Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981

2023-10-06T11:19:53Z

SabyasachiNag:

{{Short description|Act of the Parliament of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act By Nanda Kishore

| image =
| imagesize = 200px
| imagelink =
| imagealt =
| caption =
| long_title = An Act to provide for the prevention, control and abatement of air pollution, for the establishment, with a view to carrying out the aforesaid purposes, of Boards, for conferring on and assigning to such Boards powers and functions relating thereto and for matters connected therewith.
| citation =
| territorial_extent = The whole of India
| enacted_by = [[Parliament of India]]
| date_enacted = 29 March 1981
| status = in force
}}

The '''Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981''' is an [[Act of Parliament|Act]] of the [[Parliament of India]] to control and prevent [[air pollution in India]].<ref>https://cpcb.nic.in/displaypdf.php?id=aG9tZS9haXItcG9sbHV0aW9uL0dTUi02RS5wZGY=</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=THE AIR (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT, 1981 No. 14 of 1981|url=http://www.envfor.nic.in/legis/air/air1.html|access-date=8 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305013642/http://www.envfor.nic.in/legis/air/air1.html|archive-date=5 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> The law was amended in 1987.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://envfor.nic.in/modules/rules-and-regulations/air-pollution/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130217222243/http://envfor.nic.in/modules/rules-and-regulations/air-pollution/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 February 2013 |title=Air Pollution |publisher=Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India |access-date=5 September 2012 }}</ref> This was the first attempt by the [[Government of India]] to combat [[air pollution]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bates |first=Dennis |date=July 1981 |title=Panel Discussion: Impact of the Resource and Recovery Act on Power Generation and Incineration |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00022470.1981.10465270 |journal=Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association |volume=31 |issue=7 |pages=747–751 |doi=10.1080/00022470.1981.10465270 |issn=0002-2470}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Air pollution in India]]
*[[Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education]]
*[[List of Indian federal legislation]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120825063938/http://www.moef.nic.in/legis/air/air1.html Text of the Act]

[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 1981]]
[[Category:Air pollution in India]]

{{India-law-stub}}

Punit Kumar

2023-10-04T13:56:19Z

SabyasachiNag: minor changes

{{Short description|Indian rower}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Punit Kumar
| honorific_suffix =
| image = 
| image_size = 
| alt =
| caption =
| headercolor = lightsteelblue
| textcolor =

| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = 
| full_name = 
| nickname =
| nationality = 
| national_team = 
| ethnicity =
| citizenship =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| monuments =
| residence =
| hometown =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| years_active =
| employer =
| agent =
| height = 
| weight = 
| spouse =
| life_partner =
| other_interests =
| website = 
| module =

| country = India
| sport = Rowing
| position =
| disability =
| disability_class =
| weight_class =
| weight_class_type =
| rank =
| event =
| event_type =
| universityteam =
| collegeteam =
| league =
| league_type =
| club =
| team =
| turnedpro =
| turnedpro_type =
| partner =
| former_partner =
| coach =
| retired =
| coaching =
| module2 =

| worlds =
| regionals =
| nationals =
| olympics =
| paralympics =
| commonwealth =
| highestranking =
| pb =

| show-medals =
| medaltemplates =
{{Medal|Sport| Men's [[Rowing (sport)|rowing]] }}
{{Medal|Country| {{IND}} }}
{{Medal|Competition| [[Asian Games]] }}
{{Medal|Silver| [[Rowing at the 2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]] | [[Rowing at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's eight|Eight]]}}
{{Medal|Bronze| [[Rowing at the 2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]] | [[Rowing at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's coxless four|Coxless four]]}}
| medaltemplates-title =
}}
'''Punit Kumar''' (born 8 August 1994) is an Indian rower from Uttar Pradesh. He is named in the Indian rowing team for the 2022 [[Asian Games]] at [[Hangzhou]], [[China]]. He competes in the men's coxed eight event. He was part of the team that won the silver medal in the [[Rowing at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's eight|Coxed eight]] event in the [[2022 Asian Games]].<ref name="The Times of India 2023 t806">{{cite web |date=24 Sep 2023 |title=Hangzhou Asian Games: Indian athlete Punit Kumar bags silver medal in men’s coxed eight event — Sports |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/sports/other-sports/hangzhou-asian-games-indian-rowers-bags-silver-medal-in-mens-coxed-eight-team-event/videoshow/103905749.cms |access-date=25 Sep 2023 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="ANI News 2023 o358">{{cite web |date=24 Sep 2023 |title="Achieved everything we had worked hard for": Indian Rower Punit Kumar after winning silver in Men's Coxed Eight |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/achieved-everything-we-had-worked-hard-for-indian-rower-punit-kumar-after-winning-silver-in-mens-coxed-eight20230924142321/ |access-date=25 Sep 2023 |website=ANI News}}</ref><ref name="Desk 2023 w906">{{cite web |last=Desk |first=TOI Sports |date=25 Sep 2023 |title=Asian Games: Indian rowers win bronze in Men's Four event |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/asian-games-2023/india-asian-games/asian-games-indian-rowers-win-bronze-in-mens-four-event/articleshow/103918915.cms?from=mdr |access-date=25 Sep 2023 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

The Indian team consisted of [[Neeraj Maan]], [[Naresh Kalwaniya]], [[Neetish Kumar]], Charanjeet Singh, [[Jaswinder Singh (rower)|Jaswinder Singh]], [[Bheem Singh]], Punit Kumar and [[Ashish (rower)|Ashish]] Guliyan. [[Dhananjay Pande]] was the coxswain of the team. All the Indian team members are from the Indian Army and have trained at the Army Rowing Node facility in Pune for over a year.

== Early life ==
Punit hails from Kakra, Shahpur block, [[Muzaffarnagar district|Muzaffarnagar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Early childhood he played kabaddi. But due to financial difficulties at home, he joined Army at the age of 18, where Punit took up rowing.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-24 |title=Asian Games: Meet the Family of Eight rowers that opened India’s medal account |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/asian-games/asian-games-meet-the-family-of-eight-rowers-that-opened-indias-medal-account-8954349/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Punit took part in the following championships:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rowing KUMAR Punit - The 19th Asian Games |url=https://info.hangzhou2022.cn/en/results/rowing/athlete-profile-n2001772-kumar-punit.htm |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=info.hangzhou2022.cn}}</ref>

* 2023: Men's coxed four in the Rowing World Cup, Zagreb.
* 2023: Men's coxed four in the Rowing World Cup, Lucerne, Switzerland.
* 2022: Men's coxed eight in the Rowing World Cup at Poznan.
* 2022: Men's coxed four in the Rowing World Cup, Belgrade.
* 2022: Men's coxed four in the Asian Championships, Rayong, Thailand.
* 2021: Men's coxed four in the Asian Championships, Rayong, Thailand

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Punit}}
[[Category:Indian male rowers]]
[[Category:Rowers at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games medalists in rowing]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Jaswinder Singh (rower)

2023-10-04T13:54:34Z

SabyasachiNag: link syntax and minor changes

{{Infobox sportsperson
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Jaswinder Singh
| honorific_suffix =
| image = 
| image_size = 
| alt =
| caption =
| headercolor = lightsteelblue
| textcolor =

| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = 
| full_name = 
| nickname =
| nationality = 
| national_team = 
| ethnicity =
| citizenship =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| monuments =
| residence =
| hometown =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| years_active =
| employer =
| agent =
| height = 
| weight = 
| spouse =
| life_partner =
| other_interests =
| website = 
| module =

| country = India
| sport = Rowing
| position =
| disability =
| disability_class =
| weight_class =
| weight_class_type =
| rank =
| event =
| event_type =
| universityteam =
| collegeteam =
| league =
| league_type =
| club =
| team =
| turnedpro =
| turnedpro_type =
| partner =
| former_partner =
| coach =
| retired =
| coaching =
| module2 =

| worlds =
| regionals =
| nationals =
| olympics =
| paralympics =
| commonwealth =
| highestranking =
| pb =

| show-medals =
| medaltemplates =
{{Medal|Sport| Men's [[Rowing (sport)|rowing]] }}
{{Medal|Country| {{IND}} }}
{{Medal|Competition| [[Asian Games]] }}
{{Medal|Silver| [[Rowing at the 2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]] | [[Rowing at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's eight|Eight]]}}
{{Medal|Bronze| [[Rowing at the 2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]] | [[Rowing at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's coxless four|Coxless four]]}}
| medaltemplates-title =
}}
'''Jaswinder Singh''' (born 8 August 1997) is an Indian rower from [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. He is named in the Indian rowing team for the 2022 [[Asian Games]] at [[Hangzhou]], [[China]]. He competes in the men's coxed eight event. He was part of the team that won the silver medal in the [[Rowing at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's eight|Coxed eight]] event in [[2022 Asian Games|Asian Games]]. the [[2022 Asian Games]].<ref name="Khanna 2023 i052">{{cite web |last=Khanna |first=Bharat |date=25 Sep 2023 |title=Farming Gave Me Strength: Pb’s Rowing Silver-winner — Chandigarh News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/farming-gave-me-strength-pbs-rowing-silver-winner/articleshow/103919526.cms?from=mdr |access-date=25 Sep 2023 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="Desk 2023 w906">{{cite web |last=Desk |first=TOI Sports |date=25 Sep 2023 |title=Asian Games: Indian rowers win bronze in Men's Four event |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/asian-games-2023/india-asian-games/asian-games-indian-rowers-win-bronze-in-mens-four-event/articleshow/103918915.cms?from=mdr |access-date=25 Sep 2023 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu 2023 m497">{{cite web |date=24 Sep 2023 |title=Hangzhou Asian Games Indian rowers clinch silver medal in Men's Coxed Eight Team event |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/hangzhou-asian-games-indian-rowers-clinch-silver-medal-in-mens-coxed-eight-team-event/article67340626.ece |access-date=25 Sep 2023 |website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref name="PiPa News 2023 u841">{{cite web |date=25 Sep 2023 |title=Congratulations to Indian rowing team player Jaswinder Singh who won a silver medal in the Asian Games Pipa News |url=https://pipanews.com/congratulations-to-indian-rowing-team-player-jaswinder-singh-who-won-a-silver-medal-in-the-asian-games-pipa-news/ |access-date=25 Sep 2023 |website=PiPa News}}</ref> He also got a bronze in the men's four.

The Indian team consisted of [[Neeraj Maan]], [[Naresh Kalwaniya]], [[Neetish Kumar]], Charanjeet Singh, [[Jaswinder Singh (rower)|Jaswinder Singh]], [[Bheem Singh]], [[Punit Kumar]] and [[Ashish (rower)|Ashish]] Guliyan. [[Dhananjay Pande]] was the coxswain of the team. All the Indian team members are from the Indian Army and have trained at the Army Rowing Node facility in Pune for over a year.

== Early life ==
Jaswinder hails from a farmer's family in the Kalera village of Dhuri block, Sangrur, Punjab. He joined army in 2017 as a sepoy to support his family.<ref name="Khanna 2023 i052" />

== Career ==
Jaswinder took part in the following championships:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rowing SINGH Jaswinder - The 19th Asian Games |url=https://info.hangzhou2022.cn/en/results/rowing/athlete-profile-n2001770-singh-jaswinder.htm |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=info.hangzhou2022.cn}}</ref>

* 2023: Men's coxed four in the Rowing World Cup, Zagreb.
* 2023: Men's coxed four in the Rowing World Cup, Lucerne, Switzerland.
* 2022: Men's coxed eight in the Rowing World Cup at Poznan.
* 2022: Men's coxed four in the Rowing World Cup, Belgrade.
* 2022: Men's coxed four in the Asian Championships, Rayong, Thailand.
* 2015: Men's coxed eight in the Asian Championships, Beijing, China.
* 2015: Men's coxed four in the Asian Championships, Beijing, China.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Bheem}}
[[Category:Indian male rowers]]
[[Category:Rowers at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games medalists in rowing]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1997 births]]

Sufi Festival, Kako

2023-09-16T13:48:00Z

SabyasachiNag: Fresh page format.

