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List of Indian Bengali films of 1959

2026-05-04T14:51:02Z

Sabari2398: redirect

#REDIRECT [[List of Indian Bengali films of the 1950s]]{{Redirect category shell|{{R from merge}}{{R from history}}}}

Fanny Parkes

2026-05-02T10:35:34Z

Sabari2398: new

{{Short description|Welsh writer on India}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox writer 
|name = Fanny Parkes
|image =
|caption =
|birth_date = {{birth date|1794|12|8|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.ucl.ac.uk/eicah/fanny-parks-case-study/ |title=Fanny Parks Cast Study |first=Joanna |last=Goldsworthy |publisher=East India Company At Home |year=2014 |accessdate=2016-07-19}}</ref>
|birth_place = [[Conwy]], [[Wales]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|1875|||1794|12|8|df=y}}
|death_place = [[City of Westminster]], [[London]]
|occupation = Author and travel writer
|birth_name = Frances Susanna Archer
|spouse = {{marriage|Charles Crawford Parks|25 March 1822|22 August 1856|end=d}}
}}
'''Fanny Parkes''' or '''Parks''' (née '''Frances Susanna Archer''') (1794–1875) was a [[travel writer]] from Wales, known for her extensive journals about colonial India, where she lived for 24 years. These are recorded in her memoirs ''Wanderings of a Pilgrim in Search of the Picturesque''.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Parks |first1=Fanny |title=Wanderings of a Pilgrim in Search of the Picturesque |date=1850 |publisher=Internet Archive|others=P. Richardson |location=London |volume=1|url=https://archive.org/details/wanderingsofpilg01parluoft|accessdate=26 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Parks |first1=Fanny |title=Wanderings of a Pilgrim in Search of the Picturesque |date=1850 |publisher=Internet Archive|others=P. Richardson|location=London |volume=2|url=https://archive.org/details/wanderingsofpilg02parluoft|accessdate=26 March 2023}}</ref> in which she acknowledged authorship only by a signature in Urdu script. In 1970, extracts from her memoirs, ''[[Begums, Thugs and White Mughals]]'', became available for the first time since their original appearance in 1850.<ref>{{Cite book |title=History's People |author=Margaret MacMillan |publisher=House of Anansi |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-4870-0005-9 |author-link=Margaret MacMillan |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/historyspeoplepe0000macm}}</ref> The first biography, by Barbara Eaton, ''Fanny Parks: Intrepid Memsahib'', appeared in 2018.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Eaton (2018) |title=Fanny Parks: Intrepid Memsahib, Biography of Fanny Parks (1794-1875) An Independent Traveller in 19th Century India |date=20 July 2018 |publisher=KDP Paperback & Kindle |isbn=978-1980329336 |pages=280}}</ref>

==Early life and family==
Fanny Parkes was born Frances Susanna Archer in [[Conwy]], Wales, the daughter of Ann and Captain William Archer, [[16th The Queen's Lancers|16th Lancers]]. On 25 March 1822 she married Charles Crawford Parks (17 November 1797 – 22 August 1856), a writer for the [[East India Company|East India Companies]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Eaton (2018) |title=Fanny Parks: Intrepid Memsahib, Biography of Fanny Parks (1794-1875) An Independent Traveller in 19th Century India |date=20 July 2018 |publisher=KDP Paperback & Kindle |isbn=978-1980329336 |pages=280}}</ref>

==Travel writing==
[[File:Wanderings of a Pilgrim Vol 1.djvu|thumb|Volume 1 of ''Wanderings of a Pilgrim'' (full scan)]]
Fanny lived in India between 1822 and 1846, with a break in England and [[Cape Town]] 1839–1844.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Eaton (2018) |title=Fanny Parks: Intrepid Memsahib, Biography of Fanny Parks (1794-1875) An Independent Traveller in 19th Century India |date=20 July 2018 |publisher=KDP Paperback & Kindle |isbn=978-1980329336 |pages=280}}</ref>

Parkes began living in [[Calcutta]] in 1822, before moving to [[Allahabad]] ten years later due to her husband's posting.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} Parks wrote two volumes on her time travelling through India on horseback and befriending people around her, while learning [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] and [[Urdu]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} Her detailed [[memoir]]s, written in a lively style, reveal independence of mind. Parkes allows an affectionate pre-colonial perspective of northern [[India]] and its peoples and customs, recording changes in Britain's governing of India, the economic impact of such policies, and domestic problems in Indian society. People she encountered included wealthy socialites and famine-stricken residents of [[Kanauj]], seen on a trip over mountains from [[Landour]] to [[Shimla|Simla]]. Parks' narrative reflects admiration and respect for the richness of Indian culture. It includes a glossary of terms and a collection of translated Indian proverbs.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

Some of Parkes's writings cover topics that were controversial at the time. One of the extreme examples was the murder of a woman in [[sati (practice)|sati]] by those who felt that male heirs were more entitled to her possessions.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} Parks condemned the event and went on to criticize the laws governing married women in England. Parks also protested about a plan to sell the [[Taj Mahal]], which she compared to [[Westminster Abbey]]. Clashing with the lack of respect for Indian culture commonly found in Europe, she described natural beauty in [[Delhi]] and [[Benares]], and fascinating dress and [[Indian food|cuisine]]. In one of her last entries, she described feeling disenchanted with Europe after leaving India.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

The memoirs were published as ''Wanderings of a Pilgrim in Search of the Picturesque during four and twenty years in the East with Revelations of Life in the Zenana'' (Pelham Richardson, 1850). [[William Dalrymple (historian)|William Dalrymple]] rediscovered and edited this travelogue as ''Begums, Thugs & Englishmen. The Journals of Fanny Parkes'' (Penguin Publishers). [[Iris Portal]] referred to Parks as a "kindred spirit" because of her curious writing style and the fact that her book expresses an open-minded approach to Indian customs.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

In 1851 she invested money, organised and wrote the catalogue of the "Grand moving diorama of Hindostan, from Fort William, Bengal, to Gangoutri in the Himalaya", which was displayed at the "Asiatic Gallery, Baker Street Bazar, Portman Square. It was so popular that it was also shown in Hull in 1853.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Grand moving diorama of Hindostan, from Fort William, Bengal, to Gangoutri in the Himalaya |date=1851 |publisher=Asiatic Gallery, Baker Street |url=http://www25.us.archive.org/stream/gri_000033125008505741#page/n0/mode/2up/search/186 |accessdate=11 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Finn |first1=Margot |last2=Smith |first2=Kate |title=East India Company at Home, 1757–1857 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.doa.006 |date=2017 |publisher=UCL Press |isbn=978-1787350281}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Parks |first1=Fanny |title=Grand Moving Diorama of Hindustan, Displaying the Scenery of the Hoogly, the Bhagirathi, and the Ganges, from Fort William, Bengal to Gangoutri, in the Himalaya |date=1851 |publisher=The Asiatic Gallery, Baker Street Bazar |location=London |pages=77}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
*F. Parks, ''Wanderings of a pilgrim in search of the picturesque, during four-and-twenty years in the East with revelations of life in the zenana'', 2 vols (London: Pelham Richardson, 1850)
*''Begums, Thugs & Englishmen, the journals of Fanny Parkes'' ed. William Dalrymple (London: Sickle Moon Books, 2002) [https://www.amazon.com/Begums-Thugs-White-Mughals-Journals-ebook/dp/B00B9CO4R8 Kindle edition]
*Barbara Eaton: ''Fanny Parks: Intrepid Memsahib, A Biography of Fanny Parks (1794–1875). An Independent Traveller in 19th Century India'' (UK: KDP Paperback and Kindle ebook {{ISBN|9781980329336}})

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parks, Fanny}}
[[Category:Welsh travel writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Kanpur]]
[[Category:1794 births]]
[[Category:1875 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Conwy]]
[[Category:British women travel writers]]
[[Category:19th-century Welsh writers]]
[[Category:19th-century British women writers]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
[[Category:British women memoirists]]
[[Category:Welsh women writers]]
[[Category:19th-century British travel writers]]

Commonwealth Expedition

2026-04-28T17:31:58Z

Sabari2398: done

{{Short description|Multiculturalism journey to India}}
{{Distinguish|Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
The '''Commonwealth Expedition''' or '''Comex''' started in 1965 as an expedition from Britain to India in support of the multicultural ideals of what was then called the [[British Commonwealth]]. The idea was conceived by [[Lt Colonel]] [[Lionel Gregory]], [[OBE]], late of [[Queen's Gurkha Signals]],<ref name=":1" /> who attributes some of the ideas to conversations he had with Indian prime minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. Nehru invited young people "to organise a new consciousness in the Commonwealth through cultural and intellectual activities as well as common adventure." Nehru's death in 1964 led to the cancellation of the project, but at the invitation of the [[Government of India]], an expedition of 204 young people set out from London on 30 July 1965. This was Comex 1.

In India, the five contingents from Cardiff, London, Oxford, Cambridge and Edinburgh visited different regions - then known as [[Calcutta]], [[Madras]], [[Bombay]], [[Rajasthan]], and [[Lucknow]]. They all met up again in [[Simla]] – staying at the [[Rashtrapati Niwas|Viceregal Lodge]] and performing at the [[Gaeity Theatre, Shimla|Gaiety Theatre]].

Comex came under the patronage of [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]]. The young participants, mostly students, had been trained by the [[Royal Air Force]] to be drivers, navigators, and radio operators.

The history of Comex is outlined in several books by its founder and leader, Lionel Gregory OBE. They include ''Crying Drums'',<ref name=":0">Gregory, Lionel. ''Crying Drums: The Story of the Commonwealth Expedition''. London: Allen and Unwin, 1972.</ref> ''With a Song and not a Sword'',
<ref>Gregory, Lionel. ''With a Song and Not a Sword''. London: COMEX, 1973</ref> ''Together, Unafraid'',<ref>Gregory, Lionel. ''Together Unafraid''. London: Hale, 1979.</ref> and ''Journey of a Lifetime''.<ref>Gregory, Lionel. ''Journey of a Lifetime''. Plymouth: Northcote House, 1997.</ref>

The model has been followed subsequently at regular intervals, for a total of 14 expeditions, overland across the [[Asian Highway]], within India itself, and into [[Africa]], with [[Zambia]] serving as a base.

Comex 11 flew from London to Delhi and toured India from Simla in the North to Ootacamund in the South. Led again by Lnt Colonel Lionel Gregory and George Brew. The contingent was ostensibly from Manchester, including police officers and cadets. The parties age ranged from 20 to 72 and transport through India was mainly train including Bombay, Chandigarh and Amritsar.

==Comex 1 (1965)==
The first expedition set off from London on 30 July 1965, with 204 participants travelling overland in five buses via Europe and the Middle East. They conducted a programme of [[Cultural diplomacy|cultural exchange]] in the capital of each country they visited, arriving in India on 30 August 1965.

The journey was not easy. There were barely roads through the searingly hot desert approaching Pakistan. They were received by the not-yet Prime Minister, [[Indira Gandhi]], and by the president of India Dr Radhakrishnan. Shortly after entering India, [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|war broke out]] between India and Pakistan. Buses driving at night had to observe a strict black-out.

The border war made the planned overland return journey impossible. The participants flew home.

The coaches were sold to the Indian Government Tourist Organisation, and did many years' service.<ref name=":0" />

A reunion on 17 and 18 October 2015 – 50 years after the first Comex – took place at the High Commission of India's [[Nehru Centre, London|Nehru Centre]]. As many of those who joined the first expedition and who could be contacted were invited. Eighty people out of the original participants came to the event and shared their memories, photographs keepsakes found in innumerable lofts. A souvenir brochure was produced with the help of [[Massey Ferguson]] who had sponsored the 1965 expedition and were honoured guests at the reunion.

===Participants===
These included
* [[Robin Denselow]]
*[[John Gerson]]
*[[Malcolm Rifkind]]
*John Bibby, son of [[Cyril Bibby]]
*Joe Millward

==Comex 2 (1967)==
Comex 2 set off from London on 19 July 1967, with around 330 students travelling in 11 coaches, each from a different part of the UK.<ref name="Observer crash">{{cite news |title= 14 students killed in coach crash |work= [[The Observer]] |date= 1 October 1967}}</ref> The participants performed concerts along the route and raised money for famine and drought relief. They spent three weeks in India and Pakistan and met the Prime Minister, [[Indira Gandhi]].<ref name="Observer crash" /><ref name="Palatinate crash">{{cite news |title=University mourns dead |work=[[Palatinate (newspaper)|Palatinate]] |date=10 October 1967}}</ref>

On the return journey one of the coaches, carrying students mostly from [[Newcastle University|Newcastle]] and [[Durham University|Durham]] universities, collided with a crane near [[Zagreb]], killing 14 students.<ref name="Observer crash" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Survivors of coach disaster fly home |work=[[The Guardian]] |date= 2 October 1967}}</ref><ref name="Palatinate crash" /><ref>{{cite news |title=An irreparable and tragic loss |work=[[The Courier (Newcastle University newspaper)|The Courier]] |date=4 October 1967}}</ref> The student driver was arrested and sentenced to six years in prison in [[Yugoslavia]] but was pardoned and released 12 days into his sentence.<ref>{{cite news |last=Knipe |first=Michael |title= Philip Dobson released with full pardon |work=[[The Times]] |date=13 June 1968}}</ref>

==Comex 3 (1969)==
Training and planning were improved for the third expedition, which went ahead with the blessing of the parents of those killed in the Comex 2 crash.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ardill |first=John |date=24 October 1968 |title=Comex 3 tightens up training |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name="Courier preview">{{cite news |last=Denny |first=Alan |date=23 October 1968 |title=And an introduction to Comex III |work=[[The Courier (Newcastle University newspaper)|The Courier]]}}</ref>

The expedition had 20 contingents each of 25 members, based on the UK Universities of Birmingham, Bristol, Cambridge, Cardiff, Durham, Edinburgh, Exeter, Glasgow, Keele, Kent, London, Leicester, Lancaster, Liverpool, Manchester, Newcastle, Oxford, Sussex, St. Andrews, and Bradford (as a combined Yorkshire contingent). But the participants included many representatives of other sectors such as the police, the armed forces and the health service.<ref name=":0" />

All 500 participants took part in a training camp at [[Wollaton Park]] in [[Nottingham]] in July, with the expedition's 20 coaches setting off from London on 15 July and returning on 8 October.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.xor.org.uk/comex/comex3diarye.htm |title=The Yorkshire diary |last=Stewart |first=Stephen |date=16 March 2009 |website=Stephen Stewart |access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="Courier preview" />

===Participants===
These included
* [[Jon Snow (journalist)|Jon Snow]]
* [[David Haslam (physician)|David Haslam]]

==Comex 4 (1970)==
A fourth expedition was planned for July 1970 for 525 participants to travel to [[Sri Lanka]], [[Malaysia]] and [[Singapore]] as well as India and Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |last=Robens |first=Alfred |date=13 July 1970 |title=Letter: Comex 4 |work=[[The Times]]}}</ref> However, due to financial constraints this was scaled back and smaller trips of 21 participants went to each location to develop an itinerary for Comex 5.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gregory |first=Lionel |date=21 July 1970 |title=Letter: Comex expeditions |work=[[The Times]]}}</ref><ref name="Sunday Times boycott">{{cite news |last1=Mercer |first1=Derrik |last2=Naqvi |first2=Saeed |date=23 August 1970 |title=India accuses Britain's goodwill students |work=[[The Sunday Times]]}}</ref>

==Comex 5 (1972)==
600 participants<ref>{{cite news |last=Cubitt |first=Kirsten |date=24 May 1972 |title=Armed with a song and not a sword |work=[[The Times]]}}</ref>

==Comex 6 (1974) ==
The size of the contingents was 20 per coach. There were 200 participants: 120 from Canada and USA, and 80 from UK.
The route to India was via Greece, Turkey, Iraq, Iran, and Pakistan.

==Later expeditions==

* Comex 7 (1975), 134 participants<ref>{{cite news |title=18,000 mile goodwill visit by soldiers |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |date=28 July 1975}}</ref>
* Comex 8 (1977), 300 participants<ref>{{cite news |title=Taking the jubilee to the Afghans |work=[[The Times]] |date=7 February 1977}}</ref>
* Comex 9 (1979)
* Comex 10 (1980), 200 participants in a train journey as a tribute to [[Lord Mountbatten]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Gregory |first=Lionel |date=20 January 1980 |title=Together Unafraid |work=[[The Sunday Times]]}}</ref>

Later expeditions travelled to other parts of the world, including one to [[Zambia]] in 1985.<ref>{{cite news |title=250 Britons on Zambia trip |work=[[The Sunday Telegraph]] |date=26 May 1985}}</ref>

Colonel Gregory died in Edinburgh on February 17, 2014.<ref name=":1">{{cite web| url = https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/edinburghnews-scotsman-uk/obituary.aspx?n=lionel-obe-gregory-greg&pid=184690150| title = Lionel GREGORY Obituary - Edinburgh, City of Edinburgh {{!}} Edinburgh News| website = [[Legacy.com]]}} </ref>

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://www.xor.org.uk/comex/comex3background.htm Third Commonwealth Expedition to India]

[[Category:Commonwealth of Nations]]
[[Category:Exploration]]

2004 Indian general election in West Bengal

2026-04-25T13:19:49Z

Sabari2398: stub - done

{{short description|Indian political election in West Bengal}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2004 Indian general election in West Bengal
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| election_date = 10 May 2004
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee in 2009.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=12|oTop=0}}
| leader1 = [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]]
| party1 = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| alliance1 = [[Left Front (West Bengal)|LF]]
| seats1 = '''26'''
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Pranab Mukherjee Portrait.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=7|oTop=0}}
| leader2 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| seats2 = 6
| alliance2 = [[Indian National Congress|INC+]] (post poll [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]])
| percentage1 = '''38.57%'''
| percentage2 = 14.56%
| leaders_seat2 = [[Jangipur Lok Sabha constituency|Jangipur]]
| leaders_seat1 = ''Did not contest''
| leader_since2 = 2000
| leader_since1 = 2000
| turnout = 77.7% ({{increase}} 2.65 [[Percentage point|pp]])
| votes_for_election = 36,870,922
| seats_for_election = All 42 West Bengal seats in the [[Lok Sabha]]
| registered = 47,437,431
| popular_vote1 = '''14,271,042'''
| popular_vote2 = 5,385,754
| alliance3 = National Democratic Alliance
| party3 = All India Trinamool Congress
| leader3 = [[Mamata Banerjee]]
| percentage3 = 21.04%
| popular_vote3 = 7,786,178
| seats3 = 1
| leaders_seat3 = [[Kolkata Dakshin Lok Sabha constituency|Kolkata South]]
| leader_since3 = 1998
| title = [[Prime minister of India|Prime minister]]
| before_election = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| before_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| posttitle = [[Prime minister of India|Prime minister]] after election
| after_election = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| after_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| next_election = 2009 Indian general election in West Bengal
| next_year = 2009
| previous_year = 1999
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 5
| seat_change2 = {{increase}} 3
| seat_change3 = {{decrease}} 7
| image3 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Mamata banerjee (cropped).jpg|bSize= 110|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=5|oTop=0}}
| swing2 = {{increase}} 1.27 [[Percentage point|pp]]
| swing1 = {{increase}} 3.01 [[Percentage point|pp]]
| swing3 = {{decrease}} 5.01 [[Percentage point|pp]]
| map_image =
| map_size =
| last_election1 = 35.57%, 21 seats
| last_election2 = 13.29%, 3 seats
| last_election3 = 26.04%, 8 seats
| 1blank = Alliance seats
| 1data1 = '''35'''
| 1data2 = 6
| 1data3 = 1
| map_caption = Results by constituencies
| map2_image = File:West Bengal Lok Sabha 2004.svg
| outgoing_members = List of members of the 12th Lok Sabha#West Bengal
| elected_members = List of members of the 13th Lok Sabha#West Bengal
| previous_election = 1999 Indian general election in West Bengal
}}

The [[2004 Indian general election]] were held in Indian state [[West Bengal]] in 2004 to elect all 42 seats of [[Lok Sabha]] in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 7, 2009 |title=75 per cent polling in West Bengal {{!}} India News – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/75-per-cent-polling-in-west-bengal/articleshow/4496421.cms |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-05-08 |title=Nandigram turns violent |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/1411/nandigram-turns-violent.html |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> The election took place on 10 May 2004 and a turnout of 77.7% was recorded.

The [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] led [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] had an overwhelming victory in the state by winning 35 seats.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Facts and figures: How West Bengal fared in 2004, 2009 & 2014 general elections |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/facts-and-figures-how-west-bengal-fared-in-2004-2009-2014-general-elections-939484 |access-date=2022-08-31 |website=ABP Live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Why did the NDA lose West Bengal? |url=https://www.rediff.com/election/2004/may/14mamata.htm |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref> On the national level, [[Indian National Congress]] became the single largest party and formed the new government with its allies and taking external support from Left Front and other parties.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Waldman |first=Amy |date=2004-05-13 |title=In Huge Upset, Gandhi's Party Wins Election in India |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/13/international/asia/in-huge-upset-gandhis-party-wins-election-in-india.html |access-date=2022-08-07 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 31, 2004 |first=Ajit |last= Kumar Jha |title=Left caught between need to safeguard its bastions and compulsion to support Congress |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20040531-left-front-forced-to-support-congress-to-counter-bjp-790037-2004-05-31 |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Schedule ==
The election schedule was declared by [[Election Commission of India]] on 29 February 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election schedule for general elections 2004 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3042-schedule-for-general-elections-2004/ |website=eci}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Poll event
! Date
|-
| Notification date
| '''16 April'''
|-
| Last date for filing nomination
| '''23 April'''
|-
| Scrutiny of nomination
| '''24 April'''
|-
| Last Date for withdrawal of nomination
| '''26 April'''
|-
| Date of poll
| '''10 May'''
|-
| Date of counting of votes
| '''13 May'''
|}

== Parties and alliances ==
'''{{legend2|{{party color|Left Front (West Bengal)}}|[[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]}}'''
{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
|+
! No.
! Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Leader
! Seats contested
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" |'''1.'''
| style="text-align:center" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| [[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:CPI(M) election symbol - Hammer Sickle and Star.svg|50px]]
| style="text-align:center " |[[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]]
| style="text-align:center " |32
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}};color:white" |'''2.'''
| style="text-align:center" |[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
| [[File:RSP-flag.svg|center|50x50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Spade and Stoker.png|center|50x50px]]
| style="text-align:center" |Manoj Bhattacharya
| style="text-align:center" |4
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|All India Forward Bloc}};color:white" |'''3.'''
| style="text-align:center" |[[All India Forward Bloc]]
| [[File:All India Forward Bloc flag.svg|50x50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Lion.svg|center|50x50px]]
| style="text-align:center" |[[Debabrata Biswas]]
| style="text-align:center" |3
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}};color:white" |'''4.'''
| style="text-align:center" |[[Communist Party of India]]
| [[File:CPI-banner.svg|center|50x50px]]
| [[File:CPI symbol.svg|center|50x50px]]
| style="text-align:center" |Swapan Banerjee
| style="text-align:center" |3
|}
Other Left Front members that didn't fielded candidates in the election but supported the alliance were [[Biplobi Bangla Congress]], [[Democratic Socialist Party (Prabodh Chandra)|Democratic Socialist Party]], [[Marxist Forward Bloc]], [[West Bengal Socialist Party]], [[Revolutionary Communist Party of India]] and other left front parties.

'''{{legend2|{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}|[[United Progressive Alliance]]}}'''
{| class="wikitable" width="50%"style="text-align:center;"
|+
! No.
! Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Leader
! Seats contested
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};color:white" |'''1.'''
| style="text-align:center" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| [[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|center|50x50px]]
| [[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]]
| style="text-align:center" |[[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| style="text-align:center" |37
|-
| style="text-align:center; background: yellow;color:black" |'''2.'''
| [[Party of Democratic Socialism (India)|Party of Democratic Socialism]]
| [[File:Pds flag.jpg|center|50x50px]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|50x50px]]
| [[Samir Putatundu]]
| 2
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}};color:white" |'''3.'''
| [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|50x50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Bow And Arrow.svg|center| 50x50px]]
| ''N/A''
| 2
|-
| 4.
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| —
| —
| ''N/A''
| 1
|}
[[Gorkha National Liberation Front]] supported the Congress candidate in Darjeeling constituency.

'''{{legend2|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|[[National Democratic Alliance]]}}'''
{| class="wikitable" width="50%"style="text-align:center;"
|+
! No.
! Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Leader
! Seats contested
|-
| style="text-align:center;background:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}};color:white" |'''1.'''
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| [[File:All India Trinamool Congress flag (2).svg|centre|50x50px]]
| [[File:All India Trinamool Congress symbol 2021.svg|centre|50x50px]]
| [[Mamata Banerjee]]
| 29
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white" |'''2.'''
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[File:BJP flag.svg|center|50x50px]]
| [[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|center|50x50px]]
| [[Tathagata Roy]]
| style="text-align:center" |13
|}

==List of Candidates==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Constituency
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |[[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
|-
! No.
! Name
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
|-
!1
|[[Cooch Behar Lok Sabha constituency|Cooch Behar (SC)]]
|{{Party name with colour|All India Forward Bloc}}
| [[Hiten Barman]]
|{{Party name with colour|Trinamool Congress}}
| Girindra Nath Barman
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Sailen Barma
|-
!2
|[[Alipurduars Lok Sabha constituency|Alipurduars (ST)]]
|{{Party name with colour|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
| [[Joachim Baxla]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Manoj Tigga]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Ratan Lal Baraik
|-
!3
|[[Jalpaiguri Lok Sabha constituency|Jalpaiguri]]
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Minati Sen]]
|{{Party name with colour|Trinamool Congress}}
| [[Parash Dutta]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Dipak Krishna Bhowmik
|-
!4
|[[Darjeeling Lok Sabha constituency|Darjeeling]]
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| Moni Thapa
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Dr. G. S. Yonzone
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Dawa Narbula]]
|-
!5
|[[Raiganj Lok Sabha constituency|Raiganj]]
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Minati Ghosh]]
|{{Party name with colour|Trinamool Congress}}
| [[Zainal Abedin]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi]]
|-
!6
|[[Balurghat Lok Sabha constituency|Balurghat (SC)]]
|{{Party name with colour|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
| [[Ranen Barman]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Manomohan Ray
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Dipti Barman
|-
!7
|[[Malda Lok Sabha constituency|Malda]]
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| Pranab Das
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Badsha Alam
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[A. B. A. Ghani Khan Choudhury]]
|-
!8
|[[Jangipur Lok Sabha constituency|Jangipur]]
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| Abul Hasnat Khan
|{{Party name with colour|Trinamool Congress}}
| Shish Mohammad
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
|-
!9
|[[Murshidabad Lok Sabha constituency|Murshidabad]]
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| Moinul Hassan Ahamed
|{{Party name with colour|Trinamool Congress}}
| Ali Mohammad
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Abdul Mannan Hossain]]
|-
!10
|[[Berhampore Lok Sabha constituency|Berhampore]]
|{{Party name with colour|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
| [[Promothes Mukherjee]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Tapas Kumar Chatterjee
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]]
|-
!11
|[[Krishnanagar Lok Sabha constituency|Krishnagar]]
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Jyotirmoyee Sikdar]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Satyabrata Mookherjee]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Asim Kumar Saha
|-
!12
|[[Nabadwip Lok Sabha constituency|Nabadwip (SC)]]
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Alokesh Das]]
|{{Party name with colour|Trinamool Congress}}
| [[Nilima Nag|Nilima Nag (Mallick)]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Howladar Nripendra Nath
|-
!13
|[[Barasat Lok Sabha constituency|Barasat]]
|{{Party name with colour|All India Forward Bloc}}
| [[Subrata Bose]]
|{{Party name with colour|Trinamool Congress}}
| [[Ranjit Kumar Panja]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Prabir Banerjee
|-
!14
|[[Basirhat Lok Sabha constituency|Basirhat]]
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}
| [[Ajay Chakraborty]]
|{{Party name with colour|Trinamool Congress}}
| [[Sujit Bose (politician)|Sujit Bose]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Syed Md. Nizamuddin
|-
!15
|[[Jaynagar Lok Sabha constituency|Joynagar (SC)]]
|{{Party name with colour|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
| [[Sanat Kumar Mandal]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Asit Baran Thakur
|{{Party name with colour|Independent|shortname=Ind.}}
| Tarun Kanti Naskar
|-
!16
|[[Mathurapur Lok Sabha constituency|Mathurapur (SC)]]
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Basudeb Barman]]
|{{Party name with colour|Trinamool Congress}}
| [[Radhika Ranjan Pramanik]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Manoranjan Halder]]
|-
!17
|[[Diamond Harbour Lok Sabha constituency|Diamond Harbour]]
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Samik Lahiri]]
|{{Party name with colour|Trinamool Congress}}
| [[Saugata Roy]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Daulat Ali Sheikh
|-
!18
|[[Jadavpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jadavpur]]
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Sujan Chakraborty]]
|{{Party name with colour|Trinamool Congress}}
| Krishna Bose
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Prof. Omprakash Mishra
|-
!19
|[[Barrackpore Lok Sabha constituency|Barrackpore]]
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Tarit Baran Topdar]]
|{{Party name with colour|Trinamool Congress}}
| Arjun Singh
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Debi Ghosal
|-
!20
|[[Dum Dum Lok Sabha constituency|Dum Dum]]
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Amitava Nandy]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Tapan Sikdar]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Tapas Majumder
|-
!21
|[[Calcutta North West Lok Sabha constituency|Calcutta North West]]
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Sudhangshu Seal]]
|{{Party name with colour|Trinamool Congress}}
| [[Subrata Mukherjee]]
|{{Party name with colour|Independent|shortname=Ind.}}
| [[Sudip Bandyopadhyay]]
|-
!22
|[[Calcutta North East Lok Sabha constituency|Calcutta North East]]
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Mohammed Salim (politician)|Md. Salim]]
|{{Party name with colour|Trinamool Congress}}
| [[Ajit Kumar Panja]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Moushumi Chatterjee]]
|-
!23
|[[Kolkata Dakshin Lok Sabha constituency|Calcutta South]]
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Rabin Deb]]
|{{Party name with colour|Trinamool Congress}}
| [[Mamata Banerjee]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Nafisa Ali
|-
!24
|[[Howrah Lok Sabha constituency|Howrah]]
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Swadesh Chakraborty]]
|{{Party name with colour|Trinamool Congress}}
| [[Bikram Sarkar]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Sultan Singh
|-
!25
|[[Uluberia Lok Sabha constituency|Uluberia]]
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| Hannan Mollah
|{{Party name with colour|Trinamool Congress}}
| [[Rajib Banerjee]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Kazi Abdul Rajjak
|-
!26
|[[Serampore Lok Sabha constituency|Serampore]]
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Santasri Chatterjee]]
|{{Party name with colour|Trinamool Congress}}
| [[Akbar Ali Khondkar]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Kesto Mukherjee
|-
!27
|[[Hooghly Lok Sabha constituency|Hooghly]]
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Rupchand Pal]]
|{{Party name with colour|Trinamool Congress}}
| Indrani Mukherjee
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Asok Kumar Das
|-
!28
|[[Arambagh Lok Sabha constituency|Arambagh]]
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Anil Basu]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Swapan Kumar Nandi
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Datta Pradip
|-
!29
|[[Panskura Lok Sabha constituency|Panskura]]
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}
| [[Gurudas Dasgupta]]
|{{Party name with colour|Trinamool Congress}}
| Hema Choubey
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Nazim Ahmed
|-
!30
|[[Tamluk Lok Sabha constituency|Tamluk]]
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Lakshman Chandra Seth]]
|{{Party name with colour|Trinamool Congress}}
| [[Suvendu Adhikari]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Sudarsan Panja
|-
!31
|[[Kanthi Lok Sabha constituency|Contai]]
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Prasanta Pradhan]]
|{{Party name with colour|Trinamool Congress}}
| [[Nitish Sengupta]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Kshitindra Mohan Sahoo
|-
!32
|[[Medinipur Lok Sabha constituency|Midnapore]]
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India}}
| [[Prabodh Panda]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Rahul (Biswajit) Sinha
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Narayan Chandra Paria
|-
!33
|[[Jhargram Lok Sabha constituency|Jhargram (ST)]]
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| Rupchand Murmu
|{{Party name with colour|Trinamool Congress}}
| Nityananda Hembram
|{{Party name with colour|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| Mongal Soren
|-
!34
|[[Purulia Lok Sabha constituency|Purulia]]
|{{Party name with colour|All India Forward Bloc}}
| [[Bir Singh Mahato]]
|{{Party name with colour|Trinamool Congress}}
| Niyati Mahato
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Santiram Mahato]]
|-
!35
|[[Bankura Lok Sabha constituency|Bankura]]
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Basudeb Acharia]]
|{{Party name with colour|Trinamool Congress}}
| Deb Prasad Kundu (Tara)
|{{Party name with colour|Party of Democratic Socialism (India)}}
| Natabar Bagdi
|-
!36
|[[Bishnupur Lok Sabha constituency|Vishnupur (SC)]]
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Susmita Bauri]]
|{{Party name with colour|Trinamool Congress}}
| Janardan Saha
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Achintya Majhi
|-
!37
|[[Durgapur Lok Sabha constituency|Durgapur (SC)]]
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Sunil Khan]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Shib Narayan Saha
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Dhibar Shova
|-
!38
|[[Asansol Lok Sabha constituency|Asansol]]
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Bikash Chowdhury]]
|{{Party name with colour|Trinamool Congress}}
| [[Moloy Ghatak]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Tapas Banerjee]]
|-
!39
|[[Burdwan Lok Sabha constituency|Burdwan]]
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Nikhilananda Sar]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Anindya Gopal Mitra
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Champak Garai
|-
!40
|[[Katwa Lok Sabha constituency|Katwa]]
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Mahboob Zahedi]]
|{{Party name with colour|Trinamool Congress}}
| [[Sultan Ahmed (Indian politician)|Ahmed Sultan]]
|{{Party name with colour|Party of Democratic Socialism (India)}}
| [[Saifuddin Choudhury]]
|-
!41
|[[Bolpur Lok Sabha constituency|Bolpur]]
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Somnath Chatterjee]]
|{{Party name with colour|Trinamool Congress}}
| Dr. Nirmal Kumar Maji
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Dhananjoy Ghosh
|-
!42
|[[Birbhum Lok Sabha constituency|Birbhum (SC)]]
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Ram Chandra Dome]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Arjun Saha
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Gopal Chandra Das
|-
|}

== Results ==
=== Results by Party/Alliance ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | Alliance/ Party
! colspan="3" | Popular vote
! colspan="3" | Seats
|-
! Votes
! %
! ±[[Percentage point|pp]]
! Contested
! Won
! '''+/−'''
|-
| rowspan="5" {{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
! rowspan="5" style="background:#FFE6E6" | [[Left Front (West Bengal)|LF]]
| {{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| 1,42,71,042
| 38.57
| {{increase}} 3.00
| 32
| 26
| {{increase}} 5
|-
| {{Party color cell|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
| [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]]
| 16,58,787
| 4.48
| {{increase}} 0.23
| 4
| 3
| {{steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
| 14,84,152
| 4.01
| {{increase}} 0.54
| 3
| 3
| {{steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|All India Forward Bloc}}
| [[All India Forward Bloc|AIFB]]
| 13,52,423
| 3.66
| {{increase}} 0.21
| 3
| 3
| {{increase}} 1
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#fef3e8" | Total
! style="background:#fef3e8" | 1,87,66,404
! style="background:#fef3e8" | 50.72
! style="background:#fef3e8" | {{increase}} 3.98
! style="background:#fef3e8" | 42
! style="background:#fef3e8" | 35
! style="background:#fef3e8" | {{increase}} 6
|-
|rowspan="3" {{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
!rowspan="3" style="background:#fef3e8"|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| {{Party color cell|Trinamool Congress}}
| [[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
| 77,86,178
| 21.04
| {{decrease}} 5.00
| 29
| 1
| {{decrease}} 7
|-
| {{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 29,83,950
| 8.06
| {{decrease}} 3.07
| 13
| 0
| {{decrease}} 2
|-
! colspan="2"style="background:#fef3e8" | Total
! style="background:#fef3e8" | 1,07,70,128
! style="background:#fef3e8" | 29.10
! style="background:#fef3e8" | {{decrease}} 8.07
! style="background:#fef3e8" | 42
! style="background:#fef3e8" | 1
! style="background:#fef3e8" | {{decrease}} 9
|-
|rowspan="5" {{Party color cell|United Progressive Alliance}}
!rowspan="5" style="background:#E5F8FF"|[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 53,85,754
| 14.56
| {{increase}} 1.27
| 37
| 6
| {{increase}} 3
|-
| {{Party color cell|Party of Democratic Socialism (India)}}
| [[Party of Democratic Socialism (India)|PDS]]
| 81,999
| 0.22
| {{steady}}
| 2
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]
| 56,429
| 0.15
| {{increase}} 0.09
| 1 + 1
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
| 1,72,750
| 0.47
| {{steady}}
| 2
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
! colspan="2"style="background:#E5F8FF" | Total
! style="background:#E5F8FF" | 56,96,932
! style="background:#E5F8FF" | 15.40
! style="background:#E5F8FF" | {{steady}}
! style="background:#E5F8FF" | 42 + 1
! style="background:#E5F8FF" | 6
! style="background:#E5F8FF" | {{steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Other}}
| colspan="3" | Others
| 7,33,549
| 2.00
| {{steady}}
| 84
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
| colspan="3" | [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
| 10,33,220
| 2.79
| {{increase}} 0.90
| 144
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
! colspan="4" | Total
! 3,70,00,233
! 100%
! -
! 355
! 42
! -
|}

