Performances of Indian Cinema |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/100-years-of-indian-cinema/25-greatest-acting-performances-of-indian-cinema/35125/0 |website=Forbes India}}</ref> [[Hindustan Times]] hailed him as "A polymath in the truest sense, Kamal has given silver jubilee films{{efn|A silver jubilee film is a movie that ran continuously in theatres for 25 consecutive weeks without any interruptions.}} in five languages. If there's one Indian actor who is a one-man industry in himself, it's Kamal Haasan."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-07 |title=Happy Birthday Kamal Haasan: Ten lesser known facts about the legend as he turns 65 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/happy-birthday-kamal-haasan-ten-lesser-known-facts-about-the-legend-as-he-turns-65/story-atCTXSYuOCMdO15wy869FK.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> He was honoured with the French honour, [[:fr:Prix Henri-Langlois|Henri Langlois Prize]] in 2016 and [[P. Jairaj|Paidipati Jairaj Award]] in 2026, for his outstanding contributions to international cinema and Indian cinema respectively.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Chiranjeevi and Kamal Haasan Get Special Honours At Telangana Gaddar Film Awards |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/chiranjeevi-and-kamal-haasan-get-special-honours-at-telangana-gaddar-film-awards |magazine=The Hollywood Reporter India |date=2026-03-20}}</ref> Six of his films received special screening as "Kamal Haasan Focus" at the 2001 [[International Film Festival Rotterdam]], [[Netherlands]] – ''[[Hey Ram]]'' (2000), ''[[Kuruthipunal (film)|Kuruthipunal]]'' (1995), ''[[Mahanadhi (1994 film)|Mahanadhi]]'' (1994), ''[[Thevar Magan]]'' (1992), ''[[Nayakan]]'' (1987), and ''[[Pushpaka Vimana (1987 film)|Pushpaka Vimana]]'' (1987) which is Haasan's only silent film to date. He received the first Golden Beaver Award at the 2025 Indian Film Festival of [[Alberta]], [[Canada]], for "transforming cinema — bridging cultures, breaking barriers, and inspiring audiences worldwide." He was awarded the "Original Pan-India Superstar" Special Award at the 2022 [[10th South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=SIIMA 2022 Winners |url=https://siima.in/awards-2022 |website=South Indian International Movie Awards (SIIMA)}}</ref> The [[Directorate of Film Festivals]] organised a three-day "Kamal Haasan Film Festival" from 2 to 4 July 2010,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-06-29 |title=Kamal Haasan film festival in New Delhi |url=https://www.chitramala.in/kamal-haasan-film-festival-in-new-delhi-120791.html |website=Chitramala}}</ref> and showcased seven of his best films – [[Sagara Sangamam]] (1983), [[Nayakan]] (1987), [[Thevar Magan]] (1992), [[Hey Ram]] (2000), [[Anbe Sivam]] (2003), [[Virumaandi]] (2004), and [[Dasavathaaram]] (2008) in which he played ten distinct roles. [[Nayakan]] (1987) was chosen as one of the 100 greatest films of all time by the American magazine [[Time (magazine)|TIME]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=2005-02-12 |title=All-TIME 100 Movies |url=https://entertainment.time.com/2005/02/12/all-time-100-movies/slide/all/ |magazine=TIME}}</ref> [[Anbe Sivam]] (2003) was selected as one of the 25 best Indian movies of the 21st century by [[The Hollywood Reporter India]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=2025-11-10 |title=THR India's 25 in 25: The Best Indian Movies of the 21st Century |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/the-best-indian-movies-of-the-21st-century |magazine=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> On October 16, 1997, [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]] publicly launched Haasan's unfinished historical film [[Marudhanayagam]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-09 |title=When Queen Elizabeth graced the launch of Kamal Haasan's unfinished film Marudhanayagam |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/when-queen-elizabeth-graced-the-launch-of-kamal-haasan-s-unfinished-film-marudhanayagam-1998209-2022-09-09 |website=India Today}}</ref>

{{Quote box
|quote = "Kamal Haasan falls under a special category, as his cinema broke barriers of language and region. He has been honoured with several awards. In fact, he may be the most awarded person in the country."
|author = – Former [[Minister of Information and Broadcasting]] of India, Smt. [[Ambika Soni]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Retrospective of Kamal Haasan films opens |access-date=18 January 2011 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/03/stories/2010070364451600.htm |date=3 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100808202224/http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/03/stories/2010070364451600.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date= 8 August 2010}}</ref>
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|bgcolor = Cornsilk
}}

Haasan received the [[CNN-News18 Indian of the Year#Special awards|CNN-IBN Indian of the Year Special Award]], from the [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Manmohan Singh]], for completing 50 years in cinema in 2009. He was named one of the 50 most powerful Indians by [[India Today]] in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-14 |title=50 power people: Presenting the definitive list of India's 50 most powerful. |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20170424-india-today-top-50-powerful-indians-mukesh-ambani-ratan-tata-kumar-mangalam-birla-gautam-adani-anand-mahindra-srk-amitabh-bacchan-986203-2017-04-14 |quote=Because his 58-year-long association with the industry as actor, screenwriter, director and producer enables him today to experiment and innovate with remarkable ease. |website=India Today}}</ref> He has been conferred two [[Honorary Doctorates]], one by [[Sathyabama University]] in 2005, one by [[Centurion University]] in 2019. He received the first [[Abraham Kovoor#Legacy|A. T. Kovoor National Award for the Secular Artist]] in 2005, in acknowledgment of his humanist and philanthropic activities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AWARD |url=https://thehinduimages.com/details-page.php?id=4356114 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> He was the first Tamil actor to convert his fan clubs into welfare associations, and has been consistently involved in many social services, including donating food and medicines to the needy, helping with children's education, and promoting blood and organ donation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-11-07 |title=Kamal Haasan on a noble cause |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/kamal-haasan-on-a-noble-cause/articleshow/10617254.cms |website=Times of India}}</ref> He was appointed an ambassador by the [[United Nations]] in 2007, for its joint campaign with the Tamil Nadu State AIDS Control Society to protect the rights of people living with [[HIV]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-11-29 |title=Kamal to be ambassador for rights of HIV infected |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2007/11/29/kamal-to-be-ambassador-for-rights-of-hiv-infected-1196358830.html |website=OneIndia}}</ref> On 21 February 2018, Haasan launched a political party, [[Makkal Needhi Maiam]] ({{translation|Centre for People's Justice}}).<ref name="political">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/live-updates-kamal-haasan-political-party-launch/liveblog/63007615.cms|title=Kamal Haasan Live: The six hands in my flag stands for the six south Indian states|website=The Times of India|date=21 February 2018 |access-date=19 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629192438/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/live-updates-kamal-haasan-political-party-launch/liveblog/63007615.cms|archive-date=29 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> On 25 July 2025, he took oath as a member of [[Rajya Sabha]] (Council of States), the upper house of the [[Parliament of India]].

== Government Honours ==
[[File:The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Padma Bhushan Award to Shri Kamal Haasan, at a Civil Investiture Ceremony, at Rahstrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on March 31, 2014.jpg|thumb|The [[President of India]], Shri [[Pranab Mukherjee]] presenting the [[Padma Bhushan]] Award to Shri Kamal Haasan, at a Civil Investiture Ceremony, at [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhavan]], in [[New Delhi]] on March 31, 2014]]

Kamal Haasan has been conferred with the following civilian [[Order (distinction)|orders]]:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://india.gov.in/myindia/padma_awards.php|title=Padma Awards|publisher=Government of India|accessdate=12 July 2011}}</ref>
* The [[Padma Shri]] ({{translation|Lotus Honour}}) by the [[Government of India]] in 1990.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/film-festival-to-mark-kamal-haasan-golden-jubilee-77356-2010-06-24
|title=Film festival to mark Kamal Haasan golden jubilee : Bollywood: India Today
|author=
|work=India Today
|date=25 June 2010
|access-date=12 June 2011
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://india.gov.in/myindia/advsearch_awards.php
|title=Search Awardees – Padma Awards – My India, My Pride – Know India: National Portal of India
|publisher=[[Government of India]]
|accessdate=9 June 2011}}</ref>
* The [[Padma Bhushan]] ({{translation|Lotus Decoration}}) by the [[President of India]] in 2014.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Full-list-of-Padma-awardees/photo/29366683.cms | title=Padma awardees 2014 | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | date=25 January 2014 | accessdate=26 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Kamal-Haasan-Gets-Padma-Bhushan/2014/01/25/article2019956.ece | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140128043621/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Kamal-Haasan-Gets-Padma-Bhushan/2014/01/25/article2019956.ece | url-status=dead | archive-date=28 January 2014 | title=Kamal Haasan gets Padma Bhushan | publisher=IANS – Chennai | date=25 January 2014 | accessdate=26 January 2014}}</ref>
* The [[Ordre des Arts et des Lettres|Chevalier de L'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]] ({{translation|The Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters}}) by the [[Government of France]] in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kamal Haasan to be conferred France's Chevalier honour|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/kamal-haasan-to-be-conferred-frances-chevalier-honour/article9014634.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 August 2016|accessdate=21 August 2016}}</ref>

Kamal Haasan has also been honoured by [[State governments of India]].
* In 1978, the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] honoured Haasan with the [[Kalaimamani]] ({{translation|Jewel of Arts}}), for his excellent service to the development of arts.<ref name="kalaimamani">[[#Anandan|Anandan]], p 12-1</ref>
* In 2010, Haasan was honoured by the [[Chief Minister of Kerala]], [[V. S. Achuthanandan]], for his 50 years in Indian cinema, during the inauguration of [[Onam]] celebrations organised by the [[Government of Kerala]].<ref name="Kerala honours Kamal">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/article588181.ece|title=Kerala honours Kamal Haasan|work=The Hindu |location=India|accessdate=18 January 2011 |date=22 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://inshorts.com/en/news/kamal-haasan-rajinikanth-win-ntr-national-film-award-1510735617177|title=Kamal Haasan, Rajinikanth win NTR National Film Award|website=Inshorts - Stay Informed}}</ref>
* In 2011, Haasan was honoured by the [[Income Tax Department]] for being "a shining example of good citizenship by paying his taxes on a regular basis," and was presented a certificate by the [[Governor of Tamil Nadu]], [[Surjit Singh Barnala]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Actor-Kamal-Haasan-was-honoured-by-the-Income-Tax-department-in-Chennai-for-being-a-shining-example-of-good-citizenship-by-paying-taxes-his-taxes-on-a-regular-basis-/articleshow/9372713.cms | title=Income Tax award 2011 | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | date=26 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.kollyinsider.com/2011/07/income-tax-department-governor-honored.html?m=0 |title = Income Tax department & Governor honored Kamal Haasan| date=25 July 2011 }}</ref>

== Movie Awards ==

=== [[National Film Awards]] ===
Established in 1954, the National Awards are the most prominent awards for films in India. They are awarded by the [[President of India]] each year for the films of the preceding year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/aboutus.asp|title=About us|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|accessdate=9 July 2011}}</ref> Kamal Haasan has won five National Awards, including four for acting, and one as a producer.

{{sort under}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sort-under-center" style="margin:1em auto; text-align: center;"
|-
! scope=col | Year
! scope=col | Film
! scope=col | Category
! scope=col | Outcome
! scope=col | Ref
|-
| [[8th National Film Awards|1960]]
| ''[[Kalathur Kannamma]]''
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | [[National Film Award for Best Child Artist|Best Child Artist]]
| {{won}}
| {{efn|The award for best acting was given out as a [[Rashtrapati Award]] (President's Gold Medal) until the 14th National Film Awards ceremony held in 1967, when the National Awards were called as the "State Awards for Films". They were renamed to the current [[National Film Awards]] from the 15th National Film Awards ceremony held in 1968.<ref name="hindustantimes.com"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm40thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=40NFA.pdf |title=Directorate of Film Festival |publisher=Iffi.nic.in |access-date=17 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008114601/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm40thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=40NFA.pdf |archive-date=8 October 2015}}</ref>}} <ref name="NFA40"/>
|-
| [[30th National Film Awards|1982]]
| ''[[Moondram Pirai]]''
| [[National Film Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|Best Actor]]
| {{won}}
| <ref name="30th National Film Awards"/>
|-
| [[35th National Film Awards|1987]]
| ''[[Nayakan]]''
| Best Actor
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url = http://dffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm35thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=35NFA.pdf |title = 35th National Film Awards |publisher = Directorate of Film Festivals |accessdate = 9 June 2011}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
| [[40th National Film Awards|1992]]
| ''[[Thevar Magan]]''
| [[National Film Award for Best Tamil Feature Film|Best Tamil Film]]
| {{won}}
| <ref name="NFA40">{{cite web |url = http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm40thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=40NFA.pdf |title = 40th National Film Awards |publisher = [[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |accessdate = 9 June 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151008114601/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm40thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=40NFA.pdf |archive-date = 8 October 2015 |url-status = dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[44th National Film Awards|1996]]
| ''[[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]]''
| Best Actor
| {{won}}
| <ref name="NFA44">{{cite web |url = http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm44thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=44NFA.pdf |title = 44th National Film Awards |publisher = Directorate of Film Festivals |accessdate = 9 June 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110928072421/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm44thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=44NFA.pdf |archive-date = 28 September 2011 |url-status = dead}}</ref>
|}

=== [[Filmfare Awards]] ===
Kamal Haasan has won 21 Filmfare Awards in total, the most for any actor –– category-wise: 18 for Best Actor, 2 for Best Film, and 1 for Best Story; language-wise: 13 in Tamil, 3 in Telugu, 2 in Malayalam, 2 in Hindi, and 1 in Kannada.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-06 |title=A true Ulaganayagan (Global Hero) and a cinematic pioneer! |url=https://x.com/filmfare/status/1975135786283475182 |quote=With 20 Filmfare Awards to his name, Kamal Haasan stands alone, holding the record for the most Filmfare Awards won by any actor in Indian cinema! This staggering record, which includes the most Filmfare Awards for Best Actor, is a proof of his unmatched versatility across Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, and Hindi films. |website= Filmfare magazine on X}}</ref>

He holds the record for the most Filmfare Awards for Best Actor, with a total of 18 wins –– 11 in Tamil, 3 in Telugu, 2 in Malayalam, 1 in Hindi, and 1 in Kannada.{{efn|
* Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil:
* 1. [[Apoorva Raagangal]] (1975)
* 2. [[Oru Oodhappu Kan Simittugiradhu]] (1976)
* 3. [[16 Vayathinile]] (1977)
* 4. [[Sigappu Rojakkal]] (1978)
* 5. [[Raja Paarvai]] (1981)
* 6. [[Gunaa]] (1991)
* 7. [[Thevar Magan]] (1992)
* 8. [[Kuruthipunal (film)|Kuruthipunal]] (1995)
* 9. [[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]] (1996)
* 10. [[Hey Ram]] (2000)
* 11. [[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]] (2022)
* Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu:
* 1. [[Varumayin Niram Sivappu|Aakali Rajyam]] (1981)
* 2. [[Sagara Sangamam]] (1983)
* 3. [[Indrudu Chandrudu]] (1989)
* Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Malayalam:
* 1. [[Kanyakumari (film)|Kanyakumari]] (1974)
* 2. [[Eeta]] (1978)
* Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Hindi:
* [[Saagar (film)|Saagar]] (1985)
* Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada:
* [[Pushpaka Vimana (1987 film)|Pushpaka Vimana]] (1987)}}

He has been nominated for 64 Filmfare Awards, the most for any actor –– category-wise: 49 for Best Actor, 10 for Best Film, 2 for Best Director, 1 for Best Playback Singer, 1 for Best Story, 1 for Best Supporting Actor; language-wise: 48 in Tamil, 7 in Telugu, 6 in Hindi, 2 in Malayalam, 1 in Kannada.

He also holds the record for the most Filmfare Award nominations for acting, with 50 nominations –– category-wise: 49 for Best Actor, 1 for Best Supporting Actor; language-wise: 35 in Tamil, 7 in Telugu, 5 in Hindi, 2 in Malayalam, 1 in Kannada.

Haasan is the only actor who has won Filmfare Awards across five different languages.<ref>{{cite web|title=Awards |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/awards/filmfare_award/index.html |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |accessdate=29 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110729134041/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/awards/filmfare_award/index.html |archivedate=29 July 2011 }}</ref><ref name="manorama"/>

He holds the record for the most Filmfare Awards for Best Actor – Tamil, with a total of 11 wins.

He also holds the record for the most Filmfare Award nominations for Best Actor – Tamil, with 35 nominations.

He holds the record for the most consecutive wins of the Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil, with 4 wins from 1975 to 1978.

He also holds the record for the most consecutive Filmfare Award nominations for Best Actor – Tamil, with 12 nominations from 1985 to 1996.

He remains the youngest nominee and winner of the Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Malayalam, winning at the age of 20.

He also remains the youngest nominee and winner of the Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil, winning at the age of 21.

Though Haasan wrote a letter to the organisation asking them to not give him any more awards after his win for ''[[Hey Ram]]'' (2000),<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-07 |title=Kamal Haasan Birthday: From Being the First Choice for Robot to Most Number of Filmfare Awards, Here Are Some Surprising Facts about the Actor |url=https://www.latestly.com/entertainment/south/kamal-haasan-birthday-from-being-the-first-choice-for-robot-to-most-number-of-filmfare-awards-here-are-some-surprising-facts-about-the-actor-1318834.html/ |website=LatestLY}}</ref> he won his 18th Filmfare Award for Best Actor for ''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]'' (2022),<ref>{{Cite web |title=68th Filmfare Awards South 2023 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2023/tamil/winners |website=Filmfare |access-date=15 August 2025 |archive-date=14 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214094228/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2023/tamil/winners |url-status=live }} </ref> and his 21st Filmfare Award overall for ''[[Amaran (2024 film)|Amaran]]'' (2024) as a producer.

{{sort under}}
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible sort-under-center" style="margin:1em auto; text-align: center;"
|+ Table
|-
! scope=col | Year
! scope=col | Film
! scope=col | Category
! scope=col | Outcome
! scope=col | Ref
|-
| 1974
| ''[[Kanyakumari (film)|Kanyakumari]]''
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Malayalam|Best Actor - Malayalam]]
| {{won}}
| <ref name="thaindian">{{cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/kamal-haasan-completes-50-glorious-years-of-filmdom_100231248.html|title=Kamal Haasan completes 50 glorious years of filmdom|work=Thaindian News|publisher=Thaindian Company Limited|date=12 August 2009|accessdate=9 June 2011}}</ref>
|-
| 1975
| ''[[Apoorva Raagangal]]''
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor - Tamil]]
| {{won}}
| <ref name ="toiff">[[#who's who|who's who]], p 234</ref>
|-
| 1976
| ''[[Oru Oodhappu Kan Simittugiradhu]]''
| Best Actor - Tamil
| {{won}}
| <ref name ="toiff"/>
|-
| 1977
| ''[[Avargal]]''
| Best Actor - Tamil
| {{nom}}
| <ref name ="toiff1">[[#who's who|who's who]], p 235</ref>
|-
| 1977
| ''[[16 Vayathinile]]''
| Best Actor - Tamil
| {{won}}
|
|-
| 1978
| ''[[Maro Charitra]]''
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor - Telugu]]
| {{nom}}
| <ref name="manorama"/>
|-
| 1978
| ''[[Ilamai Oonjal Aadukirathu]] ''
| Best Actor - Tamil
| {{nom}}
| <ref name ="toiff1"/>
|-
| 1978
| ''[[Sigappu Rojakkal]]''
| Best Actor - Tamil
| {{won}}
|
|-
| 1978
| ''[[Eeta]]''
| Best Actor - Malayalam
| {{won}}
| <ref name="manorama"/>
|-
| 1979
| ''[[Ninaithale Inikkum (1979 film)|Ninaithale Inikkum]]''
| Best Actor - Tamil
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| 1980
| ''[[Varumayin Niram Sivappu]]''
| Best Actor - Tamil
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| 1981
| ''[[Varumayin Niram Sivappu|Aakali Rajyam]]''
| Best Actor - Telugu
| {{won}}
| <ref name="manorama"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1981
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Raja Paarvai]]''
| Best Actor - Tamil
| {{won}}
| <ref name="thaindian"/>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film - Tamil]]
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| 1981
| ''[[Ek Duuje Ke Liye]]''
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor - Hindi]]
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Filmfare Award – 1981|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/awards/filmfare_award/year1981.html|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|accessdate=13 November 2011}}{{dead link|date=July 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|-
| 1982
| ''[[Vaazhvey Maayam]]''
| Best Actor - Tamil
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| 1982
| ''[[Moondram Pirai]]''
| Best Actor - Tamil
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| 1983
| ''[[Sagara Sangamam]]''
| Best Actor - Telugu
| {{won}}
| <ref name="manorama"/>
|-
| 1983
| ''[[Sadma]]''
| Best Actor - Hindi
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite news |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/367131.cms |title=The Nominations – 1983 |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=India |accessdate=10 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120708212739/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/367131.cms |archivedate=8 July 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| 1985
| ''[[Oru Kaidhiyin Diary]]''
| Best Actor - Tamil
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1985
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Saagar (film)|Saagar]]''
| Best Actor - Hindi
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite news |url = http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368580.cms |title = The Winners – 1986 |work = The Times of India |location = India |accessdate = 10 July 2011 |url-status = dead |archiveurl = https://archive.today/20130126163239/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368580.cms |archivedate = 26 January 2013}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor - Hindi]]
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite news |url = http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368577.cms |title = The Nominations – 1986 |work = The Times of India |location = India |accessdate = 10 July 2011 |url-status = dead |archiveurl = https://archive.today/20130126084639/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368577.cms |archivedate = 26 January 2013}}</ref>
|-
| 1986
| ''[[Swathi Muthyam]]''
| Best Actor - Telugu
| {{nom}}
| <ref name="manorama"/>
|-
| 1986
| ''[[Punnagai Mannan]]''
| Best Actor - Tamil
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| 1987
| ''[[Nayakan]]''
| Best Actor - Tamil
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| 1987
| ''[[Pushpaka Vimana (1987 film)|Pushpaka Vimana]]''
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada|Best Actor - Kannada]]
| {{won}}
| <ref name="50years">{{cite news |url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/Kamal-Haasan-celebrates-50-years-in-films/Article1-441822.aspx |title = Kamal Haasan celebrates 50 years in films! |work = The Hindustan Times |location = India |accessdate = 10 July 2011 |date = 10 August 2009 |url-status = dead |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20101201060109/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Kamal-Haasan-celebrates-50-years-in-films/Article1-441822.aspx |archivedate = 1 December 2010}}</ref>
|-
| 1988
| ''[[Sathyaa]]''
| Best Film - Tamil
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| 1988
| ''[[Unnal Mudiyum Thambi]]''
| Best Actor - Tamil
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1989
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Apoorva Sagodharargal (1989 film)|Apoorva Sagodharargal]]''
| Best Actor - Tamil
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| Best Film - Tamil
| {{won}}
| <ref name="manorama"/>
|-
| 1989
| ''[[Indrudu Chandrudu]]''
| Best Actor - Telugu
| {{won}}
| <ref name="manorama">{{cite web|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/advt/movie/kamal_haasan_jubilee/aricle_06.htm|title=Kamal Haasan Jubilee Special|publisher=Manorama News|accessdate=13 June 2011}}</ref>
|-
| 1990
| ''[[Michael Madana Kama Rajan]]''
| Best Actor - Tamil
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| 1991
| ''[[Gunaa]]''
| Best Actor - Tamil
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/39thAnnualFilmfareTamilBestActorActress |title=39th Annual Filmfare Tamil Best Actor Actress |accessdate=2017-02-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170208070857/https://archive.org/details/39thAnnualFilmfareTamilBestActorActress |archivedate= 8 February 2017 |date=8 February 2017 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1992
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Thevar Magan]]''
| Best Actor - Tamil
| {{won}}
| <ref name="manorama"/>
|-
| Best Film - Tamil
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| 1993
| ''[[Kalaignan]]''
| Best Actor - Tamil
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| 1994
| ''[[Mahanadhi (1994 film)|Mahanadhi]]''
| Best Actor - Tamil
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| 1994
| ''[[Magalir Mattum (1994 film)|Magalir Mattum]]''
| Best Film - Tamil
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| 1995
| ''[[Sathi Leelavathi (1995 film)|Sathi Leelavathi]]''
| Best Film - Tamil
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| 1995
| ''[[Subha Sankalpam]]''
| Best Actor - Telugu
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| 1995
| ''[[Kuruthipunal (film)|Kuruthipunal]]''
| Best Actor - Tamil
| {{won}}
| <ref name="manorama"/>
|-
| 1996
| ''[[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]]''
| Best Actor - Tamil
| {{won}}
| <ref name="manorama"/>
|-
| 1996
| ''[[Avvai Shanmugi]]''
| Best Actor - Tamil
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| 1997
| ''[[Virasat (1997 film)|Virasat]]''
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Story|Best Story - Hindi]]
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite news |url = http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368661.cms |title = The Winners – 1997 |work = The Times of India |location = India |accessdate = 10 July 2011 |url-status = dead |archiveurl = https://archive.today/20120708052729/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368661.cms |archivedate = 8 July 2012}}</ref>
|-
| 1997
| ''[[Chachi 420]]''
| Best Actor - Hindi
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite news |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368659.cms |title=The Nominations – 1997 |work=The Times of India |location=India |accessdate=10 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120709173248/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368659.cms |archivedate=9 July 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2000
| rowspan="3" | ''[[Hey Ram]]''
| Best Actor - Tamil
| {{won}}
| <ref name="manorama"/>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director - Tamil]]
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| Best Film - Tamil
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Aalavandhan]]''
| Best Actor - Tamil
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite news |title=49th Annual Filmfare Awards – South |url=http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/south2001/kann_nom.html#ba |newspaper=The Times of India |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116125129/http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/south2001/kann_nom.html#ba |archivedate=16 January 2014|accessdate=23 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Panchatanthiram]]''
| Best Actor - Tamil
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Anbe Sivam]]''
| Best Actor - Tamil
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Vasool Raja MBBS]]''
| Best Actor - Tamil
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu]]''
| Best Actor - Tamil
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Dasavathaaram]]''
| Best Actor - Tamil
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite web|title=56th Idea Filmfare Awards Nominations |url=http://www.reachouthyderabad.com/news/Filmfare_awards.htm |publisher=reachouthyderabad |accessdate=5 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090731062736/http://www.reachouthyderabad.com/news/Filmfare_awards.htm |archivedate=31 July 2009}}</ref>
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Unnaipol Oruvan (2009 film)|Eenadu]]''
| Best Actor - Telugu
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite web|title=57th Filmfare Awards South 2010 – Telugu Nominees|url=http://www.cineherald.com/todaynews.php?id=1645|date=23 July 2010|publisher=cineherald|accessdate=5 August 2011}}</ref>
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Unnaipol Oruvan (2009 film)|Unnaipol Oruvan]]''
| Best Actor - Tamil
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Nominations of 57th South Filmfare Awards Announced|url=http://www.newkerala.com/news/fullnews-143572.html|work=newkerala|accessdate=5 August 2011}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2013
| rowspan="3" | ''[[Vishwaroopam]]''
| Best Actor - Tamil
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite web|title=61st Idea Filmfare Awards (South) Nomination list|url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/61st-idea-filmfare-awards-south-nomination-list-6638.html|website=filmfare.com|accessdate=13 July 2014|date=8 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
| Best Director - Tamil
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| Best Film - Tamil
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Papanasam (film)|Papanasam]]''
| Best Actor - Tamil
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Nominations for the 63rd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South)|url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13750.html|website=[[Filmfare]]|date=7 June 2016|accessdate=7 June 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2022
| rowspan="3" | ''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]''
| Best Actor - Tamil
| {{won}}
|
|-
| Best Film - Tamil
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Tamil|Best Playback Singer - Tamil]]
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Amaran (2024 film)|Amaran]]''
| Best Film - Tamil
| {{won}}
|
|}

=== [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]] ===
Awards for Tamil films, awarded by the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]. Haasan holds the record for the most Tamil Nadu State Film Awards, with a total of 11 wins. He also holds the record for the most Tamil Nadu State Film Awards for Best Actor, with a total of 8 wins.

{{sort under}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sort-under-center" style="margin:1em auto; text-align: center;"
|-
! scope=col | Year
! scope=col | Film
! scope=col | Category
! scope=col | Outcome
! scope=col | Ref
|-
| 1977
| ''[[16 Vayathinile]]''
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| {{won}}
| <ref name="Tnstate">[[#Anandan|Anandan]], pp. 7–16</ref>
|-
| 1980
| ''[[Varumayin Niram Sivappu]]''
| Best Actor
| {{won}}
| <ref name="Tnstate"/>
|-
| 1982
| ''[[Moondram Pirai]]''
| Best Actor
| {{won}}
| <ref name="Tnstate"/>
|-
| 1989
| ''[[Apoorva Sagodharargal (1989 film)|Apoorva Sagodharargal]]''
| Best Actor
| {{won}}
| <ref name="Tnstate"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1992
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Thevar Magan]]''
| Best Actor
| {{won}}
| <ref name="Tnstate"/>
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Best Feature Film (Second Prize)]]
| {{won}}
| <ref name="Tnstate"/>
|-
| 1996
| ''[[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]]''
| Best Actor
| {{won}}
| <ref name="Tnstate"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/1996awards.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19990203152338/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/1996awards.htm |archivedate=3 February 1999|title=1996 CINEMA STATE AWARDS|work=Dinakaran|date=3 February 1999|accessdate=11 June 2011}}</ref>
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu]]''
| Best Actor
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/07/stories/2007090761270800.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015143636/http://hindu.com/2007/09/07/stories/2007090761270800.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 October 2007|title=Film awards announced; Rajini, Kamal chosen best actors|accessdate=10 July 2011|date=7 September 2007|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref>
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Dasavathaaram]]''
| Best Actor
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/09/29/stories/2009092950250100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001173907/http://www.hindu.com/2009/09/29/stories/2009092950250100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 October 2009|title=Front Page : Rajini, Kamal win best actor awards|date=29 September 2009|accessdate=11 June 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref>
|-
| 1989
| colspan="2" | [[Tamil Nadu State Film Honorary Award#M.G.R. Award|MGR Award]] for Contributions to the development of Tamil cinema
| {{won}}
|
|-
| 1999
| colspan="2" | [[Tamil Nadu State Film Honorary Award#Sivaji Ganesan Award|Sivaji Ganesan Award]] for Contributions to the development of Tamil cinema
| {{won}}
|
|}

=== [[Nandi Awards]] ===
Awards for Telugu films, awarded by the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/58177.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629235230/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/58177.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 June 2010|title=Retrospective of Kamal films by I&B ministry – Tamil Movie News|website=IndiaGlitz|accessdate=12 June 2011}}</ref>

{{sort under}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sort-under-center" style="margin:1em auto; text-align: center;"
|-
! scope=col | Year
! scope=col | Film
! scope=col | Category
! scope=col | Outcome
! scope=col | Ref
|-
| 1983
| ''[[Sagara Sangamam]]''
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | [[Nandi Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| {{won}}
| <ref name="manorama"/>
|-
| 1986
| ''[[Swathi Muthyam]]''
| Best Actor
| {{won}}
| <ref name="manorama"/>
|-
| 1989
| ''[[Indrudu Chandrudu]]''
| Best Actor
| {{won}}
| <ref name="manorama"/>
|-
| 2014
| colspan="2" | [[NTR National Award]] for Lifetime achievements and contributions to Indian cinema
| {{won}}
|
|-
| 2026
| colspan="2" | [[P. Jairaj|Paidipati Jairaj Award]] for Outstanding contributions to the growth and development of Indian cinema
| {{won}}
| {{efn|given as [[Telangana Gaddar Film Awards]] from 2025 by the [[Government of Telangana]]}}
|}

=== [[South Indian International Movie Awards]] ===
Awards for South Indian films.

{{sort under}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sort-under-center" style="margin:1em auto; text-align: center;"
|-
! scope=col | Year
! scope=col | Film
! scope=col | Category
! scope=col | Outcome
! scope=col | Ref
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2013
| rowspan="3" | ''[[Vishwaroopam]]''
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | [[SIIMA Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor - Tamil]]
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| Best Director - Tamil
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| Best Film - Tamil
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2022
| rowspan="3" | ''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]''
| Best Actor - Tamil
| {{won}}
|
|-
| Best Film - Tamil
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| Best Playback Singer - Tamil
| {{won}}
|
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Kalki 2898 AD]]''
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role – Telugu|Best Actor in a Negative Role - Telugu]]
| {{won}}
|
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Amaran (2024 film)|Amaran]]''
| Best Film - Tamil
| {{won}}
|
|-
| 2022
| colspan="2" | Original Pan-India Superstar (Special Award)
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://newsdailyindia.com/siima-awards-2022-kamal-haasan-receives-the-original-pan-india-star-award-heres-the-actors-all-time-favorite-movies/ |title=Siima Awards 2022 Kamal Haasan Receives The Original Pan India Star Award Heres The Actors All Time Favorite Movies |date=11 April 2023}}</ref>
|}

=== [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]] ===
{{sort under}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sort-under-center" style="margin:1em auto; text-align: center;"
|-
! scope=col | Year
! scope=col | Film
! scope=col | Category
! scope=col | Outcome
! scope=col | Ref
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2008
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Dasavathaaram]]''
| Best Actor
| {{won}}
|
|-
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | Best Screenplay
| {{won}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2022
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]''
| Best Actor
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/01/29/stories/2010012951110400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110000000/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/01/29/stories/2010012951110400.htm
|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 November 2012|title=Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards 2022|date=29 March 2023|accessdate=29 March 2023|work=[[exchange4media.com/]]|location=Chennai, India}} [https://www.exchange4media.com/industry-briefing-news/ananda-vikatan-cinema-awards-2020-21-2022-is-back-126297.html Alt URL]</ref>
|-
| Best Crew
| {{won}}
|
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Meiyazhagan]]''
| Best Playback Singer
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Amaran (2024 film)|Amaran]]''
| Best Movie
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| 2016
| colspan="2" | S. S. Vasan Award (for Lifetime Achievements)
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vikatan.com/news/english/78546-ananda-vikatan-cinema-awards---2016.html |title=Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards – 2016 |work=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |date=24 January 2017 |accessdate=15 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vikatan.com/news/album/general/6468-192762-ananda-vikatan-awards-2016.album |title=Ananda Vikatan Awards 2016 ஆனந்த விகடன் விருதுகள் 2016 |website=www.vikatan.com |date=13 January 2017 |accessdate=17 January 2017 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118053113/http://www.vikatan.com/news/album/general/6468-192762-ananda-vikatan-awards-2016.album |archivedate=18 January 2017 }}</ref>
|}

=== [[Vijay Awards]] ===

{{sort under}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sort-under-center" style="margin:1em auto; text-align: center;"
|-
! scope=col | Year
! scope=col | Film
! scope=col | Category
! scope=col | Outcome
! scope=col | Ref
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2008
| rowspan="6" | ''[[Dasavathaaram]]''
| [[Vijay Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/10/31/stories/2003103101460500.htm |title=ITFA ceremony in Malaysia |date=31 October 2003 |accessdate=3 July 2011 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607070328/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/10/31/stories/2003103101460500.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archivedate= 7 June 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Best Comedian|Best Comedian]]
| {{won}}
| <ref name=vijayawards/>
|-
| Best Dialogue Writer
| {{won}}
|
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Best Story, Screenplay Writer|Best Story, Screenplay Writer]]
| {{won}}
| <ref name=vijayawards/>
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Best Villain|Best Villain]]
| {{won}}
| <ref name=vijayawards>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/Kamal-Haasan-wins-big-at-Vijay-Awards-imagegallery-kollywood-jgrmRffhdab.html?html=5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021183025/http://www.sify.com/movies/Kamal-Haasan-wins-big-at-Vijay-Awards-imagegallery-kollywood-jgrmRffhdab.html?html=5|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 October 2012|title=Kamal Haasan wins big at Vijay Awards|website=[[Sify]]|accessdate=11 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Favourite Hero|Favourite Hero]]
| {{won}}
| <ref name=vijayawards/>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2009
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Unnaipol Oruvan (2009 film)|Unnaipol Oruvan]]''
| Best Actor
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| Favourite Hero
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Manmadan Ambu]]''
| Favourite Hero
| {{nom}}
| <ref name=vijayawards/>
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2013
| rowspan="6" | ''[[Vishwaroopam]]''
| Best Actor
| {{won}}
| <ref name=vijayawards/>
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Playback Singer]]
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | [[Vijay Award for Favourite Director|Favourite Director]]
| {{won}}
| <ref name=vijayawards/>
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Favourite Film|Favourite Film]]
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| Favourite Hero
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| 2006
| colspan="2" | [[Chevalier Sivaji Ganesan Award for Excellence in Indian Cinema|Chevalier Sivaji Ganesan Award]] (for Excellence in Cinema)
| {{won}}
| <ref name="auto">{{cite news|title=A star-studded awards ceremony|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/26/stories/2006122617590200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103203426/http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/26/stories/2006122617590200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2007|accessdate=23 July 2011|date=26 December 2006|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref>
|}

=== [[Vijay Music Awards]] ===

{{sort under}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sort-under-center" style="margin:1em auto; text-align: center;"
|-
! scope=col | Year
! scope=col | Film
! scope=col | Category
! scope=col | Outcome
! scope=col | Ref
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Manmadan Ambu]]''
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | Best Lyricist
| {{won}}
|
|-
| Best Song sung by an Actor
| {{won}}
|
|}

=== [[Cinema Express Awards]] ===

{{sort under}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sort-under-center" style="margin:1em auto; text-align: center;"
|-
! scope=col | Year
! scope=col | Film
! scope=col | Category
! scope=col | Outcome
! scope=col | Ref
|-
| 1981
| ''[[Raja Paarvai]]''
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | [[Cinema Express Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor - Tamil]]
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/Storyold/112784/|title=Cinema Express awards presented |work=Indianexpress|date=1998-08-24 |accessdate=2011-07-14}}</ref>
|-
| 1982
| ''[[Moondram Pirai]]''
| Best Actor - Tamil
| {{won}}
|
|-
| 1986
| ''[[Swathi Muthyam]]''
| Best Actor - Telugu
| {{won}}
|
|-
| 1987
| ''[[Nayakan]]''
| Best Actor - Tamil
| {{won}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1989
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Apoorva Sagodharargal (1989 film)|Apoorva Sagodharargal]]''
| Best Actor - Tamil
| {{won}}
|
|-
| [[Cinema Express Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film - Tamil]]
| {{won}}
|
|-
| 1989
| ''[[Chanakyan]]''
| Best Actor - Malayalam
| {{won}}
|
|-
| 1990
| ''[[Michael Madana Kama Rajan]]''
| Best Actor - Tamil
| {{won}}
|
|-
| 1991
| ''[[Gunaa]]''
| Best Actor - Tamil (Special Award)
| {{won}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1992
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Thevar Magan]]''
| Best Actor - Tamil
| {{won}}
|
|-
| Best Film - Tamil
| {{won}}
|
|-
| 1995
| ''[[Kuruthipunal (film)|Kuruthipunal]]''
| Best Film - Tamil
| {{won}}
|
|-
| 1996
| ''[[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]]''
| Best Actor - Tamil
| {{won}}
|
|}

=== [[Zee Cine Awards]] ===

{{sort under}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sort-under-center" style="margin:1em auto; text-align: center;"
|-
! scope=col | Year
! scope=col | Film
! scope=col | Category
! scope=col | Outcome
! scope=col | Ref
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1997
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Chachi 420]]''
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Male|Best Actor]]
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.zeecineawards.com/aboutus/ |title = About Award |publisher = Zee Cine Awards |accessdate = 9 July 2011 |url-status = dead |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110703001127/http://www.zeecineawards.com/aboutus/ |archivedate = 3 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Comic Role|Best Actor in a Comic Role]]
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.myasia-bollywood.com/awards/zeecine1998.asp|title=1st Zee Cine Awards – 1998|publisher=Myasia Bollywood|accessdate=12 June 2011}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| colspan="2" | Pride of Indian Cinema (Special Award)
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite news|title=Zee Cine Awards Tamil 2020: The Complete Winners List|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/zee-cine-awards-tamil-2020-winners-list-dhanush-kamal-haasan-samantha-akkineni-nayanthara-6200402/|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=5 January 2020|location=Chennai, India}}</ref>
|}

=== [[Screen Awards]] ===

{{sort under}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sort-under-center" style="margin:1em auto; text-align: center;"
|-
! scope=col | Year
! scope=col | Film
! scope=col | Category
! scope=col | Outcome
! scope=col | Ref
|-
| 1997
| ''[[Virasat (1997 film)|Virasat]]''
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | [[Screen Award for Best Story|Best Story]]
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.screenindia.com/jan23/films1.htm |title = Screen Awards |work = Screen India |accessdate = 13 November 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040917054913/http://www.screenindia.com/jan23/films1.htm |archive-date = 17 September 2004 |url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/screenawards/award97.html|title=8th Annual Asian Paints Star Screen Weekly Awards|work=Screen India|accessdate=12 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110111010404/http://www.screenindia.com/old/screenawards/award97.html|archive-date=11 January 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|}

=== [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]] ===

{{sort under}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sort-under-center" style="margin:1em auto; text-align: center;"
|-
! scope=col | Year
! scope=col | Film
! scope=col | Category
! scope=col | Outcome
! scope=col | Ref
|-
| 1985
| ''[[Saagar (film)|Saagar]]''
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Supporting Actor Award|Best Supporting Actor - Hindi]]
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web| title = BJFA Awards - Official Listings, 1938 onwards| publisher = Bengal Film Journalists' Association| url = http://www.bfjaaward.com/award-winners.php| url-status = dead| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20141112143810/http://www.bfjaaward.com/award-winners.php| archivedate = 2014-11-12}}</ref>
|-
| 2000
| ''[[Hey Ram]]''
| [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Most Outstanding Work of the Year Award|Most Outstanding Work of the Year]]
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bfjaawards.com/awards/winlist/winlist01.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408132650/http://www.bfjaawards.com/awards/winlist/winlist01.htm|url-status = dead |title=69th & 70th Annual Hero Honda BFJA Awards 2007|archivedate=8 April 2008}}</ref>
|}

=== Other Film Awards ===

==== V Shantaram Awards ====
Also called Rajkamal Academy of Cinematic Excellence National Awards.

{{sort under}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sort-under-center" style="margin:1em auto; text-align: center;"
|-
! scope=col | Year
! scope=col | Film
! scope=col | Category
! scope=col | Outcome
! scope=col | Ref
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Pammal K. Sambandam]]''
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | Best Actor - Tamil
| {{won}}
|
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Dasavathaaram]]''
| Best Actor
| {{nom}}
|
|}

==== Behindwoods Gold Medals ====

{{sort under}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sort-under-center" style="margin:1em auto; text-align: center;"
|-
! scope=col | Year
! scope=col | Film
! scope=col | Category
! scope=col | Outcome
! scope=col | Ref
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Vishwaroopam]]''
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | Legendary Performance
| {{won}}
| {{efn|Legendary Performance as Actor, Director, Writer, Producer and Singer}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/gold-medals-2013/|title=BehindWoods Awards;– 2013|website=Behindwoods|accessdate=2 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Uttama Villain]]''
| Best Song Choreographer
| {{won}}
|
|-
| 2015
| colspan="2" | K Balachander Gold Medal (for Excellence in Indian cinema)
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=nrqHKtJ9GXY |title = K.Balachandher Gold Medal for Excellence in Indian Cinema - Kamal Haasan|website = [[YouTube]]| date=17 August 2015 }}</ref>
|}

==== MGR-SIVAJI Academy Awards ====

{{sort under}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sort-under-center" style="margin:1em auto; text-align: center;"
|-
! scope=col | Year
! scope=col | Film
! scope=col | Category
! scope=col | Outcome
! scope=col | Ref
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Uttama Villain]]''
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | Best Actor
| {{won}}
|
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Papanasam (film)|Papanasam]]''
| Best Actor
| {{won}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Thoongaa Vanam]]''
| Best Actor
| {{won}}
|
|-
| Best Film
| {{won}}
|
|}

==== Southern India Cinematographers Association Awards ====

{{sort under}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sort-under-center" style="margin:1em auto; text-align: center;"
|-
! scope=col | Year
! scope=col | Film
! scope=col | Category
! scope=col | Outcome
! scope=col | Ref
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Anbe Sivam]]''
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | Best Actor
| {{won}}
|
|-
| 2015
| colspan="2" | Lifetime Achievement Award
| {{won}}
|
|}

==== Film Fans' Association Awards ====

{{sort under}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sort-under-center" style="margin:1em auto; text-align: center;"
|-
! scope=col | Year
! scope=col | Film
! scope=col | Category
! scope=col | Outcome
! scope=col | Ref
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu]]''
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | Best Actor
| {{won}}
|
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Dasavathaaram]]''
| Best Actor
| {{won}}
|
|}

* In 2000, the [[Government of West Bengal]] felicitated Haasan for his film [[Hey Ram]], which was also screened during a function organised by the West Bengal Sports Council at the [[Netaji Indoor Stadium]], [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/29-12-00/state.htm |title=Tamilnadu Government Announces Cinema State Awards −1999|publisher=[[Dinakaran]]|accessdate=2009-10-20 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20010210034542/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/29-12-00/state.htm |archivedate = 2001-02-10}}</ref><ref name="Honoured for Hey Ram">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/honour-for-ram-search-for-water/cid/903502|title=Honour for Ram, Search for Water|work=The Telegraphindia.com|location=India|accessdate=24 November 2019 |date=25 February 2000}}</ref>

* Haasan received a "tribute memento" from the Embassy of France in India, for shooting the film [[Manmadan Ambu]] (2010) in France.

=== Film Festival Awards ===

==== [[Bucheon International Fantastic Film Festival]] ====

{{sort under}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sort-under-center" style="margin:1em auto; text-align: center;"
|-
! scope=col | Year
! scope=col | Film
! scope=col | Category
! scope=col | Outcome
! scope=col | Ref
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Virumaandi]]''
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | Best Asian Film
| {{won}}
|
|}

The European jury of eminent filmmakers said, "[[Virumaandi]] successfully manages to combine social and political drama, romance, humour, musical and spectacular action in one story of epic proportions. All the more impressive is the fact that it has been written, produced and directed by one man who also plays the lead role. It is a film that should easily appeal to audiences from all over the world." [[:nl:Jan Doense|Jan Doense]], filmmaker and a member of the jury gave the Best Asian Film Award to Kamal Haasan and said, "Astounding", even as he appreciated the ethnicity of the film.<ref name="accolade">{{cite news|url=http://hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/07/30/stories/2004073001610100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040921082749/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/07/30/stories/2004073001610100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 September 2004|title=Award, accolade and much more|date=30 July 2004|accessdate=22 January 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

==== [[Asia-Pacific Film Festival]] ====

{{sort under}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sort-under-center" style="margin:1em auto; text-align: center;"
|-
! scope=col | Year
! scope=col | Film
! scope=col | Category
! scope=col | Outcome
! scope=col | Ref
|-
| 1983
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | ''[[Sagara Sangamam]]''
| rowspan="2" | Best Actor
| {{won}}
|
|-
| 1986
| ''[[Swathi Muthyam]]''
| {{won}}
|
|}

==== [[International Film Festival Rotterdam]] ====

{{sort under}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sort-under-center" style="margin:1em auto; text-align: center;"
|-
! scope=col | Year
! scope=col | Film
! scope=col | Category
! scope=col | Outcome
! scope=col | Ref
|-
| 1987
| ''[[Nayakan]]''
| rowspan="6" | Filmmaker Focus
| {{won}}
|
|-
| 1987
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | ''[[Pushpaka Vimana (1987 film)|Pushpaka Vimana]]''
| {{won}}
|
|-
| 1992
| ''[[Thevar Magan]]''
| {{won}}
|
|-
| 1994
| ''[[Mahanadhi (1994 film)|Mahanadhi]]''
| {{won}}
|
|-
| 1995
| ''[[Kuruthipunal (film)|Kuruthipunal]]''
| {{won}}
|
|-
| 2000
| ''[[Hey Ram]]''
| {{won}}
|
|}

==== [[Los Angeles Independent Film Festival]] ====

{{sort under}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sort-under-center" style="margin:1em auto; text-align: center;"
|-
! scope=col | Year
! scope=col | Film
! scope=col | Category
! scope=col | Outcome
! scope=col | Ref
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2015
| rowspan="4" | ''[[Uttama Villain]]''
| Best Actor
| {{won}}
| <ref name="KamalFilmFest">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kamal-haasans-uttama-villain-bags-awards-in-los-angeles-international-film-festival-awards-272851-2015-11-15|title=Kamal Haasan's Uttama Villain bags awards at Los Angeles Independent Film Festival|work=[[India Today]]|date=15 November 2015|access-date=27 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
| Best Original Song
| {{won}}
|
|-
| Best Picture
| {{won}}
|
|-
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | Best Produced Screenplay
| {{won}}
|
|}

==== Osaka Tamil International Film Festival ====

{{sort under}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sort-under-center" style="margin:1em auto; text-align: center;"
|-
! scope=col | Year
! scope=col | Film
! scope=col | Category
! scope=col | Outcome
! scope=col | Ref
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2022
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]''
| Best Actor
| {{won}}
|
|-
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | Best Tamil Film
| {{won}}
|
|}

==== [[Jagran Film Festival]] ====

Special Jury Award for raising the bar of mainstream Indian cinema to International level.