{{Infobox music festival
| name = Sufi Festival
| music_festival_name = Sufi Festival
| genre = Sufi music
| location = [[Bibi Kamal Dargah]], [[Jehanabad district]], [[Bihar]]
| organiser = Dargah Committee and Tourism Department of Government of Bihar
| years_active = 2011-present
| founders = [[Nitish Kumar]]
}}

'''Sufi Festival''' ([[Hindi]]: सूफ़ी महोत्सव) is an annual two-days Sufi Music Festival held in [[Bibi Kamal Dargah]], [[Kako, Bihar|Kako Sharif]] in the [[Jehanabad district]] of [[Bihar]] to commemorate the death anniversary of the Sufi Saint Bibi Kamal, daughter of [[Shahabuddin Peer Jagjot]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=हजरत बीबी कमाल के मजार पर सूफी महोत्सव आज |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/jahanabad-sufi-festival-today-at-hazrat-bibi-kamal-chr39-s-mazar-16671413.html |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=सूफी महोत्सव आज, तैयारियां पूरी |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/jehanabad/1051721 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref> It is organised by the Dargah Committee and Tourism Department of Government of Bihar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Timeline of Annual Events in Bihar |url=https://tourism.bihar.gov.in/en/event-listing |website=tourism.bihar.gov.in}}</ref>

== History ==
The Sufi Festival was started in year 2011 with the name of Sufi Mahotsav which translated to Sufi Festival.<ref>{{Cite web |title=सूफी महोत्सव: जुड़ेगा काको के इतिहास में सुनहरा पन्ना - |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/jahanabad-here-heading-in-english-for-story8224449-8224449.html |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> It is inaugurated every year by the Incumbent chief ministers of Bihar.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kavita to performat Sufi festival |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/kavita-to-performat-sufi-festival/articleshow/9918715.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-14 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== 2011 ===
It was formally inaugurated by the Chief Minister of Bihar, [[Nitish Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=आज आऐंगें नीतीश, करेंगे सूफी महोत्सव का उद्घाटन - |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/jahanabad-here-heading-in-english-for-story8249070-8249070.html |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=दुआ मांगी और फिर सूफी महोत्सव में शामिल हुए मुख्यमंत्री - |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/jahanabad-here-heading-in-english-for-story8254247-8254247.html |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> It was participated by [[Kavita Seth]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sufi singer enthrals audience at Kako |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/sufi-singer-enthrals-audience-at-kako/articleshow/10086924.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-14 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Consultant hired to promote tourism |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/consultant-hired-to-promote-tourism/articleshow/15565426.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-14 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== 2013 ===
It was inaugurated by [[Nitish Kumar]] and Rural Welfare Minister [[Nitish Mishra]]. It was participated by qawwal Yousuf Khan Nizami, Ustad Majila Khan, comedian Ahsan Quraishi with Singer [[Salma Agha]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=काको सूफी महोत्सव: गायिका सलमा आगा और एहसान कुरैशी ने माहौल बनाया सूफियाना |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/amp/news/BIH-GAYA-kako-sufi-mahotsav-in-jahanabad-4735910-PHO.html |website=www.bhaskar.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=काको महोत्सव में हुई सूफियाना शाम |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/jehanabad/46386 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Salma Agha regales music lovers at Sufi festival in Jehanabad |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/salma-agha-regales-music-lovers-at-sufi-festival-in-jehanabad/articleshow/41898127.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-14 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== 2014 ===
The Sufi Festival was inaugurated by then Chief Minister of Bihar, [[Jitan Ram Manjhi]]. It was participated largely by many notable qawwals like Ustad [[Kamal Khan (singer)|Kamal Khan]], Irshad Ali Khan and [[Salma Agha]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sufi Mahotsav Inaugurated in Bihar |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/sufi-mahotsav-inaugurated-in-bihar-114090501448_1.html |website=www.business-standard.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=बीबी कमाल की दरगाह पर आज जुटेंगे सूफी कलाकार, लोगों में खुशी |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/jehanabad/146317 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref>

=== 2019 ===
it was organised by the then Chief Minister Nitish Kumar, it was participated by Altamash Faridi, Asif Faridi, Savita Singh Nepali.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Prabhat Khabar Digital |title=जहानाबाद नगर : काको में सूफी महोत्सव आज गूंजेगा सूफियाना कलाम |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/jehanabad/1331180 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref>

=== 2020-2021 ===
It was not organised in the year 2020 and 2021 because of the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihar News: कोरोना के कारण सूफी महोत्सव का आयोजन फिर निरस्त, बीबी कमाल की मजार सिर्फ चादरपोशी होगी |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/jehanabad-sufi-festival-canceled-again-due-to-corona-bibi-kamals-tomb-only-chadarposhi-brvj-3726406.html |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=राजन |first=रंजीत |title=कई कहानियों को अपने अंदर समेटे हुए है बीबी कमाल का मकबरा, अपने चमत्कारों के लिए है मशहूर |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/bihar/bibi-kamals-tomb-has-many-stories-inside-itself-is-famous-for-its-miracles-ann-1555282 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=ABP News |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Music festivals established in 2011]]
[[Category:Hindustani classical music festivals]]
[[Category:Festivals in Bihar]]
[[Category:Islamic music festivals]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in Bihar]]

Rebellion of Ismail Mukh

2023-07-18T23:17:59Z

SabyasachiNag: Just completed a fresh chapter.

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Rebellion of Ismail Mukh
| partof = Decline of the Tughlaq dynasty
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| date = 1346-1347
| place = [[Deccan]]
| result = Afghan Rebellion victory{{sfn|Wolseley|2013|p=31}}
* End of [[Tughlaq dynasty|Tughlaq]] rule over the Deccan
* Rise of the [[Bahmani Sultanate]]
| combatant1 = Ismail Mukh's rebellion<br>Deccani Amirs
| combatant2 = [[Delhi Sultanate]]
| commander1 = Ismail Mukh<br>[[Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah|Zafar Khan]]
| commander2 = [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]]<br>Nizam-ud-din{{POW}}<br>Imad-ul-Mulk{{KIA}}<br>Malik Jauhar<br>Burhan-ud-din Bilgrami
| strength1 = 15,000{{sfn|J.D.E|1990|p=21}}<br>15,000 reinforcements{{sfn|J.D.E|1990|p=21}}<br>5,000 from Ismail Mukh{{sfn|J.D.E|1990|p=21}}<br>Total: '''35,000'''
| strength2 = 30,000{{sfn|J.D.E|1990|p=21}}
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = Unknown, believed to be heavy{{sfn|J.D.E|1990|p=21}}
}}
The '''Rebellion of Ismail Mukh''' took place between 1346 and 1347 when [[Deccanis|Decanni]] Amirs placed Ismail Mukh, also known as Nasir-ud-din Ismail Shah, an Afghan noble, at the head of a rebellion centered at [[Daulatabad Fort|Daulatabad]]. The rebellion saw the decline and loss of the Delhi Sultanate's control over the Deccan, which had been a part of the Delhi Sultanate since the [[Khilji dynasty]]. Ismail Mukh abdicated in favor of Zafar Khan, on 3 August 1347,{{sfn|Dhar Mahajan|2007|p=279}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Salma Ahmed |first=Farooqui |title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-eighteenth Century |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2011 |isbn=9788131732021 |pages=150}}</ref> which saw the establishment of the [[Bahmani Sultanate]], which ruled from 1347 to 1527.

==Background==
In 1346, a low-born named Aziz Himar was appointed governorship over the cities of [[Daulatabad Fort|Daulatabad]], [[Malwa]], and [[Dhar]].{{sfn|Wolseley|2013|p=29}} Azim Himar was instructed on using intrigue and spying on the centurions of Daulatabad and other nearby cities, as rebellion was common to spark in the Deccan. Following this, a rebellion was triggered in [[Gujarat]], [[Vadodara]], and Bahroch. As a result, Aziz Himar set out to quell the rebellions, but was defeated and killed by the rebels.{{sfn|Wolseley|2013|p=29-30}} Realizing the situation, [[Muhammad bin Tughlaq]], the emperor of the [[Delhi Sultanate]], himself marched against the rebels and defeated them, pacifying the region.{{sfn|Wolseley|2013|p=30}} Following this, Muhammad sent two nobles to Daulatabad, and wished for the centurions to meet him. Fearing the worst, the Daulatabad centurions killed the nobles who had arrived at Daulatabad. Alongside this, they also imprisoned [[Mawlānā]] Nizam-ud-din, and killed many other officers of the Delhi Sultanate, officially declaring rebellion.{{sfn|Wolseley|2013|p=30}}

==Conflict==
Following this, the rebels opened the imperial treasury in Daulatabad and divided its spoils amongst themselves. And after further being reinforced from centurions that came from Gujarat, they placed an Afghan noble, Ismail Mukh, also known as Nasir-ud-din as the leader of this rebellion.{{sfn|Wolseley|2013|p=30}} With this, Muhammad departed from Bahroch and marched on Daulatabad. The rebels met Muhammad in battle, but were defeated. As a result, the rebels fled to the citadel of Daulatabad, holding out for siege there, while other officers such as Zafar Khan departed for their own lands.{{sfn|Wolseley|2013|p=30}} Muhammad besieged the citadel and allowed the city of Daulatabad to be plundered, while also dispatching Imad-ul-Mulk against Zafar Khan. The siege of Daulatabad's citadel continued for three months until another rebellion was triggered in Gujarat, which demanded the attention of Muhammad. Muhammad marched with all the populace of Daulatabad to Gujarat to quell the rebellion, leaving Malik Jauhar, Burhan-ud-din Bilgrami, and other nobles to continue the siege of the citadel.{{sfn|Wolseley|2013|p=30}}

Despite this, they were unable to halt the dauntless pursuits of the imperial army led by the rebels. After Muhammad withdrew, the centurions that were dispersed now re-assembled their forces under Zafar Khan and defeated Imad-ul-Mulk in battle, killing him.{{sfn|Wolseley|2013|p=30}} The rebel forces under Zafar Khan then marched on Daulatabad and defeated the besieging army, completely [[rout]]ing them.{{sfn|Wolseley|2013|p=30-31}}

===Abdication of Ismail Mukh (Nasir-ud-din Ismail Shah)===
Following the victories of Zafar Khan, Ismail Mukh deemed Zafar Khan as a worthy ruler and capable successor.{{sfn|J.D.E|1990|p=21}} Ismail Mukh used the excuse of his old age and abdicated in favor of Zafar Khan. The Deccani Amirs followed in Ismail Mukh's decision and crowned Zafar Khan on 3 August 1347.{{sfn|Wolseley|2013|p=31}}{{sfn|Dhar Mahajan|2007|p=279}}{{sfn|Salma Ahmed|2011|p=150}}

With this, Zafar Khan established the [[Bahmani Sultanate]], taking on the title of Alauddin Bahman Shah, and successfully made the Deccan an independent Muslim state from the [[Delhi Sultanate]].{{sfn|Wolseley|2013|p=31}}

==Aftermath==
The [[Delhi Sultanate]] continued to decline and the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] would begin its rise to power as the first Muslim state centered in the [[Deccan]], its capital was established at [[Kalaburagi]].{{sfn|Salma Ahmed|2011|p=150}}<ref>Mahajan, V.D. (1991). ''History of Medieval India'', Part I, New Delhi:S. Chand, {{ISBN|81-219-0364-5}}, pp.279–80</ref><ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=106–108, 117}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Bahmani Sultanate]]
*[[Tughlaq dynasty]]
*[[Delhi Sultanate]]
*[[Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dhar Mahajan |first=Vidyan |title=History of Medieval India |publisher=S. Chand Publishing |year=2007 |isbn=9788121903646}}
* {{cite book |last= J.D.E|first=Gribble|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PNtjIJmhoIkC&dq=absurd+hasan+gangu&pg=PA16 |title= history of the decan |publisher= Mittal Publications }}
* {{Cite book |last=Wolseley |first=Haig |title=Historic landmarks of the Deccan |publisher=General Books |year=2013 |isbn=9781230313733}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Rebellions]]
[[Category:Tughlaq dynasty]]
[[Category:Delhi Sultanate]]
[[Category:Deccan Plateau]]
[[Category:Sultanates]]
[[Category:Bahmani Sultanate]]
[[Category:Afghan rebels]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1346]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1347]]

Joyeeta Gupta

2023-07-14T22:37:46Z

SabyasachiNag: Shared an engaging guide.