=== Results by constituency ===
{|class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;font-size:94%;"
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Constituency
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner-up
! colspan="2" |Margin
|-
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
! data-sort-type=number | %
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!data-sort-type=number | Votes
!data-sort-type=number | %
!data-sort-type=number | Votes
!data-sort-type=number | %
|-
!1
|[[Cooch Behar Lok Sabha constituency|Cooch Behar (SC)]]
|[[Hiten Barman]]
|{{Party color cell|All India Forward Bloc}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Forward Bloc|AIFB]]
|490,982
|51.54
|Girindra Nath Barman
|{{Party color cell|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|264,413
|27.76
|style="background:{{party color|All India Forward Bloc}} ; color:white;"|226,569
|style="background:{{party color|All India Forward Bloc}} ; color:white;"|23.79
|-

!2
|[[Alipurduars Lok Sabha constituency|Alipurduars (ST)]]
|[[Joachim Baxla]]
|{{Party color cell|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]]
|384,252
|45.70
|[[Manoj Tigga]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|239,128
|28.44
|style="background:{{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}} ; color:white;"|145,124
|style="background:{{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}} ; color:white;"|17.26
|-

!3
|[[Jalpaiguri Lok Sabha constituency|Jalpaiguri]]
|[[Minati Sen]]
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|424,163
|47.65
|[[Parash Dutta]]
|{{Party color cell|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|243,558
|27.36
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|180,605
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|20.29
|-

!4
|[[Darjeeling Lok Sabha constituency|Darjeeling]]
|[[Dawa Narbula]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|396,973
|44.70
|Moni Thapa
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|295,557
|33.28
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|101,416
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|11.42
|-

!5
|[[Raiganj Lok Sabha constituency|Raiganj]]
|[[Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|421,904
|45.98
|[[Minati Ghosh]]
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|382,757
|41.71
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|39,147
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|4.27
|-

!6
|[[Balurghat Lok Sabha constituency|Balurghat (SC)]]
|[[Ranen Barman]]
|{{Party color cell|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]]
|415,298
|44.87
|Manomohan Ray
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|344,152
|37.18
|style="background:{{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}} ; color:white;"|71,146
|style="background:{{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}} ; color:white;"|7.69
|-

!7
|[[Malda Lok Sabha constituency|Malda]]
|[[A. B. A. Ghani Khan Choudhury]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|412,913
|48.63
|Pranab Das
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|301,805
|35.54
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|111,108
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|13.09
|-

!8
|[[Jangipur Lok Sabha constituency|Jangipur]]
|[[Pranab Mukherjee]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|431,647
|48.88
|Abul Hasnat Khan
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|394,787
|44.70
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|36,860
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|4.17
|-

!9
|[[Murshidabad Lok Sabha constituency|Murshidabad]]
|[[Abdul Mannan Hossain]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|461,895
|45.86
|Moinul Hassan Ahamed
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|446,415
|44.32
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|15,480
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|1.54
|-

!10
|[[Berhampore Lok Sabha constituency|Berhampore]]
|[[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|508,095
|51.24
|[[Promothes Mukherjee]]
|{{Party color cell|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]]
|409,194
|41.27
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|98,901
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|9.97
|-

!11
|[[Krishnanagar Lok Sabha constituency|Krishnagar]]
|[[Jyotirmoyee Sikdar]]
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|397,561
|42.73
|[[Satyabrata Mookherjee]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|377,174
|40.54
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|20,387
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|2.19
|-

!12
|[[Nabadwip Lok Sabha constituency|Nabadwip (SC)]]
|[[Alokesh Das]]
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|560,176
|47.56
|[[Nilima Nag|Nilima Nag (Mallick)]]
|{{Party color cell|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|550,185
|46.71
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|9,991
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|0.85
|-

!13
|[[Barasat Lok Sabha constituency|Barasat]]
|[[Subrata Bose]]
|{{Party color cell|All India Forward Bloc}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Forward Bloc|AIFB]]
|520,384
|45.13
|[[Ranjit Kumar Panja]]
|{{Party color cell|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|508,224
|44.07
|style="background:{{party color|All India Forward Bloc}} ; color:white;"|12,160
|style="background:{{party color|All India Forward Bloc}} ; color:white;"|1.05
|-

!14
|[[Basirhat Lok Sabha constituency|Basirhat]]
|[[Ajay Chakraborty]]
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|462,605
|50.97
|[[Sujit Bose (politician)|Sujit Bose]]
|{{Party color cell|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|280,521
|30.91
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|182,084
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|20.06
|-

!15
|[[Jaynagar Lok Sabha constituency|Joynagar (SC)]]
|[[Sanat Kumar Mandal]]
|{{Party color cell|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]]
|450,043
|55.81
|Asit Baran Thakur
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|219,522
|27.22
|style="background:{{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}} ; color:white;"|230,521
|style="background:{{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}} ; color:white;"|28.59
|-

!16
|[[Mathurapur Lok Sabha constituency|Mathurapur (SC)]]
|[[Basudeb Barman]]
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|440,862
|48.56
|[[Radhika Ranjan Pramanik]]
|{{Party color cell|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|358,834
|39.53
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|82,028
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|9.04
|-

!17
|[[Diamond Harbour Lok Sabha constituency|Diamond Harbour]]
|[[Samik Lahiri]]
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|430,890
|51.51
|[[Saugata Roy]]
|{{Party color cell|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|277,106
|33.13
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|153,784
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|18.38
|-

!18
|[[Jadavpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jadavpur]]
|Sujan Chakraborty
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|505,396
|49.44
|Krishna Bose
|{{Party color cell|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|415,728
|40.67
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|89,668
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|8.77
|-

!19
|[[Barrackpore Lok Sabha constituency|Barrackpore]]
|Tarit Baran Topdar
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|443,048
|55.77
|Arjun Singh
|{{Party color cell|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|277,977
|34.99
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|165,071
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|20.78
|-

!20
|[[Dum Dum Lok Sabha constituency|Dum Dum]]
|Amitava Nandy
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|619,325
|49.61
|Tapan Sikdar
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|521,073
|41.74
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|98,252
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|7.87
|-

!21
|[[Calcutta North West Lok Sabha constituency|Calcutta North West]]
|Sudhangshu Seal
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|151,772
|42.15
|Subrata Mukherjee
|{{Party color cell|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|108,768
|30.20
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|43,004
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|11.94
|-

!22
|[[Calcutta North East Lok Sabha constituency|Calcutta North East]]
|Md. Salim
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|284,427
|50.00
|Ajit Kumar Panja
|{{Party color cell|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|210,647
|37.03
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|73,780
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|12.97
|-

!23
|[[Kolkata Dakshin Lok Sabha constituency|Calcutta South]]
|Mamata Banerjee
|{{Party color cell|All India Trinamool Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|393,561
|50.93
|Rabin Deb
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|295,132
|38.19
|style="background:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}} ; color:white;"|98,429
|style="background:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}} ; color:white;"|12.74
|-

!24
|[[Howrah Lok Sabha constituency|Howrah]]
|Swadesh Chakrabortty
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|489,444
|53.69
|Dr. Bikram Sarkar
|{{Party color cell|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|242,507
|26.60
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|246,937
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|27.09
|-

!25
|[[Uluberia Lok Sabha constituency|Uluberia]]
|Hannan Mollah
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|424,749
|49.88
|Rajib Banerjee
|{{Party color cell|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|272,634
|32.02
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|152,115
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|17.86
|-

!26
|[[Serampore Lok Sabha constituency|Serampore]]
|Santasri Chatterjee
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|404,082
|42.70
|Akbar Ali Khandoker
|{{Party color cell|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|384,395
|40.62
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|19,687
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|2.08
|-

!27
|[[Hooghly Lok Sabha constituency|Hooghly]]
|Rupchand Pal
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|496,890
|53.72
|Indrani Mukherjee
|{{Party color cell|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|329,924
|35.67
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|166,966
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|18.05
|-

!28
|[[Arambagh Lok Sabha constituency|Arambagh]]
|Anil Basu
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|744,464
|77.16
|Swapan Kumar Nandi
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|151,962
|15.75
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|592,502
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|61.41
|-

!29
|[[Panskura Lok Sabha constituency|Panskura]]
|Gurudas Dasgupta
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|541,513
|61.92
|Hema Choubey
|{{Party color cell|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|262,035
|29.96
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|279,478
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|31.96
|-

!30
|[[Tamluk Lok Sabha constituency|Tamluk]]
|Seth Lakshman Chandra
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|507,228
|48.99
|Adhikari Suvendu
|{{Party color cell|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|449,848
|43.45
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|57,380
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|5.54
|-

!31
|[[Kanthi Lok Sabha constituency|Contai]]
|Prasanta Pradhan
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|464,743
|50.15
|Nitish Sengupta
|{{Party color cell|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|405,553
|43.76
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|59,190
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|6.39
|-

!32
|[[Medinipur Lok Sabha constituency|Midnapore]]
|Prabodh Panda
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|480,034
|52.84
|Rahul (Biswajit) Sinha
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|319,274
|35.14
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|160,760
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|17.70
|-

!33
|[[Jhargram Lok Sabha constituency|Jhargram (ST)]]
|Rupchand Murmu
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|509,045
|64.01
|Nityananda Hembram
|{{Party color cell|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|157,702
|19.83
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|351,343
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|44.18
|-

!34
|[[Purulia Lok Sabha constituency|Purulia]]
|Bir Singh Mahato
|{{Party color cell|All India Forward Bloc}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Forward Bloc|AIFB]]
|341,057
|48.99
|Shantiram Mahato
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|195,339
|28.06
|style="background:{{party color|All India Forward Bloc}} ; color:white;"|145,718
|style="background:{{party color|All India Forward Bloc}} ; color:white;"|20.93
|-

!35
|[[Bankura Lok Sabha constituency|Bankura]]
|Acharia Basudeb
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|417,798
|60.07
|Deb Prasad Kundu (Tara)
|{{Party color cell|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|187,469
|26.96
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|230,329
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|33.12
|-

!36
|[[Bishnupur Lok Sabha constituency|Vishnupur (SC)]]
|Susmita Bauri
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|518,507
|64.28
|Janardan Saha
|{{Party color cell|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|186,678
|23.14
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|331,829
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|41.14
|-

!37
|[[Durgapur Lok Sabha constituency|Durgapur (SC)]]
|Sunil Khan
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|505,250
|59.61
|Shib Narayan Saha
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|227,742
|26.87
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|277,508
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|32.74
|-

!38
|[[Asansol Lok Sabha constituency|Asansol]]
|Bikash Chowdhury
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|369,832
|51.00
|Ghatak Moloy
|{{Party color cell|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|245,514
|33.85
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|124,318
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|17.14
|-

!39
|[[Burdwan Lok Sabha constituency|Burdwan]]
|Nikhilananda Sar
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|673,091
|67.51
|Anindya Gopal Mitra
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|201,740
|20.23
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|471,351
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|47.28
|-

!40
|[[Katwa Lok Sabha constituency|Katwa]]
|Mahboob Zahedi
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|494,716
|51.20
|Ahmed Sultan
|{{Party color cell|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|351,367
|36.36
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|143,349
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|14.84
|-

!41
|[[Bolpur Lok Sabha constituency|Bolpur]]
|Chatterjee Somnath
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|504,836
|65.56
|Dr. Nirmal Kumar Maji
|{{Party color cell|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
|194,531
|25.26
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|310,305
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|40.30
|-

!42
|[[Birbhum Lok Sabha constituency|Birbhum (SC)]]
|Ram Chandra Dome
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|372,294
|51.42
|Gopal Chandra Das
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|180,682
|24.95
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|191,612
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|26.46
|-

|}

==Bye-Elections Held==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="3" |Constituency
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner Up
! rowspan="2" |Margin
|-
! No.
! Name
! Date
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Votes
! %
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Votes
! %
|-
!rowspan=2 |38
|rowspan=2 |[[Asansol Lok Sabha constituency|Asansol]]
|rowspan=2 |5 September 2005
|[[Bansa Gopal Chowdhury]]
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|410,740
|61.33
|[[Moloy Ghatak]]
|{{Party name with colour|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|180,799
|27.00
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};Color:white;"|229,941
|-
!colspan=12 |The Asansol Lok Sabha bypoll was held following the death of the incumbent MP, Bikash Chowdhury.
|-
!rowspan=2 |40
|rowspan=2 |[[Katwa Lok Sabha constituency|Katwa]]
|rowspan=2 |16 September 2006
|[[Abu Ayesh Mondal]]
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|541,496
|60.32
|[[Susanta Ghosh]]
|{{Party name with colour|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|356,162
|39.68
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};Color:white;"|185,334
|-
!colspan=12 |The Katwa Lok Sabha bypoll was held following the death of the incumbent MP, Mahboob Zahedi.
|-
!rowspan=2 |34
|rowspan=2 |[[Purulia Lok Sabha constituency|Purulia]]
|rowspan=2 |October 2006
|[[Narahari Mahato]]
|{{Party name with colour|All India Forward Bloc}}
|378,501
|53.03
|Shantiram Mahato
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|291,468
|40.84
|style="background:{{party color|All India Forward Bloc}};Color:white;"|87,033
|-
!colspan=12 |The Purulia Lok Sabha bypoll was held following the resignation of the incumbent MP, Birsingh Mahato.
|-
!rowspan=2 |7
|rowspan=2 |[[Malda Lok Sabha constituency|Malda]]
|rowspan=2 |October 2006
|[[Abu Hasem Khan Choudhury]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
|437,161
|50.67
|[[Sailen Sarkar]]
|{{Party name with colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|353,770
|41.00
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};Color:white;"|83,391
|-
!colspan=12 |The Malda Lok Sabha bypoll was held following the death of the incumbent MP.
|-
|}

== Assembly Segment wise lead ==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan=2|Party
!Assembly segments
!Position in Assembly (as of 2006 election)
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|
! [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|168
|176
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
! [[Indian National Congress]]
|35
|21
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Trinamool Congress}}"|
! [[Trinamool Congress]]
|28
|30
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}"|
! [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|20
|20
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India}}"|
! [[Communist Party of India]]
|20
|8
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Forward Bloc}}"|
! [[All India Forward Bloc]]
|15
|23
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
! [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 7
| 0
|-
|bgcolor=#FAF8FA|
! Others
| 1
|16
|-
!colspan=2|Total
!colspan=2|294
|}

==Post-election Union Council of Ministers from West Bengal==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; text-align:center;"
|-
!#
!Name
!Constituency
!Designation
!Department
!From
!To
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
!rowspan="3"|1
|rowspan="3"|Pranab Mukherjee
|rowspan="3"|Jangipur
|rowspan="3"|Cabinet Minister
|Ministry of Defence
|23 May 2004
|24 Oct 2006
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=7}}
|-
|Ministry of External Affairs
|24 Oct 2006
|22 May 2009
|-
|Ministry of Finance (Additional Charge)
|24 Jan 2009
|22 May 2009
|-
!rowspan="4"|2
|rowspan="4"|Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi
|rowspan="4"|Raiganj
|rowspan="4"|Cabinet Minister
|Ministry of Water Resources
|23 May 2004
|18 Nov 2005
|-
|Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs
|1 Nov 2005
|6 Apr 2008
|-
|Ministry of Information & Broadcasting
|18 Nov 2005
|11 Nov 2008
|-
|Minister without portfolio
|11 Nov 2008
|22 May 2009
|}

== See also ==
* [[2004 Indian general election]]
* [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:2004 Indian general election by state or union territory|West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian general elections in West Bengal]]

Bechraji Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:24:07Z

Sabari2398: done - done

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bechraji
| mla = Dr. Thakor Sukhaji Somaji
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Mahesana district|Mahesana]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mahesana Lok Sabha constituency|Mahesana]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:258103}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 23
}}

'''Bechraji''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is numbered as 23-Bechraji.

It is part of [[Mahesana district|Mahesana]] district.

== List of segments ==
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|last=Delimitation Commission of India|title=Assembly Constituencies and their Extent|date=12 December 2006|accessdate=6 January 2017}}</ref>

# Becharaji Taluka
# Mahesana Taluka (Part) Villages – Ajabpura, Aloda, Ambasan, Baliyasan, Balol, Bamosana, Bhasariya, Bhesana, Bodla, [[Boriavi]], Buttapaldi, Chhathiyarda, Davada, [[Deloli]], Devinapura, Dhanpura, Divanpura (Apapura), Gamanpura, [[Ghadha]], [[Gilosan]], [[Gokalpura, Mahesana|Gokalpura]], [[Gorad]], Hardesan, Haripura, Harsundal, Heduva-Rajgar, Hinglajpura, [[Ijpura Barot]], [[Ijpura Jethaji]], Jagudan, Jakasna, Jotana, Kanpura, Karshanpura, [[Kasalpura]], [[Katosan State|Katosan]], Khadalpur, Khara, Kharsada, Laxmipura, Linch, [[Maguna]], Manknaj, Mareda, Martoli, [[Memadpura]], Mevad, Mitha, Modipur, Motidau, Mudarda, [[Nadasa. India|Nadasa]] (formerly part of [[Katosan State]], yet paying a separately assigned tribute to Baroda), Nanidau, Nugar, [[Palaj]], Palodar, Panchot, Piludara, [[Rampura (Katosan)]], Ramosana, [[Ranipura]], [[Rupal, Mehsana|Rupal]], Sakhpurda, Sametra, [[Santhal, Gujarat|Santhal]], Sidosan, Sobhasan, [[Tejpura, Mehsana|Tejpura]], [[Tundali]], [[Vadosan]], [[Virsoda]], Virta.

Various of those villages have been the seat of or constituted on their own a minor or petty [[princely state]], notably in [[Mahi Kantha Agency]].

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Rajnikant Patel|Rajnikant Somabhai Patel]]
|
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|[[Bharatji Thakor]]<ref name="election2017" />
|
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|Dr. Thakor Sukhaji Somaji
|
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}

|}

==Election results==
===2022===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2022]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sukhaji Thakor
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 69,872
|percentage = 42.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Amrutji Babuji Thakor (Bhopaji)
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 58,586
|percentage = 36.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Bhavesh Patel
|party = Independent
|votes = 17,178
|percentage = 10.56
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sagar Rabari
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 10,763
|percentage = 6.62
|change = ''New''
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 11,286
|percentage = 6.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 162656
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|loser = Indian National Congress
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Bechraji<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Thakor Bharatji Sonaji
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:233171}}
|ref= <ref name=election2017/>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf|last=Chief Electoral Officer Gujarat State|title=Gujarat Assembly Elections - 2012 Statistical Report|date=26 November 2013|accessdate=6 January 2017|archive-date=26 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=rajnikant patel|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=68,195|percentage=53.74|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=rajendrasinh darbar|party=Indian National Congress|votes=49,809|percentage=39.25|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=18,386|percentage=14.49|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=126,903|percentage=71.36|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors =
|ref=
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Mahesana district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat}}
{{coord|23.5|72.04|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Mehsana district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Indo-Fijians

2026-04-18T04:11:05Z

Sabari2398: started

{{Short description|Fijians of South Asian descent}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Indo-Fijians
| native_name = फ़िजी के हिंदुस्तानी
| flag = {{flagicon|Fiji}}
| image = File:Ethnic_Map_of_Fiji.png
| caption = Fiji ethnic map (2017 census) Orange is for Indo-Fijians
| population = '''460,000''' 32.7% of the population of Fiji (2017)
| region1 = {{flag|Fiji}}
| pop1 = 289,237 (2017 census)
| ref1 = <ref>{{cite web | title=Experience | url=https://experience.arcgis.com/experience/fd6bb849099f46869125089fd13579ec }}</ref>
| region2 = {{flag|Australia}}
| pop2 = 61,748 (2016 census)
| ref2 = <ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/8B46E5DBE0FC9549CA2582570013F721/$File/31010_sep%202017.pdf|title= Australian demographic statistics}}</ref>
| region3 = {{flag|New Zealand}}
| pop3 = 38,310 (2022 census)
| ref3 = <ref>[http://archive.stats.govt.nz/Census/2013-census/profile-and-summary-reports/quickstats-culture-identity/birthplace.aspx Birthplace and people born overseas] {{webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071201152043/http://www.stats.govt.nz/census/2006-census-data/quickstats-about-culture-identity/quickstats-about-culture-and-identity.htm?page=para009Master|date= 1 December 2007}}</ref>
| region4 = {{flag|United States}}
| pop4 = 30,890 (2000 figure)
| ref4 = <ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.census.gov/population/cen2000/stp-159/stp159-fiji.pdf|title= People born in Fiji}}</ref>
| region5 = {{flag|Canada}}
| pop5 = 24,665 (2016 census)
| ref5 = <ref>{{cite web|url= http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dv-vd/imm/index-eng.cfm|title= 2016 Canadian census|date= 27 October 2017}}</ref>
| region6 =
| pop6 =
| ref6 =
| languages = [[Hindi language|Hindi]] (official) • [[Bengali language|Bengali]] • [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] • [[Tamil language|Tamil]] • [[Gujarati language| Gujarati]] • [[Punjabi language| Punjabi]] • [[Telugu language| Telugu]] •[[Marathi language| Marathi]]
| religions = Majority: [[Hindus|Hinduism]] (76.7%) Minority: [[Muslims|Islam]] (15.9%), [[Christians|Christianity]] (6.1%), others (1.3 %)
| related = [[Indo-Caribbeans]], [[Indians in South Africa]], [[Mauritians of Indian origin|Indo-Mauritians]], [[Indo-Guyanese]], [[Indo-Surinamese]], [[Indo-Jamaicans]], [[Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian]], [[Indian Singaporeans]], [[Malaysian Indians]], [[Kenyan Asians]]
}}

'''Indo-Fijians''' ({{langx|hif|फ़िजी के हिंदुस्तानी}}) are Fijians of South Asian descent whose ancestors were [[Girmitiyas|indentured labourers]]. Indo-Fijians trace their ancestry to various regions of the [[Indian subcontinent]].

Although Indo-Fijians constituted a majority of Fiji's population from 1956 through to the late 1980s, discrimination triggered emigration, resulted in them numbering 313,798 (37.6%) (2007 census) out of a total of 827,900 people living in [[Fiji]] {{as of|2007|lc = on}}.<ref>{{cite news|title= Fiji population up 50,000 in 10 yrs|url= http://www.fijilive.com/news/show/news/2007/10/31/news5.html|publisher= [[Fijilive]]|date= 31 October 2007|access-date= 4 November 2007}}</ref> Although they hailed from various regions in the subcontinent, just about half of Indo-Fijians trace their origins to the [[Awadh]] and [[Bhojpuri region|Bhojpur]] regions of the [[Hindi Belt]] in [[northern India]].<ref>{{Cite book | chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-0-387-29904-4_86 | doi=10.1007/978-0-387-29904-4_86 | chapter=Indo-Fijians speak in Fiji | title=Encyclopedia of Diasporas | year=2005 | last1=Walker | first1=Anthony R. | pages=836–850 | isbn=978-0-306-48321-9 }}</ref> Indo-Fijians speak [[Fiji Hindi]] in Fiji also known as 'Fiji Baat' which is based on the [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] dialect with influence from [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]. It is a [[koiné language]] with its own grammatical features, distinct to the [[Modern Standard Hindi]] and [[Urdu|Modern Standard Urdu]] spoken in [[South Asia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lonweb.org/links/hindi/lang/015.htm |title=Fiji Hindi |publisher=Lonweb.org |date= |access-date=2022-05-28}}</ref> The major home districts of Fiji's North Indian labourers were [[Basti district|Basti]], [[Gonda district|Gonda]], [[Lucknow district|Lucknow]], [[Kanpur district (disambiguation)|Kanpur]], [[Faizabad district|Faizabad]], [[Ballia district|Ballia]], [[Ghazipur district|Ghazipur]], [[Gorakhpur district|Gorakhpur]], [[Sultanpur district|Sultanpur]], [[Siwan district|Siwan]], [[Shahabad district|Shahabad]], [[Saran district|Saran]], and [[Azamgarh district|Azamgarh]], in the present-day Awadh region of Uttar Pradesh and the present-day Bhojpur region of Uttar Pradesh, [[Bihar]] and [[Jharkhand]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://qz.com/india/290497/the-forgotten-story-of-indias-colonial-slave-workers-who-began-leaving-home-180-years-ago/|title = The forgotten story of India's colonial slave workers who began leaving home 180 years ago| date=3 November 2014 }}</ref> Others (in a smaller quantity) originated in [[West Bengal]], [[Haryana]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kerala]], and the [[Telugu people|Telugu]] regions. A small contingent of indentured labourers came from Afghanistan and Nepal. Many of the [[Muslims|Muslim]] Indo-Fijians also came from [[Sindh]], [[West Punjab]] and various other parts of [[South Asia]]. Fiji's British colonial rulers brought South Asian people to the [[Colony of Fiji]] as [[indentured labourer]]s between 1879 and 1916 to work on Fiji's [[sugarcane|sugar-cane]] [[plantation]]s, with a small minority also used in Rice farming.

[[Mahendra Chaudhry]] became Fiji's first Indo-Fijian [[Prime Minister of Fiji|Prime Minister]] on 19 May 1999.
{{TOClimit|limit=2}}

== Early ancestors of Indo-Fijians ==

=== First Indians in Fiji ===
{{Main|Lascars in Fiji}}
Indians had been employed for a long time on the European ships trading in [[Colonial India]] and the [[East Indies]]. Many of the early voyages to the Pacific either started or terminated in India and many of these ships were wrecked in the uncharted waters of the [[Pacific Ocean|South Pacific]]. The first recorded presence of an Indian in Fiji was by [[Peter Dillon]], a [[sandalwood]] trader in Fiji, of a [[lascar]] (Indian seaman) who survived a shipwreck, lived and settled there amongst the natives of Fiji in 1813.<ref>{{cite book|last=Davidson|first=J.W.|title=Peter Dillon of Vanikoro: Chevalier of the South Seas|year=1975|publisher= Oxford University Press|location= Melbourne|isbn= 0-19-550457-7|page = 31}}</ref> The first mass immigration of Indians to Fiji happened in 1879.

=== First attempt to procure Indian labourers ===
Before Fiji was colonized by Great Britain, some planters had tried to obtain Indian labour and had approached the British Consul in [[Levuka]], Fiji but were met with a negative response. In 1870, a direct request by a planter to the [[British Raj|Colonial Government of India]] was also turned down and in 1872, an official request by the [[Seru Epenisa Cakobau|Cakobau]] Government was informed that British rule in Fiji was a pre-condition for Indian emigration to Fiji.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gillion |first=K. L. |title=Fiji's Indian Migrants: A history to the end of indenture in 1920 |year=1962 |publisher= Oxford University Press|location= Melbourne|isbn= 0-19-550452-6|page = 3}}</ref> The early ancestors of Indo-Fijians came from different regions of South Asia, most coming from rural villages in Northern and Southern [[British Raj]].

In January 1879, thirty-one South Asians, who had originally been indentured labourers in [[Réunion]], were brought from [[New Caledonia]] to Fiji under contract to work on a plantation in [[Taveuni]]. These labourers demonstrated knowledge of the terms of the indenture agreement and were aware of their rights and refused to do the heavy work assigned to them. Their contract was terminated by mutual agreement between the labourers and their employers. In 1881, thirty-eight more Indians arrived from New Caledonia, and again most of them left, but some stayed, taking Indian wives or island women.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gillion |first=K. L. |title=Fiji's Indian Migrants: A history to the end of indenture in 1920 |year=1962 |publisher= Oxford University Press|location= Melbourne|isbn= 0-19-550452-6|pages = 68–69}}</ref>

=== Arrival under the indentured system ===
{{main|Indian indenture system}}
The colonial authorities promoted the [[sugar cane]] industry, recognising the need to establish a stable economic base for the colony, but were unwilling to exploit indigenous labour and threaten the [[Culture of Fiji|Fijian way of life]]. The use of imported labour from the Solomon Islands and what is now Vanuatu generated protests in the United Kingdom, and the [[Governor of Fiji|Governor]] [[Arthur Hamilton-Gordon, 1st Baron Stanmore|Sir Arthur Hamilton-Gordon]] decided to implement the indentured labour scheme, which had existed in the [[British Empire]] since 1837. A recruiting office was set up especially around Calcutta and the South, West and North, later, especially a lot in rural village areas in different farming regions, land and areas.

The ''[[Leonidas (ship)|Leonidas]]'', a labour transport vessel, disembarked at Levuka from Calcutta on 14 May 1879. The 498 [[indentured worker]]s who disembarked were the first of over 61,000 to arrive from South and East Asia in the following 37 years. The majority were from the districts of eastern and southern provinces, followed by labourers from northern and western regions, then later southeastern countries. They originated from different regions, villages, backgrounds and castes that later mingled or intermarried, hence the "Fijian Indian" identity was created. The indentured workers originated mostly from rural village backgrounds.
.<ref name="auto">Girmit by Suresh Prasad</ref>

=== Life during the indenture period ===
The contracts of the indentured labourers, which they called ''girmit'' (agreements), required them to work in Fiji for a period of five years. Living conditions on the sugar cane plantations, on which most of the ''[[girmityas]]'' (indentured labourers) worked, had poor standards which resembled those of slavery. Hovels known as "coolie lines" dotted the landscape.<ref name="auto"/>

=== End of indenture ===
Public outrage in the United Kingdom and [[British India]] over human rights abuses of indentured labourers, such as the story of Kunti and Naraini played a factor in abolishing the scheme in 1916.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Vanita |date=2017-01-30 |title=Indentured Labourers: Women |url=https://girmitiya.girmit.org/new/index.php/2017/01/30/indentured-labourers-women/ |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=New Girmit.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lal |first=Brij. V |date=1986 |title=Murmurs of Dissent: Non-Resistance on Fiji Plantations |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/5014494.pdf |journal=Honolulu, Hawaiian Historical Society}}</ref> However, Indenture continued unlawfully until the intervention of [[Banarsidas Chaturvedi]] and Reverend [[C.F. Andrews]], which resulted in all existing indentured labourers being freed from contracts on 1 January 1920.

==Caste==
During the period of Indian indentured migration to Fiji (1879–1916), labourers were recruited from a wide range of social, regional, and caste backgrounds in [[British India]]. These included upper, middle, and lower castes, as well as [[Dalit]] communities such as [[Chamars]], along with Muslims and Christians. While caste identities were carried into Fiji as part of migrants’ social backgrounds, the indenture system did not formally recognise or enforce caste distinctions. On plantations, labourers of different castes lived and worked together under uniform conditions, which led to the weakening of traditional caste practices such as occupational segregation, restrictions on commensality, and ritual purity. Although aspects of caste identity persisted after indenture, particularly in marriage preferences and religious life, the rigid hierarchical structure associated with caste in India became significantly diluted in the Fijian context.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lal |first1=Brij V |title=Broken Waves: A History of the Fiji Islands in the Twentieth Century |publisher=Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press}}</ref>

===Caste demographics===
{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable"
|+ Castes contributing over one percent of Fiji's North Indian early migration<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Origins of Girmityas |url=https://press.anu.edu.au//downloads/press/p212781/pdf/5.-Origins-of-the-Girmitiyas.pdf |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" |Caste name
! colspan="2" |Migration during 19th century
|-
!Total number of caste people
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
|[[Chamars]]
| 6,087
| {{Percentage | 6,087| 35,996| 2 }}
|-
|[[Muslim]]
| 5,455
| {{Percentage | 5,455| 35,996| 2 }}
|-
|[[Ahir]]
| 4,197
| {{Percentage | 4,197| 35,996| 2 }}
|-
|[[Thakur]]
| 3,416
| {{Percentage | 3,416| 35,996| 2 }}
|-
|[[Kurmi]]
| 2,307
| {{Percentage | 2,307| 35,996| 2 }}
|-
|[[Kori caste|Kori]]
| 1,942
| {{Percentage | 1,942| 35,996| 2 }}
|-
|[[Brahmin]]
| 1,535
| {{Percentage | 1,535 | 35,996| 2 }}
|-
|[[Kahar]]
| 1,500
| {{Percentage | 1,500| 35,996| 2 }}
|-
|[[Khatri]]
| 1,182
| {{Percentage | 1,183| 35,996| 2 }}
|-
|[[Pasi (caste)|Pasi]]
| 999
| {{Percentage | 999| 35,996| 2 }}
|-
|[[Koeri]]
| 740
| {{Percentage | 740 | 35,996| 2 }}
|-
|[[Lodha]]
| 735
| {{Percentage | 735| 35,996| 2 }}
|-
|[[Jat]]
| 708
| {{Percentage | 708| 35,996| 2 }}
|-
|[[Gadariya]]
| 691
| {{Percentage | 691| 35,996| 2 }}
|-
|[[Kewat]]
| 656
| {{Percentage | 656| 35,996| 2 }}
|-
|[[Rajput]]
| 652
| {{Percentage | 652 | 35,996| 2 }}
|-
|[[Pathan]]
| 584
| {{Percentage | 584| 35,996| 2 }}
|-
|[[Murao people|Murao]]
| 553
| {{Percentage | 553| 35,996| 2 }}
|-
|[[Lonia]]
| 550
| {{Percentage | 550| 35,996| 2 }}
|-
|[[Gondi people|Gond]]
| 541
| {{Percentage | 541| 35,996| 2 }}
|-
|}

===Impact of Girmit system on caste dynamics===
Although the Girmit system subjected all labourers, regardless of caste, to harsh and exploitative conditions, migration nonetheless offered many Chamars and other oppressed groups an opportunity to escape rigid caste hierarchies. Over time, they established new communities across the globe, reshaping social identities and forging resilience in diaspora.<ref name=":1" />

===Dalit Sikh / Ravidassia===
[[File:Gurdwara Guru Ravidass, Nasinu, Fiji.jpg|thumb|Gurdwara Guru Ravidass, Nasinu, Fiji Established by Chamar Caste in 1939]]
There were followers of [[Guru Ravidas]], a 15th–16th-century bhakti saint, and these followers belonged to the [[Chamar]]/[[Ad-Dharmi]]/[[Ravidassia]] community. This group maintained distinct devotional practices centred on the teachings of Ravidas. In 1939, members of the Ravidassia community in Fiji established the Shri Guru Ravidass Gurudwara in Nasinu, which is recognised as the first Ravidassia-associated gurdwara outside India and serves as a focal point for worship and community activities. Over the decades, the [[Ravidassia]] community in Fiji has continued to be part of the broader Indo-Fijian religious landscape, contributing to Fiji’s Sikh and related devotional institutions while preserving elements of their devotional identity.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kahlon |first1=Swaran Singh |title=Sikhs in Asia Pacific: Travels among the Sikh Diaspora from Yangon to Kobe |date=13 September 2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-98740-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_GIPDQAAQBAJ&dq=ravidas+in+fiji&pg=PT363 |access-date=6 January 2026}}</ref>

== Free immigrants/Fiji-Indians ==
From the early 1900s, Indians started arriving in Fiji as free agents. Many of these paid their own way and had previously served in Fiji or other British colonies or had been born in Fiji. A small amount of free immigrants also came from [[Gujarat]] and [[East Punjab]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Siteri Sauvakacolo|url=https://www.fijitimes.com/the-arrival-and-rise-of-sikhs-in-fiji/ |title=The arrival and rise of Sikhs in Fiji |publisher=The Fiji Times |date=2021-04-27 |access-date=2022-05-28}}</ref> Amongst the early free migrants, there were religious teachers, missionaries and at least one lawyer. The government and other employers brought clerks, policemen, artisans, gardeners, experienced agricultural workers, a doctor, a school teacher, farmers and craftsmen also paid their own way to Fiji and in later years formed an influential minority as Fijian-Indians to the Indo-Fijians.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gillion |first=K. L. |title=Fiji's Indian Migrants: A history to the end of indenture in 1920 |year=1962 |publisher= Oxford University Press|location= Melbourne|isbn= 0-19-550452-6|pages = 130–131}}</ref>

== Indian Platoon during the Second World War ==
In 1916, [[Manilal Doctor]], the ''de facto'' leader of the Indo-Fijian community, persuaded the colonial government of Fiji to form an Indian platoon for the Allied war effort during the [[World War I|First World War]]. He sent the names of 32 volunteers to the colonial government but his requests were ignored. As a result, a number of Indo-Fijians volunteered for the [[New Zealand Army]] while one served in Europe during the First World War.

In 1934, Governor Fletcher enacted a policy which warranted an [[Indian Platoon]] within the Fiji Defence Force consisting entirely of [[Enlisted rank|enlisted-ranked]] Indo-Fijians. Governor Fletcher encouraged Indo-Fijians to regard Fiji as their permanent home. One could say this was Fletcher's insurance policy against an anticipated anti-European revolt at the hands of the Native population, which subsequently took place in 1959.

While the Indo-Fijian troops had the Europeans as their commanding and non-commissioned officers, the Native Fijians had [[Ratu Edward Cakobau]], a Native Fijian, as their commanding officer. Prior to the [[World War II|Second World War]], soldiers served voluntarily and were paid "capitation grants" according to efficiency ratings without regard to race. In 1939, during the mobilisation of the Fiji Defence Force, the colonial government changed its payment system to four shillings per day for enlisted men of European descent while enlisted men of non-European descent were paid only two shillings per day; the Indo-Fijian Platoon quickly disputed this disparity in pay. The colonial government, fearing this dissidence would eventually be shared by the Native Fijians, decided to disband the Indo-Fijian platoon in 1940 citing lack of available equipment, such as military armour, as their reason.<ref name="Gillion">{{cite book |last= Gillion|first=Kenneth |title= The Fiji Indians: Challenge to European Dominance, 1920–1946|year=1977 |publisher=Australian National University Press |location=Canberra, Australia |isbn= 0-7081-1291-9| page = 177}}</ref>

== Labels: Unifying an identity ==
'Indians' in Fiji were originally defined by the [[1997 Constitution of Fiji|constitution of Fiji]] as anybody who can trace, through either the male or the female line, their ancestry back to anywhere on the [[Indian subcontinent]] and all government documents used this name.