{{sort under}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sort-under-center" style="margin:1em auto; text-align: center;"
|-
! scope=col | Year
! scope=col | Film
! scope=col | Category
! scope=col | Outcome
! scope=col | Ref
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Vishwaroopam]]''
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | Special Jury Award
| {{won}}
| <ref name="accolade4">{{cite web |url=https://www.apnnews.com/manoj-kumar-gets-lifetime-achievement-at-4th-jagran-film-festival/amp/ |title=Manoj Kumar gets Lifetime Achievement at 4th Jagran Film Festival |accessdate=23 November 2019}}</ref>
|}

==== [[Chennai International Film Festival]] ====

{{sort under}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sort-under-center" style="margin:1em auto; text-align: center;"
|-
! scope=col | Year
! scope=col | Film
! scope=col | Category
! scope=col | Outcome
! scope=col | Ref
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Amaran (2024 film)|Amaran]]''
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | Best Tamil Film
| {{won}}
|
|}

==== [[International Film Festival of India]] ====

{{sort under}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sort-under-center" style="margin:1em auto; text-align: center;"
|-
! scope=col | Year
! scope=col | Film
! scope=col | Category
! scope=col | Outcome
! scope=col | Ref
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Amaran (2024 film)|Amaran]]''
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | Golden Peacock for Best Feature Film
| {{nom}}
|
|}

==== Habitat Film Festival ====

{{sort under}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sort-under-center" style="margin:1em auto; text-align: center;"
|-
! scope=col | Year
! scope=col | Film
! scope=col | Category
! scope=col | Outcome
! scope=col | Ref
|-
| 1981
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | ''[[Ek Duuje Ke Liye]]''
| rowspan="10" | Filmmaker Retrospective
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/supplements/habitat-film-festival-61784.html|title=Habitat Film Festival|website=The Statesman|date=6 May 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 1983
| ''[[Sadma]]''
| {{won}}
|
|-
| 1985
| ''[[Saagar (film)|Saagar]]''
| {{won}}
|
|-
| 1987
| ''[[Nayakan]]''
| {{won}}
|
|-
| 1991
| ''[[Gunaa]]''
| {{won}}
|
|-
| 1996
| ''[[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]]''
| {{won}}
|
|-
| 1997
| ''[[Chachi 420]]''
| {{won}}
|
|-
| 2000
| ''[[Hey Ram]]''
| {{won}}
|
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Virumaandi]]''
| {{won}}
|
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Vishwaroop]]''
| {{won}}
|
|}

==== Kamal Haasan Film Festival ====

The [[Directorate of Film Festivals]] organised a three-day "Kamal Haasan Film Festival" from 2 to 4 July 2010,<ref>{{cite web |title=Kamal Haasan film festival in New Delhi |url=https://www.chitramala.in/kamal-haasan-film-festival-in-new-delhi-120791.html |website=Chitramala |date=29 June 2010}}</ref> presided over by the [[Minister of Information and Broadcasting]] of India, Smt. [[Ambika Soni]], and showcased seven of his best films, including [[Dasavathaaram]] (2008) in which he played ten distinct roles.<ref name=retro>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/03/stories/2010070364451600.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706070600/http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/03/stories/2010070364451600.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 July 2010|title=Retrospective of Kamal Haasan films opens|last=Tankha|first=Madhur|location=India|accessdate=10 July 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=3 July 2011}}</ref>

{{sort under}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sort-under-center" style="margin:1em auto; text-align: center;"
|-
! scope=col | Year
! scope=col | Film
! scope=col | Category
! scope=col | Outcome
! scope=col | Ref
|-
| 1983
| style="white-space: nowrap;" | ''[[Sagara Sangamam]]''
| rowspan="7" | Filmmaker Retrospective
| {{won}}
|
|-
| 1987
| ''[[Nayakan]]''
| {{won}}
|
|-
| 1992
| ''[[Thevar Magan]]''
| {{won}}
|
|-
| 2000
| ''[[Hey Ram]]''
| {{won}}
|
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Anbe Sivam]]''
| {{won}}
|
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Virumaandi]]''
| {{won}}
|
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Dasavathaaram]]''
| {{won}}
|
|}

== Other Honours ==
Haasan is distinguished for starring in the highest number of films submitted by India for [[Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|Best International Feature Film]] at the [[Academy Awards]], with seven films including [[Hey Ram]] (2000) which he directed: {{bulleted list |[[Saagar (film)|Saagar]] (1985) |[[Swathi Muthyam]] (1986) |[[Nayakan]] (1987) |[[Thevar Magan]] (1992) |[[Kuruthipunal (film)|Kuruthipunal]] (1995) |[[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]] (1996) |[[Hey Ram]] (2000)}}

[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh giving away the Special Achievement award to veteran actor Kamal Haasan, at the CNN-IBN Indian of the Year Awards 2009 ceremony, in New Delhi on December 21, 2009.jpg|thumb|The [[Prime Minister of India]], Shri [[Manmohan Singh]] presenting the [[CNN-News18 Indian of the Year#Special awards|CNN-IBN Indian of the Year Special Award]] to Shri Kamal Haasan, for completing 50 years in cinema, in [[New Delhi]] on December 21, 2009]]

* Haasan was conferred two [[Honorary Doctorates]], one by [[Sathyabama University]] in 2005,<ref name="Dr Kamal">{{cite web|year=2005 |title=Dr Kamal Haasan! |publisher=[[Rediff.com|Rediff]] News |accessdate=17 January 2011 |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/jan/24spice.htm |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514065835/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/jan/24spice.htm |archivedate=14 May 2011 }}</ref> one by [[Centurion University]] in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/maiamofficial/status/1196701897463197696 |title=MNM party President Mr @ikamalhaasan received an Honorary Doctorate from Odisha Chief Minister Mr. Naveen Patnaik at Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha. #MakkalNeedhiMaiam |accessdate=26 November 2019}}</ref>
* Haasan received the [[CNN-News18 Indian of the Year#Special awards|CNN-IBN Indian of the Year Special Award]], from the [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Manmohan Singh]], for completing 50 years in cinema in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/agency/CNN-IBN.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401122719/http://ibnlive.in.com/agency/CNN-IBN.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 April 2010|title=CNN-IBN|publisher=CNN-IBN|accessdate=12 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/videos/100131/many-faces-one-man-kamal-haasans-50-years-in-cinema.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831135523/http://ibnlive.in.com/videos/100131/many-faces-one-man-kamal-haasans-50-years-in-cinema.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 August 2009|title=Kamal Haasan completes 50 years in cinema|publisher=CNN-IBN|accessdate=12 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.indianoftheyear.com/index09.php |title = CNN-IBN Indian of the Year 2009: An honour that inspires: The Greats |work = CNN-IBN |publisher = Global Broadcast News Ltd |accessdate = 11 June 2011 |url-status = dead |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20111130205158/http://www.indianoftheyear.com/index09.php |archivedate = 30 November 2011}}</ref>
* Haasan was appointed an ambassador by the [[United Nations]] in 2007, for its joint campaign with the Tamil Nadu State AIDS Control Society to protect the rights of people living with [[HIV]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/watch-kamal-haasan-gets-a-whopping-rs-10-crore-for-his-first-ever-commercial/|title=Watch: Kamal Haasan gets a whopping Rs 10 crore for his first ever commercial|date=5 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-kamal-haasan-donates-brand-endorsement-salary-of-rs-16-crore-to-help-hiv-affected-children-2130919|title=Kamal Haasan donates brand endorsement salary of Rs 16 crore to help HIV-affected children|author=|date=2 October 2015|website=DNA India}}</ref>
* Haasan was ranked the 2nd biggest and most famous Indian actor of all time by the British magazine [[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]] in 2025.
* Haasan was awarded the [[:fr:Prix Henri-Langlois|Henri Langlois Prize]] in 2016, a French honour, for his contributions to international cinema.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gettyimages.in/detail/news-photo/prix-henri-langlois-2016-awarded-director-actor-kamal-news-photo/518301912|title=Prix Henri Langlois 2016 awarded director/actor Kamal Haasan attends...|website=Getty Images|date=31 March 2016 }}</ref>
* Haasan's portrayal of an innocent man, scammed and imprisoned, in [[Mahanadhi (1994 film)|Mahanadhi]] (1994), was selected by [[Forbes India]] as one of the 25 greatest acting performances of Indian cinema.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.forbesindia.com/article/100-years-of-indian-cinema/25-greatest-acting-performances-of-indian-cinema/35125/0|title=25 Greatest Acting Performances of Indian Cinema|website=Forbesindia.com|date=27 April 2013}}</ref>
* [[Nayakan]] (1987) was chosen as one of the 100 greatest films of all time by the American magazine [[Time (magazine)|TIME]].
* [[Anbe Sivam]] (2003) was selected as one of the 25 best Indian movies of the 21st century by [[The Hollywood Reporter India]].
* Haasan was invited by the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] in 2025 to become a member of its Actors Branch, for being an "exceptionally talented individual having made indelible contributions to global filmmaking community."
* Haasan received the first Golden Beaver Award for "transforming cinema — bridging cultures, breaking barriers, and inspiring audiences worldwide" at the Indian Film Festival of Alberta, Canada (2025).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-06 |title=Kamal Haasan receives Golden Beaver Award at Indian Film Festival of Alberta |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/06/kamal-haasan-receives-golden-beaver-award-at-indian-film-festival-of-alberta |website=Cinema Express}}</ref>
* [[Nayakan]] (1987) was ranked the 45th best Bollywood movie by the British magazine [[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-04 |title=The 100 best Bollywood movies |url=https://www.timeout.com/film/the-100-best-bollywood-movies-the-list |website=TimeOut}}</ref>
* [[Nayakan]] (1987) was ranked the 13th greatest Indian film by [[NDTV]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's 20 greatest films |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/PhotoDetail.aspx?Page=13&ID=1124#talk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226003641/http://movies.ndtv.com/PhotoDetail.aspx?Page=13&ID=1124#talk |archive-date=26 February 2012 |access-date=5 April 2013 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>
* Haasan was one of 20 Indian cinematic icons, whose extraordinary achievements were acknowledged in the 24th edition of the [[Limca Book of Records]] (2013).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.coca-colaindia.com/newsroom/limca-book-records-celebrates-100-years-indian-cinema|title=Limca Book of Records Celebrates 100 Years of Indian Cinema|website=The Coca-Cola Company|date=10 April 2013}}</ref>
* Haasan was the first Indian actor invited aboard an American ship, as a special friend of the [[United States]] in 2012.
* Haasan received the first [[Abraham Kovoor#Legacy|A. T. Kovoor National Award for the Secular Artist]] in 2005, in acknowledgment of his humanist and philanthropic activities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Abraham Kovoor|url=http://www.thoughtnaction.co.in/abraham-kovoor/|publisher=Thoughtnaction|accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref>
* [[Nayakan]] (1987) was ranked the 82nd greatest film of all time by the American magazine [[The Moving Arts Film Journal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.themovingarts.com/100-greatest-movies-of-all-time/|title=The 100 Greatest Movies of All Time|author=Eric M. Armstrong|publisher=themovingarts.com|accessdate=16 March 2011|url-status=usurped|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106083521/http://www.themovingarts.com/100-greatest-movies-of-all-time/|archivedate=6 January 2011}}</ref>
* Haasan was named as one of the 50 most powerful Indians by [[India Today]] magazine in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=50 power people, Presenting the definitive list of India's 50 most powerful. |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20170424-india-today-top-50-powerful-indians-mukesh-ambani-ratan-tata-kumar-mangalam-birla-gautam-adani-anand-mahindra-srk-amitabh-bacchan-986203-2017-04-14 |website=India Today |language=en |date=14 April 2017}}</ref>
* Haasan became the first South Indian actor to speak at the [[Harvard University]], United States in 2016.
* Haasan was awarded the Mirchi Music Special Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music (2014).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=DIlY7MqrW6o |title = Mirchi music awards - Kamal haasan|website = [[YouTube]]| date=6 September 2015 }}</ref>
* Haasan was honoured with the Maestro Award for lifetime achievement by [[Whistling Woods International]] in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=2336477936388920&id=453593368010729 |title=MNMConnect |website=[[Facebook]] |accessdate=23 November 2019}}</ref>
* Haasan received the Living Legend Award from the [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry]] in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ficci.com/ficci-in-news-page.asp?nid=3582|title=Southern Films Eye Malaysia|work=[[FICCI]]|publisher=Information and Business promotion services of FICCI|date=22 January 2010|accessdate=12 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927100543/http://www.ficci.com/ficci-in-news-page.asp?nid=3582|archive-date=27 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/a-r-rahman-is-indian-of-the-year-2009-news-bollywood-kkfrhyaadab.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101118201126/http://sify.com/movies/a-r-rahman-is-indian-of-the-year-2009-news-bollywood-kkfrhyaadab.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 November 2010|title=A R Rahman is Indian of the Year 2009|website=[[Sify]]|date=22 December 2009|accessdate=12 June 2011}}</ref>
* On October 16, 1997, [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]] publicly launched Haasan's unfinished historical film ''[[Marudhanayagam]]''.

Seven films, starring Haasan, were selected as among the 100 greatest Indian films of all time by [[CNN-News18]]:<ref name="News18">{{Cite web |date=17 April 2013 |title=100 Years of Indian Cinema: The 100 greatest Indian films of all time |url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/100-years-of-indian-cinema-the-100-greatest-indian-films-of-all-time-903065.html |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> {{bulleted list |[[Ek Duuje Ke Liye]] (1981) |[[Pushpaka Vimana (1987 film)|Pushpaka Vimana]] (1987) |[[Sagara Sangamam]] (1983) |[[Maro Charitra]] (1978) |[[Nayakan]] (1987) |[[Aval Appadithan]] (1978) |[[16 Vayathinile]] (1977)}}

===Asianet Film Awards===
The [[Asianet Film Awards]] are presented by [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]], a [[Malayalam]] language television channel in the Indian state of [[Kerala]]. The award ceremony has been held annually since 1998.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/asianet-awards-announced-news-malayalam-lbdkXofjecg.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106151340/http://www.sify.com/movies/asianet-awards-announced-news-malayalam-lbdkXofjecg.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 January 2011|title=Asianet awards announced|website=[[Sify]]|accessdate=12 July 2011}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%| Year
! style="width:40%;"| Artist
! style="width:40%;"| Category
! style="width:10%;"| Outcome
! style="width:5%;"| Ref
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2009
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | Kamal Haasan
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Asianet Film Awards#Honour Special Jury Award|Special Jury Award]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/01/29/stories/2010012951110400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110053402/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/01/29/stories/2010012951110400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 November 2012|title=A star-studded evening|date=29 January 2010|accessdate=10 July 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2012
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[Asianet Film Awards#Guest of Honour Award|Popular Tamil Actor]]
| {{won}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2013
| {{won}}
|
|}

===Kerala Film Critics Association Awards===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%| Year
! style="width:30%;"| Film
! style="width:30%;"| Language
! style="width:20%;"| Category
! style="width:10%;"| Outcome
! style="width:5%;"| Ref
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award|2022]]
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Contribution For Film Industry''
| style="text-align:center;"|Tamil
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Ruby Jubilee Award]]
| {{won}}
|<ref name="30th National Film Awards">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm30thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=30NFA.pdf|title=30th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|accessdate=9 June 2011}}</ref>
|
|}

===IIFA Awards ( International Indian Film Academy Awards)===
Outstanding Achievement in Indian Cinema

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%| Year
! style="width:30%;"| Category
! style="width:20%;"| Outcome
! style="width:5%;" | Ref
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2022
| style="text-align:center;"| Outstanding Achievement in Indian Cinema
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/film-tv/2023/05/27/winners-at-iifa-awards-2023-in-abu-dhabi/|publisher= The National News |date=27 May 2023|access-date=27 May 2023 |title= All the winners at the IIFA Awards 2023 in Abu Dhabi }}</ref>
|}

=== Soman Lifetime Achievement Award===
Kamal Haasan was awarded the Soman Lifetime Achievement Award by the M. G. Soman Foundation for his cinema and philanthropic activities.

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%| Year
! style="width:45%;"| Award
! style="width:35%;"| Honouring body
! style="width:10%;"| Outcome
! style="width:5%;"| Ref
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2022
| style="text-align:center;" | Soman Lifetime Achievement Award
| style="text-align:center;" | M. G. Soman Foundation
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Abraham Kovoor|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=22 November 2022 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/remembering-mg-soman-on-his-25th-death-anniversary/article66169720.ece |last1=Hiran |first1=U. }}</ref>
|}

===Tamil Chamber of Commerce===
On 2 August 2014, actor Kamal Haasan was presented with Lifetime Achievement Award by Chief guest Governor [[Konijeti Rosaiah|Dr. K. Rosaiah]] at a function organised by Tamil Chamber of Commerce as part of its 70th anniversary celebrations.

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%| Year
! style="width:45%;"| Award
! style="width:35%;"| Honouring body
! style="width:10%;"| Outcome
! style="width:5%;"| Ref
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2014
| style="text-align:center;" | Lifetime Achievement Award
| style="text-align:center;" | The Tamil Chamber of Commerce
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=Ren4sN_C_LA |title = Kamal Haasan receives Life time Achievement Award – Governor K .Rosaiah|website = [[YouTube]]| date=12 August 2014 }}</ref>
|}

===Hindustan Times===
Kamal Haasan was presented with Hall of Fame award by [[Hindustan Times]] at HT India's Most Stylish Awards 2013.

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%| Year
! style="width:45%;"| Award
! style="width:35%;"| Honouring body
! style="width:10%;"| Outcome
! style="width:5%;"| Ref
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2013
| style="text-align:center;" | Hall of Fame
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Hindustan Times]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/kamal-haasan-sridevi-have-a-sadma-reunion-at-ht-most-stylish-awards-2018-see-pics/story-5ugNxqsY6D1zqkgi0ZGPTJ.html |title = Kamal Haasan, Sridevi have a Sadma reunion at HT India's Most Stylish Awards 2018.|date = 25 January 2018}}</ref>
|}

===Puthiya Thalaimurai TV===
Kamal Haasan was presented with Lifetime Achievement Award by [[Puthiya Thalaimurai TV]] at Puthiya Thalaimurai Tamizhan Award function in 2013.

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%| Year
! style="width:45%;"| Award
! style="width:35%;"| Honouring body
! style="width:10%;"| Outcome
! style="width:5%;"| Ref
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2013
| style="text-align:center;" | Lifetime Achievement Award
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Puthiya Thalaimurai TV]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.behindwoods.com/new-images/photo-galleries-q1-09/tamil-photo-gallery/puthiya-thalaimurai-thamizhan-awards-2013/01-puthiya-thalaimurai-thamizhan-awards-2013-kamal.html |title = PUTHIYA THALAIMURAI THAMIZHAN AWARDS 2013}}</ref>
|}

===Outlook Social Media Awards===
Kamal Haasan was presented with Man of the year 2018 by Outlook Social Media Groups.

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%| Year
! style="width:45%;"| Award
! style="width:35%;"| Honouring body
! style="width:10%;"| Outcome
! style="width:5%;"| Ref
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2018
| style="text-align:center;" | Supernova of the year
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/amp/osm-2018/300097 |title=OSM 2018 |accessdate=23 November 2019}}</ref>
|}

=== Viswa Kala Bharathi Award ===
Kamal Haasan was presented with Viswa Kala Bharathi Excellence Dance in Tamil Cinama 2009 by Bharat Kalachar, Chennai.

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%| Year
! style="width:30%;"| Award
! style="width:20%;"| Honouring body
! style="width:20%;"| Outcome
! style="width:5%;" | Ref
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2009
| style="text-align:center;"| Viswa Kala Bharathi
| style="text-align:center;"| The Bharat Kalachar
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Bharat-Kalachar-awardees-include-Kamal-T.V.-Sankaranarayanan/article12869245.ece |title=Bharat Kalachar awardees include Kamal, T.V. Sankaranarayanan |newspaper=The Hindu |date=10 September 2009 |accessdate=23 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/kamal-is-viswa-kala-bharathi-tamilfont-news-52559 |title=Kamal is 'Viswa Kala Bharathi' |date=12 December 2009 |accessdate=23 November 2019}}</ref>
|}

=== Eenam Swaralaya Awards ===
Kamal Haasan was presented with Eenam Swaralaya Bharat Murali Award in 2016 by Eenam Swaralaya International Cultural Organization, Kerala.

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%| Year
! style="width:30%;"| Award
! style="width:20%;"| Honouring body
! style="width:20%;"| Outcome
! style="width:5%;" | Ref
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2016
| style="text-align:center;"| Eenam Swaralaya Bharat Murali Award
| style="text-align:center;"| Eenam Swaralaya International Cultural Organization
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2016/jul/13/eenam-swaralaya-awards-kamal-haasan-honoured-for-contribution-to-cinema-880522.html|title=Eenam Swaralaya awards|date=13 July 2016 |access-date=13 July 2016}}</ref>
|}

=== Galatta Nakshatra Awards ===
Kamal Haasan receives Game Changer of the Year 2018 award.

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%| Year
! style="width:30%;"| Award
! style="width:20%;"| Honouring body
! style="width:20%;"| Outcome
! style="width:5%;" | Ref
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2018
| style="text-align:center;"| Game Changer of the Year
| style="text-align:center;"| Galatta Tamil
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=I5WfIc2475Q |title = KAMAL winning GAME CHANGER OF THE YEAR - Galatta Nakshatra Awards|website = [[YouTube]]}}</ref>
|}

=== Most Talented Hero Award (Since 1991 - 2005) ===
Kamal Haasan receives Most Talented Hero Award, India Today - Conducted Open Public Survey about Tamil Film Industries (1991-2005) at 2006 .

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%| Year
! style="width:30%;"| Award
! style="width:20%;"| Honouring body
! style="width:20%;"| Outcome
! style="width:5%;" | Ref
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 1991-2005
| style="text-align:center;"| Most Talented Hero Award
| style="text-align:center;"| [[India Today]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/25-12-2006|title=India Today Magazine Issue - Dated Dec 25, 2006|website=www.indiatoday.in|date=May 2017 }}</ref>
|}

=== BIG FM Tamil Entertainment Awards ===
Kamal Haasan was presented with Best Entertaining Bharatanatyam Dancer 2011 by [[BIG FM 92.7|BIG FM]].

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%| Year
! style="width:30%;"| Award
! style="width:20%;"| Honouring body
! style="width:20%;"| Outcome
! style="width:5%;" | Ref
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2011
| style="text-align:center;"| Best Entertaining Bharatanatyam Dancer
| style="text-align:center;"| [[BIG FM 92.7|BIG FM]]
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nettv4u.com/about/Tamil/awards/big-fm-tamil-entertainment-awards-2011 |title=Tamil Awards Big Fm Tamil Entertainment Awards 2011 |accessdate=23 November 2019}}</ref>
|}

===Contemporary Living Legend of Year 2007 Award===

A Mumbai based UFO Digital Cinema Company has selected Kamal haasan for the ''Contemporary Living Legend of Year 2007'' award.

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%| Year
! style="width:45%;"| Award
! style="width:35%;"| Honouring body
! style="width:10%;"| Outcome
! style="width:5%;"| Ref
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2007
| style="text-align:center;"| Contemporary living legend of year
| style="text-align:center;"| [[UFO Moviez|UFO Digital Cinema Company, Mumbai]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/a-rare-honour-for-kamal-hassan-tamil-_amp-news-29733|title=A RARE HONOUR FOR KAMAL HAASAN|work= Indiaglitz|date=8 March 2007|accessdate=9 December 2019}}</ref>
|}

===Rashtrabhushan Award===
Kamal Haasan was presented with Rashtrabhushan Award by [[FIE Foundation]].

The FIE Foundation is a charity trust (NGO) established in 1970, belongs to 'Fie Group of Industries' Ichalkaranji, in Maharashtra State of India. The awards are generally selected form the following fields,- Engineering, Science & Technology, Humanities, Education, Agriculture, Music & Arts, Sports, Literature, Child Artist and Local talents. The highest award conferred is 'Rashtrabhushan Awards'. The awards are given every year in a grand ceremony held in Ichalkaranji in January/February at the hands of eminent dignitaries.

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%| Year
! style="width:45%;"| Award
! style="width:35%;"| Honouring body
! style="width:10%;"| Outcome
! style="width:5%;"| Ref
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2007
| style="text-align:center;"| Rastrabhushan Award
| style="text-align:center;"| [[FIE Foundation]]
| {{won}}
| <ref name="Fie foundation Awards">{{cite web | url=http://www.fiefoundation.org/rashtrabhushan.htm | title=Fie foundation Awards | publisher=Fie foundation | date=2016 | accessdate=28 May 2016}}</ref>
|}

=== Rotary Club of Madras Award ===
Kamal Haasan was presented with Lifetime Achievement Award by Rotary Club of Madras.

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%| Year
! style="width:30%;"| Award
! style="width:20%;"| Honouring body
! style="width:20%;"| Outcome
! style="width:5%;" | Ref
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2009–10
| style="text-align:center;"| Lifetime Achievement Award
| style="text-align:center;"| Rotary Club of Madras
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gettyimages.in/detail/news-photo/actor-kamal-hassan-at-the-function-organized-by-the-rotary-news-photo/93202731 |title=Kamal Haasan Honoured in Chennai |date=19 November 2009 |accessdate=23 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/photo/kamal-hassan-honoured-in-chennai-362840-2009-11-17 |title=Kamal Haasan honoured in Chennai |date=17 November 2009 |accessdate=23 November 2019}}</ref>
|}

=== Shifa Al Jazeera Excellence Award ===
Kamal Haasan was presented with Shifa Al Jazeera Excellence Award by [[KT Rabeeullah|Shifa Al Jazeera Medical Group, Bahrain.]]

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%| Year
! style="width:30%;"| Award
! style="width:20%;"| Honouring body
! style="width:20%;"| Outcome
! style="width:5%;" | Ref
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2014
| style="text-align:center;"| Shifa Al Jazeera Excellence Award
| style="text-align:center;"| Shifa Al Jazeera Medical Group, Bahrain
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiansinkuwait.com/ShowArticle.aspx?ID=32416&SECTION=30 |title=Eshal Laila 2014 SHIFA AL JAZEERA Excellence Award- a Visual extravaganza at Abu Dhabi |accessdate=23 November 2019}}</ref>
|}

=== India Retail Excellence Awards ===
Kamal Haasan was presented with RAI Award at India Retail Excellence Awards, 2019 by Retailers Association of India.

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%| Year
! style="width:30%;"| Award
! style="width:20%;"| Honouring body
! style="width:20%;"| Outcome
! style="width:5%;" | Ref
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2019
| style="text-align:center;"| The Legend of Indian Cinema Award
| style="text-align:center;"| Retailers Association of India (RAI)
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://bollyy.com/kamal-haasan-felicitated-by-rai-2/ |title=KAMAL HAASAN FELICITATED BY RAI |date=14 August 2019 |accessdate=23 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dtnewsonline.com/5347/ |title=super achiever Kamal Haasan, veteran actor at India Retail Excellence Awards 2019 in Chennai|accessdate=26 November 2019}}</ref>
|}

===ATMA National Award (Tobacco Awareness)===
Kamal Haasan was presented with ATMA Award by Amrita Hospitals & Medical Group, India.

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%| Year
! style="width:30%;"| Ceremony
! style="width:20%;"| Category
! style="width:20%;"| Outcome
! style="width:5%;" | Ref
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2003
| style="text-align:center;"| Amrita Hospitals & Medical Group, India
| style="text-align:center;"| ATMA Award
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.amritahospitals.org/Events/World-No-Tobacco-Day-Observed-at-Amrita-Hospital |title=World No Tobacco Day Observed at Amrita Hospital |accessdate=23 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://seatca.org/india-smoking-kills-messages-in-films-may-go-off-screen-suggests-benegal-panel |title=India: 'Smoking kills' messages in films may go off screen, suggests Benegal panel |accessdate=23 November 2019}}</ref>
|}

===Asian Television Award===
Haasan was nominated in Best Entertainment Presenter / Host award at 2019 [[Asian Television Awards]].

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%| Year
! style="width:40%;"| Show
! style="width:30%;"| Category
! style="width:20%;"| Outcome
! style="width:5%;"| Ref
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2019
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Bigg Boss Tamil 2]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| Best Host
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asiantvawards.com/nominees/2019-nominees/|title=2019 Nomineess|website=Asian Television Awards}}</ref>
|}

=== Mumbai International Film Festival ===

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%| Year
! style="width:30%;"| Ceremony
! style="width:20%;"| Category
! style="width:20%;"| Outcome
! style="width:5%;" | Ref
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2013
| style="text-align:center;"| 15th Mumbai International Film Festival
| style="text-align:center;"| Lifetime Achievement Award
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite news|title=The Butler' opens Mumbai International Film Fest|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/the-butler-opens-mumbai-international-film-fest/1184179/|accessdate=13 March 2014|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=18 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/k-balachander-invented-me-kamal-haasan-imagegallery-1-kollywood-nksnwCjaeffsi.html#kommentboxblock |title=K Balachander invented me: Kamal Haasan |website=[[Sify]] |accessdate=23 November 2019}}{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|}

=== [[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]] ===
Kamal Haasan was presented with Lifetime Achievement Award by NTFF (Norway Tamil Film Festival).

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%| Year
! style="width:30%;"| Ceremony
! style="width:20%;"| Category
! style="width:20%;"| Outcome
! style="width:5%;" | Ref
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2016
| style="text-align:center;"| 7th Norway Tamil Film Festival
| style="text-align:center;"| Lifetime Achievement Award
| {{won}}
| <ref name="accolade2">{{cite news|url=https://ntff.no/last-call-deadline-for-tamilar-awards-submissions-is-march-01/ |title=NTFF 2016: கமல்ஹாசன் அவர்களுக்கு வாழ்நாள் சாதனையாளர் – தமிழர் விருது |trans-title=NTFF 2016: Lifetime Achievement Award for Kamal Haasan – Tamil|language=Tamil|accessdate=23 November 2019}}</ref>
|}

=== [[London Indian Film Festival]] ===
Kamal Haasan was presented with Lifetime Achievement Award at Liff (London Indian Film Festival) by BAGRI Foundation.

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%| Year
! style="width:30%;"| Ceremony
! style="width:20%;"| Category
! style="width:20%;"| Outcome
! style="width:5%;" | Ref
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2016
| style="text-align:center;"| 7th London Indian Film Festival
| style="text-align:center;"| Outstanding Contribution in Indian Cinema Award
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bagrifoundation.org/media/bagri-foundation-london-indian-film-festival-2016/|title=Bagri Foundation London Indian Film Festival 2016|work=Bagri Foundation - celebrating Arts and Ideas from across Asia |accessdate=22 December 2022}}</ref>
|}

=== New York Festivals International Film & TV Awards ===
Mr. Haasan will receive an award on behalf of the Indian cinema presented by Chris Brown, Executive Vice President, Conventions & Business Operations for the [[National Association of Broadcasters]]. The ceremony is part of the New York Festivals International Film & TV awards.

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! width=5%| Year
! style="width:30%;"| Ceremony
! style="width:20%;"| Category
! style="width:20%;"| Outcome
! style="width:5%;" | Ref
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2013
| style="text-align:center;"| New York Festivals International Film & TV awards
| style="text-align:center;"| Represent in Indian Cinema Award
| {{won}}
| <ref name="accolade3">{{cite news |url=https://www.nab.org/documents/newsroom/pressRelease.asp?id=2932 |title=Legendary Indian Film Actor Dr. Kamal Haasan Joins 2013 NAB Show for "Bollywood Without Borders" |accessdate=23 November 2019}}</ref>
|}

* 2013 [[CNN-News18|CNN-IBN]] survey on "100 years of Indian cinema" – 2nd position as India's Great Actors. (First-NTR 53 percentage, Second-Kamal 44 percentage)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://entecity.com/news/mohanlal-comes-3rd-among-indias-great-actorscnn-ibn/|title=Mohanlal comes 3rd among India's great actors;CNN-IBN Survey|website=EnteCity|date=10 March 2013}}</ref>
* Haasan was honoured in India House at London in UK-India Year of Culture 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/uk-india-2017-kamal-haasan-meets-queen-elizabeth-ii-963323-2017-03-01|title=SEE PICS: Kamal Haasan meets Queen Elizabeth II at UK-India 2017|date=1 March 2017|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/uk-india-2017-kamal-haasan-meets-queen-elizabeth-ii-963323-2017-03-01|title=SEE PICS: Kamal Haasan meets Queen Elizabeth II at UK-India 2017|date=1 March 2017|publisher=India Today}}</ref>
* Haasan was honoured in Grand Marshal in 38th India Day Parade at [[Manhattan]], New York in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/kamal-haasan-shruti-haasan-chief-guest-india-day-parade-manhattan--news-219387|title=Kamal Haasan as Grand Marshal at India Day Parade - News|date=20 August 2018|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref>
* The [[2014 Cannes Film Festival|67th]] [[Cannes Film Festival]], which was held from 14 May 2014, comprised a showcase Indian cinema across linguistic, cultural and regional diversity, with the aim of forging international partnerships in the realms of distribution, production, filming in India, script development and technology, and promoting film sales and syndication", according to an official press note.
* 2003 – Actor Kamal Haasan had been selected as the 'Guest of Honour' for the [[34th International Film Festival of India]], 9 October, Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/kamal-hassan-guest-of-honour-at-iffi/story-kXyJzfQtdM8G1UIv2P0U5O.html|title=Kamal Haasan guest of Honour at IFFI|date=10 October 2003|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
* 2013 – He inaugurated the 6th [[Bengaluru International Film Festival]] of India in Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/kamal-haasan-to-inaugurate-bengaluru-international-film-festival-654460.html|title=Kamal Haasan to inaugurate Bengaluru International Film Festival|website=[[News18]]|date=5 December 2013}}</ref>
* 2013 – He inaugurated the [[11th Chennai International Film Festival]] of India in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/kamal-aamir-inaugurate-11th-chennai-international-film-festival-imagegallery-kollywood-nmnn41bhhiasi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140613185047/http://www.sify.com/movies/kamal-aamir-inaugurate-11th-chennai-international-film-festival-imagegallery-kollywood-nmnn41bhhiasi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 June 2014|title=Kamal, Aamir inaugurate 11th Chennai International Film Festival|newspaper=Sify}}</ref>
* 2013– He inaugurated the [[19th Kolkata International Film Festival]] (KIFF).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.ndtv.com/photos/big-b-srk-kamal-haasan-inaugurate-kolkata-film-fest-16385|title=Big B, SRK, Kamal Haasan inaugurate Kolkata film fest|website=NDTVMovies.com}}</ref>
* 2013 – He inaugurated the [[44th International Film Festival of India]], Goa.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/22549/IFFI+Celebrating+soft+power+through+a+creative+medium | title=IFFI: Celebrating soft power through a creative medium }}</ref>
* 2007– He inaugurated the 12th [[International Film Festival of Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2007/kamal-hassan-iffk-inauguration-061207.html|title=Kamal Haasan inaugurating IFFK|date=6 December 2007|website=www.filmibeat.com}}</ref>
* 2016– He was invited 'Chief Guest Speaker' [[Wharton India Economic Forum]] (WIEF), Philadelphia, 20th Edition of the Conference, 26 March 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thesmetimes.com/the-20th-wharton-india-economic-forum-on-march-26-to-feature-dignitaries-including-arun-kumar-singh-india-s-ambassador-to-the-us-kamal-haasan-popular-indian-actor-and-sri-rajan-chairman-of-bain-ind/|title=The 20th Wharton India Economic Forum on March 26 to Feature Dignitaries Including Arun Kumar Singh, India's Ambassador to the US; Kamal Haasan, Popular Indian Actor; and Sri Rajan, Chairman of Bain India|author=|date=20 March 2016}}</ref>
* Actor-filmmaker Kamal Haasan, in association with the All India Film Employees Confederation (AIFEC), had organised a three-day film workshop in November, 2015 for over 10,000 people working in the industry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/kamal-haasan-to-organise-three-day-film-workshop-in-november/|title=Kamal Haasan to organise three-day film workshop in November|date=11 September 2015}}</ref>
* He is one of the board member of Censor Board of Film Certification.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/kamal-haasan-to-become-censor-board-member-tamil-news-150533|title=First victory for Sivakarthikeyan's 'Rajini Murugan' - Tamil News|date=14 January 2016|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref>
* Kamal Haasan, in association with the Indian Institute of Technology- Madras (IIT-M) presented a first-of-its-kind International Workshop and Seminar on Screenwriting in the IIT campus in Chennai from 29 May to 3 June 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/lamal-haasan-presents-screenwriting-workshop-with-iit-m/20090421.htm|title=Kamal Haasan presents screenwriting workshop|author=|website=Rediff}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Kamal Haasan filmography]]
* [[Kamal Haasan discography]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== Bibliography ==

* {{cite book
|author = K. Hariharan
|author-link = K. Hariharan (director)
|date = July 10, 2024
|title = Kamal Haasan: A Cinematic Journey
|edition = 1st
|publisher = [[HarperCollins|HarperCollins Publishers India]]
|pages = 280 pages
|isbn = 9789354899621
|quote = One of the greatest actors India has ever produced, Kamal Haasan is unique in many ways. He has usually gone beyond just enacting a role to completely immersing himself in it.
|no-pp=yes
}}
* {{cite book |author= |language= Tamil|year= 2004 |title=Sadhanaigal padaitha Tamil Thiraipada Varalaaru (Tamil Film History and Its Achievements)|publisher=Sivagami Publications|location= Chennai|ref=Anandan}}
* {{cite book|title=The Times of India directory and year book including who's who|year=1984|publisher=The Times of India|ref=who's who}}
* {{cite book|title=Super Actor Kamal Hasan Vaizhkai Varalaaru, 2nd Edition, 1993 (1st 1985)|publisher=MANIMEKALAI PRASURAM, Post Box No. 1477, Thanigasalam Road, T Nagar, Chennai|ref=Cinema Actors Bibliography Books}}
* {{cite book|title=Actor Kamal Hasan Vaizhkai Varalaaru, 2001 (Monthly Twice)|publisher=Cinema Express Tamil Magazine |ref=Cinema Actors Bibliography Books}}
* {{cite book|title=Nammavar Kamal Haasan Narpani Kalangium, Pondicherry Branch, 1st Edition, 2002|publisher=Kamal Hasan Narpani Mantram, Head Office, Alwarpet, Chennai|ref= Actor Kamal Hasan Book}}

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0352032/awards Awards for Kamal Haasan]. [[Internet Movie Database]]

{{Kamal Haasan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haasan, Kamal}}
[[Category:Lists of awards received by Indian actor]]
[[Category:Kamal Haasan|Awards]]

Red slender loris

2026-03-25T11:17:44Z

Sachin Soni: refined layout per sources

{{Short description|Species of primate}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Red slender loris<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Groves|pages=122|id=12100111}}</ref>
| image = Loris tardigradus tardigradus 001.jpg
| status = EN
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref =<ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |author=Gamage, S.N. |author2=Nekaris, K.A.I. |author3=Rudran, R. |year=2022 |amends=2020 |title=''Loris tardigradus'' |article-number=e.T12375A217756381 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T12375A217756381.en}}</ref>
| genus = Loris
| species = tardigradus
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758)<ref>{{cite book|last=Linnæus|first=Carl| author-link= Carl Linnæus |title=Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis| volume= I |year= 1758 |publisher= Laurentius Salvius |location= Stockholm | page= 29 |url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/80764#page/39/mode/1up|edition=10th |language=la |access-date=21 November 2012}}</ref>
| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies
| subdivision =
* ''L. tardigradus nycticeboides'' ([[William Charles Osman Hill|Hill]], 1942)
* ''L. tardigradus tardigradus'' ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]], 1758)
* ''L. tardigradus parvus'' (Hill, 1942)
| range_map = Loris tardigradus Range Map (Subspecies).png
| range_map_caption = {{leftlegend|#5A5FEE|Southwestern Red Slender Loris |outline=gray}}

{{leftlegend|#b32e6e|Northwestern Red Slender Loris (overlaps with Southwestern Red Slender Loris)|outline=gray}}

{{leftlegend|#81ff60|Highland Slender Loris|outline=gray}}
| synonyms = {{collapsible list |{{species list
|Arachnocebus lori |Lesson, 1840
|Lemur ceylonicus |Fischer, 1804
|Lemur tardigradus |Linnaeus, 1758
|Loris ceylonicus |Fischer, 1804
|Loris gracilis subsp. zeylanicus |Lydekker, 1905
|Loris gracilis |É.Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1796
|Loris lydekkerianus subsp. nycticeboides |Hill, 1942
|Loris tardigradus subsp. nyctoceboides |Hill, 1942
|Loris zeylanicus |Lydekker, 1905
|Nycticebus tardigradus |(Linnaeus, 1758)
|Stenops gracilis |(Geoffroy, 1796)
|Stenops tardigradus |(Linnaeus, 1758)
|Tardigradus loris |Boddaert, 1785
|Tardigradus tardigradus |(Linnaeus, 1758)
}} }}
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=GBIF>{{GBIF |title=''Loris tardigradus'' (Linnaeus, 1758) |id=2436626 |access-date=1 December 2025}}</ref>
}}

The '''red slender loris''' ('''''Loris tardigradus''''') is a small, nocturnal [[Stephsirrhini|stephsirrhine]] [[primate]] native to the [[rainforest]]s of [[Sri Lanka]]. This is {{abbr|No.|number}} 6 of the 10 focal species and No. 22 of the 100 [[EDGE Species|EDGE mammal species]] worldwide considered the most evolutionarily distinct and globally endangered.<ref>{{cite web | work = edgeofexistence.org | access-date = 13 August 2007 | url = http://www.edgeofexistence.org/species/species_info.asp?id=22 | title = Slender loris |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070701144145/http://www.edgeofexistence.org/species/species_info.asp?id=22  |archive-date = 1 July 2007}}</ref><ref name=msw3/>

== Taxonomy ==
The taxonomy of [[slender loris]]es in [[Sri Lanka]] has undergone significant revision. Early classifications recognized multiple subspecies. A pivotal review split them into two species:<ref name = survey>{{cite journal |last=Jayewardene |first=J. |date=April 2004 |title=Survey of the slender loris (Primates, Lorisidae Gray, 1821: ''Loris tardigradus'' Linnaeus, 1758 and ''Loris lydekkerianus'' Cabrera, 1908) in Sri Lanka |journal=Journal of Zoology |volume=262 |issue=4 |pages=327–338 |publisher=Wiley |doi=10.1017/S0952836903004710 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231792856}}</ref> the small, red wet-zone endemic ''Loris tardigradus'' and the larger, greyish ''[[Gray slender loris|Loris lydekkerianus]]'' found in [[India]] and parts of [[Sri Lanka]]. Genetic and morphological studies later supported this split.<ref name=iucn />

Recent work refined the classification of the red slender loris, identifying three subspecies based on morphology and geography: ''L. t. tardigradus'', ''L. t. nycticeboides'', and ''L. t. parvus''.<ref name=iucn /><ref name = phylogenetic>{{cite journal |last1=Gamage |first1=Saman |last2=Marikar |first2=Faiz |last3=Groves |first3=Colin |last4=Turner |first4=Craig |last5=Padmalal |first5=Kalinga |last6=Kotagama |first6=Sarath W. |date=November 2019 |title=Phylogenetic relationship among slender loris species (Primates, Lorisidae: ''Loris'') in Sri Lanka based on mtDNA CO1 barcoding |journal=Turkish Journal of Zoology |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=609–616 |doi=10.3906/zoo-1901-20 |doi-access=free|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337547502|hdl=1885/305655 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

=== Subspecies ===
Three subspecies of this species are recognized:
*Northwestern red slender loris (''Loris tardigradus'' ssp. ''parvus'') - [[Critically endangered|CR]] - Restricted to the northwestern wet and intermediate zones north of the [[Kelani River]] in the [[Western Province, Sri Lanka|Western Province]]. Localities include Henarathgoda, Meerigama Kanda, Pilikuttuwa, and [[Horagolla National Park|Horagolla]].<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Gamage, S.N. |year=2022 |title=''Loris tardigradus'' ssp. ''parvus'' |volume=2022 |article-number=e.T163021284A163021344 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T163021284A163021344.en |access-date=1 December 2025}}</ref>
*Southwestern red slender loris (''Loris tardigradus'' ssp. ''tardigradus'') - [[Endangered species|EN]] - Found in the southwestern wet zone across the [[Matara, Sri Lanka|Matara]], [[Ratnapura]], [[Kalutara]], and [[Kegalle]] districts. It occurs in fragmented forests including [[Sinharaja Forest Reserve|Sinharaja]], [[Kanneliya–Dediyagala–Nakiyadeniya|Kanneliya]], [[Peak Wilderness Sanctuary]], and Yagirala.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Gamage, S.N. |author2=Nekaris, K.A.I. |author3=Rudran, R. |year=2022 |title=''Loris tardigradus'' ssp. ''tardigradus'' |volume=2022 |article-number=e.T39757A17991537 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T39757A17991537.en |access-date=1 December 2025}}</ref>
*Highland slender loris (''Loris tardigradus'' ssp. ''nycticeboides'') - [[Critically endangered|CR]] - Confined to high-altitude areas (above approximately 1,500 m) in the [[Central Highlands of Sri Lanka|central highlands]]. Known sites are [[Horton Plains National Park|Horton Plains]], [[Hakgala Strict Nature Reserve|Hakgala]], and forests near [[Nuwara Eliya]] such as Conical Hill and [[Kandapola]].<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Gamage, S.N. |author2=Nekaris, K.A.I. |author3=Rudran, R. |year=2022 |title=''Loris tardigradus'' ssp. ''nycticeboides'' |volume=2022 |article-number=e.T39756A17991511 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T39756A17991511.en |access-date=1 December 2025}}</ref>

==Description==
This small, slender primate is distinguished by large forward-facing eyes used for precise depth perception, long slender limbs, a well-developed index finger, the absence of tail, and large prominent ears, which are thin, rounded and hairless at the edges. The soft dense fur is reddish-brown color on the back, and the underside is whitish-grey with a sprinkling of silver hair. Its body length on average is {{convert|7|–|10|in|cm|abbr=on|order=flip}}, with an average weight of a mere {{convert|3|–|13|oz|g|round=5|abbr=on|order=flip}}. This [[loris]] has a four-way grip on each foot. The big toe opposes the other 4 toes for a pincer-like grip on branches and food. It has a dark face mask with central pale stripe, much like the [[slow loris]]es.

''L. tardigradus tardigradus'' is reddish brown in the back and creamy yellow below, while ''L. tardigradus nycticeboides'' is dark brown dorsally and very light brown in upperparts.

== Distribution ==
This species is endemic to the rainforests of [[Sri Lanka]]. It is typically found in the southwestern wet zone and the adjacent [[Central Highlands of Sri Lanka|central highlands]]. Its range spans the wet southwestern region, extending from [[Colombo]] through [[Kalutara]], [[Ratnapura]], [[Kegalle]], [[Galle]], and [[Matara, Sri Lanka|Matara]], and possibly into the wetter parts of [[Hambantota District]].<ref name=iucn />

The species has been documented in numerous protected and proposed forest reserves across several provinces. [[Western Province, Sri Lanka|''Western Province'']] (Maimbulakanda, Pilikuttuwa, Kalukele, Horagolla, Dikkele, Meerigama Kanda, Labugama Kalatuwawa, Indikada Mukalana, Koskanda, Bodinagala, Yagirala, and Madakada), [[Southern Province, Sri Lanka|''Southern Province'']] (Oliyagankele, Welihena, Masmullah, Kekanadura, Beraliya Mukalana, Dandeniya-Aparekka, Kanneliya, Polgahakanda, and Kottawa), ''[[Sabaragamuwa Province]]'' (Sinharaja World Heritage Site, Delwala, Peak Wilderness Sanctuary, Gilimale, Madampe, and Salgala), [[Central Province, Sri Lanka|''Central Province'']] (Horton Plains National Park, Kikiliyamana, Hakgala Strict Nature Reserve, and Conical Hill).<ref name=iucn /><ref name=survey />

==Behavior==
[[File:Loris tardigradus tardigradus 002.jpg|thumb|left|The red slender loris is arboreal.]]
[[Image:Red slender loris skeleton.jpg|thumb|Skeleton of red slender loris.]]
The red slender loris favors lowland [[rainforest]]s (up to {{convert|700|m|ft|abbr=in|disp=or}} in altitude), tropical rainforests and inter-[[monsoon]] forests of the south western wet-zone of Sri Lanka. Masmullah Proposed Forest Reserve harbors one of few remaining red slender loris populations, and is considered a [[biodiversity hotspot]]. The most common plant species eaten was ''[[Humboldtia laurifolia]]'', occurring at 676 trees/ha, with overall density at 1077 trees/ha. ''Humboldtia laurifolia'' is [[Vulnerable species|vulnerable]] and has a mutualistic relationship with [[ant]]s, providing abundant food for lorises.<ref>{{cite journal | first1= K.| last1= Anne-Isola Nekaris | first2 = Wasantha K. D. D.| last2= Liyanage | first3 = Saman N.| last3= Gamage |date=July 2005 | journal = Mammalia | volume = 69 | issue = 2 | pages = 201–210 | doi = 10.1515/mamm.2005.017 | title = Influence of forest structure and composition on population density of the red slender loris ''Loris tardigradus tardigradus'' in Masmullah proposed forest reserve, Sri Lanka| s2cid = 21708919 }}</ref> Reports from the 1960s suggest that it once also occurred in the [[coastal]] zone, however it is now thought to be extinct there.

The red slender loris differs from its close relative the gray slender loris in its frequent use of rapid [[arboreal locomotion]]. It forms small social groups, containing adults of both sexes as well as young animals. This species is among the most social of the [[nocturnal]] primates. During daylight hours the animals sleep in groups in branch tangles, or curled up on a branch with their heads between their legs. The groups also undertake mutual grooming and play at wrestling. The adults typically hunt separately during the night. They are primarily [[insectivorous]] but also eat bird [[egg (biology)|eggs]], [[berry|berries]], leaves, [[bud]]s and occasionally [[invertebrate]]s as well as [[gecko]]s and lizards. They forage, and while doing so, ants may stick to the back of their hands.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kumara|first1=H.N.|last2=Kumar|first2=Shanthala|last3=Singh|first3=Mewa|title=A Novel Foraging Technique Observed in Slender Loris (Loris lydekkerianus malabaricus) Feeding on Red Ants in the Western Ghats, India| url= https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/83618|access-date=13 October 2020|journal=Folia Primatologica; International Journal of Primatology|year=2005 |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=116–118 |doi=10.1159/000083618 |pmid=15775683 |s2cid=46584698 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> As this occurs, the red slender loris is able to consume these ants. To maximize protein and nutrient uptake they consume every part of their prey, including the scales and bones. They make nests out of leaves or find hollows of trees or a similar secure place to live in.

==Reproduction==
[[File:Loris tardigradus skull.jpg|thumb|left|Skull]]
Females are dominant. The female reaches her sexual maturity at 10 months and is receptive to the male twice a year. This species mates while hanging upside down from branches; individuals in captivity will not breed if no suitable branch is available. The [[gestation]] period is 166–169 days, after which the female will bear 1–2 young which feed from her for 6–7 months. The lifespan of this species is believed to be around 15–18 years in the wild.