{{Short description|Environmental scientist and academic}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Joyeeta Gupta
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1964|06|12}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| workplaces = [[University of Amsterdam]]
| alma_mater = [[Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam]] <br> [[Harvard Law School]] <br> [[Gujarat University]] <br> [[Delhi University]] <br> [[Loreto Convent School]]
| thesis_title = The climate change convention and developing countries: from conflict to consensus?
| thesis_url = https://worldcat.org/en/title/68447002
| thesis_year = 1997
| awards = [[Spinoza Prize]] (2023)<br>[[Nobel Peace Prize]] (2007)
| website = {{Official URL}}
}}

'''Joyeeta Gupta''' (born 12 June, 1964) is an Indian environmental scientist who is professor of environment and development at the [[University of Amsterdam]] and co-chair of the Earth Commission.<ref name=gs>{{Google scholar id}}</ref><ref name=epmc>{{EuropePMC}}</ref> She is a member of the Amsterdam Global Change Institute. She was awarded the Association of American Publishers PROSE award for Environmental Science and the 2023 [[Spinoza Prize]].

== Early life and education ==
Gupta was born in Delhi and studied at [[Loreto Convent School, Delhi|Loreto Convent School]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=India-born climate researcher honoured with top science prize in The Netherlands |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-born-climate-researcher-joyeeta-gupta-top-science-prize-netherlands-8668327/ |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=indianexpress.com|publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> She studied economics at [[Delhi University]].{{cn}} She retrained in law at [[Gujarat University]], then moved to the United States for her graduate studies, specializing in international law at [[Harvard Law School]].{{cn}} Gupta completed her doctoral research at [[Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam]], where she studied climate change in developing countries.<ref>{{Cite thesis|degree=PhD|first=Joyeeta|last=Gupta |title=The climate change convention and developing countries: from conflict to consensus? |oclc=68447002 |year=1997|doi=10.1007/978-94-015-8925-3}}</ref> Her doctoral research was the first to determine the consequences of climate change, including elevated risks of flooding, drought and lost harvests.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Professor Joyeeta Gupta {{!}} NWO |url=https://www.nwo.nl/en/professor-joyeeta-gupta |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=nwo.nl |language=en}}</ref>

== Research and career ==
In 2013, Gupta joined the faculty at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. Her research has considered the impacts of climate change on society, demonstrating elevated tensions between the rich and poor. She has argued that to prevent conflict and climate change induced injustice it is critical to redistribute natural resources, and measure national growth based on global constitutionalism instead of gross domestic product.<ref name=":0" />

In 2016, Gupta was appointed co-chair of the [[United Nations]] (UN) Environment's Global Environmental Outlook-6.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Joyeeta Gupta |url=https://www.earthsystemgovernance.org/person/joyeeta-gupta/ |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=earthsystemgovernance.org |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2019, she became Faculty Professor on Sustainability, where she leads a program on Governance and Inclusive Development.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Joyeeta Gupta |url=https://www.weforum.org/people/joyeeta-gupta/ |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=weforum.org|publisher=[[World Economic Forum]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Awards and honors ===
* [[2007 Nobel Peace Prize]]{{Clarify|pre-text=remove or|reason=Ms Gupta was an author associated with the IPCC, not a winner of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize.}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ms. Joyeeta Gupta {{!}} Department of Economic and Social Affairs |url=https://sdgs.un.org/panelists/ms-joyeeta-gupta-32977 |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=sdgs.un.org}}</ref>
* 2015 Atmospheric Science Librarians International Choice Award<ref>{{Cite web |title=2015 ASLI Choice Awards Winners |url=https://www.aslionline.org/wp/2015-asli-choice-awards-winners/ |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=aslionline.org|publisher=Atmospheric Science Librarians International |language=en-US}}</ref>
* 2019 Association of American Publishers PROSE award for Environmental Science<ref>{{Cite web |title=2019 Award Winners |url=https://proseawards.com/winners/2019-award-winners/ |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=proseawards.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
* 2021 ERC Advanced Grant<ref>{{Cite web |title=Professor Joyeeta Gupta has received an Advanced Grant worth €2.5 million from the European Research Council |url=https://jpi-climate.eu/news/professor-joyeeta-gupta-has-received-an-advanced-grant-worth-e2-5-million-from-the-european-research-council/ |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=jpi-climate.eu |language=en-US}}</ref>
* 2023 [[Spinoza Prize]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highest awards in Dutch scientific community granted to four researchers {{!}} NWO |url=https://www.nwo.nl/en/news/highest-awards-in-dutch-scientific-community-granted-to-four-researchers |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=nwo.nl |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Amsterdam |first=Universiteit van |title=Prestigious Spinoza Prize for UvA professor Joyeeta Gupta |url=https://www.uva.nl/en/content/news/news/2023/06/prestigious-spinoza-prize-for-uva-professor-joyeeta-gupta.html |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=uva.nl|publisher=University of Amsterdam |language=en}}</ref>

=== Selected publications ===
* {{Cite Q|Q59463859}}
* {{Cite Q|Q57030956}}
* {{Cite Q|Q63614615}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Joyeeta}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women scientists from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Gujarat University alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard Law School alumni]]
[[Category:Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam]]
[[Category:Spinoza Prize winners]]

BCCI domestic teams

2023-06-20T17:39:18Z

SabyasachiNag:

{{short description|Indian cricket teams}}
The following is the list of domestic teams participating in [[cricket]] in [[India]] in tournaments organized by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]], up to the 2019–20 season.<ref>{{cite web|title=BCCI Domestic Results| url=http://www.bcci.tv/domestic/results|publisher=BCCI.tv|accessdate=9 May 2018}}</ref>

==State teams==
The following is the list of Indian domestic teams representing cities, regions, states, union territories and organizations in inter-state competitions:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan="2" | Team
! rowspan="2" | {{Tooltip|State|City/ Region/ State(s)/ Union Territory(ies)/ Organization}}
! rowspan="2" | Governing Body
! rowspan="2" | {{Tooltip|Years|Years playing (Senior-level Cricket)}}<ref name="cric">{{cite web|title= Records / in India / Combined First-class, List A and Twenty20 / Result summary|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/results_summary.html?class=12;id=6;type=host#|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=8 May 2018}}</ref>
! colspan="4" | Men's
! colspan="3" | Women's
|-
! Senior
! U-23
! U-19
! U-16
! Senior
! U-23
! U-19
|-
| [[Andhra cricket team]] || [[Andhra Pradesh]] || [[Andhra Cricket Association]] || 1994– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Arunachal Pradesh cricket team]] || [[Arunachal Pradesh]] || [[Arunachal Cricket Association]] || 2018– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Assam cricket team]] || [[Assam]] || [[Assam Cricket Association]] || 2002– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Baroda cricket team]] || [[Gujarat]]'s city of [[Vadodara]] || [[Baroda Cricket Association]] || 1943– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Bengal cricket team]] || [[West Bengal]] || [[Cricket Association of Bengal]] || 1943– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Bihar cricket team]] || [[Bihar]] || [[Bihar Cricket Association]] || 1943–2004, 2018– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Chhattisgarh cricket team]] || [[Chhattisgarh]] || [[Chhattisgarh State Cricket Sangh]] || 2016– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Chandigarh cricket team]] || [[Chandigarh]] || [[Union Territory Cricket Association]] || 2019– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Delhi cricket team]] || [[Delhi]] || [[Delhi & District Cricket Association]] || 1943– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Goa cricket team]] || [[Goa]] || [[Goa Cricket Association]] || 1989– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Gujarat cricket team]] ||
*[[Gujarat]] {{small|(shared)}}
*[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
*[[Daman district, India|Daman]] of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
|| [[Gujarat Cricket Association]] || 1935– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Haryana cricket team]] || [[Haryana]] || [[Haryana Cricket Association]] || 1991– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Himachal Pradesh cricket team]] || [[Himachal Pradesh]] || [[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association]] || 1999– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Hyderabad cricket team]] || [[Telangana]] || [[Hyderabad Cricket Association]] || 1934– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team]] || [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] || [[Jammu and Kashmir Cricket Association]] || 1999– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Jharkhand cricket team]] || [[Jharkhand]] || [[Jharkhand State Cricket Association]] || 2004– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Karnataka cricket team]] || [[Karnataka]] || [[Karnataka State Cricket Association]] || 1934– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Kerala cricket team]] || [[Kerala]] || [[Kerala Cricket Association]] || 1997– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team]] || [[Madhya Pradesh]] || [[Madhya Pradesh Cricket Association]] || 1995– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Maharashtra cricket team]] || [[Maharashtra]] {{small|(shared)}} || [[Maharashtra Cricket Association]] || 1935– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Manipur cricket team]] || [[Manipur]] || [[Manipur Cricket Association]] || 2018– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Meghalaya cricket team]] || [[Meghalaya]] || [[Meghalaya Cricket Association]] || 2018– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Mizoram cricket team]] || [[Mizoram]] || [[Cricket Association of Mizoram]] || 2018– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Mumbai cricket team]] || [[Maharashtra]]'s city of [[Mumbai]] || [[Mumbai Cricket Association]] || 1892– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Nagaland cricket team]] || [[Nagaland]] || [[Nagaland Cricket Association]] || 2018– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Odisha cricket team]] || [[Odisha]] || [[Odisha Cricket Association]] || 1949– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab cricket team]] ||
[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|| [[Punjab Cricket Association]] || 1993– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Pondicherry cricket team]] || [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] || [[Cricket Association of Pondicherry]] || 2018– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Railways cricket team]] || [[Indian Railways]] || [[Railways Sports Promotion Board]] || 2001– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{xmark}} || {{xmark}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{xmark}}
|-
| [[Rajasthan cricket team]] || [[Rajasthan]] || [[Rajasthan Cricket Association]] || 2002– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Saurashtra cricket team]] ||
*[[Gujarat]]'s region of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]]
*[[Diu district|Diu]] of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
|| [[Saurashtra Cricket Association]] || 1948– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Services cricket team]] || [[Indian Armed Forces]] || [[Services Sports Control Board]] || 1949– || {{tick}} || {{xmark}} || {{xmark}} || {{xmark}} || {{xmark}} || {{xmark}} || {{xmark}}
|-
| [[Sikkim cricket team]] || [[Sikkim]] || [[Sikkim Cricket Association]] || 2018– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu cricket team]] ||
[[Tamil Nadu]]
|| [[Tamil Nadu Cricket Association]] || 1934– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Tripura cricket team]] || [[Tripura]] || [[Tripura Cricket Association]] || 2002– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Uttarakhand cricket team]] || [[Uttarakhand]]
|| [[Cricket Association of Uttarakhand]] || 2018– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team]] || [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|| [[Uttar Pradesh Cricket Association]] || 1935– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[Vidarbha cricket team]] || [[Maharashtra]]'s region of [[Vidarbha]] || [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium]] || 2003– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|}
<div>

===Status of states' representation===
The following states have representation other than "One State One Team" in the competitions:
{| class=wikitable style="margin:0; font-size:90%; text-align:center"
! colspan="2" | '''States with multiple teams'''
|-
| '''State''' || '''Team'''
|-
|[[Gujarat]] ||
*[[Baroda cricket team]]
*[[Gujarat cricket team]]
*[[Saurashtra cricket team]]
|-
|[[Maharashtra]]||
*[[Maharashtra cricket team]]
*[[Mumbai cricket team]]
*[[Vidarbha cricket team]]
|-
! colspan="2" | '''States/UTs with representation under another team(s)'''
|-
| '''State/union territory''' || '''Team'''
|-
|[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
||
*[[Gujarat cricket team]] for Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman
*[[Saurashtra cricket team]] for Diu
|-
|[[Telangana]]
|[[Hyderabad cricket team]]
|-
! colspan="3" | '''States/UTs with no representation'''
|-
| '''State/union territory''' || '''Team'''
|-
|[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
|rowspan="3" | <big>'''No Team'''</big>
|-
|[[Lakshadweep]]
|-
|[[Ladakh]]
|}
See about:
* [[Andaman and Nicobar Cricket Association]]
* [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli Cricket Association]]
* [[Daman and Diu Cricket Association]]

==National-level teams==
The following is the list of Indian domestic teams representing the national level teams for domestic tournaments and tour games:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan="2" | Team
! rowspan="2" | {{Tooltip|Years|Years playing}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Records / in India / All matches / Result summary|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/results_summary.html?class=13;id=6;type=host#|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=9 May 2018}}</ref>
! colspan="2" | International
! colspan="3" | Domestic
|-
! Men's
! Women's
! Men's Senior
! Women's Senior
! Men's U-19
|-
| [[India A cricket team]] || 1999– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{xmark}} || {{xmark}}
|-
| [[India national under-19 cricket team]] || 1979– || {{tick}} || {{xmark}} || {{xmark}} || {{xmark}} || {{xmark}}
|-
| [[Board President's XI (India)|Indian Board President's XI]] || 1964– || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{xmark}} || {{xmark}} || {{xmark}}
|-
| [[Rest of India cricket team]] || 1960– || {{xmark}} || {{xmark}} || {{tick}} || {{xmark}} || {{xmark}}
|-
| [[India B cricket team]] || 2000– || {{xmark}} || {{xmark}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{xmark}}
|-
| [[India Blue cricket team]] || 2006– || {{xmark}} || {{xmark}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[India Green cricket team]] || 2006– || {{xmark}} || {{xmark}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|-
| [[India Red cricket team]] || 2006– || {{xmark}} || {{xmark}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}} || {{tick}}
|}
<div>
*'''Note 1''': The participation records are up to 2017–18 season.
</div>
*India C team is one of the national and domestic level team.