However, in August 2008, shortly before the proposed [[People's Charter for Change, Peace and Progress]] was due to be released to the public, it was announced that it recommended a change in the name of Fiji's citizens. If the proposal were adopted, all citizens of Fiji, whatever their ethnicity, would be called "Fijians". The Cabinet, at its meeting on 30 June 2010, approved the Fijian Affairs [Amendment] Decree 2010. The new law effectively replaces the words 'Fijian' or 'indigenous' or 'indigenous Fijian' with the word 'iTaukei' in all written laws and all official documentation when referring to the original and native settlers of Fiji.
All Fiji citizens are now called 'Fijians'<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.laws.gov.fj/Home/information/constitutionoftherepublicoffiji |title=Constitution of the Republic of Fiji |website=laws.gov.fj |access-date=2023-01-12}}</ref>

The correct label and identity for Indo-Fijians has historically been debated. Common labels such as '''Fijian Indian''', as '''Fiji-Indian''' and '''Indo-Fijian''' have been used interchangeably. These labels have proved culturally and politically controversial, and finding a single label of identification for those with South Asian ancestry in Fiji has fuelled a debate that has continued for many decades.

Labels that use the term 'Indian' can be seen as problematic. This is because the term 'Indian' no longer accurately represents people with ancestry from the various countries of the [[Indian subcontinent]], such as modern-day Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nepal.

=== Historic Identities: Indo Fijians versus indigenous Fijians ===
In the late 1960s, the leader of the [[National Federation Party]], [[A. D. Patel]], who used the slogan, "One Country, One People, One Destiny"{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}, suggested that all Fiji's citizens should be called Fijians and to distinguish the original inhabitants from the rest, the name ''[[Taukei]]'' should be used for native Fijians. At the time, there was opposition to this from some native Fijians who feared that any such move would deprive them of the special [[Privilege (legal ethics)|privilege]]s they had enjoyed since cession in 1874. The ''[[Fiji Times]]'' started using '''[[Fiji Islander]]''' to describe all Fiji's citizens but this name did not catch on.

=== Luvedra na Ratu: A new identity for Indo-Fijians of indentured descent ===

In 2017, the paramount chief of Rewa, Ro Teimumu Kepa, announced that the descendants of indentured labourers, who were brought to Fiji during the colonial period as cheap labour, now officially belong to the Vanua (tribal land) of Noco and Rewa, and will be known as the iCavuti of "Luvedra na Ratu" (The Children of the Ratu). This decision was made in a traditional ceremony held at Ratu Sauvoli School grounds in Nabudrau, where the Tikina (a traditional Fijian political unit) of Noco presented their iCavuti to Ro Teimumu. This is the first time ever that the descendants of indentured labourers have been bestowed with a new iTaukei identity.<ref>[https://www.fijivillage.com/news-feature/Descendants-of-Girmitiyas-now-known-as-Luvedra-na-Ratu---Ro-Teimumu-95ks2r/] Fiji Village</ref>

=== The 'Fiji-Indian' Label ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2023}}
For a long time, '''Fiji Indian''' was used to distinguish between Fiji citizens of Indian origin and Indians from India. The term was used by writers like [[K.L. Gillion]] and by the academic and politician, [[Ahmed Ali (Fijian politician)|Ahmed Ali]]. The late [[President of Fiji]], ''[[Ratu]]'' [[Sir Kamisese Mara]], also used this term in his speeches and writings. The term was also used by the [[Methodist Church of Fiji and Rotuma]], Fiji's largest Christian denomination, which had a Fiji-Indian division.

The use of the terms 'Fiji-Indian' or 'Fijian-Indian' is a misnomer. This is because the meaning of the words 'Indian' and 'India' has changed over time, including during the British colonial rule and before it. Historically, the subcontinent of South Asia was informally referred to as "India" by foreign travelers and cartographers, the people living there were called 'Indians'. However, after the British colonial rule and the subsequent partitioning and division of the subcontinent into several countries, including India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, the term 'India' primarily began to refer to the country that gained independence from the British in 1947, and 'Indian' began to refer primarily to citizens and inhabitants of that new country, rather than all people of the subcontinent. This change in political demarcation and the formation of new countries has caused the meanings of 'India' and 'Indian' to evolve into a national identity. The terms 'Fiji-Indian' or 'Fijian-Indian' also no longer accurately reflect those who have Girmitya ancestry that hail from other parts of the subcontinent. This term, however, is more accurate for the free immigrants who came after the Indenture System was abolished, as they still hold a cultural and familial tie to the country.

=== Indo-Fijian ===

With the creation of the independent nation of India in 1947, the term "Indian" began to be used more frequently to refer specifically to citizens of the Republic of India. However, the sub-continent of India still exists, comprising many countries such as India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, the Maldives and Afghanistan. It is commonly referred to as South Asia, a more accurate geographic description and preferred term in many academic and scholarly contexts. Therefore, the term 'Indo-Fijian' is preferred as a way to refer to people with ancestry from the various regions of the sub-continent (such as modern-day Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Afghanistan) rather than just those from modern-day India.

The term is also more closely connected to the diaspora of the South Asian indentured labourers ''(or Coolies)'' who have settled in other countries, such as the [[Indo-Caribbean]]s, [[Indo-Mauritians]], etc.

This term, 'Indo-Fijian', has been used by various political figures such as [[Frank Bainimarama]] and [[Sitiveni Rabuka]], as well as writers such as [[Adrian Mayer]] and [[Brij Lal (historian)|Brij Lal]]. ''[[Ratu]]'' [[Joni Madraiwiwi]], Fiji's [[Vice-President of Fiji|Vice-President]] from 2004 to 2006, also used it in his speeches.

In 2006, [[Jone Navakamocea]], Minister of State for National Planning in the [[Laisenia Qarase|Qarase]] government, called for the use of the term "Indo-Fijian" to be officially banned. He declared that the term was "unacceptable" and that Indo-Fijians should be referred to only as "Indians". The ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' reported Navakamocea had "alleged that the Indo-Fijian term was coined by Indian academics in Fiji to 'Fijianise' their Indian ethnicity", which, in Navakamocea's view, undermined the paramountcy of indigenous rights.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080915174748/http://hindustandainik.in/news/5967_1761335,001600060017.htm "Ban the term Indo-Fijian: Minister"], ''Hindustan Times'', 5 August 2006</ref> Navakamocea lost office in the [[2006 Fijian coup d'état|2006 military coup]] when the army accused the Qarase government of anti-Indo Fijian racism and overthrew it.

== Political participation: early 20th century ==
The colonial rulers attempted to assuage Indo-Fijian discontent by providing for one of their number to be nominated to the [[Legislative Council of Fiji|Legislative Council]] from 1916 onwards. [[Badri Maharaj]], a strong supporter of the British Empire but with little support among his own people, was appointed by the Governor in 1916. His appointment did little to redress the grievances of the Indo-Fijian community. {{Citation needed|date=February 2020}} Buttressed by the [[Indian Imperial Association]] founded by [[Manilal Doctor|Manilal Maganlal]], a lawyer who had arrived in Fiji in 1912, the Indians continued to campaign for better work and living conditions, and for an extension of the [[Local government in Fiji|municipal]] franchise; literacy tests disqualified most Indo-Fijians from participation. A strike by Indo-Fijian municipal workers and Public Works Department employees, which began on 15 January 1920, ended in a riot that was forcibly quelled on 12 February; Manilal, widely blamed for the unrest, was deported. {{Citation needed|date=February 2020}} Another strike, from January to July in 1921, led by ''[[Sadhu]]'' (priest) [[Vashist Muni]], demanded higher rates of pay for workers of the [[Colonial Sugar Refining Company (Fiji)|Colonial Sugar Refining Company]] (CSR), the unconditional return of Manilal, and the release of imprisoned 1920 strikers. The authorities responded by deporting Muni from Fiji. {{Citation needed|date=February 2020}}

Demands increased for direct representation in the legislature. In [[1929 Fijian general election|1929]], South Asian immigrants and their descendants were authorised to elect three members to the Legislative Council on a [[Communal constituencies|communal roll]]. [[Vishnu Deo]], [[James Ramchandar Rao]] and [[Parmanand Singh]] were duly elected. Agitation continued for a [[Open constituencies|common roll]], which the colonial administrators rejected, citing the fears of European settlers and Fijian chiefs that a common electoral roll would lead to political domination by South Asians, whose numbers were rapidly increasing. The fear of Indo-Fijian domination also led to the abolition of the elected membership of Suva Municipal Council in 1934, with the council becoming a wholly appointed body.<ref>[https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-311574745/view?partId=nla.obj-311590261#page/n15/mode/1up/ Why Suva Council was abolished] ''[[Pacific Islands Monthly]]'' January 1935, pp14–15</ref>

== Religious and social divisions: 1920–1945 ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2020}}
[[File:Srisivasubramaniya temple nadi fiji.jpg|thumb|The [[Sri Siva Subramaniya temple]], a South-Indian type temple in the Indo-Fijian town of [[Nadi]].]]
Two major [[Hinduism|Hindu]] movements attracted widespread support in the 1920s, and relationships between Hindus and Muslims also became increasingly strained.

The [[Arya Samaj in Fiji]] advocated purging Hinduism of what it saw as its superstitious elements and expensive rituals, opposed child marriage, and advocated the remarriage of widows, which orthodox Hinduism didn't promote at that time. The Arya Samaj also encouraged education for girls, which wasn't the norm at the time. The Arya Samaj began by establishing schools and by using a newspaper of one of its supporters, the [[Fiji Samachar]], founded in 1923, to expound their views.

== Developments since 1945 ==
[[File:Saris on sale in Lautoka, Fiji.jpg|thumb|[[Sari]]s on sale in [[Lautoka]], [[Viti Levu]]]]
A post-war effort by European members of the Legislative Council to repatriate ethnic South Asians to modern-day India, starting with sixteen-year-old males and fourteen-year-old females, was not successful, but reflected the tensions between Fiji's ethnic communities.

Differences between ethnic Fijians and Indo-Fijians complicated preparations for Fiji's independence, which the United Kingdom granted in 1970, and have continued to define [[Politics of Fiji|Fiji politics]] since. {{Citation needed|date=February 2020}} Prior to independence, Indo-Fijians sought a common electoral roll, based on the principle of "[[one man, one vote]]." Ethnic Fijian leaders opposed this, believing that it would favour urban voters who were mostly Indo-Fijian; they sought a communal franchise instead, with different ethnic groups voting on separate electoral rolls. At a specially convened conference in London in April 1970, a compromise was worked out, under which parliamentary seats would be allocated by ethnicity, with ethnic Fijians and Indo-Fijians represented equally. {{Citation needed|date=February 2020}} In the [[House of Representatives of Fiji|House of Representatives]], each ethnic group was allocated 22 seats, with 12 representing ''Communal constituencies'' (elected by voters registered as members of their particular ethnic group) and a further 10 representing ''[[National constituencies]]'' (distributed by ethnicity but elected by [[universal suffrage]]. A further 8 seats were reserved for [[General electors|ethnic minorities]], 3 from "communal" and 5 from "national" constituencies.

In 1987, shortly after a coalition government was formed that represented both communities, two military coups were staged by low-ranking Fijian officers that aimed at sidelining the Indo-Fijian community in politics.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=jet6JOYjZ4wC&dq=Indians+Fiji&pg=PA113 Victor Lal, "The Fiji Indians: Marooned at Home," in ''South Asians Overseas: Migration and Ethnicity'' Cambridge University Press, 2010]</ref>

Ethnic South Asians outnumbered indigenous Fijians from 1956 through the late 1980s. This was due to the death of 1/3 of the indigenous population, mainly male and children, who died from [[measles]] contracted when King Cakobau and other chief leaders returned from a trip from Australia in 1875, during which they caught measles. The percentage of the Indigenous female population increased as a result, and the native male population was scarce at one stage,<ref>Pacific Island Societies Destabilised by Infectious Diseases https://jmvh.org/article/pacific-island-societies-destabilised-by-infectious-diseases/</ref> but by 2000 their share of the population had declined to 43.7%, because of a higher ethnic-Fijian birthrate and particularly because of the greater tendency of Indo-Fijians to emigrate. Emigration accelerated following the coups of 1987 (which removed an Indo-Fijian-supported government from power and, for a time, ushered in a constitution that discriminated against them in numerous ways) and [[2000 Fijian coup d'état|of 2000]] (which removed an Indo-Fijian [[Prime Minister of Fiji|Prime Minister]] from office).

Political differences between the two communities, rather than ideological differences, have characterised Fijian politics since independence, with the two communities generally voting for different political parties. {{Citation needed|date=February 2020}} The National Federation Party founded by A.D. Patel, was the party favoured overwhelmingly by the Indo-Fijian community throughout most of the nation's history, but its support collapsed in the [[1999 Fiji general election|parliamentary election]] of 1999, when it lost all of its seats in the House of Representatives; its support fell further still in the [[2001 Fijian general election|2001 election]], when it received only 22% of the Indo-Fijian vote, and in the [[2006 Fijian general election|2006 election]], when it dropped to an all-time low of 14%. The party formerly favoured by Indo-Fijians was the [[Fiji Labour Party]], led by [[Mahendra Chaudhry]], which received about 75% of the Indo-Fijian vote in 2001, and won all 19 seats reserved for Indo-Fijians. Founded as a multi-racial party in the 1980s, it was supported mostly by Indo-Fijians, but has seen no representation in parliament since the coup of 2006.

== Impact of the Church and religious/ethnic politics ==
The Church plays a major role in Fiji's politics.<ref>[http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=52499 Let us pray, churches say] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930165601/http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=52499 |date=30 September 2007 }}, Fiji Times Online, 29 November 2006</ref> Often, some leaders appeal to Fijians, addressing them as "Christians", even though Hindus are 33% of the
population in Fiji, compared with 52% Christians.<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/1834.htm Background Note: Fiji], Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs, September 2006, U.S. Department of State</ref> The [[2000 Fijian coup d'état]] that removed the elected PM [[Mahendra Chaudhry]] was supported by the Methodist Church.<ref>[http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?id=18901&op=read Fiji military dismisses GCC and Methodist support for reconciliation bill], Radio New Zealand International, 25 August 2005</ref>

Some Methodist Church authorities have continued to advocate the establishment of a Christian state. In a letter of support from the then head of the Methodist Church, Reverend Tomasi Kanilagi, to [[George Speight]], the leader of the 19 May 2000 armed takeover of Parliament, Reverend Kanilagi publicly expressed his intention to use the Methodist Church as a forum under which to unite all ethnic Fiji political parties.<ref>[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2003/23828.htm International Religious Freedom Report 2003], Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State</ref> The Methodist church also supported forgiveness to those who plotted the coup in form of so-called "[[Reconciliation, Tolerance, and Unity Bill]]".

In 2005, Methodist Church general secretary Reverend Ame Tugaue argued that the practice of [[Hinduism]] and other religions should not be guaranteed in law:

: "[[Sodom and Gomorrah]] were only destroyed after the Lord removed the faithful from there and not because of a few would we allow God's wrath to befall the whole of Fiji. It was clearly stated in the 10 Commandments that God gave to Moses that Christians were not allowed to worship any other gods and not to worship idols. One thing other religions should be thankful for is that they are tolerated in Fiji as it's naturally a peaceful place but their right of worship should never be made into law."<ref>[http://www.christianaggression.org/item_display.php?type=NEWS&id=1112408217 christianaggression.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926230135/http://www.christianaggression.org/item_display.php?type=NEWS&id=1112408217 |date=26 September 2007 }}, extract from Fiji Times, 27 March 2005</ref>

Following the [[2006 Fijian coup d'état|military coup]] in Fiji, which deposed the government of [[Laisenia Qarase]] (which Indo-Fijians claimed as unsympathetic to Indo-Fijian interests), Reverend Tuikilakila Waqairatu of the Fiji Council of Churches and Assembly of Christian Churches has stated that the coup is "un-Christian" and is "manifestation of darkness and evil". He claimed that "52% of Fijians are Christian and the country's Christian values are being undermined."<ref>[http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/latest/200612061204/fiji_military_monitoring_the_media Fiji military monitoring the media] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118042641/http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/latest/200612061204/fiji_military_monitoring_the_media |date=18 January 2012 }}, Radio New Zealand, 6 December 2006</ref>

== Demographic factors ==
Indo Fijians are concentrated in the so-called Sugar Belt and in cities and towns on the northern and western coasts of [[Viti Levu]] and [[Vanua Levu]]; their numbers are much scarcer in the south and inland areas. The majority of Indo-Fijians came from northern, northeastern and southeastern parts of India and converse in what is known as [[Fiji Hindi]] (also known as 'Fiji Baat'). This language has been constructed from eastern Hindi dialects mixed with some native Fijian and some English loan words,<ref>Moag, Rodney F. (1977). Fiji Hindi: A basic course and reference grammar. Canberra: Australian National University. {{ISBN|0-7081-1574-8}}.</ref> with some minorities speaking [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], and many who speak [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as their mother tongue with less fluency.<ref>Languages of fiji.pdf, Sangam conventional Magazine, 2003</ref> Almost all Indo-Fijians are fluent in English.

According to the 1996 census (the latest available), 76.7% of Indo-Fijians are [[Hindu]]s and a further 15.9% are [[Muslim]]s. Christians comprise 6.1% of the Indo-Fijian population, while about 0.9% are members of the [[Sikh]] faith. The remaining 0.4% are mostly nonreligious.

Hindus in Fiji belong mostly to the [[Sanātana Dharma]] sect (74.3% of all Hindus); a minority (3.7%) follow [[Arya Samaj in Fiji|Arya Samaj]]. Smaller groups, including The [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]], and numerous unspecified Hindu sects, comprise 22% of the Hindu population. Muslims are mostly [[Sunni]] (59.7%) or unspecified (36.7%); there is an [[Ahmadiya]] minority (3.6%). Indian Christians are a diverse body, with [[Methodism|Methodists]] forming the largest group (26.2%), followed by the [[Assemblies of God]] (22.3%), [[Roman Catholicism|Roman Catholics]] (17%), and [[Anglican Communion|Anglicans]] (5.8%). The remaining 28.7% belong to a medley of denominations. There is an Indian Division of the Methodist Church in Fiji. About 5000 Indo-Fijians are Methodist.<ref>[http://www.methodist.org.uk/downloads/wc_fiji03.pdf Methodist Church In Britain]</ref> They are part of the Methodist Church in Fiji and support the position of the Methodist Church in Fiji,<ref>[http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=53198 The Fiji Times: Story] ''fijitimes.com''.</ref> rather than the rights of Indo-Fijians.

== Diaspora ==
The Indo-Fijian diaspora developed with people of South Asian ancestry leaving Fiji, mainly following the racially inspired coups of 1987 and 2000, to settle primarily in Australia, [[New Zealand]], United States and Canada. Smaller numbers have settled in other Pacific islands, the United Kingdom and other European countries.<ref>[http://www.worldpress.org/images/freelancersPDF/58_2.pdf Microsoft Word – 05-05-ana1.rtf]</ref>

South Asians were initially brought to Fiji as [[indentured]] laborers to work on [[sugar cane]] plantations. Between 1879 and 1916, a total of 60,000 South Asians arrived in Fiji. Approximately 25,000 of these have returned to South Asia. From 1900 onwards, some Indians arrived as free immigrants, who were mostly from the regions of [[Gujarat]] (including [[Kutch]]) and [[Punjab region|Punjab]].

Indo-Fijians have been emigrating to the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom since the early 1960s. These were mainly economic migrants and their number gradually increased in the 1970s and 1980s to reach approximately 4000 per year.

Following the military coup of 1987, many Indo-Fijians saw little future in staying in Fiji and tried to find any means to leave the country. The professional, middle class and business found it easier to emigrate. It has been estimated that more than 100,000 Indo-Fijians have emigrated since 1987. This represents a third of the existing Indian population in Fiji.<ref>{{cite web|title=00 Upfront.pmd|url=http://epress.anu.edu.au/islands/pdf/islands-whole.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303074632/http://epress.anu.edu.au/islands/pdf/islands-whole.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2007|access-date=29 March 2007}}</ref>

They were victimized a lot by the military, adding to the reasons they moved abroad to Canada, Australia and the United States. Another reason a lot of skilled Indo-Fijians were migrating to other countries was for a better future. This caused Fiji to lose a lot of its skilled workers. Moreover, many Indo-Fijians strived for a better education causing a bigger gap between them and the indigenous Fijians.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Reihan |first1=Salam |title=What Fiji Can Teach America About Immigration. |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/03/americans-can-learn-fiji-immigration/584539/ |website=The Atlantic |date=12 March 2019 |publisher=Atlantic Media Company}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Nand |first1=Ambrita |title=Looking Backward, Moving Forward: The Experiences of Indo-Fijian Immigrant Women in California. |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1767451129|id={{ProQuest|1767451129}} }}</ref>

Former Prime Minister Chaudhry has expressed alarm at the high rate of emigration of educated Indo-Fijians. "If the trend continues, Fiji will be left with a large pool of poorly educated, unskilled workforce with disastrous consequences on our social and economic infrastructure and levels of investment," he said on 19 June 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/03/indo-fijians-and-fijis-coup-culture/|title=Indo-Fijians and Fiji's Coup Culture|first=Grant|last=Wyeth|date=March 2017|work=The Diplomat}}</ref> He blamed the coups of 1987 for "brain drain" which has, he said, adversely affected the sugar industry, the standard of the education and health services, and the efficiency of the civil service.

== Health issues ==

Similarly to the indigenous Fijian population, Indo-Fijian's face major obstacles when it comes to health. They are often cited in research articles as a group that has a higher-than-normal prevalence rate of Type 2 diabetes.<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3867/is_200703/ai_n19432253 Ethnicity, Type 2 Diabetes and Migrant Asian Indians], Indian Journal of Medical Research, 6 March 2007</ref>

== List of notable Indo-Fijians ==
{{no sources|section|date=September 2025}}

* [[Joy Ali]], boxer
* [[Junior Farzan Ali]], boxer
* [[Shabana Azeez]], Australian actress
* [[Ganesh Chand]], academic, historian, statesman, and jazz musician
* [[Rajesh Chandra]], first Vice-Chancellor of University of Fiji and present Vice-Chancellor and President of the University of the South Pacific
* [[Mahendra Chaudhry]], fourth [[Prime Minister of Fiji]]
* [[Imrana Jalal]], human rights advisor to the United Nations Development Program and as a member of the International Commission of Jurists
* [[Rocky Khan]], New Zealand Rugby sevens player
* [[Roy Krishna]], soccer player
* [[Sidiq Koya|Siddiq Moidin Koya]], first [[Leader of Opposition]] in the [[Parliament of Fiji]] after independence; statesman and prominent lawyer
* [[Brij Lal]], historian
* [[Prerna Lal]], US-based attorney and civil rights advocate
* [[Shaneel Lal]], queer and indigenous rights activist
* [[Shireen Lateef]], women's rights activist
* [[James Madhavan]], one of Fiji's longest serving parliamentarians
* [[Julian Moti]], former Attorney General of the [[Solomon Islands]].
* [[Satya Nandan]], chairman of the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission
* [[Rajen Prasad]], former member of parliament in New Zealand
* [[Jack Ram]], Tongan Rugby player, of Indo-Fijian descent
* [[Jai Ram Reddy]], former leader of opposition in Fiji and member of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
* [[Sir Anand Satyanand]], [[Governor-General of New Zealand]] from 2006–2011
* [[Aiyaz Sayed-Khaiyum]], Fiji's Attorney-General since 8 January 2007
* [[Faiza Shaheen]], British Economist, Half Indo-Fijian
* [[Nazhat Shameem]], [[UNHRC]] president, elected in January 2021
* [[Vivekanand Sharma]], former minister for Youth and Sports, former president of Sanatam Dharam, orator, former director of [[Radio Fiji]]
* [[Rekha Sharma]], Canadian actress
* [[Ajit Swaran Singh]], district court judge in New Zealand
* [[Bobby Singh]], retired professional American and Canadian football guard
* [[Lisa Singh]], Australian Senator
* [[Nalini Singh (author)|Nalini Singh]], paranormal romance author
* [[Vijay Singh]], former world number one golfer
* [[Tanita Tikaram]], singer-songwriter based in the United Kingdom, has Indo-Fijian father, great-niece of [[Moti Tikaram|Sir Moti Tikaram]]
* [[Ramon Tikaram]], actor, brother of Tanita Tikaram
* [[Ben Volavola]], rugby union player

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Indian indenture system]]
* [[Arya Samaj in Fiji]]
* [[Fiji Hindi]]
* [[South Indians in Fiji]]
* [[Gujaratis in Fiji]]
* [[Hinduism in Fiji]]
* [[Hindustani language]]
* [[Islam in Fiji]]
* [[Sikhism in Fiji]]
* [[Girmityas]]
{{Div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* Tinker, H. ''A New System of Slavery: The Export of Indian Labour Overseas 1820-1920'', Oxford University Press, London, 1974
* Lal, B.V. ''Girmitiyas: The Origins of the Fiji Indians'', Fiji Institute of Applied Studies, Lautoka, Fiji, 2004
* Khal Torabully (with Marina Carter), ''Coolitude'' : An Anthology of the Indian Labour Diaspora, Anthem Press (2002) {{ISBN|1-84331-003-1}}
* Gaiutra Bahadur, ''Coolie Woman: The Odyssey of Indenture''. The University of Chicago (2014) {{ISBN|978-0-226-21138-1}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070202072617/http://archives.pireport.org/archive/2006/April/04-27-ft2.htm The Continuing Exodus of Fiji Indians]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061120184040/http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/mar/chronology.asp?groupId=95001 Chronology for East Indians in Fiji]
* [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE7DE1F3EF93AA15754C0A96E948260 Why inject Peace Corps teachers into the ethnic arguments roiling Fiji?] New York Times, 29 July 1988
* [http://www.frommers.com/destinations/fiji/0208020416.html Article from Frommers]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20260118232843/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/fiji/ The CIA World Fact Book – Fiji]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20061017090235/http://fijigirmit.org/history.htm Girmit History (on Fiji Girmit.org)]}}
* [http://www.tamilnation.co/diaspora/fiji.htm Tamils in Fiji]
* [http://www.migrationinformation.org/Profiles/display.cfm?ID=110 "Fiji Islands: From Immigration to Emigration"], [[Brij Lal (historian)|Brij Lal]], April

{{Fiji topics}}

[[Category:Indian diaspora in Fiji|*]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Fiji|Indo]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora by country|Fiji]]

Baraut Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:43:26Z

Sabari2398: done - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Baraut
| constituency_no = 51
| map_image = 51-Baraut.svg
| established = 1952-69, 2008
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Bagpat district|Bagpat]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 2,98,711 (2019)
| mla = [[Krishnapal Malik|Krishna Pal Malik]]
| party = BJP
| latest_election_year = 2022
| type = SLA
}}
'''Baraut''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Bagpat district|Bagpat]] district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Baghpat Lok Sabha constituency]].
The constituency is assigned identification number 51.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= October 1, 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=October 1, 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref>

The first election in this assembly constituency was held in 1952 after the passing of the "DPACO (1951)" (delimitation order 1951).<ref name="DPACO (1952)">{{cite news|title=DPACO (1952)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=October 1, 2015|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/DPACO-56-DCI.pdf}}</ref> Umrao Dutt Sharma (also known as Umrao Dutt Ved), an Independent candidate, won the election.<ref name=" 1952 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1952 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=October 1, 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1952/StatRep_UP_1952.pdf}}</ref><ref name=" 1952 MLA Umrao Dutt Vediya ">{{cite news|title= HISTORY of Baraut|publisher=[[News]] website|access-date=Dec 25, 2021|url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/up-assembly-elections/story/baraut-assembly-seat-up-election-2022-bjp-congress-sp-bsp-ntc-1380277-2021-12-25}}</ref><ref name="उमराव दत्त शर्मा ने की थी आचार्य दीपांकर को हमेशा विधानसभा जीतने में मदद">{{cite news|title= Umrao Dutt Sharma help Deepankar |publisher=[[News]] website|access-date=January 17, 2022|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/bagpat/story-acharya-dipankar-became-mla-by-giving-the-slogan-of-one-vote-one-note-1874865.html}}</ref><ref name="Baraut History">{{cite news|title= बड़ौत विधानसभा का इतिहास |publisher=[[News]] website|access-date=January 17, 2022|url=https://www.amarujala.com/election/vidhan-sabha-elections/uttar-pradesh/constituencies/baraut-11}}</ref> After the election of 1969, The Election Commission of India dissolved the constituency, but it was re-established after the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008" was passed. The constituency is currently representated by [[Krishnapal Malik]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].

== History==
First election in this assembly constituency was held in 1952 after the "SPACE (1951)" (delimitation order 1951) was passed in 1951.
Pandit Umrao Dutt Sharma (also known as Umrao Dutt Ved) was a Vaidya and also a member of the freedom fighter from Baraut in [[Indian Independence Movement]]. [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru]] insisted Umrao Dutt Sharma to contest the election and due to respect for [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Nehru]] ji, Umrao Dutt Sharma contested the election as an Independent candidate. He won the 1952 assembly election by a huge margin and became the first MLA (Member of Legislative Assembly) of Baraut.<ref name=" 1952 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1952 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=October 1, 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1952/StatRep_UP_1952.pdf}}</ref><ref name=" 1952 MLA Umrao Dutt Vediya ">{{cite news|title= HISTORY of Baraut|publisher=[[News]] website|access-date=Dec 25, 2021|url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/up-assembly-elections/story/baraut-assembly-seat-up-election-2022-bjp-congress-sp-bsp-ntc-1380277-2021-12-25}}</ref><ref name="उमराव दत्त शर्मा ने की थी आचार्य दीपांकर को हमेशा विधानसभा जीतने में मदद">{{cite news|title= Umrao Dutt Sharma help Deepankar |publisher=[[News]] website|access-date=January 17, 2022|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/bagpat/story-acharya-dipankar-became-mla-by-giving-the-slogan-of-one-vote-one-note-1874865.html}}</ref><ref name="Baraut History">{{cite news|title= बड़ौत विधानसभा का इतिहास |publisher=[[News]] website|access-date=January 17, 2022|url=https://www.amarujala.com/election/vidhan-sabha-elections/uttar-pradesh/constituencies/baraut-11}}</ref>
In 1957, Pandit Umrao Dutt Sharma (also known as Umrao Dutt Ved) retired from active politics and doing election campaigning for Acharya Dipankar. Acharya Dipankar won the election in 1957 with help of Pt. Umrao Dutt Sharma(Umrao Dutt Ved).<ref name=" 1957 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1957 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=October 1, 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_UP_1957.pdf}}</ref><ref name="उमराव दत्त शर्मा ने की थी आचार्य दीपांकर को हमेशा विधानसभा जीतने में मदद">{{cite news|title= Umrao Dutt Sharma help Deepankar |publisher=[[News]] website|access-date=January 17, 2022|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/bagpat/story-acharya-dipankar-became-mla-by-giving-the-slogan-of-one-vote-one-note-1874865.html}}</ref>
In 1962, Pandit Umrao Dutt Sharma (also known as Umrao Dutt Ved) Supported the Indian National Congress candidate Mool Chand Shastri in election and with his support Mool Chand Shastri became a Member of Legislative Assembly.<ref name=" 1962 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1962 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=October 1, 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_UP_1962.pdf}}</ref>
In 1967, Mool Chand Shastri lost the election to Acharya Dipankar, but from April 1968 to Feb. 1969 the legislative constituency worked under governor rule.<ref name=" 1967 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1967 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=October 1, 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201967%20.pdf}}</ref>
In 1969, Pandit Umrao Dutt Sharma (also known as Umrao Dutt Ved) supported Indian National Congress Candidate Vikram Singh and Vikram Singh won the election.<ref name=" 1969 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1969 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=October 1, 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/Statistical%20Report%201969%20Uttar%20Pradesh.pdf}}</ref>
With Umrao Dutt Sharma support, Acharya Dipankar in 1957, Moolchand Shastri in 1962 became Baraut MLA. Umrao Dutt Sharma(also known as Umrao Dutt Ved) political dominance in the Baghpat and Baraut assembly constituencies continued.In 1969, Pandit Umrao Dutt Sharma (also known as Umrao Dutt Ved) supported Indian National Congress Candidate Vikram Singh won the election with help of Umrao Dutt Sharma.
In 1977, Umrao Dutt Sharma died.
After the election of 1969, The Election Commission of India dissolved the constituency. But in 2008, when the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008" was passed, the constituency was constituted again, and Legislative Assembly elections were held in 2012.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= October 1, 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=October 1, 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref>
In 2012, Lokesh Dixit won the Legislative elections.<ref name=" 2012 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=October 1, 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf}}</ref>
In 2017, Krishan Pal Malik defeated Lokesh Dixit and became the Member of Legislative Assembly from Baraut.
In 2022, Krishan Pal Malik retained his seat by defeating Jaiveer of RLD by 315 votes.

==Wards and areas==
Extent of Baraut Assembly constituency is PCs Kheri Pradhan, Kotana, Luhari, Loyan, Malakpur, Shahpur Badoli, Sadiqpur Sinoli, Badawad, Sadatpur Jonmana, Bam, Badaka, Wazidpur, Mahawatpur, Jiwana, Bawali, Bijrol, Johari, Hilwari, Jagos of Baraut KC & Baraut MB of Baraut Tehsil; PCs Bali, Meetli, Niwara, Sisana, Gyasri Urf Gandhi, [[Sarurpur Kalan]], Fatehpur Putthi, Dhanaura Silvernagar, Bichpari, Budhera, Naithla, Sultanpur Hatana, Faizpur Ninana, Goripur Jawahar Nagar, Dojha, Sujara, Tayodi & Khera Islampur of Baghpat KC of Baghpat Tehsil.<ref name=" Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 "/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Pt. Umrao Dutt Sharma<ref name=" Member Of Legislative Assembly Baraut in 1952 ">{{cite news|title= 1952 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=October 1, 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1952/StatRep_UP_1952.pdf}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Independent|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Acharya Dipankar<ref name=" Member Of Legislative Assembly Baraut in 1957 ">{{cite news|title= 1957 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=October 1, 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_UP_1957.pdf}}</ref>
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Mool Chand Shastri<ref name=" Member Of Legislative Assembly Baraut in 1962 ">{{cite news|title= 1962 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=October 1, 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_UP_1962.pdf}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Acharya Dipankar<ref name=" 1967 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1967 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=October 1, 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201967%20.pdf}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Vikram Singh<ref name=" 1969, Member Of Legislative Assembly Baraut">{{cite news|title= 1969 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=October 1, 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/Statistical%20Report%201969%20Uttar%20Pradesh.pdf}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''1974-2012 : Constituency did not exist, See :[[Barnava Assembly constituency|Barnava]]''}}
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Lokesh Dixit]]<ref name=" 2012 Election Results "/>
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Krishnapal Malik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Baraut<ref name="उमराव दत्त शर्मा ने की थी आचार्य दीपांकर को हमेशा विधानसभा जीतने में मदद"/> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Krishnapal Malik]]
|votes = {{formatnum:90931}}
|percentage = 46.34
|change = {{increase}}3.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = Jaiveer
|votes = {{formatnum:90616}}
|percentage = 46.18
|change = {{increase}}17.59
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ankit Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:11244}}
|percentage = 5.73
|change = {{decrease}}6.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Rahul Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1849}}
|percentage = 0.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:579}}
|percentage = 0.3
|change = {{decrease}}0.17
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:315}}
|percentage = 0.16
|change = {{decrease}}14.14
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:196226}}
|percentage = 64.51
|change = {{increase}}0.22
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = BJP
|swing = 3.2
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Baraut<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Krishnapal Malik]]
|votes = {{formatnum:79427}}
|percentage = 42.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = Sahab Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:52941}}
|percentage = 28.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Shokendra
|votes = {{formatnum:28376}}
|percentage = 15.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Lokesh Dixit]]
|votes = {{formatnum:22071}}
|percentage = 11.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:870}}
|percentage = 0.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:26486}}
|percentage = 14.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:185178}}
|percentage = 64.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = BJP
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing = 37.2%
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Baraut<ref name="2012 Election Results"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Lokesh Dixit]]
|votes = 57,209
|percentage = 39.1
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = Ashwani Kumar
|votes = 51,533
|percentage = 35.2
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Ajay Kumar
|votes = 15,212
|percentage = 10.4
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Navin Kumar
|votes = 8,395
|percentage = 5.7
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Peace Party of India
|candidate = Sudhir Verma
|votes = 5,340
|percentage = 3.7
|change = -
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 5,676
|percentage = 3.9%
|change = -
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,46,222
|percentage = 58.2%
|change = New seat
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Bagpat district]]
*[[List of constituencies of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Baraut]]
[[Category:Bagpat district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1952]]
[[Category:1952 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Gospel for Asia

2026-04-14T03:11:36Z

Sabari2398: stub!