==Threats==
This slender loris is an endangered species. [[Habitat destruction]] is a major threat. It is widely trapped and killed for use in supposed remedies for eye diseases and is preyed upon by snakes, dogs, and some fish.<ref>{{cite web | last= Benders-Hyde| first= Elisabeth | year = 2002 | url = http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/slender_loris.htm | title = Slender Loris| website= blueplanetbiomes.org| publisher= | access-date = 24 July 2007}}</ref> Other threats include electrocution on live wires, road accidents and capture for the pet trade.<ref name= Nekaris&Jayewardene2004>{{Cite journal | last1 = Nekaris | first1 = K. A. I. | last2 = Jayewardene | first2 = J. | doi = 10.1017/S0952836903004710 | title = Survey of the slender loris (Primates, Lorisidae Gray, 1821: ''Loris tardigradus'' Linnaeus, 1758 and ''Loris lydekkerianus'' Cabrera, 1908) in Sri Lanka | journal = Journal of Zoology | volume = 262 | issue = 4 | pages = 327–338 | year = 2004 }}</ref>

== Conservation ==
The red slender loris was identified as one of the top-10 "focal species" in 2007 by the [[EDGE Species|Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered]] (EDGE) project.<ref>{{Cite news | title = Protection for 'weirdest' species | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6263331.stm | date = 16 January 2007 | work = bbc.co.uk| publisher= [[BBC]] | access-date = 22 May 2007}}</ref>

One early success has been the rediscovery of the virtually unknown [[Horton Plains]]<ref name= "Der Spiegel 2010" /> slender loris (''Loris tardigradus nycticeboides''). Originally documented in 1937, there have been only four known encounters in the past 72 years,<ref name= "Der Spiegel 2010">{{cite web| url= http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/natur/0,1518,707502,00.html |title= Faulaffen-Art ist doch nicht ausgestorben| date= 2010-07-20| work= [[Der Spiegel]]| language= de | quote= [Translated from German:] ...it's still around. A small sloth monkey in Sri Lanka was thought to be extinct for more than 60 years. Now researchers have rediscovered it. | access-date= 2025-07-20}}</ref> and for more than 60 years until 2002 the sub-species had been believed to be extinct.<ref name="ap-19Jul10">{{cite news|last=Krishan|first=Francis|title=Rare Sri Lankan primate gets 1st wide-eyed closeup|date=19 July 2010|work=[[The Oregonian]], oregonlive.com|agency=[[Associated Press]]|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/newsflash/index.ssf?/base/international-34/127957441022880.xml&storylist=international|access-date=23 July 2010|archive-date=11 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011001605/http://www.oregonlive.com/newsflash/index.ssf?/base/international-34/127957441022880.xml&storylist=international}}</ref><ref name="guardian-Jul10">{{cite news|last=Smith|first=Lewis|title=Found: Sri Lankan primate thought to be extinct for 60 years|date=19 July 2010|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]| url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/19/horton-plains-slender-loris-found |access-date=23 July 2010}}</ref> The sub-species was rediscovered in 2002 by a team led by [[Anna Nekaris]] in [[Horton Plains National Park]].<ref name=Nekaris&Jayewardene2004/> The late 2009 capture by a team working under the [[Zoological Society of London]]'s EDGE programme has resulted in the first detailed physical examination of the Horton Plains sub-species and the first-ever photographs of it.<ref name="ap-19Jul10"/> The limited available evidence suggests there may be only about 100 animals still existing, which would make it among the top five most-threatened primates worldwide.<ref name="guardian-Jul10"/>
{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
{{Commons|Loris tardigradus}}
{{Wikispecies|Loris tardigradus|Red Slender Loris}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051125120542/http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/mammals/Loris_tardigradus_and_Loris_lydekkerianus/more_info.html Images and movies of the slender loris ''(Loris tardigradus and Loris lydekkerianus)''] (archived) at arkive.org
* [http://www.edgeofexistence.org/mammals/species_info.php?id=22 Slender loris] at edgeofexistence.org, Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered (EDGE) species

{{Lorisidae nav}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q614947}}

[[Category:Lorises|red slender loris]]
[[Category:Mammals of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Primates of South Asia]]
[[Category:EDGE species]]
[[Category:Endangered animals]]
[[Category:Endangered biota of Asia]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1758|red slender loris]]
[[Category:Species that are or were threatened by habitat loss]]
[[Category:Animal taxa named by Carl Linnaeus|red slender loris]]

Krishna Chali London

2026-03-23T16:01:09Z

Sachin Soni: New Bio

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Krishna_Chali_London_poster.jpg
| image_alt =
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator = Saurabh Tewari
| writer =
| story = Amitabh Singh Ramkshatra Srinita Bhoumick
| screenplay = Pranjal Saxena Shashank Kunwar
| director = Sachin Kannan Rahib Siddiqui Manchan Thakur Vikal
| creative_director = Ketaki Walawalkar Mini Sunita Pramod Ishita Rana
| starring = [[Megha Chakraborty]] Gaurav Sareen [[Karan Vohra]]
| music = Pancham Singhania Rishabh Singhania
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 281
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Saurabh Tewari Sumit Chaudhuri Kewal Sethi Deepak Gurnani
| cinematography = Kunal B. Kadam
| editor = Rahul Singh Jatish Narayan Ghadi
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Parin Multimedia
| network = [[StarPlus]]
| channel =
| released =
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2018|05|21}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2019|6|14}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.easterneye.biz/star-plus-to-pull-the-plug-on-krishna-chali-london/|title=Star Plus to pull the plug on Krishna Chali London|date=17 May 2019|website= EasternEye}}</ref>
}}

'''''Krishna Chali London''''' is an Indian television drama series on [[Star Plus]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=28 May 2018|title=Television channels gear up for new shows post IPL. Here are all the deets|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/television-channels-new-shows-ipl-5194161/|access-date=|website=The Indian Express}}</ref> It aired from 21 May 2018 to 14 June 2019.<ref>{{cite web|date=30 April 2018|title=Star Plus confirms launch date of 'Krishna Chali London'|work=BizAsia | Media, Entertainment, Showbiz, Brit, Events and Music |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/star-plus-confirms-launch-date-krishna-chali-london/|publisher=Biz Aisa |last1=Baddhan |first1=Raj }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=|title=Megha Chakraborty: Compared to other soaps, 'Krishna Chali London' wasn't promoted well|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/megha-chakraborty-compared-to-other-soaps-krishna-chali-london-wasnt-promoted-well/articleshow/69411875.cms|access-date=|website=Times Of India|last1=Trivedi|first1=Tanvi}}</ref> The series starred [[Megha Chakraborty]], Gaurav Sareen and [[Karan Vohra]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=12 June 2018|title=Megha Chakraborty: Age Doesn't Matter To Me|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/megha-chakraborty-age-doesnt-matter-to-me/19515167|access-date=|website=Mid Day}}</ref>

==Plot==
Radhe Lal Shukla lives in [[Kanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and belongs to a rich yet illiterate family. Humiliated for his illiteracy, his dominating and arrogant non-biological father Gajodhar chooses district-topper Krishna Dubey as his bride from the neighboring town of [[Malihabad]].

Intelligent and ambitious, Krishna assists her father at his medical clinic. Her mother had died of cervical cancer. Krishna dreams of studying medicine in London and becoming a doctor, but still marries Radhe for her father's reputation. She is humiliated by the Shukla family members who resent her for independent thoughts and modern views.

However, Radhe supports Krishna. Gradually, she falls in love with him and brings some positive changes into the Shukla household. It is revealed that Radhe is Gajodhar's brother Lambodar's son. Lambodar had murdered his wife Vrinda (Radhe's mother, who tried to save Gajodhar's wife Raima from Lambodar's unwanted sexual advances).

Lambodar is imprisoned. Radhe and Krishna leave for London. In medical school, Krishna is punished by stern and arrogant NRI professor Dr. Veer Sahay, a famous clinical cardiologist whose native city is [[Unnao]]. Veer is expelled from his job for racist behaviour. His car hits Radhe, who dies in the accident.

The Shuklas promptly blame Krishna for Radhe's death and mistreat her. Emotionally broken, Krishna is forced to stay with the Shuklas who had recently opened a special hospital named Radhe Krishna Hospital where she must now work. Meanwhile, Lambodar tries to escape from prison and is hospitalised.

Veer returns to India. His past turns out to be connected to Shuklas. His father Sharad worked for Gajodhar who refused to lend him money for an important surgery which eventually led to Sharad's death. Veer harbours a deep grudge against Shuklas. He and Krishna are forced to run the Radhe Krishna Hospital, slowly fall in love and marry.

Veer buys the Radhe Krishna Hospital at an auction and gifts it to Krishna. Gajodhar manipulates Krishna that Veer killed Radhe and was faking his love for her. Veer gets ten years imprisonment for Radhe's murder. Heartbroken, Krishna returns the hospital to Gajodhar and leaves for London to complete medical school.

===Five years later===
Krishna is now an honest and sincere professional doctor working at the Life Care Hospital. Gajodhar asks her to work in his hospital for his business growth, but she rejects the offer. Veer escapes from prison to meet Krishna and pleads his innocence but is soon captured and sent back to prison.

A mysterious man convinces an emotional Raima and her son Gajanan that he is Radhe. Veer's mother Sunaina wants Gajodhar to bail Veer out as "Radhe" has now returned. Veer is bailed and investigates the actual identity of new Radhe. Veer and Krishna discover that the new Radhe is actually Mohan who is defrauding the family.

Soon, the Shuklas realise that they were being duped by Mohan. They are grateful to Veer and Krishna for exposing him. Veer and Krishna reject an appointment letter from the London Royal Hospital to stay back in Kanpur with the Shukla family who give them their blessings.

==Cast==
===Main===
*[[Megha Chakraborty]] as Dr. Krishna Sahay (née '''Dubey'''; formerly '''Shukla''') : [[Medicine|Clinical]] [[cancer]] [[Specialty (medicine)|specialist]]; Kaksh Nath's daughter; Nirmal and Gulkand's niece; Radhe's widow; Veer's wife (2018–2019)
*Gaurav Sareen as Radhe Shukla: Lambodar and Vrinda's son; Gajodhar and Raima's adopted son and nephew; Gajanan, Triloki and Jhabbo's cousin; Krishna's first husband (2018–2019) (Dead)
**Mohan Mehta: After Plastic Surgery (2019)
*[[Karan Vohra]] as Dr. Veer Sahay: Clinical [[cardiology]] specialist; Sunaina and Kailash's son; Nayani's brother; Krishna's second husband (2018–2019)

===Recurring===
*Vividha Kirti as Shivani Singh: Veer's ex girlfriend
*[[Neeraj Sood]] as Dr. Kaksh Nath Dubey: Gulkand's brother; Krishna's father
*[[Sushmita Mukherjee]] as Gulkand Saneria: Kaksh Nath's sister; Nirmal's wife; Krishna's paternal aunt
*Pawan Mahendru as Nirmal Saneria: Gulkand's husband; Krishna's paternal uncle
*[[Yamini Singh (Bollywood actress)|Yamini Singh]] as Sunaina Sahay: Kailash's widow; Veer and Nayani's mother
*Aaira Rajput as Nayani Sahay: Sunaina and Kailash's daughter; Veer's sister
*[[Anupam Shyam]] as Lambodar Shukla: Gajodhar's brother; Vrinda's murderer and widower; Radhe's father; Gajanan, Triloki and Jhabbo's paternal uncle
*Bhagwan Tiwari as Gajodhar Shukla: Lambodar's brother; Raima's husband; Gajanan, Triloki and Jhabbo's father; Radhe's paternal uncle
*Madhuri Sanjeev as Raima Shukla: Gajodhar's wife; Gajanan, Triloki and Jhabbo's mother; Radhe's paternal aunt
*[[Ishaan Singh Manhas]] as Prashant Jaisingh: Krishna's former boyfriend and mentor
*Sunny Sachdeva as Gajanan Shukla: Gajodhar and Raima's son; Triloki and Jhabbo's brother; Krishna's cousin brother; Laali's husband
*Divya Malik as Lakshika "Laali" Shukla: Gajanan's wife
*Manoj Verma as Triloki Shukla: Gajodhar and Raima's son; Gajanan and Jhabbo's brother; Krishna's cousin brother; Bela's husband
*Bhoomika Mirchandani as Bela Shukla (née '''Awasthi'''): Sahira's daughter; Titi's sister; Triloki's wife
*Piew Jana as Jhabbo Mishra (née '''Shukla'''): Gajodhar and Raima's daughter; Gajanan and Triloki's sister; Krishna's cousin sister; Matuk's wife
*Amitabh Singh Ramkshatra as Matuk Nath Mishra: Jhabbo's husband
*Meena Mir as Sahira Awasthi: Bela and Titi's mother
*Shivanya Ahlawat as Tinakshi "Titi" Awasthi - Sahira's daughter; Bela's sister
*Abhinandan Jindal as Saajan Srivastav: Radhe's best friend and confidante; Guddan's husband
*Kaushiki Rathore as Guddan Srivastav: Saajan's wife
*[[Ankit Bathla]] as Dr. Aayan Kapoor: Clinical [[oncology]] specialist
*Mayank Arora as Mohan Mehta
*Babla Kochhar as Dr. Shrikant Rao: a psychiatrist

===Special appearances===
*Saurabh Tewari as himself during episode 1 (2018)<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=18 May 2018|title=Saurabh Tewari to do cameo in 'Krishna Chali London'|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/saurabh-tewari-to-do-cameo-in-krishna-chali-london-118051800658_1.html|access-date=|newspaper=Business Standard India}}</ref>
*[[Mouni Roy]] as Sundari (2018)

==Production==
Both the leads not hailing from backdrop of the series Kanpur, went on training to learn the accent and slang used there. Speaking about training for his role, lead Gaurav Sareen said, "The part that required most effort for the role was the language. Since I was born and brought up in Amritsar, I have a Punjabi accent, which was unfit for Radhe, who is from Kanpur. I read a lot of books and watched movies in the languages spoken in and around eastern Uttar Pradesh."<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=18 May 2018|title=The boy next door|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/the-boy-next-door/article23923638.ece|access-date=|website=The Hindu|last1=Arora|first1=Seerat}}</ref> Megha Chakraborty who attended diction classes for it said, "I am from Kolkata and I am not well-versed with the Hindi language. When I was approached for the show, my character required me to learn a local dialect of Uttar Pradesh, which is very close to the Hindi language. Because of my difficulty with the dialect, I took classes from the on-set tutor and improved on my language skills. It took me a few days initially but I got better in a few months."<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=16 May 2018|title=Megha Chakraborty takes diction classes to avoid Bengali accent|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/megha-chakraborty-takes-diction-classes-to-avoid-bengali-accent-118051600112_1.html|access-date=|website=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref>

Based on the backdrop of [[Kanpur]], the series was mainly filmed at sets in [[Mumbai]]. However, some initial sequences were shot at [[Lucknow]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=|title=Lucknowite Saurabh Tewari shoots for a serial in the city|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/lucknowite-saurabh-tewari-shoots-for-a-serial-in-the-city/articleshow/63972657.cms|access-date=|website=The Times of India|last1=Wadhwa|first1=Akash}}</ref> From late December 2018 to early January 2019, the series was filmed at London.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=19 January 2019|title=Daily soap is like a school: Karan Vohra|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/hot-news/daily-soap-is-like-a-school-karan-vohra|access-date=|website=The Quint}}</ref>

In July 2018, a fire broke out on the sets while some clothes caught fire which was soon extinguished.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=19 July 2018|title=TV Serial Krishna Chali London's Set Catches Fire, All Is Well Now - ABP News|url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/television/tv-serial-krishna-chali-londons-set-catches-fire-all-is-well-now-917637|access-date=|website=ABP News}}</ref>

In early January 2019, to increase the ratings, Sareen was made to quit the series when his character was killed in a car accident in London which he was informed the day before shooting the sequence.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=8 January 2019|title=Gaurav Sareen shocked with his sudden ouster from Krishna Chali London|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/gaurav-sareen-shocked-with-his-sudden-ouster-from-krishna-chali-london-1425950-2019-01-08|access-date=|website=India Today}}</ref> Karan Vohra who was cast as Veer in December 2018 became the lead then.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=|title=Krishna Chali London's Gaurav Sareen, Megha Chakraborty, and others reunite; shares fun pictures|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/krishna-chali-londons-gaurav-sareen-megha-chakraborty-and-others-reunite-shares-fun-pictures/articleshow/68690993.cms|access-date=|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Adaptations==
It was remade in [[Kannada]] as ''Nan Hendthi MBBS'', which premiered on [[Star Suvarna]] on 11 February 2019 and ended on 18 May 2019 with 82 episodes due to low viewership.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/watch-new-serial-nana-hendthi-mbbs-from-february-11/articleshow/67768442.cms|title=Watch Nana Hendhthi MBBS from February 11|last=|first=|date=|website=Times Of India|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=|title=Nana Hendthi MBBS to go off air?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/nana-hendthi-mbbs-to-go-off-air/articleshow/69304000.cms|access-date=|website=The Times of India}}</ref> The series was based on the backdrop of [[Melukote|Melkote]] which starred Sagar and Divya Rao.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=14 February 2019|title=Hudugis in the reckoning|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sandalwood/140219/hudugis-in-the-reckoning.html|access-date=|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

==Reception==
The series opened with a low viewership of 2.7 million viewership in its launch week in urban occupying eighteen position.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=31 May 2018|title=Most watched Indian television shows: Post leap, Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai rises up the BARC list|url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/most-watched-indian-television-shows-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-barc-list-5198646/19/|access-date=|website=The Indian Express}}</ref> However, then it improved to a satisfactory level. In third week of August 2018, it occupied tenth position garnering 5.08 million viewership.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=31 August 2018|title=Rating war: Aladdin makes a smashing debut; Naagin 3 and Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai still going strong|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/rating-war-aladdin-makes-a-smashing-debut-naagin-3-and-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-still-going-strong-1328456-2018-08-31|access-date=|website=India Today}}</ref> In week 41 of 2018 it was in ninth position with 4.6 million impressions.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Latest TRP Ratings: Colors TV Drops Down; Dance Plus Gets Good Opening; Ishqbaaz Out Of TRP Race!|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/latest-trp-ratings-colors-tv-190252447.html|access-date=|website=Yahoo News}}</ref> In week 43 of 2018, it was in fourteenth position with 4.9 million impressions.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2 November 2018|title=Most watched Indian TV shows: Bigg Boss 12 makes an exit from TRP chart|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-12-makes-an-exit-from-trp-chart-5430944/|access-date=|website=The Indian Express}}</ref> In week 51 of 2018 it garnered 5.1 million impressions occupying fourteenth position and the following week it got 4.08 million impressions.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=28 December 2018|title=Most watched Indian TV shows: Kasautii Zindagii Kay climbs up the TRP chart|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/most-watched-indian-television-shows-kasautii-zindagii-kay-trp-chart-5513928/|access-date=|website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=4 January 2019|title=Most watched Indian television shows: Indian Idol 10 ends on a high note on TRP chart|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/most-watched-indian-television-shows-barc-rating-trp-chart-indian-idol-bigg-boss-12-5523175/|access-date=|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

With its decent average ratings, it maintained its position in weekly top twenty Hindi GEC in urban since its premiere until December 2018. To increase the ratings, in January 2019, the makers killed the character Radhe played by Gaurav Sareen and Karan Vohra playing Veer became the main lead opposite Megha Chakraborty. This saw a decline in its ratings during which in week 2 2019 it did not even feature in top 40 Hindi GEC in urban.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2 March 2019|title=After 'Ishqbaaaz', 'Krishna Chali London' to go off air on Star Plus?|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/after-ishqbaaaz-krishna-chali-london-to-go-off-air-on-star-plus-931766|access-date=|website=ABP News}}</ref> In week 5 2019, it occupied lowest position with 0.8 million impressions.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=8 February 2019|title=Most watched Indian TV shows: Khatron Ke Khiladi 9 continues to top TRP chart|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/most-watched-indian-tv-shows-khatron-ke-khiladi-9-barc-trp-chart-5574237/|access-date=|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

In UK, during the week ending 24 March 2019, it became the most watched Hindi television series with 107,700 viewership.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=April 2019|title=UK Ratings: 'Krishna Chali London' on Star Plus No.1 show of week|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/uk-ratings-krishna-chali-london-on-star-plus-no-1-show-of-week/|access-date=|website=Biz Asia}}</ref>

With the not expected ratings delivered by the series, it was ended on 14 June 2019 with the decreasing ratings and it garnered a low TRP of 1.1 in its last week of airing.<ref name=":1" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.hotstar.com/tv/krishna-chali-london/17689 Krishna Chali London] streaming on [[Hotstar]]
{{Star Plus Shows}}

[[Category:2018 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Uttar Pradesh]]

Rajoshi Vidyarthi

2026-03-22T06:56:37Z

Sachin Soni: made initial details needs work

{{Short description|Indian actor, singer, theatre artist, and former radio jockey}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{AI-generated|date=October 2025}}
{{BLP sources|date=September 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rajoshi Vidyarthi
| other_names = Piloo Vidyarthi, Rajoshi Barua
| image = Rajoshi Vidyarthi in 2023.jpg
| caption = Rajoshi Vidyarthi in 2023
| image_upright = yes
| birth_date = 28 August 
| birth_place = Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| occupation = Actor, singer, theatre artist, radio jockey
| years_active = 1993–present
| known_for = ''Suhani Si Ek Ladki'', ''Imlie'', ''Gud Se Meetha Ishq'', ''Akelli'', ''Vedaa'', ''Mandala Murders''
}}

'''Rajoshi Vidyarthi''' (also credited as '''Piloo Vidyarthi''' and '''Rajoshi Barua''') is an Indian actor, singer, theatre performer and former radio jockey. Active since the early 1990s, she began as one of the early private FM radio presenters with Times FM before moving into theatre, television and cinema. She has acted in Hindi television serials such as ''Suhani Si Ek Ladki'', ''Imlie'' and ''Gud Se Meetha Ishq''; films including [[Akelli]] and [[Vedaa]]; and digital productions such as ''Guilty Minds'' and ''Mandala Murders''. Alongside her screen work, she has remained an active theatre artist for over two decades, collaborating with groups like Ekjute and Rangshila. She is the daughter of Bengali actress [[Shakuntala Barua]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Rajoshi Barua is the daughter of Shakuntala Barua |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/ashish-vidyarthis-first-wife-rajoshi-barua-shares-cryptic-posts-after-actor-marriage-to-rupali-barua-2384559-2023-05-26 |work=India Today |date=26 May 2023 |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Rajoshi was born on 28 August in Kolkata, West Bengal, into a Bengali household where the performing arts were deeply valued.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} Her mother, Shakuntala Barua, is a veteran actress in [[Bengali cinema (India)|Bengali cinema]] and television. Growing up in this environment, Rajoshi was exposed to music, theatre and film from a young age. She studied Economics at [[Jadavpur University]], where she actively participated in cultural programmes, stage performances and music societies alongside her academic work.<ref>{{cite news |title=Who is Rajoshi Barua? |url=https://www.pratidintime.com/entertainment/who-is-ashish-vidyarthis-first-wife-rajoshi-barua |work=Pratidin Time |date=26 May 2023 |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Radio and early professional years ===
Rajoshi entered the media industry in 1993 with Times FM, one of India’s earliest private [[Radio in India|FM radio stations]]. She began in Kolkata as a [[Radio personality|radio jockey]], distinguished by a conversational Hindi–Bengali fluency and an engaging presentation style. After relocating to Mumbai, she continued with Times FM as both presenter and producer, curating music-led shows and talk segments. Her tenure lasted around six years, during which she became a recognizable voice in India’s growing FM ecosystem.<ref>{{cite news |title=Piloo Vidyarthi: "I was a popular RJ with Times FM… life kept changing" |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/piloo-vidyarthi-ashish-vidyarthi-accepted-that-i-couldnt-see-myself-as-a-wife-anymore-exclusive/articleshow/103031759.cms |work=The Times of India |date=25 August 2023 |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref>

After leaving radio, she briefly worked with Times Music in programming and artist development,<ref>{{cite web |title=Piloo Vidyarthi – professional profile |url=https://in.linkedin.com/in/piloo-vidyarthi-986311110 |website=LinkedIn |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref> while conducting music–theatre workshops for children.

=== Theatre ===
Theatre has remained central to Rajoshi’s work. She has collaborated with Nadira Zaheer Babbar’s Ekjute and Avneesh Mishra’s Rangshila in productions that often blend music, history and literature:
* ''Umrao Jaan Ada – The Musical'' (2010s–present) – as Ammi (Umrao’s mother); staged in India and abroad.<ref>{{cite web |title=Play review: ''UMRAO'' |url=https://www.mumbaitheatreguide.com/dramas/reviews/22-hindi-play-review-umrao.asp |website=Mumbai Theatre Guide |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref>
* ''The Sun Set in the East'' (2016–2019) – Rangshila production on cinema pioneer Hiralal Sen; ensemble role.<ref>{{cite web |title=''THE SUN SET IN THE EAST'' – review |url=https://www.mumbaitheatreguide.com/dramas/reviews/the-sun-set-in-the-east-hindi-review-by-deepa-punjani.asp |website=Mumbai Theatre Guide |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref>
* ''Geet Gaan aur Gatha'' (2016–2018) – musical collage on folk forms; staged at Prithvi and festivals.<ref>{{cite web |title=About the play: ''Geet Gaan aur Gatha'' |url=https://rangshila.com/geet-gaan-aur-gatha/ |website=Rangshila |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref>
* ''Salaam… 1950s Ke Naam'' (2018–2024) – Ekjute musical tribute to golden-era Hindi cinema; multiple runs at NCPA Mumbai and tours.<ref>{{cite web |title=''Salaam… 1950s Ke Naam'' |url=https://www.ncpamumbai.com/event/salaam-1950s-ke-naam/ |website=NCPA Mumbai |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref>
* Ekjute double bill (2009) – credited as music director for two premieres at Prithvi Theatre.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ekjute's two premiering shows at Prithvi Theatre |url=https://www.mumbaitheatreguide.com/dramas/Articles/09/may/26-ekjutes-two-premiering-shows-at-prithvi-theatre.asp |website=Mumbai Theatre Guide |date=26 May 2009 |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref>
* ''Roshe Roshe'' (2023) – contemporary musical by Purva Naresh.<ref>{{cite news |title=Piloo Vidyarthi makes film debut with ''Akelli''; also part of musical ''Roshe Roshe'' |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2023/piloo-vidyarthi-makes-film-debut-with-nushrratt-bharuccha-starrer-war-torn-film-akelli-362637.html |work=Filmibeat |date=26 August 2023 |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref>

=== Television ===
Rajoshi gained wider recognition as **Pratima Birla** in ''Suhani Si Ek Ladki'' (Star Plus, 2014–2017). She later played **Janaki Chaturvedi** in ''Imlie'' (Star Plus, 2020–2021) and **Pallavi Bhatt** in ''Gud Se Meetha Ishq'' (Star Bharat, 2022).<ref>{{cite news |title=Rajoshi Barua featured in ''Imlie'' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/ashish-vidyarthis-first-wife-rajoshi-barua-shares-cryptic-posts-after-actor-marriage-to-rupali-barua-2384559-2023-05-26 |work=India Today |date=26 May 2023 |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref>

=== Films ===
Rajoshi debuted with ''The Body'' (2019). She portrayed **Beeji** in ''Akelli'' (2023) and appeared in supporting roles in ''Vedaa'' (2024) and ''A Wedding Story'' (2024).<ref>{{cite web |title=''Vedaa'' (2024) – cast mentions Rajoshi Vidyarthi |url=https://letterboxd.com/film/vedaa/crew/ |website=Letterboxd |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Cast announced for ''A Wedding Story'' (includes Piloo Vidyarthi) |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/a-wedding-story-abhinav-pareek-debuts-with-supernatural-horror-starring-anangsha-biswas-and-piloo-vidyarthi/ |work=OTTPlay |date=2024 |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref>

=== Web series and OTT ===
She has appeared as **Mrs. Bose** in ''Guilty Minds'' (Amazon Prime Video, 2022); **Kalindi Shastri** in ''Mandala Murders'' (Netflix/YRF, 2025); and in ''Sarzameen'' (Disney+ Hotstar, 2025).<ref>{{cite web |title=Rajoshi Vidyarthi – series credits |url=https://watch.plex.tv/person/rajoshi-vidyarthi |website=Plex |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Watch ''Mandala Murders'' |url=https://www.netflix.com/title/81749580 |website=Netflix |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Piloo Vidyarthi opens up about ''Sarzameen'' role |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-piloo-vidyarthi-on-her-role-in-sarzameen/ |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=2025 |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! Ref(s)
|-
| 2019 || ''The Body'' || Supporting || Hindi || <ref>{{cite web |title=''The Body'' – cast listing |url=https://elcinema.com/en/work/2060595/cast |website=ElCinema |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || ''Akelli'' || Beeji || Hindi || <ref>{{cite news |title=''Akelli'' – cast (includes Piloo Vidyarthi as Beeji) |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/akelli/cast/ |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=25 August 2023 |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || ''Vedaa'' || Supporting || Hindi || <ref>{{cite web |title=''Vedaa'' (2024) – cast mentions Rajoshi Vidyarthi |url=https://letterboxd.com/film/vedaa/crew/ |website=Letterboxd |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || ''A Wedding Story'' || Supporting || Hindi || <ref>{{cite news |title=Cast announced for ''A Wedding Story'' (includes Piloo Vidyarthi) |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/a-wedding-story-abhinav-pareek-debuts-with-supernatural-horror-starring-anangsha-biswas-and-piloo-vidyarthi/ |work=OTTPlay |date=2024 |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Years !! Title !! Role !! Network !! Ref(s)
|-
| 2014–2017 || ''Suhani Si Ek Ladki'' || Pratima Birla || Star Plus || <ref>{{cite news |title=Piloo Vidyarthi confirms 3-year role in ''Suhani Si Ek Ladki'' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/piloo-vidyarthi-ashish-vidyarthi-accepted-that-i-couldnt-see-myself-as-a-wife-anymore-exclusive/articleshow/103031759.cms |work=The Times of India |date=25 August 2023 |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 2020–2021 || ''Imlie'' || Janaki Chaturvedi || Star Plus || <ref>{{cite news |title=Rajoshi Barua featured in ''Imlie'' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/ashish-vidyarthis-first-wife-rajoshi-barua-shares-cryptic-posts-after-actor-marriage-to-rupali-barua-2384559-2023-05-26 |work=India Today |date=26 May 2023 |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || ''Gud Se Meetha Ishq'' || Pallavi Bhatt || Star Bharat || {{citation needed|date=September 2025}}
|}

=== Web/OTT ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Platform !! Ref(s)
|-
| 2022 || ''Guilty Minds'' || Mrs. Bose || Amazon Prime Video || <ref>{{cite web |title=Rajoshi Vidyarthi – series credits |url=https://watch.plex.tv/person/rajoshi-vidyarthi |website=Plex |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || ''Mandala Murders'' || Kalindi Shastri || Netflix || <ref>{{cite web |title=Watch ''Mandala Murders'' |url=https://www.netflix.com/title/81749580 |website=Netflix |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || ''Sarzameen'' || Supporting || Disney+ Hotstar || <ref>{{cite news |title=Piloo Vidyarthi opens up about ''Sarzameen'' role |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-piloo-vidyarthi-on-her-role-in-sarzameen/ |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=2025 |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref>
|}

=== Theatre ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year(s) !! Production !! Role !! Company / Director !! Venue / Notes !! Ref(s)
|-
| 2010s–present || ''Umrao Jaan Ada – The Musical'' || Ammi (Umrao’s mother) || Touring production || Staged in India and abroad || <ref>{{cite web |title=Play review: ''UMRAO'' |url=https://www.mumbaitheatreguide.com/dramas/reviews/22-hindi-play-review-umrao.asp |website=Mumbai Theatre Guide |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 2016–2019 || ''The Sun Set in the East'' || Ensemble/Actor || Rangshila; dir. Avneesh Mishra || Musical on Hiralal Sen and early cinema || <ref>{{cite web |title=''THE SUN SET IN THE EAST'' – review |url=https://www.mumbaitheatreguide.com/dramas/reviews/the-sun-set-in-the-east-hindi-review-by-deepa-punjani.asp |website=Mumbai Theatre Guide |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 2016–2018 || ''Geet Gaan aur Gatha'' || Ensemble/Singer || Rangshila; dir. Avneesh Mishra || Musical collage of folk forms; staged at festivals incl. Prithvi Theatre || <ref>{{cite web |title=About the play: ''Geet Gaan aur Gatha'' |url=https://rangshila.com/geet-gaan-aur-gatha/ |website=Rangshila |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 2018–2024 || ''Salaam… 1950s Ke Naam'' || Cast || Ekjute; dir. Nadira Zaheer Babbar || NCPA Mumbai and touring productions || <ref>{{cite web |title=''Salaam… 1950s Ke Naam'' |url=https://www.ncpamumbai.com/event/salaam-1950s-ke-naam/ |website=NCPA Mumbai |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 2009 || Ekjute double bill || Music director || Ekjute || Premieres at Prithvi Theatre; credited for music || <ref>{{cite web |title=Ekjute's two premiering shows at Prithvi Theatre |url=https://www.mumbaitheatreguide.com/dramas/Articles/09/may/26-ekjutes-two-premiering-shows-at-prithvi-theatre.asp |website=Mumbai Theatre Guide |date=26 May 2009 |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || ''Roshe Roshe'' (musical) || Performer || Purva Naresh || Musical project reported in press || <ref>{{cite news |title=Piloo Vidyarthi makes film debut with ''Akelli''; also part of musical ''Roshe Roshe'' |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2023/piloo-vidyarthi-makes-film-debut-with-nushrratt-bharuccha-starrer-war-torn-film-akelli-362637.html |work=Filmibeat |date=26 August 2023 |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref>
|}

== Personal life ==
Rajoshi was married to actor [[Ashish Vidyarthi]], with whom she has a son.<ref>{{cite news |title=Who is Rajoshi Barua? |url=https://www.pratidintime.com/entertainment/who-is-ashish-vidyarthis-first-wife-rajoshi-barua |work=Pratidin Time |date=26 May 2023 |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[List of Indian television actors]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=nm11396559|name=Rajoshi Vidyarthi}}
* [https://in.linkedin.com/in/piloo-vidyarthi-986311110 Rajoshi (Piloo) Vidyarthi on LinkedIn]
* [https://www.mumbaitheatreguide.com/dramas/reviews/index.asp?sortby=actor&alpha=R Mumbai Theatre Guide – Rajoshi Vidyarthi listings]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vidyarthi, Rajoshi}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian radio personalities]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Jadavpur University alumni]]
{{improve categories|date=September 2025}}

Mekala

2026-03-21T16:50:22Z

Sachin Soni: New

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mekala
| native_name =
| type = Geographical region
| subdivision_type = Continent
| subdivision_name = [[Asia]]
| subdivision_type1 = Countries
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = States or Provinces
| subdivision_name2 = [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Chhattisgarh]]
| blank_name_sec1 = Language
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Gondi language]] [[Chhattisgarhi language]]
| area_total_km2 =
| population_as_of =
| population_total =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| image_map = Mekala region.png
| image_caption = Location of Mekala in central India
| image_size = 400 px
}}
'''Mekala''' is a historical region of [[India]], extending from [[Amarkantak]] to [[Balaghat district|Balaghat]]. It corresponds to the [[Maikal Hills]], which comprises the present-day [[Kawardha District]] of [[Chhattisgarh]] state and [[Anuppur district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref name="geo">{{cite book |last1=Bhattacharyya |first1=Pranab Kumar |title=Historical Geography of Madhyapradesh from Early Records |date=2010 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |isbn=978-81-208-3394-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=njYpsvmr2dsC&dq=mekala&pg=PA78 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="hill">{{cite book |last1=Elwin |first1=Verrier |last2=Hivale |first2=Shamrao |title=Folk-songs of the Maikal Hills |date=1944 |publisher=Man in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xj3hAAAAMAAJ&q=Maikal+Hills |language=en}}</ref> In the [[Medieval India|medieval period]], the region was ruled by the [[Panduvamshis of Mekala]].{{sfn|Shastri|1995|pp=124}}

==History==
In the [[Vishnu Purana]], it was mentioned that seven kings would rule over Mekala. The [[Pushyamitras|Pushpamitras]] produced thirteen kings who ruled over this tract in the 3rd century CE and the "Patumitras" succeeded them.<ref name="imperial">{{cite book |author1=Ashvini Agrawal |title=Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas |date=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120805927 |page=211 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC&dq=Pushyamitras&pg=PA211 |language=English |format=Hardcover}}</ref> However, H.H. Wilson in his translation of the [[Vishnu Purana]], states that the number of [[Pushyamitras|Pushpamitra]] rulers is unknown while the Patumitras had thirteen kings.<ref name="purana">{{cite book |editor1-last=Wilson |editor1-first=H.H. |title=The Vishnu Purana a System of Hindu Mythology and Tradition Translated from the Original Sanskrit, and Illustrated by Notes Derived Chiefly from Other Puranas by the Late H.H. Wilson: 4 |date=1868 |publisher=Trubner & C. |pages=213–215 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YlcHvdefv5wC&dq=patumitras&pg=PA215 |language=en}}</ref>

In the 5th century CE, the [[Panduvamshis of Mekala]] rose in the region and ruled as feudatories of the [[Gupta Empire]]. The region came under the suzerainty of the [[Vakataka dynasty|Vakataka]] king [[Narendrasena]] and [[Harishena]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Ramesh Chandra Majumdar |title=Vakataka - Gupta Age Circa 200-550 A.D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OswUZtL1_CUC&pg=PA92 |year=1986 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0026-7 |page=92}}</ref> The subsequent history of the region is not recorded, but the region probably came under the sway of the [[Panduvamshis of Dakshina Kosala]], who were possibly related to the earlier [[Panduvamshis of Mekala]].{{sfn|Shastri|1995|pp=132-133}}

The [[Amarkantak]] portion of the region passed into the hands of the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri]]. The [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] king [[Lakshmikarna|Karna]] commissioned the beautiful temples in [[Amarkantak]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Yatra 2 Yatra |date=2009 |publisher=Yatra2Yatra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kWqPwWpkhg0C&dq=amarkantak+was+built+by&pg=PA271 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Interesting facts about Amarkantak Temple {{!}} History & Information of Amarkantak |url=https://www.hollymelody.com/interesting-facts-about-amarkantak-temple-history-information-of-amarkantak/ |website=HollyMelody {{!}} Travel Guide and Tips {{!}} Amazing Facts & History |date=9 September 2019}}</ref> When the
[[Kalachuris of Tripuri]] had declined, a cadet branch of their dynasty called the [[Kalachuris of Ratnapura|Haihaiyas of Ratanpur]] took control of the whole region. They are said to have built the actual town of [[Amarkantak]].<ref name="gond">{{cite book |last1=Mehta |first1=Behram H. |title=Gonds of the Central Indian Highlands |date=1984 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |page=263 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X2gpF5bsAjUC&q=ratanpur&pg=PA263 |language=en}}</ref>

In the 16th century, the portion of the Mekala located in [[Madhya Pradesh]] was conquered by the [[Rajgond]] dynasty of [[Garha-Mandla]]. Two of [[Garha-Mandla]]'s capitals- [[Ramnagar, Madhya Pradesh|Ramnagar]] and [[Mandla]], were located in the Mekala region.{{sfn|Mishra|2008|p=20}} Eventually, the [[Kalachuris of Ratnapura|Haihaiyas of Ratanpur]] and [[Garha-Mandla]] were invaded and annexed by the [[Nagpur Kingdom]] within the [[Maratha Empire]]. It is probably at this point that Mekala lost its identity as a separate region. The [[Nagpur Kingdom]] was forced to cede the area to the [[East India Company]] in 1818 after the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]]. The area comprising Mekala later formed a part of the [[Central Provinces]] under [[British Raj|British rule in India]].<ref>Malleson, G. B.: ''An historical sketch of the native states of India,'' London 1875, Reprint Delhi 1984</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/Ideas/CP/ch02regions.html |title= Colonial Administration and Social Developments in middle India: The Central Provinces, 1861-1921 - Ph.D. Dissertation |year=1980 |author=Philip F. McEldowney |publisher=University of Virginia
}}</ref>

==Geography==
The Mekala region is located in [[Central India]] and is mostly forested. The region corresponds to the [[Maikal Hills]], the meeting point of the [[Vindhya]] and [[Satpura]] mountain ranges.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=K. N. |title=The Journey from Ayodhya to Ram Setu |date=19 March 2023 |publisher=Book Rivers |isbn=978-93-5515-901-4 |pages=75–76 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=caq0EAAAQBAJ&dq=satpura+and+vindhya+meeting+point&pg=PA76 |language=en}}</ref> Its core territory comprises the present-day [[Kawardha District]] of [[Chhattisgarh]] state and [[Anuppur district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref name="geo"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Maikal Hill Range in India |url=https://www.india9.com/i9show/Maikal-Hill-Range-52151.htm |website=www.india9.com |language=en}}</ref> According to Verrier Elwin and Shamrao Hivale, the region extended from [[Amarkantak]] to [[Balaghat district]].<ref name="hill"/>

Several streams and major rivers like the [[Narmada River|Narmada]] and [[Son River|Son]] originate from [[Amarkantak]] located in the [[Maikal Hills]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lévi |first1=Sylvain |last2=Przyluski |first2=Jean |last3=Bloch |first3=Jules |title=Pre-Aryan and Pre-Dravidian in India |date=1993 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0772-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dx5dzJGGBg0C&dq=mekala&pg=PA83 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Vegaḍa |first1=Amr̥talāla |title=Narmada: River of Beauty |date=2008 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-310055-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JQJPPgAACAAJ |language=en}}</ref> In the [[Medieval India|medieval period]], this region was an important forest which provided elephants to the armies of kings.{{sfn|Mishra|2008|p=20}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |last1=Shastri |first1=Ajay Mitra |title=Inscriptions of the Śarabhapurīyas, Pāṇḍuvaṁśins, and Somavaṁśins: Introduction |date=1995 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0635-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Idd9i5nP160C&q=mekala&pg=PA47 |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Mishra |first1=Suresh |title=Gadha Ka Gond Rajya |date=1 January 2008 |publisher=Rajkamal Prakashan |isbn=978-81-267-1549-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gyq3uGRT-JEC |language=hi}}

[[Category:Geography of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Regions of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Historical regions in India]]

Titlagarh Junction railway station

2026-03-18T14:34:11Z

Sachin Soni:

{{Short description|Railway station in Odisha, India}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Titilagarh Junction
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] [[junction station]]
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Titlagarh junction railway station.jpg
| image_caption = [[Puri-Durg Express]] At Titilagarh railway station
| address = [[Titilagarh]], [[Balangir District]], [[Odisha]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|20.2849|N|83.1547|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|215|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| line = [[Jharsuguda–Vizianagaram line]], 
[[Raipur–Vizianagaram line]]
| other =
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| platform = 5
| tracks = 7 {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| parking = Available
| opened = 1931
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = TIG
| zone = [[East Coast Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Sambalpur}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railways]]
| status = Functioning
| former = [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]]
| passengers = 84000
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India Odisha#India
| map_dot_label =
| map_caption = Location in Odisha##Location in India
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways
|line=East Coast Railway zone|left=Kesinga|right=Rahenbata|type=[[Jharsuguda–Vizianagaram line|Viziniagram–Raipur branch line]]
|line2=East Coast Railway zone|right2=Sikir|type2=[[Jharsuguda–Vizianagaram line|Titlagarh–Jharsuguda branch line]]}}
}}

'''Titilagarh Junction railway station''' (station code: '''TIG''') is a major railway junction in [[Odisha|Odisha, India]], serving the town of Titilagarh in [[Balangir district]]. It is a key transportation hub for residents of nearby villages, including [[Sindhekela]], Kholan, Naren, Parasara, Chandotara, Turla, Ghodar, Udepur, Kansil, and others.

==History==
The Vizianagaram–Parvatipuram line, spanning 79 km (49 mi), was opened in 1908–09, followed by the completion of the Parvatipuram–Raipur line in 1931.<ref name="ser">{{cite web |title=Major Events in the Formation of S.E. Railway |url=http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401151628/http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C1 |archive-date=1 April 2013 |access-date=10 November 2012 |publisher=South Eastern Railway |df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 1960, Indian Railways initiated three major projects: the Kottavalasa–Koraput–Jeypore–Kirandaul line, the Titilagarh–Bolangir–Jharsuguda Project, and the Rourkela–Kiriburu Project. Collectively known as the [[Dandakaranya Project]] or the DNK Project, these projects aimed to enhance rail infrastructure in the region.<ref>{{cite web |last=Baral |first=Chitta |title=History of Indian Railways in Orissa |url=http://www.baral.us/Orissa-rail-history.pdf |access-date=27 November 2012}}</ref>

The Sambalpur–Titilagarh Railway line was part of this initiative, designed to support the export of two million tons of ore annually through the Vragapattam Port. This project resulted from a tripartite agreement involving the United States, Japan, and India, with the U.S. providing a $20 million loan and Japan contributing an equivalent amount in yen. Negotiations were managed by the Ministry of Finance.

Construction of the 114 km railway line, sanctioned on April 24, 1959, was estimated to cost Rs. 14.58 crores. Additional funds were needed for the import of diesel locomotives, with the U.S. loan anticipated to cover these costs.<ref name="eparlib.nic.in">https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1750/1/lsd_02_07_06-05-1959.pdf page 15</ref> The Sambalpur–Titilagarh line was opened to traffic in 1963.<ref name="ser" />

==Railway reorganisation==
The [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]] was nationalized in 1944.<ref>{{cite web |title=IR History: Part – III (1900–1947) |url=https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history3.html |access-date=21 November 2012 |publisher=IRFCA}}</ref> [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]] was established on 14 April 1952, incorporating the eastern section of the [[East Indian Railway Company]] and the Bengal Nagpur Railway.<ref name="zones">{{cite web |title=Geography – Railway Zones |url=https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-geog.html#newzone |access-date=21 November 2012 |publisher=IRFCA}}</ref> In 1955, [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]] was created from Eastern Railway, taking over lines previously managed by Bengal Nagpur Railway.<ref name="zones" /><ref>{{cite web |title=IR History: Part – IV (1947–1970) |url=https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history4.html |access-date=21 November 2012 |publisher=IRFCA}}</ref> In April 2003, the [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]] and [[South East Central Railway zone|South East Central Railway]] zones were formed from South Eastern Railway.<ref name="zones" />

==Electrification==
Electrification of the Titilagarh–Sambalpur–Jharsuguda line was completed in 2018. As of December 2019, Titilagarh Junction is connected to Raipur, [[Visakhapatnam]], and [[Sambalpur]] via electrified lines. The Titilagarh–Sambalpur double line is under construction, with double-line operations already initiated in the BLSN–MSMD and MSMD–ARN sections.<ref>{{cite web |date=14 March 2012 |title=What is new in Railway Budget 2012–13 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/budget-2012/rail-budget/What-is-new-in-Railway-Budget-2012-13/articleshow/12267354.cms |access-date=10 November 2012 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Recent reports confirm that the electrification and doubling of the Titilagarh–Rayagada line have been completed.

==Amenities==
Titilagarh railway station has a six-bedded dormitory.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://ali-ali4u.blogspot.in/2008/07/east-coast-railway-amenities-at.html |title = East Coast Railway Amenities at Stations (as in 2008)| date=2 July 2008 | access-date = 13 July 2013}}</ref> Other amenities at the railway station include computerised reservation offices, telephone booth, cloak room, waiting room, vegetarian refreshment room and book stall.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.makemytrip.com/railways/titlagarh-tig-railway-station.html |title = Titlagarh railway station (TIG) | publisher= Make my trip| access-date = 13 July 2013}}</ref>

==Passenger movement==
Titilagarh railway station serves approximately 84,000 passengers daily.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://railenquiry.in/stationinfo/TIG/Titlagarh |title = Titlagarh (TIG)| publisher= Indian Rail Enquiry| access-date = 13 July 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Railway stations in Odisha}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1931]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Balangir district]]
[[Category:Railway junction stations in Odisha]]
[[Category:Sambalpur railway division]]

Laabam

2026-03-16T15:07:33Z

Sachin Soni: further refined page per sources and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Laabam.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[S. P. Jananathan]]
| producer = P. Arumuga Kumar [[Vijay Sethupathi]]
| screenplay = Aalayamani
| story = S. P. Jananathan
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = S. P. Jananathan
}}
| starring = Vijay Sethupathi [[Shruti Haasan]] [[Jagapathi Babu]] [[Sai Dhanshika|Dhansika]]
| music = [[D. Imman]]
| cinematography = [[Ramji (cinematographer)|Ramji]]
| editing = N. Ganesh Kumar S. P. Ahmed
| studio = Vijay Sethupathhi Productions 7Cs Entertainment Pvt Ltd
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2021|09|09}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Laabam''''' ({{translation|Profit}}) is a 2021 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama film]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Laabam |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/laabam-film-qxnzzxq6vlgtmtexmjuwmq |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908205342/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/laabam-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc01mzm0nzm |archive-date=8 September 2021 |access-date=9 September 2021 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref> directed and co-written by [[S. P. Jananathan]]. It stars [[Vijay Sethupathi]] and [[Shruti Haasan]], with [[Jagapathi Babu]], [[Sai Dhanshika|Dhansika]], and [[Kalaiyarasan]] in pivotal roles.