==See also==
* [[List of members of the Board of Control for Cricket in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Cricket in India}}
{{BCCI Members}}

[[Category:Cricket in India]]
[[Category:Indian cricket lists]]

Karkota Empire

2022-06-23T22:30:32Z

SabyasachiNag: Published an influential piece.

#REDIRECT [[Karkota dynasty]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Freedom of the City

2022-06-09T01:01:38Z

SabyasachiNag: Just published an influential work.

{{short description|Honour bestowed by a municipality}}
{{redirect|Key to the City|other meanings of the term|Key to the City (disambiguation)}}
{{for multi|the Northern Irish play|The Freedom of the City|the role-playing game campaign setting|Freedom City}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{EngvarB}}
[[File:Hadfield Freedom of the City of Sheffield.jpg|thumb|right|Award to [[Sir Robert Hadfield]] by the [[City of Sheffield]], 1939 (Hadfield Room, [[University of Sheffield]])]]
[[File:Gold 'Freedom of the City Box' for Daniel T. Patterson, made by Jonathan Wilmarth, John L. Moffat, and Joseph Curtis, New York City, 1832, gold - Winterthur Museum - DSC01333.JPG|thumb|Gold New York City 'Freedom of the City Box' presented to Commodore [[Daniel Patterson (naval officer)|Daniel Patterson]], made by Jonathan Wilmarth, John L. Moffat, and Joseph Curtis, 1832]]
[[File:Antoon van den Heuvel - Ferdinand Receives the Keys of the City from the Virgin of Ghent.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|"Ferdinand Receives the Keys of the City from the Virgin of Ghent", print after a painting made by [[Antoon van den Heuvel]] for the [[Joyous Entry]] by the [[Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand]] into [[Ghent]] in 1635]]
The '''Freedom of the City''' (or '''Borough''' in some parts of the UK) is an honour bestowed by a municipality upon a valued member of the community, or upon a visiting celebrity or dignitary. Arising from the medieval practice of granting respected citizens freedom from [[serfdom]], the tradition still lives on in countries such as the United States, United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, Canada, South Africa and New Zealand—although today the title of "freeman" confers no special privileges. The Freedom of the City can also be granted by municipal authorities to military units which have earned the city's trust; in this context, it is sometimes called the '''Freedom of Entry'''. This allows them the freedom to parade through the city, and is an affirmation of the bond between the regiment and the citizenry.

The honour was sometimes accompanied by a "freedom box", a small gold box inscribed to record the occasion; these are not usual today. In some countries, such as the United States, esteemed residents and visitors may instead be presented with the '''Key to the City''', a similarly symbolic honour. Other US cities award Honorary Citizenship with just a certificate.

==Military privilege==

[[File:No 28 Squadron passing the official party during its Freedom of the City Parade in August 2013.jpg|thumb|left|Members of [[No. 28 Squadron RAAF]] marching through the centre of [[Canberra]] during the unit's Freedom of the City parade in August 2013]]
Freedom of the City is an ancient honour granted to martial organisations, allowing them the privilege to march into the city "with drums beating, [[colours, standards and guidons|colours]] flying, and [[bayonet]]s fixed".<ref name=RCN>{{cite web |url=http://www.navy.forces.gc.ca/centennial/0/0-c_eng.asp?category=86 |title=1985 – 75th Anniversary Naval Service of Canada |publisher=Royal Canadian Navy |access-date=21 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912185755/http://www.navy.forces.gc.ca/centennial/0/0-c_eng.asp?category=86 |archive-date=12 September 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

This honour dates back to [[ancient Rome]] which regarded the "[[pomerium]]", the boundary of the city, as sacred. [[Promagistrates]] and generals were forbidden from entering it, and resigned their ''[[imperium]]'' immediately upon crossing it. An exception was made for victory celebrations (called [[Roman triumphs|triumphs]]), during which the victorious general would be permitted to enter for one day only. Under the Republic, soldiers also lost their status when entering, becoming citizens: thus soldiers at their general's triumph wore civilian dress. Weapons were also banned inside the pomerium for religious and traditional reasons. (The [[assassination of Julius Caesar]] occurred outside this boundary.)

Similar laws were passed by other European cities throughout the Medieval era, to protect public security and civic rights, even against their own king's troops. As a result, soldiers would be forced to camp outside the walls of the city during the winter months. The Freedom of the City was an honour granted only to troops which had earned the trust of the local populace, either through some valiant action or simply by being a familiar presence.<ref name=RCN/>

Today, martial freedom of the city is an entirely ceremonial honour, usually bestowed upon a unit with historic ties to the area, as a token of appreciation for their long and dedicated service. The awarding of the Freedom is often accompanied by a celebratory parade through the city.

==Entitlement to civil privileges==

A slightly more common freedom of the city is connected to the medieval concept of "free status", when city and town charters drew a distinction between [[Serfdom#Freemen|freemen]] and [[Serfdom|vassals]] of a [[feudalism|feudal]] lord. As such, freemen actually pre-date [[municipal borough|modern boroughs]]. Early freedom of the boroughs ceremonies had great importance in affirming that the recipient enjoyed privileges such as the right to trade and own property, and protection within the town.

In modern society, the award of honorary freedom of the city or borough tends to be entirely ceremonial, given by the local government in many towns and cities on those who have served in some exceptional capacity, or upon any whom the city wishes to bestow an honour.

===United Kingdom===

[[File:A recipient of Freedom of the City of London.jpg|thumb|left|A recipient of Freedom of the City of London, [[Nigel Cumberland]], after his ceremony]]
Before [[Great Reform Act|parliamentary reform]] in 1832, freedom of the city or town conferred the right to vote in the [[parliamentary boroughs]] for the MPs. Until the [[Municipal Corporations Act 1835]] the freemen were the exclusive electorate for some of the boroughs. These two acts together curtailed the power of the freemen and extended the franchise to all "[[household]]ers" (defined as local [[rate (tax)|rate]] payers; in fact therefore property owners). The private property belonging to the freemen collectively was retained. The freemen of [[York]], [[Oxford]] and [[Newcastle upon Tyne]] still own considerable areas within their towns, although the income is effectively given to support charitable objects. The [[Local Government Act 1972]] specifically preserved freemen's rights.<ref>Section 248 of {{UK-LEG|path=ukpga/1972/70/section/248|title=Local Government Act 1972}}</ref> The [[Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009]] removed any restrictions entitling only men to be freemen.<ref>Sections 27 and 28 of the {{UK-LEG|path=/ukpga/2009/20/part/1/chapter/5|title=Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009}}</ref>

Today, the grant of honorary freedom in the United Kingdom is governed by the [[Local Government Act 1972]] (as amended by the [[Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009]]). The 1972 Act enabled the councils of cities, [[Royal borough#Royal Borough|royal borough]]s, [[Borough status in the United Kingdom|boroughs]], and [[Parish councils in England|parishes]] (or, in Wales, [[Community council#Wales|communities]]) with the status of a [[List of place names with royal patronage in the United Kingdom#Royal|royal town]] to confer the status of honorary freeman on "persons of distinction and persons who have, in the opinion of the council, rendered eminent services" to the local area.<ref>{{UK-LEG|path=ukpga/1972/70/section/249|title=Section 249 of the Local Government Act 1972}}</ref> The 2009 Act extends the ability to grant the status of honorary freeman to any county, city, [[Districts of England|district]], borough, town, parish or community council (so removing the requirement for the town to have 'royal' status, and also enabling county councils to confer the honour).<ref>{{UK-LEG|path=ukpga/2009/20/section/29|title=Section 249 of the Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009}}</ref> A special meeting of the council can grant the honour by passing a resolution with a two-thirds majority.

The exact qualifications for borough freedom differ between each city or town, but generally fall into two categories, "patrimony" (inheritance) and "servitude" (apprenticeship). For example, in [[Chester]], only the children or grandchildren of freemen may apply for admission. In York, this extends to great- and great-great-grandchildren, and apprenticeship to a freeman of the city will also allow admission.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freemenofyork.com |title=The Gild of Freemen of the City of York |access-date=24 June 2011}}</ref> In [[Great Grimsby]], the widow of a freeman passes his rights to her second husband, who retains the privilege after either divorce from or death of the widow. The borough freedom is strongest in York, Chester, Newcastle upon Tyne and [[Coventry]]; in Coventry, freedom is qualified by having served an apprenticeship. [[Durham, England|Durham]] and [[Northampton]] have extended their admission criteria to those who have served an apprenticeship without being "bound" (trained) by a freeman directly. Freemen of Newcastle upon Tyne are bestowed the right to graze cattle on the town moor.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.freemenofnewcastle.com/themoorhistory.html |title=The Moor |publisher=The Freemen of Newcastle upon Tyne |access-date=13 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008171423/http://www.freemenofnewcastle.com/themoorhistory.html |archive-date=8 October 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

====Freedom of the City of Belfast====

Recipients of this honour have included athlete [[Mary Peters (athlete)|Mary Peters]],<ref>"[https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-20182389 Dame Mary Peters granted Freedom of Belfast"]. ''BBC News''. 2 November 2012.</ref> actor [[Kenneth Brannagh|Kenneth Branagh]], diplomat [[John Jordan (diplomat)|John Jordan]], industrialist [[Andrew Carnegie]], shipowner [[Thomas Henry Ismay]] and [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[Winston Churchill]].