{{Short description|Christian missionary and humanitarian organization}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{COI|date=June 2020}}
{{Promotional|date=June 2020}}
{{Third-party|date=April 2026}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2012}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = GFA World
| type = Faith-based
| image = GFA-World-logo.svg
| logo =
| founded = 1979
| former_name = Gospel for Asia
| founder = [[K. P. Yohannan]]
| location = [[Wills Point, Texas|Wills Point]], Texas, USA
| region_served = [[Asia]], [[Africa]]
| focus = [[Evangelism]], [[Education]], [[Healthcare]], [[Disaster Relief]]
| headquarters =
| method =
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = Daniel Timotheos <ref>{{Cite web|title=About Daniel Timotheos|url=https://www.gfa.org/about/danieltimotheos/|access-date=30 August 2024 |website=Gospel for Asia|language=en}}</ref>
| revenue =
| website = {{URL|gfa.org}}
}}

'''GFA World''', formerly known as '''Gospel for Asia''', is an independent [[Christians|Christian]] [[missionary]] and humanitarian organization, founded by [[K. P. Yohannan]] in 1979, focusing on residents of [[Asian countries]] and small parts of [[Africa]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Gospel for Asia — Now GFA World — Launches its First-Ever Mission in Africa |url=https://nrb.org/gospel-for-asia-now-gfa-world-launches-its-first-ever-mission-in-africa/ |website=National Religious Broadcasters |date=14 April 2021 |access-date=28 April 2025}}</ref> The organization is located about five miles southwest of [[Wills Point, Texas]], a small community east of [[Dallas|Dallas, Texas]]. It is affiliated with the [[Believers Eastern Church]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Row over Cheruvally for airport |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/181116/row-over-cheruvally-for-airport.html |publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=16 September 2021 |language=English |date=18 November 2016 |quote=...Gospel for Asia, the social service wing of Believers Church.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=KP Yohannan, founder of GFA, available for Interviews on India covid crisis |url=https://missionsbox.org/press-releases/faith-based-expert-available-for-interviews-india-covid-crisis/ |publisher=Missions Box |access-date=16 September 2021 |language=English |date=21 June 2021 |quote=K.P. Yohannan is the founder of Texas-based GFA World ... also Metropolitan (lead bishop) of the indigenous, orthodox Believers Eastern Church}}</ref>

GFA World is present in [[India]], [[Bhutan]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Nepal]], [[Myanmar]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Cambodia]], [[China]], [[Laos]] [[Thailand]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gfa.org/regions/|title=Regional Updates - Gospel for Asia|website=www.gfa.org|access-date=2019-01-10}}</ref> [[Rwanda]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=GFA World: Showing God's Love in Africa|url=http://www.gfa.org/africa/|access-date=2021-04-30|website=Gospel for Asia|language=en}}</ref> and [[Liberia]].<ref name=Liberia>{{cite web |title=GFA World Extends Missionary Movement to Liberia, West Africa |url=https://missionsbox.org/press-releases/gfa-world-extends-missionary-movement-to-liberia-west-africa/ |website=www.missionsbox.org |date=4 March 2025 |access-date=6 March 2025 |archive-date=11 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250311011036/https://missionsbox.org/press-releases/gfa-world-extends-missionary-movement-to-liberia-west-africa/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==History==
In 1981, then president [[K. P. Yohannan|K.P Yohannan]] formed a branch of GFA World (known for over 40 years as Gospel for Asia) in his native Kerala, with an Indian headquarters being set up in Tiruvalla in 1983.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gospel For Asia (GFA World) - SourceWatch |url=https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Gospel_For_Asia_(GFA_World) |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=www.sourcewatch.org |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Believers Eastern Church in Antioch village.jpg|thumb|308x308px|Believers Eastern Church in Antioch village]]
The organization has grown to support various humanitarian and spiritual programs as well as working with outside organizations, including local governments and the [[Believers Eastern Church|Believer's Eastern Church]], which owns and operates hospitals, colleges and public and residential schools.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Believers Eastern Church |url=http://www.gfa.org/believers-eastern-church/about/ |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=Gospel for Asia |language=en |archive-date=3 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803060923/https://www.gfa.org/believers-eastern-church/about/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> GFA World also offers ministry apprenticeship and volunteer programs as well as an annual retreat for young people called Set Apart held in its Texas Campus.<ref>{{cite web |title=Get Involved with God's Work in Asia and Africa |url=https://www.gfa.org/get-involved/ |website=www.gfa.org/ |access-date=10 May 2025}}</ref>

Following the death of K.P. Yohannan in May 2024, his son Daniel Timotheos became president of GFA World.<ref>{{cite web |title=Obituary for K.P. Yohannan |url=https://www.gfa.org/kpyohannan-obituary/ |website=www.gfa.org/ |access-date=6 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bishop Daniel Timotheos |url=https://www.gfa.org/about/danieltimotheos/ |website=www.gfa.org/ |access-date=6 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala: Synod to meet soon, take call on Believers Eastern Church future |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2024/May/09/kerala-synod-to-meet-soon-take-call-on-believers-eastern-church-future |work=The New Indian Express |date=9 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==Programs==
The goal of GFA World focuses on the formation of missionaries native to the region they serve, with special emphasis on Asia and Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.gfa.org/about/ |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=GFA World |language=en}}</ref> The organization has defined its primary mission field as being those people that live in the [[10/40 window|10/40 Window]], a rectangular region extending from [[West Africa]] to [[East Asia]].

===National missionaries===
[[File:Gospel-for-Asia-NationalMissionaries.jpg|thumb|National missionaries in Asia]]
GFA World's main focus is to train and equip national missionaries. Yohannan stated that he did not limit "national missionaries" to formal nation-states, instead focusing on differences in culture and language to define nationalities. This approach might result in several specialized missionary groups within a single nation-state, from large cities and regions down to small tribes and villages. In 2018, GFA World stated that they had over 16,000 missionaries and church planters in 10 Asian nations.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.gfa.org/sponsorachild/ | title=Sponsor a Child: Gospel for Asia's Child Sponsorship Program |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060202105009/https://www.gfa.org/sponsorachild/ |archive-date=2 Feb 2006 }}</ref><ref name=Liberty>{{cite thesis |last=Houston |first=Rickey |date= March 2013 |title=Loving Your Neighbor: A Guide to Developing and Sustaining Community Service Projects |url=http://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1731&context=doctoral |degree=Doctor of Ministry |publisher=Liberty University Baptist Theological Seminary |access-date=7 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007061153/https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1731&context=doctoral |archive-date=7 Oct 2016 }}.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.miscw.com/as-indias-water-shortage-worsens-gfa-worlds-supported-jesus-wells-serve-thousands-21242.html |title=As India's Water Shortage Worsens, GFA World's-supported 'Jesus Wells' Serve Thousands | date=26 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117083853/https://www.miscw.com/as-indias-water-shortage-worsens-gfa-worlds-supported-jesus-wells-serve-thousands-21242.html |archive-date=17 January 2021}}</ref>

===Church buildings, Bibles and gospel literature===
GFA World raises funds for the building of simple Christian worship centers in small villages to educate new disciples as well as provide a visible meeting place for Christians. However, they have built several large cathedral type buildings in major cities. Examples are St. Thomas Believers Church Cathedral in Thiruvalla <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bec.org/tag/st-thomas-believers-church-cathedral/ |title=St. Thomas Believers Church Cathedral |website=bec.org |access-date=2024-08-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/user/StThomasBCC|title=St. Thomas Believers Church Cathedral YouTube Channel|website=www.YouTube.com|access-date=2019-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418201906/https://www.youtube.com/user/StThomasBCC |archive-date=18 April 2023 }}</ref> and another in an upscale neighborhood [[Hauz Khas]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.justdial.com/Delhi/Gospal-For-Asia-Near-Aurobindo-Road-Hauz-Khas/011P2419898_BZDET|title=Gospel For Asia|website=justdial.com|access-date=2023-04-19}}</ref> GFA World states they distribute native-language bibles and evangelical Christian literature to the region.

===Radio and television broadcasts===
GFA World produces the Radio in Asia broadcast and the Athmeeya Yathra (Spiritual Journey) radio programs and the Athmeeyayathra Television's YouTube channel,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gospel for Asia - YouTube |url=https://www.YouTube.com/user/GospelForAsia?app=desktop |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.YouTube.com/c/athmeeyayathratv?app=desktop |title=Athmeeyayathra - YouTube |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> which provides biblical video content. It also airs GFA Minute,<ref>{{cite web |title=GFA Minute |url=http://www.gfa.org/gfaminute/ |website=Gospel for Asia |access-date=27 April 2024}}</ref> in 18 radio stations across the US.

===Bible colleges===
GFA World has 56 bible colleges in [[India]], [[Nepal]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Myanmar]] and [[Sri Lanka]] with the purpose of training native missionaries with usage of their own dialects and cultures so that leaders could promote gospels.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bible Colleges |url=https://www.gfa.org/ministries/biblecolleges/ |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=Gospel for Asia |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> The program includes three years of instruction, including field instruction and experience.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gfa.org/ministries/biblecolleges/|title=Bible Colleges - Gospel for Asia|website=www.gfa.org|access-date=2019-05-14}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

===GFA World Child Sponsorships===
[[File:Bridge of Hope Class.jpg|thumb|A class taken in a GFA World Child Sponsorship school|alt=|left]]
GFA World maintains a child sponsorship program for poor families in underserved communities, especially [[Caste|lower-caste]] families. The program offers education, physical and spiritual care, including healthcare training and vocational training for women. In its 2019 Special Report,<ref name="GFA-2019">[https://www.gfa.org/special-report/2019/ Gospel for Asia 2019 Year in Review]</ref> GFA World had reported that there were 138,000 children enrolled throughout Asia in its child sponsorship program.

===Wells===
GFA World digs clean water bore wells in communities where water is scarce during parts or most of the year. These wells are built for long-term use near churches, bible colleges or Child Sponsorship centers, and each well is maintained by a local pastor. These wells provide free, clean water to individuals regardless of caste, class, social designation or religion.<ref name=CT>Christian Today. [http://www.christiantoday.com/article/5000.jesus.wells.bringing.clean.water.across.india.and.south.asia/36283.htm "5000 Jesus Wells Bringing Clean Water Across India and South Asia."] christiantoday.com. 19 March 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2016.</ref> In its 2019 Special Report, GFA World reported 4,856 wells were drilled in communities needing clean water and 12,243 BioSand water filters have been provided to individuals or families who only have access to compromised water sources.<ref name=GFA-2019 />

===Leprosy ministry===
The "Reaching Friends Ministry" started as a small effort in 2007 to help a few people suffering with [[leprosy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gfa.org/special-report/what-is-leprosy/|title=Pandemic Worsens the Hardships of Leprosy Patients - COVID-19 intensifies two crippling challenges}}</ref> GFA World workers care for the patients through social and relief work, medical aid, and health and hygiene awareness programs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gfa.org/compassion-services/leprosy-ministry/|title=Leprosy Ministry|access-date=7 June 2021|archive-date=7 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607194452/https://www.gfa.org/compassion-services/leprosy-ministry/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Expansion to Africa===
GFA World's work in Africa begins with Child Sponsorship in the slums of Kigali, the capital of Rwanda.<ref>{{cite web |title=GFA's Missionaries in Africa |url=https://gospelforasia.org/missionaries-in-africa |publisher=www.gospelforasia.org |access-date=17 March 2025}}</ref> This expansion also includes clean water projects, medical ministry, education for the underprivileged, community development projects, women empowerment and training indigenous workers to serve their native communities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gfa.org/africa/|title=GFA World: Showing God's Love in Africa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nrb.org/gospel-for-asia-now-gfa-world-launches-its-first-ever-mission-in-africa/|title=Gospel for Asia — Now GFA World — Launches its First-Ever Mission in Africa|date=14 April 2021 }} Accessed May 29, 2023</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pray for GFA World's Medical Ministry |url=http://www.gfa.org/pray/pray-medical/ |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=GFA World |language=en}}</ref> GFA World plans to expand the ministry to six other nations in Africa during the next few years. In 2025, GFA World extends missionary movement to Liberia, West Africa.<ref name=Liberia />

==Disaster relief==
===Nepal earthquake===
GFA World-supported field partners joined forces with the Nepal government to provide disaster relief in the wake of [[April 2015 Nepal earthquake|Nepal’s 2015 Earthquake]]. The organization helped by providing food, water and medical supplies. Following the initial relief efforts, GFA World's founder K.P. Yohannan met with the [[Prime Minister of Nepal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2015/may/22/relief-nepal-govt-lauds-church-volunteers-763908.html|title=Relief: Nepal Govt Lauds Church Volunteers|website=The New Indian Express|date=22 May 2015 |access-date=2019-11-26}}</ref>

===Asian water crisis===
One of their longest ongoing efforts to date, GFA World's Jesus Wells provide clean drinking water to Asian villages with insufficient access to safe, clean water sources. By 2018, the organization helped construct almost 7,000 wells and BioSand water filters. The wells are typically maintained by GFA World-supported pastors or their church members, preventing the wells from breaking down and ensuring they last for up to 2 decades.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.charismanews.com/world/70262-the-universal-crisis-that-unites-all-nations-demands-christlike-response|title=The Universal Crisis That Unites All Nations Demands Christlike Response|website=Charisma News|language=en|access-date=2019-11-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sightmagazine.com.au/news/11644-new-report-highlights-world-water-crisis-and-calls-for-action-on-solutions|title=Sight Magazine - New report highlights world water crisis and calls for action on solutions|website=www.sightmagazine.com.au|date=6 March 2019 |access-date=2019-11-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.christianpost.com/sponsored/a-jesus-well-transforms-salils-family.html|title=A Jesus Well Transforms Salil's Family|date=9 November 2018|website=www.christianpost.com|language=en|access-date=2019-11-26}}</ref>

===Illiteracy and poverty===
GFA World's Child Sponsorship after-school program assists underprivileged villages through ongoing literacy and education for their boys and girls. This education helps children and their families to overcome generational poverty and avoid the worlds of bonded labor and sex-slave trade.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.crossrhythms.co.uk/articles/life/Turning_The_Spotlight_On_What_Is_Keeping_Millions_In_Grinding_Poverty/62422/p1/|title=Turning The Spotlight on What Is Keeping Millions in Grinding Poverty|website=www.crossrhythms.co.uk|access-date=2019-11-26}}</ref> There are more than 600 of these centers. Students at the centers receive daily education and a nutritious meal, school supplies and uniforms as well as free medical care.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.christianpost.com/sponsored/trading-plastic-bottles-for-a-brighter-future.html|title=Trading Plastic Bottles for a Brighter Future - Help Children in Asia Through Gospel for Asia|date=12 December 2018|website=www.christianpost.com|language=en|access-date=2019-11-26}}</ref> GFA World is using these centers as a way to alleviate the root causes of impoverishment and gender discrimination in Asian countries as well as inhumane child labor practices.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.christianpost.com/news/100-million-women-missing-worldwide-trapped-sex-slavery-report-samuel-smith.html|title=100 million women 'missing' worldwide trapped in sex slavery, killed by abortions or domestic violence|website=www.christianpost.com|date=12 May 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-11-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2019/26-july/news/world/scale-of-child-labour-is-laid-bare-in-report|title=Scale of child labour is laid bare in report|website=www.churchtimes.co.uk|access-date=2019-11-26}}</ref>

===Kerala floods===
In 2018, flooding in Kerala left over 200,000 Indian people without homes. GFA World's primary field partner saw their Kerala headquarters suffer from severe flooding. Many Child Sponsorship centers also suffered damage. GFA World's field partner volunteers delivered medical supplies, clothes, food and fresh water to flooding victims in the area.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www1.cbn.com/cbnnews/cwn/2018/august/surrounded-by-an-ocean-of-water-rsquo-historic-flooding-kills-hundreds-in-kerala-india|title='Surrounded by an Ocean of Water': Historic Flooding Kills Hundreds in Kerala, India|date=2018-08-17|website=CBN News|language=en|access-date=2019-11-26}}</ref>

[[File:Gospel for Asia Covid Relief.jpg|thumb|GFA World distributes vegetables in Andhra Pradesh during Covid lockdown]]

===COVID-19 relief===
Due to the water crisis and national lockdown in India, leaving home and effective hand washing are not possibilities. In response to the coronavirus, GFA World provided clean water projects through [[Biosand filter]] and Jesus Wells in order to give clean drinking and hand washing water. They also partnered with local governments to educate people and improve on hand washing techniques. The organization  also installed toilets and running medical clinics throughout South Asia.<ref>{{Cite web|last=McFarlane|first=Josie|date=2020-05-15|title=Coronavirus: Charity reaches forgotten starving masses by utilising network of churches|url=https://www.keepthefaith.co.uk/2020/05/15/coronavirus-charity-reaches-forgotten-starving-masses-by-utilising-network-of-churches/|access-date=2020-06-09|website=Keep The Faith ® The UK's Black and multi-ethnic Christian magazine|language=en-GB}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> GFA World partnered with Believers Eastern Church in Asia and local officials to distribute food kits for families suffering from the medical and economic loses due to COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blackchristiannews.com/2020/10/gospel-for-asia-distributes-food-kits-to-70000-desperate-families-on-the-edge-of-starvation-due-to-coronavirus-plague/|title=Gospel for Asia Distributes Food Kits to 70,000 Desperate Families on the Edge of Starvation Due to Coronavirus Plague|date=4 October 2020}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

== Affiliate offices ==
GFA World has eight affiliated international entities in which they operate, including [[Canada]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.charityintelligence.ca/charity-details/371-gfa-world | title=Charity Intelligence Canada. Retrieved 19 June 2023 }}</ref> [[United Kingdom]], [[New Zealand]], [[Australia]], [[South Africa]], [[Germany]], [[Finland]], and [[South Korea]].

== Controversies ==

===GFA Diaspora===

In 2014, a group of over 10 former Gospel for Asia staff members named the GFA Diaspora wrote a letter regarding GFA leadership<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/02/12/did-this-preacher-rob-from-the-poor-to-give-to-himself|title=Did This Preacher Rob From The Poor To Give To Himself?|last=Zadrozny|first=Brandy |author-link=Brandy Zadrozny|date=2016-02-13|access-date=2019-02-16|language=en}}</ref> and another one for GFA's donors.

These letters<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gfadiaspora.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/GFA-Letter-2014-06-17-wide.pdf|title=GFA Letter|date=2014-06-17|website=GFA Diaspora|access-date=2019-01-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gfadiaspora.com/communications-history|title=Communications History – GFA Diaspora|website=www.gfadiaspora.com|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref> brought about a supposed internal investigation by GFA that was completed by Gayle Erwin, a member of GFA's board. Upon the completion of Erwin's investigation, a report was released along with letters of explanation to the GFA Diaspora Group.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gfadiaspora.com/gayle-erwin-board-communications--2015-12-02|title=December 1, 2015 * Gayle Erwin Sends Original Board Report and ECFA Report to Diaspora – GFA Diaspora|website=www.gfadiaspora.com|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gfadiaspora.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/PDF-Letter-of-Apology.pdf|title=Letter of Apology|last=Erwin|first=Gayle|website=GFA Diaspora|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gfadiaspora.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/PDF-LETTERS-OF-CONCERN.pdf|title=Letters of Concern|last=Erwin|first=Gayle|date=2015-03-17|website=GFA Diaspora|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gfadiaspora.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/pdf-report-to-GFA-as-assigned.pdf|title=Report for Gospel for Asia Board Concerning Accusations|last=Erwin|first=Gayle D.|website=GFA Diaspora|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

===ECFA Membership===
In September 2015, GFA lost their 36-year membership in the financial standards advocacy group [[Evangelical Council for Financial Accountability]] (ECFA), with the ECFA reporting that GFA had not met many of their required standards<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ecfa.org/content/standards|title=Seven Standards of Responsible Stewardship - ECFA.church|website=www.ecfa.org|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref> of excellence in financial accountability and governance.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wthrockmorton.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/ECFA-REPORT-TO-GFA.pdf|title=ECFA Report to GFA|date=2015-09-02|website=Evangelical Council for Financial Accountability|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref><ref name="Charisma1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.charismanews.com/world/55166-gospel-for-asia-responds-to-claims-of-egregious-abuse|title=Gospel for Asia Responds to Claims of 'Egregious Abuse'|last=Lancaster|first=Jessilyn|website=Charisma News|language=en|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/news/2015/october/why-gospel-for-asia-kicked-out-of-ecfa-yohannan.html|title=Why the ECFA Kicked Out Gospel for Asia|website=News & Reporting|date=8 October 2015 |language=en|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref><ref name="christiantoday">{{Cite web|url=https://www.christiantoday.com/article/gospel-for-asia-fights-back-against-fraud-allegations/84561.htm|title=Gospel for Asia fights back against fraud allegations|first=Mark|last=Woods |date=22 April 2016|website=www.christiantoday.com|language=en|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

The GFA board responded with a statement that noted "ECFA's decision was made after conducting a special review of Gospel for Asia, and we respect ECFA's evaluation. Our response was to begin a focused review and to implement the ECFA's recommended improvements".<ref name="Charisma1" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ministrywatch.com/pdf/MWDA_113015_GFA.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=9 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220084306/http://www.ministrywatch.com/pdf/MWDA_113015_GFA.pdf |archive-date=20 February 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=January 2019}}

===Class action lawsuit===

GFA has faced two class-action suits – one in the US and one in Canada – over their disbursement of the collected funds; the GFA settled the US case at a cost of $37 million, without any admission of guilt.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.christianpost.com/news/gospel-for-asia-settles-class-action-lawsuit-maintains-it-did-not-act-fraudulently.html|title=Gospel for Asia settles class-action lawsuit, maintains it did 'not act fraudulently'|website=www.christianpost.com|date=March 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-10-15}}</ref> The motion to certify a class-action lawsuit vs GFA in Canada was dismissed by the Ontario Superior Court of Justice in Toronto in March, 2022.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bennettjones.com/Publications-Section/Announcements/Ontario-Court-Dismisses-$170-million-Class-Action-Against-GFA-World | title=Ontario Court Dismisses $170-million Class Action Against GFA World | Bennett Jones }}</ref>

In 2017 Gospel for Asia was accused by Arkansas couple Garland and Phyllis Murphy of raising funds for charity "while covertly diverting the money to a multimillion-dollar personal empire".<ref name="Garza">{{Cite web|url=https://www.courthousenews.com/class-calls-christian-charity-a-vile-scheme/|title=Class Calls Christian Charity a 'Vile Scheme'|last=Garza|first=Erik De La|date=2017-02-22|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref> The couple filed a class action [[Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act|RICO]] anti-fraud lawsuit against GFA's president and several GFA leaders, seeking to substantiate GFA's claims of where it spent the money donors gave to the organization.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://legalnewsline.com/stories/511121880-arkansas-couple-accuse-ministries-group-of-fraud|title=Arkansas couple accuse ministries group of fraud {{!}} Legal Newsline|website=legalnewsline.com|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref> The case was settled after three years of court proceedings in which GFA and the plaintiff agreed "all donations designated for use in the field were ultimately sent to the field".<ref name="Zylstra">{{Cite web|url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/news/2019/march/gospel-for-asia-gfa-settles-class-action-refund-donors.html|title=Gospel for Asia Settles Lawsuit with $37 Million Refund to Donors|last=Eekhoff Zylstra|first=Sarah |website=News & Reporting|date=March 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-10-15}}</ref> Those entitled to join the class action were those United States residents who donated to Gospel for Asia between 1 January 2009 and 10 September 2018.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} Information regarding the lawsuit has been published on the official Murphy v Gospel for Asia website.

The settlement agreement also requires that K. P. Yohannan's wife Gisela be removed from the board of the charity for three years and for Garland Murphy, one of the plaintiffs, to be given a seat and another person appointed to the board acceptable to both Murphy and K. P. Yohannan; in addition a subcommittee of the board which will include Murphy but neither Yohannan nor his son, Daniel Punnose, will produce annual reports for the board, the Judge and the lead counsel for three years.<ref name="ctmar2019">{{cite news |last1=Zylstra |first1=Sarah Eekhoff |title=Gospel for Asia Settles Lawsuit with $37 Million Refund to Donors |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/news/2019/march/gospel-for-asia-gfa-settles-class-action-refund-donors.html |access-date=17 September 2019 |work=News & Reporting |date=1 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="toindia">{{cite news |last1=Tom |first1=Disney |title=Yohannan Settles US Lawsuit for Rs 261cr |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/yohannan-settles-us-lawsuit-for-rs-261cr/articleshow/68277698.cms |access-date=17 September 2019 |work=The Times of India |date=6 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

===GFA UK===
In January 2016 the [[Charity Commission]], the [[non-ministerial government department]] that regulates [[Charitable organization|registered charities]] in [[England and Wales]] and maintains the Central Register of Charities, was "assessing information provided" about the United Kingdom GFA office.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.civilsociety.co.uk/news/commission-assessing-whether-to-investigate-uk-branch-of-scandal-hit-charity-gospel-for-asia.html|title=Commission assessing whether to investigate UK branch of scandal-hit charity Gospel for Asia|website=www.civilsociety.co.uk|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref> The United Kingdom GFA office remains recognised by them as a [[Charitable organization|registered charity]] with up-to-date accounts. In the year ending 31 March 2020, they spent £316,000 on fundraising, brought in donations and legacies totaling £1.37 million, and spent £0 on charitable activities.<ref>{{Cite web|title=GFA World - Charity 1064738|url=https://register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk/charity-search/-/charity-details/3942403/charity-overview|access-date=2021-06-24|website=register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk|language=en-GB}}</ref>

===GFA New Zealand===
Gospel for Asia New Zealand used to occupy an office space at the Calvary Chapel Auckland. After the controversies, Calvary Chapel severed ties with GFA. GFA now operates its ministries in Rosedale, Auckland, New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cathnews.co.nz/2015/12/04/79456/|title=Auckland church severs ties with Gospel for Asia|date=2015-12-03|website=CathNews NZ and Asia Pacific|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

===GFA World (formerly GFA Canada)===
A Canadian class-action lawsuit, which accused the ministry of defrauding or making negligent misstatements to donors, was denied certification in May, 2022. The Ontario Superior Court of Justice found that those who accused GFA World Canada failed to provide "admissible evidence beyond speculation, conjecture, and allegations of wrongdoing".<ref>{{cite court |litigants=Zentner v. GFA World |vol=2022 ONSC 1683 |pinpoint= CV-20-00643091-00CL |date= 20020317 |url=https://www.pwc.com/ca/en/car/gfaworld-/assets/gfaworld-107_180322.pdf |quote= a) Zentner’s motion is dismissed. b) GFA Canada's summary judgment motion is dismissed. }}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=April 2026}}

===Believer's Eastern Church===
{{main|Believers Eastern Church}}
Criticism regarding the Believer's Eastern Church are mentioned in the main article of [[Believers Eastern Church|Believer's Eastern Church]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* Brodeur, Michael; Liebscher, Banning. (2013). ''Revival Culture: Prepare for the Next Great Awakening''. Chapter 4. Gospel Light Publications. {{ISBN|9780830765478}}
* Yohannan, K.P. (2004). ''Revolution in World Missions''. Gospel for Asia Books. Carrollton, Texas. {{ISBN|9781595890016}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.gfa.org/}}
*[https://www.docketbird.com/court-documents/Murphy-v-Gospel-For-Asia-Inc-et-al/MEMORANDUM-OPINION-AND-ORDER-denying-85-Motion-for-Protective-Order-granting-94-Motion-for-Sanctions-and-deferring-ruling-on-104-Motion-for-Sanctions-Signed-by-Honorable-Timothy-L-Brooks-on-June-4-2018/arwd-5:2017-cv-05035-00125 Docketbird Court Document]
*[http://www.gfaclassaction.us/DocumentHandler.ashx?DocPath=/Documents/GFA_Final_Order_and_Judgment.pdf Final Order and Judgment]
*[http://www.gfaclassaction.us/DocumentHandler.ashx?DocPath=/Documents/Settlement_Agreement.pdf Settlement Agreement]

{{portal bar|Christianity}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gospel For Asia}}
[[Category:Christian missions in India]]
[[Category:Christian missions in Asia]]
[[Category:Christian charities]]
[[Category:Water-related charities]]
[[Category:Saint Thomas Christians]]

Manipuri–Burmese wars of 1717 to 1749

2026-04-11T20:58:47Z

Sabari2398: Created Pg

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Manipuri – Burmese Wars of 1717–1749
| place = [[Burma|Myanmar]]
| width =
| partof =
| image = Sphere of influence of Maharaja Garib Niwaz of Manipur.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| date = 1717 C.E – 1738 C.E
| coordinates =
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| map_size =
| map_mark =
| map_marksize =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| territory = Manipur captures [[Myedu]], [[Sagaing]] and significant portions of Northern [[Myanmar|Burma]].<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=GvcRAAAAYAAJ&dq=Gharib+nawaz+captured&pg=PA264|title=A History of Assam |last1=Gait |first1=Edward |last2=Gait |first2=Sir Edward Albert |date=1906 }}</ref>{{request quotation|date=March 2024}}
| result = Manipuri victory
| status =
| combatants_header = Belligerents
| combatant1 = [[Manipur kingdom|Manipur]]
| combatant2 = [[Toungoo Dynasty]] [[File:Coat of Arms of Tripura Princely State.gif|17px]] [[Manikya Dynasty]]<ref>{{cite book|url= http://www.iitg.ernet.in/rcilts/his_mnme.html |title= History of Manipur, the medevial period|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110605122530/http://www.iitg.ernet.in/rcilts/his_mnme.html|archive-date= 2011-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eybpM1KZjVoC&dq=Tripura+allied+with+the+Burmese&pg=PA112 |title=The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs |isbn=978-81-8465-210-9 |last1=Sana |first1=Raj Kumar Somorjit |date=2010 |publisher=Waikhom Ananda Meetei }}</ref> [[Kingdom of Pong]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DnhTDwAAQBAJ&q=Pong&pg=PA130 |title=Manipur |isbn=978-81-926687-2-7 |last1=Somorjit |first1=Wangam |date=March 2016 |publisher=Waba Publications & Advanced Research Consortium }}</ref>
| combatant3 =
| combatant1a =
| combatant2a =
| combatant3a =
| combatant1b =
| combatant2b =
| combatant3b =
| combatant1c =
| combatant2c =
| combatant3c =
| combatant1d =
| combatant2d =
| combatant3d =
| commander1 = [[Charairongba]] [[Pamheiba]]
| commander2 = [[Mahadhammaraza Dipadi]] [[Taninganway Min]]
| commander3 =
| units1 =
| units2 =
| units3 =
| strength1 = 20,000+<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JW9SAAAAcAAJ&dq=Gharib+Nawaz+Manipur&pg=PA28|title=The History of British India|first=James|last=Mill|date=March 25, 1848|publisher=Madden|via=Google Books}}</ref>
| strength2 = Unknown
| strength3 =
| casualties1 = More<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.kanglaonline.com/index.php?template=kshow&kid=58&|title=Garib Niwaz: Wars and Religious Policy in 18th Century Manipur|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927172001/http://www.kanglaonline.com/index.php?template=kshow&kid=58& |archive-date=2007-09-27 }}</ref>
| casualties2 = Less
| casualties3 =
| notes =
| campaignbox =
}}
The '''Manipur – Burmese wars of 1717–1749 ''' were a series of conflicts between [[Manipur kingdom|Manipur]] under [[Gharib Niwaz (Manipur)|Gharib Niwaz]] and the [[Toungoo dynasty]] of Burma.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://imphalreviews.in/garibaniwaz-pamheiba-the-master-of-manipur-and-upper-burma-west-of-irrawaddy-1709-1748/|title=GARIBANIWAZ (PAMHEIBA): The Master of Manipur and Upper Burma (West of Irrawaddy) (1709–1748) » Imphal Review of Arts and Politics|first=Manglemjao S.|last=Sorokhaibam|date=July 10, 2021|website=imphalreviews.in}}</ref>

== Background ==
[[File:Restored Taungoo Dynasty.png|thumb|right|305px|The Toungoo kingdom of Burma, {{circa|1650}}]]
The conflict between the Kingdom of Manipur and the Kingdom of Burma, also known as Awa, was sparked by a series of events rooted in familial ties and political grievances. Following the demotion of his sister, who was married to the Burmese King as Awa-Leima, Manipur King Charairongba harbored deep resentment. Before his demise, he tasked his son Pamheiba (Garibaniwaz) with avenging this slight against their family. The tensions escalated when a delegation from Burma, accompanied by Samsok emissaries, arrived in Manipur seeking a Meitei princess's hand in marriage. Despite King Garibaniwaz's courteous reception, the presence of the Samsok people further fueled his anger, setting the stage for further hostilities between the two kingdoms.<ref name=":0"/>

== Early Conflict ==
In 1724, Gharib Niwaz deceived the Burmese king by pretending to bring a princess as a companion for the Burmese monarch's princess. Instead, he captured 300 Burmese lords and ladies who had come to receive the supposed princess, taking them captive to Manipur.<ref name=":1" /> The Burmese launched an invasion into Manipur in revenge. The Burmese troops were intercepted by Manipuri army at Mangsha, and defeated them. The Manipur royal chronicle [[Cheitharol Kumbaba]] records that 157 Burmese were caught in the whole 9 days long operation.

== Mu-Valley Campaign of 1735 ==
In 1735, Gharib Niwaz launched a campaign into the Mu Valley in Central Burma. Manipuri army entered [[Myedu]] in [[Shwebo District]], destroying villages and pagodas, and captured cattle and 1000 people.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Harvey |first=G.E. |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofburmaharveyg.e._689_V/page/207/mode/2up |title=History Of Burma, Page 208}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=U |first=Htin Aung |url=https://ia803106.us.archive.org/22/items/AHistoryOfBurmaMaungHtinAung/A%20History%20of%20Burma%20-%20Maung%20Htin%20Aung.pdf#page=141.23 |title=A history of Burma, Page 152}}</ref>

== Campaign of 1737 ==
Two years later, in 1737, King Pamheiba achieved further military success by defeating two Burmese armies consecutively. These Burmese forces comprised 7,000 foot soldiers, 700 horsemen, and 20 elephants. The victories led to the devastation of the region from the banks of the Khodoung Khyoung to [[Tabayin]], solidifying his sphere of influence in the region.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Pemberton |first=R. Boileau |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.2453/page/n61/mode/2up |title=Report On The Eastern Frontier Of British India, Page 38 |publisher=Baptist Mission Press, Kolkata |year=1835}}</ref>

== Campaign of 1738 ==
In 1738, King Gharib Niwaz launched another military campaign by crossing the [[Chindwin River]] once again. Manipuri army dispersed a Burmese army consisting of 15,000 foot soldiers, 8,000 horsemen, and 80 elephants. Subsequently, he led a force of 20,000 men to launch a decisive attack on the stockaded positions around the ancient capital of Sagaing, ultimately gaining control of these strategic locations.<ref name=":2" />

== Campaign of 1739 ==
In 1739, King Gharib Niwaz, aided by the [[Dimasa Kingdom|Cacharis]], invaded [[Inwa|Ava]], the capital of then Burmese Empire with a force of 20,000 men with an aim to dispersed Ava. However, the Manipuri forces failed in their attack on a Burmese force that was stockaded at Myedoo. Pamheiba was then deserted by his Cachari allies, and after suffering significant losses, he was compelled to retreat back.<ref name=":2" />

== Impact ==
The Mon Rebellion for [[Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom]], which marked the end of the [[Toungoo dynasty]], was a response to the Ava court's inability to manage the invasions of Manipur. This was not a carefully planned rising, but rather a spontaneous outbreak due to the prevailing circumstances. The Manipuri invasion reaching the walls of Ava, and the eastern entrance of the [[Kaunghmudaw Pagoda]] still bears the sword marks of Gharib Niwaz made a chilling reminder of the violence that ensued. In such volatile conditions, rebellion was inevitable.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hall |first=D.G.E |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.4506/page/n77/mode/2up |title=Burma, Page 75}}</ref>

King Pamheiba campaigned in Mu-Valley, including Mydeu town, in 1735-1738. He stayed over a month at in Shwebo District, where the future emperor [[Alaungpaya]], then a boy, observed the events. Alaungpaya grew up watching Manipuris ransacking his home region year after year. After becoming the monarch of Burma, he sent an expedition to Manipur to "instill respect". In early 1756, the Burmese army defeated the Manipuri army and ransacked the country, which the Manipuris call the '''First Devastation'''.<ref name="geh-228">Harvey 1925: 228</ref><ref name="dgeh-x-20">Hall 1960: X-20</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manipuri-Burmese wars of 1717 to 1749}}
[[Category:18th century in the Manipur Kingdom]]
[[Category:Battles involving Myanmar]]

Manvendra Singh Chauhan

2026-04-05T07:37:46Z

Sabari2398: Created A Bio

{{Short description|Indian Politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Manvendra Singh Chauhan
| office = Member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
| 1blankname =
| 1namedata =
| successor =
| constituency = elected by Legislative Assembly members
| term_end =
| office1 = Vice President of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start1 = 2023
| term_end1 =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| birth_place = [[Kanpur district (disambiguation)|Kanpur district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| country = {{flag|India}}
| father = Late Suryabhan Singh Chauhan
| occupation = Politician
| profession =
| office2 = Regional President of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], [[Kanpur district (disambiguation)|Kanpur - Bundelkhand]]
| image = BJP MLC Manvendra Singh Chauhan.jpg
| term_start2 = 2016
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1970|01|26|df=y}}
| caption = Chauhan in 2019
| term_start = 29 May 2023
| term_end2 = 2023
}}

[[File:ManvendraSingh.Jpg|thumb|259x259px|Chauhan in right with Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh [[Yogi Adityanath]] in 2023]]
'''Manvendra Singh Chauhan''' (born 26 January 1970) is an Indian Politician currently serving as a member in Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh Vidhanparishad |url=http://upvidhanparishad.nic.in/dalwaqr%20sadasya.htm |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=upvidhanparishad.nic.in}}</ref> He is a Vice President in the Bhartiya Janta Party state unit of Uttar Pradesh<ref>{{Cite web |title=उपाध्यक्ष – भारतीय जनता पार्टी |url=https://up.bjp.org/%e0%a4%89%e0%a4%aa%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%a7%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%af%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b7/ |access-date=2024-03-12 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-26 |title=Revamp in State Unit: In new UP BJP team, Chaudhary retains most old members, inducts 9 new faces |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/revamp-in-state-unit-in-new-up-bjp-team-chaudhary-retains-most-old-members-inducts-9-new-faces-8519137/ |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and has been the regional president for Kanpur Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh for BJP organisation from 2016 to 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=भाजपा ने मानवेंद्र सिंह को फिर सौंपी कानपुर क्षेत्र की कमान, अध्यक्ष घोषित होने पर बधाई का तांता - BJP again declared Adhyaksh to manvendra singh of Kanpur area |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/kanpur-city-bjp-again-declared-adhyaksh-to-manvendra-singh-of-kanpur-area-20682911.html |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pioneer |first=The |title=UP BJP appoints 6 regional chiefs |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/india/up-bjp-appoints-6-regional-chiefs.html |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref> Before 2016 he also served as regional vice president for BJP Kanpur region from 2012 to 2016.