Filming for ''Laabam'' took place between April 2019 and December 2020. [[Ramji (cinematographer)|Ramji]] was hired as cinematographer, while [[D. Imman]] is the music composer. The film was released theatrically on 9 September 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2021 |title='Laabam' to get a solo release on September 9 |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/laabam-to-get-a-solo-release-on-september-9-news-tamil-vi0fyHffcceec.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826160547/https://www.sify.com/movies/laabam-to-get-a-solo-release-on-september-9-news-tamil-vi0fyHffcceec.html |archive-date=26 August 2021 |access-date=29 August 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> It was Jananathan's final film as he died six months before its release.<ref name="thenewsminute.com">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2021 |title=National Award winning director SP Jananathan passes away in Chennai |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/national-award-winning-director-sp-jananathan-passes-away-chennai-145199 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314061010/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/national-award-winning-director-sp-jananathan-passes-away-chennai-145199 |archive-date=14 March 2021 |access-date=14 March 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=November 2022}}
Pakkiri returns to his native place after an exile and straight away takes on the greedy village head Vanagamudi. With the support of the locals, he becomes the president of the village and decides to give agriculture a new touch with his techniques. The rest of the story is about how Pakkiri manages the local goons with the help of Clara and comes out victorious.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Vijay Sethupathi]] as Pakkiri Samy
* [[Shruti Haasan]] as Clara
* [[Jagapathi Babu]] as Vanangamudi
* [[Sai Dhanshika|Dhansika]] as Vanangamudi's assistant
* [[Kalaiyarasan]] as Benny
* [[Ramesh Thilak]] as Tesla (Pakkiri's friend)
* [[Daniel Annie Pope]] as Pakkiri's friend
* [[Nitish Veera]] as Pakkiri's friend
* [[Jai Varma]]n as Pakkiri's friend
* [[Prithvi Rajan]] as Selvaraj
* [[G. Marimuthu]] as Paraman
* [[Vincent Asokan]]
* [[Shanmugarajan]]
* [[O. A. K. Sundar]]
* [[Praveena]] as Vanangamudi's wife
* [[KPY Bala]] as Tabla player
* Sanika Raghawa as Clara's friend
* Nikitha Murali as Meenakshi
* [[Nagendra Prasad]] in the song "Yaamili Yaamiliyaa"
}}

== Production ==
The film is directed by [[S. P. Jananathan]], who made a comeback into direction after ''[[Purampokku Engira Podhuvudamai]]'', (2015). [[Principal photography]] for ''Laabam'' commenced on 22 April 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 April 2019 |title=Vijay Sethupathi and Shruti Haasan come together for Laabam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-sethupathi-and-shruti-haasan-come-together-for-laabam/articleshow/68986481.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515025312/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-sethupathi-and-shruti-haasan-come-together-for-laabam/articleshow/68986481.cms |archive-date=15 May 2019 |access-date=19 September 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2019 |title=Vijay Sethupathi and Shruti Haasan film titled 'Laabam' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vijay-sethupathi-and-shruti-haasan-film-titled-laabam-100500 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425102453/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vijay-sethupathi-and-shruti-haasan-film-titled-laabam-100500 |archive-date=25 April 2019 |access-date=25 April 2019 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> [[Vijay Sethupathi]], the lead actor, also produced the film. [[Shruti Haasan]] was cast as the lead actress as Jananathan wanted a "fresh casting".<ref>{{Cite news |last=CR |first=Sharanya |date=23 April 2019 |title=Vijay Sethupathi turns social activist for Laabam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-sethupathi-turns-social-activist-for-laabam/articleshow/68992073.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518084133/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-sethupathi-turns-social-activist-for-laabam/articleshow/68992073.cms |archive-date=18 May 2019 |access-date=25 April 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Filming [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] in December 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 December 2020 |title=Vijay Sethupathi wraps up his portions for Laabam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-sethupathi-wraps-up-his-portions-for-laabam/articleshow/79523939.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251028050755/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-sethupathi-wraps-up-his-portions-for-laabam/articleshow/79523939.cms |archive-date=28 October 2025 |access-date=22 September 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Jananathan died on 14 March 2021 during the post-production stage, making ''Laabam'' his final film as director.<ref name="thenewsminute.com" />

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Laabam
| type = Soundtrack
| longtype = to Laabam
| artist = [[D. Imman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| caption = Cover art
| released = 2021
| recorded = 2021
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = 33:30
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Lahari Music]] and [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = [[D. Imman]]
| prev_title = [[Teddy (film)|Teddy]]
| prev_year = 2021
| next_title = [[Udanpirappe]]
| next_year = 2021
}}

The music was composed by [[D. Imman]]. The audio rights were acquired by [[Lahari Music]] and [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Laabam |url=https://gaana.com/album/laabam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024133650/https://gaana.com/album/laabam |archive-date=24 October 2021 |access-date=25 October 2021 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |language=en}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics = [[Yugabharathi]]
| total_length = 33:30
| title1 = Yaazha Yaazha
| extra1 = [[Shruti Haasan]]
| length1 = 03:54
| title2 = Yaamili Yaamiliya
| extra2 = [[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]]
| length2 = 04:22
| title3 = Clara My Name Is Clara
| extra3 = [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], Kpy Naveen
| length3 = 04:25
| title4 = Seruvom Seruvom
| extra4 = CLEO VII, Srinisha Jayaseelan
| length4 = 03:31
| title5 = Uzhaippom Thozha
| extra5 = Sreenidhi, Narayanan Ravishankar
| length5 = 05:51
| title6 = Daylight Robbery (Theme Music)
| note6 = instrumental
| extra6 = D.Imman
| length6 = 03:07
| title7 = Yaazha Yaazha (Karaoke)
| note7 = instrumental
| extra7 = D.Imman
| length7 = 03:54
| title8 = Clara My Name Is Clara (Karaoke)
| note8 = instrumental
| extra8 = D.Imman
| length8 = 04:25
}}

==Critical reception==
M Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote, "The film's narrative is quite fractured. Rather than moving from one incident to the other, here, it moves from one issue to the other at a rapid pace giving us a false sense of momentum."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=9 September 2021 |title=Laabam Movie Review: Laabam has good intentions but messy storytelling |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/laabam/movie-review/86061307.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024135152/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/laabam/movie-review/86061307.cms |archive-date=24 October 2021 |access-date=25 October 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Srinivasa Ramanujam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' called it "more a visual representation of a protagonist in a television programme [..] than a film".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=9 September 2021 |title='Laabam' movie review: Vijay Sethupathi is the 'Master' now, delivering a social studies lecture |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/laabam-movie-review-vijay-sethupathi-is-the-master-now-delivering-a-social-studies-lecture/article36379199.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024133653/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/laabam-movie-review-vijay-sethupathi-is-the-master-now-delivering-a-social-studies-lecture/article36379199.ece |archive-date=24 October 2021 |access-date=25 October 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Home media==
The film began streaming on [[Netflix]] from October 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Thinkal |date=15 September 2021 |title=SP Jhananathan's Vijay Sethupathi-starrer Laabam to release on Netflix in October |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/sp-jhananathans-vijay-sethupathistarrer-laabam-to-release-on-netflix-in-october/ee8ef6fc94107 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928045025/https://www.ottplay.com/news/sp-jhananathans-vijay-sethupathistarrer-laabam-to-release-on-netflix-in-october/ee8ef6fc94107 |archive-date=28 September 2021 |access-date=22 September 2025 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{S. P. Jananathan}}

[[Category:2021 action drama films]]
[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:2021 Indian films]]
[[Category:2021 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films about agriculture]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. P. Jananathan]]
[[Category:Films scored by D. Imman]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Apollo Adlux Hospital

2026-03-16T13:22:24Z

Sachin Soni: made article - done

{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox hospital
| name = Apollo Adlux Hospital
| org_group = [[Apollo Hospitals]]
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| image = Apollo Adlux Hospital Entrance.jpg
| image_size = 225
| alt =
| caption =
| coordinates = 
| location = [[Karukutty]]
| region = [[Angamaly]]
| state = [[Kerala]]
| country = IN
| healthcare = Private
| funding =
| type = Non-profit
| religious_affiliation =
| affiliation =
| patron =
| network = [[Apollo Hospitals]]
| standards = [[NABH]]
| emergency = Yes
| beds = 250
| speciality =
| helipad =
| former_names =
| constructed = 2018
| opened = 
| closed =
| demolished =
| website = {{URL|https://www.apolloadluxhospital.co}}
| other_links =
| module =
}}
'''Apollo Adlux Hospital''' is a 250-bedded tertiary care hospital, located at [[Karukutty]], [[Angamaly]], Kerala. Started in 2018, it is a joint venture of [[Apollo Hospitals]] and Adlux Group, the first of Apollo Hospitals in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apollo-Adlux joint venture for a hospital at Angamaly |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/apollo-adlux-joint-venture-for-a-hospital-at-angamaly/articleshow/66841967.cms |via=The Economic Times – The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=12 October 2024 |title=Apollo Adlux Hospital excels in robotic surgery |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2024/Oct/08/apollo-adlux-hospital-excels-in-robotic-surgery |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{url|https://www.apolloadluxhospital.co/|Official website}}

{{Health in Kerala|state=collapsed}}
[[Category:Hospitals established in the 21st century]]
[[Category:Apollo Hospitals]]

{{Kerala-stub}}
{{India-hospital-stub}}

Shilpi Singh

2026-03-15T04:35:26Z

Sachin Soni: created a bio w/ sources

{{AI-generated|date=September 2025}}
{{short description|Indian woman social worker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shilpi Singh
| image = Shilpi's Picture.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 20 August 1984
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Human Rights Activist
| years_active =
| known_for = Social Activism
| organization = Bhoomika Vihar, [[Katihar District]], Bihar (India)
| website = https://www.bhoomikavihar.in
| notable_works =
}}
'''Shilpi Singh''' is an Indian [[women's rights]] activist .<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Shilpi Singh |url=https://www.vitalvoices.org/fellow/shilpi-singh/ |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=Vital Voices |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last1=McClure |first1=Tess |last2=Dhillon |first2=Amrit |date=2023-06-28 |title=Climate crisis linked to rising domestic violence in south Asia, study finds |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/jun/28/climate-crisis-linked-to-rising-domestic-violence-in-south-asia-study-finds |access-date=2023-11-10 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Patna diary |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/jun/23/patna-diary-2320187.html |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=The New Indian Express|date=23 June 2021 }}</ref> She helps with the rights and rehabilitation of [[Women in India|Indian women]] in rural areas,<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Girl rescued from traffickers |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/girl-rescued-from-traffickers/cid/1439252 |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref> to prevent [[human trafficking]],<ref name=":5">{{cite news |last1=Jha |first1=Aditya Nath |title=Pregnant woman sold in Bihar for Rs. 11,000, rescued |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/pregnant-woman-sold-in-bihar-for-rs-11-000-rescued/story-6ENwKAQPVIwgW007G0xMVK.html |access-date=13 January 2024 |agency=Hindustan Times |issue=Katihar |date=14 May 2013}}</ref> [[Child marriage in India|child marriage]]<ref name="बाल विवाह">{{cite news |title=जिले में बाल विवाह के खिलाफ अलख जला रहीं शिल्पी सिंह |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/katihar/story-shilpi-singh-is-raising-awareness-against-child-marriage-in-the-district-2772184.html |access-date=13 February 2025 |work=Hindustan Hindi |agency=Hindustan Online |publisher=Hindustan |date=19 September 2019}}</ref> in [[Bihar]], [[India]]. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Patel |first=Anupama |date=2023-07-10 |title=Increasing Domestic Violence In India Due To Warming Climate Study Shows |url=https://feminisminindia.com/2023/07/10/increasing-domestic-violence-in-india-due-to-warming-climate-study-shows/ |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=Feminism in India |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{cite web |title=One Night Bride |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oen39T-RP4s |website=www.youtube.com | date=14 April 2017 |access-date=13 January 2024}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{cite news |last1=तिवारी |first1=सीटू |title=शादी के बहाने बार-बार बेची जाती हैं यहां लड़कियां |url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-47909759 |access-date=13 January 2024 |agency=BBC Hindi |issue=Bihar |date=13 April 2019}}</ref>

== Social Work ==
She is the director of Bhoomika Vihar,<ref name=":9">{{cite web |last1=Vihar |first1=Bhoomika |date=14 January 2020 |title=The Stop Slavery Hero Award |url=https://www.trust.org/i/?id=ca8abf3d-3cee-439d-a006-ae6747e19b4a |access-date=13 January 2024 |website=Thomson Reuters Foundation}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{cite web |title=Bhoomika Vihar |url=https://www.endslaverynow.org/bhoomika-vihar |access-date=13 January 2024 |website=www.endslaverynow.org}}</ref> a [[not-for-profit]] organisation.It was established in 1996 with the objective of empowering the [[marginalised]], particularly women and girls at risk of forced or early marriage, with education and skill development, which would expand their [[socioeconomic]] opportunities.<ref name=":11">{{cite web |last1=Foundation |first1=Azim Premji |title=Bhoomika Vihar |url=https://azimpremjifoundation.org/content/bhoomika-vihar-katihar-and-araria-districts-north-east-bihar |access-date=13 January 2024 |website=azimpremjifoundation.org}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{cite web |last1=Vihar |first1=Bhoomika |title=Mission And Vision |url=https://www.bhoomikavihar.in/Home/MissionAndVision |access-date=13 January 2024 |website=www.bhoomikavihar.in}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{cite web |last1=Bihan |first1=Bihar |date=15 January 2023 |title=Shilpi Singh |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4aAFRZmSgpQ |access-date=13 January 2024 |website=DD Bihar Channel}}</ref>She rescued around 275 women from trafficking in the [[Purnia division|Seemanchal]] region Bihar. <ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Hasan |first=Waquar |date=2022-09-13 |title=Ground Report: Trafficking In Women Rife In Bihar's Seemanchal |url=https://www.indiaspend.com/bihar/ground-report-trafficking-in-women-rife-in-bihars-seemanchal-834685 |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=www.indiaspend.com |language=en}}</ref> and provided support to [[domestic violence]] survivors,<ref name=":15">{{Cite news |last=Tewary |first=Amarnath |date=2017-04-21 |title=Betrayed by their own blood |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/betrayed-by-their-own-blood/article18186403.ece |access-date=2023-10-07 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Roshan |title=Salute to girl power |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/salute-to-girl-power/cid/1350517 |access-date=16 January 2024 |agency=The Telegraph |issue=Patna |date=11 December 2016}}</ref> she acknowledged domestic violence to have a straightforward connection with environment,[[climate change]].<ref name=":15"/><ref name=":17">{{Cite news |date=2023-01-03 |title=Climate change puts more women at risk for domestic violence |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2023/01/03/domestic-violence-climate-change-umoja/ |access-date=2023-11-09 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":18">{{Cite web |date=2023-01-13 |title=Climate change leaving more women at risk of GBV, globally |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/news/gender/climate-change-leaving-more-women-at-risk-of-gbv-globally-4084624 |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=Nation |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":19">{{Cite web |title=Rising Temperatures Linked to Surge in Domestic Violence Against Women, Study Reveals |url=https://www.southasiatime.com/2023/06/29/rising-temperatures-linked-to-surge-in-domestic-violence-against-women-study-reveals/ |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=www.southasiatime.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> Singh participated in advocating for the opening of crisis centers where rescued women could get all assistance in one place that is free from discrimination and has government protection.<ref name=":20">{{Cite web |title=One-stop aid for women in PMCH |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/one-stop-aid-for-women-in-pmch/cid/1345434 |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref> Through her organization, Bhoomika Vihar, Shilpi signed an [[Memorandum of understanding|MoU]] with the [[List of diplomatic missions of Canada|Canadian Embassy]] and NSS Bihar to create gender youth speakers to campaign for gender awareness and sensitivity.<ref name=":21">{{Cite web |title=Gender-sensitivity battle, via play |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/gender-sensitivity-battle-via-play/cid/1385479 |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

'''Major Initiatives Under Shilpi's leadership:'''

#'''Anti-Human Trafficking Campaigns:''' These campaigns focus on creating awareness about human trafficking, educating vulnerable communities, and building networks to support rescue operations.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title=Girl rescued from traffickers |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/girl-rescued-from-traffickers/cid/1439252 |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="CRY_UNODC">{{cite book |last1=Sekhon |first1=Dr. Geeta |last2=Rana |first2=Ms. Swasti |last3=John |first3=Mr. Varghese |title=COMPENDIUM OF BEST PRACTICES ON ANTI HUMAN TRAFFICKING BY NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS |date=2008 |publisher=A publication of United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Regional Office for South Asia |location=New Delhi |page=1-173 |url=https://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/India_Training_material/Compendium_of_Best_Practices_by_NGOs.pdf |access-date=10 February 2025}}</ref>
#'''Rehabilitation/Reintegration Programs:'''Bhoomika Vihar facilitates immediate aftercare/reintegration services, including counseling, legal aid, and vocational training, to help survivors rebuild their lives.<ref name=":15"/><ref name=":35">{{cite news |last1=Sahni |first1=Muskaan |title=Climate Crisis And The Violence Against Women |url=https://feminisminindia.com/2024/03/12/climate-crisis-and-the-violence-against-women/ |access-date=26 June 2024 |work=Social Work |agency=Feminism in India |date=12 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="CRY_UNODC">{{cite book |last1=Sekhon |first1=Dr. Geeta |last2=Rana |first2=Ms. Swasti |last3=John |first3=Mr. Varghese |title=COMPENDIUM OF BEST PRACTICES ON ANTI HUMAN TRAFFICKING BY NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS |date=2008 |publisher=A publication of United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Regional Office for South Asia |location=New Delhi |page=1-173 |url=https://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/India_Training_material/Compendium_of_Best_Practices_by_NGOs.pdf |access-date=10 February 2025}}</ref>
# '''Education and Empowerment:''' Recognizing the importance of education, the organization runs educational programs for children and young adults to empower them with knowledge and skills necessary for a better future. Focusing on joyful digital learning and through STEAM module to cope up the learning gap of Urban and Rural students.<ref name=":23">{{Cite web |last=Rawal |first=Urvashi Dev |title=How Shilpi Singh is taking on human traffickers and rescuing women in Bihar's badlands |url=https://30stades.com/society/shilpi-singh-taking-on-human-traffickers-rescues-women-from-prostitution-child-marriage-bihar-seemanchal |access-date=2023-10-08 |website=30stades.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":36" />
# '''Joyful Learning Centers & First-Generation Graduates:''' Bhoomika Vihar has established Maike Centers: Joyful Digital Learning Centers, which have acted as a bridge for children who were once out of school. These centers not only provide education but also serve as a means of empowerment, preventing early marriage and protecting young girls from the dangers of trafficking. Many of these students have gone on to become first-generation graduates, breaking the cycle of marginalization through sustained educational support.<ref name=":28" /><ref name=":29" /><ref name=":23" />
#'''Advocacy and Policy Influence:''' Shilpi Singh actively engages with policymakers and stakeholders to advocate for stronger laws and policies to combat human trafficking and support survivors.<ref name=":24">{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Shuchismita |title=Gender violence tips on US trip |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/gender-violence-tips-on-us-trip/cid/1340489 |access-date=13 January 2024 |agency=The Telegraph Online |date=14 July 2015}}</ref><ref name=":30" />

== Durga Jattha ==

To encourage and have participation from local community girls and women, Shilpi initiated forming groups of vulnerable adolescent girls, which is called Durga Jattha. There are 20 girls in a group from the same [[Panchayati raj|Panchayat]]. The girls in the group conduct meetings on regular basis for discussion on vices in the community and they inform to the local government authorities for corrective actions. At present, 50 such groups are active in [[Araria]] and [[Katihar]] districts of Bihar.<ref name=":25">{{Cite web |title='स्वाहा' के समवेत स्वर में कुरीतियों का दहन कर रहीं बेटियां, दुर्गा जत्था ने बदली कई जिंदगी - Daughters burning evils in the chorus of Swaha Durga Jattha changed the lives of many Jagran Special |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-daughters-burning-evils-in-the-chorus-of-swaha-durga-jattha-changed-the-lives-of-many-jagran-special-22464066.html |access-date=2023-10-08 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":26">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Apoorva |date=14 April 2023 |title=लड़कियों के लिए मिशाल हैं बिहार की शिल्पी, 200 से ज्यादा को देह व्यापार से निकला, 1800 की रुकवाई शादी |publisher=aajtak.in |agency=Aaj Tak |url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/news/story/bihar-shilpisingh-bhoomika-vihar-ngo-girls-prostitution-ntc-1674860-2023-04-14 |access-date=4 October 2023}}</ref>

Under this structure of Community Driven and Girl Led Leadership, the group publishes their own handmade newspapers using herbal colours and food grains.<ref name="Durga Jathha Newspaper">{{cite news |title=वंचित समाज की सीमांचल की बेटियों ने निकला अपना 10 पन्नों का अख़बार |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/epaper/detail-page/patna/384/2020-12-06?pid=12 |access-date=10 February 2025 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |agency=Dainik Bhaskar |issue=Patna |date=6 December 2020}}{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The newspaper is shared with Panchayati Raj authorities/ Police and media personnel on regular interval. The group acts against early marriages of girls in rural areas, they also identify and motivate [[school dropout]] girls to take part in regular education system.<ref name=":27">{{Cite web |title=Once Trafficked as 'Brides', Now Excluded: In Bihar's Araria, a Second Chance Eludes Survivors |url=https://thewire.in/rights/bride-trafficking-bihar-survivors |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=The Wire}}</ref><ref name=":28">{{cite news |last1=आलम |first1=शमशाद |title=जज्बा: 20 साल से लड़कियों के हक के लिए संघर्ष कर रहीं शिल्पी, 1050 को स्कूल भेजा 1890 नाबालिग की शादी रुकवाई, 240 को जिस्मफरोशी के धंधे से निकाला |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/bhagalpur/katihar/news/shilpi-who-has-beenstruggling-for-the-rights-of-girls-for-20-years-sent-1050-to-school-stopped-the-marriage-of-1890-minor-removed-240-from-the-business-of-prostitution-128133211.html |access-date=11 October 2023 |work=Social Work |agency=Dainik Bhaskar |issue=Katihar |publisher=bhaskar.com}}</ref>
<ref name=":29">{{cite news |last1=सिन्हा |first1=संजय |title=शादी के नाम पर बेची गई 1900 लड़कियों को बचाया:दुर्गा जत्था बनाकर रोके बाल विवाह, आमिर खान की सीक्रेट सुपरस्टार रही |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/women/this-is-me/news/stopped-child-marriage-by-making-durga-jatha-aamir-khans-secret-superstar-130679061.html |access-date=11 October 2023 |work=Social Work |agency=Dainik Bhaskar |issue=New Delhi |publisher=bhaskar.com}}</ref><ref name=":30">{{cite news |last1=Sahay |first1=Abhinav |title=Seemanchal girls seek pledge from candidates to stop fake marriages for votes |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/assembly-elections/seemanchal-girls-seek-pledge-from-candidates-to-stop-fake-marriages-for-votes/story-3FD8b11Sbjph5jjV41gBZP.html |access-date=16 January 2024 |agency=Hindustan Times |issue=Patna |date=21 October 2020}}</ref>

== Digital Storytelling ==
Shilpi has utilized digital storytelling as a medium to document and highlight the lived experiences of women and girls from marginalized communities, particularly those affected by trafficking, gender-based violence, and social exclusion. Through a series of documentaries such as I Exist,<ref name="I Exist">{{cite web |last1=Vihar |first1=Bhoomika |title=I Exist |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fP3V7DA9_TE |website=Bhoomika Vihar |publisher=Bhoomika Vihar Youtube |access-date=13 February 2025}}</ref> One Night Bride,<ref name="One Night Bride">{{cite web |last1=Vihar |first1=Bhoomika |title=One Night Bride: A movie on Girls Trafficking, Bhoomika Vihar, Shilpi Singh |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oen39T-RP4s |website=Bhoomika Vihar |publisher=Bhoomika Vihar Youtube |access-date=13 February 2025}}</ref> Lajja,<ref name="Lajja">{{cite web |last1=Vihar |first1=Bhoomika |title=Lajja : Redefining Red Womanhood... (An Animated Film) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dZb-KQyDN48 |website=Bhoomika Vihar |publisher=Bhoomika Vihar Youtube |access-date=13 February 2025}}</ref> Swaha:Resilience Beyond Borders<ref name="Swaha">{{cite web |last1=Vihar |first1=Bhoomika |title=Swahaa...Bhoomika Durga Jattha girls raising voice against Patriarchy |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v5SDWsOC0jc |website=Bhoomika Vihar |publisher=Bhoomika Vihar Youtube |access-date=13 February 2025}}</ref> and Jhatka<ref name="Jhatka">{{cite web |last1=Vihar |first1=Bhoomika |title=JHATKA: A FILM BY BHOOMIKA VIHAR, EDUCATION, EMPOWERMENT, RESILIENCE |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U14_Ce6oWWE |website=Bhoomika Vihar |publisher=Bhoomika Vihar Youtube |access-date=13 February 2025}}</ref> the organization presents narratives that explore both the challenges and resilience of individuals navigating complex socio-economic realities.<ref name="India News Interview">{{cite web |last1=Banshal |first1=Rachna |title=हम महिलाएं में सुनिए शिल्पी सिंह की कहानी जो आपको हौंसलों से भर देगी |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mmazQAcHLLY |website=India News |publisher=India News You Tube Channel |access-date=13 February 2025}}</ref>

Films like One Night Bride,<ref name="One Night Bride">{{cite web |last1=Vihar |first1=Bhoomika |title=One Night Bride: A movie on Girls Trafficking, Bhoomika Vihar, Shilpi Singh |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oen39T-RP4s |website=Bhoomika Vihar |publisher=Bhoomika Vihar Youtube |access-date=13 February 2025}}</ref> which has received significant viewership, examine the realities of trafficked brides and forced marriages, while Lajja<ref name="Lajja">{{cite web |last1=Vihar |first1=Bhoomika |title=Lajja : Redefining Red Womanhood... (An Animated Film) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dZb-KQyDN48 |website=Bhoomika Vihar |publisher=Bhoomika Vihar Youtube |access-date=13 February 2025}}</ref> and Swaha<ref name="Swaha" /> address issues related to stigma and gender-based violence. Other documentaries focus on themes of cyber exploitation, social rehabilitation, and economic empowerment. These projects serve as a resource for raising awareness, fostering discussions, and contributing to broader efforts around gender justice and social change.<ref name="India News Interview" />

== Aanchal: Transforming Lives of Orphaned and Abandoned Children ==

Shilpi Singh has been instrumental in supporting [[orphaned]] and [[Child abandonment|abandoned]] children in rural Bihar through the Aanchal Project, a dedicated initiative focused on providing protection, education, healthcare, and psychosocial support to children at risk due to trafficking, abandonment, social neglect, or exploitation. This initiative prioritizes non-institutional care models, such as Foster care and [[kinship]] care, ensuring that children grow up in nurturing family environments rather than institutional settings. The project was launched based on a baseline survey conducted between December 2012 and 2013, which assessed the conditions of orphaned and abandoned children across the state.<ref name="Aanchal">{{cite news |title=Laxity drives orphans to crime |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/laxity-drives-orphans-to-crime/cid/276356 |access-date=8 February 2025 |work=Social Study |publisher=The Telegraph |date=22 July 2013}}</ref>

Beyond providing immediate relief and protection, the Aanchal Project emphasizes long-term rehabilitation, equipping over 60 children with education, healthcare access, and [[life skills]] training since 2013. This approach aligns with international best practices that advocate for family-based care over institutionalization, as outlined in the [[United Nations]] Guidelines for the Alternative Care of Children (2010). Through strategic collaboration with local communities, child protection agencies, and legal frameworks, Bhoomika Vihar is working to restore dignity, security, and opportunities to vulnerable children while strengthening [[child welfare]] policies.<ref name="RSA_Oct'24">{{cite journal |last1=Saraswat |first1=Dr. Ritu |title='Bhoomika Vihar': NGO Transforming Lives of Orphaned and Abandoned Children in Rural Bihar: A Case Study of Project Aanchal (The Sheild for Protection, Care and Grooming) |journal=Rajsthan Journal of Sociology |date=October 2024 |volume=16 |page=11 |url=https://bhoomikavihar.in/Pdf/Rajasthan_Journal_2025.pdf |access-date=11 February 2025}}</ref>

The project's impact has been widely recognized, particularly in academic discourse. The Rajasthan Sociological Journal (Vol.-16, October 2024) highlighted the Aanchal Project as a transformative model for rehabilitating [[orphaned]] and [[Child abandonment|abandoned]] children in Bihar. The study underscores the effectiveness of Bhoomika Vihar’s community-driven, non-institutional care approach in providing a sustainable and child-centric alternative to institutional care. Furthermore, it illustrates how education and skill development play a crucial role in mitigating the economic and social [[vulnerabilities]] of these children, ultimately preparing them for independent and secure futures.<ref name="RSA_Oct'24" />

== Emergency Relief ==

Shilpi Singh has led disaster relief efforts in Bihar’s Seemanchal region, responding to natural calamities and [[public health]] crises. During the 2008 [[Kosi division|Kosi]] floods, she mobilized large-scale relief efforts, providing ration supplies, cooked meals, and medical support to displaced families. During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], Bhoomika Vihar facilitated vaccination drives, particularly targeting [[marginalized]] groups such as [[Dalits]] and [[Musahar]] communities, ensuring equitable healthcare access.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Patna diary |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/jun/23/patna-diary-2320187.html |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=The New Indian Express|date=23 June 2021 }}</ref><ref name="Amazon Book">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Shilpi |last2=George Joseph |first2=Renji |last3=Kumar |first3=Nandan |title=Covid-19: A New Beginning: Assessment of Impacts on Marginalized Women of Bihar |date=20 January 2024 |publisher=Amazon.in (ASIN:B0CSXKB9BG) |page=57 |edition=1 |url=https://www.amazon.in/-/hi/Shilpi-Singh-ebook/dp/B0CSXKB9BG/ref=sr_1_7?dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.quIK899UTXp9L7YhmApGpW3Bhl3NcLPo7phB3560PxABO_5VC-17DcKDSfrokQcov5OsALW4t-B7lC3Wx13eTRMMIC0hWlhFiLHV0He1rHpdji-K07Q6hC-C89LOHQcaic7-fn4wMmzIVQnmdL-xRNoWurIz7Lmpzod0tC2MxAN2juSLFouiuCvZlezuJpUK7GbmN8hySVciA3JaKFkK9gyd71JQbNYJDwLQQai1Ycw.JkCk5qfqrOGsY92uj_BFYHXopm5HQ_C84xVdSOYBiCE&dib_tag=se&qid=1739012503&refinements=p_27%3AShilpi+Singh&s=books&sr=1-7 |access-date=8 February 2025}}</ref><ref name="Vaccination News">{{cite news |title=वैक्सीन के लिए प्रेरित करना संस्था का उद्देश्य |url=https://epaper.prabhatkhabar.com/patna/saran/2021-06-14/4 |access-date=10 February 2025 |work=Social Work Saran |agency=Prabhat Khabar |date=14 June 2021}}</ref>

== Awards ==

* [[Vital Voices]] & [[Reliance Foundation]] Women Leader (2022-2023) – Recognized for leadership in social activism.<ref name=":31">{{Cite web |title=Katihar's daughter Shilpi Singh included among 50 women leaders of the country |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/bhagalpur/story-katihar-39-s-daughter-shilpi-singh-included-in-the-country-39-s-50-women-leaders-7480806.html |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-14 |title=American organization Vital Voices and Reliance Foundation elected Bihar's daughter Shilpi Singh as Woman Leader for 2022-23 - Latest Bihar News{{!}} Current News of Bihar Pipa News - PiPa News |url=https://pipanews.com/american-organization-vital-voices-and-reliance-foundation-elected-bihars-daughter-shilpi-singh-as-woman-leader-for-2022-23-latest-bihar-news-current-news-of-bihar-pipa-news/ |access-date=2023-11-09 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="वाइटल वॉइसेस">{{cite news |last1=रंजीता |first1=(बि०प०) |title=बिहार की बेटी शिल्पी सिंह को अमेरिकी संस्था वाइटल वॉइसेस और रिलायंस फ़ाउंडेशन ने 2022-23 के लिए चुना वुमन लीडर |url=https://biharpatrika.in/award-function-4/ |access-date=13 February 2025 |work=Bihar Patrika |agency=Bihar Patrika (in Hindi) |date=14 December 2022}}</ref>

* [[Secret Superstar]] Campaign ([[Aamir Khan]] Initiative) – Featured for impactful work in grassroots activism.<ref name=":33">{{Cite web |title=NGO director's 'secret call' with Aamir |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/ngo-director-s-secret-call-with-aamir/cid/1366543 |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":34">{{Cite web |title=Aamir Khan Finds A Secret Superstar In Shilpi Singh {{!}} India.com |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/aamir-khan-finds-a-secret-superstar-in-shilpi-singh-2532801/ |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name="आमिर खान की 'सीक्रेट सुपरस्टार'">{{cite news |last1=Kumari |first1=Kajal |title=बिहार: कटिहार की शिल्पी बनी आमिर खान की 'सीक्रेट सुपरस्टार' |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/katihar-katihar-woman-shilpi-singh-became-secret-super-star-of-bollywood-actor-amir-khan-16840452.html |access-date=13 February 2025 |work=Dainik Jagran |agency=Jagran Online |date=10 October 2017}}</ref>

* International Visitor Leadership Program ([[IVLP]]) Delegate (2015) – Selected by the [[U.S. Embassy]] for leadership in combating human trafficking.<ref name=":23"/><ref name=":24"/>

* [[HCLTech]] Grant Finalist (2022-23) – Bhoomika Vihar was recognized in the Education category and featured in "'''''The Fifth Estate VOL.-VII.'''''" by HCL Foundation.<ref name=":36">{{cite book |last1=Chanana |first1=Ruchika |title=The Fifth Estate VOL.-VII: NGOs Transforming Rural India in Environment, Health and Education |date=2023 |publisher=Rollibooks |location=Mumbai |isbn=9789392130212 |pages=190–193 |edition=VII |url=https://www.hclfoundation.org/publications#the-fifth-estate-compendium-vol-vii |access-date=26 June 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Shilpi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women's rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian women human rights activists]]
[[Category:People from Bihar]]
[[Category:People from Katihar]]
[[Category:Women educators from Bihar]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:Women from Bihar]]
[[Category:Social work]]
[[Category:1984 births]]

Haridwar district

2026-03-13T09:03:21Z

Sachin Soni: corrected citations and fixed typos

{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Weasel|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Haridwar district
| other_name = Hardwar district
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Uttarakhand|District]] of [[Uttarakhand]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage |size = 250
|photo1a = Haridwar Ganga 6.JPG
|photo1b = Mansa Devi Temple, Haridwar.JPG
|photo2a = Chandi_Devi_Mandir,Haridwar.JPG
|photo2b = The_River_Ganga_at_Haridwar.jpg
|photo3a = Hindu_god_Shiva_murti_statue_near_Ganges_in_Haridwar_India_sights_culture_beliefs_2015.jpg
}}
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Uttarakhand
| coordinates = {{coord|29.96|N|78.16|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttarakhand]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Haridwar]]
| government_type = Zilla
| governing_body = Zilla Panchayath
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2360
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 249.7
| population_total = 1890422
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 801
| population_demonym = Haridwari
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<ref name="2011lang" />
| demographics1_title2 = Native
| demographics1_info2 = [[Kauravi dialect|Khariboli]]<ref> {{cite web |title=Languages of Uttarakhand |url=https://www.ofuttarakhand.com/what-is-language-of-uttarakhand/}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 01334
| registration_plate = UK-08
| website = {{URL|haridwar.nic.in}}
| footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://haridwar.nic.in/history.htm#Geography|title=History of Haridwar|website=haridwar.nic.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210151555/http://haridwar.nic.in/history.htm |archive-date=10 December 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.euttaranchal.com/uttaranchal/haridwar.php |title=Haridwar District Uttarakhand, Information Updates of Haridwar District Uttarakhand Uttaranchal India |publisher=Euttaranchal.com |access-date=2012-08-03 |archive-date=20 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920041913/http://www.euttaranchal.com/uttaranchal/haridwar.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| leader_title = [[District magistrate|District collector]]
| leader_name = Dhiraj Singh Garbiyal [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
}}

'''Haridwar district''' ({{IPA|hi|ɦəɾɪd̪waːɾ|lang|Haridwar.ogg}}), also spelled '''Hardwar''', is part of [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]] that lies in the [[Doab]] region, where people traditionally speak [[Kauravi dialect|Khariboli]]. It is headquartered at [[Haridwar]] which is also its largest city. The district is ringed by the districts [[Dehradun district|Dehradun]] in the north and east, [[Pauri Garhwal district|Pauri Garhwal]] in the east and the [[Uttar Pradesh]] districts of [[Muzaffarnagar district|Muzaffarnagar]] and [[Bijnor district|Bijnor]] in the south and [[Saharanpur district|Saharanpur]] in the west.

Haridwar district came into existence on 28 December 1988 as part of [[Saharanpur division|Saharanpur Divisional Commissionary]],<ref name=geo/> On 24 September 1998 [[Uttar Pradesh]] Legislative Assembly passed the 'Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Bill', 1998',<ref name="indianexpress.com">[http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980924/26750834.html Reorganisation Bill passed by UP Govt] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090907185215/http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980924/26750834.html |date= 7 September 2009 }} ''[[The Indian Express]]'', 24 September 1998.</ref> eventually the [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] also passed the [[List of Indian Federal Legislation|Indian Federal Legislation]] – 'Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act 2000', and thus on 9 November 2000,<ref name="Uttarakhand">[http://india.gov.in/business/investment_incentives/uttarakhand/uttarakhand.php Uttarakhand] ''[[Govt. of India]]'', Official website.</ref> Haridwar became part of the newly formed [[Uttarakhand]] (then Uttaranchal), the 27th state of the [[Republic of India]].

As of 2011 it is the most populous district of Uttarakhand (out of [[List of districts of Uttarakhand|13]]).<ref name="districtcensus">{{cite web | url = http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php | title = District Census 2011 | access-date = 2011-09-30 | year = 2011 | publisher = Census2011.co.in}}</ref> Important towns in the district are [[Haridwar]], [[Bharat Heavy Electrical Limited, Ranipur|BHEL Ranipur]], [[Roorkee]], [[Manglaur]], [[Jhabrera]], [[Laksar]], [[Landhaura]], [[Dhandera]], [[Bhagwanpur, Uttarakhand|Bhagwanpur]], and [[Bahadrabad]].

==Geography==
Haridwar district, covering an area of about 12.3 km per square, is in the southwestern part of Uttarakhand state of India. Its latitude and longitude are 29.96-degree north and 78.16-degree east respectively.<ref>[http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=1861 Haridwara weather and coordinates] timeanddate.com/worldclock.</ref> [[File:Main Ganga river, before the Bhimgoda barrage, Haridwar.jpg|right|250px|thumb|''Neel Dhara Bird Sanctuary'' at the main Ganges Canal, before ''Bhimgoda barrage'', also showing signs of an ancient port.]]
The river Ganges flows through it in a series of channels separated from each other called aits, most of which are wooded. Other minor seasonal streams are Ranipur Rao, Pathri Rao, Rawii Rao, Harnaui Rao, and Begam Nadi.<ref name="urban">[http://www.jnnurm.nic.in/toolkit/CDP_HARIDWAR.PDF]{{dead link|date=October 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} City Development Plan: Haridwara Urban Development Department, Government of Uttarakhanda. p.20.</ref>

=== Climate ===
Average temperatures are mostly cooler than that of other parts of the country.

=== Nature and wildlife ===
The wooded [[Rajaji National Park]], a wildlife sanctuary, is located within the bounds of the district and is accessible through different gates; Ranipur and Chilla Gates are just about 9 km from Haridwar. ''[[Sureshvari Devi Mandir]]'', a temple of Goddess [[Sureswari|Sureshwari]], is situated in Rajaji National Park. ''[[Cheela Dam]]'' is a picnic spot with a dam and a man-made lake nearby; elephants and other wild animals found here.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}} ''Neel Dhara Pakshi Vihar'' is a bird sanctuary, situated on the main Ganges river, or Neel Dhara, at the [[Bhimgoda Barrage]]; it is visited by bird watchers and home to migratory birds during the winter season.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/329300.cms Neel Dhara Bird Sanctuary]</ref>

==History==
[[File:Ganga Mahabalipuram.jpg|right|thumb|Prince [[Bhagiratha|Bhagirath]] in penance for the salvation of 60,000 of his ancestors.]]
{{Main|Haridwar in scriptures}}
{{See also|Saharanpur division}}

===Legends===
A discourse of [[Bhishma]] in the Vana Parva (Tirtha-yatra Parva) Section XC of [[The Mahabharata]] notes:<ref>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03090.htm Yudhishthira] [[Mahabharata|The Mahabharata]], translated by [[Kisari Mohan Ganguli]] (1883 – 1896), Book 3: Vana Parva: Tirtha-yatra Parva: Section XC, p 204.</ref>
:''O! [[Yudhishthira]], the spot where [[Ganges|Ganga]] rusheth past, cleaving the foremost of mountains which is frequented by [[Gandharvas]] and [[Yakshas]] and [[Rakshasas]] and [[Apsaras]], and inhabited by hunters, and [[Kinnara kingdom|Kinnaras]], is called ''Gangadwara'' (Haridwar). O! King, [[Sanatkumara]] regardeth that spot visited by [[Brahmarshi]]s, as also the [[Tirtha (Hinduism)|Tirtha]] [[Kankhal|Kanakhala]] (that is near to it), as sacred.''

According to [[Hindu texts|Hindu literature]], [[Daksha]] [[Prajapati]], father of [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Dakshayani]], Shiva's first wife, was a ruler here. He performed a [[Daksha yajna|yagna]], to which he deliberately did not invite Shiva. When he arrived uninvited, he was further insulted by the king, seeing which [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Sati]] felt infuriated and self-immolated herself in the [[Homa (ritual)|yajna-fire]]. This site is regarded to be at the Sati Kund as it is called now, situated in [[Kankhal]]. The heart and navel of [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Sati]] are believed to have fallen at the place which is the present site of the [[Maya Devi Temple, Haridwar]], dating back to the 11th century.<ref>[http://gov.ua.nic.in/uttaranchaltourism/districts/haridwar/haridwar_temple.htmlHaridwar sites]{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Uttarakhand Govt. Official website.</ref> Daksha was later killed by [[Virabhadra]], born out of Shiva's anger. Subsequently, the king was brought to life and given a goat's head by [[Shiva]].

The [[Skanda Purana]] mentions a legend, in which [[Chanda and Munda]], the asuras who fought under [[Shumbha and Nishumbha|Sumbha and Nisumbha]] were killed by goddess [[Chandi]]. This site, according to [[Sthala purana|regional legend]], is regarded to be at the location of the [[Chandi Devi Temple, Haridwar|Chandi Devi Temple]].<ref>[http://www.blessingsonthenet.com/newtemple/temple.asp?serialno=3&tempid=T027&desctitle=Legend Legend] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708013522/http://www.blessingsonthenet.com/newtemple/temple.asp?serialno=3&tempid=T027&desctitle=Legend |date=8 July 2011 }} [[Chandi Devi Temple, Haridwar]].</ref>

Sage [[Kapila]] is regarded to have had an [[ashram]] here. The legendary King [[Bhagiratha]], the great-grandson of the [[Solar dynasty|Suryavamsha]] King [[Sagara (Vedic king)|Sagara]], (an ancestor of [[Rama]]),<ref>[http://www.indiantemples.com/beliefs/gangadesc.htm Story of Bhagirata]</ref> is said to have brought the river [[Ganges]] down from [[Svarga|heaven]], through years of penance in [[Satya Yuga]], for the salvation of 60,000 of his ancestors from the curse of the saint [[Kapila]].<ref name="Gangotri1">[http://www.gangotri.org/ "Uttarakhand Information Centre – Gangotri Information"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616165346/http://www.gangotri.org/ |date=16 June 2008 }} ''The Complete Uttarakhand Travel Guide''</ref><ref>Mankodi, Kirit (1973) "Ganga Tripathaga" ''Artibus Asiae'' 35(1/2): pp. 139–144, p. 140</ref>

In the [[Vana Parva]] of the [[Mahabharat]]a, where sage Dhaumya tells [[Yudhishthira]] about the [[Tirtha (Hinduism)|tirtha]]s of India, Gangadwara, i.e. Haridwar and [[Kankhal]], have been referred to;<ref>[http://ignca.nic.in/cd_07006.htm Historical, Cultural and Social Perspectives] Chapter 3, The Cultural Dimension of Ecology, Baidyanath Saraswati, 1998, [[Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts]]. {{ISBN|81-246-0102-X}}. ignca.nic.in. Vanaparva (The Book of the Forest) is third parva (book) of Mahabharata.</ref> the text also mentions that the sage [[Agastya]] performed a penance here, with the help of his wife, [[Lopamudra]] (the princess of [[Vidharba]]).<ref>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03097.htm Lopamudra] [[Mahabharata|The Mahabharata]], translated by [[Kisari Mohan Ganguli]] (1883 -1896), Book 3: Vana Parva: Tirtha-yatra Parva: Section XCVII.</ref>

===Ancient period===
Archaeological findings have proved that [[terra cotta]] culture dating between 1700 BCE and 1200 BCE existed in this region.<ref name=history>[http://haridwar.nic.in/history.htm#history Haridwar History] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210151555/http://haridwar.nic.in/history.htm |date=10 December 2007 }} '' Haridwar Official website''.</ref>

Haridwar came under the rule of the [[Maurya Empire]] (322–185 BCE), and later under the [[Kushan Empire]] (c. 1st–3rd centuries).

It is believed that the sacred Ghat [[Har ki Pauri]] was constructed by King [[Vikramaditya]] (1st century BC) in memory of his brother [[Bharthari (king)|Bharthari]], who had come to Haridwar and meditated on the banks of holy Ganges and died here.{{CN|date=February 2026}}

First ancient era written evidence of Haridwar is found in the accounts of a Chinese traveller, [[Xuanzang|Huan Tsang]], who visited India in 629 CE,<ref name=kub/> during the reign of [[Harsha|King Harshavardhan]] (590–647). He records Haridwar as 'Mo-yu-lo', the remains of which still exist at Mayapur, a little to the south of the modern Haridwar town; among the ruins are a fort and three temples, decorated with broken stone sculptures.<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Hardwar |volume=12 |page=944}}</ref><ref name=gaze>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V13_058.gif Hardwar] [[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]], v. 13, p. 52.</ref><ref>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/ Digital Library] ''[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]]'', Oxford, 1908, Vol.13, p.51.</ref> He also mentions the presence of a temple, north of Mo-yu-lo called 'Gangadwara', Gateway of the Ganges.<ref name=gaze/>

It is believed that [[Shankaracharya|Adi Shankracharya]] had visited this region and the existing main statue of [[Chandi Devi Temple, Haridwar|Chandi Devi Temple]] was established by him in 8th century A.D.{{CN|date=February 2026}}

===Medieval period===
Haridwar region was a part of [[Delhi Sultanate]]. The armies of Emperor [[Timur]] (1336–1405), a Turkic conqueror, had passed through this region on 13 January 1399 to attack [[Delhi]].<ref>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V02_401.gif&volume=2 History] ''[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]]'', v. 2, p. 570.</ref>

During his visit, first Sikh Guru, [[Guru Nanak]] (1469–1539) bathed at Haridwar's 'Kushwan Ghat', wherein the famous, 'watering the crops' episode took place.<ref>[http://www.gurmat.info/sms/smspublications/gurunanakforchildren/chapter7/. Guru Nanak (for Children) – A New Way of Teaching]</ref><ref>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/skh/tsr1/tsr107.htm Life Of Guru Nanak: Chapter IV] ''The Sikh Religion, Volume 1'', by [[Max Arthur Macauliffe]] (1842–1913), Oxford University Press (1909). ''page 50-52''.</ref> His visit is today commemorated by a [[gurudwara]] (Gurudwara Nanakwara); according to two Sikh [[Janamsakhis]], this visit took place on the [[Baisakhi]] day in 1504 CE. He later had also visited [[Kankhal]] en route to [[Kotdwara]] in [[Garhwal Division|Garhwal]].<ref name=janam>[http://www.globalsikhstudies.net/pdf/janamsakhi.pdf Janasakhi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324124627/http://www.globalsikhstudies.net/pdf/janamsakhi.pdf |date=24 March 2012 }} [[Janamsakhis]] of ''Miharban'' and ''Mani Singh'', Janamsakhi Tradition, Dr. Kirpal Singh, 2004, Punjabi University, Patiala. {{ISBN|81-7205-311-8}}. www.globalsikhstudies.net.</ref> Besides this, third Sikh Guru, Sri [[Amar Das]] also visited Hardwar twenty two times during his lifetime.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.punjabkesari.com/Religion/Gurudwara%20Nanakwara.htm |title=Welcome to Punjabkesari.com-Religion |access-date=2009-08-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100812132507/http://punjabkesari.com/Religion/Gurudwara%20Nanakwara.htm |archive-date=12 August 2010 }} – Punjabkesari.</ref>

''[[Mughal Empire|The Mughal period]]'': [[Ain-e-Akbari]], written by [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak|Abul Fazal]] in the 16th century during the reign of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Emperor [[Akbar]], refers to Maya (Mayapur), known as Hardwar on the [[Ganges]], as sacred city of Hindus.<ref>[http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D00702050%26ct%3D0 Sacred Places of Pilgrimage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714022016/https://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D00702050%26ct%3D0 |date=14 July 2018 }} ''[[Ain-e-Akbari]]'', Vol. III, p. 306.</ref> It also mentions that during his travels, and also while at home, [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Akbar]] drank water from the [[Ganges]] river, which he called 'the water of immortality'. Special people were stationed at Sorun and later Haridwar to dispatch water, in sealed jars, to wherever he was stationed.<ref>[http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D00702015%26ct%3D48%26rqs%3D60 Hardwar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920062933/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D00702015%26ct%3D48%26rqs%3D60 |date=20 September 2011 }} ''[[Ain-e-Akbari]]'', by Abul Fazl 'Allami, Volume I, A´I´N 22. The A´bda´r Kha´nah. P 55. Translated from the original Persian, by [[Heinrich Blochmann]] and Colonel Henry Sullivan Jarrett, Asiatic Society of Bengal. Calcutta, 1873–1907. "His Majesty calls this source of life "the water of immortality", and has committed the care of this department to proper persons.... Both at home and on travels, he drinks Ganges water".</ref>

It is said that Akbar's famous Commander-in-Chief, Raja [[Man Singh]] of [[Amber, India|Amber]], laid the foundation of the present day city of Haridwar and also renovated the ghats at Har-ki-pauri. After his death, his ashes are also said to have been immersed at Brahma Kund by Mughal emperor [[Akbar]] himself. ''[[Brahma]] Kund'' (literally "Brahma's reservoir") at [[Har ki Pauri]], Haridwar is one among the four sites where drops of the elixir of immortality, [[Amrita]], accidentally spilled over from [[Kumbha|the pitcher]], in which it was being carried away by the celestial bird [[Garuda]], after the [[Samudra manthan]] by the [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]] and the [[Asuras]]. The famous [[Kumbh Mela]]s are held at these four sites in rotation, to commemorate the event. [[Thomas Coryat]], an English traveller, who visited the city in the reign of Emperor [[Jahangir]] (1596–1627) mentions it as 'Haridwara', the capital of Shiva.<ref name=gaze/>
===British Raj===
Next the Gurjars of khubar clan established there [[Landaura state]] to rule in Gujarat region of the [[Saharanpur district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tareekh Gurjar Vol 5-تاریخ گرجر جلد پنجم.pdf |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B2AJAVIyLgQwa1BfSm8xb0V3SDA/view |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Google Docs}}</ref>[[File:Rang_Mahal_Landhaura.jpg|thumb|Rang Mahal of Landhaura state of Khubar Gurjars]]
In the southern part of Uttarakhand in Haridwar district (earlier part of [[Saharanpur district|Saharanpur]] till 1988) the dominance and kingship was exercises by [[Gurjar|Gurjars]], the area was under control of Panwar Gurjar chief in eastern [[Saharanpur district|Saharanpur]] including Haridwar in kingship of Raja Sabha Chandra of [[Jhabrera (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Jabarhera]] (Jhabrera). Gurjar of the Khubar (Panwar) gotra held more than 500 villages there in upper Doab, and that situation was confirmed in 1759 in a grant by a Rohilla governor of 505 villages and 31 hamlets to one Manohar Singh Gurjar (written in some records as Raja Nahar Singh son of Sabha Chandra). In 1792 [[Ram Dayal Singh|Ram Dayal]] and his son Sawai Singh were ruling the area but due to some family reasons Ramdayal left Jhabrera and went to Landhaura village, now some villages were under the control of Raja Ramdayal Singh at [[Landhaura]], and some under his son Sawai Singh at Jhabrera. Hence, there were two branches of Jhabrera State (riyasat) main branch at [[Jhabrera]] and the second one at [[Landhaura]], both father and son were ruling simultaneously without any conflicts till the death of Raja Sawai Singh of [[Jhabrera|Jabarhera]] in 1803. After the death of Sawai Singh total control of powers transferred to Ram Dayal Singh at Landhaura, but some villages were given to descendants of Sawai Singh and her widow to collect revenue.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tareekh Gurjar Vol 5-تاریخ گرجر جلد پنجم.pdf |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B2AJAVIyLgQwa1BfSm8xb0V3SDA/view |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=Google Docs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chauhan |first=Rana Ali Hasan |url=https://books.google.co.in/books/about/A_Short_History_of_the_Gurjars.html?id=3ZmvnQEACAAJ&redir_esc=y |title=A Short History of the Gurjars: Past and Present |date=1998 |publisher=Chauhan Publications |isbn=978-969-8419-00-4 |language=en}}</ref>

By 1803 the Landhaura villages numbered 794 under [[Raja Ram Dayal Singh]]. Raja Ram Dayal Singh died on 29 March 1813.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Atkinson |first=Edwin Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w2xZmwEACAAJ&q=Landhaura%7Ctitle%3DStatistical |title=Statistical, Descriptive and Historical Account of the North-Western Provinces of India: 2.:Meerut division part 1 |date=1875 |publisher=North-Western Provinces Government |language=en}}</ref> These holdings, at least those in the original grant made by the Rohilla governor, were initially recognized by the [[British Raj|British]] in land settlements concluded with Ram Dayal and his heirs. As the years passed, more and more settlements appear to have been made with the village communities, however, and by 1850 little remained of the once vast estate of the Landhaura Gurjars.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raheja |first=Gloria Goodwin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V6oYqw1BWAQC&pg=PA1 |title=The Poison in the Gift: Ritual, Prestation, and the Dominant Caste in a North Indian Village |date=June 1988 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-70728-0 |language=en |access-date=16 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617111159/https://books.google.com/books?id=V6oYqw1BWAQC&pg=PA1 |archive-date=17 June 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Later a Gurjar king from Kunja village named [[Raja Vijay Singh Gujjar|Raja Vijay Singh]] [[Raja Vijay Singh Gujjar|Gurjar]] started a rebellion against the Britisher. He killed many Britisher with the help of Gurjars but a large army of the Britisher killed him and his commander Kalyan Singh Gurjar and set fire to Kunja village.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ब्यूरो |first=उत्तराखंड |date=2022-11-14 |title=महान योद्धा राजा विजय सिंह गुर्जर, जिन्होंने अंग्रेजों से लिया था लोहा |url=https://panchjanya.com/2022/11/14/257155/bharat/uttarakhand/special-story-of-warrior-raja-vijay-singh-gurjar/amp/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Panchjanya |language=hi-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=सीएम धामी ने राजा विजय सिंह स्‍मारक स्‍थल पहुंचकर दी श्रद्धांजलि, कहा- देश और दुनिया में राजा की वीरता का बजा डंका - Haridwar News CM Pushkar singh Dhami paid tribute by reaching Raja Vijay Singh memorial |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/haridwar-haridwar-news-cm-pushkar-singh-dhami-paid-tribute-by-reaching-raja-vijay-singh-memorial-22078435.html |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rahi |first=Javaid |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=KI1pEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA581&dq=vijay+singh+gurjar&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjQwdbftoeMAxWBXmwGHTVfIHcQ6AF6BAgGEAM |title=The Gujjars Vol: 01 and 02 Edited by Dr. Javaid Rahi |date=2012-01-01 |publisher=Jammu and Kashmir Acacademy of Art, Culture , Languages , Jammu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Grant |first=James |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=nEEVUA_r0XsC&pg=PA15&dq=koonja+goojur&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjA4Py1t4eMAxVkRmwGHYH0HFwQ6AF6BAgMEAM |title=Cassell's Illustrated History of India |date=1889 |publisher=Cassell, Petter, Galpin |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Grant |first=James |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=SXxDAAAAYAAJ&q=koonja+goojur&dq=koonja+goojur&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjA4Py1t4eMAxVkRmwGHYH0HFwQ6AF6BAgKEAM |title=Cassell's Illustrated History of India |date=1978 |publisher=Oriental Publishers & Distributors |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Head of Ganges Canal, Haridwar, 1894-1898.jpg|left|220px|thumb|Head of [[Ganges Canal]], Haridwar, ca ''1894–1898.'']]
The Ganges Canal was opened in 1854 after the work began in April 1842,<ref name=Ganges>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V12_144.gif Upper Ganges Canal] ''[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]]'', 1909, v. 12, p. 138.</ref> prompted by the famine of 1837–38.<ref name=Ganges/> The unique feature of the canal is the half-kilometre-long [[Aqueduct (water supply)|aqueduct]] over [[Solani river]] at [[Roorkee]], which raises the canal 25 metres above the original river.
[[File:United Provinces 1903.gif|thumb|Haridwar as a part of the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Province]], 1903]]

===Post Independence period===
In 1947, when India achieved independence from the [[British Raj|British]] colonial subjugation, the region of present Haridwar district was a part of the then [[Saharanpur district]], in the [[United Province]] of the [[British Raj]]; the province was renamed as [[Uttar Pradesh]] state of India. The Haridwar district came into existence on 28 December 1988 as part of [[Saharanpur division|Saharanpur Divisional Commissionary]].<ref name=geo>[http://haridwar.nic.in/history.htm#Geography Geography of Haridwar] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210151555/http://haridwar.nic.in/history.htm |date=10 December 2007 }}</ref> On 24 September 1998 [[Uttar Pradesh]] Legislative Assembly passed the 'Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Bill', 1998';<ref name="indianexpress.com"/> eventually the [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] also passed the [[List of Indian Federal Legislation|Indian Federal Legislation]] – 'Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000' – and thus on 9 November 2000,<ref name="Uttarakhand"/> Haridwar district became part of the newly formed [[Uttarakhand]] (then Uttaranchal), the 27th state in the [[Republic of India]].