====Freedom of the City of London====

{{main|Freedom of the City of London}}
[[File:Lord Nelson's certificate given him after becoming a Freeman of the City of London.jpg|thumb|left|Lord Nelson's certificate given him after becoming a Freeman of the City of London showing that he has Freedom]]
[[File:Certificate of Freedom of the City of London for Ari Norman.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ari Norman]]'s Certificate of Freedom of the City of London]]
[[File:Tim Berners-Lee Freedom of the City - 06.jpg|thumb|right|Sir [[Tim Berners-Lee]] receiving the freedom of the [[City of London]] in 2014]]
In England, the most established borough freedom is that conferred by the Freedom of the [[City of London]], first recorded in 1237. This is closely tied to the role and status of the [[livery company|livery companies]]. From 1835, the freedom "without the intervention of a Livery Company" has been bestowed by a general resolution of Common Council, by "redemption" (purchase), at one time for an onerous sum. Now the Freedom can be obtained by servitude, by patrimony, by nomination, or by presentation via a Livery Company. Freedom through nomination by two sponsors is available for a fee (known as a "fine") of {{As of|2018|alt=£100|post=,}} but is free to those on the electoral roll of the City.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/about-the-city/history/Pages/how-to-apply.aspx |title=How to apply for the Freedom|website=City of London|access-date= 30 September 2018}}</ref>

New freemen are enrolled in a ceremony in Guildhall, when they receive a guide to conducting their lives in an honourable fashion and a sealed certificate. Freemen's children get admission preference at the [[City of London Freemen's School]]. There are a number of rights traditionally but apocryphally associated with freemen—the right to drive sheep and cattle over [[London Bridge]]; to a silken rope, if hanged; to carry a naked sword in public; or that if the City of London Police finds a freeman [[drunk]] and incapable, they will bundle him or her into a taxi and send them home rather than throw them into a cell. While sheep have occasionally been driven over London Bridge by Freemen on special occasions, these privileges are now effectively symbolic.
[[File:Mark Stephens freeman.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Mark Stephens (solicitor)|Mark Stephens]] with a sheep on [[London Bridge]] in 2009]]
The right to herd sheep and cattle across London's four bridges is no longer economically relevant, as there are no livestock markets in the city.<ref name=JefSmith/> Nevertheless, this right has been exercised, or the city has granted permission, on several occasions in modern times:
* On 19 August 1999, Jef Smith, a freeman of London walked two sheep over [[Tower Bridge]] to bring attention to the rights of older citizens.<ref name=JefSmith>{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/425364.stm |work=BBC News | title = Protest Freeman herds sheep over Tower Bridge | date=19 August 1999 | access-date=15 November 2010}}</ref>
* On 17 June 2006, a flock of about thirty sheep was driven across the [[Millennium Bridge (London)|Millennium Bridge]] to mark the start of London Architecture Week.<ref name = "BBC sheep">{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/5085214.stm |work=BBC News | title = Sheep flock driven through city | date=17 June 2006 | access-date=4 January 2010}}</ref>
* On 31 August 2008, Amanda Cottrell, former [[High Sheriff of Kent]], marched six rams across London Bridge to promote fundraising for the restoration of [[Canterbury Cathedral]] and "a scheme backing local food production".<ref>{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/7590346.stm | title = Sheep marched over London Bridge |work=BBC News| date=31 August 2008 | access-date=4 January 2010}}</ref>
* On 17 September 2008, the Lord Mayor of London, [[David Lewis (Lord Mayor)|David Lewis]], and some 500 freemen drove a flock of Romney ewes in relay across London Bridge to raise funds for the Lord Mayor's charities ([[ORBIS International|Orbis]] and [[Wellbeing of Women]]).<ref>{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/7623267.stm |work=BBC News | title = Sheep march over bridge for money | date=19 September 2008 | access-date=4 January 2010}}</ref>
* On 7 April 2013, actor and presenter [[Stephen Fry]] drove Grace, a year-old lamb, over London Bridge for a documentary about becoming a freeman, ''Stephen Fry's Key To The City''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stephen Fry on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/stephenfry/status/321164859628740608 |publisher=Twitter |access-date=27 June 2018 |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Stephen Fry's Key To The City |url=https://www.itv.com/presscentre/ep1week32/stephen-fry%E2%80%99s-key-city |access-date=27 June 2018 |work=ITV }}</ref>
*On 27 April 2019, freeman of the city Simone Lakmaker drove Mark, a ram from Spitalfields City Farm, over London Bridge as part of her 80th birthday celebrations and to raise awareness for her charity the Speaking Out Forum.

By 2015, the driving of sheep across the bridge had become an annual event, organised by the [[Worshipful Company of Woolmen]] livery company, typically to raise funds for the Lord Mayor's Appeal and the Worshipful Company of Woolmen.<ref>{{cite news|title=Why are there sheep being herded across London Bridge?|url=http://www.itv.com/news/london/2015-09-27/why-are-there-sheep-being-herded-across-london-bridge/|work=ITV News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-45699161 |title=Alan Titchmarsh herds sheep over London Bridge|work=BBC News |access-date= 30 September 2018}}</ref>
[[File:Sheep Cross Southwark Bridge in London 2021.jpg|thumb|A small number of sheep are herded across Southwark Bridge by the Lord Mayor and Yorkshire Shepherdess among others, London 2021.]]

====Freedom of the City of York====

{{see also|York#Freedom of the City}}
York has a long history of freemen dating back to the Anglo-Saxon period, with records dating back to 1272.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/york-freemen/vol1|title=Register of the Freemen of the City of York - British History Online|website=www.british-history.ac.uk}}</ref> Freemen may claim their rights through patronage (as far back as their great-great-grandparent, there are records of women being admitted in York in medieval times, a right forgotten for a time until the late 1970s when the gild carried out research and rediscovered it) or apprenticeship. Once sworn in, freemen can join the Gild (archaic spelling used) of Freemen who continue to take an interest in the affairs of the city. New admissions are made every year (usually October) following an admission ceremony with the Lord Mayor at the Guildhall. [[Prince Andrew, Duke of York]] was given the honour in 1986, but a councillors' vote stripped him of the title after allegations of sexual abuse became public.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/apr/27/prince-andrew-stripped-of-freedom-of-york-by-councillors|title=Prince Andrew loses freedom of York after councillors' vote|first=Mark|last=Brown|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.co.uk/article/us-britain-royals-andrew/york-strips-its-duke-prince-andrew-of-freedom-of-city-honour-idUSKCN2MJ1TN|newspaper=Reuters|title=York strips its duke of freedom of city honour}}</ref>

===Republic of Ireland===

{{about|section=yes|Ireland|Freedom awarded specifically in Dublin|Freedom of the City of Dublin}}
In Ireland, borough freedom of the city is generally given to noted foreign and national dignitaries and the list rarely exceeds a few dozen. As in the United Kingdom, the title generally comes with various ancient privileges – for instance, freemen of [[Dublin]] are allowed the right to vote in certain elections, bring goods for sale in the city without customs and the right to pasture sheep on common ground such as [[College Green, Dublin|College Green]] and [[St. Stephen's Green]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Why are Bono and The Edge grazing sheep in Stephen's Green in 2000? It's their right as Freemen of the City |publisher=TheJournal.ie |url=http://jrnl.ie/3226054 |access-date=30 November 2020 }}</ref>

===Canada===

Freedom of the City is a privilege bestowed to individual units of the [[Canadian Forces]]. Many units exercise this privilege in conjunction with significant annual commemorations. [[The Calgary Highlanders]] commemorate the [[Battle of Kitcheners' Wood]] with an annual freedom of the city parade.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://calgaryhighlanders.com/about-the-regiment/|title=About the Regiment}}</ref>

==Key to the City==

[[File:Jeanine Áñez at the 314th Anniversary of Reyes. 6 January 2020, Ministry of Communication, Reyes (51907629988).jpg|thumb|Then [[President of Bolivia|Bolivian President]] [[Jeanine Áñez]] receives the key to the city of [[Reyes, Bolivia|Reyes]].]]
[[File:Rei Momo recebe chave da cidade e abre carnaval no Rio (3738).jpg|thumb|left|Then [[Mayor of Rio de Janeiro]] [[Marcelo Crivella]] hands out key to the city to [[King Momo]] at the start of [[Rio Carnival|Carnival 2018]].]]
[[File:Dmitry Medvedev in Spain 2 March 2009-8.jpg|thumb|Then [[President of Russia|Russian President]] [[Dmitry Medvedev]] receives the Golden Key to the City of [[Madrid]] during a state visit.]]

{{see also|List of Keys to the City in the United States|List of Keys to the City in Canada}}
{{other uses|Key to the City (disambiguation)}}
In some countries, such as the United States, an ornamental key – the 'key to the city' – is presented to esteemed visitors, residents, or others whom the city wishes to honour. This practice is a variation on the freedom of the city tradition, and has a similar symbolic meaning; evoking medieval walled cities, the gates of which would be guarded during the day and locked at night, the key symbolises the freedom of the recipient to enter and leave the city at will, as a trusted friend of city residents.<ref name="NYC Key">{{cite web |title=Key to the City of New York |publisher=New York City Commission for the United Nations, Consular Corps, and Protocol |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/unccp/html/protocol/key.shtml |access-date=6 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114110402/http://www.nyc.gov/html/unccp/html/protocol/key.shtml |archive-date=14 November 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

In some cities in the Netherlands, Belgium, and Germany, the key to the city is given to the so-called '{{ill|prins carnaval|nl|Prins Carnaval}}' who leads the carnivals which take place the week prior to [[Septuagesima]]. The tradition is that the mayor steps down for this period and power is transferred to the prince carnival, who then returns the key at the end of [[Shrove Tuesday]] / [[Mardi Gras]]. Today, the handing over of the key is mostly symbolic and marks the start and end of the carnival.

A similar tradition exists in some festivities in Latin America (like in [[Rio Carnival]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rei Momo recebe as chaves da cidade e o carnaval toma conta do Rio |website=Agência Brasil |language=pt-BR |url=https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/geral/noticia/2022-04/rei-momo-recebe-chaves-da-cidade-e-o-carnaval-toma-conta-do-rio |access-date=2022-06-08}}</ref>), where the festival's [[King Momo]] receives the key to the city at the start of the festivities.

In Canada, major cities including [[Toronto]], [[Vancouver]], and [[Montreal]] may award a key to the city to influential business leaders, musicians, and political leaders. In 2016, the Canadian recording artist [[Drake (musician)|Drake]] received a key to the city of [[Toronto]], presented by the mayor [[John Tory]]. In a local tradition, [[Calgary]] has opted to award esteemed visitors a symbolic cowboy hat instead of a key; this is usually followed by reciting one of two oaths (one formal, the other more silly) to become honorary Calgarians.<ref>{{cite web |title=White Hat Ceremony |publisher=Visit Calgary |url=http://www.visitcalgary.com/meetings/how-we-can-help/white-hat-ceremony |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122140626/http://www.visitcalgary.com/meetings/how-we-can-help/white-hat-ceremony |archive-date=22 November 2012 |df=dmy}}</ref>

In [[New Zealand]], on 22 May 2020, a domestic cat named [[Mittens (cat)|Mittens]] was given the Key to the City of [[Wellington]] – [[New Zealand]]'s capital city. Mittens received a certificate outlining the honours bestowed on him, and was given a miniature key for his collar by Mayor Foster, who was dressed in full regalia for the auspicious occasion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Feline groovy: Mittens unlocks more hearts with Key to the City |website=Wellington City Council |language=en-NZ |url=http://wellington.govt.nz/your-council/news/2020/05/mittens-key-to-the-city |access-date=2020-08-25}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Honorary citizenship]]
* [[List of Freedom of the City recipients (military)]]
{{-}}

==References==

{{reflist|25em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.guild-freemen-london.co.uk Welcome], [[Guild of Freemen of the City of London]]
* [https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/about-the-city/history/Pages/freedom-of-the-city.aspx Freedom of the City of London] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727214043/https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/about-the-city/history/Pages/freedom-of-the-city.aspx }}
* [http://www.freemenofyork.com The Gild of Freemen of the City of York] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017165637/http://www.freemenofyork.com/ }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130413005908/http://www.civichalls.liverpool.gov.uk/townhall/history/freemen/index.asp Freemen of the City of Liverpool]

[[Category:Freedom of the City| ]]
[[Category:Municipal awards]]
[[Category:Urban culture]]

Ram Janmabhoomi

2022-05-11T15:25:02Z

SabyasachiNag: New page.

{{Short description|Archaeological site in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{about|the hypothesized birthplace of Rama|the debate on whether a temple existed at Babri Masjid site or not|Ayodhya dispute}}

{{EngvarB}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox ancient site
| name = Ram Janmabhoomi
| native_name =
| alternate_name = Birth place of lord Ram
| image = {{Location map|India Uttar Pradesh|label=Ayodhya|mark=Purple_pog.svg|lat=26.7956|long=82.1943|width=250|float=center}}
| alt =
| caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|26.7956|82.1943|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Ayodhya]]
| region = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| ownership = [[Shri Ram Janmabhoomi Teerth Kshetra]]<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ayodhya-ram-temple-trust-pm-narendra-modi-announces-in-lok-sabha-1643403-2020-02-05|title= Sri Ram Janmabhoomi Teerth Kshetra: PM Modi announces formation of Ayodhya temple trust|access-date= 9 June 2023|archive-date= 6 November 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221106182232/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ayodhya-ram-temple-trust-pm-narendra-modi-announces-in-lok-sabha-1643403-2020-02-05|url-status= live}}</ref>
}}
{{Ayodhya debate}}
'''Ram Janmabhoomi''' ({{literally|Birthplace of Rama}}) is the site that is hypothesized to be the birthplace of [[Rama]], believed to be the seventh [[avatar]] of the [[Hinduism|Hindu deity]] [[Vishnu]]. The [[Ramayana]] states that the location of Rama's birthplace is on the banks of the [[Sarayu River (Ayodhya)|Sarayu river]] in a city called "[[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]]". Modern-day [[Ayodhya]] is in the north Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].