== Early life and education ==
[[File:Manvendra Singh Chauhan with BJP President JP Nadda Ji.jpg|thumb|Chauhan with BJP National President [[J. P. Nadda|J P Nadda]] in 2023]]
Manvendra Singh Chauhan was born in Kanpur District of Uttar Pradesh in 1970 to Shri Suryabhan Singh Chauhan and Shrimati Kamlesh Kumari Chauhan. His father was a state civil services officer and he did his schooling from Kanpur. He is a graduate with a bachelor's degree in commerce from [[Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University|CSJMU]], Kanpur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manvendra Singh(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):(ELECTED FROM UP LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/upmlc/candidate.php?candidate_id=284 |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Political career ==
[[File:Manvendra singh chauhan bjp mlc . JPG.jpg|thumb|Chauhan with Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] in 2019]]
Chauhan has been involved with Bhartiya Janta Party and RSS since an early age. He has worked in several capacities in different wings of Bhartiya Janta Party. He worked as a treasurer for the Panchayat Raj Prakosht of BJP in U.P. in the early phases of his career and later as vice president in the Kisan Morcha of BJP in U.P.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-30 |title=प्रचंड जीत में बीजेपी के चाणक्य बन उभरे मानवेंद्र {{!}} manvendra singh emerged as the chanakya of bjp in the up triumph |url=https://www.patrika.com/kanpur-news/manvendra-singh-emerged-as-the-chanakya-of-bjp-in-the-up-triumph-4502644 |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref>

He was made regional vice president of BJP Kanpur region in 2012, a post that he held until 2016 when the Kanpur region was combined with the Bundelkhand region of the BJP organisation and he was made the Regional President. He held the office of Regional President from 2016 to 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=कानपुर: मानवेंद्र सिंह बने क्षेत्रीय BJP अध्यक्ष, दस लोकसभा सीट जीतने का तोहफा |url=https://smart.livehindustan.com/kanpur/news/up-bjp-regional-president-list-kanpur-leader-manvendra-singh-appointed-kanpur-kshetra-adhyaksh-by-state-chief-swatantra-deo-singh-81598612289945.html |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=Hindustan Smart |language=hindi}}</ref> when he was made a Vice President of party's state unit.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-26 |title=80% of BJP's new U.P. team from core social base |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bjp-overhauls-its-uttar-pradesh-unit/article66664913.ece |access-date=2024-03-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He is also a nominated member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council|Legislative Council of Uttar Pradesh]] since 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UP विधान परिषद उपचुनाव: बीजेपी ने पद्मसेन और मानवेंद्र को दिया MLC का टिकट, जानें समीकरण |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/story-bjp-gave-mlc-tickets-to-padmasen-and-manvendra-up-legislative-council-by-election-8177814.html |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP MLC candidates Padamsen Chaudhary and Manvendra Singh file nomination in Lucknow {{!}} City - Times of India Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/city/lucknow/bjp-mlc-candidates-padamsen-chaudhary-and-manvendra-singh-file-nomination-in-lucknow/videoshow/100334972.cms |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chauhan, Manvendra Singh}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
{{Improve categories|date=March 2024}}

Demographics of the Madras Presidency

2026-04-01T08:05:18Z

Sabari2398: done

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
[[File:1911Census.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Census superintendent and enumerators in [[Pasumalai]], [[Madras Presidency]], circa 1911]]

The first census of the [[Madras Presidency]] was taken in the year 1822.<ref name="officialadministrationp327">[[#Official Administration of the Madras Presidency|Official Administration of the Madras Presidency]], Pg 327</ref> It returned a population of 13,476,923.<ref name="officialadministrationp327" /> The second census conducted in 1836-37 returned a population of 13,967,395, an increase of only 490,472 in 15 years.<ref name="officialadministrationp327" /> The first quinquennial enumeration of the population was made in 1851–52. It returned a population of 22,031,697.<ref name="officialadministrationp327" /> Subsequent enumerations were made in 1856–57, 1861–62 and 1866–67. The population of Madras Presidency was found to be 22,857,855 in 1851–52, 24,656,509 in 1861-62 and 26,539,052 in 1866–67.<ref name="officialadministrationp327" />

The first organized census of India was conducted in 1871. It returned a population of 31,220,973 for Madras Presidency. Since then, a census has been conducted once every ten years. The last census of British India held in 1941 returned a population of 49,341,810 for Madras Presidency.

{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable defaultright col1left col2left" style="margin:auto;"
! colspan="12"| Districts of the Madras Presidency
|-
! rowspan="2"| District
! rowspan="2"|District Headquarters
! rowspan="2"|Area {{small| ({{nowrap|sq mi}})}}
! rowspan="2"| Year of incorporation
! colspan="8"| Population
|-
! 1871
! 1881
! 1891
! 1901
! 1911
! 1921
! 1931
! 1941
|-
| Anantapur
| Anantapur
| 5,557
| 1800
| | 741,255 || | 599,899 || |727,725 || |788,254 || 963,223|| || ||1,166,255
|-
| Anjengo<ref name="anjengo">In 1906, the two British enclaves of Anjengo and Tangasseri within Travancore were separated from Malabar district due to inaccessibility and a new Anjengo district was created. Anejnego was the smallest and least populous district in Madras Presidency from 1906 to 1927. In 1927, the two enclaves were incorporated in Tinnevelly district.</ref>
| Anjengo
| |1
| | 1906
| | - || | - || |- || |- ||4,817 || || ||
|-
| Bellary
| Bellary
| |5,714
| | 1800
| |911,755 || |726,275 || |880,950 || |947,214 ||969,436 || || || 1,051,235
|-
| [[Chingleput District (Madras Presidency)|Chingleput]]
| Saidapet
| |5,079
| | 1763
| |938,184 || |981,381 || |1,202,928 || |1,312,122 || 1,321,000|| || || 1,171,419
|-
| [[Coimbatore District (Madras Presidency)|Coimbatore]]
| Coimbatore
| |7,860
| | 1799
| |1,763,274 || |1,657,690 || |2,004,839 || |2,201,752 || |||3,219,848 || || 2,809,648
|-
| Cuddapah
| Cuddapah
| |8,723
| | 1800
| |1,351,194 || |1,121,038 || |1,272,072 || |1,291,267 || || || || 1,056,507
|-
| East Godavari<ref name="Godavari_district" />
| Cocanada
| |
| | 1765
| |- || |- || |- || |- ||- ||1,756,477 ||1,976,743|| 2,161,863
|-
| Ganjam<ref name="ganjam_orissa">Ganjam district was transferred to the newly formed province of Orissa in 1936</ref>
| Berhampur
| |8,372
| | 1765
| |1,520,088 || |1,749,604 || |1,896,803 || |2,010,256 || |- || |- || |- || |-
|-
| Godavari<ref name="Godavari_district">In 1925, Godavari district was bifurcated into West Godavari and East Godavari districts</ref>
| Cocanada
| |7,972
| | 1765
| |1,592,939 || |1,791,512 || |2,078,782 || |2,301,759 || |1,530,000 ||2,583,250 ||- ||-
|-
| Kistna
| Masulipatam
| |8,498
| | 1765/1801
| |1,452,374 || |1,548,480 || |1,855,582 || |2,154,803 || |1,997,535||2,133,314 || || 1,444,294
|-
| Kurnool
| Kurnool
| |7,878
| | 1800
| |914,432 || |678,551 || |817,811 || |872,055 ||889,000 || || || 1,146,250
|-
| Madras
| Madras
| |27
| | 1639
| |367,552 || |405,848 || |452,518 || |509,346 || 518,660 || |526,000 ||645,000 || 777,481
|-
| [[Madura District (Madras Presidency)|Madura]]
| Madura
| |8,701
| | 1761/1790/1801
| |2,266,615 || |2,168,680 || 2,608,404 || |2,831,280 ||1,861,000 |||2,007,063 || || 2,446,601
|-
| Malabar
| [[Kozhikode|Calicut]]
| |5,795
| | 1792
| |2,261,250 || |2,365,035 || |2,652,565 || |2,800,555 || 3,015,119 |||3,098,871 || || 3,929,425
|-
| Nellore
| Nellore
| |8,761
| | 1781
| |1,376,811 || |1,220,236 || 1,463,736 || |1,496,987 || |1,296,000|| || || 1,617,026
|-
| Nilgiris
| Ootacamund
| |958
| | 1799
| |49,501 || |91,034 || |99,797 || |111,437 || 80,000|| || ||209,709
|-
| North Arcot
| Chittoor
| |7,386
| | 1781/1801
| |2,015,278 || |1,817,814 || |2,114,487|| |2,207,712 ||1,822,000 |||2,055,594 || || 2,577,540
|-
| Salem
| Salem
| |7,530
| | 1792
| |1,966,995 || |1,599,595 || |1,962,591 || |2,204,974 || |1,766,680 |||2,112,034 || || 2,869,228
|-
| South Arcot
| Cuddalore
| |5,217
| | 1781/1801
| |1,755,817 || |1,814,738 || |2,162,851 || |2,349,894 || |2,272,000|||2,320,085 || || 2,608,758
|-
| South Kanara
| Mangalore
| |4,021
| | 1799
| |918,362 || |959,514 || |1,056,081 || |1,134,713 || || || || 1,523,516
|-
| [[Tanjore District (Madras Presidency)|Tanjore]]
| Tanjore
| |3,710
| | 1799
| |1,973,731 || |2,130,383 || |2,228,114 || |2,245,029 ||2,362,639 ||2,326,265 ||2,385,920 ||2,563,375
|-
| Tinnevely
| Tinnevely
| |5,389
| | 1761/1801
| |1,693,959 || |1,699,747 || 1,916,095 || |2,059,607 || || || || 2,244,548
|-
| [[Trichinopoly District (Madras Presidency)|Trichinopoly]]
| Trichinopoly
| |2,632
| | 1781/1801
| |1,200,408 || |1,215,033 || |1,372,717 || |1,444,770 || || || || 2,194,091
|-
| Vizagapatam
| Waltair
| |17,222
| | 1794
| |2,159,199 || |2,485,141 || |2,802,992 || |2,933,650 || ||2,231,874 || || 3,845,944
|-
| West Godavari<ref name="Godavari_district" />
| Eluru
| |
| | 1765
| |- || |- || |- || |- ||- ||- || || 1,380,088
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| Total
| Madras
| |141,705
|
| |31,220,973 || |30,827,218 || |35,630,440 || |38,209,436 || |41,870,160||42,794,155 ||46,740,107<ref name="Godavari_district" /> || |49,341,810<ref name="ganjam_orissa" />
|-
! colspan="12"| Princely States of Madras Presidency
|-
| Banganapalle
| Banganapalle
| |255
|
| | 45,208 || | 30,754 || |34,596 || |32,264 |||39,344 |||36,692 |||39,218 |||44,592
|-
| Cochin
| Cochin
| |1,362
|
| | 601,114 || | 600,278 || |722,906 || |812,025 ||979,080 ||918,110 || |1,205,016||1,422,875
|-
| Pudukkottai
| Pudukkottai
| |1,100
|
| | 316,695 || | 302,127 || |373,096 || |380,440 ||411,886 ||426,313 || |400,694|||438,648
|-
| Sandur
| Sandur
| |161
|
| | 14,996 || | 10,532 || |11,388 || |11,200 ||13,517 |||11,665 ||13,583 |||15,814
|-
| Travancore
| Trivandrum
| |7,091
|
| | 2,311,379 || | 2,401,158 || |2,557,736 || |2,952,157 || |3,428,975||4,006,062 || |5,095,973||6,070,018
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
| Total
|
| |9,969
|
| |32,85,938 || |33,44,849 || |36,99,722 || |41,88,086 || |48,72,802 || |53,98,842 || |67,54,484 || |79,91,947
|-
| colspan="12" style="text-align:center;"|''Source: The Imperial Gazetteer of India''
|}

== Cities ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"
|-
! Position
! 1871
! 1881
! 1891
! 1901
! 1911
! 1921
! 1931
! 1941
|-
| 1 || [[Madras]] (367,552) || Madras (405,848) || Madras (452,518) || Madras (509,346) || Madras (518,660) || Madras (526,911) || Madras (647,232) || Madras (777,481)
|-
| 2 || [[Trichinopoly]] (76,530) || Trichinopoly (84,449) || Trichinopoly (90,609) || Madura (105,984) || Madura (134,130) || Madura (138,894)|| Madura (182,018) ||Madura (239,144)
|-
| 3 || [[Tanjore]] (52,171) || Madura (73,807) || Madura (87,428) || Trichinopoly (104,721) || Trichinopoly (123,512)|| Trichinopoly (120,422) || Trichinopoly (142,843)||Trichinopoly (159,566)
|-
| 4 || [[Madura]] (51,987) || [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] (57,085) || Salem (67,710) || Calicut (76,981) || Calicut (82,334) || Calicut (78,417) || Salem (102,179) || Coimbatore (130,348)
|-
| 5 || [[Bellary]] (51,766) || Tanjore (54,745) || Calicut (66,078) || Salem (70,621) || Kumbakonam (64,647) || Coimbatore (65,788)|| Calicut (99,273) || Salem (129,702)
|-
| 6 || [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] (50,012) || Negapatam (53,855) || Bellary (59,447) || Kumbakonam (59,673) || Tanjore (60,341) || [[Conjeevaram]] (61,376) || Coimbatore (95,198) || Calicut (126,352)
|-
| 7 || [[Negapatam]] (48,525) || Bellary (53,460) || Negapatam (59,221) || Bellary (58,247) ||Negapatam (60,168) || Kumbakonam (60,700) || Tanjore (66,889) || [[Vijayawada|Bezawada]] (86,184)
|-
| 8 || [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] (48,338)|| Salem (50,667) || Tanjore (54,390) || Tanjore (57,870) || Salem (59,152) || Tanjore (59,913) || Mangalore (66,756) || [[Guntur]] (83,599)
|-
| 9 || [[Kumbakonam]] (44,444)|| Kumbakonam (54,307) || Kumbakonam (54,307)|| Negapatam (57,190) || Cuddalore (56,574) || Negapatam (54,016) ||Cocanada (65,952) || Mangalore (81,069)
|-
| 10 || [[Cuddalore]] (40,300)|| Cuddalore (43,564) || Cuddalore (47,355) || Coimbatore (53,080) || [[Cocanada]] (54,410)|| [[Mangalore]] (53,877) || Kumbakonam (62,317) || Tuticorin (75,614)
|}

== Notes ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Madras Presidency]]
[[Category:Tamil society]]
[[Category:Demographic history of India]]
[[Category:Social history of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Social history of Karnataka]]

Password (2019 Indian film)

2026-03-31T17:34:37Z

Sabari2398: New first article nd citations

{{promotional tone|date=February 2026}}
{{unreliable sources|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Password
| image = Password Poster.jpg
| alt = Password Poster
| caption = Password official poster
| director = [[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]]
| producer = [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev Adhikari]] Gurupada Adhikari Sandeep Agarwal
| writer = Rana Mukherjee
| starring = [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] [[Parambrata Chatterjee]] [[Paoli Dam]] [[Rukmini Maitra]] [[Adrit Roy]] [[Trina Saha]]
| music = [[Savvy Gupta|Savvy]]
| cinematography = [[Avik Mukhopadhyay]]
| editing = [[Raviranjan Maitra]]
| studio = Dev Entertainment Ventures
| distributor = Dev Entertainment Ventures Echo Entertainment
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2019|10|2}}
| runtime = 137:53 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Password: You are being watched''''' or simply '''''Password''''', is a 2019 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[vigilante]] [[Techno-thriller|techno-thriller film]] written and directed by [[Kamaleswar Mukherjee]]. The film stars [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]], [[Parambrata Chattopadhyay]], [[Paoli Dam]], [[Rukmini Maitra]] while [[Adrit Roy]] and [[Trina Saha]] played supporting roles. The film revolves around the dark side of social networking, and deals with stealing of password and privacy issue.It was released on 2 October 2019. Upon release, the film received critical acclaim, where critics praised the concept, action sequences, visual effects, message, music and cast performances. Despite receiving critical acclaim, the film didn't manage to do well at the box-office.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/music/kk-records-a-song-for-dev-starrer-password/articleshow/68391191.cms|title=KK records a song for Dev-starrer Password - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=13 March 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-04-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/inside-pictures-bengali-celebs-and-their-never-seen-before-snaps-from-the-film-sets-/inside-pictures-bengali-celebs-and-their-exciting-snaps-from-the-film-sets/photostory/66971182.cms|title=Inside Pictures: Bengali celebs and their exciting snaps from the film sets - Inside Pictures: Bengali celebs and their never-seen-before snaps from the film sets|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-04-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2019/mar/14/19460/kk-records-song-aye-khuda-for-bengali-film-password|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420075958/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2019/mar/14/19460/kk-records-song-aye-khuda-for-bengali-film-password|url-status=live|archive-date=20 April 2019|title=KK records song 'Aye Khuda' for Bengali film Password|last=Sarkar|first=Roushni|website=Cinestaan|access-date=2019-04-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/dev-announced-two-new-movies/|title=Dev announced two new movies|date=2019-02-10|website=Sangbad Pratidin Home|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-20}}</ref>

==Plot==
A conscientious police officer trying to track down a criminal who is hell bent on hacking into vital information and destroying human lives, finds himself in a web of violence, deceit, and double crossing, as well as shades of pathos in the life of criminals. To destroy this web of cyber crime, he forms a team with ethical hackers. Will he be able to stop them before it's too late ? Will he be finally able to get these villains into justice?

Set in the backdrop of 1984 [[Bhopal disaster]], where Ismailov's parents died amidst the leakage of methyl isocyanate in the disaster of Bhopal. Failing to get justice, Ismailov takes the law into his own hands to kill Joseph Anderson, CEO of A to Z e-commerce and the main mastermind behind this Gas tragedy, along with all his associates. DCP Rohit Dasgupta of Kolkata Police investigates to find out Ismailov and his den of Onion in Bhopal, who hacks Byblis and Darling tone software, a part of the A to Z e-commerce company, thus making his base in the Indian Subcontinent. Ismailov also hacks the IMF server and gets all defence insecurities illegally.

==Cast==
* [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] as DCP Rohit Dasgupta, a trained cyber expert from IIT Kharagpur
* [[Alamgir Hossain Raj]] as a Musical Artist.
* [[Rukmini Maitra]] as Nisha Chatterjee, an ethical hacker
* [[Parambrata Chatterjee]] as Ismailov, a darknet mastermind
* [[Paoli Dam]] as Mariom, Ismailov's wife and partner of darknet<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/paoli-dam-cant-wait-to-start-shooting-for-password/articleshow/67970784.cms |title=Paoli Dam can't wait to start shooting for 'Password' |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=13 February 2019 |language=en |access-date=2019-04-20}}</ref>
* [[Adrit Roy]] as Advait Upadhyay, Nisha's boyfriend<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/adrit-roy-no-more-a-part-of-raja-chandas-film/articleshow/68646322.cms |title=Adrit Roy no more a part of Raja Chanda's film? |date=30 March 2019 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |access-date=2019-04-20}}</ref>
* [[Krishno Kishore Mukhopadhyay]] as RAW chief Uttam Barua
* [[Trina Saha]] as Tina, Nisha's sister
* Abhisekh Singh as Ismailov's assistant
* [[Sourav Das (actor)|Saurav Das]], cameo in the song "Aye Khuda"

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Password
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Savvy Gupta|Savvy]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 27 September 2019
| recorded = 2019
| venue =
| studio = Neo Sound
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 6:51
| language = Bengali
| label = [[Zee Music Company|Zee Music Bangla]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|85PA3JMPtsQ|Audio Jukebox}}}}
}}

The soundtrack is composed by [[Savvy Gupta|Savvy]] and lyrics by Riddhi Barua and Soham Majumdar.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chakraborty |first=Shamayita |date=2019-03-16 |title=KK sings for Dev’s film! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/kk-sings-for-devs-film/articleshow/68428081.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250831170617/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/kk-sings-for-devs-film/articleshow/68428081.cms |archive-date=2025-08-31 |access-date=2025-08-31 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |quote=“I have just finished recording the song,” KK told us, adding, “This number is very high on energy.}}</ref>

{{Tracklist
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_writing =
| total_length = 6:51
| title1 = Trippy Lage
| lyrics1 = Riddhi Barua
| extra1 = [[Nikhita Gandhi]], [[Shashwat Singh]]
| length1 = 3:05
| title2 = Aye Khuda
| lyrics2 = Soham Majumdar
| extra2 = [[KK (singer)|KK]]
| length2 = 3:46
}}

== Marketing and release ==
The official [[Teaser campaign|teaser]] of the film was unveiled by Dev Entertainment Ventures on 15 August 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=lRe5CFcC1fQ|title=Password Teaser - Dev - Rukmini - Parambrata - Paoli - Adrit - Kamaleswar M - This Puja|publisher=Dev Entertainment Ventures|website=YouTube|date=15 August 2019}}</ref> The official [[4K resolution|4K]] teaser 2 of the film was unveiled by Dev Entertainment Ventures on 1 September 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=4ELiQTI-c8g|title=Password Teaser 2 - Dev - Rukmini -Parambrata - Paoli - Adrit - Kamaleswar M - This Puja - 4K|publisher=Dev Entertainment Ventures|website=YouTube|date=1 September 2019}}</ref>

The film flopped at box-office. Some scenes are modified like a nude woman's back side has been blurred, skulls scattering everywhere are blurred. Some violent portions have also been trimmed.
It was released on 2 October, coinciding with 2019 [[Durga Puja|Puja holidays]].<ref>{{cite tweet|user=taran_adarsh| author=Taran Adarsh|date=27 August 2019|number = 1166290743649951744 |title=Dev Adhikari, Rukmini Maitra, Parambrata, Paoli Dam and Adrit Roy... New poster of #Bengali film #Password... Directed by Kamaleswar Mukherjee... 2 Oct 2019 release. https://t.co/MuTnXWYSKt}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2019 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]]
[[Category:Techno-thriller films]]
[[Category:2019 action thriller films]]
[[Category:Dev Entertainment Ventures films]]

Hinduism in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

2026-03-27T23:58:42Z

Sabari2398: created initial stub needs work

{{Short description|Overview of Hinduism in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date = June 2021}}
{{Infobox religious group
|group = Hindus in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
|flag = [[File:Flag of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.svg|50px|link=Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]
|image = File:Gorakhnath Temple in Peshawar Old City, Pakistan.jpg
|image_caption = [[Gorakhnath Temple]] in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]].
|population = 6,102 ([[2023 Pakistani census|2023]]) '''0.02%''' of region population
|religions = '''[[Hinduism]]''' (majority) {{small|including [[Nanakpanthi]], [[Kalash people|Kalasha]] and [[Animists]]}}
|languages = '''[[Sanskrit]]''' (Sacred) [[Urdu]], [[Pashto]], [[Hindko]], [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]}}

[[Hinduism]] is a minority religion in the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] province followed by 0.02% of the population of the province as per [[2023 Pakistani census|2023 Census]].

Though having a small population, the Hindu culture has had a very significant element in the [[history of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]].

In the final census conducted prior to partition [[1941 Census of India|in 1941]], Hindus constituted approximately 5.9 percent of the population in [[North-West Frontier Province]],<ref name="NWFP1941"/>{{rp|22}} which later amalgamated with the [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas]] to become [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]. With violence and [[religious cleansing]] accompanying the [[partition of India]] in 1947, the vast majority departed the region ''en masse'', primarily migrating eastward to states that ultimately fell on the eastern side of the [[Radcliffe Line]] including [[Delhi]], [[Punjab, India|East Punjab]], [[Haryana]], and [[Rajasthan]].

==History==
[[File:VishnuGandhara.JPG|thumb|right|232x232px|Cast of sardonyx seal representing Vishnu blessing a worshiper 4th-6th century CE. The inscription in cursive Bactrian reads: "Mihira, Vishnu and Shiva".<ref>Buddhism in Central Asia by Baij Nath Puri [https://books.google.com/books?id=sluKZfTrr3oC&pg=PA131 p.131]</ref>]]

=== Ancient era ===
The [[Gandhara|Gandharan civilization]] features prominently in the Hindu epic poem, the [[Mahabharatha]],<ref name="IGI148">{{cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V19_154.gif|title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 19, page 148 – Imperial Gazetteer of India – Digital South Asia Library|access-date=4 June 2021|archive-date=5 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205202857/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V19_154.gif|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Vedic texts refer to the area as the [[Janapada|province]] of [[Pushkalavati]]. The area was once known to be a great center of learning.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bhattacharya|first1=Avijeet|title=Journeys on the Silk Road Through Ages|publisher=Zorba|pages=187}}</ref>

=== Medieval era ===
{{see also|Middle kingdoms of India#The_Northwest}}
[[File:KafirKot Temple (D) Ruins.jpg|thumb|right|200x200px|[[Kafir Kot]] Temple ruins{{efn|Temple D—per Meiser's designations—near the main gateway to the north. The complex has four temples.}} in [[Dera Ismail Khan District]]]]
[[File:Bilot Temple B.jpg|thumb|right|200x200px|[[Bilot Sharif|Bilot]] Temple ruins{{efn|Temple B, per Meiser's designations. The complex has eight temples.}} in [[Dera Ismail Khan District]]]]
[[File:Gumbat Temple Ruins.jpg|thumb|right|200x200px|[[Gumbat]] Temple ruins in [[Kohat District]]]]
In the first millennium CE, the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] region was ruled by Hindu-Buddhist [[Turk Shahis|Turk Shahi]] and [[Hindu Shahis|Hindu Shahi]] dynasties.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}} During the rule of the Shahis, the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa region was a center of trade. Textiles, gems, and perfumes, as well as other goods had been exported west and into [[central Asia]].

The Shahis were known for their many Hindu temples. These temples were mostly looted and destroyed by later invaders. The ruins of these temples can be found at [[Nandana]], [[Malot Fort|Malot]], Siv Ganga, [[Katas Raj Temples|Katas]], or [[Amb Temples|Amb]], as well as across the west bank of the [[Indus River|Indus river]] at the foothills of the [[Sulaiman Mountains|Sulaiman]] and [[Hindu Kush mountain range]]s, such as at [[Kafir Kot]], [[Bilot Sharif]], or [[Gumbat]].<ref name=Wynbrandt2009>{{Harv|Wynbrandt|2009|pp=52–54}}</ref><ref name=Wink>{{Harv|Wink|1991|p=125}}</ref> At the height of Shahi rule under king [[Jayapala]], the kingdom had extended to [[Kabul]] and [[Bajaur District|Bajaur]] to the northwest, [[Multan]] to the south, and the plains of [[Punjab]] to the east.<ref name=Wynbrandt2009/> Jayapala, threatened from the consolidation of power by the [[Ghaznavid dynasty]], invaded their capital city of [[Ghazni]]. This had initiated the [[Muslim]] Ghaznavid and [[Hindu]] Shahi struggles.<ref name="Lewis">{{Harv|Holt et al|1977|p=3}}</ref>

Over time, Mahmud of Ghazni had pushed further into the subcontinent, as far as east as modern day [[Agra]]. During his campaigns, many [[Hindu temple]]s and [[Buddhist monasteries]] had been looted and destroyed, as well as many people being forcibly converted into Islam.<ref>{{Harv|Wynbrandt|2009|pp=52–55}}</ref> Local [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] and [[Dardic peoples|Dardic tribes]] converted to [[Islam]], while retaining some of the [[Pre-Islamic Hindu and Buddhist heritage of Afghanistan|pre-Islamic Hindu-Buddhist and Animist]] local traditions such as [[Pashtunwali]] and the [[Attan]].<ref>{{Harv | Tomsen | 2013 | p=56}}</ref>

=== Colonial era ===
During the colonial era, census reports detailed that much of the indigenous Hindu population in the [[North-West Frontier Province]] chiefly belonged to [[Caste system in India|castes]] and [[tribe]]s involved in trade such as the [[Arora]], [[Bhatia caste|Bhatia]], [[Bhatiara]], or [[Khatri]], while others formed part of tribes primarily engaged in agriculture or the military including the [[Gurjar]] and [[Mohyal Brahmin]]; many of whom form portions of contemporary [[ethnolinguistic group]]s such as the [[Hindkowans]], [[Hazarewal]]s, [[Indus Kohistani people|Kohistanis]], or [[Saraikis]].<ref name="NWFP1911"/><ref name="NWFP1921"/>

In a similar manner to the [[Hinduism in Balochistan|Baloch Hindus]] to the south, Hindus belonging to the various castes and tribes who were indigenous to the frontier regions had considerable Islamic influence, owing to their status as a religious minority in the region for centuries, and thus formed [[religious syncretism]] that incorporated aspects from both faiths into their cultures and traditions.<ref name="NWFP1911"/><ref name="NWFP1921"/> Furthermore, caste differentiation amongst the Hindus of the region was often greatly diminished, in contrast with the Hindus of regions further to the east in the [[Gangetic Plain|Gangetic plain]] such as [[East Punjab|eastern Punjab]] or the [[United Provinces (1937–1950)|United Provinces]].<ref name="NWFP1911"/><ref name="NWFP1921"/>

{{blockquote|{{smaller|''"The names returned as those of [[Hindu sects]] are very numerous amounting in all to 359 different entries. Many of those are [[Caste system in India|caste]] and [[tribe]]s such as [[Agarwal]], [[Arora]], [[Brahmin|Brahman]], [[Bhat]], [[Bhatiara]], [[Chamar]], [[Chuhra]], [[Dhobi]], [[Dogras|Dogra]], Gorkha, [[Jats|Jat]], Meo and the like. Some indicate occupations of occupational castes as for instance, [[Zamindar]], [[Mahajan]], [[Bhishti]], [[Mallaah|Mallah]], [[Nai (caste)|Nai]] and [[Hajjam]]. A good many more are clan or family names like [[Kapoor]], [[Saraswat Brahmin|Sarsut]], [[Mohyal Brahmin|Muhial]], [[Uttaradi Math|Utradi]] and [[Janjua]]."'' <ref name="NWFP1911"/>{{rp|75}} ''"[[Hinduism]], as it exists in the [[North-West Frontier Province]], is but a pale reflection of the system which flourishes in the [[United Provinces (1937–1950)|United Provinces]] and other areas to the east. Even of the [[Derajat]], where, as we have seen, the Hindu population is proportionately most numerous, the writer of the [[Dera Ismail Khan District|Dera Ismail Khan]] [[Gazetteer]] notes, "the Hindus of this district are less particular in the matter of caste prejudices and observances than down country Hindus. Most of them will drink water that has been carried in Mussaks (skins for carrying water) or out of [[Lota (vessel)|lotas]] detached from a working well. They habitually ride on [[donkey]]s and do a multitude of other things which an [[Orthodox Hinduism|orthodox Hindu]] would shrink from. All [[idolatrous]] observances are kept very much in the background. Except a few small images (thakurs) kept in their [[mandirs]] they have no [[Cult image|idols]] at all. Nor is it their habit to take their [[Gods in Hinduism|gods]] about in [[procession]]. No one, in fact, sees anything of their worship. They burn their dead, and throw the ashes into the Indus. They always keep a few of the bones, and take them, when the opportunity offers, to the [[Ganges]]... There are a good many [[Dharamshala (type of building)|dharamsalas]], [[mandirs]], and dawaras at Dera Ismail Khan and in the cis-Indus tehsils"."'' <ref name="NWFP1911"/>{{rp|93}} ''"The marriage customs of the [[Hindus]] have been influenced by [[Islam]], notably in regard to the age of [[Marriage in Hinduism|marriage]]... Hindu rules regarding [[Communal meal|commensality]] between different [[Castes in India|castes]] have been relaxed... any distinct caste organization is virtually non-existent in rural areas. Outside the towns Hindus still live in a condition of dependance on their [[Mohammedan|Mohammadan]] overlords. The [[Arora]], the [[Khatri]], or the [[Bhatia caste|Bhatia]] shop-keeper in a village is a hamsaya of the proprietors of the land; that is to say, he lives rent free in a house which does not belong to him, and in return for this, and for being allowed to reside unmolested in the village, has to render certain services to his protectors."'' <ref name="NWFP1911"/>{{rp|93–94}}}}
|Excerpts from the [[Census of India]] ([[North-West Frontier Province]])|1911 AD}}

Traditionally, Hindu members of the castes and tribes who were indigenous to the frontier regions of the [[Indian subcontinent]] (between the [[Indus River]], [[Sulaiman range]], and the [[Hindu Kush mountains]]) had longstanding [[trading]] relationships with [[Afghanistan]] along with other regions of [[Western Asia|western]] and [[central Asia]], which they linked with the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]] of [[India]]. Conversely, most of the Hindu migrants in the North-West Frontier Province were involved with the [[military]], primarily concentrated in town [[cantonment]]s.<ref name="NWFP1911"/><ref name="NWFP1921"/>
{{blockquote|{{smaller|''"In [[Hazara District|Hazara]], the northernmost district of the Province, the proportion of Hindus to the total population is the smallest (4 per cent). The reason is not far to seek. The Hindus in the Province, are, in the main, dependent upon [[trade]] and military service, as the bulk of the [[Muslims|Musalman]] population is supported by [[agriculture]]. There are no important centres of trade in Hazara, nor has it any turbulent [[Pashtun tribes|tribes]] on its border, as is the case with all trans-[[Indus River|Indus]] districts. The permanent location of certain [[Gurkha]] regiments at [[Abbottabad]] may be traced to climatic considerations rather than to any military necessity. From the military point of view as well as from the point of view of trade and commerce, Hazara occupies the least important position in the Province and this accounts for the small percentage of Hindu population in this district."'' <ref name="NWFP1921"/>{{rp|95}} ''"Next to [[Dera Ismail Khan District|Dera Ismail Khan]], [[Bannu District|Bannu]] contains the largest proportion of Hindus and the head-quarters town, [[Bannu|Edwardesabad [Bannu]]], is the only town in the Province where the bulk of the population is Hindu. Practically the whole of internal trade of the district and external trade with the [[Tochi Valley|Tochi Agency]] and through it with [[Afghanistan]] is in the hands of the Hindus, who have therefore settled in large numbers at [[Bannu|Edwardesabad [Bannu]]] which is a growing town."'' <ref name="NWFP1921"/>{{rp|97}} ''"[[Dera Ismail Khan District|Dera Ismail Khan]] has always had the distinction of having the largest proportion of Hindu population. During the last decade the Hindus of no other district showed such improvement in numbers as was noticed in this district (37 per cent). The [[Povindah|Powinda trade]] through the [[Gomal Pass]], which is entirely in the hands of Hindus, is mainly responsible for the large indigenous Hindu population of the district. About 43 per cent of the total Hindus in the district reside at the head-quarters town, which is the chief centre of the Powinda trade."'' <ref name="NWFP1921"/>{{rp|98}}}}
|Excerpts from the [[Census of India]] ([[North-West Frontier Province]])|1921 AD}}