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=3,29,839|13=1911|14=3,11,436|15=1921|16=2,96,103|17=1931|18=3,29,914|19=1941|20=3,73,042|21=1951|22=4,27,574|23=1961|24=5,04,582|25=1971|26=6,70,764|27=1981|28=8,90,260|29=1991|30=11,24,488|31=2001|32=14,47,187|33=2011|34=18,90,422|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=right}}

===Social groups===
Haridwar has a multiethnic population spread across two geocultural regions: Khadar, and Bangar. A large portion of the population is [[Gurjars in Uttarakhand|Gurjars]], [[Saini|Sainis]], and [[Chauhans in Haridwar|Chauhans]] including [[Van Gujjar people|Van Gurjars]] and Khadi Chauhans classified as [[Other Backward Class|Other Backward Classes]](OBCs).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arya |first=Shivdev |date=2024-12-27 |title=हरिद्वार जनपद के निकाय चुनाव मेंं भी गुर्जर समाज के साथ धोखा |url=https://thearyatimes.com/uttarakhand/42209/ |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=The Arya Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Ashish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_DwTEAAAQBAJ&dq=Gurjar+haridwar&pg=PA60 |title=A Citygraphy of Panchpuri Haridwar |publisher=Clever Fox Publishing |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Haridwar News: आप से शिप्रा सैनी होंगी मेयर प्रत्याशी |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttarakhand/haridwar/shipra-saini-will-be-mayor-candidate-from-aap-haridwar-news-c-35-1-sdrn1003-127122-2024-12-29 |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-28 |title=Uttarakhand: Politics of OBC runs in 21 assembly constituencies BJP Congress all political parties support reservation - उत्तराखंड:21 विधानसभा क्षेत्रों में चलती है OBC की सियासत, भाजपा,कांग्रेस सहित सभी राजनीतिक दल आरक्षण की पैरवी पर उतरे |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttarakhand/story-uttarakhand-politics-of-obc-runs-in-21-assembly-constituencies-bjp-congress-all-political-parties-support-reservation-4333928.amp.html |access-date=2025-02-28 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20220228034254/https://www.livehindustan.com/uttarakhand/story-uttarakhand-politics-of-obc-runs-in-21-assembly-constituencies-bjp-congress-all-political-parties-support-reservation-4333928.amp.html |archive-date=28 February 2022 }}</ref> Gurjars have villages in [[Jhabrera Assembly constituency|Jhabrera]], [[Manglaur Assembly constituency|Manglaur]], [[Laksar Assembly constituency|Laksar]], [[Khanpur, Uttarakhand Assembly constituency|Khanpur]], [[Roorkee Assembly constituency|Roorkee]], [[Bhagwanpur Assembly constituency|Bhagwanpur]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roorkee में जारी है जातीय महापंचायतों का दौर, अब गुर्जर समाज ने 5 फरवरी का किया आह्वान - Gurjar Community Calls for Mahapanchayat in roorkee Amid Ongoing MLA Package Controversy |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/haridwar-gurjar-community-calls-for-mahapanchayat-in-roorkee-amid-ongoing-mla-package-controversy-23877291.html |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> Other the Sainis have villages in [[Roorkee Assembly constituency|Roorkee]], [[Laksar Assembly constituency|Laksar]], [[Bhagwanpur Assembly constituency|Bhagwanpur]], and [[Haridwar Rural Assembly constituency|Haridwar Rural]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=सैनी समाज को विधानसभा में दिलाएंगे जगह: हरीश |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttarakhand/roorkee/saini-will-give-place-to-the-society-in-the-assembly-harish-roorkee-news-drn399919248 |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> While Chauhans have villages in [[BHEL Ranipur Assembly constituency|BHEL Ranipur]], [[Haridwar Rural Assembly constituency|Haridwar Rural]], [[Jwalapur Assembly constituency|Jwalapur]] and [[Laksar Assembly constituency|Laksar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-28 |title=हरिद्वार में चौहान बिरादरी की धर्मशाला बनाने को लेकर जोर—शोर से अभियान शुरू - |url=https://www.news127.com/campaign-started-in-full-swing-to-build-dharamshala-of-chauhan-community-in-haridwar/ |access-date=2025-02-28 |language=en}}</ref>

Other ethnic communities in the district are [[Brahmin|Brahmins]], [[Rajput|Rajputs]], and [[Garhwali people|Garhwalis]] are Classified as [[Forward caste]] and [[Scheduled Castes]] (SC) also have small population in Haridwar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Districts by Population, Sex Ratio, Literacy 2011 Census |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/district.php |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> [[Jats]], [[Punjabis]], [[Yadav|Yadavs]], [[Gadaria people|Gadarias]] are also found here in small population.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-28 |title=उत्तराखंड के लोगो की जाति के नाम – Garh Chetna |url=https://garhchetna-com.translate.goog/uttarakhandi-surname/?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=hi&_x_tr_hl=hi&_x_tr_pto=tc |access-date=2025-02-28 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-28 |title=Uttarakhand: Politics of OBC runs in 21 assembly constituencies BJP Congress all political parties support reservation - उत्तराखंड:21 विधानसभा क्षेत्रों में चलती है OBC की सियासत, भाजपा,कांग्रेस सहित सभी राजनीतिक दल आरक्षण की पैरवी पर उतरे |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttarakhand/story-uttarakhand-politics-of-obc-runs-in-21-assembly-constituencies-bjp-congress-all-political-parties-support-reservation-4333928.amp.html |access-date=2025-02-28 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20220228034254/https://www.livehindustan.com/uttarakhand/story-uttarakhand-politics-of-obc-runs-in-21-assembly-constituencies-bjp-congress-all-political-parties-support-reservation-4333928.amp.html |archive-date=28 February 2022 }}</ref>

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Haridwar district (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Uttarakhand|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11395/download/14508/DDW05C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|64.27}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|34.28}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|0.92}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.53}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Haridwar district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 1,890,422,<ref name="districtcensus"/> roughly equal to the nation of [[Lesotho]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 2011-10-01 | quote = Lesotho 1,924,886
}}</ref> or the US state of [[West Virginia]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|title=2010 Resident Population Data
|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau
|access-date=2011-09-30
|quote=West Virginia 1,852,994
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019160532/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|archive-date=19 October 2013
}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 244th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert| 817 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}} .<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001–2011 was 30.63%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Haridwar has a [[sex ratio]] of 880 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males.<ref name=districtcensus/>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Haridwar district (2011)<ref name="census2011-C16"/>
|label1 = [[Hindi]] |value1 = 87.26 |color1 = orange
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 9.66 |color2 = green
|label3 = Others |value3 = 3.08 |color3 = grey
}}

The main language of Haridwar is [[Hindi]] (87.3%), [[Urdu]] at 9.7%. [[Kauravi dialect|Khariboli]] and [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]] are also spoken by small minorities.<ref name="census2011-C16"/>

{|class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|- valign=top
! colspan=4| Hardwar district: mother-tongue of population, according to the [[2011 Indian Census]].<ref name="census2011-C16">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Uttarakhand|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10225/download/13337/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0500.XLSX|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|- valign=top
! Mother tongue code
! Mother tongue
! People
! Percentage
|- valign=top
|| 002007 || [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| align=right | 3,708
| align=right | 0.2%
|- valign=top
|| 006102 || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
| align=right | 3,201
| align=right | 0.2%
|- valign=top
|| 006195 || [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]]
| align=right | 14,638
| align=right | 0.8%
|- valign=top
|| 006207 || [[Gojri language|Gojri/Gujjari/Gujar]]
| align=right | 2,329
| align=right | 0.1%
|- valign=top
|| 006240 || [[Hindi]]
| align=right | 1,649,529
| align=right | 87.3%
|- valign=top
|| 006340 || [[Kumauni language|Kumauni]]
| align=right | 1,805
| align=right | 0.1%
|- valign=top
|| 013071 || [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| align=right | 964
| align=right | 0.1%
|- valign=top
|| 014011 || [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
| align=right | 1,055
| align=right | 0.1%
|- valign=top
|| 016038 || [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| align=right | 15,570
| align=right | 0.8%
|- valign=top
|| 019014 || [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]
| align=right | 1,094
| align=right | 0.1%
|- valign=top
|| 022015 || [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| align=right | 182,536
| align=right | 9.7%
|- valign=top
|| 053005 || [[Gujari language|Gujari]]
| align=right | 6,270
| align=right | 0.3%
|- valign=top
| align=center | –
|| [[Languages of India|Others]]
| align=right | 7,723
| align=right | 0.4%
|- valign=top class=sortbottom
| colspan=2 | Total
| align=right | 1,890,422
| align=right | 100.0%
|-
|}

==Administrative background==
The Haridwar district is ringed by [[Saharanpur]] in the west, [[Dehradun]] in the north west and north, [[Pauri Garhwal]] in the east, [[Muzaffarnagar]] in south and [[Bijnor]] in the south-east. Prior to its inclusion in the newly created state of Uttarakhand in 2000, this district was a part of Saharanpur Divisional Commissionary.

The district is administratively subdivided into four [[tehsil]]s: Haridwar, [[Roorkee]], [[Bhagwanpur, Uttarakhand|Bhagwanpur]] and [[Laksar]]. It is further divided into six development blocks: [[Bhagwanpur (Uttarakhand)|Bhagwanpur]], [[Roorkee]], [[Narsan]], [[Bahadrabad]], [[Laksar]], and [[Khanpur (Uttarakhand)|Khanpur]].<ref name=geo/><ref name="Haridwar district"/>

The district headquarters is in Roshnabad, at a distance of about 12 km from Haridwar railway station. The office of Chief Development Officer is in Vikas Bhawan, Roshnabad. The Collectorate, Vikas Bhawan, District Judiciary, S.S.P. Office, Police line, District Jail, District sports stadium, Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya etc. are the prime establishments of this area. Many other administration offices like Lok Seva Ayog and Sanskrit Academy are established here.

===Assembly Constituencies===
#[[Haridwar(Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Haridwar]]
#[[BHEL Ranipur(Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|BHEL Ranipur]]
#[[Jwalapur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Jwalapur (SC)]]
#[[Bhagwanpur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Bhagwanpur (SC)]]
#[[Jhabrera (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Jhabreda (SC)]]
#[[Piran Kaliyar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Piran Kaliyar]]
#[[Roorkee (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Roorkee]]
#[[Khanpur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Khanpur]]
#[[Manglaur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Manglaur]]
#[[Laksar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Laksar]]
#[[Haridwar Rural(Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Haridwar Rural]]

===Public representatives===

The district has a single [[Haridwar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Parliamentary]] Constituency, and 11 [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] constituencies including, [[Haridwar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Haridwar]], [[Haridwar Rural (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Haridwar Rural]], [[BHEL Ranipur]], [[Jwalapur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Jwalapur]], [[Bhagwanpur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Bhagwanpur]], [[Roorkee (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Roorkee]], [[Piran Kaliyar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Piran Kaliyar]], [[Khanpur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Khanpur]], [[Manglaur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Manglaur]], [[Jhabrera (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Jhabrera]] and [[Laksar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Laksar]].<ref name=geo/><ref name="Haridwar district">[http://www.north-india.in/uttaranchal/districts/haridwar.htm Haridwar district] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070729073027/http://www.north-india.in/uttaranchal/districts/haridwar.htm |date=29 July 2007 }}</ref><ref name=rep>[http://haridwar.nic.in/publicrepresentatives.htm List of Public Representatives from Haridwar] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219054751/http://haridwar.nic.in/publicrepresentatives.htm |date=19 February 2008 }} Official website.</ref>

Current Member of Parliament (MP) from [[Haridwar (Lok Sabha constituency)]] is [[Ramesh Pokhriyal|Nishank Pokhriyal]], and Member of [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] from Haridwar City is '[[Madan Kaushik]]'.<ref name=rep/><ref name="Uttarakhand: Winners list">[http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/feb/27uttarpoll1.htm Uttarakhand: Winners list] Rediff News, 27 February 2007.</ref>

==Economy==
Agriculture is the mainstay of this well irrigated district. Industrialisation had commenced with the establishment of Central Government owned Public Sector plants (PSUs) of [Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Ltd (IDPL)] and [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited]], in pre-Uttarakhand 1960s period. The [[State Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakhand]] (SIDCUL) has now established one new 'industrial development zone' in the district, adjacent to [[Shivalik Nagar, Haridwar|Shivalik Nagar]] near Haridwar, to encourage industrialisation; with industrial giants like Hindustan Lever, Patanjali Group of companies, Dabur, Mahendra & Mahendra and Havells having moved in, it is making the desired progress. Not insignificant to the district's economy is the contribution of Hindu pilgrims who visit the holy places and attend the religious fairs in large numbers.

==Education==
Haridwar district has several academic institutions, covering studies in sciences, engineering, technology and advanced research in the city of [[Roorkee]].

Education in [[Sanskrit]] based classics and Hindu religious/cultural disciplines is an age-old tradition in the district, mainly centred in and around [[Haridwar]] city. Some of the important institutions of this genre are:

*'''[[Gurukul Kangri]]''', situated in [[Kankhal]], on the banks of river Ganges, on Haridwar-Jwalapur bypass road. It is one of the oldest Universities of India. It was founded in 1902, to study the unique [[Gurukul]] based education system. Here Ancient Vedic and Sanskrit literature, Ayurveda, Philosophy are part of the curriculum besides modern sciences and journalism. Its 'Archaeological Museum', established in 1945,<ref>[http://www.indiatourism.com/uttar-pradesh-tourism/archeological-museum-haridwar.html Archeological Museum, Haridwar] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203160524/http://www.indiatourism.com/uttar-pradesh-tourism/archeological-museum-haridwar.html |date=3 December 2008 }} indiatourism.com.</ref> houses some rare statues, coins, paintings, manuscripts and artefacts, starting from [[Harappa]] culture (c.2500–1500 BC).<ref>[http://gkvharidwar.org/museum.htm Artefacts in the Museum] Gurukul Kangri, Archaeological Museum.</ref> [[Mahatma Gandhi]] visited the campus three times,<ref name=guru>[http://haridwar.nic.in/gurukul.htm Gurukul] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080524021145/http://haridwar.nic.in/gurukul.htm |date=24 May 2008 }} Official website of Haridwar.</ref> and stayed in its sprawling and serene campus for extended periods of time, most notably during the 1915 [[Kumbh mela]].<ref name=Rishikesh>[[s:The Story of My Experiments with Truth/Part V/Lakshman Jhula|Kumbh Mela 1915]] [[The Story of My Experiments with Truth]]/Part V/Lakshman Jhula.</ref><ref>[[s:Chronology of Mahatma Gandhi's life/India 1916|Chronology of Mahatma Gandhi's life/India 1916]] Wiki Source.</ref>
*'''Vishwa Sanskrit Mahavidyalaya''', Haridwar. A Sanskrit University, set up by Govt. of Uttarakhand,<ref>[http://uttara.in/initiatives/intro_sah.html Sanskrit University] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017000803/http://uttara.in/initiatives/intro_sah.html |date=17 October 2007 }} ''[[Govt]]. of [[Uttarakhand]]''.</ref> it is the only university in the world dedicated to studies of ancient Sanskrit scriptures and books. Its curriculum also covers ancient Hindu rituals, traditions and culture, and it boasts of a building inspired by ancient Hindu architecture style.
*'''[[State Ayuevedic College & Hospital Rishikul]]''', Haridwar, is the oldest Ayurvedic Medical College of India. It is situated near Devpura in Haridwar on the banks of Upper Ganges Canal. It is also providing postgraduate education for Ayurveda. Soon it will be transformed as the first Ayuevedic University of Uttarakhand.
*'''[[Govt Ayurvedic College & Hospital, Gurukul Kangri]]''' of HNB Garhwal University is also one of the oldest [[Ayurvedic]] medical colleges in India. It is situated in Gurukul Kangri University Campus.
*'''[[Dev Sanskriti Vishwavidyalaya]]''': established in 2002 by the act of the Uttarnchal Government is a fully residential university. Run by Sri Vedmata Gayatri Trust, [[Shantikunj]] Haridwar (headquarters of All World Gayatri Pariwar), it provides various degree, diploma and certificate courses in areas like Yogic Science, Alternative Therapy, Indian Culture, Tourism, Rural Management, Theology (Dharm Vigyan), Spiritual Counseling etc. It also provides distance learning courses.
*'''[[Sheel Institute]]''' Situated in [[Shivalik Nagar, Haridwar|Shivalik Nagar]], {{cvt|10|km}} from Haridwar city. one of the Best Computer Institute in Haridwar.

Modern [[Ashram]]s are also being established in the district for imparting training in [[yoga]] and [[meditation]] to people coming now from near and far, including foreign countries of the West :

*'''[[Shantikunj|Shantikunj Ashram]]''' provides a 9 days camp and one month / three months courses covering yoga, meditation, art of living, scientific spirituality etc.

==Religious festivals and fairs==
[[File:Ganga Dashara, at Haridwar.jpg|right|thumb|Ganga Dashara, at Haridwar]]
Being a place of intense religious significance, Haridwar also hosts several religious festivals throughout the year; popular among them are the Kavad Mela, Somvati Amavasya Mela, Ganga Dashara, Gughal Mela, in which around 2–2.5 million people take part.<ref>[http://haridwar.nic.in/fair.htm Fairs in Haridwar] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410065249/http://haridwar.nic.in/fair.htm |date=10 April 2009 }} ''Haridwar'' Official website.</ref>

Apart from these, there is the mammoth [[Kumbh Mela]] which takes place once in every twelve years, when the planet [[Jupiter (astrology)|Jupiter]] ([[Brihaspati]]) comes into the sign [[Aquarius (astrology)|Aquarius]] ([[Kumbha]]). First written evidence of the Kumbha Mela can be found in the accounts of Chinese traveller Huan Tsang or [[Xuanzang]] (602 – 664 A.D.), who visited India in 629 CE.<ref name=kub>[http://www.channel4.com/life/microsites/K/kumbhmela/intro_trad.html Kumbh Mela] ''[[Channel 4]].''</ref><ref>[http://www.archaeologyonline.net/artifacts/kumbha-mela.html Kumbh Mela] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090727203202/http://www.archaeologyonline.net/artifacts/kumbha-mela.html |date=27 July 2009 }} www.archaeologyonline.net.</ref> The 1998 Maha [[Kumbh Mela]] saw over 80 million pilgrims visiting this city, to take a dip in the [[holy river]] Ganges.<ref>[http://courses.missouristate.edu/JLlewellyn/kumbhmela.html Kumbh Mela, a study] ''[[Missouri State University]]''</ref>

==Places of pilgrimage==
[[File:Evening Aarti at Har-ki-Pauri, Haridwar.jpg|right|200px|thumb|View of the 'Evening [[Aarti]]' at ''Har-ki-Pauri'']]

'''[[Har ki Pauri]]''': Is a holiest spots on earth for the Hindus, this ancient bathing ghat (Steps) is of prime importance. A majority of the present ghats were largely developed in the 1800s.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://personal.carthage.edu/jlochtefeld/indiajterm/hd.html |title=Haridwar History |access-date=10 August 2009 |archive-date=27 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127111545/http://personal.carthage.edu/jlochtefeld/indiajterm/hd.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

'''Sati Kund''': It is the well-known mythological [[Dakshayani|Sati]] immolation heritage situated in [[Kankhal]].

'''[[Daksheswara Mahadev Temple]]''': The ancient temple of [[Daksha]], is situated in the south of [[Kankhal]] town and is a tribute to the legends of Sati's self-immolated and king Daksha's death and later life with a goat's head.

'''[[Maya Devi Temple, Haridwar|Maya Devi Temple]]''': This temple of the Adhisthatri deity of Haridwar is considered one of the ''Siddhapeethas'' and is said to be the place where the heart and navel of Goddess [[Dakshayani|Sati]] had fallen. It is one of the few ancient temples still standing in Haridwar, along with [[Narayani Shila Temple]] and [[Bhairav Temple]].<ref>[http://www.mydivineplanet.com/city.asp?city=Haridwar Temples in Haridwar] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003130522/http://www.mydivineplanet.com/city.asp?city=Haridwar |date=3 October 2011 }}</ref>

'''Sapt Rishi Ashram and Sapt Rishi Sarovar''', where the Ganges split herself into seven currents so that seven great sages on its bank would not be disturbed by the flow.

'''Bhimgoda Tank''': This tank, where [[Bhima]] is said to have drawn water from the rocks by thrusting his knee into the ground, is situated at a distance of about 1 km from Har-ki-Pauri.

'''[[Chandi Devi Temple, Haridwar|Chandi Devi Temple]]''': The present temple, commemorating the ancient Chandi legend, was constructed in 1929 CE by the Dogra king of [[Kashmir]], Suchat Singh; it can also be reached through a ropeway.

'''[[Mansa Devi Temple, Haridwar|Mansa Devi Temple]]''': The temple dedicated to [[Manasa|Manasa devi]], a form of Shakti draws many pilgrims.

'''[[Piran Kaliyar Sharif]]''': This famous 'Dargah' (Shrine) of Hazrat [[Alauddin Sabir Kaliyari]] was built by [[Ibrahim Lodhi]], a [[Delhi Sultanate]] ruler.<ref>[http://haridwar.nic.in/piran.htm Piran] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080503070437/http://haridwar.nic.in/piran.htm |date=3 May 2008 }} Haridwar Official website.</ref> Also known as [[Sarkar Sabir Pak]], it is located in Kaliyar village, 7 km from Roorkee.<ref>[http://www1.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/40144201.cms Piran Kaliyar]{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[Times of India]], 13 March 2003.</ref><ref>[http://210.212.78.56/roorkee/English/local_attractions.html Local Attractions Roorkee] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406050749/http://210.212.78.56/roorkee/English/local_attractions.html |date=6 April 2008 }}</ref> It is visited by devotees from all over the world, during the annual '[[Urs]]' festival, which is celebrated from 1st day (of sighting the new moon) to 16th day of [[Rabi' al-Awwal|Rabee-ul-awwal]] month of [[Islamic calendar]].

[[Shantikunj]]: Shantikunj is headquarters of spiritual and social organisation All World Gayatri Pariwar (AWGP).

==Transportation==
[[National Highway 58 (India)|National Highway 58]], between [[Delhi]] and [[Mana Pass]], passes through Haridwar. [[Indian Railways]] links [[Haridwar Railway Station]] to all parts of India. The nearest airport is [[Jolly Grant Airport]], [[Dehradun]], 45 kilometres from [[Haridwar]], though [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]] in [[New Delhi]] is preferred.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://haridwar.nic.in/ The Official Website of District Haridwar.]
* [http://sss.vn.ua/india/uttarakhand/haridwar/indexen.htm Photos of Haridwar, 1280x960, published by the author]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Haridwar district
|North =
|Northeast = [[Dehradun district]]
|East = [[Pauri Garhwal district]]
|Southeast = [[Bijnor district]], Uttar Pradesh
|South = [[Muzaffarnagar district]], Uttar Pradesh
|Southwest =
|West = [[Saharanpur district]], Uttar Pradesh
|Northwest =
}}

==Further reading==
{{Commons category|Haridwar district}}
* Chapter XVII: Himalayas, Hardwar. ''India, Past and Present'', by Charles Harcourt Ainslie Forbes-Lindsay. Published by J.C. Winston, 1903.

{{Haridwar district}}
{{Districts of Uttarakhand}}
{{Minority Concentrated Districts in India}}

{{Hindu temples in Uttarakhand}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haridwar District}}
[[Category:Haridwar district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Tourism in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Shaivism]]
[[Category:Vaishnavism]]
[[Category:Minority concentrated districts in India]]

Coringa, Kakinada district

2026-03-11T21:32:32Z

Sachin Soni: creating initial location w/ infobox

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Coringa
| native_name = Korangi
| native_name_lang = Telugu
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 280
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/1
| image1 = Entrance Gateway for Coringa Wildlife reserve.jpg {{!}} Entrance Gateway
| image2 = A bridge to the leftside at the Entrance of Coringa Forest.jpg {{!}} Pedestrian bridge
| image3 = Backwaters from the suspension bridge in Coringa reserve.jpg {{!}} Backwaters in the reserve
| image4 = Macha the Fishing cat sculpture in Coringa reserve.jpg {{!}} Fishing cat sculpture }}
| image_alt = 
| image_caption = '''Clockwise from top''': Entrance Gateway to the reserve, Backwaters in the reserve, [[Fishing cat]] sculpture at the entrance and Pedestrian bridge inside the reserve
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16|48|N|82|14|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Kakinada
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| registration_plate = AP
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Kakinada
| blank1_name_sec2 = Climate
| blank1_info_sec2 = Average temperatures range from 76-90 °F, with annual rainfall between 34 and 64 inches.
| website =
}}

'''Coringa''', also known as '''Korangi''',<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2021 |title=Korangi · Andhra Pradesh 533461, India |url=https://www.google.com.au/maps/place/Korangi,+Andhra+Pradesh+533461,+India/@16.1245934,80.5112388,7.75z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x3a382061fca929b5:0xc3e101fe95ae204f!8m2!3d16.8100085!4d82.239315 |access-date=4 August 2021 |website=Korangi · Andhra Pradesh 533461, India}}</ref> is a coastal village in [[Kakinada district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India. It consists of the village and the adjacent [[Hope Island (India)|Hope Island]], which was named by British officials in the hope that it would be protected from environmental disasters.

Once a thriving port city, Coringa was a trade hub on the [[Bay of Bengal]] in the 18th and 19th century. It hosted thousands of ships annually, with a large population.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=10 October 2017 |title=Hell on Earth: 12 of History's Most Destructive Natural Disasters |url=https://historycollection.com/12-historys-remarkable-natural-disasters/ |access-date=5 May 2021 |website=HistoryCollection.com |language=en-US}}</ref> However, two devastating cyclones, one in 1789 and another in 1839, caused significant damage, leading to its decline. Historically, Coringa was a key migration point, with people from various parts of Andhra travelling through its seaport to countries like [[Myanmar|Burma]] and [[Malaysia]], where they were called "Coranghees," after the port of Coringa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=W. W. Hunter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5IoIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA42 |title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India |date=1885 |publisher=Trübner & Company |volume=IV |pages=42–43 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Satyanarayana |first=Adapa |date=2008 |title=Telugu Diaspora in South East/West Asia, 1871-1990 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147252 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=69 |pages=904–914 |issn=2249-1937 |jstor=44147252}}</ref>

== History ==
In 1759, the [[East India Company|British]] established a shipbuilding and repair facility at Coringa, located on the [[Coringa River]], a branch of the [[Godavari River]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Henry Morris |year=1878 |title=A Descriptive and Historical Account of the Godavery District in the Presidency of Madras |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jj0QAAAAYAAJ |publisher=Trübner |pages=52–53}}</ref> It had attracted European merchants, including the British, French, Dutch, and Portuguese, who used its waters as a safe anchorage.<ref name=":73" />

By 1802, Coringa had become a prominent seaport, featuring a dry dock for ship repairs—the only such facility between [[Mumbai|Bombay]] and [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] at the time.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Morris |first=Henry |url=https://archive.org/details/descriptivehisto00morrrich/page/40/mode/2up |title=A Descriptive and Historical Account of the Godavary District in the Presidency of Madras |date=1878 |publisher=Trübner & Co. |pages=40}}</ref> Constructed by Ebenezer Roebuck, a British resident, the dock measured 155 feet in length and was equipped with steam engines for pumping. It was capable of accommodating [[Royal Navy]] vessels and underscored Coringa’s strategic importance in regional maritime activities.<ref name=":73">{{Cite book |last=Hemingway |first=F. R. |url=https://archive.org/details/godavaridistrict01frhe/page/210/mode/2up |title=Godavari District Gazetteer |date=1915 |publisher= |isbn=978-81-206-1462-8 |volume=1 |pages=210–212}}</ref> Historically, Coringa was the only location between Calcutta and [[Trincomalee]] capable of docking and repairing large ships.<ref name=":3" /> The area, including Cape Cori (now known as [[Hope Island (India)|Hope Island]]), gained international recognition for its shipbuilding and repair capabilities.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sankar |first1=K.N. Murali |date=20 July 2016 |title=Coringa's relic of the past |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/coringas-relic-of-the-past/article3379198.ece |access-date=24 April 2018 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

Coringa’s prominence also extended to shipbuilding. The village was recognized as one of the greatest shipbuilding centres on the east coast of India, contributing to its reputation as a vital maritime location. However, its coastal position made it vulnerable to frequent storms and natural disasters.<ref name=":73" />

Coringa suffered several catastrophic events that contributed to its decline. In 1784, a sea surge caused vessels to drift inland as far as [[Rajahmundry]].<ref name=":3" /> The Great Coringa Cyclone of 1789 claimed approximately 20,000 lives and inflicted severe damage on the port. Another storm in May 1832 further weakened the settlement.<ref name="Coast of Golconda- Coringa Bay2">{{cite book |last1=Horsburgh |first1=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LbhAAQAAMAAJ&q=Coringa+ship+building+AND+india&pg=PA602 |title=The India Directory, Or, Directions for Sailing to and from the ..., Volume 1 |date=1841 |publisher=Wm. H. Allen and Co. |pages=602–603 |access-date=24 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hoiberg |first1=Dale |url=https://archive.org/details/studentsbritanni05hoib |title=Students' Britannica. India: Select essays |date=2000 |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica (India) Pvt. Ltd |isbn=0-85229-762-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/studentsbritanni05hoib/page/n423 409] |quote=shipbuilding in Coringa. |access-date=24 April 2018 |url-access=registration}}</ref>

The most devastating event occurred on November 25, 1839, when a cyclone accompanied by a 40-foot storm surge obliterated Coringa’s port. Over 20,000 ships were destroyed, and the cyclone claimed around 300,000 lives overall, making it one of the deadliest in history. This disaster marked the beginning of Coringa’s irreversible decline.<ref name=":02" />

=== Decline ===
Following the 1839 cyclone, Coringa’s port was never fully rebuilt. By the 1870s, it could only service small vessels, and [[Siltation|silting]] of the river made navigation increasingly difficult. Although the village maintained limited trade with regions like [[Mawlamyine|Moulmein]] and [[Yangon|Rangoon]], its commercial importance diminished significantly.<ref name=":0" />

The dry dock constructed by Roebuck fell into disuse, eventually becoming filled with silt.<ref name=":73" /> By the late 19th century, Coringa’s trade value had plummeted, and the once-thriving port was reduced to a shadow of its former self. Neighboring villages, such as [[Thallarevu]], took over the shipbuilding activities, further cementing Coringa’s decline as a maritime centre.<ref name=":73" /> By 1901, the port had become inaccessible to large ships, and by 1905, shipbuilding activities had ceased altogether.<ref name="Building of docks2">{{cite book |last1=Frowde |first1=Henry |url=http://scans.library.utoronto.ca/pdf/2/25/imperialgazettee11greauoft/imperialgazettee11greauoft.pdf |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India. Vol XI |date=1908 |publisher=Oxford at the Clarendon Press |page=51 |access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>

== Cyclones ==

=== The 1789 Cyclone ===
The ''Great Coringa Cyclone'' struck in December 1789, causing severe damage with a series of three massive storm surges.<ref name=":02" /> The first wave drove ships ashore, and subsequent waves washed away everything that survived, killing at least 20,000 people. The effects of the cyclone reached as far as [[Rajahmundry]] to the northeast. The event was recorded in colonial and maritime records, marking a turning point in Coringa's maritime significance. After the cyclone, Coringa never regained its former prominence as a port. It served as a cautionary tale for future cyclone preparedness, especially in the Bay of Bengal region.<ref name=":02" /><ref name="Coast of Golconda- Coringa Bay2"/>

=== The 1839 Cyclone ===
On 25 November 1839, a major cyclone with a massive 40-foot storm surge ravaged Coringa.<ref name=":02" /> The surge obliterated the port, sinking over 20,000 ships and causing a death toll estimated at around 300,000. This cyclone was notable as one of the first to be recorded in meteorological history and led to the first usage of the term "cyclone" by [[Henry Piddington]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Reid |first=William |url=https://archive.org/details/progressdevelop00reidgoog |title=The progress of the development of the law of storms... |publisher=J. Weale |year=1849 |page=105}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Balfour |first=Edward |title=The cyclopaedia of India and of eastern and southern Asia |publisher=B. Quaritch |year=1885 |volume=2 |page=125}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Chambers |first=William |url=https://archive.org/details/chambersspapers03ltdgoog |title=Chambers's Papers for the people |year=1851 |page=15}}</ref> The destruction from the storm led to the decline of Coringa as a port and a significant loss to the Indian Ocean shipping industry.<ref>{{cite book |last=Moore |first=H. S. |title=A New and Complete History of the City of London and Its Environs |year=1867 |publisher=Thomas Kelly |page=211}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Coringa is located at the junction of the [[Godavari River]] and the Bay of Bengal.<ref name=":02" /> The region is low-lying and prone to flooding, particularly during the cyclone season, when heavy rain and high winds can cause major damage to the infrastructure. The surrounding area has mangrove forests, which serve as a buffer to mitigate the effects of storms.

== Economy ==
Historically, Coringa was known for its shipbuilding industry and its port facilities, which facilitated significant trade.<ref name=":0" /> Though the port no longer operates at the scale it once did, the village continues to rely on small-scale fishing and agriculture. The region's mangroves, which provide a rich habitat for biodiversity, have been protected as part of the [[Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary]].

== See also ==
* [[Godavari River]]
* [[Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary]]
* [[Kakinada]]

== References ==
<references />

==External links==
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Coringa|volume=7|pages=146–147}}

[[Category:Villages in Kakinada district]]

Rekha IPS

2026-03-11T06:36:30Z

Sachin Soni: made the entry added tags...

{{short description|Television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Rekha IPS serial.jpg
| genre = Police drama
| creator =
| based_on =
| story = Chithra Lakshmanan '''Dialogue''' [[R. N. R. Manohar]]
| screenplay = Thavamani Vaseegaran
| creative_director = [[Subhaa Venkat]]
| director = B. Nithiyanantham [[O. N. Rathnam]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Anu Hasan]]
* [[Vijay Adhiraj]]
* [[Sanjeev (Tamil actor, born 1975)|Sanjeev]]
* Pollachi Babu
* [[V.S.Raghavan]]
* Shyam Ganesh
* Brinda Das
}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 401
| list_episodes =
| producer = [[Subhaa Venkat]]
| company = [[Pyramid Saimira Productions]]
| theme_music_composer = [[C. Sathya]]
| composer = Eswar Gopal
| opentheme = "Sooriyanin Sooriyanin"
| cinematography = E. Armstrong B. Thyagarajan
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = approx. 20-22 minutes per episode
| channel = [[Kalaignar TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2008||}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2010||}}
}}

'''''Rekha IPS''''' is a 2008 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language police drama starring [[Anu Hasan]], [[Vijay Adhiraj]], [[Sanjeev (Tamil actor, born 1975)|Sanjeev]], Priyadarshini, Pollachi Babu, [[V.S. Raghavan]] and Shyam Ganesh. It was aired on [[Kalaignar TV]] for 401 episodes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmschannels.blogspot.ch/2008/07/rekha-ips-crosses-200episodes.html|title= Rekha IPS CROSSES 200th Episodes |website=filmschannels.blogspot.ch|access-date=2008-06-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiainteracts.in/gossip/2008/12/10/15644/Pyramid-Saimiras-Rekha-IPS-completes-300-episodes-on-Kalaigner-TV/|title= Pyramid Saimira's "Rekha .I.P.S" completes 300 episodes on Kalaigner TV|website=indiainteracts.in|accessdate=}}</ref> The show was directed by B. Nithiyanantham and [[O.N. Rathnam]] with the story by Chithra Lakshmanan.

From April 17, 2017, the show was re-launched in [[Kalaignar TV]] and it replaced by historical drama [[Thenpandi Singam (TV series)|Thenpandi Singam]].

==Synopsis==
The story follows focusing on a [[Police procedural|Police]] officer, Rekha ([[Anu Hasan]]) who tries to find out her kidnapped sister several years before. Gowsik ([[Vijay Adhiraj]]) as her former lover subverts the ideas of Rekha makes everyone keeps their fingers crossed.

==Cast==
===Main cast===
* [[Anu Hasan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Across-the-Koffee-table/articleshow/3996676.cms|title=Across the Koffee table|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=19 January 2009 |access-date=2009-01-19}}</ref> as Rekha a police officer with her matured performance as the police officer tries to find out her kidnapped sister several years before.
* [[Vijay Adhiraj]] as Gowsik
* Shridhar as (Rekha Husband)
* Shyam Ganesh as Ram (Radha younger Brother)
* [[Sanjeev Venkat|Sanjeev]]
* Brinda Das as Radha

===Additional cast===
{{cast listing|
*[[Priyadharshini]]
* Pollachi Babu
* [[V.S. Raghavan]]
* [[Shari (actress)|Shari (Sadhana)]]
* Krithika
* Sri Lekha
* Baboos
* [[Sindhu Shyam]]
* Arthi
* Nanthakumar
* Ravi Varma
* Vinothraj
* Raviraj
* Kutty Ramesh
* Apser babu
* maninthar
* Priyanka as Anitha
* Minnal Deepa as Kavitha
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.kalignartv.com/}}

{{Kalaignar TV shows}}

[[Category:Kalaignar TV television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language police television series]]
[[Category:2008 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:2010s Tamil-language television series]]
[[Category:2010 Tamil-language television series endings]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Indian action television series]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian thriller television series]]
[[Category:Child abduction in television]]

Mall of India

2026-03-10T16:20:11Z

Sachin Soni: quick added section for clarity and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}

{{Infobox shopping mall
| name = DLF Mall of India<ref name=DLFMOI>{{cite web|title=DLF Mall of India |url=http://www.dlfmallofindia.com/about-us.asp|access-date=17 January 2018}}</ref>
| logo = MOI Logo.webp
| logo_width = 100px
| image = DLF Mall of India.jpg
| image_width =
| caption = Aerial view of the DLF Mall of India
| location = Sector-18, [[Noida, Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| address =
| opening_date = February 2016
| closing_date =
| developer = [[DLF Limited]]
| manager =
| owner = DLF Limited
| architect =
| floor_area = 2 million [[Square foot|sq.ft.]] (14.75 [[acre]]s)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dlfmallofindia.com/about-us.asp|title=DLF Mall About Us|access-date=19 August 2019}}</ref>
| number_of_stores = 333
| number_of_anchors = 18
| parking = [[Valet parking]]
| floors = 7
| timings =
| publictransit = {{plainlist|
* {{rint|delhi|m}} {{stl|Delhi Metro|Noida Sector 18}}:
* {{nbsp|4}}{{rcb|Delhi Metro|blue|croute}} }}
| website = {{url|www.dlfmallofindia.com}}
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:DLF Mall of India (41791).jpg|thumb|DLF Mall of India, Noida from outside]]
The '''DLF Mall of India''' is a [[shopping mall]] situated in Sector 18, [[Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India within [[Delhi NCR]]. The mall is spread over 7 floors, and includes 330 brands, 80 kiosks, 5 customized shopping zones, along with 75 food and beverages options and a movie theatre ([[PVR Cinemas]]) with 7 screens.<ref name=DVMOI>{{cite web|title=DV Mall of India|url=http://www.dlfmallofindia.com/about-us.asp|access-date=17 January 2018}}</ref> Developed by [[DLF Limited]], the mall was expected to be operational by December 2014, but eventually opened for public in February 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/real-estate/dlf-opens-mall-of-india-in-noida/article8528345.ece|title=DLF opens Mall of India in Noida |date=27 April 2016 }}</ref>

[[File:DLF mall of India.jpg|thumb|DLF Mall of India, Noida]]

Mall of India was planned and designed by the British architectural firm [[Benoy]], with six customized shopping levels including international and Indian fashion, dedicated kids zone, entertainment, international cafes, food court and restaurants with a race track atrium. It is a popular hub for shopping, entertainment and dining.{{cn|date=July 2025}}
[[File:DLF Promenade Interiors.JPG|left|thumb|Inside view ]]
To add to the Mall of India franchise, DLF is constructing a second Mall of India in Cyber City of [[Gurgaon]], which would have a capacity space in excess of {{convert|500000|sqft|m2|-2|adj=on|abbr=on}} than their mall in Noida. However, in November 2008, construction work at the mall, after initial land lease and digging, was put on hold due to overall fall in retail rentals. After its opening Delhi NCR will have two DLF Mall of India.<ref>{{cite web| title = DLF puts Mall of India on hold as rentals slip|publisher=Economic Ties| url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-11-11/news/28392765_1_retail-rentals-rentals-dip-rajneesh-mahajan| archive-url = https://archive.today/20131016031433/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-11-11/news/28392765_1_retail-rentals-rentals-dip-rajneesh-mahajan| url-status = dead| archive-date = 16 October 2013|date=11 November 2008|access-date = 2013-10-16}}</ref> Thus, its current status is held in a stalled state.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Shopping malls in India}}

[[Category:Shopping malls in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Noida]]
[[Category:Economy of Noida]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Shopping malls established in 2016]]

{{India-struct-stub}}

Rikshavodu

2026-03-03T21:14:06Z

Sachin Soni: add references to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rikshavodu
| image = Rikshavodu.jpg

| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director =[[Kodi Ramakrishna]]
| producer =[[Kranthi Kumar]]
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = [[Chiranjeevi]] [[Nagma]] [[Soundarya]] [[Jayasudha]] [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] [[Paresh Rawal]] [[Brahmanandam]] [[AVS (actor)|AVS]]
| music =[[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
| cinematography = M. V. Raghu
| editing =
| studio = Sri Kranthi Chitra
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1995|12|14|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}

'''''Rikshavodu''''' ({{translation|[[Rickshaw]] puller}}) is a 1995 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] language film starring [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Nagma]] and [[Soundarya]], directed by [[Kodi Ramakrishna]] and produced by [[Kranthi Kumar]]. Chiranjeevi played a dual role in the film.<ref>[http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1995/Dec/29-dec-1995.pdf ''Zamin Ryot'' review]</ref> It was dubbed in [[Hindi]] as ''Devaa The Power Man'' and in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Veeraputhran''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HiGaxjRgH0M|title = Veeraputhran|website = [[YouTube]]| date=5 October 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/chiranjeevi-top-disaster-movies-acharya-to-anji-rikshavodu-bigg-boss-many-movies-here-are-the-top-disaster-megaster-movies-list-ta-1287782-page-2.html | title=Chiranjeevi Top Disaster Movies : ఆచార్య సహా చిరంజీవి కెరీర్‌లో టాప్ డిజాస్టర్ మూవీస్ ఇవే | date=6 May 2022 }}</ref>

==Plot==
Raju moves to the city in search of a livelihood with his grandmother. He is befriended by an auto rickshaw driver, Ramakrishna, and taken to Narsakka, who rents rickshaws. She agrees to rent him a rickshaw after seeing his difficult life. One day while driving passengers in his rickshaw, he has a confrontation with Rani, who hits his rickshaw by driving her car aggressively. He files a suit against her in the court, but fails due to the influence of her wealthy and arrogant father, G. K. Rao. After a couple of confrontations with Rao, Rani is forcibly married off to Raju by Rao in the hopes of building political mileage in Raju's area after seeing his mass following.

Raju's grandmother chances upon Rao one day and is remembered of the tragic past of her son, Raju's father, and daughter-in-law. His father, Dharma Rayudu, is the village head and a good samaritan. Envied by the good name he has in the village, Rao forces his wife to file a false rape case against Dharma Rayudu, then traps Dharma Rayudu’s sister in the name of love and sees to it that she commits suicide. Rao also blames Dharma Rayudu‘s wife by falsely implicating her in an illicit affair. Rao eventually kills Dharma Rayudu in a village fight and the blame the latter’s taken by his wife (who Dharma Rayudu stopped from also committing suicide), who is jailed and all the villagers think that she is the cause of all the doom. Hearing this, a devastated and infuriated Raju decides to take revenge on Rao. He goes back to the village with his family and unveils the truth before the villagers. Rani, after coming to know of her father’s crimes, reconciles with Raju and becomes a loving wife.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Chiranjeevi]] as Raju & Dharma Rayudu (dual role)
* [[Nagma]] as Rani
* [[Soundarya]] as Narsakka
* [[Jayasudha]] as Raju's Mother
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Bamma
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Ramakrishna, Raju's Rickshaw Friend
* [[Paresh Rawal]] as G. K. Rao
* [[Amanchi Venkata Subrahmanyam|A.V.S]] as G. K. Rao's Assistant
* [[Gundu Hanumantha Rao]]
* [[Subbaraya Sharma]]
* [[Visweswara Rao]] as Villager
}}

==Music==
Music scored by Raj-Koti; Lyrics written by Veturi Sundararama Murthy and Bhuvana Chandra.
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ne Petta
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Chithra
| title2 = Ardha Rathri
| extra2 = [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]], S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| extra3 = [[Baba Sehgal]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]
| title3 = Roop Tera Mastana
| title4 = Devudyna Jeevu
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| title5 = Pa Pa Edirinpa
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| title6 = Entabba Taku
| extra6 = K. S. Chithra, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length10 =
| length7 =
| title10 =
| length9 =
| title9 =
| length8 =
| title8 =
| length1 =
| title7 =
| length6 =
| length5 =
| length4 =
| length3 =
| length2 =
| all_writing =
| total_length =
}}

==Release==
''Rikshavodu'' clashed with Dasari Narayana Rao and R. Narayana Murthy's major production ''[[Orey Rikshaw]]'' that released in December 1995. While both ''Orey Rikshaw'' and ''Rikshavodu'' featured a [[Pulled rickshaw|rickshaw puller]] as its protagonist, only ''Orey Rikshaw'' emerged successful at the box office. "Rikshavodu" is an outright disaster.<ref>{{Cite web |last=UV |first=Gunnesh |date=2021-07-28 |title='చిరు' రిక్షా చతికిలబడింది.. 'నారాయణరావు' రిక్షా పరుగు తీసింది.. |url=http://www.tv5news.in/cinema/orey-riksha-vs-rikshavodu-764155 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523054839/http://www.tv5news.in/cinema/orey-riksha-vs-rikshavodu-764155 |archive-date=23 May 2022 |access-date=7 February 2023 |website=[[TV5 (India)|TV5]] |language=te}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0246198}}

{{Kodi Ramakrishna}}

[[Category:1995 films]]
[[Category:1995 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kodi Ramakrishna]]
[[Category:Films scored by Raj–Koti]]
[[Category:1990s masala films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Films scored by Koti (composer)]]
[[Category:1995 action films]]

{{1990s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Rajakumarudu

2026-03-03T18:26:56Z

Sachin Soni: made a biography with sources...

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Rajakumarudu poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[K. Raghavendra Rao]]
| producer = [[C. Aswani Dutt]]
| writer = [[Paruchuri Brothers]] (Dialogues)
| screenplay = Satyanand
| story =
| narrator =
| based_on =
| starring = [[Mahesh Babu]] [[Preity Zinta]]
| music = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cinematography = [[Ajayan Vincent]]
| editing = [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]]
| studio = [[Vyjayanthi Movies]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1999|7|30|df=yes}}
| runtime = 162 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Rajakumarudu''''' (translated in promotional material as '''''The Prince''''') is a 1999 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[K. Raghavendra Rao]]. It stars [[Mahesh Babu]] and [[Preity Zinta]]. The film was produced by [[C. Aswani Dutt]] under the [[Vyjayanthi Movies]] banner. [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] made a guest appearance. The music was composed by [[Mani Sharma]]. The film was released on 30 July 1999.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/19-years-of-rajakumarudu-heres-a-look-at-some-interesting-facts-about-the-film/photostory/65259635.cms|title=19 years of ‘Rajakumarudu’: Here’s a look at some interesting facts about the film|work= The Times of India}}</ref>

''Rajakumarudu'' was the debut film for Babu in a lead role after previous roles as a child actor. The film received positive reviews and was commercially successful.<ref name="C">{{cite web |date=4 September 2007 |title=Box-Office Records And Collections – Maheshbabu's Debut Film Rajakumarudu |url=http://www.cinegoer.com/rajakumarudu.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011040610/http://www.cinegoer.com/rajakumarudu.htm |archive-date=11 October 2007 |access-date=2015-08-16 |work=CineGoer.com}}</ref><ref name="Making of Murari">{{cite web |date=13 February 2003 |title=Interview with Krishna Vamsi Part – II by Jeevi |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/interview_krishnavamsi1.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018113418/http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/interview_krishnavamsi1.html |archive-date=18 October 2014 |access-date=8 October 2022 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]] |quote=Mahesh Babu's first film 'Raja Kumarudu' was a hit. His subsequent films Yuvaraju and Vamsee are flops.}}</ref> The film won two [[Nandi Awards]].