Some Hindus claim that the exact site of Rama's birthplace is where the [[Babri Masjid]] once stood in the present-day [[Ayodhya]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="MeenakshiJain2017">{{citation|last=Jain |first=Meenakshi |title=The Battle for Rama – Case of the Temple at Ayodhya |year=2017|publisher=Aryan Books International|isbn=978-8-173-05579-9}}{{page needed}}</ref> According to this theory, the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] demolished a Hindu shrine that marked the spot, and constructed a mosque in its place. People opposed to this theory state that such claims arose only in the 18th century, and that there is no evidence for the spot being the birthplace of Rama. Several other sites, including places in other parts of India, Afghanistan, and Nepal, have been proposed as birthplaces of Rama. The political, historical and socio-religious debate over the history and location of the Babri Mosque, and whether a previous temple was demolished or modified to create it, is known as the [[Ayodhya dispute]].

In 1992, the [[demolition of the Babri Masjid]] by [[Hindutva|Hindu nationalists]] triggered widespread Hindu-Muslim violence. The legal dispute over the property reached the [[Supreme Court of India|Indian Supreme Court]], which heard the title dispute cases from August to October 2019.<ref name="BBC News">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50065277|title=Ayodhya dispute: The complex legal history of India's holy site|publisher=BBC News|access-date=16 October 2019|archive-date=17 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017092145/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50065277|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Press Trust of India">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/supreme-court-hearing-ends-in-ayodhya-dispute-orders-reserved/article29710840.ece|title=Supreme Court hearing ends in Ayodhya dispute; orders reserved|website=Business Line|publisher=Press Trust of India|access-date=2019-10-18|archive-date=23 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023101322/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/supreme-court-hearing-ends-in-ayodhya-dispute-orders-reserved/article29710840.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> On 9 November 2019, the Supreme Court ordered the land to be handed over to a trust to build a Hindu temple.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ayodhya-babri-masjid-ram-mandir-case-verdict-highlights-supreme-court-declared-verdict-on-ram-janmabhoomi-case/articleshow/71978918.cms|title=Ram Mandir verdict: Supreme Court verdict on Ram Janmabhoomi-Babri Masjid case|work=The Times of India|access-date=2019-11-09|archive-date=9 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109143026/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ayodhya-babri-masjid-ram-mandir-case-verdict-highlights-supreme-court-declared-verdict-on-ram-janmabhoomi-case/articleshow/71978918.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Babri Masjid site ==
{{Further|Baqi Tashqandi}}
[[File:Ayodhya disputed site map.png|thumb|Ayodhya disputed site map]]
The ''[[Ramayana]]'', a Hindu epic whose earliest portions date back to 1st millennium BCE, states that the capital of [[Rama]] was [[Ayodhya]].<ref name="RamSharan_2003"/> According to the local Hindu belief, the site of the now-demolished [[Babri Masjid|Babri Mosque]] in Ayodhya is the exact birthplace of Rama. The Babri mosque is believed to have been constructed during 1528–29 by a certain 'Mir Baqi' (possibly [[Baqi Tashqandi]]), who was a commander of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Babur]] ({{reign}}1526–1530).<ref name="noorani2003">{{Citation |last=Noorani |first=A. G. | title=The Babri Masjid Question, 1528–2003, Volume 1 | year=2003 | publisher=[[Tulika Books]] | isbn=81-85229-78-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4kJuAAAAMAAJ |at= Introduction (p. xvii) |quote=It asserts that the Mughal Emperor Babar's governor at Awadh, Mir Baqi Tashqandi, built the Babri Masjid (mosque) at Ayodhya ... The mosque was built in 1528 ...}}</ref> However, the historical evidence for these beliefs is scant.{{sfnp|Kunal, Ayodhya Revisited|2016|loc=Chapter 6}}

In 1611, an English traveller [[William Finch (merchant)|William Finch]] visited Ayodhya and recorded the "ruins of the Ranichand [Ramachand] castle and houses". He made no mention of a mosque.{{sfnp|Jain, Rama and Ayodhya|2013|pp=9, 120, 164}} In 1634, [[Sir Thomas Herbert, 1st Baronet|Thomas Herbert]] described a "pretty old castle of Ranichand [Ramachand]" which he described as an antique monument that was "especially memorable".{{sfnp|Kunal, Ayodhya Revisited|2016|p=xv}} However, by 1672, the appearance of a mosque at the site can be inferred because Lal Das's ''Awadh-Vilasa'' describes the location of birthplace without mentioning a temple or "castle".{{sfnp|Kunal, Ayodhya Revisited|2016|p=xxvii}} In 1717, the Moghul Rajput noble [[Jai Singh II]] purchased land surrounding the site and his documents show a mosque.{{sfnp|Jain, Rama and Ayodhya|2013|pp=112–115}}
The Jesuit missionary [[Joseph Tiefenthaler]], who visited the site between 1766 and 1771, wrote that either [[Aurangazeb]] ({{reign}}1658–1707) or [[Babur]] had demolished the Ramkot fortress, including the house that was considered as the birthplace of Rama by Hindus. He further stated that a mosque was constructed in its place, but the Hindus continued to offer prayers at a mud platform that marked the birthplace of Rama.<ref name="Robert_2003"/> In 1810, [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton|Francis Buchanan]] visited the site, and stated that the structure destroyed was a temple dedicated to Rama, not a house. Many subsequent sources state that the mosque was constructed after demolishing a temple.<ref name="Robert_2003"/>

Police officer and writer [[Kishore Kunal]] states that all the claimed inscriptions on the Babri mosque were fake. They were affixed sometime around 1813 (almost 285 years after the supposed construction of the mosque in 1528 CE), and repeatedly replaced.{{sfnp|Kunal, Ayodhya Revisited|2016|p=143}}

Before the 1940s, the Babri Masjid was called ''Masjid-i-Janmasthan'' ("mosque of the birthplace"), including in the official documents such as revenue records.<ref name="KJ_2009">{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w5SlnZilfMMC&pg=PA23 |title=The Ethics of Terrorism |editor1=Yakov Gilinskiy |editor2=Thomas Albert Gilly |editor3=Vladimir Sergevnin |chapter=Communal Violence and Terrorism in India: Issues and Introspections |author=K. Jaishankar |publisher=Charles C Thomas |year=2009 |isbn=9780398079956 |pages=25–26 }}</ref> Shykh Muhammad Azamat Ali Kakorawi Nami (1811–1893) wrote: "the Babari mosque was built up in 923(?) A.H. under the patronage of Sayyid Musa Ashiqan in the Janmasthan temple in Faizabad-Avadh, which was a great place of (worship) and capital of Rama’s father"<ref>Shykh Azamat Ali Kakorawi Nami, ''Muraqqah-i Khusrawi'' or ''Tarikh-i Avadh'' '''cited by''' Harsh Narain ''The Ayodhya Temple Mosque Dispute: Focus on Muslim Sources'', 1993, New Delhi, Penman Publications. {{ISBN|81-85504-16-4}}. pp. 9–10.</ref>

H.R. Neville, the editor of the ''Faizabad District Gazetteer'' (1870), wrote that the Janmasthan temple "was destroyed by Babur and replaced by a mosque." He also wrote "The Janmasthan was in Ramkot and marked the birthplace of Rama. In 1528 A.D. Babur came to Ayodhya and halted here for a week. He destroyed the ancient temple and on its site built a mosque, still known as Babur's mosque. The materials of the old structure [i.e., the temple] were largely employed, and many of the columns were in good preservation."<ref name="nev">H.R. Neville, Fyzabad District Gazetteer, Lucknow, 1905, pp. 172–177) '''cited by''' Harsh Narain ''The Ayodhya Temple Mosque Dispute: Focus on Muslim Sources'', 1993, New Delhi, Penman Publications. {{ISBN|81-85504-16-4}}</ref><ref>(H.R. Neville in the Barabanki District Gazetteer, Lucknow, 1905, pp. 168–169)</ref>

=== Opposition to the claim ===
{{see also|Ayodhya dispute}}
[[File:The earliest map of Ram Janmasthan at Ayodhya (1717 CE).jpg|thumb|The earliest map of Ram Janmasthan at Ayodhya (1717 CE)]]
A section of historians, such as [[Ram Sharan Sharma|R. S. Sharma]], state that such claims of Babri Masjid site being the birthplace of Rama sprang up only after the 18th century.<ref name="Robert_2003">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hEOFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 |title=Destruction and Conservation of Cultural Property |author=[[Robert Hugh Layton|Robert Layton]] and [[Julian Thomas]] |publisher=Routledge |year=2003 |isbn=9781134604982 |pages=2–9 }}</ref> Sharma states that Ayodhya emerged as a place of Hindu pilgrimage only in medieval times, since ancient texts do not mention it as a pilgrim centre. For example, chapter 85 of the Vishnu Smriti lists 52 places of pilgrimage, which do not include Ayodhya.<ref name="countercurrents.org">{{cite news| url = http://www.countercurrents.org/comm-sikand050806.htm| title = Ayodhya's Forgotten Muslim Past| first = Yoginder| last = Sikand| author-link = Yoginder Sikand| publisher = Counter Currents| date = 5 August 2006| access-date = 12 January 2008| archive-date = 21 December 2007| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071221032934/http://www.countercurrents.org/comm-sikand050806.htm| url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="RamSharan_2003"/>

Many critics also claim that the present-day Ayodhya was originally a Buddhist site, based on its identification with [[Saketa]] described in Buddhist texts. According to historian [[Romila Thapar]], ignoring the Hindu mythological accounts, the first historic mention of the city dates back to the 7th century, when the Chinese pilgrim [[Xuanzang]] described it as a Buddhist site.<ref>{{harvnb|Thapar|2003|loc=A historical perspective on the story of Rama}}</ref>

=== Proposed Ram Janmabhoomi Mandir ===
{{see also|Ram Mandir|Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas}}
In 1853, a group of armed Hindu ascetics belonging to the [[Nirmohi Akhara]] occupied the Babri Masjid site, and claimed ownership of the structure.<ref name="Roma_2014">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CJOUDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA275 |title=Wording the World: Veena Das and Scenes of Inheritance |author=Roma Chatterji |publisher=Fordham University Press |year=2014 |isbn=9780823261857 |page=275 }}</ref> Subsequently, the civil administration stepped in, and in 1855, divided the mosque premises into two parts: one for Hindus, and the other for Muslims.<ref name="SGopal_1993">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47AARF595dUC&pg=PA65 |title=Anatomy of a Confrontation: Ayodhya and the Rise of Communal Politics in India |author=[[Sarvepalli Gopal]] |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=1993 |isbn=9781856490504 |pages=64–77 }}</ref>

In 1883, the Hindus launched an effort to construct a temple on the platform. When the administration denied them the permission to do this, they took the matter to court. In 1885, the Hindu Sub Judge Pandit Hari Kishan Singh dismissed the lawsuit. Subsequently, the higher courts also dismissed the lawsuit in 1886, in favour of status quo. In December 1949, some Hindus placed idols of [[Rama]] and [[Sita]] in the mosque, and claimed that they had miraculously appeared there. As thousands of Hindu devotees started visiting the place, the government declared the mosque a disputed area and locked its gates. Subsequently, multiple lawsuits from Hindus, asking for permission to convert the site into a place of worship.<ref name="SGopal_1993"/>