Immediately prior to 1947 [[Partition of India]], the British held a [[1947 North-West Frontier Province referendum|referendum in the NWFP]] to allow voters to choose between joining India or Pakistan and 99.02% votes were cast in favor of Pakistan.<ref name=":2">{{cite book|author=Jeffrey J. Roberts|title=The Origins of Conflict in Afghanistan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pj8DIT_bva0C&q=nwfp+referendum&pg=PA108|access-date=18 April 2015|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780275978785|pages=108–109|year=2003}}</ref> After the independence of [[Pakistan]] in 1947, most of the Hindus left for India.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zamindar|first=Vazira Fazila-Yacoobali|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n5c9ta97GeoC|title=The Long Partition and the Making of Modern South Asia: Refugees, Boundaries, Histories|date=2010|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-13847-5|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=n5c9ta97GeoC&pg=PA40 40]|language=en}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="6" |Hinduism [[File:Om.svg|15px]] in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] (1855–2023)
|-
! width=250|Census year
! width=200|Hindu [[Population]]
! width=200|Hindu Percentage
! width=200|Total Responses
! width=200|Total Population
! width=200|Source(s)
|-
!1855 Census (Punjab Province)
|110,602{{efn|name=1855Census|At the time of enumeration, only two religious categories broadly existed, including one response for Dharmic faiths, referred to as ''Hindoo''; the other category included one response for Abrahamic and other faiths, referred to as ''Mahomedan and others non Hindoo''.<ref name="NWFP1855A"/><ref name="NWFP1855B"/>}}
|{{Percentage | 110602 | 1209736 | 2 }}
|1,209,736
|1,209,736
|<ref name="NWFP1855A">{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/31709 |access-date=23 June 2024 |title=Report on the census, taken on the 1st January 1855, of the population of the Punjab Territories; Papers connected with the administration of Mysore |website=Census Digital Library|year=1855|pages=9–33}}</ref><ref name="NWFP1855B">{{cite web|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/012155943 |access-date=21 May 2025 |title=Report on the census, taken on the 1st January 1855, of the population of the Punjab Territories; Papers connected with the administration of Mysore |website=HathiTrust|year=1855|pages=9–33}}</ref>
|-
!1868 Census (Punjab Province)
|141,441{{efn|name=1868Census|Including total [[Chamar]] & [[Chuhra]] populations, enumerated separately during the 1868 census.}}
|{{Percentage | 141441 | 1718200 | 2 }}
|1,718,200
|1,718,200
|<ref name="NWFP1868">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057644 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057644 |access-date=27 July 2025 |title=Report on the census of the Punjab taken on 10th January, 1868. |year=1868}}</ref>
|-
!1881 [[Census in British India]]
|154,081
|{{Percentage | 154081 | 1955515 | 2 }}
|1,955,515
|1,955,515
|<ref name="NWFP1881">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057657 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057657 |access-date=16 June 2024 |title=Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. II. |year=1881 }}</ref>{{rp|17–18}}
|-
!1891 [[Census in British India]]
|166,984
|{{Percentage | 166984 | 2281708 | 2 }}
|2,281,708
|2,281,708
|<ref name="NWFP1891">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25318669 |jstor=saoa.crl.25318669 |access-date=22 June 2024 |title=The Punjab and its feudatories, part II—Imperial Tables and Supplementary Returns for the British Territory |year=1891 |last1=Edward Maclagan |first1=Sir |volume=2 }}</ref>{{rp|14–15}}
|-
!1901 [[Census in British India]]
|129,306
|{{Percentage | 129306 | 2050724 | 2 }}
|2,050,724
|2,125,480
|<ref name="NWFP1901">{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25363739 |jstor=saoa.crl.25363739 |access-date=25 February 2024 |title=Census of India 1901. [Vol. 17A]. Imperial tables, I-VIII, X-XV, XVII and XVIII for the Punjab, with the native states under the political control of the Punjab Government, and for the North-west Frontier Province. |year=1901 |archive-date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128154853/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25363739 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|34–36}}
|-
!1911 [[Census in British India]]
|119,942
|{{Percentage | 119942 | 2196933 | 2 }}
|2,196,933
|3,819,027
|<ref name="NWFP1911">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25394102 |jstor=saoa.crl.25394102 |access-date=23 September 2021 |title=Census of India 1911. Vol. 13, North-west Frontier Province : part I, Report; part II, Tables. |year=1911}}</ref>{{rp|307–308}}
|-
!1921 [[Census in British India]]
|149,881
|{{Percentage | 149881 | 2251340 | 2 }}
|2,251,340
|5,076,476
|<ref name="NWFP1921">{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25430163 |jstor=saoa.crl.25430163 |access-date=2 February 2023 |title=Census of India 1921. Vol. 14, North-west Frontier Province : part I, Report; part II, Tables. |year=1921 |archive-date=12 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212084456/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25430163 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|345–346}}
|-
!1931 [[Census in British India]]
|142,977
|{{Percentage | 142977 | 2425076 | 2 }}
|2,425,076
|4,684,364
|<ref name="NWFP1931">{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25793233 |jstor=saoa.crl.25793233 |access-date=7 February 2023 |title=Census of India, 1931, vol. XV. North-west frontier province. Part I-Report. Part II-Tables |last1=Mallam |first1=G. L. |last2=Dundas |first2=A. D. F. |year=1933 |publisher=Peshawar, Printed by the manager, Government stationery and printing, 1933. |archive-date=8 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208000202/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25793233 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|373–375}}
|-
!1941 [[Census in British India]]
|180,321
|{{Percentage | 180321 | 3038067 | 2 }}
|3,038,067
|5,415,666
|<ref name="NWFP1941">{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215543 |jstor=saoa.crl.28215543 |access-date=23 September 2021 |title=Census of India, 1941. Vol. 10, North-West Frontier Province |year=1941 |archive-date=29 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129064219/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215543 |url-status=live |author1=India Census Commissioner |volume=10 }}</ref>{{rp|22}}
|-
!1951 Pakistani Census
|2,432{{efn|name=ModernCensuses|1951, 1961, 1972, 1981, 1998, 2017, 2023: Including [[Jāti]] (Castes) and [[Scheduled castes in Pakistan|Scheduled Castes]].}}
|{{Percentage | 2432 | 5864550 | 2 }}
|5,864,550
|5,899,905
|<ref name="KPK1951A">{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/31337|title=North-West Frontier Province, Report & Tables, Vol-4 Pakistan – Census 1951|website=Census Digital Library|access-date=17 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="KPK1951B">{{cite web|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/7452/1/1422_1951_POP.pdf|title=CENSUS OF PAKISTAN, 1951 POPULATION ACCORDING TO RELIGION (TABLE 6)|date=1951|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326032054/http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/7452/1/1422_1951_POP.pdf |archive-date=26 March 2023 }}</ref>{{rp|9–11}}<ref name="KPK1951C">{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/31311|title=Census of Pakistan, 1951 Population According to Religion Table 6|website=Census Digital Library|access-date=11 February 2024}}</ref>
|-
!1961 Pakistani Census
|1,474{{efn|name=ModernCensuses}}
|{{Percentage | 1474 | 7578186 | 2 }}
|7,578,186
|7,599,627
|<ref name="KPK1961A">{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/31526|title=Population, Vol-3, Pakistan – Census 1961|website=Census Digital Library|access-date=11 November 2024}}</ref>{{rp|224 & 280}}
|-
!1972 Pakistani Census
|5,014{{efn|name=ModernCensuses}}
|{{Percentage | 5014 | 8032324 | 2 }}
|8,032,324
|10,879,781
|<ref name="KPK1972A">{{cite web|url=https://repository.lahoreschool.edu.pk/xmlui/handle/123456789/15709|title=Statistical Report of Pakistan 1972 |author=Population Census Organization Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan Islamabad|access-date=11 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="KPK1972B">{{cite web|url=https://repository.lahoreschool.edu.pk/xmlui/handle/123456789/15710|title=Statistical Report of N.W.P 1972 |author=Ministry of States and Frontier Regions Islamabad|access-date=11 November 2024}}</ref>{{rp|26}}<ref name="KPK1972C">{{cite web|url=https://repository.lahoreschool.edu.pk/xmlui/handle/123456789/15463|title=Census Reports of Federally Administered Tribal Area |author=Population Census Organization Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan Islamabad|access-date=11 November 2024}}</ref>{{rp|57}}
|-
!1981 Pakistani Census
|5,253{{efn|name=ModernCensuses}}
|{{Percentage | 5253 | 13259875 | 2 }}
|13,259,875
|13,259,875
|<ref name="KPK1981A">{{cite web|url=https://repository.lahoreschool.edu.pk/xmlui/handle/123456789/14529|title=1981 Census Report of Pakistan |author=Population Census Organisation Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad|access-date=11 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="KPK1981B">{{cite web|url=https://repository.lahoreschool.edu.pk/xmlui/handle/123456789/14539|title=Handbook of Population Census Data, 1981 |author=Population Census Organisation Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad|access-date=11 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="KPK1981C">{{cite web|url=https://repository.lahoreschool.edu.pk/xmlui/handle/123456789/14568|title=1981 Census Report of North West Frontier Province |author=Population Census Organisation Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad|pages=33|access-date=11 November 2024}}</ref>{{rp|33}}
|-
!1998 Pakistani Census
|7,011{{efn|name=ModernCensuses}}
|{{Percentage | 7011 | 20919976 | 2 }}
|20,919,976
|20,919,976
|<ref name="KPK1998">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/other/yearbooks//yearbook2014/16-16.pdf|title=Population Distribution by Religion, 1998 Census|access-date=23 January 2023|archive-date=23 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123235906/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/other/yearbooks//yearbook2014/16-16.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
![[2017 Pakistani census]]
|6,373{{efn|name=ModernCensuses}}
|{{Percentage | 6373 | 35501964 | 2 }}
|35,501,964
|35,501,964
|<ref name="KPK2017">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2017/tables/pakistan/Table09n.pdf|title=TABLE 9 – POPULATION BY SEX, RELIGION AND RURAL/URBAN|access-date=23 January 2023|archive-date=9 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809195627/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2017/tables/pakistan/Table09n.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
![[2023 Pakistani census]]
|6,102{{efn|name=ModernCensuses}}
|{{Percentage | 6102 | 40641120 | 2 }}
|40,641,120
|40,856,097
|<ref name="KPK2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/digital-census/detailed-results|title=7th Population and Housing Census – Detailed Results Table-9 Population by sex, religion and rural/urban|website=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics|access-date=6 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Religious Demographics of Pakistan 2023 |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/national/table_9.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="10" | {{small|—Total responses during all colonial–era (1855, 1868, 1881, 1891, 1901, 1911, 1921, 1931, and 1941) census counts amalgamate all districts of [[North-West Frontier Province]] at the time, including [[Hazara District|Hazara]], [[Mardan District|Mardan]], [[Peshawar District|Peshawar]], [[Kohat District|Kohat]], [[Bannu District|Bannu]], and [[Dera Ismail Khan District|Dera Ismail Khan]]. —All colonial–era census counts did not enumerate religious affiliation in the [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas]] alongside [[Amb (princely state)|Amb]], [[Chitral (princely state)|Chitral]], [[Dir (princely state)|Dir]], [[Phulra]] and [[Swat (princely state)|Swat]] [[princely state]]s. —Religious affiliation was not enumerated in the [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas]] during one modern–era census count (1972). —Total responses in all other modern–era (1951, 1961, 1981, 1998, 2017, 2023) census counts are an amalgamation of the [[North-West Frontier Province]] and [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas]]. Both administrative divisions would ultimately merge to form [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] in 2018.}}
|}

=== Colonial era ===
[[File:Old Hindu man in contemplation.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Atma Ram (politician)|Atma Ram]] in [[Peshawar]], circa 1847<ref name="AtmaRam">{{cite web|url=https://trc-leiden.nl/trc-needles/visual-archive/19th-century/iranian-plateau/atmaran-hindoo-of-peshawar|title=Atmaran, Hindoo of Peshawar|quote="Atmaran, Hindoo of Peshawar" is the title of a coloured lithograph made by E. Walker (d. 1882), based on the work of [[James Rattray]] (1818-1854), who was based in Afghanistan during the [[First Anglo-Afghan War|First Anglo-Afghan war (1838-1842)]]. Atmaram was a Hindu from Peshawar in modern northern Pakistan, who had become the 'minister' of a local Muslim and [[Uzbeks|Uzbek]] ruler in northern Afghanistan, [[Mohammad Murad Beg]] of [[Kunduz]].|access-date=14 March 2023}}</ref>]]
[[File:Ancient hindu wood carving peshawar.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Ancient Hindu wood carving from [[Kashmir Smast]] in [[Peshawar District]], 1880s]]
[[File:Group-of-hindu-holy-people-in-bannu-bazar.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Hindu [[Sadhu]]s at the [[Bannu]] [[Bazaar]], 1913]]
[[File:Hindu-women.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Hindu village woman and daughter in [[Bannu District]], 1913]]
[[File:Hindu selling sweet in juma bazar.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Hindu selling sweets at the [[Bannu]] Juma [[Bazaar]], 1913]]
[[File:Hindus and Sikhs Migration to India.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Hindus and Sikhs of [[Bannu]] [[Population transfer|migrating]] to India during the [[Partition of India|partition of 1947]].]]
During the colonial era ([[British Raj|British India]]), prior to the [[Partition of India|partition in 1947]], [[Census in British India|decadal censuses]] enumerated religion in [[North-West Frontier Province]], and not in the [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas]]. Both administrative divisions later amalgamated to become [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]].

According to the 1881 census, the Hindu population in [[North-West Frontier Province]] (part of the region that composes contemporary [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]) was approximately 154,081, or 7.9 percent of the total population.<ref name="NWFP1881"/>{{rp|17–18}} The census conducted in 1921 indicated the Hindu population stood at 149,881 persons, or 6.7 percent of the total population of the province.<ref name="NWFP1921"/>{{rp|344–345}} According to the 1941 census, the Hindu population in [[North-West Frontier Province]] (part of the region that composes contemporary [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]) was approximately 180,321, or 5.9 percent of the total population.<ref name="NWFP1941"/>{{rp|22}}

At the [[Districts of British India|district]] level in [[North-West Frontier Province]], as per the 1881 census, the largest Hindu concentrations existed in [[Dera Ismail Khan District]] (Hindus formed 12.33 percent of the total population and numbered 54,446 persons), [[Bannu District]] (9.21 percent or 30,643 persons), and [[Peshawar District]] (6.63 percent or 39,321 persons).<ref name="NWFP1881"/>{{rp|17–18}}

As per the 1921 census, at the [[Districts of British India|district]] level in [[North-West Frontier Province]], the largest Hindu concentrations existed in [[Dera Ismail Khan District]] (Hindus formed 15.08 percent of the total population and numbered 39,311 persons), [[Bannu District]] (9.53 percent or 23,509 persons), and [[Kohat District]] (6.01 percent or 12,879 persons).<ref name="NWFP1921"/>{{rp|344–346}}

According to the 1941 census, at the [[Districts of British India|district]] level in [[North-West Frontier Province]], the largest Hindu concentrations existed in [[Dera Ismail Khan District]] (Hindus formed 13.14 percent of the total population and numbered 39,167 persons), [[Bannu District]] (10.63 percent or 31,471 persons), and [[Kohat District]] (6.06 percent or 17,527 persons).<ref name="NWFP1941"/>{{rp|22–23}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Hindus in the districts of [[North-West Frontier Province|North–West Frontier Province]] (1881–1941)
! rowspan="2" |[[Districts of British India|District]]
! colspan="2" |1881<ref name="NWFP1881"/>{{rp|17–18}}
! colspan="2" |1921<ref name="NWFP1921"/>{{rp|344–346}}
! colspan="2" |1931<ref name="NWFP1931"/>{{rp|373–375}}
! colspan="2" |1941<ref name="NWFP1941"/>{{rp|22–23}}
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
| [[Dera Ismail Khan District]]
| 54,446
| {{Percentage | 54446 | 441649 | 2 }}
| 39,311
| {{Percentage | 39311 | 260767 | 2 }}
| 35,822
| {{Percentage | 35822 | 274064 | 2 }}
| 39,167
| {{Percentage | 39167 | 298131 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Peshawar District]]
| 39,321
| {{Percentage | 39321 | 592674 | 2 }}
| 48,144
| {{Percentage | 48144 | 907367 | 2 }}
| 42,321
| {{Percentage | 42321 | 974321 | 2 }}
| 51,212
| {{Percentage | 51212 | 851833 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Bannu District]]
| 30,643
| {{Percentage | 30643 | 332577 | 2 }}
| 23,509
| {{Percentage | 23509 | 246734 | 2 }}
| 26,181
| {{Percentage | 26181 | 270301 | 2 }}
| 31,471
| {{Percentage | 31471 | 295930 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Hazara District]]
| 19,843
| {{Percentage | 19843 | 407075 | 2 }}
| 26,038
| {{Percentage | 26038 | 622349 | 2 }}
| 25,260
| {{Percentage | 25260 | 670117 | 2 }}
| 30,267
| {{Percentage | 30267 | 796230 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Kohat District]]
| 9,828
| {{Percentage | 9828 | 181540 | 2 }}
| 12,879
| {{Percentage | 12879 | 214123 | 2 }}
| 13,393
| {{Percentage | 13393 | 236273 | 2 }}
| 17,527
| {{Percentage | 17527 | 289404 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Mardan District]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 10,677
| {{Percentage | 10677 | 506539 | 2 }}
|-
! Total Hindus
! 154,081
! {{Percentage | 154081 | 1955515 | 2 }}
! 149,881
! {{Percentage | 149881 | 2251340 | 2 }}
! 142,977
! {{Percentage | 142977 | 2425076 | 2 }}
! 180,321
! {{Percentage | 180321 | 3038067 | 2 }}
|-
! Total Population
! 1,955,515
! {{Percentage | 1955515 | 1955515 | 2 }}
! 2,251,340
! {{Percentage | 2251340 | 2251340 | 2 }}
! 2,425,076
! {{Percentage | 2425076 | 2425076 | 2 }}
! 3,038,067
! {{Percentage | 3038067 | 3038067 | 2 }}
|}

At the [[tehsil]] level in [[North-West Frontier Province]], as per the 1921 census, the largest Hindu concentrations existed in [[Tank Tehsil]] (Hindus formed 17.14 percent of the total population and numbered 10,224 persons) [[Dera Ismail Khan Tehsil]] (15.82 percent or 24,685 persons), [[Bannu Tehsil]] (11.32 percent or 16,130 persons), [[Kulachi Tehsil]] (9.76 percent or 4,402 persons), and [[Peshawar Tehsil]] (9.65 percent or 25,414 persons).<ref name="NWFP1921"/>{{rp|510–516}}

According to the 1941 census, at the [[tehsil]] level in [[North-West Frontier Province]], the largest Hindu concentrations existed in [[Dera Ismail Khan Tehsil]] (Hindus formed 16.03 percent of the total population and numbered 30,065 persons), [[Bannu Tehsil]] (13.07 percent or 24,517 persons), [[Hangu Tehsil]] (9.52 percent or 5,909 persons), [[Tank Tehsil]] (9.48 percent or 5,279 persons), and [[Peshawar Tehsil]] (8.62 percent or 33,551 persons).<ref name="NWFP1941"/>{{rp|30}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Hindus in the tehsils of [[North-West Frontier Province|North–West Frontier Province]] (1921–1941)
! rowspan="2" |[[Tehsil]]
! colspan="2" |1921<ref name="NWFP1921"/>{{rp|510–516}}
! colspan="2" |1931<ref name="NWFP1931"/>{{rp|393–396}}
! colspan="2" |1941<ref name="NWFP1941"/>{{rp|30}}
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
| [[Peshawar Tehsil]]
| 25,414
| {{Percentage | 25414 | 263228 | 2 }}
| 23,538
| {{Percentage | 23538 | 278947 | 2 }}
| 33,551
| {{Percentage | 33551 | 389329 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Dera Ismail Khan Tehsil]]
| 24,685
| {{Percentage | 24685 | 156017 | 2 }}
| 25,982
| {{Percentage | 25982 | 171019 | 2 }}
| 30,065
| {{Percentage | 30065 | 187585 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Bannu Tehsil]]
| 16,130
| {{Percentage | 16130 | 142535 | 2 }}
| 17,789
| {{Percentage | 17789 | 161882 | 2 }}
| 24,517
| {{Percentage | 24517 | 187598 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Abbottabad Tehsil]]
| 13,580
| {{Percentage | 13580 | 232034 | 2 }}
| 13,378
| {{Percentage | 13378 | 253779 | 2 }}
| 17,558
| {{Percentage | 17558 | 308518 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Nowshera Tehsil]]
| 10,638
| {{Percentage | 10638 | 148817 | 2 }}
| 9,271
| {{Percentage | 9271 | 160542 | 2 }}
| 15,128
| {{Percentage | 15128 | 218258 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Tank Tehsil]]
| 10,224
| {{Percentage | 10224 | 59637 | 2 }}
| 5,109
| {{Percentage | 5109 | 51194 | 2 }}
| 5,279
| {{Percentage | 5279 | 55664 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Lakki Marwat Tehsil|Marwat Tehsil]]
| 7,379
| {{Percentage | 7379 | 104199 | 2 }}
| 8,392
| {{Percentage | 8392 | 108419 | 2 }}
| 6,954
| {{Percentage | 6954 | 108332 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Haripur Tehsil]]
| 7,362
| {{Percentage | 7362 | 161981 | 2 }}
| 7,016
| {{Percentage | 7016 | 169735 | 2 }}
| 7,278
| {{Percentage | 7278 | 187854 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Mardan Tehsil]]
| 6,846
| {{Percentage | 6846 | 171642 | 2 }}
| 5,941
| {{Percentage | 5941 | 198561 | 2 }}
| 8,709
| {{Percentage | 8709 | 299384 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Kohat Tehsil]]
| 6,415
| {{Percentage | 6415 | 77171 | 2 }}
| 7,615
| {{Percentage | 7615 | 88310 | 2 }}
| 9,156
| {{Percentage | 9156 | 114616 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Mansehra Tehsil]]
| 4,592
| {{Percentage | 4592 | 200879 | 2 }}
| 4,308
| {{Percentage | 4308 | 208660 | 2 }}
| 4,910
| {{Percentage | 4910 | 243203 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Kulachi Tehsil]]
| 4,402
| {{Percentage | 4402 | 45113 | 2 }}
| 4,731
| {{Percentage | 4731 | 51851 | 2 }}
| 3,823
| {{Percentage | 3823 | 54882 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Hangu Tehsil]]
| 4,225
| {{Percentage | 4225 | 44715 | 2 }}
| 2,990
| {{Percentage | 2990 | 44952 | 2 }}
| 5,909
| {{Percentage | 5909 | 62079 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Swabi Tehsil]]
| 3,063
| {{Percentage | 3063 | 159242 | 2 }}
| 1,426
| {{Percentage | 1426 | 158411 | 2 }}
| 1,968
| {{Percentage | 1968 | 207155 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Teri, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Teri Tehsil]]
| 2,239
| {{Percentage | 2239 | 92237 | 2 }}
| 2,788
| {{Percentage | 2788 | 103011 | 2 }}
| 2,462
| {{Percentage | 2462 | 112709 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Charsadda Tehsil]]
| 2,183
| {{Percentage | 2183 | 164438 | 2 }}
| 2,145
| {{Percentage | 2145 | 177860 | 2 }}
| 2,533
| {{Percentage | 2533 | 244246 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Amb (princely state)|Amb Tehsil]]
| 440
| {{Percentage | 440 | 21754 | 2 }}
| 509
| {{Percentage | 509 | 31299 | 2 }}
| 433
| {{Percentage | 433 | 47916 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Phulra|Phulra Tehsil]]
| 64
| {{Percentage | 64 | 5701 | 2 }}
| 49
| {{Percentage | 49 | 6644 | 2 }}
| 88
| {{Percentage | 88 | 8739 | 2 }}
|-
! Total Hindus
! 149,881
! {{Percentage | 149881 | 2251340 | 2 }}
! 142,977
! {{Percentage | 142977 | 2425076 | 2 }}
! 180,321
! {{Percentage | 180321 | 3038067 | 2 }}
|-
! Total Population
! 2,251,340
! {{Percentage | 2251340 | 2251340 | 2 }}
! 2,425,076
! {{Percentage | 2425076 | 2425076 | 2 }}
! 3,038,067
! {{Percentage | 3038067 | 3038067 | 2 }}
|}

According to the 1921 census, the Hindu population in urban portions of [[North-West Frontier Province]] numbered 94,662 persons, or 28.2 percent of the total urban population.<ref name="NWFP1921"/>{{rp|340–342}} [[Cities]]/[[urban area]]s in North-West Frontier Province with the largest Hindu concentrations included [[Bannu]] (Hindus formed 59.4 percent of the total population and numbered 13,222 persons), [[Abbottabad]] (53.94 percent or 7,346 persons), [[Jamrud]] (50.82 percent or 3,114 persons), [[Haripur, Pakistan|Haripur]] (44.76 percent or 2,636 persons), and [[Dera Ismail Khan]] (43.41 percent or 17,077 persons).<ref name="NWFP1921"/>{{rp|340–342}}

The Hindu population in urban portions of [[North-West Frontier Province]] as per the 1941 census was 134,382 persons, or 24.3 percent of the total urban population.<ref name="NWFP1941"/>{{rp|19}} [[Cities]]/[[urban area]]s in North-West Frontier Province with the largest Hindu concentrations included [[Bannu]] (Hindus formed 57.59 percent of the total population and numbered 22,175 persons), [[Dera Ismail Khan]] (44.47 percent or 22,815 persons), [[Risalpur]] (43.71 percent or 3,937 persons), [[Abbottabad]] (43.34 percent or 11,886 persons), and [[Lakki Marwat|Lakki]] (36.58 percent or 3,710 persons).<ref name="NWFP1941"/>{{rp|19}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Hindus in the [[cities]] of [[North-West Frontier Province]] (1921–1941)
! rowspan="2" |[[City]]/[[Urban area|Urban Area]]
! colspan="2" |1921<ref name="NWFP1921"/>{{rp|340–342}}
! colspan="2" |1931<ref name="NWFP1931"/>{{rp|257–259}}
! colspan="2" |1941<ref name="NWFP1941"/>{{rp|19}}
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
| [[Peshawar]]{{efn|name=City|Includes total Municipality and [[Cantonment]] population.}}
| 20,981
| {{Percentage | 20981 | 104452 | 2 }}
| 21,973
| {{Percentage | 21973 | 121866 | 2 }}
| 31,630
| {{Percentage | 31630 | 173420 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Dera Ismail Khan]]{{efn|name=City}}
| 17,077
| {{Percentage | 17077 | 39341 | 2 }}
| 16,761
| {{Percentage | 16761 | 40331 | 2 }}
| 22,815
| {{Percentage | 22815 | 51306 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Bannu]]{{efn|name=City}}
| 13,222
| {{Percentage | 13222 | 22261 | 2 }}
| 15,036
| {{Percentage | 15036 | 30539 | 2 }}
| 22,175
| {{Percentage | 22175 | 38504 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Abbottabad]]{{efn|name=City}}
| 7,346
| {{Percentage | 7346 | 13620 | 2 }}
| 7,753
| {{Percentage | 7753 | 16165 | 2 }}
| 11,886
| {{Percentage | 11886 | 27424 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Nowshera, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Nowshera]]{{efn|name=CityB|Includes total [[Cantonment]] and [[Notified area]] population.}}
| 6,192
| {{Percentage | 6192 | 27742 | 2 }}
| 4,675
| {{Percentage | 4675 | 28966 | 2 }}
| 9,831
| {{Percentage | 9831 | 44022 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Kohat]]{{efn|name=City}}
| 5,796
| {{Percentage | 5796 | 27853 | 2 }}
| 6,709
| {{Percentage | 6709 | 34350 | 2 }}
| 8,250
| {{Percentage | 8250 | 44977 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Tank (city)|Tank]]{{efn|name=CityC|Includes total [[Notified area]] population.}}
| 4,197
| {{Percentage | 4197 | 10846 | 2 }}
| 2,244
| {{Percentage | 2244 | 6421 | 2 }}
| 3,296
| {{Percentage | 3296 | 9089 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Risalpur]]
| 3,369
| {{Percentage | 3369 | 8499 | 2 }}
| 2,900
| {{Percentage | 2900 | 8016 | 2 }}
| 3,937
| {{Percentage | 3937 | 9007 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Mardan]]{{efn|name=City}}
| 3,220
| {{Percentage | 3220 | 10930 | 2 }}
| 3,605
| {{Percentage | 3605 | 26279 | 2 }}
| 5,851
| {{Percentage | 5851 | 42494 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Jamrud]]
| 3,114
| {{Percentage | 3114 | 6128 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| [[Haripur, Pakistan|Haripur]]
| 2,636
| {{Percentage | 2636 | 5889 | 2 }}
| 2,693
| {{Percentage | 2693 | 7653 | 2 }}
| 3,113
| {{Percentage | 3113 | 9322 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Lakki Marwat|Lakki]]{{efn|name=CityC}}
| 2,543
| {{Percentage | 2543 | 7476 | 2 }}
| 2,805
| {{Percentage | 2805 | 7703 | 2 }}
| 3,710
| {{Percentage | 3710 | 10141 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Kulachi]]{{efn|name=CityC}}
| 2,162
| {{Percentage | 2162 | 7895 | 2 }}
| 2,182
| {{Percentage | 2182 | 8425 | 2 }}
| 2,092
| {{Percentage | 2092 | 8840 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Nawan Shehr]]{{efn|name=CityC}}
| 1,052
| {{Percentage | 1052 | 5092 | 2 }}
| 883
| {{Percentage | 883 | 5130 | 2 }}
| 1,030
| {{Percentage | 1030 | 6414 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Baffa]]{{efn|name=CityC}}
| 861
| {{Percentage | 861 | 7603 | 2 }}
| 762
| {{Percentage | 762 | 7257 | 2 }}
| 735
| {{Percentage | 735 | 7988 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Charsadda]]
| 484
| {{Percentage | 484 | 10232 | 2 }}
| 519
| {{Percentage | 519 | 11537 | 2 }}
| 745
| {{Percentage | 745 | 16845 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Tangi, Pakistan|Tangi]]
| 314
| {{Percentage | 314 | 9843 | 2 }}
| 362
| {{Percentage | 362 | 8689 | 2 }}
| 444
| {{Percentage | 444 | 12906 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Cherat]]
| 80
| {{Percentage | 80 | 261 | 2 }}
| 158
| {{Percentage | 158 | 843 | 2 }}
| 30
| {{Percentage | 30 | 337 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Prang, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Parang]]
| 16
| {{Percentage | 16 | 9886 | 2 }}
| 16
| {{Percentage | 16 | 10227 | 2 }}
| 2
| {{Percentage | 2 | 13496 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Mansehra]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 1,091
| {{Percentage | 1091 | 5780 | 2 }}
| 1,699
| {{Percentage | 1699 | 10217 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Kot Najeebullah|Kot Najibullah]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 929
| {{Percentage | 929 | 5315 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Utmanzai, Charsadda|Utmanzai]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 182
| {{Percentage | 182 | 10129 | 2 }}
|-
! Total Urban Hindu Population
! 94,662
! {{Percentage | 94662 | 335849 | 2 }}
! 93,127
! {{Percentage | 93127 | 386177 | 2 }}
! 134,382
! {{Percentage | 134382 | 552193 | 2 }}
|-
! Total Urban Population
! 335,849
! {{Percentage | 335849 | 335849 | 2 }}
! 386,177
! {{Percentage | 386177 | 386177 | 2 }}
! 552,193
! {{Percentage | 552193 | 552193 | 2 }}
|}

=== Modern era ===
According to the [[1998 Census of Pakistan|1998 Census]], there are 5,090 Hindus (including the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]]) constituting 0.029% of the population of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]].<ref name="Census">{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/other/yearbook2011/Population/16-16.pdf|title=Population Distribution by Religion, 1998 Census|website=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics|access-date=4 June 2021|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226023307/http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/other/yearbook2011/Population/16-16.pdf|archive-date=26 December 2016}}</ref>

In the [[2017 Census of Pakistan|2017 Census]], there were 5,392 Hindus constitutes 0.015% of the population.<ref name="2017 Census">{{cite web|title=SALIENT FEATURES OF FINAL RESULTS CENSUS-2017|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/sailent_feature_%20census_2017.pdf|format=PDF|access-date=4 June 2021}}</ref> In 2023 Census, the absolute number of Hindus increased slightly to 6102, which constitute 0.015% of the population.<ref>{{Cite web|title=7th Population and Housing Census – Detailed Results (Excel Format)|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/result-excel/|website=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics|access-date=2026-01-31|language=en-US}}</ref> However, [[Pakistan Hindu Council]] estimates that there are 21,033 Hindus in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]].<ref name="PHC">{{Cite web|url=http://pakistanhinducouncil.org.pk/?page_id=1592|title=Hindu Population (PK) – Pakistan Hindu Council|language=en-US|access-date=24 May 2021|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315003754/http://pakistanhinducouncil.org.pk/?page_id=1592|archive-date=15 March 2018}}</ref>

{{sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header"
|+ Hindus in the [[Administrative division|administrative divisions]] in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] (1951–2023)
! rowspan="2" |[[List of districts in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|District]]
! colspan="2" |1951<ref name="KPK1951A"/><ref name="KPK1951B"/>{{rp|9–11}}<ref name="KPK1951C"/>
! colspan="2" |2017
! colspan="2" |2023
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
| [[Peshawar District]]{{efn|Including Peshawar District and Peshawar Tribal Area/Frontier Region; the former was located in erstwhile [[North-West Frontier Province]], while the latter was located erstwhile [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas]], both regions which amalgamated to form Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2018.}}
| 952
| {{Percentage | 952 | 1042780 | 2 }}
| 1,811
| {{Percentage | 1811 | 4331959 | 2 }}
| 1,822
| {{Percentage | 1,822 | 4750388 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Swat State]]/ [[Swat District]]
| 471
| {{Percentage | 471 | 518596 | 2 }}
| 200
| {{Percentage | 200 | 2308624 | 2 }}
| 117
| {{Percentage | 117 | 2686076 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Kohat District]]{{efn|Including Kohat District and Kohat Tribal Area/Frontier Region; the former was located in erstwhile [[North-West Frontier Province]], while the latter was located erstwhile [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas]], both regions which amalgamated to form Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2018.}}
| 387
| {{Percentage | 387 | 434289 | 2 }}
| 1,004
| {{Percentage | 1,004 | 1111266 | 2 }}
| 609
| {{Percentage | 609 | 1234579 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Bannu District]]{{efn|Including Bannu District and Bannu Tribal Area/Frontier Region; the former was located in erstwhile [[North-West Frontier Province]], while the latter was located erstwhile [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas]], both regions which amalgamated to form Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2018.}}
| 242
| {{Percentage | 242 | 334306 | 2 }}
| 275
| {{Percentage | 275 | 1210183 | 2 }}
| 279
| {{Percentage | 279 | 1354674 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Mardan District]]{{efn|Including Mardan District and Mardan Tribal Area/Frontier Region; the former was located in erstwhile [[North-West Frontier Province]], while the latter was located erstwhile [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas]], both regions which amalgamated to form Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2018.}}
| 193
| {{Percentage | 193 | 629273 | 2 }}
| 329
| {{Percentage | 329 | 2373399 | 2 }}
| 379
| {{Percentage | 379 | 2740692 | 2 }}
|-
| [[South Waziristan District]]/[[South Waziristan Agency|Agency]]
| 115
| {{Percentage | 115 | 135784 | 2 }}
| 17
| {{Percentage | 17 | 675215 | 2 }}
| 17
| {{Percentage | 17 | 888675 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Hazara District]]{{efn|Including Hazara District and Hazara Tribal Area/Frontier Region; the former was located in erstwhile [[North-West Frontier Province]], while the latter was located erstwhile [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas]], both regions which amalgamated to form Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2018.}}
| 51
| {{Percentage | 51 | 1283177 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| [[Dera Ismail Khan District]]{{efn|Including Dera Ismail KhanDistrict and Dera Ismail KhanTribal Area/Frontier Region; the former was located in erstwhile [[North-West Frontier Province]], while the latter was located erstwhile [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas]], both regions which amalgamated to form Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2018.}}
| 20
| {{Percentage | 20 | 338885 | 2 }}
| 642
| {{Percentage | 642 | 1693594 | 2 }}
| 697
| {{Percentage | 697 | 1822916 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Kurram District]]/Agency
| 1
| {{Percentage | 1 | 163200 | 2 }}
| 53
| {{Percentage | 53 | 615372 | 2 }}
| 56
| {{Percentage | 56 | 785434 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Chitral State]]/ [[Chitral District]]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 105724 | 2 }}
| 11
| {{Percentage | 11 | 447625 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| [[Dir State]]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 148648 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| [[Kalam Valley|Kalam Region]]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 9702 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| [[Khyber District]]/Agency
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 216622 | 2 }}
| 72
| {{Percentage | 72 | 984246 | 2 }}
| 44
| {{Percentage | 44 | 1145982 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Malakand Protected Area]]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 410684 | 2 }}
| 77
| {{Percentage | 77 | 717806 | 2 }}
| 86
| {{Percentage | 86 | 825377 | 2 }}
|-
| [[North Waziristan District]]/[[North Waziristan Agency|Agency]]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 128235 | 2 }}
| 42
| {{Percentage | 42 | 540546 | 2 }}
| 96
| {{Percentage | 96 | 693137 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Nowshera District]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 896
| {{Percentage | 896 | 1520995 | 2 }}
| 862
| {{Percentage | 862 | 1735689 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Buner District]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 246
| {{Percentage | 246 | 895460 | 2 }}
| 141
| {{Percentage | 141 | 1016674 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Hangu District, Pakistan|Hangu District]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 151
| {{Percentage | 151 | 518811 | 2 }}
| 159
| {{Percentage | 159 | 525623 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Batagram District]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 90
| {{Percentage | 90 | 476749 | 2 }}
| 69
| {{Percentage | 69 | 553285 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Swabi District]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 88
| {{Percentage | 88 | 1625477 | 2 }}
| 80
| {{Percentage | 80 | 1890230 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Abbottabad District]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 80
| {{Percentage | 80 | 1333089 | 2 }}
| 114
| {{Percentage | 114 | 1397587 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Orakzai District]]/Agency
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 70
| {{Percentage | 70 | 254303 | 2 }}
| 34
| {{Percentage | 34 | 387561 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Lower Dir District]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 45
| {{Percentage | 45 | 1436082 | 2 }}
| 73
| {{Percentage | 73 | 1648620 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Charsadda District, Pakistan|Charsadda District]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 38
| {{Percentage | 38 | 1610960 | 2 }}
| 41
| {{Percentage | 41 | 1835136 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Mansehra District]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 28
| {{Percentage | 28 | 1555742 | 2 }}
| 39
| {{Percentage | 39 | 1789624 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Bajaur District]]/Agency
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 16
| {{Percentage | 16 | 1090987 | 2 }}
| 50
| {{Percentage | 50 | 1283113 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Lakki Marwat District]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 16
| {{Percentage | 16 | 902138 | 2 }}
| 24
| {{Percentage | 24 | 1036300 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Shangla District]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 14
| {{Percentage | 14 | 759609 | 2 }}
| 30
| {{Percentage | 30 | 890846 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Haripur District]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 13
| {{Percentage | 13 | 1001515 | 2 }}
| 50
| {{Percentage | 50 | 1173056 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Kohistan District, Pakistan|Kohistan District]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 11
| {{Percentage | 11 | 784711 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| [[Upper Dir District]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 16
| {{Percentage | 16 | 947401 | 2 }}
| 42
| {{Percentage | 42 | 1082416 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Mohmand District]]/Agency
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 10
| {{Percentage | 10 | 474345 | 2 }}
| 1
| {{Percentage | 1 | 553933 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Karak District]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 7
| {{Percentage | 7 | 705362 | 2 }}
| 23
| {{Percentage | 23 | 815150 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Tank District]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 5
| {{Percentage | 5 | 427044 | 2 }}
| 2
| {{Percentage | 2 | 470293 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Torghar District]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 171349 | 2 }}
| 2
| {{Percentage | 2 | 200445 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Kolai-Palas Kohistan District]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 30
| {{Percentage | 30 | 236726 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Upper Kohistan District]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 20
| {{Percentage | 20 | 374183 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Lower Kohistan District]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 9
| {{Percentage | 9 | 303305 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Lower Chitral District]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 4
| {{Percentage | 4 | 318234 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Upper Chitral District]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 1
| {{Percentage | 1 | 195161 | 2 }}
|-
! Total Hindus
! 2,432
! {{Percentage | 2432 | 5864550 | 2 }}
! 6,373
! {{Percentage | 6373 | 35501964 | 2 }}
! 6,102
! {{Percentage | 6102 | 40641120 | 2 }}
|-
! Total responses
! 5,864,550
! {{Percentage | 5864550 | 5899905 | 2 }}
! 35,501,964
! {{Percentage | 35501964 | 35501964 | 2 }}
! 40,641,120
! {{Percentage | 40641120 | 40856097 | 2 }}
|-
! Total population
! 5,899,905
! {{Percentage | 5899905 | 5899905 | 2 }}
! 35,501,964
! {{Percentage | 35501964 | 35501964 | 2 }}
! 40,856,097
! {{Percentage | 40856097 | 40856097 | 2 }}
|}