==Plot==
Raj Kumar goes on a holiday to [[Khandala]] and stays with his uncle Dhananjay. He comes across Rani and falls for her. However, he ends up teasing her and she begins to despise him. She is determined to avoid him, but he won't leave her alone. Raj Kumar saves Rani from some thugs, and she is impressed. After spending some time together, she begins to like him and eventually love him.

Unfortunately his uncle has made other plans for him. He reveals the past of the hero's parents and his family. He mentions the challenge that he made with his in-laws to get the hero married to his daughter. Complying to this, the hero informs the heroine that their relationship needs to end there.

Going with his uncle to the village for his uncle's daughter, to his joy he sees that it's none other than Rani.

The rest of the movie revolves around the plot that is woven by him and his uncle to gain the heroine's hand and re-uniting the uncle with his family. This is done in a fun, comical way.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Mahesh Babu]] as Raja (credited as Mahesh)
* [[Preity Zinta]] as Rani
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Dhanunjay
* [[Sumalatha]] as Rajyalakshmi
* [[Srihari (actor)|Srihari]] as Narsimharayudu
* [[Prasad Babu]] as Rajyalakshmi's brother
* [[Sivaji Raja]] as Rajyalakshmi's brother
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Hyderabad Police Sub-Inspector Wagle
* [[Asrani]] as Mumbai Police Inspector
* [[M. S. Narayana]] as Police Constable
* [[AVS (actor)|AVS]] as Rajyalakshmi's brother
* [[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] as Sarvarayudu
* [[Raghunatha Reddy]] as Rajyalakshmi's brother
* [[Gundu Hanumantha Rao]] as Coconut seller
* [[Ananth Babu|Ananth]] as Bystander during stick fight
* [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] as Raja's collegemate
* [[Shanoor Sana|Sana]] as Rajyalakshmi's sister-in-law
* [[Rajitha]] as Rajyalakshmi's sister-in-law
* [[Sajja Teja]] as Vengalla Rayudu
* [[Kaushal Manda]] as Raja's collegemate
* [[Khayyum]] as Raja's collegemate
* [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] as Krishnamurthy (guest appearance; uncredited)<ref name="I"/>
* [[Mamilla Shailaja Priya|Shailaja]] as Rani's friend
* [[Jeetu Verma]] as a rapist
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Rajakumarudu
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cover =
| released = 1999
| recorded = 1999
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 30:33
| label = Supreme Music (Telugu) [[Aditya Music]] (Telugu) [[Saregama]] (Hindi)
| producer = [[Mani Sharma]]
| prev_title = [[Iddaru Mitrulu (1999 film)|Iddaru Mitrulu]]
| prev_year = 1999
| next_title = [[Seenu (1999 film)|Seenu]]
| next_year = 1999
}}

Music was composed by [[Mani Sharma]].
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline = Original Tracklist (Telugu)
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 30:33
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = Godari Gattupaina
| lyrics1 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra1 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
| length1 = 5:05
| title2 = Enduke Praayamu
| lyrics2 = [[Veturi]]
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra|Chitra]]
| length2 = 5:07
| title3 = Rama Sakkanodamma
| lyrics3 = [[Suddala Ashok Teja]]
| extra3 = [[Sukhwinder Singh]], Chitra
| length3 = 5:41
| title4 = Indurudo Chandurudo
| lyrics4 = Veturi
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chitra
| length4 = 4:34
| title5 = Eppudeppudu
| lyrics5 = Veturi
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]
| length5 = 4:50
| title6 = Bollywood Balaraju
| lyrics6 = Veturi
| extra6 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length6 = 5:15
}}
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline = Hindi Tracklist (''Prince No. 1'')
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 30:33
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics = Ravinder Rawal and Dev Kohli
| all_music =
| title1 = Ganga Ke Ek Kinare
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
| length1 = 5:05
| title2 = Sharmane Lagi
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 = [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
| length2 = 5:07
| title3 = Munda Pataka
| lyrics3 =
| extra3 = [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Jaspinder Narula]]
| length3 = 5:41
| title4 = Ab Tu Meri
| lyrics4 =
| extra4 = [[Vinod Rathod]], Krishna Kumar, [[Poornima (singer)|Poornima]]
| length4 = 4:34
| title5 = Pyar Kar Shuru
| lyrics5 =
| extra5 = [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| length5 = 4:50
| title6 = Aashiq Hai Naam Dosto
| lyrics6 =
| extra6 = Sonu Nigam
| length6 = 5:15
}}
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline = Tamil Tracklist<ref>{{Cite web|last=Raaga.com|title=Kadhal Vennila Songs Download, Kadhal Vennila Tamil MP3 Songs, Raaga.com Tamil Songs|url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/kadhal-vennila-songs-T0004155|access-date=2020-10-03|website=www.raaga.com|language=en|archive-date=4 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704141048/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/kadhal-vennila-songs-T0004155|url-status=live}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 30:33
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = Karkandu Kannam
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 =
| length1 = 5:05
| title2 = Nenjile Poo Poothathu
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 =
| length2 = 5:07
| title3 = Rammanoda
| lyrics3 =
| extra3 =
| length3 = 5:41
| title4 = Anthiriyil
| lyrics4 =
| extra4 =
| length4 = 4:34
| title5 = Yeppa Ippadi
| lyrics5 =
| extra5 =
| length5 = 4:50
| title6 = Pattukul
| lyrics6 =
| extra6 =
| length6 = 5:15
}}

==Release and reception==
''Rajakumarudu'' released with 78 prints in 116 screens.<ref name="C"/> Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' wrote that "There are some excellent scenes in the second half that will make us realize how good is Mahesh at comedy. He is got perfect timing. He will the force to reckon with in the future".<ref name="I">{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-rajak.html|title=Rajakumarudu - A review|last=Jeevi|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|date=30 July 1999|access-date=3 December 2022|archive-date=3 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203223309/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-rajak.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Griddaluru Gopalrao of ''[[Zamin Ryot]]'' wrote that "All old stuff. There is not a single interesting new thing thing so it turns out to be an ordinary film" and added that "the dialogues of Paruchuri brothers were hilarious".<ref>{{cite web |title=రాజకుమారుడుగా "మహేష్ బాబు" హవా|trans-title=Mahesh Babu as The Prince|url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1999/Aug/6-aug-1999.pdf | first = Griddaluru |last = Gopalrao |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913114826/http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1999/Aug/6-aug-1999.pdf |archive-date=13 September 2016 |access-date=1 September 2022 |website=[[Zamin Ryot]]|language=te}}</ref>

==Box-office==
The film had a 50-day run in 80 centres and a 100-day run in 44 centres. It was dubbed in Hindi as ''Prince No. 1'' and in Tamil as ''Kaadhal Vennila''. The film was again dubbed and released theatrically in Tamil during January 2017 as ''Ivan Oru Thunichalkaran''.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/Cinema/Review/2017/01/28152847/1064763/Ivan-Oru-ThunichalKaran.vpf|title = Ivan Oru ThunichalKaran {{!}}{{!}} இவண் ஒரு துணிச்சல்காரன்|date = 28 January 2017|access-date = 29 January 2017|archive-date = 28 January 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170128122600/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/Cinema/Review/2017/01/28152847/1064763/Ivan-Oru-ThunichalKaran.vpf|url-status = live|language=ta}}</ref>

==Awards==
;[[Nandi Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020|archive-date=23 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223135739/http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|url-status=live}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>
*[[Nandi Award for Akkineni Award for Best Home-viewing Feature Film|Best Home - Viewing Feature film]] in 1999.
*[[Nandi Award for Best Art Director|Best Art Director]] - Srinivasa Raju

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{K. Raghavendra Rao}}

[[Category:1999 Indian films]]
[[Category:1999 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:1999 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Raghavendra Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mani Sharma]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Vyjayanthi Movies films]]

Three of Us (film)

2026-03-02T04:45:32Z

Sachin Soni: created new data first draft!

{{Short description|2022 Indian film}}
{{About|the 2023 film|other films|The Three of Us (disambiguation){{!}}The Three of Us}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Three of Us
| image = Three of Us poster.jpeg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical Release Poster
| director = [[Avinash Arun]]
| writer = {{Plain list|
*[[Avinash Arun]]
*Omkar Achyut Barve
* Arpita Chatterjee
}}
{{Infobox
| decat = yes
| child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = [[Varun Grover (writer)|Varun Grover]] Shoaib Zulfi Nazeer}}
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Sanjay Routray
* Sarita Patil
* Dikssha Jyote Routray
* [[Bunny Vas]]
}}
| starring = {{Plain list|
* [[Shefali Shah]]
* [[Jaideep Ahlawat]]
* [[Swanand Kirkire]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Avinash Arun]]
| editing = [[Sanyukta Kaza]]
| music = [[Alokananda Dasgupta]]
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* [[Geetha Arts#Allu Entertainment|Allu Entertainment]]
* [[Matchbox Shots]]
}}
| distributor = Karmic Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|11|24|[[International Film Festival of India|IFFI]]|2023|11|03|India|ref1=}}
| runtime = 99 minutes<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/three-of-us-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde4nti5 |title=Three of Us |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |date=30 December 2023 |access-date=30 December 2023}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Three of Us''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[drama film]] co-written and directed by [[Avinash Arun]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=3 November 2023 |title='Three Of Us' movie review: Shefali Shah and Jaideep Ahlawat paddle this sobering cycle of life to safety |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/three-of-us-movie-review-shefali-shah-and-jaideep-ahlawat-paddle-this-sobering-cycle-of-life-to-safety/article67493303.ece |access-date=4 November 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It stars [[Shefali Shah]] as Shailaja Desai, who has been diagnosed with [[dementia]]. [[Swanand Kirkire]] plays her husband Dipankar and [[Jaideep Ahlawat]] plays her childhood sweetheart, Pradeep Kamat.<ref>{{Cite news |last=B M |first=Sujay |title=Three of Us movie review: Sensible portrayal of an unusual love triangle |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/sensible-portrayal-of-an-unusual-love-triangle-2756242 |access-date=11 February 2024 |newspaper=Deccan Herald |date=4 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

''Three of Us'' premiered at the [[International Film Festival of India]] on 24 November 2022. It was released in Indian theatres nearly a year later, on 3 November 2023. At the [[69th Filmfare Awards]], the film received eight nominations and won for [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress|Critics Best Actress]] (Shah) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]].<ref name="ff69nom">{{cite news |title=Nominations for the 69th Hyundai Filmfare Awards 2024 with Gujarat Tourism: Full list out |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-69th-hyundai-filmfare-awards-2024-with-gujarat-tourism-full-list-out-63822.html |magazine=[[Filmfare]] |date=15 January 2024 |access-date=15 January 2024}}</ref>

== Plot ==

Struggling with dementia, Shailaja takes a trip to revisit her childhood and confronts her traumatic past. Traveling with two men, her husband and childhood love, along the Konkan coastline, she seeks forgiveness and liberation.

== Cast ==
{{Castlist|
* [[Shefali Shah]] as Shailaja Desai
* [[Jaideep Ahlawat]] as Pradeep Kamat
* [[Swanand Kirkire]] as Dipankar Desai
* [[Kadambari Kadam]] as Sarika Kamat
* Rasika Agashe as Gayatri Jayant
* Ojasvi Berde as Riddhi, elder daughter of Pradeep and Sarika
* Radha Dharana as Katha, younger daughter of Pradeep and Sarika
* Sharvari Lohokare as Gauri, Shailaja's friend
* Shruja Prabhudesai as Rupali Kurankar
* [[Neena Kulkarni]] as Mrs Kurankar, Shailaja and Pradip's English Teacher
* Payal Jadhav as Manjiri
* Umesh Jagtap as Sawant
* Suhita Thatte as Pramila}}

== Reception ==
===Critical response===

On the [[review aggregator]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], 90% of 10 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 6.7/10.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Three of Us {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/three_of_us |access-date=30 January 2025 |publisher=Rotten Tomatoes |language=en}}</ref>

Renuka Vyavahare of ''[[The Times of India]]'' scored the film at 3 out of 5 stars and says "Revolving around the passage of time, nostalgia, closure, and stillness… ‘Three of Us’ is meditative and melancholic. However, like a dwindling memory, the film feels lost and unsure of what it wants to say at regular intervals.".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Three Of Us Movie Review : Memories and the alchemy of time |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/three-of-us/movie-review/104942163.cms |access-date=5 November 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Prateek Sur of ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'' gave the film five out of five stars, describing it as the best film of the year, and calling it "a masterpiece in acting".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sur |first1=Prateek |title=''Three Of Us'' Movie Review: Leave Everything And Go Watch Shefali Shah, Jaideep Ahlawat, Swanand Kirkire's Acting Masterclass |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/-three-of-us-movie-review-leave-everything-and-go-watch-shefali-shah-jaideep-ahlawat-swanand-kirkire-s-acting-masterclass-movie_reviews-328406 |access-date=5 November 2023 |work=Outlook |date=3 November 2023}}</ref> Udita Jhunjhunwala of ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]'' labeled the film "unhurried and intimate".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jhunjhunwala |first1=Udita |title='Three Of Us' review: Memories to hold on to |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/how-to-lounge/movies-tv/three-of-us-review-shefali-shah-swanand-kirkire-jaideep-ahlawat-avinash-arun-111699035010469.html |access-date=5 November 2023 |work=Mint |date=4 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Award
!Ceremony date
!Category
!Recipients
!Result
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="8" |[[Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="8" |[[69th Filmfare Awards|28 January 2024]]
|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Film|Best Film (Critics)]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Avinash Arun]]
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="8" |<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2024/winners |title=Winners of the 69th Filmfare Awards 2024 |access-date=29 January 2024 |work=Filmfare |date=29 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress|Best Actress (Critics)]]
|[[Shefali Shah]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor|Best Actor (Critics)]]
|[[Jaideep Ahlawat]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
|Avinash Arun, Omkar Achyut Barve and Arpita Chatterjee
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]]
|[[Varun Grover (writer)|Varun Grover]] and Shoaib Zulfi Nazeer
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Background Score|Best Background Score]]
|[[Alokananda Dasgupta]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Sound Design|Best Sound Design]]
|Vinit D'Souza
|{{nom}}
|}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt23804378/ Three of Us] on [[IMDb]]
* [https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/three-of-us/ Three of Us] on [[Bollywood Hungama]]

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2022 drama films]]
[[Category:Films about dementia]]
[[Category:Films set in Maharashtra]]

Sangram Chougule

2026-02-21T00:14:56Z

Sachin Soni:

{{short description|Indian bodybuilder from Kolhapur|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Sangram Chougule
|image = SangramChougule.png
|caption =
|office1 = Founder and Owner of the Physc Gym<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.physcgym.com|title=PhySC Gym {{!}} Sangram Chougule|website=www.physcgym.com|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-11-12}}</ref>
|birth_name = Sangram Chougule
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1979|12|28}}
|birth_place = [[Kolhapur]], India
|citizenship = Indian
|website = {{url|sangramchougule.com|Official website}}
|nickname = Sangram
|height = {{convert|5|ft|8|in|m|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.musclemango.com/sangram-chougule/|title=Mr. India winner Sangram Chougule height and personal biography {{!}} Muscle Mango|last=admin|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-13}}</ref>
}}
{{CompetitionRecordTableTop|}}
{{CompetitionRecordSport | [[BodyBuilding]]}}
{{CompetitionRecordCompetition|International achievements}}
{{CompetitionRecordFirst | 2012 | [[Universe Championships|Mr. Universe]]}}
{{CompetitionRecordFirst | 2014 | [[2014 WBPF World Championship|Mr. World]]}}
{{CompetitionRecordSecond | 2012 | Mr. Asia}}
{{CompetitionRecordThird | 2011 | Mr. Universe}}
{{CompetitionRecordThird | 2011 | Mr. Asia}}
{{CompetitionRecordCompetition|Mr. India}}
{{CompetitionRecordFirst | 2010 | Goa}}
{{CompetitionRecordFirst | 2011 | Bengaluru}}
{{CompetitionRecordFirst | 2012 | Hyderabad}}
{{CompetitionRecordFirst | 2012 | Karnataka}}
{{CompetitionRecordFirst | 2013 | Kerala}}
{{CompetitionRecordFirst | 2015 | Gujarat}}
{{CompetitionRecordCompetition|Mr. Maharashtra}}
{{CompetitionRecordFirst | 2009 | Pune}}
{{CompetitionRecordFirst | 2010 | Mumbai}}
{{CompetitionRecordFirst | 2011 | Jalna}}
{{CompetitionRecordFirst | 2012 | Pune}}
{{CompetitionRecordFirst | 2014 | Mumbai}}
{{CompetitionRecordBottom}}

'''Sangram Chougule''' <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indianbodybuilding.co.in/bodybuilders/sangram-chougule/|title=Sangram Chougule - IBB - Indian Bodybuilding|work=IBB - Indian Bodybuilding|access-date=2017-11-12|language=en-US}}</ref> (born 28 December 1979) is an Indian [[Bodybuilding|bodybuilder]] from [[Kolhapur]], currently settled in [[Pune]]. He won the title of [[Universe Championships|Mr. Universe]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Prasher|first1=Shantanu |title=10 Bodybuilders Who Prove India's Mettle In Bodybuilding|url=http://www.mensxp.com/special-features/today/24581-10-bodybuilders-who-prove-indias-mettle-in-bodybuilding.html|accessdate=30 September 2017|work=MensXP.com|date=8 December 2014}}</ref> 2012 in the 85 kg category.<ref name="ToI"/> Sangram won the Mr. India title six times<ref>{{cite web |title=Mr. India winner Sangram Chougule height and personal biography |url=http://www.musclemango.com/sangram-chougule/ |website=musclemango.com}}</ref> and Mr. Maharashtra five times.<ref name="ToI">{{cite news |last= Moghul|first= Sobiya N.|date=28 October 2021|title=In conversation with body builder Sangram Chougule|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/fitness/in-conversation-with-body-builder-sangram-chougule/articleshow/16989972.cms|newspaper=Times of India}}</ref> He is an Electrical Engineer by education.<ref name="India Times">{{cite news |last= Nath|first= Joshua Arpit|date=10 May 2017|title=Thakur Anoop Singh And 12 Other Bodybuilders Who Are Making India Proud|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/sports/thakur-anoop-singh-and-12-other-bodybuilders-who-are-making-india-proud-247965.html|newspaper=India Times}}</ref>

==Film career==
In 2019, he appeared in a Marathi language movie ''Dandam.'' He also played a role in ''Alay Mazya Rashila'' as Inspector Sangram.<ref name="Forbes India">{{cite news |last= |first= |date=23 December 2019|title=Big action Marathi film 'Dandam' to release on December 27|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/brand-connect/big-action-marathi-film-dandam-to-release-on-december-27/56781/1|newspaper=Forbes India}}</ref> Recently, he participated in Reality show ''[[Bigg Boss Marathi season 5|Bigg Boss Marathi 5]]'' as a wild card contestant.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ठरलं तर मग! या पैलवानाची बिग बॉस मराठीच्या घरात वाइल्डकार्ड एन्ट्री; धमाकेदार प्रोमो आला समोर |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-wildcard-entry-today-on-bhaucha-dhakka-fans-are-guessing-that-he-is-sangram-chougule/amp_articleshow/113160517.cms?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM=#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17257750700315&referrer=https://www.google.com&ampshare=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-wildcard-entry-today-on-bhaucha-dhakka-fans-are-guessing-that-he-is-sangram-chougule/articleshow/113160517.cms |access-date= |website=Maharashtra Times}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|2019
|''Dandam''
|Anna
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Indian Bodybuilders who have acted in movies and regional films |url=https://thebridge.in/bodybuilding/indian-bodybuilders-who-have-acted-in-movies-and-shows-31415?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM=#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17257749190131&referrer=https://www.google.com&ampshare=https://thebridge.in/bodybuilding/indian-bodybuilders-who-have-acted-in-movies-and-shows-31415 |access-date= |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''Alay Mazya Rashila''
|Inspector Sangram
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Aalay Mazya Rashila trailer : आलंय माझ्या राशीलामधून बारा राशींच्या अनोख्या गोष्टी प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीला, ट्रेलर प्रदर्शित! |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/amp/marathi/maharashtra/entertainment/movie/the-trailer-of-the-movie-aalay-mazya-rashila-is-released-with-a-unique-story/mh20230202162711975975339?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM=#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17257750113679&referrer=https://www.google.com&ampshare=https://www.etvbharat.com/marathi/maharashtra/entertainment/movie/the-trailer-of-the-movie-aalay-mazya-rashila-is-released-with-a-unique-story/mh20230202162711975975339 |access-date= |website=ETV Bharat News |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''The Magnetic Fires''
|Zake
|
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2024
|''[[Bigg Boss Marathi season 5|Bigg Boss Marathi 5]]''
|Contestant
|Walked out (10th Place)
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|nm11028799}}
*[http://www.sangramchougule.com/ Official website]
*[https://www.onlymyfitness.com/2018/10/top-10-indian-bodybuilders-of-all-time.html Best Indian Bodybuilder]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chougule, Sangram}}
[[Category:Indian male bodybuilders]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Pune]]
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Shaina NC

2026-02-18T20:34:13Z

Sachin Soni: corrected article for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian fashion designer, politician (b. 1972)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Shaina-NC.jpg
| caption = Shaina NC in March 2011
| office = [[Shivsena|Spokesperson of Shivsena]]
| term_start = 2012
| term_end = October 2024
| predecessor =
| successor =
| birth_name = Shaina Nana Chudasama
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1972|12|1}}{{efn|name=A}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| nationality = Indian
| residence = Mumbai
| alma_mater = [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]] [[Fashion Institute of Technology|FIT, New York]]
| profession = Fashion designer, politician, social worker
| otherparty = {{plainlist|
*[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2004{{endash}}30 October 2024)
}}
| party= [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|Shiv Sena]] (30 October 2024–present)
| spouse = Manish Munot
| children = 2
| father = [[Nana Chudasama]]
}}
'''Shaina Nana Chudasama''' (born 1 December 1972),{{efn|name=A}} is an Indian fashion designer, politician, and social worker. Daughter of the former Sheriff of [[Mumbai]], her father, Nana Chudasama,<ref name="A touch of glamour for the BJP">{{cite news |title=A touch of glamour for the BJP |url=http://m.rediff.com/news/2004/sep/14look.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=14 September 2004 |accessdate=18 June 2014}}</ref> Shaina is known in the [[Fashion in India|Indian fashion industry]] as the 'Queen of Drapes' for draping a [[sari|saree]] (sari) in fifty-four different ways. She holds a record in ''[[Guinness World Records|the Guinness Book of World Records]]'' for fastest saree drape. She entered politics in 2004 and joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP). She holds the positions of national spokesperson for the BJP, member of the national executive council of BJP, and treasurer of the BJP's [[Maharashtra]] unit. Shaina is also involved in social work through her charity fashion shows and two NGOs, 'I Love Mumbai' and 'Giants International'. As a female politician, she is often projected as the young, urbane, and women-friendly face of the BJP in television debates.

==Personal life==
Shaina was born in [[Malabar Hill]], Mumbai on 1 December 1972 into an extremely affluent business family of mixed religious heritage.<ref name="Hindu1" >{{cite news |title=Innovative styles with the sari |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/03/11/stories/2002031101180200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030630215204/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/03/11/stories/2002031101180200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 June 2003 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date= 11 March 2002 |accessdate=18 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BATTLE FOR MALABAR HILL |url=http://mobiletoi.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=11&sectid=edid=&edlabel=TOIM&mydateHid=13-09-2009&pubname=Times+of+India+-+Mumbai&edname=&articleid=Ar01100&publabel=TOI |work=The Times of India |date=13 September 2009 |access-date=24 June 2014 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714154204/http://mobiletoi.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=11&sectid=edid=&edlabel=TOIM&mydateHid=13 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{efn|name=A}} Her father, [[Nana Chudasama]], was a businessman with strong political connections who later became [[Sheriff of Mumbai]] for one year in the 1990s. He belonged to a [[Hindu]] [[Rajputs of Gujarat|Gujarati Rajput]] family from [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]]. Shaina's mother, Munira, came from a [[Dawoodi Bohra]] Muslim family, also from Gujarat. Shaina has two siblings: a brother, Akshay Nana Chudasama, and a sister, Brinda.<ref>{{cite news |title=LK Advani's trip to Mumbai |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/columns/mumbai-001/LK-Advanis-trip-to-Mumbai/articleshow/20642565.cms |publisher=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |date= 18 June 2013 |accessdate=18 June 2014}}</ref>

Shaina completed her schooling from [[Queen Mary School, Mumbai]] ([[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE board]]) in 1989,<ref name="ECI2" >{{cite news |title=Sep 2004 AFFIDAVITS, Shina begum|url=http://eci.nic.in/Sep2004_AFFIDAVITS/SE/S13/36/ShinaNanaChudasama/ShinaNanaChudasama_SC4.htm |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=22 September 2004 |accessdate=24 June 2014}}</ref> and then obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree in [[political science]] from [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]] in 1993.<ref name="ECI2" /> She realised that academics was not her forte and that she was more attracted towards fashion design.<ref name="Web18" >{{cite news |title=My Children will look up to me as well |url=http://www.60yearsnotout.web18.in/women/shaina.php |publisher=[[Web18]] |year=2006 |accessdate=29 June 2014 |archive-date=17 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217013409/http://www.60yearsnotout.web18.in/women/shaina.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> So after graduation, she travelled to [[New York City]] and took an associate degree in fashion design from the [[Fashion Institute of Technology]], New York.<ref name="Hindu2" >{{cite news |title=Metro Plus Hyderabad : Drape it, pleat it, forget it |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/06/27/stories/2005062701370100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714181403/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/06/27/stories/2005062701370100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 July 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=27 June 2005 |accessdate=18 June 2005}}</ref>

Shaina is married to Manish Munot, who is a [[Marwari people|Marwari]] [[Jain]]. She first met him in school when she was thirteen years old and married him at the age of twenty-three after six years of dating.<ref name="Web18" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Will you marry me? |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-will-you-marry-me-1074711 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=16 January 2007 |accessdate=18 June 2014}}</ref> Shaina attributes her success at managing her profession, politics, and social work to the silent but strong support of her husband. She lives in Mumbai with her husband and two children, daughter Shanaya and son Ayaan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shaina NC reveals her relaxation mantras |url= http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-shaina-nc-reveals-her-relaxation-mantras-1564253|work=Daily News and Analysis |date=10 July 2011 |accessdate=18 June 2014}}</ref> Shaina says that her family celebrates all religious festivals like [[Paryushan]], [[Diwali]] and [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid]].<ref name="uppercrust" >{{cite news |title=The I-Love-Bombay family bonds over brunch |url=http://www.uppercrustindia.com/oldsite/23crust/twentytwo/feature11.htm |publisher=Upper Crust |year=2011 |accessdate=18 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="ET" />

==Career==
Shaina is pursuing a career in fashion design as well as in politics. She says that fashion design is her profession while politics is her passion.<ref name="rediff" >{{cite news |title=I am young, a woman and honest: Shaina NC |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=4 October 2004 }}</ref>

===Fashion designer===
[[File:Shaina NC Fashion Show 2.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Shaina NC, [[Sakshi Tanwar]], [[Sadhana Shivdasani|Sadhana]], [[Poonam Dhillon]] and [[Divya Khosla Kumar]] at Shaina NC's fashion show in May 2014]]
{{Quote box
|quote = Saree is a timeless creation. The mercurial changes in the world of fashion have no effect whatsoever on it. They are exquisite and will be that way whatever the trends in fashion are, be it now or years later.<ref name="Hindu3" />
|source = —Shaina NC
|align = right
|width = 220px
|bgcolor = #EBF4FA
}}
Shaina's mother, Munira Chudasama, has been in the fashion design industry for many decades. Shaina began designing fashion at the age of eighteen when her mother was unwell; the collection of outfits she designed was a success. Shaina runs the Golden Thimble Boutique, which was set up by her mother, in the upmarket [[Kala Ghoda]] area of Mumbai. It is one of the oldest boutiques in Mumbai city.<ref name="Hindu1" /><ref name="Hindu3" >{{cite news |title=Saree ga ma... Shaina |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/03/02/stories/2002030200860200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101024212132/http://hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/03/02/stories/2002030200860200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 October 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date= 2 March 2002 |accessdate=18 June 2014}}</ref> She does not like to design for [[Bollywood]] films but rather for individuals. Her clients include celebrities such as: [[Aishwarya Rai]], [[Juhi Chawla]], and [[Mahima Chaudhry]].<ref name="Hindu2" /> Her main fashion designing interest is in sarees. She specialises in traditional sarees which include: Chanderis, Paithanis, Chiffons, Silks, and Cottons.<ref name="sakal" >{{cite news |title=Splendid six-yard! |url=http://www.sakaaltimes.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=4893852185175835729&SectionId=5085786756775341459&SectionName=Lifestyle&NewsDate=20130503&NewsTitle=Splendid%20six%20yard! |work=[[Sakal Times]] |date=3 May 2013 |accessdate=19 June 2014 |archive-date=1 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701152455/http://sakaaltimes.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=4893852185175835729&SectionId=5085786756775341459&SectionName=Lifestyle&NewsDate=20130503&NewsTitle=Splendid%20six%20yard! |url-status=usurped }}</ref> Shaina is quoted as saying: "It [saree] is ours, it belongs to us. It is the most flattering garment where a thin person can look voluptuous and a bulky person can camouflage all the unseemly bulges. The younger generation need to be introduced to the garment."<ref name="Hindu2" /> She holds a record in the ''Guinness Book of World Records'' for the fastest draping of a saree.<ref name="IndiaTV" >{{cite news |title=At a glance: Shaina NC, BJP spokesperson, who draped the fastest saree |url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/shaina-nc-bjp-spokesperson-who-draped-the-fastest-saree-9594.html |publisher=[[India TV]] |date=21 April 2013 |accessdate=22 June 2014}}</ref> Shaina is often referred to as ''Queen of Drapes'' because of her fifty-four different ways of draping a saree. Indian women traditionally wear a saree over a [[petticoat]], but in one of her styles, Shaina wears a saree over trousers. She says there are no set rules regarding how to wear saree. Women can wear saree over jeans, [[chudidar]] or tapered skirt in combination with choli. One of her other ways is to wear two sarees at a time.<ref>{{cite news|last=Davina Raisinghani|title=Sari, it's a wrap|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle08.asp?xfile=data%2Fcitytimes%2F2009%2FJanuary%2Fcitytimes_January82.xml&section=citytimes|accessdate=20 March 2012|newspaper=Khaleej Times Online|date=12 January 2009|archive-date=9 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509121455/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle08.asp?xfile=data%2Fcitytimes%2F2009%2FJanuary%2Fcitytimes_January82.xml&section=citytimes|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Queen" >{{cite news|last=Divya Kumar|title=Queen of drapes|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/07/14/stories/2007071451570100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070716220615/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/07/14/stories/2007071451570100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2007|accessdate=21 March 2012|location=Chennai, India|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 July 2007}}</ref>

For younger, modern Indian women, who may find it cumbersome to wear a six-yard saree, she has designed ready-to-wear sarees.<ref name="sakal" /> Shaina does not use [[swarovski]](crystals) on her sarees but does employ [[embroidery]], [[sequins]], and [[kundan]]s to match them with blouses of different styles ranging from [[halterneck]] to [[spaghetti strap]], [[choli]], and long choli. Her family has employed [[artisan|craftsmen]] for many decades who now work on sarees she has designed.<ref name="Hindu1" />

===Politician===

Shaina was a student of Political Science. She says that she has been interested in politics since she was a child.<ref name="rediff" /> On 14 September 2004, Shaina joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the presence of BJP leader [[Gopinath Munde]]. She was made president of the newly created Health and Cultural Cell of the BJP. Her father, Nana Chudasama, was a well known critic of BJP and its leader [[Narendra Modi]] for its handling of the [[2002 Gujarat riots|post-Godhra riots]].<ref name="A touch of glamour for the BJP"/> When asked why she chose BJP, Shaina told ''[[The Economic Times]]'', "Why not the BJP? It is the most progressive party and also secular in accepting me – daughter of a [[Muslim]] mother, [[Hindu]] father and married to a [[Marwari people|Marwari]] [[Jain]]."<ref name="ET" >{{cite news |title=BJP can't shun glam |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-09-15/news/27402828_1_party-office-party-state-unit-president-bjp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140620074205/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-09-15/news/27402828_1_party-office-party-state-unit-president-bjp |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 June 2014 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=15 September 2004 |accessdate=18 June 2014}}</ref> Shaina contested [[2004 Maharashtra State Assembly election]] against [[Baba Siddique]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] for the [[Vandre (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Vandre]] assembly seat, but lost.<ref name="lodha" >{{cite news |title=Shaina NC, Lodha keen on Malabar Hill seat |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/shaina-nc-lodha-keen-on-malabar-hill-seat/518413/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=18 September 2009 |accessdate=18 June 2014}}</ref>

She was appointed BJP's spokesperson for the city of Mumbai in February 2007.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shaina NC, Smriti Irani among BJP's dream team |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-shaina-nc-smriti-irani-among-bjp-s-dream-team-1079057 |work= Daily News & Analysis |date=10 February 2007 |accessdate=19 June 2014}}</ref> In 2008, she became BJP's spokesperson for the [[Maharashtra]] state.<ref>{{cite news |title=BJP criticises live-in relationship Act |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2008/10/10/bjp-criticises-live-in-relationship-act-1223649294.html |work=OneIndia |date=10 October 2008 |access-date=19 June 2014 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714124704/http://news.oneindia.in/2008/10/10/bjp-criticises-live-in-relationship-act-1223649294.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In the [[2009 Maharashtra State Assembly election]], Shaina hoped to get a ticket from [[Malabar Hill (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Malabar Hill constituency]], but the BJP leadership preferred three-time sitting [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] Mangal Lodha.<ref>{{cite news |title=Will push for Western Freeway project: Lodha |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/will-push-for-western-freeway-project-lodha/539338/ |work= The Indian Express |date=10 November 2009 |accessdate=19 June 2014}}</ref> In March 2010, she became a member of the National Executive Council of the BJP.<ref>{{cite news |title=List of new BJP team |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/list-of-new-bjp-team/article1-519745.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307023334/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/List-of-new-BJP-team/Article1-519745.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 March 2013 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=16 March 2010 |accessdate=19 June 2014}}</ref> In April 2013, she became national spokesperson of the BJP and was included in the panel of spokespersons to participate in television debates on behalf of the party.<ref>{{cite news |title=BJP sets up new team for media interactions |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/bjp-sets-up-new-team-for-media-interactions/article4641760.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=22 April 2013 |accessdate=19 June 2014}}</ref> In May 2013, Shaina was appointed treasurer of the BJP's Maharashtra unit.<ref>{{cite news |title='Dynasty' strikes a chord in BJP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Dynasty-strikes-a-chord-in-BJP/articleshow/20190350.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=22 May 2013 |access-date=19 June 2014}}</ref> In Feb 2014, she was in contention for the [[Rajya Sabha]] [[Member of Parliament|MP]] seat, but considering the upcoming [[2014 Indian general election|General Election]], and [[Dalit]] votes, the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]] leadership chose [[Ramdas Athawale]] of [[Republican Party of India (A)|Republican Party of India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=BJP picks RPI's Athawale as its Rajya Sabha nominee |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/bjp-picks-rpis-athawale-as-its-rajya-sabha-nominee/ |work=The Indian Express |date=6 February 2014 |accessdate=21 June 2014}}</ref> Shaina was asked to run against [[Priya Dutt]] of the Indian National Congress from [[Mumbai North Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai North Central]] constituency for [[Lok Sabha]] election, 2014 but she refused feeling that the fight would be "too tough" for her in a minority dominated constituency.<ref>{{cite news |title=Uma, Sushma losers in ladies' new pecking order |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140402/jsp/nation/story_18145626.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405043314/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140402/jsp/nation/story_18145626.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 April 2014 |work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |date=1 April 2014 |accessdate=23 June 2014}}</ref> In June 2015, she was re-appointed treasurer of BJP Maharashtra for a second term.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bellevision.com/belle/index.php?action=topnews&type=12988 | title=Shaina NC re-appointed as treasurer of BJP Maharashtra | publisher=Bellevision.com | accessdate=9 February 2016}}</ref>

==Social work==
[[File:Shaina NC Fashion Show 3.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Waheeda Rehman]], Shaina NC and [[Juhi Chawla]] in Shaina NC's fashion show to raise funds for cancer patients]]
Since 2002, Shaina and the Cancer Patients' Aid Association (CPAA) have arranged [[fashion show]]s each year to raise funds for the treatment of cancer patients, and cancer awareness programmes. The model and actor, [[Priyanka Khurana Goyal]] walked for the show organised for supporting Cancer Patients Aid Association (CPAA). Among the attendees were then Maharashtra Chief Minister [[Devendra Fadnavis]] and actor [[Aamir Khan]].{{cn|date=January 2026}} Many Bollywood celebrities, from established actresses like [[Waheeda Rehman]] to younger actors like [[Ranbir Kapoor]], have participated in her fashion shows for this cause. Part of the proceeds from the sale of outfits designed by Shaina goes to CPAA. She has also organised many charity shows to raise funds for the welfare of physically disabled children.<ref name="sakal" /><ref>{{cite news |title= Women achievers to raise funds for cancer patients |url=http://www.hindu.com/2002/06/18/stories/2002061807670300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714225508/http://www.hindu.com/2002/06/18/stories/2002061807670300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 July 2014 |date=18 June 2002 |work= [[The Hindu]] |accessdate=19 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Cancer Patients Aid Association's (CPAA) E-newsletter: July – August 2012: Total Management of Cancer |url=http://www.cpaaindia.org/Newsletters/Jul-Aug-2012.htm |publisher=Cancer Patients Aid Association |date=August 2012 |accessdate=19 June 2014}}</ref> She is the trustee of the NGO I Love Mumbai which was founded by her father Nana Chudasama in 1989. The NGO's mission is 'Clean Mumbai, Green Mumbai' and it works towards beautification and cleanliness of the city of Mumbai. The NGO distributes 50,000 free [[sapling]]s every year to plant in the city.<ref>{{cite news |title=Clean and Green Mumbai |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai-life/Clean-and-Green-Mumbai/articleshow/15957027.cms |publisher= Mumbai Mirror |date=23 September 2009 |accessdate=19 June 2014}}</ref> In Dec 2008, Shaina's NGO 'I Love Mumbai' provided financial assistance to Suneeta Yadav and her young daughter Sheetal Yadav, who survived a [[hand grenade]] attack in the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]]. Suneeta's husband died in this attack and later she was robbed of government compensation by her brother-in-law.<ref>{{cite news |title=NGO sets up fund for youngest 26/11 victim |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/others/NGO-sets-up-fund-for-youngest-26/11-victim/articleshow/15878054.cms |publisher= Mumbai Mirror |date=16 December 2008 |accessdate=20 June 2014}}</ref> Three months later, in Feb 2009, Shaina's NGO collected {{INR}}7 million and donated it to the heroes and victims of the 2008 Mumbai attacks.<ref>{{cite news |title=City-based NGO felicitates 26/11 heroes |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/citybased-ngo-felicitates-2611-heroes/419866/0 |work= The Indian Express |date=6 February 2009 |accessdate=20 June 2014}}</ref> In Nov 2010, her I Love Mumbai NGO joined [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] in a {{INR}}5.2 million project to clean up a 3 -km-long stretch of [[Arabian Sea]] shoreline between [[Cuffe Parade]] and [[Haji Ali]] in South Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news |title=Civic body, NGO to clean south Mumbai shoreline |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mumbai/civic-body-ngo-to-clean-south-mumbai-shoreline/article1-627362.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203924/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mumbai/civic-body-ngo-to-clean-south-mumbai-shoreline/article1-627362.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 July 2014 |work=Hindustan Times |date=17 November 2010 |accessdate=20 June 2014}}</ref> She is the Executive World Chairperson of the NGO Giants International which honours personalities from different walks of life for their outstanding contribution and service to society.<ref>{{cite news |title=Giants International celebrates 40th anniversary |url=http://freepressjournal.in/giants-international-celebrates-40th-anniversary/ |work=[[The Free Press Journal]]|date=21 September 2012 |accessdate=19 June 2014}}</ref> The NGO also organises healthcare, [[family planning]], and AIDs awareness programmes. Shaina has received awards for her contribution to society from many organisations like the [[Junior Chamber International|Jaycees International]], Indo-American Society, [[Lions Clubs International]], and [[Rotary International]].<ref name="sakal" /> As of June 2014, Shaina is supporting the cause of [[Campa Cola Compound|Campa Cola Society]] residents who are facing eviction and the demolition of their illegal flats.<ref>{{cite news |title=Campa Cola Society case: BJP leader Shaina NC asks Maharashtra Govt. for parity of law |url=http://www.aninews.in/newsdetail2/story171888/campa-cola-society-case-bjp-leader-shaina-nc-asks-maharashtra-govt-for-parity-of-law.html |publisher=[[Asian News International]] |date=12 June 2014 |accessdate=20 June 2014 |archive-date=25 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625204708/http://www.aninews.in/newsdetail2/story171888/campa-cola-society-case-bjp-leader-shaina-nc-asks-maharashtra-govt-for-parity-of-law.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==As a woman in politics==
[[File:FarhanAkhtar-ShainaNC.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Farhan Akhtar]] and Shaina NC at tree planting event arranged by Shaina's NGO 'I Love Mumbai' in Jan 2012]]
Shaina is a staunch supporter of the [[Women's Reservation Bill]] which proposes 33% reserved seats for women in the Lower House of the [[Parliament of India]] and all [[Vidhan Sabha|state legislative assemblies]]. While women including [[Sonia Gandhi]] and [[Pratibha Patil]] have held important posts in politics, Shaina says this is not enough and is sheer tokenism.{{Citation needed|date=January 2017}} She feels that when more women are in power in government, they will prove their ability and potential.<ref>{{cite news |title=BJP not competing with Congress: Shaina NC |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/bjp-not-competing-with-congress-shaina-nc/75412 |publisher=[[Mid-Day]] |date=17 March 2010 |accessdate=23 June 2014}}</ref> Shaina advocates education for all women and the right to live a dignified life in society as basic rights. Women face gender-based harassment in India and she says that it is not due to overlegislation but under administration. If laws are implemented in their spirit, and culprits are punished swiftly, she feels that [[Crime in India#Crimes against women|crime against women in India]] will decrease.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ensure all women get educated: Shaina NC |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-ensure-all-women-get-educated-shaina-nc-1651339 |work=Daily News & Analysis |date=17 February 2012 |accessdate=23 June 2014}}</ref>

Some sections of society view the BJP as conservative in its approach to [[women's rights|women's]] and [[Religion in India#Politics|minority rights]], but Shaina believes that the BJP is a progressive party. She is not afraid to admonish her own party when she believes that it has deviated from its progressive approach. In February 2010, BJP's ally [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] threatened to ban the release of Shah Rukh Khan's film ''[[My Name Is Khan]]''. When BJP leadership was hesitant to take a firm stand on this issue, she organised a premiere of the film in New Delhi in support of her friend Shah Rukh Khan and also to make a point to the BJP leadership that she will not compromise the progressive principles of the party. "For me, being an MP and MLA is not the be-all and end-all. If I reach a dead-end in the BJP, I will call it a day," she said.<ref name="Telegraph" >{{cite news |title=In BJP, she ain't afraid to ask |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100215/jsp/nation/story_12106348.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218094400/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100215/jsp/nation/story_12106348.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 February 2010 |work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |date=15 February 2010 |accessdate=23 June 2014}}</ref> In April 2013, with the aim of projecting a young, urbane, and women-friendly image of the BJP, party president [[Rajnath Singh]] included Shaina in the panel of seven women spokespersons to participate in television debates.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}} With the aim of focusing on the well-being of women workers in the Bollywood film industry, Shaina became president of the newly formed BJP Kamgaar Morcha's BJP Chitrapat Union in July 2014.<ref>{{cite news |title=BJP's film union launched |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/bjps-film-union-launched/15479155 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |date=26 July 2014 |accessdate=2 September 2014}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist | notes = {{efn | name = A | In a YouTube video, Shaina's birth date is declared to be on 1 December in the presence of Shaina and other BJP leaders.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shaina NC in Nagpur on March 23 Vision of BJP for Developed India |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WTL2E_S9eQo |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/WTL2E_S9eQo |archive-date=15 December 2021 |url-status=live|publisher=YouTube |date=23 March 2014 |accessdate=24 June 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref> As per affidavit filed by Shaina to [[Election Commission of India]] on 22 September 2004, her age was 31.<ref name="ECI" >{{cite news |title=State Elections 2004 Candidates Details for 36-Bandra constituency of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/Sep2004/pollupd/ac/states/s13/acnstcand36.htm |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=22 September 2004 |accessdate=21 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=AFFIDAVITS, ShainaNanaChudasama |url=http://eci.nic.in/Sep2004_AFFIDAVITS/SE/S13/36/ShinaNanaChudasama/ShinaNanaChudasama_SC1.htm |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=22 September 2004 |accessdate=29 June 2014}}</ref> Her age can be 31 on 22 September 2004 only if she is born on 1 December 1972.}} }}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{Facebook}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:NC, Shaina}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian women fashion designers]]
[[Category:Indian fashion designers]]
[[Category:Women in Maharashtra politics]]
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian designers]]
[[Category:Educators from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Women artists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Women educators from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Social workers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Dawoodi Bohra people]]
[[Category:Shiv Sena politicians]]

Devidas Kadam

2026-02-16T12:09:24Z

Sachin Soni: creating new biography with sources.

{{Short description|Indian writer}}
'''Devidas Kadam''' is an Indian writer. He won the 2007 [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in [[Konkani language]] for his novel, ''Dika''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KONKANI (Since 1977) – Sahitya Akademi |url=https://sahitya-akademi.org.in/?page_id=5623 |access-date=2026-01-02 |language=en}}</ref> He won the 2019 Smt Vimala V Pai Vishwa Konkani Sahitya Puraskar for his novel, ''Jaanvay''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Devidas Kadam bags Pai Vishwa Konkani Sahitya Puraskar 2019 |url=https://www.thegoan.net//devidas-kadam-bags-pai-vishwa-konkani-sahitya-puraskar-2019/54997.html |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kadam, Devidas}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Goa]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Konkani]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-writer-stub}}

D. N. Jha

2026-01-31T03:06:09Z

Sachin Soni:

{{short description|Indian historian (1940–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Dwijendra Narayan Jha
| image = Jha dn.jpg
| caption = Jha in November 2012
| birth_date = 1 July 1940<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{Cite web|date=6 February 2021|title=D N Jha was fearless in his evocation of pluralism, dissent and rationality|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/d-n-jha-historian-7176550/|access-date=6 February 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
| birth_place = Ganauli, [[Darbhanga district]], [[British India]]
| death_date = 4 February 2021 (aged 80)
| death_place = [[Delhi]], India
| occupation = Historian
| notable_works = ''The Myth of the Holy Cow'' (2001)
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Presidency College, Calcutta]]|[[Patna University]]}}
}}

'''Dwijendra Narayan Jha''' (1 July 1940<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27026932?seq=2 Biography], jstor.org. Accessed 19 May 2025.{{subscription required}}</ref>{{spnd}}4 February 2021) was an Indian [[historian]] who studied and wrote on [[Iron Age India|ancient]] and [[medieval India]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|last=Roychowdhury|first=Adrija|title=Why the cow is worshipped in Hindutva politics|work=[[The Indian Express]]|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/cow-protection-hindutva-politics-bjp-india-5227382/|access-date=6 February 2021}}</ref> He was a professor of history at [[Delhi University]] and a member of the [[Indian Council of Historical Research]]. Some of his books include ''Ancient India: In Historical Outline'' (1997), ''[[The Myth of the Holy Cow]]'' (2001), and ''Early India: A Concise History'' (2004). Through his works he argued against the [[Communalism (South Asia)|communal]] distortions of history including challenging popular beliefs of the sanctity of cow and Indian beef eating tradition.