In the 1980s, the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] (VHP) and other [[Hindutva|Hindu nationalist]] groups and political parties launched a campaign to construct the Ram Janmabhoomi Mandir ("Rama birthplace temple") at the site. The [[Rajiv Gandhi]] government allowed Hindus to access the site for prayers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/what-if-rajiv-hadnt-unlocked-babri-masjid/224878 |title=What If Rajiv Hadn't Unlocked Babri Masjid? |publisher=Outlook |access-date=2012-06-20 |archive-date=27 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127100259/http://www.outlookindia.com/article/what-if-rajiv-hadnt-unlocked-babri-masjid/224878 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 6 December 1992, Hindu nationalists [[Demolition of the Babri Masjid|demolished the mosque]], resulting in communal riots leading to over 2,000 deaths.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11436552 | publisher=BBC News | title=Timeline: Ayodhya holy site crisis | date=30 September 2010 | access-date=9 June 2023 | archive-date=26 December 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226123626/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11436552 | url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2003, the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) conducted [[Archaeology of Ayodhya|excavations]] of the site on court orders.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ratnagar |first=Shereen |title=Archaeology at the Heart of a Political Confrontation: The Case of Ayodhya |url=http://dro.dur.ac.uk/5696/1/5696.pdf |journal=Current Anthropology |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=239–259 |doi=10.1086/381044 |jstor=10.1086/381044 |s2cid=149773944 |access-date=9 June 2023 |archive-date=24 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724224106/http://dro.dur.ac.uk/5696/1/5696.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The ASI report indicated the presence of a 10th-century north Indian style temple under the mosque.<ref name="trib">{{cite news | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030826/main6.htm | last=Suryamurthy | first=R | title=ASI findings may not resolve title dispute | newspaper=The Tribune | date=26 August 2003 | access-date=9 June 2023 | archive-date=11 April 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411193402/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030826/main6.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> Muslim groups and the historians supporting them disputed these findings, and dismissed them as politically motivated.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article809521.ece| title=Ayodhya verdict yet another blow to secularism: Sahmat|date =3 October 2010|work=The Hindu|access-date=1 November 2010|location=Chennai, India| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101006063051/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article809521.ece| archive-date= 6 October 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2019/stories/20030926005412900.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071117033841/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2019/stories/20030926005412900.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=17 November 2007|author=Muralidharan, Sukumar|title= Ayodhya: Not the last word yet|publisher=Frontline}}</ref> The Allahabad High Court, however, upheld the ASI's findings.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-09/india/28254384_1_asi-excavations-experts-waqf-board|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104114435/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-09/india/28254384_1_asi-excavations-experts-waqf-board|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 November 2012|title=How Allahabad HC exposed 'experts' espousing Masjid cause|author=Abhinav Garg|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 November 2010}}</ref> The excavations by the ASI were heavily used as evidence by the court that the predating structure was a massive Hindu religious building.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elegalix.allahabadhighcourt.in/elegalix/ayodhyafiles/hondvsj-gist-vol1.pdf|title=Issues For Briefing|access-date=11 June 2012|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225023953/http://elegalix.allahabadhighcourt.in/elegalix/ayodhyafiles/hondvsj-gist-vol1.pdf%20|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2009, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) released its [[2009 Indian general election|election manifesto]], repeating its promise to construct a temple to Rama at the site.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.care2.com/news/member/576059368/1105825|title=BJP Lok Sabha Election, 2009 Manifesto – Naresh Kadyan – Care2 News Network|publisher=Care2.com|access-date=6 March 2012|archive-date=7 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307101720/http://www.care2.com/news/member/576059368/1105825|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bjp.org/images/pdf/election_manifesto_english.pdf|title=Bhartiya Janta Party: Manifesto (Lok Sabha Election 2009)|year=2009|publisher=Bhartiya Janta Party official website|access-date=19 July 2013|archive-date=9 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409220942/http://www.bjp.org/images/pdf/election_manifesto_english.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2010, the Allahabad High Court ruled that the {{convert|2.77|acre}} of disputed land be divided into 3 parts, with {{1/3}} going to the [[Rama|Ram Lalla]] or Infant Lord Rama represented by the [[Hindu Mahasabha]] for the construction of the Ram temple, {{1/3}} going to the Muslim [[Sunni Waqf Board]] and the remaining {{1/3}} going to a Hindu religious denomination [[Nirmohi Akhara]].<ref>[http://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/ayodhyabench4.html Ram Janm Bhumi Babri Masjid: Gist of Judgments] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928085435/http://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/ayodhyabench4.html }}</ref> All the three parties appealed against the division of disputed land to the Supreme Court.<ref>{{cite news |title=Court orders 3-way division of disputed Ayodhya land |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article804632.ece?homepage=true |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101003104001/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article804632.ece?homepage=true |archive-date=3 October 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://scobserver.clpr.org.in/cases/babri-masjid-ram-janmabhoomi-case/ |title=Ayodhya Dispute Case Background |website=Supreme Court Observer |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106063612/http://scobserver.clpr.org.in/cases/babri-masjid-ram-janmabhoomi-case/ |archive-date=6 January 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The five judges [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] bench heard the title dispute cases from August to October 2019.<ref name="BBC News"/><ref name="Press Trust of India"/> On 9 November 2019, the Supreme Court ordered the land to be handed over to a trust to build the Hindu temple. It also ordered to the government to give alternate 5 acre land to Sunni Waqf Board to build the mosque.<ref name=":12"/> On 5 February 2020, the trust known as [[Shri Ram Janmabhoomi Teerth Kshetra]] was created by the [[government of India]].

== Other places ==

Those who believe that Rama was a historic figure, place his birth before 1000 BCE. However, the archaeological excavations at Ayodhya have not revealed any settlement before that date. Consequently, a number of other places have been suggested as the birthplace of Rama.<ref name="RamSharan_2003">{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hEOFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA127 |title=Destruction and Conservation of Cultural Property |editor=[[Robert Hugh Layton|Robert Layton]] and [[Julian Thomas]] |chapter=The Ayodhya Issue |author=[[Ram Sharan Sharma]] |publisher=Routledge |year=2003 |isbn=9781134604982 |pages=127–137 }}</ref>

In November 1990, the newly appointed Prime Minister [[Chandra Shekhar]] made an attempt to resolve the [[Ayodhya dispute]] amicably. Towards this objective, he asked Hindu and Muslim groups to exchange evidence on their claims over Ayodhya. The panel representing the Muslim organization Babri Masjid Action Committee (BMAC) included [[Ram Sharan Sharma|R. S. Sharma]], [[D. N. Jha]], [[M. Athar Ali]] and [[Suraj Bhan (archaeologist)|Suraj Bhan]]. The evidence presented by them included scholarly articles discussing alternative theories about the birthplace of Rama. These sources mentioned 8 different possible birthplaces, including a site other than Babri Masjid in Ayodhya, [[Nepal]] and [[Afghanistan]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Ram Sharan Sharma |title=Ramjanmabhumi-Baburi Masjid: A Historians' Report to the Nation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=369JAAAACAAJ |year=1991 |publisher=People's Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7007-138-9}}</ref> One author – M. V. Ratnam – claimed that Rama was [[Ramses II]], a [[pharaoh]] of [[ancient Egypt]].<ref>{{cite book |editor=D. P. Mishra |title=The Search for Laṅkā |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XTpJAAAAIAAJ |year=1985 |publisher=Agam Kala Prakashan |page=15 |access-date=9 June 2023 |archive-date=18 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418060706/https://books.google.com/books?id=XTpJAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In his 1992 book ''Ancient geography of Ayodhya'', historian Shyam Narain Pande argued that Rama was born around present-day [[Herat]] in [[Afghanistan]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9npuAAAAMAAJ |title=Śyām Nārāyan Paṇde |publisher=Arihant International |year=1992 |pages=25–43 |isbn=9788172770242 }}</ref> In 1997, Pande presented his theory in the paper "''Historical Rama distinguished from God Rama''" at the 58th session of the Indian History Congress in Bangalore. In 2000, Rajesh Kochhar similarly traced the birthplace of Rama to Afghanistan, in his book ''The Vedic People: Their History and Geography''. According to him, the [[Hari River (Afghanistan)|Harriud river]] of Afghanistan is the original "Sarayu", and Ayodhya was located on its banks.<ref>[http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/feb252001/581.pdf Review of ''The Vedic People: Their History and Geography''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920115642/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/feb252001/581.pdf }}. ''Current Science''. Volume 80, Issue 4. 25 February 2001. p. 584.</ref>

In 1998, archaeologist [[Krishna Rao (archaeologist)|Krishna Rao]] put forward his hypothesis about [[Banawali]] being Rama's birthplace. Banawali is an [[Harappan civilization|Harappan]] site located in the [[Haryana]] state of India. Rao identified Rama with the [[Sumer]]ian king [[Rim-Sin I]] and his rival [[Ravana]] with the [[Babylonia]]n king [[Hammurabi]]. He claimed to have deciphered Indus seals found along the Sarasvati rivers, and found the words "Rama Sena" (Rim-Sin) and "Ravani dama" on those seals. He rejected Ayodhya as the birthplace of Rama, on the grounds that Ayodhya and other Ramayana sites excavated by [[B. B. Lal]] do not show evidence of settlements before 1000 BCE. He also claimed that the writers of the later [[Indian epic poetry|epics]] and the [[Puranas]] got confused because the ancient [[Indo-Aryans]] applied their ancient place names to the new place names as they [[Indo-Aryan migration theory|migrated]] eastwards.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/jul/06rama.htm |title=Archaeologist questions Ram Janambhoomi being in Ayodhya |work=rediff.com |access-date=9 June 2023 |archive-date=12 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812111758/https://www.rediff.com/news/1998/jul/06rama.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Archaeological Survey of India Site==

=== First Excavation ===
A team of Archeological Survey of India in the leadership and [[B. B. Lal]] conducted a survey of the land in 1976–77.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Did you know seven evidences unearthed by ASI proved a temple existed at Ayodhya? Details here|work=Timesnow News|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/did-you-know-seven-evidences-unearthed-by-asi-proved-a-temple-existed-at-ayodhya-details-here/631910|access-date=15 December 2021|archive-date=6 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206162404/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/did-you-know-seven-evidences-unearthed-by-asi-proved-a-temple-existed-at-ayodhya-details-here/631910|url-status=live}}</ref> They found 12 pillars of the mosque that were made from the remains of a Hindu temple. The base of Pillars had Purna Kalasha which was 'ghada' (water pitcher) from which foliage would be coming out. These symbols were found in almost all the temples of 12th and 13th Century.<ref name=":0"/> For Hindus, it is one of the eight auspicious symbol of prosperity also known as Ashtamangala Chinha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About The Eight Auspicious Symbols|url=http://www.buddhistinformation.com/about_the_eight_auspicious_symbo.htm|url-status=live|access-date=15 December 2021|website=buddhistinformation|archive-date=13 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113213231/http://www.buddhistinformation.com/about_the_eight_auspicious_symbo.htm}}</ref> The excavation team found many terracotta sculptures that depicted human beings and animals, a characteristic of a temple, not a mosque.<ref name=":0"/>

=== Second excavation ===
In 2003, A 50 plus member team of Archeological Survey of India did the second excavation. They found over 50 pillars, hinting that below the mosque stood a Hindu temple that could be dated back to the 12th Century AD.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ram-temple-existed-before-babri-mosque-in-ayodhya-archaeologist-kk-muhammed/articleshow/71391712.cms Ram temple existed before Babri mosque in Ayodhya: K. K. Muhammed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118221506/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ram-temple-existed-before-babri-mosque-in-ayodhya-archaeologist-kk-muhammed/articleshow/71391712.cms }}, The Times of India, 1 October 2019.</ref>

==== Temple Pranali ====
The excavators further found a temple system that depicted a crocodile (a symbol of the Holy Ganga<ref>{{Cite web|title=Crocodiles in Hindu Mythology|url=https://jeevoka.com/crocodiles-in-hindu-mythology/s|url-status=live|access-date=15 December 2021|website=jeevoka|archive-date=15 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215113643/https://jeevoka.com/crocodiles-in-hindu-mythology/s}}</ref>) to signify a symbolic bath in the holy rivers of the Ganges, Yamuna and Saraswati to wash off one's sins. They also got the temple 'pranali' (system). We have to bathe the deity and the 'abhisheka jal' flows through 'pranali'. This 'makara pranali' was also excavated.<ref name=":0"/>

==== Kalasha, Amalkam Grivaha and Shikhara ====
The ASI team unearthed several remains of a temple's 'shikhara' (tower) from the mosque's premises, adding to the evidences of a Hindu structure underneath<ref name=":0"/> ASI team also found another architectural member known as 'amalka'. Below the 'amalka' there is the 'grivah' and also the 'shikhara' portion of the temple in North India.<ref name=":0"/>

==== Terracotta remains ====
The ASI archaeologists found 263 pieces of terracotta objects of gods, goddesses, human figures, female figurines that consolidated the theory that it was the site of a temple.