==Community life==
In [[Peshawar]], the capital of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], Hindus enjoy religious freedom and live peacefully alongside the Muslims. The city of Peshawar today is home to four Hindu tribes– the Balmiks, the Rajputs, the Heer Ratan Raths and the Bhai Joga Singh Gurdwara community. Since partition, the four tribes have lived in harmony with all religious communities including Muslims. However, there is the lack of upkeep of the dilapidated Hindu temples in the city. The local government always fails to assign caretakers and priests at temples.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2078824/1-across-religious-divides-harmonious-haven-hindus-khyber-pakhtunkhwa/?amp=1|title=Across religious divides: A harmonious haven for Hindus in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa|date=14 October 2019 |work=[[The Express Tribune]]}}</ref> But in other parts of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] like [[Buner District|Buner]], [[Swat District|Swat]] and [[Aurakzai|Aurakzai districts]], [[Hindus|Hindu]] and [[Sikhs|Sikh]] families have been targeted by the [[Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan|Taliban]] for failing to pay [[Jizya]] (religious tax). Due to this, more than 150 Sikhs and Hindu families in Pakistan's have moved to [[Hasan Abdal]] and [[Rawalpindi]] in [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] in 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/sikhs-and-hindu-families-move-to-pak-punjab-393331|title=Sikhs and Hindu families move to Pak Punjab|date=3 May 2009|work=NDTV}}</ref>

The [[Kalasha people]] practice an ancient form of [[Hinduism]] mixed with [[animism]].<ref name="Witzel">{{citation |first=Michael |last=Witzel |author-link=Michael Witzel |chapter=Kalash Religion (extract from 'The Ṛgvedic Religious System and its Central Asian and Hindukush Antecedents') |editor1=A. Griffiths |editor2=J. E. M. Houben |title=The Vedas: Texts, Language and Ritual |location=Groningen |publisher=Forsten |year=2004 |pages=581–636 |chapter-url=http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/KalashaReligion.pdf}}</ref><ref>pace Fussman 1977</ref> They are considered as a separate ethnic religion people by the government of Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1324805|title=Peshawar High Court orders govt to include Kalasha religion in census|last=Akbar|first=Ali|date=4 April 2017|publisher=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|language=en|access-date=11 July 2017|quote=Kalasha, the religion followed by Kalash community, lies between Islam and an ancient form of Hinduism.}}</ref> They reside in the [[Chitral District]] of [[Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa]] province.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lazaridis|first1=Iosif|last2=Nadel|first2=Dani|last3=Rollefson|first3=Gary|last4=Merrett|first4=Deborah C.|last5=Rohland|first5=Nadin|last6=Mallick|first6=Swapan|last7=Fernandes|first7=Daniel|last8=Novak|first8=Mario|last9=Gamarra|first9=Beatriz|last10=Sirak|first10=Kendra|last11=Connell|first11=Sarah|date=2016h|title=Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East|url= |journal=Nature|language=en|volume=536|issue=7617|pages=419–424|bibcode=2016Natur.536..419L|doi=10.1038/nature19310|issn=1476-4687|pmc=5003663|pmid=27459054|bibcode-access=free}}</ref>

Mansehra Shiv Temple is one of the oldest Hindu temples in Pakistan that is still in existence. It is at least 2000<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan prepares to hold a major Hindu festival Maha Shivaratri |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/pakistan/pakistan-prepares-to-hold-a-major-hindu-festival-maha-shivaratri-from-february-20-1.69531510 |date=17 February 2020 |newspaper=Gulf News|department= Asia |agency=TNN |access-date=4 June 2021}}</ref> to 3000 years old.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mansehra’s Shiv temple|url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/mansehras-shiv-temple/|date=14 August 2014|newspaper=Fridaytimes|agency=TNN|access-date=4 June 2021|archive-date=1 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101215645/https://www.thefridaytimes.com/mansehras-shiv-temple/|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Panj Tirath]] is another historic Hindu temple in Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-15|title=Panj Tirath: Heritage Lost to the Ravages of Time|url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/panj-tirath-heritage-lost-to-the-ravages-of-time/|access-date=2021-06-06|website=The Friday Times|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/latest/908175/pakistan-declares-ancient-hindu-religious-site-panj-tirath-national-heritage|title=Pakistan declares ancient Hindu religious site Panj Tirath to be national heritage|author=Scroll Staff|website=Scroll.in}}</ref> In [[2020 Karak temple attack|2020, Karak temple attack]], historic Hindu temple and Samadhi in Karak district was demolished and burnt by a mob of 1,500 local [[Muslims]] led by a local Islamic cleric and the supporters of [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F)|Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam party]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/12/31/pakistan-arrests-14-people-over-demolishing-of-hindu-temple|title=Pakistan arrests more than a dozen over Hindu temple attack|newspaper=Aljazeera|date=31 December 2020|access-date=4 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/hindu-temple-in-pakistan-vandalised-set-on-fire/story-06WMhxga1WvRXA4shTjtlI_amp.html|title=Hindu temple in Pakistan vandalised, set on fire|newspaper=Hindustan Times|author=Imtiaz Ahmad|date=31 December 2020|access-date=4 June 2021}}</ref>

==Temples==

<gallery widths="250" heights="200">
File:Mansehra Shiva Temple.jpg|[[Mansehra Shiva Temple]]
File:Peshawar Temple Door.JPG|[[Dargah Pir Ratan Nath Jee]]
File:Gorakhnath Temple in Peshawar Old City, Pakistan.jpg|[[Goraknath Temple]]
</gallery>
* [[Kalibari Mandir, Peshawar]]

==See also==
{{Portal|Hinduism|Pakistan}}
*[[Hinduism in Balochistan]]
*[[Hinduism in Islamabad Capital Territory]]
*[[Hinduism in Punjab, Pakistan]]
*[[Hinduism in Sindh]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Works cited===
* {{Cite book |title=The Cambridge history of Islam |editor1=P. M. Holt |editor2=Ann K. S. Lambton |editor3=Bernard Lewis |editor3-link=Bernard Lewis |year=1977 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-29137-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ccI0u5XDR0C |ref=CITEREFHolt_et_al1977}}
* {{cite book |last=Tomsen |first=P. |title=The Wars of Afghanistan: Messianic Terrorism, Tribal Conflicts, and the Failures of Great Powers |publisher=PublicAffairs |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-61039-412-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kdfIAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT56 |access-date=2018-05-06}}
* {{cite book |last1=Wink |first1=Andre |title=Al- Hind: The slave kings and the Islamic conquest |publisher=E.J Brill |date=1991}}
* {{cite book |last1=Wynbrandt |first1=James |title=A Brief History of Pakistan |date=2009 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |location=New York}}

== External links ==
* {{URL|https://tribune.com.pk/story/2078824/across-religious-divides-harmonious-haven-hindus-khyber-pakhtunkhwa|Across Religious divides, harmonious haven Hindus Khyber Pakhtunkhwa}}
{{Hinduism in Pakistan}}

[[Category:Hinduism in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa| ]]
[[Category:Religion in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]

2022 Gujarat alcohol poisoning

2026-03-27T20:51:28Z

Sabari2398: new - done

{{Short description|Mass poisoning in Gujarat, India}}
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| cause = [[Methanol toxicity|Methanol poisoning]] from [[Rum-running|boot legging]]
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On 25 July 2022, at least 42 people died and more than 97 were hospitalized in a [[List of methanol poisoning incidents#India|methanol poisoning incident]] in Gujarat, India.<ref name="NDTV 27 July" /><ref name="ABC" /> The victims had consumed undiluted [[methanol|methyl alcohol]] (methanol), assuming it to be alcohol.<ref name="aljazeera" /> The spurious liquor was then sold to more than 100 people in the villages of [[Ahmedabad]], [[Botad]] and [[Surendranagar]].

The Gujarat government said that the deaths were caused by "chemical poisoning" caused by 98.71% to 98.99% methanol, illegally sourced from an employee of a chemical packaging company, who sold it to bootleggers from different villages in the [[Botad district]]. An investigation is ongoing and fifteen people have been arrested by the police in the incident. Police have said they have recovered 475 litres of the liquid.<ref name="Death 42" /><ref name="CNN" />

==Background==
{{further|Alcohol prohibition in India#Gujarat}}

Sale and consumption of alcohol is legal in most parts of India other than four states including Gujarat. According to the World Bank 22.5% of 1.3 billion Indians live below the poverty line. Illicit alcohol is brewed in villages and then smuggled to the cities for sale at cost of {{INRConvert|8}}, one third of the cost of legally brewed liquor.<ref name="CNN" />

Alcohol is prohibited in Gujarat state. Illegal manufacture and sale of toxic alcohol is punishable by death under [[Bombay Prohibition (Gujarat Amendment) Act, 2009]]. The law was made after [[2009 Gujarat alcohol poisonings]] in which more than 136 people had died.<ref name="BBC 2011">{{cite news |title=Gujarat introduces death penalty for toxic alcohol |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-16044845 |access-date=27 July 2022 |work=BBC News |date=6 December 2011 |archive-date=27 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727135621/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-16044845 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Illicit spurious liquor known locally as "lattha", is popular in rural Gujarat. According to the local politicians, the prohibition on the sale of alcohol is not enforced strictly and bootlegging of liquor is rampant across the state, due to the nexus between the bootleggers and the local police under the patronage of the ruling [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the state.<ref name="Langa" /> Local politicians have complained to the authorities several times about the widespread sale of liquor in the village. Legal action was sought against the bootleggers. The police was accused by the local politicians of inaction due to rampant corruption and bribery received from the local bootleggers.<ref name="Langa" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Vaibhav |date=June 27, 2022 |title=Spurious liquor claims 30 lives over two days in 'dry' Gujarat |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gujarat-hooch-tragedy-death-toll-8052441/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902160431/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gujarat-hooch-tragedy-death-toll-8052441/ |archive-date=September 2, 2022 |access-date=September 2, 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In [[Chokdi]], the locals alleged that the police checked the places where alcohol was brewed twice a day, but just took regular bribes and let the production continue,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agrawal |first=Soniya |date=July 30, 2022 |title=42 deaths, 15 arrests, 6 suspensions: How 'liquor crackdown led to' hooch tragedy in dry Gujarat |url=https://theprint.in/india/42-deaths-15-arrests-6-suspensions-how-liquor-crackdown-led-to-hooch-tragedy-in-dry-gujarat/1060428/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903034041/https://theprint.in/india/42-deaths-15-arrests-6-suspensions-how-liquor-crackdown-led-to-hooch-tragedy-in-dry-gujarat/1060428/ |archive-date=September 3, 2022 |access-date=2022-09-03 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> even though prohibition was in force in Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite web |last=News Service |first=Express |date=July 28, 2022 |title=Gujarat: Opposition says 'BJP failed to enforce Prohibition Act' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gujarat-botad-ahmedabad-hooch-tragedy-opposition-bjp-failed-enforce-prohibition-act-8055840/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903033843/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gujarat-botad-ahmedabad-hooch-tragedy-opposition-bjp-failed-enforce-prohibition-act-8055840/ |archive-date=September 3, 2022 |access-date=September 3, 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=December 6, 2011 |title=Gujarat introduces death penalty for toxic alcohol |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-16044845 |access-date=September 3, 2022}}</ref>

The newly appointed [[Barwala Taluka|Barwala]] [[sub-inspector]] B.G. Vala halted the illegal liquor trade in [[Chokdi]], within 15 days preceding the toxic liquor deaths. This forced the 20-30 families that relied on the alcohol trade for survival to use more dangerous methods to get it.<ref name="Agrawal">{{Cite web |last=Agrawal |first=Soniya |date=July 30, 2022 |title=42 deaths, 15 arrests, 6 suspensions: How 'liquor crackdown led to' hooch tragedy in dry Gujarat |url=https://theprint.in/india/42-deaths-15-arrests-6-suspensions-how-liquor-crackdown-led-to-hooch-tragedy-in-dry-gujarat/1060428/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903034041/https://theprint.in/india/42-deaths-15-arrests-6-suspensions-how-liquor-crackdown-led-to-hooch-tragedy-in-dry-gujarat/1060428/ |archive-date=September 3, 2022 |access-date=September 3, 2022 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> However, after the case, Vala and other 5 policemen were transferred for alleged dereliction of duty.<ref name="Agrawal"/>

==Incident==
On 25 July 2022, bootleggers from Rojid, Ranpari, Chandarva, Devgana, Chokdi and a few other villages in [[Botad district]] had made the spurious liquor with methyl alcohol (methanol), a highly poisonous chemical. The liquor was sold to the villagers for {{INRConvert|20}} per packet.<ref name="Langa" /> The Police said that the victims from Ahmedabad in [[Gujarat]] state had consumed undiluted [[methanol]], assuming it to be alcohol.<ref name="aljazeera">{{cite news |title=Toxic liquor kills dozens in India's 'dry state' of Gujarat |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/26/toxic-liquor-kills-dozens-in-indias-dry-state-of-gujarat |access-date=27 July 2022 |work=aljazeera.com |date=27 July 2022 |language=en |archive-date=27 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727035409/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/26/toxic-liquor-kills-dozens-in-indias-dry-state-of-gujarat |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ABC">{{cite news |title=Illegal alcohol kills 38 in India after 10 more die in hospital |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-07-27/illegal-alcohol-kills-38-in-india-after-10-more-die-in-hospital/101275114 |access-date=27 July 2022 |work=ABC News |date=27 July 2022 |language=en-AU |archive-date=27 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727091348/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-07-27/illegal-alcohol-kills-38-in-india-after-10-more-die-in-hospital/101275114 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The incident came to be known on early morning of 26 July, when some of the residents of Rojid village of Barvala taluka and surrounding villages became sick and their condition started deteriorating. They were referred to the government hospitals in Barvala and Botad towns for treatment.<ref name="Wire 27 July" />

On 26 July 2022, the [[Gujarat government]] said that the deaths were caused by "chemical poisoning". It mentioned that the analysis of the substance consumed by the victims had been done at Forensic Science Laboratory (FSL) Gandhinagar. The tests showed the presence of 98.71% to 98.99% methyl alcohol. The methanol was illegally sourced from an employee of a chemical packaging company.<ref name="Express 27 July">{{cite news |title=Spurious liquor claims 30 lives over two days in 'dry' Gujarat |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gujarat-hooch-tragedy-death-toll-8052441/ |access-date=27 July 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=27 July 2022 |archive-date=26 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726185601/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gujarat-hooch-tragedy-death-toll-8052441/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Victims==
The police said that spurious liquor, known locally as "lattha", was sold to more than 100 people in the villages of Ahmedabad, Botad and Surendranagar. 51 victims were admitted in the hospitals of Ahmedabad and Bhavnagar.<ref name="Express 27 July" /> Several people from villages of [[Ahmedabad district]] had arrived to Botad to consume the cheap liquor.<ref name="Langa">{{cite news |last1=Langa |first1=Mahesh |title=Spurious liquor claims 36 lives in dry Gujarat |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/spurious-liquor-claims-several-lives-in-gujarat/article65684390.ece |access-date=27 July 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=26 July 2022 |language=en-IN |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809115113/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/spurious-liquor-claims-several-lives-in-gujarat/article65684390.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

Rojid village, the epicentre of the tragedy had reported 11 deaths. Since noon of 25 July, the affected villagers had lost their eyesight and were vomiting blood.<ref name="Express 27 July" />

By 27 July, the number of dead had increased to 42 people with more than 97 hospitalized.<ref name="Death 42">{{cite news |title=Gujarat Toxic Liquor Deaths Rise To 42, Total 15 Arrested So Far |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/gujarat-toxic-liquor-deaths-rises-to-42-total-15-arrested-so-far-3199919 |access-date=27 July 2022 |work=NDTV.com |date=27 July 2022 |archive-date=27 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727171955/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/gujarat-toxic-liquor-deaths-rises-to-42-total-15-arrested-so-far-3199919 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NDTV 27 July">{{cite news |title=Toxic Liquor Deaths In Gujarat Reach 40, Nearly 50 Still In Hospital: Cops |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/toxic-liquor-deaths-in-gujarat-reach-40-nearly-50-still-in-hospital-cops-3197677 |access-date=27 July 2022 |work=NDTV.com |date=27 July 2022 |archive-date=27 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727072610/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/toxic-liquor-deaths-in-gujarat-reach-40-nearly-50-still-in-hospital-cops-3197677 |url-status=live }}</ref> The authorities had asked the affected people to not fear prosecution and come forward to seek immediate medical assistance for treatment of methanol poisoning.<ref name="Express 27 July" />

The police said that the actual death toll in the incident would be much more than the reported toll, since many victims died without getting any medical assistance. In one incident 25-year-old man named Bhavesh Chavda was taken to hospital, when his conditioned worsened. He died before he could be admitted into the hospital. The family took his body back home without getting an autopsy conducted and buried him according to the final rites. The FSL team later arrived, exhumed the body and conducted an autopsy before handing the body back to the family.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vaktania |first1=Saurabh |title=Actual death figure in Gujarat hooch tragedy could be higher than govt record: Source |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/actual-death-figure-in-gujarat-hooch-tragedy-could-be-higher-than-govt-record-source-1980813-2022-07-28 |access-date=28 July 2022 |work=India Today |date=28 July 2022 |language=en |archive-date=28 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728010118/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/actual-death-figure-in-gujarat-hooch-tragedy-could-be-higher-than-govt-record-source-1980813-2022-07-28 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Investigation==
Three [[First Information Report]] (FIR)s were lodged in the police stations of Barwala and Ranpur in Botad district against 20 people under multiple sections of the [[Indian Penal Code]] (IPC) and the [[Bombay Prohibition (Gujarat Amendment) Act, 2009|Gujarat Prohibition Act]].<ref name="Express 27 July" /><ref name="Wire 27 July">{{cite news |title=Gujarat: 28 Dead, Several Hospitalised After Consuming Spurious Alcohol |url=https://thewire.in/society/gujarat-21-dead-several-hospitalised-after-consuming-spurious-alcohol |access-date=27 July 2022 |work=The Wire |date=26 July 2022 |archive-date=26 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726112218/https://thewire.in/society/gujarat-21-dead-several-hospitalised-after-consuming-spurious-alcohol |url-status=live }}</ref> The police report said that a bootlegger in Rojid village had told the police that she had purchased 20 litres of methanol for {{INRConvert|2000}}. Police had said that they have seized 475 litres of the chemical and arrested 15 people in the incident.<ref name="Langa" /><ref name="CNN">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Swati |last2=Mogul |first2=Rhea |title=Dozens dead after drinking bootleg alcohol in western India |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/07/27/india/india-bootleg-alcohol-deaths-gujarat-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=27 July 2022 |work=CNN |date=27 July 2022 |archive-date=27 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727070148/https://edition.cnn.com/2022/07/27/india/india-bootleg-alcohol-deaths-gujarat-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Six people were arrested by the police in the incident.<ref name="Express 27 July" />

The [[First Bhupendrabhai Patel ministry|Home Department of the Government of Gujarat]] had formed a three-member committee, headed by a senior police officer of the rank of [[deputy superintendent of police]] to inquire into the incident and submit a report within three days.<ref name="Langa" /> Gujarat [[Anti-Terrorism Squad|Anti-Terrorist Squad]] (ATS) and the [[Ahmedabad]] crime branch of [[Gujarat Police]] have joined the investigation.<ref name="Express 27 July" />

==Aftermath==
After the incident, the alcohol and drug consumption became a major issue in the [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=In 'dry' Gujarat, booze, drugs taking centre stage ahead of Assembly polls |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/aug/03/in-dry-gujarat-booze-drugs-taking-centre-stage-ahead-of-assembly-polls-2483566.html |access-date=4 August 2022 |work=The New Indian Express |date=3 August 2022 |archive-date=3 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803091138/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/aug/03/in-dry-gujarat-booze-drugs-taking-centre-stage-ahead-of-assembly-polls-2483566.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Aam Aadmi Party, Gujarat|Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) Gujarat]] president [[Gopal Italia]] demanded an investigation by [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) in the incident.<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi raids: AAP demands CBI probe into hooch tragedy; Sisodia, Kejriwal to visit Gujarat |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/surat/delhi-raids-aap-demands-cbi-probe-into-hooch-tragedy-sisodia-kejriwal-to-visit-gujarat-8102320/ |access-date=29 August 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=21 August 2022 |language=en |archive-date=27 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827104958/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/surat/delhi-raids-aap-demands-cbi-probe-into-hooch-tragedy-sisodia-kejriwal-to-visit-gujarat-8102320/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Indian National Congress]] demanded a probe by the sitting HC judge in the illegal liquor trade in [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=|first= |date=July 30, 2022 |title=Congress demands judicial probe into Gujarat hooch tragedy |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/congress-demands-judicial-probe-into-gujarat-hooch-tragedy/article65699435.ece |access-date=September 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902124449/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/congress-demands-judicial-probe-into-gujarat-hooch-tragedy/article65699435.ece |archive-date=September 2, 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 29, 2022 |title=Gujarat hooch tragedy: Illicit liquor trade in state, says Congress; demands probe by sitting HC judge |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/jul/29/gujarat-hooch-tragedy-illicit-liquor-trade-in-state-says-congress-demands-probe-by-sitting-hc-judge-2482007.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902124055/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/jul/29/gujarat-hooch-tragedy-illicit-liquor-trade-in-state-says-congress-demands-probe-by-sitting-hc-judge-2482007.html |archive-date=September 2, 2022 |access-date=September 2, 2022 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> [[Rahul Gandhi]], former president of the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] party publicly asked, which "ruling forces" are "giving protection to these mafia".<ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1552859161574068224|user=RahulGandhi|title=In the 'dry state' Gujarat, many houses were destroyed by drinking spurious liquor. Drugs worth billions are also being recovered there continuously. It is a matter of great concern, on the land of Bapu and Sardar Patel, who are these people who are doing drug business indiscriminately? Which ruling forces are giving protection to these mafia?|author=[[Rahul Gandhi]]|access-date=September 2, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902143427/https://twitter.com/RahulGandhi/status/1552859161574068224|archive-date=September 2, 2022}}</ref> Congress leaders urged Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] to speak up on the toxic liquor deaths and meet the bereaved families.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=July 29, 2022 |title=Congress demands judicial probe into Gujarat hooch tragedy |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/congress-demands-judicial-probe-into-gujarat-hooch-tragedy/article65699435.ece |access-date=September 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903041320/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/congress-demands-judicial-probe-into-gujarat-hooch-tragedy/article65699435.ece |archive-date=September 3, 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[2009 Gujarat alcohol poisonings]]
* [[Prohibition in Gujarat]]
* [[Laththa Commission]]
* [[List of alcohol poisonings in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2022 crimes in India|Gujarat]]
[[Category:2020s in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Alcohol-related deaths in India]]
[[Category:July 2022 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:July 2022 in India]]
[[Category:Methanol poisoning incidents]]
[[Category:Crime in Gujarat]]

Muthappan

2026-03-23T15:18:07Z

Sabari2398: refined page to improve readability and fixed typos

{{Copyedit|date=September 2025}}
{{short description|Deity}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = Muthappan.jpg
| caption = Thiruvappan or Valiya Muthapan [[Shiva|Shiva during the creation of Kaalabhairavan]] on left and the Vellatom or Cheriya Muthapan [[Bhairava|Kalabhairavam]] on right
| name = Muthappan
| god_of = 
| affiliation =
| mantra =
| weapon = [[Spear]]‚ [[Sword]]‚ [[Bow & Arrow]]
| consort = 
| children = 
| abode =
| mount = Wild Hound (Hunting Dogs)
}}

'''Muthappan''' is a deity commonly worshipped in the Northern Region of Kerala in India. Muthappan is considered as the personification of two gods Thirvappan or Valiya Muthapan and the Vellatom or Cheriya Muthapan worshipped in ancestral form.<ref>{{cite news |title=Muthappan devotees gather for festivities |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/news/campus-reporter/2019/01/09/sree-muthappan-theyyam-devotees-festival.html|date=9 January 2019 |newspaper=Manorama News |department=City: Thiruvananthapuram |agency=TNN |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> All the puja rituals and rites for Muthappan are performed by the [[Thiyyar]] community of [[Malabar District|Malabar]], as Muthappan is regarded as the Kulapoorvikan (clan ancestor) of the [[Thiyyar]] community in Malabar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sree Muthappan: A theyyam for the masses |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/career-and-campus/top-news/2019/01/09/sree-muthappan-theyyam-devotees-festival.html |website=Onmanorama |date=9 January 2019 |access-date=24 March 2025}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.experiencefestival.com/theyyam_-_sree_muthappan_theyyam |title= Theyyam - Sree Muthappan Theyyam|website=www.experiencefestival.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110108065703/http://www.experiencefestival.com/theyyam_-_sree_muthappan_theyyam |archive-date=January 8, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Pereira | first1=Filipe | title=Does Faith Dismiss Performance? Observations on the Cult of Muthappan in Northern Kerala | journal=Ecumenica | date=2021 | volume=14 | pages=127–138 | doi=10.5325/ECUMENICA.14.1.0127 | url=https://www.academia.edu/48831571 }}</ref>

A shrine where Muthappan Is worshipped is known as a Madappura.
The [[Muthappan temple|Parassinikadavu Madappura]] is the most important temple to the deity.<ref>{{cite news |title=Muthappan devotees gather for festivities |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/news/campus-reporter/2019/01/09/sree-muthappan-theyyam-devotees-festival.html|date=9 January 2019 |newspaper=Manorama News |department=City: Thiruvananthapuram |agency=TNN |access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref>

Practices in Muthappan temples are quite distinct from those in other Hindu temples of Kerala.The rituals are related to Shakteyam where [[Panchamakara|Panja-ma-kara]] are offered, sometimes including ''madyam'' (in this case, Toddy) and ''mamsam'' (generally flesh, in this case fish). Muthappan is worshipped in the form of Theyyam and is not represented through a traditional prathishta (consecrated idol). As such, Madappuras, the shrines dedicated to Muthappan, do not contain idol forms or structures such as the kodimaram (temple flagstaff), which are commonly found in conventional Hindu temples.<ref>{{cite web |title=Role of Food (Prasadam) Served at Religious Places to Attract Tourists/Pilgrims: A Case Study of Muthappan Temple in Kerala |url=https://ihmpusa.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/RP-10.pdf |website=IHM Pusa |access-date=24 March 2025}}</ref>

While most temples in Kerala traditionally restrict entry to non-Hindus, Muthappan temples are known for their inclusivity, allowing entry to devotees regardless of caste or religion. In the Malabar region, festivals held at Muthappan Madappuras often see enthusiastic participation from Muslims, symbolizing a spirit of secularism, communal harmony, and humanism.<ref>{{cite web |title=Help pours in for Kerala Muslim woman as her meet with Muthappan Theyyam goes viral |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/good-news/2022/Feb/24/help-pours-in-for-kerala-muslim-woman-as-her-meet-with-muthappan-theyyam-goes-viral-2423044.html |website=The New Indian Express |date=24 February 2022 |access-date=24 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='You aren't different': Theyyam artiste's words to Muslim woman wins hearts |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/you-arent-different-theyyam-artistes-words-muslim-woman-wins-hearts-161326 |website=The News Minute |date=24 February 2022 |access-date=24 March 2025}}</ref>
==Myths and legends==
[[File:Thiruvappana closeup - 1.JPG|thumb|Thiruvappana performing]]
[[Image:Muthappan vellaattam.jpg|thumb|right|Vellaattom performing]]

Muthappan is believed to be the personification of two divine figures: Thiruvappana and Vellatom. The dual divine figures, Thiruvappana and Vellatom, are similar to those of the [[Theyyamkaliyattem]] of the northern [[Malabar region]]. Though worshipped as a single deity, they represent an integrated or unified form of two gods: Shiva, during the creation of Kaalabhairavan (static) and Kaalabhairavan, the fierce form of Shiva (kinetic).

Sri Muthappan's Theyyams are performed year-round whereas other Theyyams are seasonal (lasting October to May).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.experiencefestival.com/toddy_-_toddy_from_coconut_or_palm_tree |title= Enlightenment - the Experience Festival|website=www.experiencefestival.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091219135418/http://www.experiencefestival.com/toddy_-_toddy_from_coconut_or_palm_tree |archive-date=December 19, 2009}}</ref>

===Muthappan stories===
====Parassinikkadavu Muthappan====
The Muthappan cult is believed to have originated in Eruvessy, a village located in the hilly eastern region of Kannur district, in northern Kerala. Eruvessy lies in the remote valley hills of the Kodagu (Coorg) mountains in the Western Ghats. A significant site associated with the origin of the cult is the Paddikutty Devi Temple, where the goddess is revered as the foster mother of Sree Muthappan. This temple is situated near the palaces of Mutedath Aramana and Elayidath Aramana, which belonged to the anjaramanakkal (of 5 ''aramanas'' or royal house) [[Mannanar dynasty]] of Eruvessy, believed to be the last Thiyya dynasty in Kerala. Ruins of this palace are still visible today along the banks of the Eruvessy River.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Costume and Decorations of Sree Muthappan Cult of North Malabar in Kerala with Special Reference to Eruvessy – the Birth Place of Sree Muthappan |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/386883597 |website=ResearchGate |access-date=24 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Neglected and forgotten: Remains of Mannanar dynasty crumbling | date=6 April 2022 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/Apr/06/neglected-and-forgotten-remains-of-mannanar-dynasty-crumbling-2438459.html }}</ref>
The traditional narrative associated with Parassinikkadavu Muthappan, one of the most prominent shrines dedicated to the deity, recounts the divine origin of Muthappan. Ayyankara Vazhunavar, a nobleman, was distressed by the absence of a child. His wife, Padikuttyamma, was a devout follower of Lord [[Shiva]].<ref>{{cite book | last1=Jimenez Ruiz | first1=Andrea Edurne | last2=Bhartiya | first2=Shivam | last3=Bhatt | first3=Vaibhav | title=Promoting Sustainable Gastronomy Tourism and Community Development | date=22 March 2024 | publisher=IGI Global | isbn=979-8-3693-1815-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lcj8EAAAQBAJ&dq=mannanar+muthappan&pg=PA151 }}</ref>

Ayyankara Vazhunavar, was unhappy, as he had no child. His wife, Padikutty Antharjanam, was a devotee of Lord [[Shiva]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lcj8EAAAQBAJ&dq=mannanar&pg=PA151 | title=Promoting Sustainable Gastronomy Tourism and Community Development | isbn=979-8-3693-1815-7 | last1=Jimenez Ruiz | first1=Andrea Edurne | last2=Bhartiya | first2=Shivam | last3=Bhatt | first3=Vaibhav | date=22 March 2024 | publisher=IGI Global }}</ref><ref name="12rr">{{Cite web|last=വി.ലിസ്സി മാത്യു| url=https://keralabookstore.com/book/kathivanoor-veeran/12272/|title=കതിവനൂർ വീരൻ|access-date=2020-11-07|language=en|page=90-91}}</ref> She made a sacrifice to Shiva for children. One day in her dream she saw the Lord. The very next day, while she was returning after a bath from a nearby river, she saw a pretty child lying on a rock nearby. She took the child home and she and her husband brought Him up as their own son.

The boy used to visit the jungle near their house for hunting with His bow and arrows. He would then take food to the poor and mingle with local communities. As these acts were against the way of brahmin life, his parents earnestly requested he stop this practice, but the boy turned a deaf ear to their warnings. Ayyankara Vazhunavar became very disappointed.

Ayyankara Vazhunavar decided to take the matters into his hands and admonished him. The boy then revealed his divine form (Visvaroopam, or Viswaroopa, his Cosmic All-Pervading Form) to his parents. They then realized that the boy was not an ordinary child, but a god. They prostrated themselves in front of Him, surrendering themselves to Him. The moment he left his house, everything that Muthappan saw burned and turned into ashes due to his sadness in having to leave. His mother told him that he should not destroy every creation in the world and so Muthappan pierced his eyes so that nothing would be disintegrated by his vision. Thiruvappana is depicted as blind for this reason.

He then started a journey. The natural beauty of [[Kunnathoor]] detained Him. He was also attracted by the [[palm wine|toddy]] of palm trees.

Chandan (an illiterate [[toddy tapper]]) knew that his toddy was being stolen from his palm trees, so he decided to guard them. While he was keeping guard at night, he caught an old man stealing toddy from his palms. He got very angry and tried to shoot the man using his bow and arrows but fell unconscious before he could let loose even one arrow. Chandan's wife came searching for him. She cried brokenheartedly when she found him unconscious at the base of the tree. She saw an old man at the top of the palm tree and called out to Him, saying "Muthappan" ({{lang|ml|muthappan}} means 'grandfather' in the local [[Malayalam]] language). She earnestly prayed to the God to save her husband. Before long, Chandan regained consciousness. She offered boiled gram ([[chickpea]]), slices of [[coconut]], burnt [[fish]] and toddy to the Muthappan. (Even today, in Sree Muthappan temples, the devotees are offered boiled grams and slices of coconut.) She sought a blessing from Him. Muthappan chose Kunnathoor as his residence at the request of Chandan. This is the famous [[Kunnathoor Padi]].

After spending some years at Kunnathoor, Sree Muthappan decided to look for a more favorable residence so that he could achieve his objective of his [[Avatar]]am. He shot an arrow upward from Kunnathoor. The shaft reached [[Parassini]] where the Parassini Temple stands today. The arrow, when it was found, was glowing in the [[Theertham|Theertha]] ([[Sacred waters|sacred water]]) near the temple. The arrow was placed on the altar. Since then, Lord Sree Muthappan has been believed to reside at [[Parassinikkadavu]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shree Muthappan Seva Samithi, Surat |title=Story of Parassinikkadavu Muthappan |url=http://www.shreemuthappansurat.com/Story%20of%20Muthappan.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101021092342/http://www.shreemuthappansurat.com/Story%20of%20Muthappan.html |archive-date=October 21, 2010 }}</ref>

When Thiruvappan-Muthappan traveled through the jungle, he reached Puralimala near [[Peravoor]]. Here he met another muthappan; Thiruvappan called him {{lang|ml|cherukkan}}, meaning 'young boy', in Malayalam, and accompanied him. This second Muthappan is called ''[[Vellattam]]'' (or {{lang|ml|Vellatom}}). Thus, there is Thiruvappan - Valiya Muttapan (Vishnu) - called ''Muthappan''; and a second Muthappan, called {{lang|ml|Vellattam}} or {{lang|ml|Cheriya Muthappan}} (Shiva).{{citation needed|date=November 2021}} The [[Theyyam]] for this utilises a round-shaped throne made of hay.{{clarify|date=November 2021|reason=Does this belong here, in this section or paragraph?}}

===Sree Muthappan and dogs===
Sree Muthappan is always accompanied by a dog and large numbers of dogs reside in and around the temple.

There are two carved bronze dogs at the entrance of the temple that are believed to symbolize the bodyguards of the God. When the [[Prasad (food offering)|Prasad]] is ready, it is first served to a dog that is always ready inside the temple complex.

Local legends enhance the importance of dogs to Sree Muthappan, such as the story that follows:

: A few years ago, temple authorities decided to reduce the number of dogs inside the temple; so they took some dogs and puppies away. From that very day, the performer of the Sree Muthappan Theyyam was unable to perform; it is said that the spirit of Sree Muthappan enters the performer's body for the duration of the ceremony. But he probably refused to enter the Theyyam performer's body because the dogs had been removed. Realizing their mistake, the dogs were brought back to the temple by the temple authorities. From that day onwards, Theyyam performances returned to normal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chayilyam.com/folklore/parassinikadavu-muthappan |title=Parassinikadavu Muthappan | ചായില്യം |publisher=Chayilyam.com |date= 24 May 2010|accessdate=2015-03-17}}</ref>

==Festival procession==
Tradition requires that the annual Ulsavam festival of the Muthappan Temple at [[Parassinikkadavu]] start by a procession led by a male member of the Thayyil clan of [[Thayyil]] from [[Thiyya]] community, [[Kannur]] from the family home to the main altar of the temple, where he offers a 'Pooja' (prayer) to the God.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/contentView.do?articleType=travel&contentId=729867&programId=1073751467&contentType=EDITORIAL&BV_ID=@@@ |title=Utsavam at Parassini Mandapam |publisher=Manoramaonline.com |date= |accessdate=2015-03-17}}</ref>

==Local traditions in Kannur and Kasaragod==
[[File:Sree Muthappan Kalasam dance.JPG|thumb|Sree Muthappan Kalasam dance]]
Several Muthappan temples exist in [[Kannur]] and [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]] districts in Kerala and Coorg district in Karnataka and several temples have been built by migrated devotees in [http://www.muthappan.in Coimbatore] [[Bangalore]], [[Mumbai]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Delhi]], [http://sreemuthappanmadappura.com Chennai], and also in the Gulf countries{{fact|date=September 2022}} due to the popularity of the god among the people of [[North Malabar]], Kerala and [[Coorg]]. Each Madappura has its own traditions.