==Education==
Jha completed his Senior Secondary Schooling from Board of Secondary Certification, West Bengal with First Division. He did Intermediate Examination of Arts with first division and [[Bachelor of Arts]] (honours) in History at [[Presidency College, Calcutta|University of Calcutta]] and then his MA in history at [[Patna University]] where he was a student of [[Professor]] [[Ram Sharan Sharma|R.S. Sharma]], who was amongst the first of modern Indian historians to study history through socio-economic analyses.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=5 February 2021|title=Prof D N Jha: Iconoclast scholar who made ancient history contemporary|author=Devyani Onial|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/d-n-jha-historian-7175160/|access-date=6 February 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=D.N. Jha, a Doyen Among Indian Historians, Passes Away at 81|url=https://thewire.in/culture/historian-d-n-jha-passes-away-babri-ayodhya|access-date=6 February 2021|website=The Wire}}</ref>

==Career==
Jha was a professor at the history department of the [[Delhi University]] specializing in ancient and medieval history.<ref name=":0" /> In a career of over three decades, he spoke against communal distortions of history. Through his works, he studied the socio-economic structures of early India and used India's ancient texts to draw linkages between culture and technology and the resulting social and state setup.<ref name=":4" /> In some of his early works he studied revenue systems and linkages between economy and society in ancient India.<ref name=":6" /> His study was a breakaway from both imperialist historians who studied India from a colonial lens and nationalist historians who studied Indian history through folklore, wars, and royalties.<ref name=":4" /> In doing so, he was a group of historians who believed that post [[Indian independence movement|independence]] India's nation building efforts hinged on a professional attempt at writing history.<ref name=":4" /> Jha had repeatedly taken a position against [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalist ideology]], arguing against what he claimed is [[Communalism (South Asia)|communalism]] and [[saffronisation]].<ref name="ach">{{cite journal|last1=Jha|first1=D. N.|title=Against Communalising History|journal=Social Scientist|date=September 1998|volume=26|issue=9/10|pages=52–62|jstor=3517941|doi=10.2307/3517941}}</ref> He was critical of the view that "''tolerance is the very essence of 'Hinduism qua Hinduism'''", and had claimed what he termed as Brahmanical intolerance since early India.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jha|first=D.N.|date=2016|title=Brahmanical Intolerance in Early India|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24890281|journal=Social Scientist|volume=44|issue=5/6|pages=3–10|jstor=24890281|issn=0970-0293}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Reddy|first=Sheela|date=17 September 2001|title=A Brahmin's Cow Tales|work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|url=https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/a-brahmins-cow-tales/213159|access-date=6 February 2021|archive-date=25 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425032141/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/a-brahmins-cow-tales/213159|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was credited with identifying inconsistencies in Indian history and his efforts to bring a contemporary relevance to ancient history.<ref name=":0" />

He was an author of multiple history text books for India's [[National Council of Educational Research and Training]], the organization which developed the textbooks and course curricula for Indian schools.<ref name=":1" /> He also served as the secretary of the [[Indian History Congress]] and a member of the [[Indian Council of Historical Research]]<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Salam|first=Ziya Us|title=Prof D.N. Jha (1940-2021), a rare historian who wore his knowledge with ease|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/dispatches/prof-dn-jha-1940-2021-a-rare-historian-who-wore-his-knowledge-with-ease/article33757036.ece|access-date=6 February 2021|website=Frontline|date=5 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> He was a member of visiting faculty at the Institute of Oriental Culture in the [[University of Tokyo]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jha|first=Dwijendra Narayan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQ046M8T7IkC&q=D+N+Jha+born|title=The Myth of the Holy Cow|date=2004|publisher=Verso|isbn=978-1-85984-424-3|pages=preface:xi|language=en}}</ref>

In 1991, he wrote a paper, with other historians [[Ram Sharan Sharma|R.S. Sharma]], [[Suraj Bhan (archaeologist)|Suraj Bhan]], and Athar Ali, making a case that there was no evidence to prove that the [[Babri Masjid]], a mosque in [[Ayodhya]], was built over a temple at the same site.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Scroll Staff|title=Eminent ancient history scholar DN Jha dies at 81|url=https://scroll.in/latest/985992/eminent-ancient-history-scholar-dn-jha-dies-at-81|access-date=6 February 2021|website=Scroll.in|date=5 February 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> The findings were documented in ''Ramjanmabhoomi-Baburi Masjid: A Historians’ Report to the Nation'' (1991) which he co-wrote with<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Sharma|first=Ram Sharan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=369JAAAACAAJ|title=Ramjanmabhumi-Baburi Masjid: A Historians' Report to the Nation|date=1991|publisher=People's Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7007-138-9|language=en}}</ref> The mosque was [[Demolition of the Babri Masjid|demolished]] a year later by right wing activists.<ref name=":4"/> The paper diverged in its findings from the [[Archaeological Survey of India]]'s findings and was later dismissed by the [[Supreme Court of India]] in 2019 as an opinion.<ref name="ach" />

In his 2001 book, ''The Myth of the Holy Cow,'' he made a case that beef was part of the early Indian diet and used also for medicinal purposes.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=13 April 2017|title=Cow Vigilantism: Politics of the Sacred and the Profane|url=https://openthemagazine.com/features/politics-features/cow-vigilantism-politics-of-the-sacred-and-the-profane/|access-date=6 February 2021|website=Open The Magazine|language=en-GB}}</ref> He quoted religious and non-religious texts from ancient periods to dispel the prevailing belief that cow was holy and its meat not a part of historical Indian consumption.<ref name=":0" /> The book quoted [[Charaka Samhita]] to say that it was used in soups for intermittent fevers, [[emaciation]], and [[tuberculosis]], while the fat was used in the treatment of [[rheumatism]].<ref name=":3" /> He used text from the [[Vedas]] and [[Upanishads]] to argue that cattle were routinely offered in sacrifice to various ancient deities.<ref>{{Cite web|last=MAHAPRASHASTA|first=AJOY ASHIRWAD|title='The cow was neither unslayable nor sacred in the Vedic period'|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/the-cow-was-neither-unslayable-nor-sacred-in-the-vedic-period/article23593282.ece|access-date=6 February 2021|website=Frontline|date=14 October 2015 |language=en}}</ref> He then argued that the sacred status afforded to cows was a much more recent development.<ref name=":0" />

He also challenged the notion that the age of the [[Gupta Empire]] (320 CE to 550 CE) was the "golden age" of Indian history.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=SALAM|first=ZIYA US|title='India never had a golden age'|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/literature/india-never-had-a-golden-age/article23968771.ece|access-date=6 February 2021|website=Frontline|date=23 May 2018 |language=en}}</ref> He argued that the notion of a gilded age before the [[Mughal Empire]] was a creation of historians during the [[Indian freedom movement]] and provided an ideological support to participants of the movement, but, served no purpose after.<ref name=":5" />

Jha was accused by BJP politician, [[Arun Shourie]] of distorting the history of the destruction of [[Nalanda|Nalanda University]] in 12th century AD.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shourie |first1=Arun |title=How history was made up at Nalanda |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/how-history-was-made-up-at-nalanda/ |access-date=11 April 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=28 June 2014 |language=en}}</ref> In an article in the ''[[The Indian Express|Indian Express]]'', Jha responded that Shourie was distorting what he had said, and that Shourie's allegations of plagiarism are baseless. Jha also criticized Shourie's book ''Eminent Historians'', saying that it contains "slander" and "has nothing to do with history."<ref>{{cite web|title=Grist to the reactionary mill|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/grist-to-the-reactionary-mill/|work = Indian Express|date=9 July 2014|access-date=9 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Votes do not guide intellectuals: D N Jha|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/votes-do-not-guide-intellectuals-d-n-jha-114112900682_1.html|work = Business Standard|date=9 November 2014|access-date=9 July 2015|last1=Sreedathan |first1=G. }}</ref>

His last published book, ''Drink of Immortality'' (2020) studied alcohol distillation and consumption in ancient India.<ref>{{Cite book|last=edited by D.N. Jha|title=Drink of immortality : essays on distillation and alcohol use in ancient India|year=2020|isbn=978-93-90035-21-2|location=New Delhi|oclc=1224158962}}</ref><ref name="indianexpress.com">{{Cite web|date=6 February 2021|title=D N Jha was fearless in his evocation of pluralism, dissent and rationality|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/d-n-jha-historian-7176550/|access-date=6 February 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> He argued that there were more than 50 varieties of alcohol that were available and consumed by men and women of ancient India. He further quoted religious texts including the epics like [[Ramayana]] and [[Mahabharata]] as well as the [[Vedas]] mentioning of alcohol consumption.<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 July 2017|title=What the gods drank|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/what-the-gods-drank-hinduism-vedic-texts-alcohol-rajya-sabha-4772004/|access-date=6 February 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

==Works==
===''The Myth of the Holy Cow''===
{{Further|Cattle in religion and mythology}}
In his book ''[[The Myth of the Holy Cow]]'', he alleged that cow formed part of the diet in ancient India. Cattle, including cows, were neither inviolable nor as revered in ancient times as they were later. Quoting from the Vedas and the Upanishads, he alleged that cattle were offered in sacrifice to various deities and that hardly any prayer was complete without animal sacrifice.<ref>Jha, Dwijendra Narayan. ''The Myth of the Holy Cow''. London/New York: Verso 2002</ref> He pointed out that during Ram's exile, Sita asked her husband for meat. And Ram obliged by getting her deer meat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/dispatches/prof-dn-jha-1940-2021-a-rare-historian-who-wore-his-knowledge-with-ease/article33757036.ece/|title=Prof D.N. Jha (1940-2021), a rare historian who wore his knowledge with ease|date=5 February 2021 }}</ref><ref name="New York Times">{{cite news |last1=Eakin |first1=Emily |title=Holy Cow a Myth? An Indian Finds The Kick Is Real |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/17/books/holy-cow-a-myth-an-indian-finds-the-kick-is-real.html |access-date=11 April 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=17 August 2002}}</ref>

Jha has received death threats over his book ''The Myth of the Holy Cow'' in which he outlined the practice of eating beef in ancient India as documented in [[Vedas|Vedic]] and Post-Vedic texts. Since Hindus consider the cow holy and deny the claims of beef consumption during Vedic period, the Hindu activist groups created controversy over his book.<ref>[[Cattle in religion and mythology#Hinduism|Sacred status of cows in Hinduism]]</ref><ref name="reddy">{{cite news | url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/A-Brahmins-Cow-Tales/213159 | title=A Brahmin's Cow Tales | date=17 September 2001 | agency=Outlook | access-date=18 October 2014 | author=Reddy, Sheela |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140718044352/http://www.outlookindia.com/article/A-Brahmins-Cow-Tales/213159|archive-date= 18 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/Archive/Article/0,4273,4459689,00.html The Guardian] (13 July 2002)</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20151017114253/http://www.thehindu.com/2001/08/14/stories/13140833.htm The Hindu] (15 August 2003)</ref>

Jha discussed the events surrounding the publication in the introduction of the book ''The Myth of the Holy Cow''.<ref name="Obituary">{{cite web |title=Tribute: Professor DN Jha |url=https://www.cpiml.net/liberation/2021/02/professor-dn-jha |access-date=11 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

<blockquote>"Shortly afterwards, I began to get threats from unidentified callers asking me not to go ahead with the publication. Undeterred by all this Matrix Books, a new enterprising publishing house based in Delhi, mustered enough courage to publish the book promptly in the first week of August 2001. But some right-wing politicians and groups of religious fanatics, without reading a single page, termed it ‘blasphemous’, demanded my arrest and succeeded in obtaining a court order restraining the circulation of the book, and a self-appointed custodian of ‘Hinduism’ even sentenced me to death. The book was therefore published abroad by [[Verso Books|Verso]] (London)."</blockquote>

==Personal life==
Jha had two brothers and one sister. Jha died on 4 February 2021 in [[Delhi]], at age 80 (often misreported as 81);<ref name=":1">{{cite news |last=Mahaprashta |first=Ajoy Ashirwad |date=4 February 2021 |title=Eminent Historian D.N. Jha passes away at 81 |url=https://thewire.in/culture/historian-d-n-jha-passes-away-babri-ayodhya |access-date=4 February 2021 |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}</ref> he had suffered a paralytic attack a few years earlier and had lost much of his hearing.<ref name=":4" />

==Publications==
As author:
*1980, ''Studies in early Indian economic history'', Anupama Publications, ASIN: B0006E16DA.
*1993, ''Economy and Society in Early India: Issues and Paradigms'', {{ISBN|81-215-0552-6}}.
*1997, ''Society and Ideology in India'', {{ISBN|81-215-0639-5}}.
*1997, ''Ancient India: In Historical Outline'', {{ISBN|81-7304-285-3}}.
*2002, {{cite book |title=Holy cow: beef in Indian dietary traditions |date=2002 |publisher=Matrix Books |oclc=988874461 }}; paperback (2004) {{ISBN|1-85984-424-3}}
*2004, ''Early India: A Concise History'', {{ISBN|81-7304-587-9}}
*2009, ''Myth of the Holy Cow'', {{ISBN|81-8905-916-5}}
*2009, ''Rethinking Hindu Identity'', Routledge, {{ISBN|978-1-84553-459-2}}
*2016, ''Brahmanical Intolerance in Early India'', {{ISSN|0970-0293}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jha|first=D.N.|date=2016|title=Brahmanical Intolerance in Early India|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24890281|journal=Social Scientist|volume=44|issue=5/6|pages=3–10|jstor=24890281 |issn=0970-0293}}</ref>
*2018, ''Against The Grain: Notes on Identity, Intolerance and History'', {{ISBN|978-9350981689}}
*2020, ''Drink of Immortality: Essays on Distillation and Alcohol Use in Ancient India'', {{ISBN|978-9390035212}}

As editor:
*1988, ''Feudal Social Formation in Early India'', {{ISBN|81-7001-024-1}}
*1996, ''Society and Ideology in India: Essays in Honour of Professor [[Ram Sharan Sharma|R.S. Sharma]]'' (Munshiram Manoharlal, Delhi, 1996).
*2000, ''The Feudal Order: State, Society, and Ideology in Early Medieval India'', {{ISBN|81-7304-473-2}}; a collection of critical essays by 20 specialists on medieval Indian society, politics, ideology and religion.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
*[http://www.ichrindia.org/ Indian Council of Historical Research]
*[http://www.du.ac.in/du/index.php?page=history History Department, Delhi University]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jha, D. N.}}
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Historians of India]]
[[Category:Patna University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Bihar]]
[[Category:Place of death missing]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:1940 births]]

[[Category:Indian Marxist historians]]

Barnaparichay

2026-01-25T18:30:33Z

Sachin Soni: improved article

{{short description|Bengali primer written by Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar}}
{{Infobox book
| italic title = 
| name = Barnaparichay
| image = Barnaparichay.jpg
| image_size =
| border =
| alt =
| caption = Title page of 1931 edition
| author = [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]]
| audio_read_by =
| title_orig = বর্ণপরিচয়
| orig_lang_code = bn
| title_working =
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| genre = Primer
| pub_date = 1855
| native_wikisource =
| wikisource =
}}
'''''Barnaparichay''''' {{refn|group=note|'''''Barna Parichay''''', also known as '''''Bornoporichoy'''''; [[Bengali language|Bengali]]:{{lang|bn|বর্ণপরিচয়}}; {{IPA|bn|bɔrnoporitʃoj}}}} is a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] primer written by 19th century Indian social reformer [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=BIDYASAGAR |first=ISWARCHANDRA |url=https://archive.org/details/soopari_20181230_1528 |title=বর্ণপরিচয় (প্রথম ও দ্বিতীয় ভাগ) ঈশ্বরচন্দ্র বিদ্যাসাগর |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=BIDYASAGAR |first=ISWARCHANDRA |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.15626 |title=BARNAPARICHAY PART. 2 বর্ণ পরিচয় |date= |publisher=PROBODHCHANDRA MAJUMDAR, CALCUTTA |language=bn}}</ref> It was first published in 1855. This is considered as "The Most Influential Primer of Bengal".<ref name="Chakraborty2014">{{cite book|author=Mridula Nath Chakraborty|title=Being Bengali: At Home and in the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DUgsAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA61|date=26 March 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-81890-8|pages=61–}}</ref> The primer had two parts.<ref group="note">Part 1 (Prothom bhag) and Part 2 (Dwitiya bhag)</ref> This reflected Vidayasagar's knowledge, expertise and background as a [[Sanskrit]] scholar.<ref name="Sengupta2011">{{cite book|author=Parna Sengupta|title=Pedagogy for Religion: Missionary Education and the Fashioning of Hindus and Muslims in Bengal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZKBlDdhXHMC&pg=PA50|date=23 July 2011|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-26829-6|pages=50–}}</ref> The success of the first part of the primer inspired Vidyasagar to work on the second part.<ref name="Gangopadhyay2000">{{cite book|author=Sunil Gangopadhyay|title=Those Days: A Novel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=65r0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT521|date=14 October 2000|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-93-5118-769-1|pages=521–}}</ref> It remained an important source for teaching [[Bengali language|Bengali]]. This standardized the [[Bengali alphabet]].
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}

==Composition history==
{{Cquote
| author = [[Asitkumar Bandyopadhyay]]
| width = 30%
| float = left|Before the publication of ''Barnaparichay'', many [[Bengali language|Bengali]] teaching primer books were available in the market. Some examples are ''Bangla Śikṣagrantha'' ({{lang|bn|বাঙ্গালা শিক্ষাগ্রন্থ }})(1821); Barnamala 1st Part ({{lang|bn|বর্ণমালা প্রথম ভাগ}})(1853) and Barnamala 2nd part({{lang|bn|বর্ণমালা দ্বিতীয় ভাগ}})(1854) by School Book Society; Śiśusebadhi({{lang|bn|শিশুসেবধি}})([[1854]]) by Kshetramohan Dutta in three parts; ŚiśuŚikṣa books by [[Madanmohan Tarkalankar]] ({{lang|bn|শিশুশিক্ষা গ্রন্থ}})। <ref>{{Cite book |last=Dr. Bandhapadhyay |first=Asitkumar |title=Bangla Sahitye Vidyasagar(বাংলা সাহিত্যে বিদ্যাসাগর |publisher=Dey's Publishing |year=2005 |isbn=9789388351089 |edition=First |location=Kolkata |pages=84, 85 |language=Bengali |url=https://www.deyspublishing.com/product/bangla-sahitya-vidyasagar-bt277 |archive-date=2022-06-21 |access-date=2023-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621104652/https://www.deyspublishing.com/product/bangla-sahitya-vidyasagar-bt277 |url-status=live }}</ref> But these books didn't gain much popularity. The authors didn't have the ability to bring a revolution in [[Bengali alphabet]] system. It id said that once Paricharan Sarkar and [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar|Vidyasagar]] decided to write primer book in [[English language|English]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]]. Therefore, Paricharn published ''First Book of Reading'' and [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar|Vidyasagar]] published ''Barnaparichay(Prothom bhag)''[Translated]
}}{{Cquote
| author = [[Biharilal Sarkar]]
| text = While visiting a school in village,on the way Vidyasagar made the manuscript of the Barnaparichay while sitting a palanquin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dr. Bandhapadhyay |first=Asitkumar |title=Bangla Sahitye Vidyasagar(বাংলা সাহিত্যে বিদ্যাসাগর |publisher=Dey's Publishing |year=2005 |isbn=9789388351089 |edition=First |location=Kolkata |pages=84, 85 |language=Bengali |url=https://www.deyspublishing.com/product/bangla-sahitya-vidyasagar-bt277 |archive-date=2022-06-21 |access-date=2023-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621104652/https://www.deyspublishing.com/product/bangla-sahitya-vidyasagar-bt277 |url-status=live }}</ref> At {{fdate|15/4/1855|dmy}}<ref group=note>1st Baisakh,[[Vikram Samvat|Samvat]]</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Vidyasagar |first=Ishwar Chandra |title=Barnaparichay |year=1855 |edition=First |location=Sanskrit college, Kolkata |pages=Foreword}}</ref> Barnaparichay (Prothom bhag) is published and in {{fdate|14/6/1855}}, Second part(Dwitiya Bhag) is published. At first publish, it didn't gained much popularity, and [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar|Vidyasagar]] gets nervous. But it gets popular in order.[Translated]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dr. Bandhapadhyay |first=Asitkumar |title=Bangla Sahitye Vidyasagar(বাংলা সাহিত্যে বিদ্যাসাগর |publisher=Dey's Publishing |year=2005 |isbn=9789388351089 |edition=Fourth |location=Kolkata |pages=84, 85 |language=Bengali |url=https://www.deyspublishing.com/product/bangla-sahitya-vidyasagar-bt277 |archive-date=2022-06-21 |access-date=2023-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621104652/https://www.deyspublishing.com/product/bangla-sahitya-vidyasagar-bt277 |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
English book written by Paricharan was popular in Bengal for long time. But now, in this world of [[Globalisation]],this book doesn't have any value. But Barnaparichay is still used as a first primer book to teach Bengali to kids in [[Bengal]]. Now colorised versions of book are also available.

==Features==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2023}}
*{{lang|bn|৯}} is removed from vowel list. Now it's only used for [[Sanskrit]] transliteration of {{lang|sa|ऌ}}.
*The pronunciation of second "{{lang|bn|ব}}"in Bengali is same as first one but is repeated for second time.
*The text has been written in simple and short sentences suitable for children. Here first the child learns the letters in alphabetical order, learns small words by mouth with the letters, then a test of letter recognition, then the beginning of learning to spell by adding letters and letters. Then there are small short prose compositions in easy to understand short sentences.
* Here we see that instead of memorizing the previously unintelligible syllables, the child is learning familiar words and becoming familiar with fluent Bengali prose writing. Thus Vidyasagar paved the way for simple and modern Bengali prose for all educated Bengalis.
*The important thing is punctuation. The awareness and application of punctuation in Bengali prose has not been seen before. Vidyasagar's use of punctuation in these fluent prose is noteworthy. An example can be drawn from the text number 19 of Barnaprichay:-
**{{lang|bn|গোপাল যখন পড়িতে যায়, পথে খেলা করে না; সকলের আগে পাঠশালায় যায়; পাঠশালায় গিয়া আপনার জায়গায় বসে; আপনার জায়গায় বসিয়া, বই খুলিয়া পড়িতে থাকে; যখন গুরু মহাশয় নূতন পড়া দেন, মন দিয়া শুনে।}}
**(When Gopal goes to read, he does not play on the way; goes to the classroom before everyone else; goes to class and sits in her seat; Sitting in your seat, opening the book and reading; When Guru Mahashay (Teacher) gives a new reading, he listens with his mind.)[Translation]
{{Cquote
| author = [[Suniti Kumar Chatterji]],Linguist
| text = The special identity of his reforming mind is found in the abundance of his use of punctuation marks.[Translated]
}}
*The 20 lessons in this book can be called the beginning of Bengali children's literature. Small sentences, pictures as well as rhythm.
**For example-
***{{lang|bn|২ পাঠ: পথ ছাড়। জল খাও। হাত ধর। বাড়ী যাও।}}
****[Translation]Lesson 2: Give way. drink water hold hands go home
***{{lang|bn|৩ পাঠ: কথা কয়। জল পড়ে। মেঘ ডাকে। হাত নাড়ে। খেলা করে।}}
****[Translation]Lesson 3: He talks. Water falls. Cloud thunders. Nods hand. Plays.

===Quotes related to features===
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2023}}
*[[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar|He]] was a pioneer of modern teacher-education. He has also written several suggestions for teachers on teaching. Vidyasagar has given guidance on ''varnayojana'' in both parts of Barnaparichay. In the preface of the sixth edition of the first part he writes for teachers:-
{{Cquote|text=It is seen almost everywhere, boys says ''vowel a''({{lang|bn|স্বরের অ}})({{IPA link|ɔ}}),''vowel ā''({{lang|bn|স্বরের আ}}), in these two letter places. In which they do not say like that, but only say , a({{lang|bn|অ}});it is necessary to give advice like that.[Translation]}}

{{Cquote|author=[[Suniti Kumar Chatterji]], Linguist|text=Many have written useful Bangla prose and many are still writing it today. It is not impossible nowadays to be aware of the jhanga inherent in Bangla prose. But at a time when examples of good prose were rarely seen, it is surprising to think that Vidyasagar was able to discover the potential or the existence of that inherent jhangar of Bengali prose by his unique talent. He had a keen sense of the joy that readers and listeners can derive from the intonation of prose.[Translated]}}

{{Cquote|author=[[Rabindranath Tagore]]|text=By establishing a sound-harmony between the verses of the prose and maintaining an endless rhythmic flow in its movement, by selecting gentle and strong words, Vidyasagar has given beauty and perfection to Bengali. He went towards to write everything in easy and simple prose. Even before that 150 years ago, Vidyasagar did not draw any religious connection in his works for children. There is no need for religion and religious reform with stories, he emphasized on moral education, understanding good and bad and forming good character. There is perhaps a little too much effort to convey the truth, which Rabindranath mildly objected to. If you think about the extravagance, pomp and coercion of the religious reformation of that time, you have to be surprised and overwhelmed to see the reflection of this secular mind in children's textbooks.[Translated]}}

==Popularity==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2023}}
The book was highly effective is evident from its cut and popularity. From 1855 to Vidyasagar's death (1891), a total of 152 printed editions of Barnaparichay Part I were published in a total of 35 years. 88 thousand copies were printed in 11 editions in the first three years. To curb the reader's curiosity, the first edition of this book was printed in 3 thousand copies. This number should be enough for those times. 33 lakh 60 thousand copies of this book were printed in 127 editions in 23 years from 1867 to 1890. That is, at this time, an average of 1 lakh 40 thousand copies of this book were printed annually. Needless to say, this cut or increase in popularity has a direct relationship with the spread of education.

==See also==
*[[Bengali alphabet|Bengali Alphabet]]
*[[Bengali Renaissance]]
*[[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]]
*[[:bn: বাংলা বর্ণমালার ইতিহাস|History of Bengali alphabets]]

== References ==
===Links===
{{Reflist}}

===Notes===
{{reflist|group=note}}

[[Category:Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]]
[[Category:Bengali-language books]]
[[Category:Language textbooks]]
[[Category:1855 books]]

Regional Meteorological Centre, Chennai

2026-01-06T22:59:19Z

Sachin Soni: new a info w/ refs

{{Short description|Research institute in Chennai}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{coord|13|4|7.3|N|80|14|48.33|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Regional Meteorological Centre, Chennai
| nativename = RMC-Chennai
| logo =
| logo_width = 80px
| picture = Regional metrological centre chennai.jpg
| picture_width = 220px
| picture_caption = Regional Metrological Centre, Chennai
| formed = 1786 ({{Years or months ago|1786}})
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 =
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction = [[Government of India]]
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]]
| coordinates = {{coord|13|4|7.3|N|80|14|48.33|E|type:landmark|display=inline}}
| employees =
| budget =
| chief1_name = S. Balachandran, DDGM (Scientist 'F')
| parent_agency = [[India Meteorological Department|IMD]]
| child1_agency = Meteorological centres at [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Bangalore]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| slogan =
| website = [http://www.imdchennai.gov.in/np2.htm RMC-Chennai]
| footnotes =
| service =
| status = Operational
| seal =
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| chief3_name =
| chief3_position =
| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
| chief5_name =
| chief5_position =
| chief6_name =
| chief6_position =
| chief7_name =
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| chief9_name =
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| parent_department = [[India Meteorological Department|IMD]]
}}

'''Regional Meteorological Centre''', [[Chennai]] is one of the six regional meteorological centres (RMCs) of the [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD) and is responsible for the weather-related activities of the southern Indian peninsula comprising the states of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and the union territories of [[Andaman and Nicobar]], [[Lakshadweep Islands]] and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]. The other regional centres are located at [[Kolkata]], [[Guwahati]], [[Mumbai]], [[Nagpur]] and [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web| title =About IMD| publisher =india-water.com| url =http://www.india-water.com/about_imd.asp| access-date =16 October 2011| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120328034705/http://www.india-water.com/about_imd.asp| archive-date =28 March 2012}}</ref>

Established in the later part of the 18th century, the Chennai meteorological centre is considered one of the first modern astronomical-cum-meteorological [[observatory]] in the East beyond Europe, way before the establishment of the [[India Meteorological Department|Indian Meteorological Department]] in 1875.<ref name="Hindu_Origins_WeathermanInMadras"/> it was Established by [[William Petrie]] at [[Chennai|Madras]].

==History==
[[File:Madras Observatory 1880.jpg|thumb|left|Madras Observatory in 1880]]
Systematic meteorological observations in Chennai started much earlier than the actual establishment of the India Meteorological Department in 1875. The city is home to one of the first modern astronomical and meteorological observatory in the East, established at [[Egmore]] before 1792.<ref name="Hindu_Origins_WeathermanInMadras">{{cite news
| last = Lazarus
| first = Susanna Myrtle
| title = The origins of the weatherman in Madras
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 22 August 2013
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-origins-of-the-weatherman-in-madras/article5045891.ece?homepage=true
| access-date = 24 August 2013}}</ref> The [[Madras Observatory]], as it was known then, was established by [[Sir Charles Oakeley, 1st Baronet|Sir Charles Oakeley]], the then Governor of Madras under the [[East India Company]], in 1792 "for promoting the knowledge of Astronomy, Geography and Navigation in India", marking the beginning of the history of Regional Meteorological Centre, Chennai. Oakeley was supported by [[William Petrie]], a member of the [[Madras Presidency|Madras Government]], who had built an astronomical observatory at his own expense 5 years earlier in 1786. The primary purpose of the observatory was to spread astronomy among the masses, rather than weather observation.<ref name="Hindu_Origins_WeathermanInMadras"/>

For over a century, it was the only astronomical observatory in India that exclusively worked on the stars. Among the astronomers at the observatory were [[Norman Robert Pogson]], [[Michael Topping]] and [[John Goldingham]]. By 1899, it had been relegated to gathering weather-related data.

The 15-feet tall [[granite]] pillar monument weighing 10 tons, which carried the original transit equipment, is still preserved and carries the name of the architect, Michael Topping Arch, and the year AD MDCCXCII. Inscriptions in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] were carved on the pillar in order that "posterity may be informed a thousand years hence of the period when the mathematical sciences were first planted by British liberality in Asia".<ref name="Hindu_Origins_WeathermanInMadras"/><ref>{{cite web
| title = History of Old Madras Observatory
| url = http://www.imdchennai.gov.in/mds_obsy.htm
| access-date = 16 October 2011}}</ref> J. Goldingham, FRS, became the first astronomer of the observatory, who started recording the meteorological observations in 1796.<ref name="Hindu_Origins_WeathermanInMadras"/>

In 1840, Captain S. O. E. Ludlow began recording meteorological observations on an hourly basis. In 1855, [[William Stephen Jacob]] of the East India Observatory in Madras found orbital anomalies in the binary star [[70 Ophiuchi]] that he claimed are evidence of an extrasolar planet—the first exoplanet false alarm. The "discovery" began a 140-year period of other exoplanet discovery false alarms, although no actual planets were discovered.

From 1861, N. R. Pogson held the post of astronomer of the observatory for 30 years. He also held the post of meteorological reporter to the Madras government for many years, who was assisted in his work by his wife and daughter.

In 1875, the India Meteorological Department, also known as the Met Office, was established at New Delhi, which is the chief body of national meteorological service in India and is the principal government agency in all matters relating to [[meteorology]], [[seismology]] and allied subjects. The same year, daily weather reports started coming out at the Madras observatory. When the observatory moved to [[Kodaikanal]], astronomical observations ceased at the Madras observatory, which was then used only for weather forecast.<ref name="Hindu_Origins_WeathermanInMadras"/>

In 1899, [[Rhishard Llewellyn Jones|R. L. Jones]], a professor of physics at the [[Presidency College, Chennai|Madras Presidency College]], was appointed as part-time meteorologist of the observatory. The post was abolished in 1926 and a full-time assistant meteorologist was appointed. The observatory, which was issuing the Madras Daily Weather Report since October 1893 and supplying the time signal throughout the Indian Telegraph system, was reduced to the status of an ordinary pilot [[Weather balloon|balloon]] observatory in 1931.

The Regional Meteorological Centre at Chennai was established on 1 April 1945 under a deputy director general of the India Meteorological Department to supervise and co-ordinate meteorological services in the Southern region of India, which covers the states of [[Tamil Nadu]], Andhra Pradesh, [[Karnataka]], Kerala and Union Territories of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] and [[Lakshadweep]]. With the formation of the Regional Meteorological Centre, the [[Storm warning|storm-warning]] work for the seaports on the east coast of India from [[Kalingapatnam]] southwards was transferred to Chennai's Meenambakkam centre in 1945. The meteorological activities were bifurcated into marine and aviation for efficient functioning of the storm-warning services and separate storm-warning centre was established at Nungambakkam in 1969. The responsibility of storm-warning task for the ports on the west coast of India from [[Karwar]] southwards too was transferred from [[Mumbai]] to Chennai in 1969.<ref>{{cite web| last =Cyclone Warning Division| title =Cyclone Warning Organisation of India Meteorological Department| publisher =India Meteorological Department| url =http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwo.pdf| access-date =16 October 2011| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110929051553/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwo.pdf| archive-date =29 September 2011}}</ref>

==Functions==
The Regional Meteorological Centre, Chennai is located at 50 (New No. 6) College Road, [[Nungambakkam]], between Good Shepherd School and Women's Christian College. The three meteorological centres in South India function at [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Bangalore]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram]] serving the states of [[Andhra Pradesh]], Karnataka, and [[Kerala]], respectively, under the technical and administrative control of the Regional Meteorological Centre, Chennai.

With the establishment of the additional cyclone-warning centres at Bhubaneshwar and Visakhapatnam, the storm-warning centres at [[Kolkata]], Chennai and Mumbai were named as Area Cyclone-Warning Centres (ACWC) and the storm-warning centres at [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Bhubaneshwar]] and [[Ahmedabad]] as Cyclone-Warning Centres (CWC). CWCs at Visakhapatnam, Bhubaneshwar and Ahmedabad function under the control of the ACWCs at Chennai, Kolkata and Mumbai, respectively. The ACWC supervises and coordinates the non-aviation forecasting work at the meteorological centres functioning under it.

===Aviation===
Data from the Chennai Doppler weather radar is currently being used by the [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai airport]].<ref>{{cite news
| last = Ayyappan
| first = V.
| title = Plan for Doppler radar at airport faces headwind
| newspaper = The Times of India Mobile
| location = Chennai
| date = 23 February 2012
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/PDATOI/articleshow/12001976.cms
| access-date = 8 March 2012}}</ref> The aviation weather forecasting activities, which are required by pilots and airport authorities, are controlled and coordinated by the Aerodrome Meteorological Office at Chennai Airport in [[Meenambakkam]].

===Seismology and hydrology===
Under RMC Chennai, conventional seismological observatories are functioning at [[Thiruvananthapuram]], Visakhapatnam, [[Vijayawada]], [[Minicoy]] and [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]. In 1997, seismological observatories were established at Chennai, Thiruvananthapuram and Visakhapatnam under Global Seismological Network (GSN). In addition, an observatory under World Wide Standardised Seismological Network (WWSSN) functions at [[Kodaikanal]] and a broadband system functions at [[Mangalore]].

The hydrology section at RMC Chennai periodically inspects about 2,000 [[rain gauge]] stations maintained by organisations such as railways and state governments.

===Public forecasts and warnings===
{{multiple image|perrow = 2|total_width=400

| direction = horizontal
| width =
| caption_align = center

| header = Two of the [[Weather radar|Cyclone Detection Radars]] in the ACWC network.

| image1 = Doppler Weather Radar Station on Kailasagiri (May 2019).jpg
| caption1 = [[Visakhapatnam|Vishakhapatnam]]

| image2 = ChennaiPortTrustTower FromBeachStation.jpg
| caption2 = Chennai
}}
The non-aviation forecasting work, including cyclone warnings, is supervised and co-ordinated by the ACWC at Regional Meteorological Centre, Chennai, by means of the Cyclone Detection Radar. The Cyclone Detection Radars are located at Chennai, [[Machilipatnam]], [[Visakhapatnam|Vishakhapatnam]], [[Karaikal]] and [[Kochi]] which track [[tropical cyclones]] over the [[Bay of Bengal]] and the [[Arabian Sea]]. The cyclone warning bulletins are disseminated to remote centres in the coastal districts from the Cyclone Warning Dissemination System (CWDS) unit in Regional Meteorological Centre, Chennai.

The Regional Meteorological Centre and other Meteorological Centres periodically inspects the observatories to ensure the accuracy of meteorological observations and all the instruments at the observatories are calibrated at least once in 2 years. The Cyclone Detection Radar Station in Chennai is located at the [[Chennai Port Trust Centenary Building|Port Trust Building]] of the [[Chennai Port]].<ref>{{cite news
| title = Regional Meteorological Centre open for public today
| location = Chennai
| date = 27 February 2009
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/27/stories/2009022757670200.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090303044830/http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/27/stories/2009022757670200.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 3 March 2009
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date = 16 October 2011}}</ref>

Since 1978, Agromet Advisory Units are functioning at RMC Chennai and other meteorological centres under it. These units regularly issue Agromet Advisory Bulletins twice a week benefiting the farming community in their respective states.

In 2018, the IMD revealed its plan to provide tailor-made weather forecasts for various sectors including agriculture, health, railways, power, and tourism. Specialised weather forecasts provided by the RMC could help in planning operations in the respective sectors and taking contingency measures during emergencies.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Lakshmi
| first = K.
| title = Specialised weather forecasts soon from IMD
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 17 January 2018
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/specialised-weather-forecasts-soon-from-imd/article22452592.ece
| access-date = 22 July 2018}}</ref>

===Observation===
The Regional Meteorological Centre, Chennai maintains 121 surface observatories of which 53 are departmental observatories and 68 are part-time observatories. In addition, it maintains 13 pilot balloon observatories, 10 Rawin stations and 1 Radiosonde station. There are also Port Meteorological offices at Chennai, Kochi and Visakhapatnam, which interact with masters of ships and shipping companies and other marine interests.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Regional Meteorological Centre, Chennai
| publisher = ChennaiBest.com
| url = http://www.chennaibest.com/discoverchennai/citylifestyle/rmc.asp
| access-date = 16 October 2011}}</ref>

===Staff===
More than 1,400 personnel including 300 officers work in various offices under Regional Meteorological Centre, Chennai which includes 3 meteorological centres, 1 area cyclone warning centre, 1 cyclone warning centre, 6 cyclone detection radar stations and 17 aviation meteorological offices (AMOs).<ref>{{cite web
| title = The Regional Meteorological Centre
| publisher = AMSS Chennai
| url = http://www.amsschennai.gov.in/aboutrmc.html
| access-date = 16 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| title = Observational Organisation of RMC Chennai
| publisher = IMD Chennai
| url = http://www.imdchennai.gov.in/obsy_org.htm
| access-date = 16 October 2011}}</ref>

The IMD also maintains Voluntary Observing Fleet (VOF) through the Port Meteorological Office at the Chennai Port comprising ships of merchant navy, [[Indian Navy]] and foreign agencies.

In 1984, a training unit was started at RMC Chennai to conduct basic meteorological training courses, each course spanning 4 months. More than 1,000 trainees have been trained so far in about 50 batches.

==Additional services==
The Regional Meteorological Centre, Chennai also issues ''Farmers' Weather Bulletin'',<ref>{{cite conference| title =Annual Report 2000 – 2001| publisher =Department of Science & Technology, Government of India| url =http://www.dst.gov.in/about_us/ar00-01ss-imd.htm| access-date =16 October 2011| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20111014234622/http://dst.gov.in/about_us/ar00-01ss-imd.htm| archive-date =14 October 2011}}</ref> a bulletin on weather-based agro-advisory services for the [[Cauvery delta]] zone in Tamil Nadu. This information is available both in English and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] on Tuesdays and Fridays based on the weather forecast received from the centre.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Web-based agro-advisory services launched
| location = Chennai
| date = 19 January 2011
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/19/stories/2011011953120300.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110129064443/http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/19/stories/2011011953120300.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 29 January 2011
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date = 16 October 2011}}</ref>

==Developments==
In June 1995, High-Resolution Picture Transmission (HRPT) direct readout ground station was established at RMC Chennai. This receives AVHRR satellite imageries and TOVS data from polar-orbiting NOAA satellites.

The IMD has plans to replace its S-band 10 cm Cyclone Detection Radar (CDR) network with modern [[Weather radar|Doppler weather radars]] (DWRs) in a phased manner. Although the decision to set up the DWR network was taken in the 1990s and funds allocated, the first DWR units are being installed only in the 2000s. Two DWRs, METEOR-1500S,<ref>{{cite conference| title =Annual Report 2001 – 2002| publisher =Department of Science & Technology, Government of India| url =http://www.dst.gov.in/about_us/ar01-02scientific-services.htm| access-date =16 October 2011| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20111014175519/http://dst.gov.in/about_us/ar01-02scientific-services.htm| archive-date =14 October 2011}}</ref> imported from Gematronik Gmbh, a German firm, at a cost of {{INR}} 130 million each, have been installed at the Regional Meteorological Centres in Chennai and Kolkata. The Chennai DWR is operational since 2001–2002.<ref>{{cite journal| last =Ramachandran| first =R.| title =For reliable cyclone detection| journal =Frontline| volume =19| issue =16| date =3–16 August 2002| url =http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1916/19160880.htm| access-date =16 October 2011| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120921000256/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1916/19160880.htm| archive-date =21 September 2012}}</ref> In the same period, a High Wind Speed Recorder (HWSR) was installed at the Chennai centre.

In 2003–2004, a [[laser]] [[ceilometer]] was installed at Chennai airport for reporting data on height of base of low cloud for aviation. During the same period, automatic message switching systems was also installed at the Chennai International Airport. Chennai is one of the five state-of-the-art regional message switching centres connected with the central hub in IMD's National Meteorological Telecommunication Centre (NMTC) at New Delhi. Other regional systems are located at Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai and [[Guwahati]].<ref>{{cite conference| title =Annual Report 2003 – 2004| publisher =Department of Science & Technology, Government of India| url =http://www.dst.gov.in/about_us/ar03-04scientific-ser.htm| access-date =16 October 2011| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20111216151919/http://www.dst.gov.in/about_us/ar03-04scientific-ser.htm| archive-date =16 December 2011}}</ref>

The city's first automatic weather station was installed at the RMC in Nungambakkam in 2007. As part of its {{INR}} 9,200-million modernisation plan, the Department of Meteorology plans to install Doppler Weather Radar in Chennai.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Automatic Weather Stations in districts
| location = Chennai
| date = 29 August 2008
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/29/stories/2008082960831000.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080902133302/http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/29/stories/2008082960831000.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 2 September 2008
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date = 16 October 2011}}</ref> At present, data from the manual observatory in [[Meenambakkam]] is being used for forecasting weather. The Regional Meteorological Centre, Chennai will install an automatic weather unit at Meenambakkam in 2011 as part of its modernisation project, which aims to improve weather monitoring facilities. The department set up two more in the suburbs of [[Madhavaram, Chennai|Madhavaram]] and [[Ennore]] recently. With the new automated weather stations to be installed, the state of Tamil Nadu would have 42 such facilities.

At present, the staff of Meteorological Department and of other government agencies such as Water Resources Department, manually measure the rainfall in facilities set up in some parts of the city. For the first time in the city, the department would create a mesoscale network of [[artificial satellite|satellite]]-based automated [[rain gauges]] to cover areas within the radius of 5 km. In the first phase, 10 such facilities would be installed in various localities of the city. The localities where such rain gauges are to come up are [[Chembarambakkam]], [[Avadi]], [[Kolapakkam]], [[Puzhal]], [[Anna University]], [[Taramani]], [[Pallikaranai]] and [[Tambaram]]. The department is in the process of selecting one more site.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Lakshmi
| first = K.
| title = Automatic weather unit for Meenambakkam
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 12 February 2011
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article1414212.ece
| access-date = 16 October 2011}}</ref>

In March 2012, following Delhi and Mumbai, RMC Chennai started installing ten 50-feet automatic rain gauge (ARG) stations to provide location-specific weather data. Equipped to measure humidity, rainfall and temperature, they will help make accurate forecasts, specifying the rainfall variability. Hourly data from the ARG stations are transmitted to a geostationary satellite, which re-transmits the data, which help to validate the measurements from the [[Weather radar|Doppler weather radar]], to the receiving earth station at [[Pune]]. The ARGs are run on solar power. The first one was installed in [[Sholinganallur]] followed by [[Taramani]], [[Anna University]], [[Hindustan University]], LMOIS [[Kolapakkam]], [[Poonamallee]], [[Chembarambakkam]], [[Puzhal]], [[Kattupakkam]] and [[Avadi]].<ref>{{cite news
| title = 10 automatic rain gauge stations to dot Chennai
| location = Chennai
| date = 30 March 2012
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-30/chennai/31260153_1_args-automatic-rain-gauge-stations-doppler-radar
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130720050057/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-30/chennai/31260153_1_args-automatic-rain-gauge-stations-doppler-radar
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 20 July 2013
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 13 July 2011}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[India Meteorological Department]]
* [[World Meteorological Organization]]
{{Portal bar|India|Weather}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.imdchennai.gov.in/np2.htm Regional Meteorological Centre, Chennai, Official site]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110721172257/http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/ India Meteorological Department Official site]
* [http://www.imd.gov.in New mirror site]
* [http://prints.iiap.res.in/handle/2248/714 Old photograph of the Observatory, Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Digital Repository]
* [http://www.ias.ac.in/resonance/Aug2002/pdf/Aug2002p16-28.pdf Madras and Kodaikanal Observatories: A Brief History]

{{Chennai Topics}}
{{National Meteorological Organisations}}

[[Category:1945 establishments in India]]
[[Category:India Meteorological Department]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Chennai]]

Bholabhai Patel

2025-12-31T07:59:34Z

Sachin Soni: small changes

{{Short description|Indian Gujarati author (1934–2012)}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2014}}
{{Infobox writer
| name=Bholabhai Patel
| image=BholabhaiPatelPic.jpg
| img_capt=
| caption=
| birth_date={{birth date|1934|8|7|df=y}}
| birth_place=Soja village, [[Mehsana district]], Gujarat, India
| death_date={{death date and age|2012|5|20|1934|8|7|df=y}}
| death_place=[[Ahmedabad]], Gujarat
| occupation= Author
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| period=
| nationality=Indian
| influenced=
| signature= Bholabhai Patel signature.png
| awards=[[Padma Shri]] (2008)
| module={{Infobox academic
| child = yes
|doctoral_advisor = Ambashankar Nagar
| thesis_title=Agney: Ek Adhyayan Adhunikta Avam Pashyat Prabhavoke Vishesh Sandharbh Me
| thesis_url= http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/47771
| doctoral_students = [[Bindu Bhatt]] }}
}}

'''Bholabhai Patel''' ({{IPA|gu|bʰo.ɭa.bʰa.i pə.ʈel|pron|}}) was an Indian [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] author. He taught numerous languages at [[Gujarat University]] and did comparative studies of literature in different languages. He translated extensively and wrote essays and travelogues. He was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] in 2008.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=July 21, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 |df=dmy }}</ref>

== Life ==
Patel was born on 7 August 1934, in Soja village near [[Gandhinagar]], Gujarat.<ref name=dna>{{cite news|title=Gujarati litterateur Bholabhai Patel dies|date=21 May 2012|place=Ahmedabad|work=Daily News and Analysis|access-date=16 June 2014|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/report-gujarati-litterateur-bholabhai-patel-dies-1691747|archive-date=8 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308032757/http://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/report-gujarati-litterateur-bholabhai-patel-dies-1691747|url-status=live}}</ref> He completed S.S.C. in 1952. He earned a [[Bachelor's degree]] in Sanskrit, Hindi and Indian culture from [[Banaras Hindu University]] in 1957. He also studied at the Gujarat University, and completed his master's degree in Hindi in 1960, a Bachelors in English in 1968, a Masters in English and Science of Language in 1970. From 1974, he started working on his PhD thesis on [[Sachchidananda Vatsyayan]] 'Agyeya', a modernist Hindi writer, and completed it in 1977. The thesis was later published as ''Agyeya: Ek Adhyayan'' in Hindi. During his studies in Gujarathi University, Gujarathi writer [[Umashankar Joshi]] was his Gujarati lecturer. Joshi influenced literary taste and critical discrimination.<ref name="Bholabhai and Umashankar">{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Avadhesh Kumar |title=Bholabhai Patel (1934-2012): An Invisible Bridge between Gujarati and Indian Literatures |journal=Indian Literature |date=2012 |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=51–58 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |location=New Delhi |jstor=23345961 |issn=0019-5804}}</ref> He also completed a diploma in German in 1971 and linguistics in 1974.<ref name=toi>{{cite news|title=Famous literary figure Bholabhai Patel passes away, his wisdom survives|first=Priya|last=Adhyaru Majithia|date=21 May 2012|access-date=16 June 2014|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Famous-literary-figure-Bholabhai-Patel-passes-away-his-wisdom-survives/articleshow/13323689.cms|work=The Times of India|archive-date=9 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209080903/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Famous-literary-figure-Bholabhai-Patel-passes-away-his-wisdom-survives/articleshow/13323689.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Patel obtained a fellowship from the [[Visva-Bharati University]] where he did a comparative study of Indian literature.<ref name=dna/><ref name=AGSI>{{cite book|title=અર્વાચીન ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યનો ઈતિહાસ - આધુનિક અને અનુઆધુનિક યુગ (History of Modern Gujarati Literature – Modern and Postmodern Era)|first=Prasad|last=Brahmabhatt |publisher=Parshwa Publication|location=Ahmedabad|year=2010|pages=263–267|language=gu|isbn=978-93-5108-247-7}}</ref><ref name =gsp>{{cite web|url=http://gujaratisahityaparishad.com/prakashan/sarjako/savishesh/Savishesh-Bholabhai-Patel.html|publisher=[[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]]|access-date=23 June 2014|language=gu|title=Bholabhai Patel|archive-date=7 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607164729/http://www.gujaratisahityaparishad.com/prakashan/sarjako/savishesh/Savishesh-Bholabhai-Patel.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Patel was married and had three children. He began his teaching career working at a primary school in [[Modasa]]. He taught at Saradar Vallabhbhai Arts College in Ahmedabad from 1960 to 1969. Later he taught and headed the Hindi Department of the School of Languages at Gujarat University from 1969 until his retirement in 1994. Patel served as a fellow of comparative literature at Visva-Bharati University, [[Santiniketan]] in 1983-84 and at the Institute of Humanities, Vidya Bhavan. He was also the trustee of the institute which published ''[[Gujarati Vishwakosh]]'', the Gujarati encyclopaedia. He served as the president of the [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] from 2011 until his death in 2012. He edited ''Parab'', a monthly of Gujarati Sahitya Parishad for three decades starting 1974.<ref name=dna/><ref name=AGSI/><ref name =gsp/><ref name=dgx>{{cite news|title=President of Gujarati Sahitya Parishad Bholabhai Patel dies|url=http://deshgujarat.com/2012/05/20/president-of-gujarati-sahitya-parishad-bholabhai-patel-dies/|work=DeshGujarat|date=20 May 2012|access-date=16 June 2014|archive-date=20 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920014103/http://deshgujarat.com/2012/05/20/president-of-gujarati-sahitya-parishad-bholabhai-patel-dies/|url-status=live}}</ref>

He died on 20 May 2012 at [[Ahmedabad]] following a heart attack.<ref name=gsp/><ref name=dgx/>

== Works ==
Patel had published more than 52 books. He was a [[polyglot]] who spoke Gujarati, Hindi, Bengali, Assamese, Oriya, German, French, Marathi, Puria and Sanskrit fluently. He translated many books from these languages to Gujarati and vice versa. He wrote literary travelogues about his travels across Europe and the US. Patel was an expert on the works of the ancient poet [[Kalidas]] and the Nobel laureate [[Rabindranath Tagore]].<ref name=dna/><ref name=AGSI/><ref name=dgx/>

=== Non-fiction ===
''Vidisha'' (1980) is collection of his eleven travel essays. ''Purvottar'' (1971) is travelogue of his travel in [[Northeast India]], [[West Bengal]] and [[Odisha]]. ''Kanchanjangha'' (1985) is collection of travel essays. His other two collections are ''Bole Zina Mor'' (1992) and ''Shalbhanjika'' (1992). His other travelogues are ''Radhe Tara Dungariya Par'' (1987), ''Devoni Ghati'' (1989), ''Devatma Himalaya'' (1990) and ''Europe-Anubhav'' (2004).<ref name=AGSI/>

His works of criticism are ''Adhuna'' (1973), ''Bharatiya Tunkivarta'' (1987), ''Purvapar'' (1976), ''Kalpurush'' (1979), ''Adhunikata ane Gujarati Kavita'' (1987), ''Sahityik Paramparano Vistar'' (1996), ''Aav Gira Gujarati'' (2003).<ref name=AGSI/>

=== Edited and translated works ===
He has edited some works; ''Asamiya Gujarati Kavita'' (1981), ''Gujarati Sahityano Athmo Dayko'' (1982), ''Gujarati Sahityano Navmo Dayko'' (with [[Chandrakant Topiwala]], 1991) and ''Jeevannu Kavya'' (1987), selected works of [[Kaka Kalelkar]]. His Ph.D. thesis, ''Agney: Ek Adhyayan'' was published by Gujarat University in 1983.<ref name=AGSI/>

As he was a [[polyglot]], he translated large number of works. A large number of these translations were from [[Bengali language|Bengali]] to his native Gujarati, such as [[Sukumar Sen (linguist)|Sukumar Sen]]'s history of Bengali literature, ''Bangali Sahitya Itihasni Rooprekha'' in 1982.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Singh|first=Avadhesh Kumar|date=2012-01-01|title=Bholabhai Patel (1934-2012): An Invisible Bridge between Gujarati and Indian Literatures|jstor=23345961|journal=Indian Literature|volume=56|issue=3 (269)|pages=51–58}}</ref> Other translations from Bengali include works by [[Rabindranath Tagore]], such as ''Char Adhyay'' (1988), [[Jibanananda Das]]'s poetry collection ''Vanlata Sen'' (1976), [[Sunil Gangopadhyay]]'s novel ''Swargani Niche Manushya'' (1977), [[Buddhadeb Bosu]]'s play ''Tapaswi ane Tarangini'' (1982).