==== Vishnu Hari Shila Phalak ====
An inscription of 'Vishnu Hari Shila Phalak' was found on two remains found at the site that proved to be an important circumstantial evidence that stated the existence of a Hindu temple there.<ref name=":0"/>

== Construction of Ram Mandir ==

{{main|Ram Mandir}}

[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi performing Bhoomi Pujan at ‘Shree Ram Janmabhoomi Mandir’, in Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh on August 05, 2020.jpg|thumb|250px|Prime Minister Narendra Modi performing "Bhoomi Pujan" at the foundations of the temple in August 2020]]
The [[Shri Ram Janmabhoomi Teerth Kshetra]] trust began the first phase of construction of the Ram Mandir on March, 2020.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/03/23/1st-phase-of-ram-temple-construction-begins-in-ayodhya.html |title= 1st Phase of Ram temple construction begins at Ayodhya |access-date= 9 June 2023 |archive-date= 30 March 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230330175900/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/03/23/1st-phase-of-ram-temple-construction-begins-in-ayodhya.html |url-status= live }}</ref> Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] performed Bhoomi Pujan and laid the foundation stone of the Ram Temple in Ayodhya on 5 August 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=PM Modi performs Bhoomi Pujan and lays foundation stone of Ram Temple in Ayodhya |url=http://newsonair.com/News?title=PM-Modi-performs-Bhoomi-Pujan-and-lays-foundation-stone-of-Ram-Temple-in-Ayodhya&id=396514 |website=All India Radio news service |publisher=AIR |access-date=5 August 2020}}</ref>

==See also==
* ''[[Ram Ki Janmabhoomi]]'', an Indian film which deals with the controversial issue of Ram Mandir
* [[Rama Setu]]
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |last=Jain |first=Meenakshi |author-link=Meenakshi Jain |title=Rama and Ayodhya |publisher=Aryan Books |location=New Delhi |year=2013 |isbn=978-8173054518 |ref={{sfnref|Jain, Rama and Ayodhya|2013}}}}
* {{citation |first=Kishore |last=Kunal |author-link=Kishore Kunal |title=Ayodhya Revisited |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gKKaDAAAQBAJ |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |year=2016 |isbn=978-81-8430-357-5 |ref={{sfnref|Kunal, Ayodhya Revisited|2016}}}}
* {{cite book|last=Narain|first=Harsh|year=1993|isbn=978-8185504162|title=The Ayodhya Temple Mosque Dispute: Focus on Muslim Sources|location=Delhi|publisher=Penman Publishers|ref={{sfnref|Narain, The Ayodhya Temple Mosque Dispute|1993}}}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Engineer|editor-first=Asghar Ali|title=Babri Masjid Ramjanambhumi Controversy|publisher=Ajanta Publications|location=Delhi|year=1990}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Bajaj|editor-first=Jitendra|title=Ayodhya and the Future of India|year=1993|location=Madras|publisher=Centre for Policy Studies}}
* {{cite book|last=Dubashi|first=Jay|year=1992|title=The Road to Ayodhya|location=Delhi|publisher=South Asia Books}}
* {{cite book|last=Jain|first=Meenakshi|title=The Battle for Rama: Case of the Temple at Ayodhya|publisher=Aryan Books International|year=2017|isbn=978-8173055799}}
* {{cite book|last1=Jha|first1=Krishna|last2=Jha|first2=Dhirendra K.|title=Ayodhya: The Dark Night|publisher=HarperCollins India|year=2012|isbn=978-93-5029-600-4}}
* {{cite book|title=Rāma, His Historicity, Mandir, and Setu: Evidence of Literature, Archaeology, and Other Sciences|author=B. B. Lal|publisher=Aryan Books|year=2008|isbn=978-81-7305-345-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vYBwPgAACAAJ}}
* {{cite book|first=R.|last=Nath|title=Babari Masjid of Ayodhya|location=Jaipur|publisher=The Historical Research Documentation program|year=1990}}
* {{cite book|last1=Nandy|first1=A.|author-link1=Ashis Nandy|first2=S.|last2=Trivedy|first3=S.|last3=Mayaram|first4=Achyut|last4=Yagnik|title=Creating a Nationality: The Ramjanmabhumi Movement and Fear of the Self|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|isbn=0-19-564271-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Rajaram|first=N. S.|author-link=N. S. Rajaram|year=2000|title=Profiles in Deception: Ayodhya and the Dead Sea Scrolls|location=New Delhi|publisher=Voice of India}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Sharma|editor-first=Ram Sharan|title=Communal History and Rama's Ayodhya|editor-link=Ram Sharan Sharma|publisher=People's Publishing House|edition=2nd|year=1999|location=Delhi}}
* {{cite book|last=Srivastava|first=Sushil|title=Disputed Mosque, A historical inquiry|url=https://archive.org/details/disputedmosqueh00sriv|url-access=registration|publisher=Vistaar Publication|location=New Delhi|year=1991}}
* [[Arun Shourie]], [[Arun Jaitley]], [[Swapan Dasgupta]], Rama J Jois: The Ayodhya Reference: Supreme Court Judgement and Commentaries. 1995. New Delhi:Voice of India. {{ISBN|978-8185990309}}
* [[Arun Shourie]], Sita Ram Goel, Harsh Narain, Jay Dubashi and Ram Swarup. Hindu Temples – What Happened to Them Vol. I, (A Preliminary Survey) (1990) {{ISBN|81-85990-49-2}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Thacktson|editor-first=Wheeler M.|title=Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor|year=1996|location=New York and London|publisher=Oxford University Press}}
* {{cite book|last=Thapar|first=Romila|author-link=Romila Thapar|chapter=A Historical Perspective on the Story of Rama|editor=Thapar, Romila|title=Cultural Pasts: Essays in Early Indian History|location=New Delhi|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2000|isbn=0-19-564050-0}}
* {{cite book|last1=Varma|first1=Thakur Prasad|first2=Swarajya Prakash|last2=Gupta|title=Ayodhya ka Itihas evam Puratattva – Rigveda kal se ab tak (History and Archaeology of Ayodhya – From the Time of the Rigveda to the Present)|language=hi|publisher=Bharatiya Itihasa evam Samskrit Parishad and DK Printworld|location=New Delhi}}
* History versus Casuistry: Evidence of the Ramajanmabhoomi Mandir presented by the Vishwa Hindu Parishad to the Government of India in December–January 1990–91. New Delhi: Voice of India.
* {{cite book|last=van der Veer|first=Peter|title=Gods on Earth: The Management of Religious Experience and Identity in a North Indian Pilgrimage Centre|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1989|isbn=0485195100}}
{{Refend}}

{{Faizabad division topics}}

[[Category:Ayodhya]]
[[Category:Rama]]
[[Category:Divya Desams]]
[[Category:Tourism in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Ayodhya dispute]]

Apna Sangeet

2022-04-17T14:16:41Z

SabyasachiNag: Alaap (band)

{{short description|Musical band}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Apna Sangeet
| image =
| caption = World Number One
| image_size =
| alias =
| origin = [[Birmingham]], United Kingdom
| instrument =
| genre = [[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra]]
| occupation =
| years_active = 1983 - current
| label =
| associated_acts =
| website =
| current_members = Sardara Gill, Kulwant Bhamra
| past_members = Sardara Gill, Gurcharan Mall, Kulwant Bhamra, Davinderpal Kalsi, Niki Patel, Arjinder Kang
}}

'''Apna Sangeet''' were a [[British Asian]] [[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra]] band from [[Birmingham, England]].

The group was formed in 1984 by six Birmingham musicians. In contrast to the more western sounds of contemporary groups like [[DCS (band)|DCS]], they played a very traditional style of bhangra with a [[dhol]] player centre stage.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title = World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East|last = Dorian|first = Frederick|last2 = Duane|first2 = Orla|last3 = McConnachie|first3 = James|publisher = Rough Guides|year = 1999|isbn = 1858286352|url-access = registration|url = https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoworl00simo}}</ref> By 1991 they were platinum disc holders, and held the title of UK Asian Pop Award for Best Asian Band.<ref name=":2">{{cite news |title=Bhangra bonanza |work= Sandwell Evening Mail |date=4 October 1991 |access-date=10 November 2019 |url= https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002488/19911004/229/0026| via = [[British Newspaper Archive]]|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

By 1994, the group had released nine albums and sold more than 2,000,000 records, and were awarded Best Bhangra Band by Movie International Magazine.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |title=Brum band hits top note|work=Sandwell Evening Mail |date=22 July 1994 |access-date=10 November 2019 |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002488/19940722/218/0028 | via = [[British Newspaper Archive]]|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

[[The Stage]] in 1995 described the group as a "superband...who are virtually unknown to non-Asians".<ref name=":3">{{cite news |title=Redefining the borders |work= The Stage |date=7 September 1995 |access-date=19 November 2019 |url= https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001637/19950907/099/0021 | via = [[British Newspaper Archive]]|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

In 2009, the band reunited for one charity show.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Bhangra superstars choose Sona Web |url=http://www.sonaweb.co.uk/blog/47-blog/71-blogbhangraapnasangeeet |access-date=5 October 2020 |work=www.sonaweb.co.uk |date=23 May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=APNA SANGEET REUNION DINNER AND DANCE EVENING CHARITY FOR BRIDGE OF LOVE |url=https://punjab2000.com/apna-sangeet-reunion-dinner-and-dance-evening-charity-for-bridge-of-love/ |website=Punjab2000.com |access-date=5 October 2020 |date=31 March 2009}}</ref> They also reformed for the 2014 [[Vaisakhi]] celebrations in [[Trafalgar Square]], London, together with groups [[Heera Group UK|Heera]] and Premi.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Join the Mayor's Vaisakhi celebrations in Trafalgar Square |url=https://www.london.gov.uk/press-releases-6145 |website=London City Hall |access-date=5 October 2020 |date=1 May 2014}}</ref>

Apna Sangeet released a song in 2021 on the album Hope with Kiss Music.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1983 establishments in England]]
[[Category:Musical groups from Birmingham, West Midlands]]
[[Category:Bhangra (music) musical groups]]

Balwant (Bal) Singh Saini

2022-04-14T04:07:43Z

SabyasachiNag: Created page with ''''Balwant (Bal) Singh Saini''' is a former British hockey international of Indian descent. He made his debut for England cap on 12th March 1977 when he played aga...'

{{Use dmy dates}}
'''Balwant (Bal) Singh Saini''' is a former British [[field hockey|hockey]] international of Indian descent. He made his debut for [[England men's national field hockey team|England]] on 12 March 1977 when he played against [[West Germany]] at [[Lord's Cricket Ground|Lords, London]]. He scored a spectacular goal on his debut at Lords which is still remembered. He went on to win 18 England caps and represented British field hockey team in 4th World Cup in [[Buenos Aires]] in 1978.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sikhhockeyolympians.com/Countries/GreatBritain.html | title=Sikhs in Hockey in Great Britain | accessdate=May 21, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301101550/http://www.sikhhockeyolympians.com/Countries/GreatBritain.html | archive-date=March 1, 2012 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Bal also won his first England Indoor cap on 10 January 1981. He went on to win 18 Indoor caps, scoring 11 goals.

On the domestic circuit, he was also a member of Slough's successful teams in the late 70s and early 80s.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saini, Balwant}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:British male field hockey players]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{UK-fieldhockey-bio-stub}}