He also translated Vinayak Athwale's ''Vishnu Digambar'' (1967), Gopal Singh's ''Guru Nanak'' (1969), [[Maheswar Neog]]'s ''Shankardev'' (1970), He translated [[Sumitranandan Pant]]'s poetry collection in Gujarati as ''Chidambara'' (1969) with [[Raghuveer Chaudhari]]. He translated [[Umashankar Joshi]]'s poetry books ''Prachina'' (1968) and ''Nishith'' (1968) in Hindi. Rabindranath Tagore's ''Geet Panchshati'' (1978) was translated in Gujarati by him, [[Nagindas Parekh]] and others. He also translated [[Prabhudutt Brahmachari]]'s ''Chaitanya Mahaprabhu'' (1986) with Nagindas Parekh. He translated Hindi writer [[Shrikant Verma]]'s ''Bijana Pag'' (1990) with [[Bindu Bhatt]]. He translated [[R. M. Lala]]'s ''The Creation of Wealth'' from English in Gujarati as ''Sampattinu Sarjan'' (1984). ''Kamroopa'' is translation of selected Assamese poetry. He also translated [[Syed Abdul Malik]]'s novel as ''Soorajmukhina Swapna'' and Vasudev Sharan Agrawal's studies as ''Harshacharit: Ek Sanskritik Adhyayan''.<ref name="AGSI" /> He translated [[Agyeya]]'s [[Hindi]] work ''[[Angan Ke Par Dwar]]'' into Gujarati as ''Anganani Par Dwar'' (2002).<ref name="Rao2004">{{cite book|last=Rao|first=D. S.|title=Five Decades: The National Academy of Letters, India : A Short History of Sahitya Akademi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8JDsBBDoMccC&pg=PA50|year=2004|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-260-2060-7|page=50|access-date=23 August 2019|archive-date=29 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329080311/https://books.google.com/books?id=8JDsBBDoMccC&pg=PA50|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Recognition ==
[[File:Padmashri Bholabhai Patel Chowk.jpg|thumb|Padmashri Bholabhai Patel Circle named after him on University Road, [[Ahmedabad]]]]
Patel was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest civilian award in India, in 2008. He also won the KK Birla Foundation fellowship. He received the [[Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak]] in 1995, the highest award in Gujarati literature. He was the recipient of the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for Gujarati in 1992 for ''Devoni Ghati''.<ref name=dna/><ref name=AGSI/><ref name =gsp/><ref name=dgx/> Bholabhai Patel Chowk, a crossroad near Gujarat University, is named after him.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Welcome-to-Bholabhai-Chowk/articleshow/15396533.cms|title=Welcome to Bholabhai Chowk!|first=Priya Adhyaru|last=Majithia|date=8 August 2012|access-date=23 June 2014|work=The Times of India|archive-date=1 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801201220/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Welcome-to-Bholabhai-Chowk/articleshow/15396533.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Internet Archive author|sname=Bholabhai Patel}}
* {{Gujarati Vishwakosh}}
{{SahityaAkademiFellowship}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Award for Gujarati}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Bholabhai}}
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Gujarat University]]
[[Category:People from Gandhinagar district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Gujarati]]
[[Category:Indian literary critics]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:Indian travel writers]]
[[Category:Banaras Hindu University alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak]]
[[Category:Scholars from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]]
[[Category:Translators of Rabindranath Tagore]]

Yakshi (sculpture)

2025-12-17T01:59:59Z

Sachin Soni: created some pg w/ refs!

{{Short description|Sculpture in Kerala, India}}
{{Infobox artwork
| image_file = File:Malampuzha Yakshi - മലമ്പുഴ യക്ഷി 02.JPG
| painting_alignment =
| image_size = 300 px
| title = Yakshi
| alt =
| other_language_1 =
| other_title_1 =
| other_language_2 =
| other_title_2 =
| artist = [[Kanayi Kunhiraman]]
| year = {{Start date|1969}}
| height_metric =
| width_metric =
| length_metric =
| height_imperial = 30
| width_imperial =
| length_imperial =
| diameter__metric =
| diameter_imperial =
| imperial_unit = ft
| metric_unit = cm
| city = [[Malampuzha]], [[Palakkad]]
| museum =
| coordinates =
| owner = [[Government of Kerala]]
}}
'''''Yakshi''''' is a sculpture in Malampuzha park, [[Palakkad]] adjacent to the [[Malampuzha Dam]] in the [[Indian state]] of [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-04 |title=Yakshi, The Iconic Nude Female Statue In Kerala To Get A Facelift After 50 Years |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/yakshi-the-iconic-nude-female-statue-in-kerala-to-get-a-facelift-after-50-years-361577.html |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=IndiaTimes |language=en-IN |archive-date=2022-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030150531/https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/yakshi-the-iconic-nude-female-statue-in-kerala-to-get-a-facelift-after-50-years-361577.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sculptored by [[Kanayi Kunhiraman]], its construction was completed in 1969.<ref>{{Cite web |last=thomas |first=elizabeth |date=2019-04-10 |title=Kanayi Kunhiraman's Yakshi is secular |url=https://www.asianage.com/life/art/100419/kanayi-kunhiramans-yakshi-is-secular.html |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=The Asian Age}}</ref> It is a {{cvt|30|ft|m}} tall sculpture inspired by a nude female [[Yakshini|yakshi]] (Hinduist female spirit), with her legs spread out, breasts lifted, eyes raised to the sky in a semi-drowsy state and fingers running through her hair.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=2020-10-08 |title=Woman who posed for 'Yakshi' dead |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/woman-who-posed-for-yakshi-dead/article32801267.ece |access-date=2022-10-30 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanayi's enigmatic 'Yakshi' continues to kick up a row, this time on Instagram |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/travel-news/2022/06/15/kanayis-yakshi-kicks-up-row-over-kerala-tourism-insta-post.html |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=OnManorama}}</ref> The sculpture is constructed in a single piece.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Of Malampuzha, the yakshi and memories |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/kerala/2018/06/30/malampuzha-dam-gardens-yakshi-memories-palakkad-travel-destination.html |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref> Kunhiraman was honoured by [[Government of Kerala|Kerala Government]] in 2019 during the 50th anniversary of the sculpture.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=Oct 10, 2020 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/iconic-yakshi-to-get-a-park-courtesy-kanayi/articleshow/78581761.cms?frmapp=yes&from=mdr |title=Iconic Yakshi to get a park, courtesy Kanayi|access-date=2022-10-30 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Criticism==
The sculpture have been criticised by some people for its nudity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Priya |first=Krishna |date=2021-09-30 |title=Nudity In Art: Analysing The Politics Of Nakedness Through The Sculptures Of Kanayi Kunhiraman |url=https://feminisminindia.com/2021/10/01/nudity-in-art-analysing-the-politics-of-nakedness-through-the-sculptures-of-kanayi-kunhiraman/ |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=Feminism in India |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=നഗ്നയായ യക്ഷിയെ തുണിയുടുപ്പിക്കാന്‍ ഇറങ്ങിത്തിരിച്ചവർ അറിയാൻ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/travel/travel-kerala/2022/06/08/social-discussion-on-kanayi-kunhiramans-yakshi.html |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Tourism in Kerala}}

[[Category:1969 sculptures]]
[[Category:Sculptures of women in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Palakkad district]]
[[Category:Nude sculptures of women]]
[[Category:Yakshas]]

Zenana missions

2025-12-01T16:37:52Z

Sachin Soni: created new post added tags!

{{Short description|Programmes in British India established with the goal of converting women to Christianity}}
[[File:High caste women, Harkua, India, ca. 1915 (IMP-CSCNWW33-OS14-37).jpg|thumb|[[Caste in India|High caste]] women, Harkua, India, c. 1915<ref>Original caption: "High caste women in zenana at Harkua village in Gopalganj." A ''zenana'' (literally meaning "pertaining to women") was the part of the household reserved for women in Muslim south Asian households. These living quarters would be visited by the wives of missionaries as part of mission work.</ref>]]

The '''zenana missions''' were outreach programmes established in [[British India]] with the aim of [[Conversion to Christianity|converting women to Christianity]]. From the mid 19th century, they sent female missionaries into the homes of [[women in India|Indian women]], including the private areas of houses - known as ''[[zenana]]'' - that male visitors were not allowed to see. Gradually these missions expanded from purely evangelical work to providing medical and education services. Hospitals and schools established by these missions are still active, making the ''zenana'' missions an important part of the history of [[Christianity in India]].

==Background==
Women in India at this time were segregated under the [[purdah]] system, being confined to women's quarters known as a [[zenana]], which men unrelated to them were forbidden to enter. The zenana missions were made up of female missionaries who could visit Indian women in their own homes with the aim of converting them to Christianity.

The purdah system made it impossible for many Indian women, especially high status women, to access [[health care]], and many were needlessly dying and suffering. By training as doctors and nurses, the women of the zenana missions could be accepted by the women of India in a way that men would not have been.

==History==
[[File:Christian missions and social progress; a sociological study of foreign missions (1897) (14756890926).jpg|thumb|Lady missionaries in the court of the Zenana Mission House, Peshawar (above); The station class at Sa-yong, Fuhkien, China (below)]]

The [[Baptist Missionary Society]] inaugurated [[zenana]] missions in India in the mid 19th century. The first zenana mission resulted from a proposal by [[Thomas Smith (missionary)|Thomas Smith]] in 1840, with the mission beginning in 1854, under the supervision of [[John Fordyce (missionary)|John Fordyce]].<ref>"When he [Thomas Smith] went to India, it was impossible for male missionaries to reach the women, all of whom above the very lowest class were shut off from the society of men. Smith's proposal in the 'Christian Observer' in 1840 to send lady missionaries and governesses, both European and Indian, into the zenana bore fruit in the first Zenana mission, which was started in 1854."--William Forbes Gray [[s:Smith, Thomas (1817-1906) (DNB12)|Smith, Thomas (1817-1906) (DNB12)]]</ref> [[Hana Catherine Mullens]] is known as one of the most efficient zenana workers in India, and won the title of "the Apostle of the Zenanas." In 1856, Mrs. Mullens set up a small school at Bhawanipur, with twenty three students aged between eight and twenty.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Indian Zenana Missions|last=Pitman|first=Emma|publisher=John Snow & Co.|year=1903|location=England|pages=20–21}}</ref> The Calcutta Normal school was established in the same year, to train native women for zenana work.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Normal_School|title=Normal School - Banglapedia|website=en.banglapedia.org|access-date=2019-01-19}}</ref>

By the 1880s, the zenana missions had expanded their ministry, opening schools to provide education for girls, including the principles of the Christian faith. This programme also included home visits, the establishment of women's hospitals and the opening of segregated women's wards in general hospitals. One society, the [[International Service Fellowship|Zenana Bible and Medical Mission]], was involved in recruiting female doctors, both by persuading female doctors in [[Europe]] to come to India and by encouraging Indian women to study medicine in their pursuit of conversion. As a result, the Zenana missions helped break down the male bias against colonial medicine in India to a small extent.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/ahistorymission00richgoog|title=A history of missions in India|author=Richter|first=Julius|publisher=Oliphant, Anderson & Ferrier|year=1908|location=Edinburgh}}</ref>

In the 1930s, the Zenana missions expanded further into healthcare. The Elizabeth Newman Hospital was opened by [[Beatrice Marian Smyth]]. This sixty bed hospital assisted with blood transfusions, child births, and anaemia cases among men, women, children, and people from all over Kashmir, India.

The work of the Baptists inspired the formation of a [[United Kingdom|British]] [[Anglican]] missionary society, the [[Church of England Zenana Missionary Society]] (founded 1880), which was involved in sending missionaries to mission stations in countries such as India (19th and 20th centuries) and late [[Qing dynasty]] [[China]], beginning in 1884.<ref name="WardStanley2000">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sVXuAAAAMAAJ|title=The Church Mission Society and World Christianity: 1799 - 1999|last=Murray|first=Jocelyn|publisher=William B. Eerdmans Publishing|year=2000|isbn=978-0-8028-3875-9|editor-last1=Ward|editor-first1=Kevin|location=Grand Rapids, MI|pages=66–90|chapter=The Role of Women in the Church Missionary Society, 1799–1917|editor-last2=Stanley|editor-first2=Brian|editor-link2=Brian Stanley (historian)}}</ref> Zenana missionaries had their establishments at [[Thiruvananthapuram|Trivandrum]], [[Palayamkottai|Palamcotta]] (Sarah Tucker College), [[Machilipatnam|Masulipatnam]] and [[Chennai|Madras]] in South India, and [[Meerut]], [[Jabalpur]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] and [[Amritsar]] in North India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb150-cez|title=Records of the Church of England Zenana Missionary Society - Archives Hub|website=archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk|access-date=2019-01-19}}</ref>

== Bible women in India ==
Educated Indian Christian women, who worked as assistants to the zenana missionaries were known as [[Bible woman|Bible women]]. They came from notable families and worked among poor women in villages, towns, hospitals, schools, etc. The Bible women, helped bridge the vast cultural differences between the English missionaries and the village folk. The Bible women used indigenous ideas to teach and preach their ideals of a Christian God to the women of the subcontinent. They used music to reach out to its wide audience - to attract more women and to provide a commentary on the verses from Bible. Bible women wore white saris and carried cloth covered Bibles, representative of their virtuous identity. They stopped wearing jewellery and deprived themselves of all forms of vanity.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Tamil Bible women and Zenana missions of colonial South India|journal = History of Religions|volume = 39|issue = 2|pages = 117–149|last=Kent|first=Eliza|jstor = 3176390|year = 1999|doi = 10.1086/463584| s2cid=161222435 }}</ref> Bible women took up various roles in the zenana missions. They taught in girls' schools, which were attended by all classes. Bible women visited the zenana, taught women and girls there, preached religious values and worked for the general good of the women. They also visited native women in hospitals and homes, providing healthcare services and facilities.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Indian Zenan Missions|last=Pitman|first=Emma|publisher=John Snow & Co.|year=1903|location=England|pages=36–38}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Hariot Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, Marchioness of Dufferin and Ava|Lady Dufferin]], Vicereine of India
* ''[[The Naulahka: A Story of West and East]]'', a book by [[Rudyard Kipling]]
* [[The Song of the Women]], a poem by Kipling
* ''[[Kardoo, the Hindoo Girl]]'', a book published as part of the Zenana Missionary Series

==References==
{{wikisource|Women Under Polygamy/Chapter 12}}
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*Emma Raymond Pitman ''[https://archive.org/stream/MN40255ucmf_6/MN40255ucmf_6_djvu.txt Indian Zenana Missions]''. London: John Snow, [1890?]
*Helen Catharine Mackenzie: ''Life in the Mission, the Camp, and the Zenáná; or Six Years in India.'' London: Richard Bentley, 1853.

[[Category:Zenana missions| ]]
[[Category:Christian missions in China]]
[[Category:Christian missions in India]]
[[Category:Women-only spaces]]
[[Category:Health care]]
[[Category:History of women in India]]

Muthuraja

2025-11-27T02:20:21Z

Sachin Soni: fix details per sources

{{Short description|Tamil and Telugu speaking community in south India}}
{{About|the Indian caste called Muthuraja||Muttaraiyar (disambiguation){{!}}Muttaraiyar}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Infobox caste
|caste_name=Muthuraja
|languages=[[Tamil language|Tamil]]{{*}}[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|populated_states=[[Tamil Nadu]]
|region=Central Tamil Nadu
|population=
|religions=[[Hinduism]]{{*}}[[Jainism]]
|country={{flag|India}}
|ethnicity=
|classification=[[Other Backward Class|Backward caste]]}}{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
'''Muthuraja''' (also known as '''Mutharaiyar''') is a [[Tamil people|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<ref name="Telugu">
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VwbtAAAAMAAJ |title=Barriers broken: production relations and agrarian change in Tamil Nadu |publisher=Sage Publications |year=1990 |isbn=9780803996397 |editor1-last=Athreya |editor1-first=Venkatesh B. |page=25 |quote=The Muthurajas are descendants of the soldiers which the poligars recruited in their homeland, the Telugu-speaking areas of contemporary Andhra Pradesh, north of Tamil Nadu. Like other castes originating from Andhra, they are bilingual, often speaking Telugu in family circles and Tamil outside the house |editor2-last=Djurfeldt |editor2-first=Göran |editor3-last=Lindberg |editor3-first=Staffan}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2pAMAQAAMAAJ&q=Muthuracha |title=A handbook of Tamil Nadu |author2= |publisher=International School of Dravidian Linguistics |year=1996 |isbn=9788185692203 |editor1-last=K. M. Venkataramaiah |volume= |page=425 |quote=Muthuracha: A Telugu caste found in some districts of Tamil Nadu, the Muthuracha (muthurācha) is also called Muttaraiyan. Some are talaiyāris or watchmen of villages. They seem to be a major sect in the coastal villages of Andhra Pradesh}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iw7SL2QrgcQC&dq=Among+the+Telugu+castes+that+came+to+Tamilnadu+were+the+Mutturajas+or+Mutr%C4%81chas&pg=PA19 |title=Kattavarayan Katai |author2= |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |year=2004 |isbn=9783447047128 |editor1-last=Eveline Masilamani-Meyer |volume= |page=19 |quote=Among the Telugu castes that came to Tamilnadu were the Mutturajas or Mutrāchas.}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bxiAAAAAMAAJ&q=Muttiriyan++Tamil+Nadu+primarily++Telugu+caste |title=Biology of the People of Tamil Nadu |author2= |publisher= |year=1981 |editor1=L. D. Sanghvi |editor2=V. Balakrishnan |editor3=Irawati Karmarkar Karve |volume= |page=21 |quote=Mutracha (MT) Mutracha is also known as Muttiriyan in Tamil Nadu. It is primarily a Telugu caste found in the southern districts of Andhra Pradesh. They were employed by the Vijayanagar kings to defend their frontiers when they entered Tamil Nadu and were honoured with the title of Paligar. They speak Telugu in Tamil Nadu.}}</ref> speaking community found in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]].

== Etymology ==
The etymology of the community name is unclear. The names Muthuraja and Muthuraiyar may be derived from two words, the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] name ''muthu'' meaning "pearl" and ''raja'' or ''raiyar'' both meaning "king".<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kkppAgAAQBAJ|title=Sacred Groves and Local Gods: Religion and Environmentalism in South India|last=Kent|first=Eliza F.|date=2013-03-26|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199895472|pages=33–34|language=en}}</ref> ''Muttaraiyar'' may also be derived from ''mundru'' meaning "three" and ''tharai'' meaning "earth".{{cn|date=August 2023}}
==Origins==

The [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-speaking Muthuraja are densely distributed in the central and southern districts of Tamil Nadu, particularly in the Cauvery Delta region. They have historical roots as a ruling dynasty in this region, with inscriptions and literature from the 7th-9th centuries mentioning Tamil-speaking Mutharaiyar chiefs.

The [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking section, often known as Muthuraja Naidu or Muthiriya Naidu, is mostly found in the northern districts of Tamil Nadu. This group's ancestors are to have migrated from the [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking regions of present-day [[Andhra Pradesh]] during the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]] and Nayaka periods, serving as paligars and soldiers.<ref name="Telugu" />

==Subdivision==

The Mutharaiyar community had two linguistic sects within the state; being [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]].

The [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-speaking Muthuraja community has historical connections to the [[Mutharaiyar dynasty]], a ruling family from the 7th to 9th centuries CE and a strong presence in the central and southern districts of [[Tamil Nadu]]. while the [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking Muthuraja Naidu community, who migrated from the Telugu-speaking areas of [[Andhra Pradesh]], is mostly found in the northern districts of Tamil Nadu.<ref name="Telugu" />

==Titles==
Their title '''Ambalakkarar''' is derived from the Tamil word ''ambalam'' meaning [[Gram panchayat|panchayat]] or "village council", as they served as the heads of these councils.<ref name=":0" />

==Unified Subcastes==

[[J. Jayalalithaa]], as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, issued a government order (G.O. 15/22.02.1996) in 1996 that unified 29 existing sub-castes into a single, combined "Mutharaiyar" community for official purposes.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=N . Hari Bhaskar, Chief Secretary of Tamil Nadu Government|author2=|title=G.O.Ms.No :15 ( Backward Classes and Most Backward Classes Welfare Department ) dated 22-2-96|volume= |publisher=TAMIL NADU ELECTRICITY BOARD BULLETIN |date=July 1996 |quote=( PART - 2 ) GENERAL ADMINISTRATION & SERVICES ( Page 2 ) GOVERNMENT OF TAMILNADU ABSTRACT : WELFARE OF BACKWARD CLASSES - Mutharaiyar community and its Sub-sects calling the main community and its Sub-sects as Mutharaiyar - Orders - Issused |url=http://tneb.tnebnet.org/test1/Gazette/YearWisePDF/1996/1996_July.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=எஸ்.சஞ்சய் ராமசாமி|author2=|title=மத்திய மண்டலம் அரசியல் பரபர முத்தரையர்கள் வாக்கு யாருக்கு?|volume= |publisher=விகடன் இதழ் |date=15 Sep 2010|page=|quote=96-ம் ஆண்டு 29 பிரிவுகளாக இருந்த எங்கள் சமுதாய மக்களை 'முத்தரையர்கள்' என்கிற பெயரில் ஒருங்கிணைத்து அரசாணை பிறப்பித்தார் ஜெயலலிதா| url=https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/local-bodies/52920--2 }}</ref>

Several [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] speaking sub-castes were unified under the common name "Mutharaiyar" (also Muthuraja) for the purpose of official government records and backward class reservations in Tamil Nadu.

[[File:MutharaiyarGO.jpg|thumb|backward classes and most backward classes welfare department G.O.Ms.No :15 dated 22-2-1996 ]]

==Demographics==
The [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-speaking Muthuraja are densely distributed in the [[Tiruchirappalli district|Tiruchirappalli]], [[Pudukkottai district|Pudukkottai]], [[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]], [[Karur district|Karur]], [[Madurai]], [[Dindigul]], [[Perambalur district|Perambalur]] and [[Sivagangai district|Sivagangai]] districts of [[Tamil Nadu]].{{cn|date=September 2023}}

The [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking Muthuraja Naidu, comparatively fewer in number, are mostly distributed in the [[Chennai district|Chennai]], [[Tiruvallur district |Tiruvallur]], [[Kanchipuram district|Kanchipuram]], [[Vellore district|Vellore]], [[Tiruvannamalai district|Tiruvannamalai]], [[Viluppuram district |Viluppuram]] and [[Cuddalore district |Cuddalore]] districts of northern [[Tamil Nadu]].{{cn|date=September 2023}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Portal|Tamils|India|Hinduism}}

[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Social groups of Tamil Nadu]]

Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests

2025-11-11T17:43:38Z

Sachin Soni: created a details w/ infobox!

{{Short description|Ecoregion in northern India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}

{{Infobox ecoregion
|name = Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests
|image = Cloudy Hills - panoramio.jpg
|image_size =
|image_alt =
|caption = Hills near [[Kanpur]]
|map = Ecoregion IM0166.png
|map_size =
|map_alt =
|map_caption = Ecoregion territory (in purple)
|ecozone = [[Indomalayan realm|Indomalayan]]
|biome = [[tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests]]
|animals =
|bird_species =
|mammal_species =
|border1 = [[Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests]]
|border2 = [[Himalayan subtropical pine forests]]
|border3 = [[Khathiar–Gir dry deciduous forests]]
|border4 = [[Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests]]
|border5 = [[Narmada Valley dry deciduous forests]]
|border6 = [[Northwestern thorn scrub forests]]
|area = 262642
|country = [[India]]
|country1 = [[Nepal]]
|state1 = [[Bihar]]
|state2 = [[Delhi]]
|state3 = [[Haryana]]
|state4 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|state5 = [[Rajasthan]]
|state6 = [[Uttar Pradesh]],
|state7 = [[Uttarakhand]]
|region_type = States
|elevation =
|geology =
|seas =
|rivers =
|climate =
|soil =
|conservation = critical/endangered<ref name = wwf>{{WWF ecoregion|name=Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests|id=im0166}}</ref>
|global200 =
|habitat_loss =
|habitat_loss_ref =
|coordinates =
|protected = 3,544 km2 (1
|protected_ref = )<ref name = dinerstein>Eric Dinerstein, David Olson, et al. (2017). An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm, BioScience, Volume 67, Issue 6, June 2017, Pages 534–545; Supplemental material 2 table S1b. [https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix014]</ref>
|embedded =
}}

The '''Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests''' is a [[tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests]] [[ecoregion]] of northern [[India]].

==Geography==
It lies on the [[alluvial plain]] of the [[Ganges River|Ganges]] and [[Yamuna River|Yamuna]] rivers, with an area of {{convert|263,100|km2|sqmi|sp=us}}, covering most of the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and adjacent portions of [[Uttarakhand]], [[Haryana]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Bihar]]; as well as a minuscule adjacent portion of southern [[Nepal]].

The ecoregion is bounded on the north by the [[Himalayan subtropical pine forests]], [[Terai-Duar savannas and grasslands]] and [[Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests]] of the [[Himalaya]] foothills, to the west by the drier [[Northwestern thorn scrub forests]] and [[Khathiar-Gir dry deciduous forests]], on the south by the [[Narmada Valley dry deciduous forests]] of the [[Malwa]] and [[Bundelkhand]] uplands, and on the east by the more humid [[Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests]].

The ecoregion is home to several large cities, including [[Delhi]], [[Agra]], [[Kanpur]], [[Lucknow]], [[Gwalior]], and [[Varanasi]].

==Climate==
The ecoregion has a [[subtropical climate]]. Rainfall is highly seasonal, falling mainly during the June-to-September [[southwest monsoon]].

==Flora==
In ancient times the region was mostly covered with moist semi deciduous forests, with trees that lose their leaves during the winter dry season. [[Sal tree|sal]] ''(Shorea robusta)'' is predominant [[tree]]. Mature trees form a canopy 25 to 35 metres. Other trees include ''[[Terminalia tomentosa]], [[Terminalia belerica]], [[Lagerstroemia parviflora]], [[Adina cordifolia]], [[Dillenia pentagyna]], [[Stereospermum suaveolens]]'', and ''[[Ficus]]'' spp.<ref name = wwf/>

Where the land has been disturbed by flood, fire, or livestock grazing there are areas of grassland or savanna, with the grasses ''[[Saccharum spontaneum]], [[Saccharum narenga]], [[Saccharum benghalense]]'', and ''[[Vetiveria zizanioides]]''.<ref name = wwf/>

==Fauna==
There are 79 known species of mammals in the ecoregion. Large mammals, including [[tiger]] (''Panthera tigris''), [[Indian rhinoceros]] (''Rhinoceros unicornis''), [[Asian elephant]] (''Elephas maximus''), [[wild water buffalo]] (''Bubalus arnee''), [[chousingha]] (''Tetracerus quadricornis''), [[swamp deer]] (''Rucervus duvaucelii''), and [[sloth bear]] (''Melursus ursinus''), once roamed the ecoregion. [[Habitat destruction]] has mostly extirpated them from the ecoregion. Small populations of tiger, Asian elephant, sloth bear, and chousingha persist in the few remaining forested areas at the foot of the Himalayas.<ref name = wwf/>

There are over 290 species of birds, including the [[great Indian bustard]] (''Ardeotis nigriceps''), [[lesser florican]] (''Sypheotides indicus''), [[Indian grey hornbill]] (''Ocyceros birostris''), and [[Oriental pied hornbill]] (''Anthracoceros albirostris'').<ref name = wwf/>

Wetlands along the Ganges River and its tributaries support communities of resident and migrant waterfowl, along with [[mugger crocodile]] (''Crocodylus palustris'') and [[gharial]] (''Gavialis gangeticus''). The ecoregion's large rivers are home to the endangered [[South Asian river dolphin|Ganges river dolphin]] (''Platanista gangetica gangetica'').<ref name = wwf/>

==Conservation==
The ecoregion is currently densely populated, and the fertile plains have largely been converted to intensive agriculture, with only a few enclaves of forest remaining.

A 2017 assessment found that 3,544 km2, or 1%, of the ecoregion is in protected areas.<ref name = dinerstein/> Protected areas in the ecoregion include:<ref name = wwf/>
* [[Pilibhit tiger reserve]]
* [[Jim Corbett National Park]]
* [[National Chambal Sanctuary]]
* [[Rajaji National Park]]
* [[Hastinapur Wildlife Sanctuary]]
* [[Karera Wildlife Sanctuary]]
* [[Ranipur Sanctuary]]
* [[Ken Gharial Sanctuary]]
* [[Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary]]
* [[Sohagi Barwa Wildlife Sanctuary]]

==See also==
* [[Ecoregions of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{commons-inline}}
*{{WWF ecoregion|name=Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests|id=im0166}}

{{coord missing|India}}

{{Uttarakhand}}
{{Ecoregions of India}}

[[Category:Ecoregions of India]]
[[Category:Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests]]
[[Category:Forests of India]]
[[Category:Environment of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Environment of Bihar]]
[[Category:Environment of Haryana]]
[[Category:Environment of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Environment of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Indomalayan ecoregions]]

Holigarna grahamii

2025-11-07T21:30:29Z

Sachin Soni: New A Post

{{Short description|Plant species in the cashew family}}
{{one source|date=December 2024}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Holigarna grahamii at Makutta (2).jpg
| image_caption = ''Holigarna grahamii'' fruiting branch
| genus = Holigarna
| species = grahamii
| authority = ([[Robert Wight|Wight]]) [[Wilhelm Sulpiz Kurz|Kurz]]
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="POWO">{{cite POWO |id=69717-1 |title=''Holigarna grahamii'' (Wight) Kurz |access-date=29 March 2025}}</ref>
| synonyms = {{Collapsible list | {{Species list
| Holigarna grahamii | Hook.f.
| Holigarna wightii | N.P.Balakr.
| Katou-tsjeroe grahamii | (Hook.f.) Kuntze
| Semecarpus grahamii | Wight
}}
}}
}}

'''''Holigarna grahamii''''' is a large tree belonging to the family [[Anacardiaceae]]. It is found in western India. It grows primarily in the seasonally dry tropical biome.<ref name="POWO" />

==Description==
''Holigarna grahamii'' is a tall tree reaching as much as 35 meters in height. The diameter of the trunk reaches a maximum of 3.2 meters. Its leaves cluster towards the ends of its branches and are attached [[alternate (botany)|alternately]]. They are {{plantgloss|simple}} and [[Rhombic leaf|rhomboidal]], shaped like a diamond. Their undersides are [[tomentose]], covered in dense, matted, woolly hairs. Leaves can measure 15 to 45 centimeters in length with a width of 10 to 20 cm.<ref name="Page 2017">{{cite book |last1=Page |first1=Navendu |title=Endemic Woody Plants |date=2017 |publisher=Ochre Revival Design Studio |location=Ambawadi, Ahmedabad, India |isbn=978-93-5279-072-2 |page=25 |url=https://archive.org/details/endemic-woody-plants/page/n32 |access-date=29 March 2025}}</ref>

The flowers are in [[panicle]]s at the ends of branches. They are white and {{plantgloss|polygamous}}, having flowers with both pollen and seed producing parts or just one on the same tree. The fruit is an {{plantgloss|ellipsoid}}, elliptical on the longer axis, and measure 2.5 cm with the seed partly sticking out.<ref name="Page 2017" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q15546666}}

[[Category:Holigarna|grahamii]]

{{Anacardiaceae-stub}}

Priya Sarukkai Chabria

2025-10-31T23:08:45Z

Sachin Soni: made new post first draft

{{Short description|Indian poet}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}{{POV|date=July 2025}}{{Infobox writer 
| caption = Priya Sarukkai Chabria
| occupation = Author, poet, novelist, translator
| nationality = Indian
| citizenship = Indian
| notableworks = ''Not Springtime Yet'', ''Andal: The Autobiography of a Goddess'', Clone, Sing of Life, Bombay/Mumbai:Immersions
| awards = Fellowship from the Indian Government, Muse India Translation award
| website = {{URL|priyasarukkaichabria.com}}
| birth_date = 1955
}}'''Priya Sarukkai Chabria''' (born 1955) is an Indian [[poet]], translator, and novelist who writes in English.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Legend-of-the-clone/article15377445.ece|title=Legend of the clone|date=1 April 2008|work=The Hindu|access-date=29 September 2018|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She was awarded for her contributions by the [[Government of India|Indian government]].[http://poetry.sangamhouse.org/2017/07/priya-sarukkai-chabria/]

==Early life and education==
She was born in [[Chennai]]; her mother was Saroja Kamakshi and father, Vasu Gopalan Sarukkai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-17 |title=The Book of Photographs II / Priya Sarukkai Chabria |url=https://ricjournal.com/2020/09/17/the-book-of-photographs-ii-priya-sarukkai-chabria/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=RIC Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-03-05 |title=Dancer Malavika Sarukkai bereaved |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/dancer-malavika-sarukkai-bereaved/article4476135.ece |access-date=2025-06-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Her sibling is [[Malavika Sarukkai]], a [[Bharatanatyam|Bharatnatyam]] dancer.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-06-27 |title=Dance has been my life since I was 7: Malavika Sarukkai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Dance-has-been-my-life-since-I-was-7-Malavika-Sarukkai/articleshow/14422225.cms? |access-date=2025-06-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Career==
She has written four poetry collections, two speculative fiction novels, [[translation]]s from [[Classical Tamil]], [[literary nonfiction]], and a [[novel]]. She has edited two poetry anthologies. She is also founding editor of ''[[Poetry at Sangam]]'', an Indian online [[literary journal]] of [[poetry]].[http://poetry.sangamhouse.org/2017/07/priya-sarukkai-chabria/]

She has also written a 're-visioning' of ''[[Gitanjali]]'' by [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. This work, as per Sarukkai Chabria's [[interview]] in the [[Hindustan Times]] "retained the ideas and feelings of the original but pared and updated the language while arranging the words more freely on the page"[https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/interview-priya-sarukkai-chabria-author-sing-of-life-101624015347370.html].

She is a member of the Advisory Council of G100 and Writers Immersion and Cultural Exchange, Australia.[http://poetry.sangamhouse.org/2017/07/priya-sarukkai-chabria/]

Her poems have been translated into several languages, Indian and European.[https://yugenquestreview.in/priya-sarukkai-chabria/]

Chabria is working on a memoir based on her recollections of her family accessed through a series of photographs reconstructed in words. She writes of having lost access to the photos after the demise of her mother in 2013. In her memoir, she is writing about them in order to "re-construct my past and familial connections in the best way I know: through words". The goal is to "reclaim my childhood and teenage years, re-establish relationships with elders... and revalidate my existence as a loved member of a family"[https://www.pratajournal.com/archive-of-absences].

Besides writing, Chabria has also presented her work and availed residencies at [[National Centre for Writing|Writer’s Centre, Norwich]], [[Sun Yat-sen International Writers Program,]] [[Guangzhou]], [[Commonwealth Literature Conference, Innsbruck,]] Alphabet City, Canada, [[Frankfurt Book Fair]], [[UCLA]], [[Jaipur Literature Festival]], and [[Indian Institute of Advanced Studies]]. She has curated seminars for [[Sahitya Akademi]], [[Raza Foundation]]- PIC, and a module of essays on Rasa theory for [[Sahapedia]].[http://poetry.sangamhouse.org/2017/07/priya-sarukkai-chabria/][https://www.sahapedia.org/rapture-rasa-and-its-re-enactments-subcontinental-aesthetics-narratives-of-practice]

She also curated seminars for [[Sahitya Akademi]], the Indian academy of letters.[https://yugenquestreview.in/priya-sarukkai-chabria/]

She has participated in writers' residencies including:
* Writers’ Centre, Norwich
* Sun Yat-sen University International, China.[https://yugenquestreview.in/priya-sarukkai-chabria/]

== Awards ==
Chabria, with poet [[Ravi Shankar (poet)|Ravi Shankar]], translated the songs of 8th century Tamil poet [[Andal]] in her book ''[[Andal: The Autobiography of A Goddess]].'' The book won the 2017 [[Muse India]] translation award at the [[Hyderabad Literary Festival]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hydlitfest.org/session/muse-india-prize-panel-translations/|title=Muse India Prize Panel on Translations |work=Hyderabad Literary Festival 2019|access-date=29 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2018/jan/10/three-new-attractions-at-hlf-2018-1749288.html|title=Three new attractions at HLF 2018|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=29 September 2018}}</ref>

The Experimental Fiction Award in [[The Best Asian Speculative Fiction 2018]], an [[anthology]] published by Kitaab International.[https://scroll.in/article/964051/we-must-talk-remembering-love-six-poems-from-priya-sarukkai-chabrias-new-book-of-poetry]

Her speculative novel ''[[Clone by Priya Sarukkai Chabria|Clone]]'' was called 'one of the best reads of 2018, by [[The Feminist Press]].[https://scroll.in/article/964051/we-must-talk-remembering-love-six-poems-from-priya-sarukkai-chabrias-new-book-of-poetry]

==Selected works==

===Books===
==== Poetry ====
* {{Cite book |title=Sing of Life: Revisioning Tagore's Gitanjali |publisher=Context, Westland |year=2021 |isbn=978-9390679942}}
* {{Cite book |title=Calling Over Water |publisher=Paperwall Media & Publishing Pvt. Ltd |year=2019 |isbn=978-9382749981 |location=Mumbai}}
* {{Cite book|title=Not Springtime Yet|last=|first=|date=2008|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India, a joint venture with the India Today Group|isbn=9788172237714|location=New Delhi|language=en}}

==== Novels (speculative fiction) ====
*{{Cite book |title=Clone |last= |first= |date=2019 |publisher=Zubaan, University of Chicago Press |isbn=9789385932434 |location=New Delhi |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |title=Generation 14 |last= |first= |date=2008 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=9788189884062 |location=New Delhi |language=en}}

==== Translations ====
* {{Cite book |title=Andal: The Autobiography of a Goddess |last=With Shankar |first=Ravi |publisher=Zubaan, University of Chicago Press |year=2016 |isbn=9789384757670 |language=en}}

==== Nonfiction ====
* ''Bombay/Mumbai :Immersions'' with photographer Christopher Taylor, Niyogi Books, New Delhi, 2013, {{ISBN|978-93-81523-68-1}}

==== As editor ====
* {{Cite book |title=Fafnir's Heart: World Poetry in Translation |publisher=Bombaykala Books |year=2018 |isbn=9788193835388 |location=Mumbai}}
* She curated a multimedia issue of e-journal ''[[Drunken Boat e-journal|Drunken Boat]]'' featuring a video clip of dance by [[Anita Ratnam]], photographs by [[Naveen Kishore]], translation by [[Arshia Sattar]], and poems by [[Anupama Amaran]], [[Arundhathi Subramaniam]], [[David Need, scholar|David Need]], [[Ellen Kombiyil]], [[Menka Shivdasan]]<nowiki/>i, Naveen Kishore, [[rizio yohannan raj]], and [[Sumana Roy]].[https://d7.drunkenboat.com/db24/eclipse]
* For Sahapedia, an open encyclopedic resource connected with "the arts, culture and history of India", Sarukkai Chabria curated and contributed to a module of various essays exploring, with contemporary eyes, the "layered heritage" of the Rasa theory and its significance: 'Rapture, Rasa and its Re-enactments in Subcontinental Aesthetics: Narratives of Practice.
* {{Cite book |title=50 Poems, 50 Poets |publisher=Open Space |year=2004}}

==== As contributing editor ====
{{Cite book |title=Divining Dante |publisher=Recent Work Press |year=2021 |isbn=9780645009057 |location=Australia}}[https://recentworkpress.com/product/divining-dante/]

=== As contributor to anthologies ===
A partial list:[https://yugenquestreview.in/priya-sarukkai-chabria/]

* {{Cite book |title=Dialogues and Other Poems |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=2005 |isbn=9798126019914 |location=Delhi}}
* Another English: Anglophone Poems from Around the World
* Adelphiana
* Asymptote
* Drunken Boat
* PEN International
* Post Road
* Reliquiae
* The Literary Review
* The Gollancz Book of South Asian Science Fiction
* The HarperCollins Book of English Poetry
* The British Journal of Literary Translation
* Language for a New Century
* Voyages of Body and Soul

=== As contributor to speculative fiction anthologies ===
* Blanket, ''Relatively True: Stories of Truth, Deception, Post-Truth From the Indian Subcontinent and Australia'', Eds. Meenakshi Bharat & Sharon Rundle, Orient Black Swan, Hyderabad, 2022
* Cockaigne A Reappraisal (Draft) by Dr. Indumati Jones, ''Kitaab Anthology,'' Singapore, 2023
* Dreaming Of The Cool Green River, ''New Horizons: The Gollancz Book of South Asian Science Fiction,'' Ed. Tarun K Saint, Gollancz, London, 2019
* Flyby, ''Solarpunk Creatures: Climate Fiction for Future Ancestors,'' World Weavers Press, New Mexico, 2023
* Fragments from the Book of Beauty, ''Breaking the Bow: Speculative Fiction Inspired by The Ramayan,'' Ed. Anil Menon & Vandana Singh, Zubaan, New Delhi, 2012
* I Had A Dream, ''Ecoceanic: Global South Science Fiction''''',''' Eds. Tarun K Saint & Francesco Verso, Future Fiction, Roma, 2023
* Kairos, ''No News 90 Poets Reflect on a Unique BBC Newscast'', Ed. Paul Munden, Alvin Pang & Shane Strange, Recent Work Press, Canberra, 2020
* Listen: A Memoir, ''Multispecies Cities Solarpunk Urban Futures,'' Eds. Christoph Ruppretch, Deborah Cleland, Norie Tamura, Rajat Chaudhuri and Sarena Ulibarri, World Weaver Press, New Mexico, 2021
* Manikkavachakar’s Space Odyssey, ''Divining Dante'', Eds. Paul Munden & Nessa O’Mahony, Recent Work Press, Canberra, 2021
* Menaka Tells Her Story, [https://zubaanbooks.com/shop/inner-line-zubaan-anthology-of-stories-by-indian-women/ ''Inner Line: The Zubaan Anthology of Stories by Indian Women,'' Ed. Urvashi Butalia], Zubaan, New Delhi, 2006
* [https://mithilareview.com/chabria_03_20/ Mid-Term Ecolit Examination Paper], ''The Mithila Review,'' Ed. Salik Shah, March 2020
* On a dissolving ice floe, ''Consequence, Spring 2022, Volume 14.1'', Eds Matthew Krajniak & Katherine Hollander, Houston, 2022
* Paused, [https://www.fortell.org/book_reviews/avatar-contemporary-indian-science-fiction/ ''Avatar: Contemporary Indian Science Fiction'', Eds. Tarun K Saint & Francesco Verso], Future Fiction, Roma, 2020
* Release (A ‘What if’ Manifesto: Imagine), The Freedom Issue, 2022, Open Magazine
* Scavenger, [https://locusmag.com/2022/01/gary-k-wolfe-reviews-the-gollancz-book-of-south-asian-science-fiction-volume-2-by-tarun-k-saint-ed/ ''The Gollancz Book of South Asian Science Fiction Volume 2'', Ed. Tarun K Saint], Hachette India, Gurugram, 2021

== Critical reception ==
In ''[[New Asian Writing]],'' poet, translator and editor [[Aryanil Mukerjee]] described Sarukkai Chabria's ''[[Calling Over Water]]'' as "[[Postmodern literature|postmodern]] travel poetry" and a "poetic exercise of [[intertextuality]] rare to be found in Anglophone Indian poetry".[http://www.new-asian-writing.com/poetrywala-to-publish-calling-over-water-by-priya-sarukkai-chabria/] In ''[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]'', writer, critic and academic [[Uttaran Das Gupta]] said ''Calling Over Water'' continued Sarukkai Chabria's "cross-genre explorations" and penchant for "elaborate references, experiments with form, and dauntless exploration of emotions".[https://thewire.in/books/verse-affairs-priya-sarukkai-chabria-calling-over-water]

Poet [[George Szirtes]], [[T.S. Eliot Memorial Poetry Prize]] awardee for 2004, described ''[[Not Springtime Yet]]'' as ’The poems are passionate, sensuous and intelligent, full of energy and enterprise. They hold their dramatic shapes with grace and establish her as a poet to read and return to time and again'.[https://harpercollins.co.in/product/not-springtime-yet-hb/]

Writing in ''[[Scroll.in]],'' [[Apala Bhowmick]] described [[The novel Clone|the novel ''Clone'']] as "a fresh, genre-bending variety of Indian [[speculative fiction]] – a compound comprising elements of [[magic realism]], [[Stream of consciousness|stream-of-consciousness]] narration, [[Fabulist|fabulist storytelling]] and certain characteristics of [[historical fiction]]". The speculative novel was said to be "the author’s attempt to position the role played by literature in this perplexed, dehumanised society".[https://scroll.in/article/906019/this-novel-speculates-provocatively-on-the-outcome-of-creating-humans-with-artificial-intelligence]

In ''The Indian Express'', [[T. M. Krishna|TM Krishna]], [[Carnatic music|Carnatic vocalist]], writer, [[Activism|activist]] and [[Ramon Magsaysay Award|Ramon Magsaysay]] awardee, said, "She uses the play of image, experience and thought (that Andal miraculously bundles into a word or two) to excavate [[Andal]]. She enters her source through the membrane of Andal’s imagination, only to subsume herself within it." Krishna summed up, "Her nuanced interpretations give Andal a present [[Aesthetics|aesthetic]] reality".[https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/andal-the-autobiography-of-a-goddess-book-review-3071326/]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Legend-of-the-clone/article15377445.ece Article on ''Clone'' in the Hindu]
* [https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/interview-priya-sarukkai-chabria-author-sing-of-life-101624015347370.html Interview published in ''Hindustan Times'']
* [https://scroll.in/article/803142/why-a-single-poem-by-andal-needs-four-different-translations Excerpts in Scroll.in]
* [http://themissingslate.com/2016/03/01/poet-month-priya-sarukkai-chabria/ Poet of the Month -The Missing Slate]
* [https://www.lyrikline.org/en/poems/rain-i-13467 Priya Sarukkai Chabria -Lyrikline]
* https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/interview-priya-sarukkai-chabria-author-sing-of-life-101624015347370.html
*[https://www.pratajournal.com/archive-of-absences Archive of Absences- Prata Journal]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chabria, Priya Sarukkai}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]

Onde, Vikramgad

2025-09-20T08:21:08Z

Sachin Soni: made initial entry initial version

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Onde
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19.7741746|N|73.0903311|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palghar district|Palghar]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Vikramgad]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 57
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1321
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 551803
| footnotes =
}}
'''Onde''' is a village in the [[Palghar district]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Vikramgad]] [[taluka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |title=Maharashtra villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |access-date=2015-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095320/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Onde has 304 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 59.56%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |title=District census data |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |access-date=2015-08-17 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 1321 || 619 || 702
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 191 || 88 || 103
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 995 || 470 || 525
|-
| Literates || 673 || 360 || 313
|-
| Workers (all) || 757 || 359 || 398
|-
| Main workers (total) || 745 || 355 || 390
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 196 || 98 || 98
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 347 || 152 || 195
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 8 || 5 || 3
|-
| Main workers: Other || 194 || 100 || 94
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 12 || 4 || 8
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 2 || 0 || 2
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 2 || 1 || 1
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 8 || 3 || 5
|-
| Non-workers || 564 || 260 || 304
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Vikramgad taluka}}

[[Category:Villages in Vikramgad taluka]]

Male, Vikramgad

2025-09-20T08:14:50Z

Sachin Soni: Stub

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Male
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19.6961724|N|73.0954953|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palghar district|Palghar]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Vikramgad]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 51
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 886
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 551841
| footnotes =
}}
'''Male''' is a village in the [[Palghar district]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Vikramgad]] [[taluka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |title=Maharashtra villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |accessdate=2015-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095320/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Male has 194 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 73.24%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |title=District census data |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |accessdate=2015-08-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002001310/http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |archivedate=2015-10-02 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 886 || 425 || 461
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 120 || 62 || 58
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 652 || 310 || 342
|-
| Literates || 561 || 289 || 272
|-
| Workers (all) || 456 || 244 || 212
|-
| Main workers (total) || 268 || 161 || 107
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 143 || 81 || 62
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 74 || 43 || 31
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 1 || 0 || 1
|-
| Main workers: Other || 50 || 37 || 13
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 188 || 83 || 105
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 64 || 29 || 35
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 76 || 29 || 47
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 4 || 2 || 2
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 44 || 23 || 21
|-
| Non-workers || 430 || 181 || 249
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Vikramgad taluka}}

[[Category:Villages in Vikramgad taluka]]

Ahar caste

2025-09-05T15:35:02Z

Sachin Soni:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{infobox ethnic group|
| group = Ahar
| poptime =
| popplace = India
| langs = • [[Hindi language|Hindi]] • [[Braj Bhasha]]
| rels = • [[Hinduism]]
| related = • [[Ahir]]• [[Yaduvanshi Ahirs]]
}}

The '''Ahars''', also called [[Ahir]] or [[Yadav]], are a peasant or agricultural caste of [[North India]].<ref name="oliver">{{cite book |last1=Mendelsohn |first1=Oliver |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FGbp9MjhvKAC&q=ahar+ahir&pg=PR11 |title=The untouchables : subordination, poverty and the state in modern India |last2=Vicziany |first2=Marika |date=1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521556712 |edition=1. publ. |location=Cambridge |page=xi |language=en |access-date=10 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="hind">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Mohinder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ed0EAAAAMAAJ&q=ahar+ahir |title=The Depressed Classes: Their Economic and Social Condition |date=1947 |publisher=Hind Kitabs |page=130 |language=en |access-date=10 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="jasssal">{{cite book |last1=Jassal |first1=Smita Tewari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Okrp_sZqmbEC&q=ahar+ahir&pg=PA213 |title=Unearthing gender : folksongs of North India |date=2012 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0822351306 |location=Durham, N.C. |page=213 |language=en |access-date=10 August 2016}}</ref>

The group labelled Ahar were generally found in a few west-central districts of India, but in the 1931 census of India appeared in large numbers recorded in the north-central districts, though not in any of the districts between the former and latter.<ref name="Opposition in a Dominant-Party System">{{cite book |title=Opposition in a Dominant-Party System |year=1969 |url=https://archive.org/details/oppositionindomi0000burg |url-access=registration |access-date=18 February 2013 |publisher=University of California Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/oppositionindomi0000burg/page/26 26] |first=Angela S. |last=Burger}}</ref> They claim to be descended from [[Yadu]] race.<ref name="GRGARG">{{cite book|last1=Garg|first1=Gangaram|title=Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World, Volume 1|date=1992|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=9788170223740|page=239|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w9pmo51lRnYC&q=ahar+ahir&pg=PA239|access-date=6 March 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Ahir clans |state=collapsed}}
[[Category:Ahir]]