One notable local tradition relating to God Muthappan is about the construction of the [[Nileshwar Muthappan Madappura]]. An elder member of the Koroth family regularly visited the site that now houses the Muthappan temple and drank madhu ([[Palm toddy|toddy]]). He was a famous scholar and held the title of ''Ezhuthachan'' for his achievements as a teacher. Before drinking ''madhu'', he would often pour a few drops on the nearby [[jackfruit]] tree as an offering for Muthappan. Several years after the death of the scholar, the locals experienced serious problems and called upon an [[astrology|astrologer]] for assistance in finding out the cause. The astrologer concluded that, as a result of the regular practice of giving ''madhu'' to God Muthappan, the God had started residing there. After the death of the scholar, he no longer got ''madhu'' and, in a fit of pique, began creating disturbances. Thus, the locals erected a Muthappan temple on the site with the Koroth family as the patrons of the temple.

The temple has developed as a famous centre of pilgrimage and hundreds of people visit it daily. There is a strong belief that the God can cure all diseases and will bestow prosperity on his devotees. The devotees get ''Payakutti'' from the temple, and it continues to develop as a great centre of pilgrimage like the Sree Muthappan temple at Parassinikadavu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://keralatemplevisit.blogspot.com/2010_06_01_archive.html |title=Kerala Temple Visit: June 2010 |publisher=Keralatemplevisit.blogspot.com |date=2010-06-21 |accessdate=2015-03-17}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Parassinikkadavu]]
*[[Muthappan temple]]
*[[Kunnathoor Padi]]
*[[Rajarajeshwara Temple]]
*[[Sree Muthappan Temple Nileshwar]]
*[[Altharakkal Sree Muthappan Madapura]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Books===
# ''Muthappa Darshanam'' by Sethumadhava Varier (Yamalanandanatha) in Malayalam

==External links==
{{commons category|Muthappan}}
*[http://www.sreemuthappan.net/historypage/history.htm Sree Parassini Muthappan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050828063544/http://www.sreemuthappan.net/historypage/history.htm |date=2005-08-28 }}
*[http://www.sreemuthappan.org/ Sree Muthappan]
*[http://www.thayyilmadappura.in/ Thayyil Sree Muthappan Madappura,Pinarayi]
*[http://www.srimuthappan.org/ Sree Muthappan Muktheswaran]
*[http://www.muthappan.in/ Sree Muthappan Seva Sangham & Temple (Coimbatore)]
*[http://www.valluvankadavusreemuthappan.org/ Valluvan Kadavu Sree Muthappan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105120347/http://valluvankadavusreemuthappan.org/ |date=2014-01-05 }}
*[https://www.flickr.com/sree_muthappan/ Photos of Valluvan Kadavu Sree Muthappan]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aatRgPgH-3U/ Valluvan Kadavu Sree Muthappan Theyyam]
*[http://sreemuthappanmadappura.com]
{{Kannur district}}

{{Navboxes
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{{Places of interest in North Malabar}}
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[[Category:Regional Hindu gods]]

Saiyami Kher

2026-03-16T23:21:42Z

Sabari2398: slightly enhance information as per guidelines and cleaned formatting for accuracy

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1992)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Saiyami Kher
| image = Saiyami Kher snapped at the Indian Film Festival of Melbourne press conference.jpg
| caption = Kher in 2023
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1992|6|29|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Nashik]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| alma_mater = [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]]
| occupation = Actress
| years active = 2015–present
| relatives = {{ubl|[[Usha Kiran]] (grandmother)|[[Tanvi Azmi]] (aunt)}}
}}

'''Saiyami Kher''' is an Indian actress who primarily works in [[Bollywood|Hindi]] and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films. Kher made her acting debut with the Telugu film ''[[Rey (film)|Rey]]'' (2015) and her Hindi debut with ''[[Mirzya (film)|Mirzya]]'' (2016), for which she received [[Stardust Award for Superstar of Tomorrow – Female]]. Kher has since appeared in ''[[Mauli (film)|Mauli]]'' (2018), ''[[Choked (film)|Choked]]'' (2020), [[Wild Dog (film)|''Wild Dog'']] (2021) and ''[[Ghoomer]]'' (2023). She has also starred in the streaming series ''[[Special OPS]]'' (2020) and ''[[Faadu (web series)|Faadu]]'' (2022).

==Early life and family==
Kher was born on 29 June 1992 in Nashik, Maharashtra.<ref name="dnaindia"/> Her father, Advait Kher, was a model, while her mother, Uttara Kher, won the [[Femina Miss India]] pageant in 1982. Her older sister, Saunskruti Kher, is also an actress in the [[Marathi cinema|Marathi film industry]].<ref>{{Cite web |title="Mirzya has been a life changing experience" – Saiyami Kher |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/mirzya-has-been-a-life-changing-experience-saiyami-kher-14928.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106035534/https://www.filmfare.com/features/mirzya-has-been-a-life-changing-experience-saiyami-kher-14928.html |archive-date=6 January 2023 |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>

She is the granddaughter of actress [[Usha Kiran]] and the niece of actress [[Tanvi Azmi]]. Kher completed her graduation from [[St. Xavier's College]], [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-08 |title=Saiyami Kher on shooting for Faadu at her alma mater St. Xaviers: 'It was a dream come true' |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/saiyami-kher-on-shooting-for-faadu-at-her-alma-mater-st-xaviers-it-was-a-dream-come-true-11775431.html |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name="dnaindia">{{Cite web |last=Pawar |first=Yogesh |title=Acting in her blood |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-acting-in-her-blood-2237450 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
In 2015, Kher made her debut with Telugu film ''[[Rey (film)|Rey]]'' and appeared in [[Rakesh Omprakash Mehra]]'s [[Punjabi culture|Punjabi]] [[folklore]] [[Mirza Sahiban]] based Hindi film ''[[Mirzya (film)|Mirzya]]'' opposite [[Harshvardhan Kapoor]] in following the year. In 2020, She appeared in Mayank Sharma's web series ''[[Breathe (TV series)|Breathe]]'' alongside [[Abhishek Bachchan]]. In 2021, she is starred alongside [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] in the action film ''[[Wild Dog (film)|Wild Dog]]'' as an [[National Investigation Agency|NIA]] Agent.<ref>{{cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash K |title=Saiyami Kher is my Sahibaan.|url=http://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainmenttags/rakeysh-omprakash-mehra/saiyami-kher-my-sahibaan-rakesysh-mehra-confirms |access-date=21 April 2014 |work=Pinkvilla |archive-date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430102943/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainmenttags/rakeysh-omprakash-mehra/saiyami-kher-my-sahibaan-rakesysh-mehra-confirms |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2023, Sayami featured in [[R. Balki|R Balki's]] ''[[Ghoomer]]''.<ref name=":0" />

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}

===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Rey (film)|Rey]]''
| Amrutha
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Mirzya (film)|Mirzya]]''
| Suchitra
| [[Hindi]]
|
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Mauli (film)|Mauli]]''
| Renuka
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
| ''[[Choked (film)|Choked]]''
| Sarita Pillai
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
|
|
|-
| ''[[Unpaused]]''
| Ayesha Hussain
| Segment: "Glitch"
|
|-
| 2021
| [[Wild Dog (film)|''Wild Dog'']]
| Arya Pandit
| rowspan="2" |Telugu
|
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Highway (2022 film)|Highway]]''
| Asha Bharath
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
| ''[[8 A.M. Metro]]''
| Iravati
| rowspan="6" |Hindi
|
|
|-
| ''[[Ghoomer]]''
| Anina "Ani" Dixit
|
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ghoomer First Look: Abhishek Bachchan and Saiyami Kher seen in an intense moment in R Balki's next |access-date=25 June 2022 |work=Pinkvilla |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/ghoomer-first-look-abhishek-bachchan-and-saiyami-kher-seen-intense-moment-r-balkis-next-1143760%3famp |archive-date=19 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619172201/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/ghoomer-first-look-abhishek-bachchan-and-saiyami-kher-seen-intense-moment-r-balkis-next-1143760?amp |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2024
| ''[[Sharmajee Ki Beti]]''
| Tanvi Sharma
|
|<ref>{{cite news |date=17 June 2024 |title=Tahira Kashyap's directorial debut Sharmajee Ki Beti, starring Divya Dutt, Sakshi Tanwar and Saiyami Kher, to arrive on Prime Video on THIS date |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/tahira-kashyaps-directorial-debut-sharmajee-ki-beti-starring-divya-dutt-sakshi-tanwar-saiyami-kher-arrive-prime-video-date/ |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=19 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[Agni (2024 film)|''Agni'']]
|Avni Purohit
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/agni-on-prime-release-date-pratik-gandhi-divyenndu-saiyami-kher-watch-trailer/36515dccfc561|title=Agni OTT Release: Here's when and where to watch Pratik Gandhi, Divyenndu, and Saiyami Kher's action-packed film about firefighters|date=14 November 2024|work=OTT Play|access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
| [[Jaat (film)|''Jaat'']]
| [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Vijaya Lakshmi
|
| <ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2024-10-19 |title=Sunny Deol's next film is titled 'Jaat' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sunny-deols-next-film-is-titled-jaat/article68773035.ece |access-date=2024-12-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| {{TBA}}
! scope="row" style="background:#FFFFCC;" | ''Haiwaan'' {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
|{{TableTBA}}
|Completed
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="Saiyami Kher joins Akshay Kumar, Saif Ali Khan in Priyadarshan’s ‘Haiwaan’">{{cite news |title=Saiyami Kher joins Akshay Kumar, Saif Ali Khan in Priyadarshan’s ‘Haiwaan’ |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/haiwaan-saiyami-kher-akshay-kumar-saif-ali-khan-priyadarshan/article69978848.ece |access-date=27 August 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=26 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250827050701/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/haiwaan-saiyami-kher-akshay-kumar-saif-ali-khan-priyadarshan/article69978848.ece |archive-date=27 August 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 December 2025 |last=Khan |first=Lubna
|title=Haiwaan: Saiyami Kher Gets Emotional As She Wraps Up Shoot At Her Alma Mater St Xavier’s College |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/haiwaan-saiyami-kher-gets-emotional-as-she-wraps-up-shoot-at-her-alma-mater-st-xaviers-college-ws-kl-9756929.html |work=[[News18]] |access-date=8 December 2025}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2020
| ''[[Special OPS]]''
| Juhi Kashyap
| Season 1
|
|-
| ''[[Breathe : Into the Shadows|Breathe: Into the Shadows]]''
| Shirley
| 2 seasons
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Faadu (web series)|Faadu]]''
| Manjiri
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ashwiny Iyer Tiwari reveals first look of Pavail Gulati and Saiyami Kher for her debut web-series, 'Faadu' |access-date=17 November 2021 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ashwiny-iyer-tiwari-reveals-first-look-of-pavail-gulati-and-saiyami-kher-for-her-debut-web-series-faadu/articleshow/87729866.cms |archive-date=18 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118021334/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ashwiny-iyer-tiwari-reveals-first-look-of-pavail-gulati-and-saiyami-kher-for-her-debut-web-series-faadu/articleshow/87729866.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2022 |title=Faadu first impression: Ashwiny Iyer Tiwari's tale of human emotions is one-tone, flat |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/faadu-ashwiny-iyer-tiwari-tale-of-human-emotions-is-one-tone-flat-pavail-gulati-8315679/ |access-date=11 December 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=11 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211090122/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/faadu-ashwiny-iyer-tiwari-tale-of-human-emotions-is-one-tone-flat-pavail-gulati-8315679/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2025
|[[Special Ops (Indian TV series)|Special OPS]]
|Juhi Kashyap
|Season 2
|
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
! Ref.
|-
|2016
|[[Stardust Awards]]
|[[Stardust Award for Superstar of Tomorrow – Female|Superstar of Tomorrow – Female]]
|''[[Mirzya (film)|Mirzya]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/stardust-awards-2016-complete-list-of-winners-1257753 |title=Stardust Awards 2016: Check Out The Complete List Of Winners - NDTV Movies |date=22 December 2015 |access-date=14 September 2022 |archive-date=25 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125200252/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/stardust-awards-2016-complete-list-of-winners-1257753 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2020
|[[2020 Filmfare OTT Awards|Filmfare OTT Awards]]
|Best Actor Female in Web Original Film
|''[[Choked (film)|Choked]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-flyx-filmfare-ott-awards-45407-1.html |title=Winners Of The Flyx Filmfare OTT Awards |date=19 December 2020 |access-date=12 December 2021 |website=Filmfare |language=en |archive-date=11 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211202635/https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-flyx-filmfare-ott-awards-45407-1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2024
|[[69th Filmfare Awards]]
|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress]]
|rowspan="2"|''[[Ghoomer]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Nominations for the 69th Hyundai Filmfare Awards 2024 with Gujarat Tourism: Full list out|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-69th-hyundai-filmfare-awards-2024-with-gujarat-tourism-full-list-out-63822.html|access-date=15 January 2024|work=Filmfare|date=15 January 2024|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Iconic Gold Awards]]
| Powerpacked Performance of the Year - Female
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite news|title=From Kartik Aaryan to Manoj Bajpayee: The winners of Iconic Gold Awards 2024|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/iconic-gold-awards-2024-kartik-aaryan-bags-best-actor-satyaprem-ki-katha-wins-best-film-check-full-winners-list-article-107335570/amp|work=Times Now News|language=en|access-date=25 February 2024}}</ref>
|}
Saiyami Kher's became the first Indian actress to compete in the Ironman 70.3 triathlon in Berlin: The Ironman 70.3 is a triathlon that involves a 1.9 km swim, a 90 km bike ride, and a 21.1 km run, all completed in order without breaks.{{cn|date=August 2025}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|7517362|Saiyami Kher}}

{{Commons category|Saiyami Kher}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kher, Saiyami}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1990s births]]
[[Category:People from Nashik]]
[[Category:Actresses from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian web series actresses]]
[[Category:St. Xavier's College, Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Nelumbo nucifera

2026-03-16T03:51:34Z

Sabari2398: Updated article with clearer structure

{{Short description|Species of aquatic flowering plant}}
{{redirect-multi|2|Lotus Flower|Lotus Blossom}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Sacred lotus Nelumbo nucifera.jpg
| image_caption = Lotus flower
| genus = Nelumbo
| species = nucifera
| authority = [[Joseph Gaertner|Gaertn.]]
| synonyms =
* ''Nelumbium speciosum'' [[Carl Ludwig Willdenow|Willd.]]
* ''Nelumbo komarovii'' [[Alexander Alfonsovich Grossheim|Grossh.]]
* ''Nymphaea nelumbo''
}}'''''Nelumbo nucifera''''', also known as '''[[Padma (Vishnu)|Padma]]''' ([[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]: पद्म, [[Romanization of Sanskrit|romanized]]: ''Padma'', [[Literal translation|lit]]. 'Lotus') or '''[[Kamala (name)|Kamala]]''' ([[Sanskrit]]: कमल, lit. 'Lotus'), '''sacred lotus''', '''pink lotus''', '''Indian lotus''',<ref>{{cite web |title=Sacred Lotus |url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/sacred-lotus |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |date=4 May 2023 }}</ref> or simply '''lotus''', is one of two [[extant taxon|extant]] species of aquatic plant in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Nelumbonaceae]]. It is sometimes colloquially called a water lily, though this more often refers to members of the family [[Nymphaeaceae]].<ref>Janice Glimn-Lacy, Peter B. Kaufman, ''Botany Illustrated: Introduction to Plants, Major Groups, Flowering Plant Families'', p. 79, 2006, Springer, [https://books.google.com/books?id=oGCsQhPbLGYC&dq=nelumbo+water+lily+-planner&pg=PT170 google books]</ref> The lotus belongs in the order [[Proteales]].

== Description ==
Lotus plants are adapted to grow in the [[flood plain]]s of slow-moving rivers and delta areas. Stands of lotus drop hundreds of thousands of seeds every year to the bottom of the pond. {{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

Some sprout immediately, though most are eaten by wildlife. The remaining seeds can remain dormant for an extensive period of time as the pond [[silt]]s in and dries out. During flood conditions, sediments containing these seeds are broken open, and the dormant seeds rehydrate and begin a new lotus colony.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

Lotus plants are cultivated in nutrient-rich, [[loam]]y, and often flooded soils, requiring warm temperatures and specific planting depths, with propagation via [[rhizome]]s, seeds, or tissue culture. It is harvested by hand or machine for [[stolon]]s, flowers, seeds, and rhizomes over several months depending on climate and variety.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

It is the [[National emblem|national flower]] of [[India]] and unofficially of Vietnam. It has large leaves and flowers that can regulate their temperature, produces long-living seeds, and contains bioactive alkaloids. Under favourable circumstances, the seeds of this aquatic perennial may remain viable for many years, with the oldest recorded lotus germination being from seeds 1,300 years old recovered from a dry lakebed in northeastern China.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.3732/ajb.89.2.236 |title=Long-living lotus: Germination and soil -irradiation of centuries-old fruits, and cultivation, growth, and phenotypic abnormalities of offspring |year=2002 |last1=Shen-Miller |first1=J. |last2=Schopf |first2=J. W. |last3=Harbottle |first3=G. |last4=Cao |first4=R.-j. |last5=Ouyang |first5=S. |last6=Zhou |first6=K.-s. |last7=Southon |first7=J. R. |last8=Liu |first8=G.-h. |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=89 |issue=2 |pages=236–47 |pmid=21669732 |bibcode=2002AmJB...89..236S}}</ref> Therefore, the Chinese regard the plant as a symbol of [[longevity]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

It has a very wide native distribution, ranging from central and northern India (at altitudes up to {{convert|1400|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} in the southern Himalayas<ref name="Heinrich-2010">{{cite journal |author1=Pulok K. Mukherjee |author2=Debajyoti Mukherjee |author3=Amal K. Maji |author4=S. Rai |author5=Michael Heinrich |year=2010 |title=The sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)– phytochemical and therapeutic profile |journal=Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=407–422 |doi=10.1211/jpp.61.04.0001 |pmid=19298686 |s2cid=85342386 |doi-access=free }}</ref>), through northern Indochina and East Asia (north to the [[Amur region]]); the Russian populations have sometimes been referred to as ''Nelumbo komarovii'', with isolated locations at the [[Caspian Sea]].<ref name="Zhang-2015" /> Today, the species also occurs in southern India, Sri Lanka, virtually all of Southeast Asia, New Guinea, and northern and eastern Australia, but this is probably the result of human translocations.<ref name="Zhang-2015" /> It has a very long history ({{circa}} 3,000 years) of being [[Agriculture|cultivated]] for its edible seeds<ref name="Zhang-2015" /> and is commonly cultivated in [[water garden]]s.<ref name="Heinrich-2010" /> It is a highly symbolic and versatile plant used in religious offerings (especially in [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]]) and diverse culinary traditions across [[Asia]], with its [[flowers]], [[seeds]], and [[rhizomes]] valued for spiritual, cultural, and nutritional purposes. It holds deep cultural, spiritual, and religious significance across [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Jainism]], [[Ismailism]], and [[Chinese culture]], symbolizing purity, enlightenment, [[spiritual awakening]], and divine [[beauty]], and is widely depicted in [[art]], [[architecture]], and [[literature]].

The leaves of ''Nelumbo nucifera'' contain the flavonol [[miquelianin]] and alkaloids such as [[coclaurine]] and [[norcoclaurine]], while the plant as a whole contains bioactive compounds including [[nuciferine]] and neferine. These constituents have been studied for their potential pharmacological effects, and the plant is used in [[traditional medicine]] and marketed as a [[functional food]] in various cultures.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Lotus field.jpg|Lotus pond
File:Nelumbo July 2011-3.jpg|Developing bud
File:Nelumbo nucifera LOTUS bud.jpg|Bud
File:Nelumbo-nucifera-3- 1200.jpg|Flower
File:Nelumbo nucifera 004.JPG|Developing fruit
File:Nelumbo Nucifera fruit - botanic garden Adelaide.jpg|Fruit
</gallery>

== Etymology ==
The scientific name ''Nelumbo nucifera'' comes from a [[Sinhalese language|Sinhalese]] name for the plant, nelambu or nelum (නෙළඹු or නෙළුම්),{{citation needed|date=February 2026}} and the [[Latin]] word 'nucifera', meaning "nut-bearing". Therefore, the full name translates to "nut-bearing nelumbo", referring to the plant's edible, nut-like seeds.

== Classification ==
{{See also|Nelumbo}}
The lotus is often confused with the true water lilies of the genus ''[[Nymphaea]]'', in particular ''[[Nymphaea caerulea|N. caerulea]]'', the "blue lotus". In fact, several older systems, such as the [[Bentham & Hooker system]] (which is widely used in the Indian subcontinent), refer to the lotus by its old synonym, ''Nymphaea nelumbo''.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

While all modern [[plant taxonomy]] systems agree that this species belongs in the genus ''[[Nelumbo]]'', the systems disagree as to which family ''Nelumbo'' should be placed in or whether the genus should belong in its own unique family and order. According to the [[APG IV]] system, ''N. nucifera'', ''[[Nelumbo lutea|N. lutea]]'', and their extinct relatives belong in Proteales with the [[Proteaceae|protea flowers]]<ref name="APGIV-2016">{{Cite journal |author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2016 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=181 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |issn=0024-4074 |doi=10.1111/boj.12385 |doi-access=free}}</ref> due to genetic comparisons. Older systems, such as the [[Cronquist system]], place ''N. nucifera'' and its relatives in the order Nymphaeles based on anatomical similarities.<ref name="Bioinformatics Working Group">{{Cite web |url=http://botany.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/newgate/cron1ang.htm |title=Texas A and M University Bioinformatics Working Group: Cronquist System |access-date=25 September 2018 |archive-date=11 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211040510/http://botany.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/newgate/cron1ang.htm }}</ref> According to the APG IV classification, the closest relatives of ''Nelumbo'' include the sycamores ([[Platanaceae]]).

== Botany ==
[[File:British 19th Century, East Indian Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera), late 19th century, NGA 52325.jpg|alt=drawing of the east Indian lotus, gouache on oriental paper|thumb|British 19th century, East Indian Lotus (''Nelumbo nucifera''), late 19th century, [[National Gallery of Art]], NGA 52325]][[File:Lotus flower core - carpellary receptacle 09.jpg|thumb|[[Carpel]]lary [[Receptacle (botany)|receptacle]] of lotus]]

The lotus roots grow in pond or river bottom soil, while the leaves float on the water's surface or are held well above it. The leaf stalks (petioles) can be up to {{convert|200|cm|ftin|abbr=on}} long, allowing the plant to grow in water to that depth.<ref name="RBGKew">{{cite web |title=Nelumbo nucifera |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:605422-1 |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref> The [[peltate]] leaf blade or lamina can have a diameter of {{cvt|80|–|100|cm|ftin|0}}.<ref name="RHS-1999" /><ref>{{cite web |title=''Nelumbo nucifera'' – Gaertn. |url=https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nelumbo+nucifera |publisher=[[Plants for a Future]] |access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref><ref>Cook, Water Plants of the World (see below) loc. cit.</ref> The leaves are spaced up to {{cvt|2|m|0}} apart along the rhizome, which can grow as much as {{cvt|20|m|0}} in one year.<ref>{{ cite book | last= Cook | first= Christopher D.K. | date= 1974| title= Water Plants of the World | location= The Hague, Netherlands | publisher= Dr. Junk b.v. Pubs | page= 332 }}</ref> The [[internodes]] are not cylindrical but swollen in the middle.

=== Flower ===
The flowers are usually found on thick stems rising several centimetres above the leaves. They are showy and grow up to {{convert|35|cm|abbr=on}} in diameter.<ref name="RHS-1999">{{cite web |title=Nelumbo nucifera {{!}} sacred lotus |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/11438/Nelumbo-nucifera/Details |publisher=[[Royal Horticultural Society]] |access-date=11 June 2019 |date=1999}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Cook |first=Christopher D. K. |date=1974 |title=Water Plants of the World |location=The Hague, Netherlands |publisher=W. Junk Publisher |page=332 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Hurley |first=Captain Frank |date=1924 |title=Pearls and Savages |location=New York |publisher=G.P. Putnam's Sons |page=385 plus photo and caption p. 368 }}</ref>

Some cultivated varieties have extraordinary numbers of petals. For example, the Chinese variety ''qian ban lian'' ("thousand petals lotus") can have between 3,000 and 4,000 petals in a single blossom<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.victoria-adventure.org/more_than_links/eigi_thousand_petals.html |title=Thousand Petals |last=Nitasaka |first=Eiji |date=n.d. |access-date=1 September 2021 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and the Japanese variety ''ohmi myoren'' ("strange lotus") can have between 2,000 and 5,000 petals,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/nobuflickr/893593415/ |title=Ohmi-Myoren/ Rare Lotus- Flicker |last=<not stated> |date=25 July 2007 |access-date=1 September 2021 }}</ref> the greatest number recorded for any species of plant.

Lotus flowers regulate their temperature to within a narrow range, maintaining temperatures of {{convert|30|–|35|°C|°F}}, even with air temperatures as low as {{convert|10|°C|°F}}. Researchers think that this may be to attract [[Ectotherm|cold-blooded]] insect [[pollinator]]s to the flowers. ''Nelumbo nucifera'' is not closely related to other plants known to be [[Thermogenic plant|thermogenic]].<ref>{{Cite news |author=Yoon, Carol Kaesuk |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E04E4D7113CF932A35753C1A960958260 |title=Heat of Lotus Attracts Insects And Scientists |date=1 October 1996 |access-date=14 November 2012 |newspaper=The New York Times }}</ref>

=== Seed ===
A fertilized lotus flower bears fruit that contains a cluster of 10 to 30 seeds. Each seed is ovoid 1–2.5 cm wide by 1–1.5 cm long with a brownish coat.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ong |first=H.C. |editor-last1=Flach |editor-first1=M. |editor-last2=Rumawas |editor-first2=F. |year=1996 |chapter=Nelumbo nucifera Gaertner |title=Plant Resources of South-East Asia |location=Leiden, Netherlands |publisher=Backhuys Publishers |pages=131–133 |isbn=90-73348-51-X}}</ref>{{rp|132}} Lotus seeds can remain viable after long periods of dormancy. In 1994, a seed from a sacred lotus, dated at roughly 1,300 years old ± 270 years, was successfully [[germinated]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.2307/2445863 |author=Shen-Miller |year=1995 |last2=Mudgett |first2=M. B. |last3=William Schopf |first3=J. |last4=Clarke |first4=S. |last5=Berger |first5=R. |title=Exceptional seed longevity and robust growth: Ancient sacred lotus from China |journal=[[American Journal of Botany]] |issue=11 |volume=82 |pages=1367–1380 |jstor=2445863 |display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Shen-Miller, J. |volume=89 |issue=2 |pages=236–247 |title=Long-living lotus: germination and soil gamma-irradiation of centuries-old fruits, and cultivation, growth, and phenotypic abnormalities of offspring |doi=10.3732/ajb.89.2.236 |quote=Sacred lotus (''Nelumbo nucifera'') has been cultivated as a crop in Asia for thousands of years. A ≈1300-year-old lotus fruit, recovered from an originally cultivated but now dry lakebed in northeastern China, is the oldest germinated and directly 14C-dated fruit known. In 1996, we traveled to the dry lake at Xipaozi Village, China, the source of the old viable fruits. |journal=[[American Journal of Botany]] |year=2002 |pmid=21669732|bibcode=2002AmJB...89..236S }}</ref>

The [[genome]] of the sacred lotus was sequenced in May 2013.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ming |first1=Ray |last2=VanBuren |first2=Robert |last3=Liu |first3=Yanling |last4=Yang |first4=Mei |last5=Han |first5=Yuepeng |display-authors=etal |year=2013 |title=Genome of the long-living sacred lotus (''Nelumbo nucifera'' Gaertn.) |journal=Genome Biology |volume=14 |issue=5 |page=R41 |doi=10.1186/gb-2013-14-5-r41 |pmid=23663246 |pmc=4053705 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2013GeBio..14R..41M }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sacred Lotus Genome Sequence Enlightens Scientists |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/05/130510180252.htm |newspaper=Science Daily |date=10 May 2013 |access-date=13 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Scientists sequence genome of 'sacred lotus', which likely holds anti-aging secrets |author=Wolpert, Stuart |url=http://newsroom.ucla.edu/portal/ucla/scientists-sequence-genome-of-245577.aspx |newspaper=UCLA Newsroom |date=10 May 2013 |access-date=13 May 2013}}</ref> A dedicated genome database lists additional genome assemblies sequenced since then.

== Cultivation ==
The sacred lotus grows in water up to {{convert|2.5|m|ft|sigfig=1|abbr=on}} deep. The minimum water depth is about {{convert|30|cm|abbr=on}}. In colder climates, having a deeper water level protects the tubers more effectively, and overall is helpful for better growth and [[flower]]ing. The sacred lotus [[Germination|germinates]] at temperatures above {{convert|13|C}}.<ref name="Sou-1995">{{Cite journal |last1=Sou |first1=S. Y. |last2=Fujishige |first2=N. |date=1995 |title=Cultivation comparison of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) between China and Japan |journal=Journal of Zhejiang Agricultural Sciences |volume=4 |pages=187–189}}</ref> Most varieties are not naturally cold-hardy, but may readily adapt to living outdoors year-round in USDA [[hardiness zone]]s 6 through 11 (with some growers having success in zones as low as 4 or 5); the higher the zone's number, the greater the adaptability of the plants.<ref name="Huxley-1992">{{Cite book |title=Dictionary of Gardening |date=1992 |publisher=Macmillan Press |others=Huxley, Anthony, 1920–1992., Griffiths, Mark, 1963–, Royal Horticultural Society |isbn=978-0-333-47494-5 |location=London |oclc=25202760}}</ref> In the [[growing season]], from April to September (in the [[Northern Hemisphere|northern hemisphere]]), the average daytime temperature needed is {{convert|23|to|27|C}}.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Vegetables |last=Phillips |first=Roger |date=1995 |publisher=Macmillan |others=Rix, Martyn |isbn=978-0-333-62640-5 |location=London |oclc=32465255 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/vegetables0000phil }}</ref> In regions with low light levels in winter, the sacred lotus has a period of [[dormancy]]. The [[tuber]]s are not cold-resistant if removed from water and exposed to the air; but when kept underwater in soil, the energy-rich tubers can overwinter temperatures below {{convert|0|C}}.<ref name="Tian-2008">{{Cite book |title=Container production and post-harvest handling of Lotus (Nelumbo) and Micropropagation of herbaceous Peony (Paeonia) |last=Tian |first=Daike |publisher=Auburn University |year=2008 |location=Auburn }}</ref> If the plants are taken out of the water for wintertime storage (mostly in exceptionally cold climates), the tubers and roots must be stored in a stable, frost-free location, such as a garage, preferably in a cardboard box or container filled completely with [[vermiculite]] or [[perlite]]. Care must be taken to fully insulate the tubers.<ref name="Masuda-2006">{{Cite journal |last1=Masuda |first1=Junichiro |last2=Urakawa |first2=Toshihiro |last3=Ozaki |first3=Yukio |last4=Okubo |first4=Hiroshi |date=1 January 2006 |title=Short Photoperiod Induces Dormancy in Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) |journal=Annals of Botany |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=39–45 |doi=10.1093/aob/mcj008 |pmid=16287906 |pmc=2000761}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:605422-1 |title=Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. {{!}} Plants of the World Online |publisher=Kew Science |access-date=19 November 2017}}</ref>
[[File:Lotus field in Namegata, Ibaraki 04.jpg|thumb|Flooded lotus field]]

=== Planting ===
The sacred lotus requires a [[nutrient]]-rich and [[loam]] soil.<ref name="Huxley-1992" /> In the beginning of the summer period (from March until May in the northern hemisphere),<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tian |first1=Daike |last2=Tilt |first2=Ken M. |last3=Sibley |first3=Jeff L. |last4=Woods |first4=Floyd M. |last5=Dane |first5=Fenny |date=1 June 2009 |title=Response of Lotus (''Nelumbo nucifera'' Gaertn.) to Planting Time and Disbudding |journal=HortScience |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=656–659 |doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.44.3.656 |doi-access=free}}</ref> a small part of rhizome with at least one eye is either planted in ponds<ref>{{Cite book |title=Flowering plants, dicotyledons: magnoliid, hamamelid, and caryophyllid families |others=Kubitzki, Klaus, 1933-, Rohwer, J. G. (Jens G.), 1958–, Bittrich, V. (Volker), 1954– |isbn=978-3-642-08141-5 |location=Berlin |oclc=861705944 |last1=Kubitzki |first1=Klaus |last2=Rohwer |first2=Jens G. |last3=Bittrich |first3=Volker |date=28 January 2011}}</ref> or directly into a flooded field.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants |last=Lim |first=T. K. |date=2016 |publisher=Springer, Cham |isbn=978-3-319-26061-7 |pages=55–109 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-26062-4_5 |chapter=Nelumbo nucifera}}</ref><ref name="La-ongsri-2009">{{Cite journal |last1=La-ongsri |first1=Woranuch |last2=Trisonthi |first2=Chusie |last3=Balslev |first3=Henrik |date=1 August 2009 |title=Management and use of ''Nelumbo nucifera'' Gaertn. in Thai wetlands |journal=Wetlands Ecology and Management |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=279–289 |doi=10.1007/s11273-008-9106-6 |bibcode=2009WetEM..17..279L |s2cid=25530088 |issn=0923-4861}}</ref> There are several other propagation ways via [[seed]]s or [[bud]]s.<ref name="Tian-2008" /> Furthermore, [[tissue culture]] is a promising propagation method for the future to produce high volumes of uniform, [[True to type|true-to-type]], disease-free materials.<ref name="Nguyen-2001">{{Cite book |title=Exporting lotus to Asia: An agronomic and physiological study: a report for the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation |last1=Nguyen |first1=Q.V. |last2=Hicks |first2=D. |author3=Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (Australia) |author3-link=Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation |author4=Asian Foods Research and Development |date=2001 |publisher=RIRDC |isbn=978-0-642-58254-6 |location=[[Barton, Australian Capital Territory|Barton, A.C.T]]. |oclc=52647644}}</ref>

The first step of the cultivation is to [[plough]] the dry field. One round of [[manure]] is applied after ten days, before flooding the field. To support a quick initial growth, the water level is relatively low<ref name="La-ongsri-2009" /> and increases when plants grow. Then a maximum of approximately {{convert|4,000|/ha|/acre}} with grid spacing of {{convert|1.2x2|m|ftin|0}}<ref name="Nguyen-2001" /> are used to plant directly into the [[mud]] {{convert|10–15|cm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} below the [[Topsoil|soil surface]].<ref name="Kay-1987">{{Cite book |title=Root crops|last=Kay |first=Daisy E. |year=1987 |publisher=Tropical Development and Research Institute |isbn=978-0-85954-200-5 |edition=2nd |location=London |oclc=19298279}}</ref>

=== Harvest ===
[[File:Lotus farmer.jpg|alt=Two people standing waist-deep in water surrounded by cut lotus flowers|thumb|Farmers harvesting lotus flowers]]
The [[stolon]] is ready to harvest two to three months after planting. It must be harvested before flowering. Harvesting the stolon is done by manual labor. For this step, the field is not drained. The stolon is pulled out of the water by pulling and shaking the young leaves in the shallow water.<ref name="La-ongsri-2009" />

The first [[Leaf|leaves]] and flowers can be harvested three months after planting. Flowers can be picked every two days during summer and every three days during the colder season. Four months after planting, the production of flowers has its climax. The harvest of flowers is usually done by hand for three to four months.<ref name="La-ongsri-2009" />

Seeds and seed pods can be harvested when they turn black four to eight months after planting. After [[Food drying|sun drying]] for two to three days, they are processed by mechanical tools to separate seed coats and embryos.<ref name="La-ongsri-2009" /><ref name="Tian-2008" />

The rhizomes mature to a suitable stage for eating in approximately six to nine months.<ref name="Kay-1987" /> Early varieties are harvested in July until September and late varieties from October until March, after the ponds or fields are drained.<ref name="Tian-2008" /><ref name="Masuda-2006" /><ref name="La-ongsri-2009" /><ref name="Kay-1987" /><ref>{{Cite book |title=Encyclopedia of herbs & their uses |last=Deni. |first=Bown |date=1995 |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |others=Herb Society of America. |isbn=978-0-7894-0184-7 |edition=1st American |location=London |oclc=32166152 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofhe00bown}}</ref> The large, [[starch]]-rich rhizomes are easy to dig out of the drained soil.<ref name="La-ongsri-2009" /> In small-scale production, they are harvested by hand using fork-like tools.<ref name="Tian-2008" /> In Japan and on bigger farms, manual labour harvesting is fully replaced by machines.<ref name="Sou-1995" />

=== Varieties and cultivars ===
Lotus [[Variety (botany)|varieties]] have been classified according to their use into three types: [[rhizome]] lotus, seed lotus, and flower lotus. Varieties that show more than one of these characteristics are classified by the strongest feature.<ref name="Nguyen-2001" /> Regarding production area in China, rhizome lotus has the largest area with {{convert|200000|ha|abbr=on}}, followed by seed lotus with {{convert|20000|ha|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Guo-2009">{{Cite journal |last=Guo |first=H. B. |date=1 May 2009 |title=Cultivation of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. ssp. nucifera) and its utilization in China |journal=Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution |language=en |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=323–330 |doi=10.1007/s10722-008-9366-2 |bibcode=2009GRCEv..56..323G |s2cid=19718393 |issn=0925-9864}}</ref>

==== Rhizome lotus ====
Rhizome lotus cultivars produce a higher yield and higher quality rhizomes than seed or flower lotus cultivars. Furthermore, this group grows tall and produces few to no flowers.<ref name="Guo-2009" /><ref name="Nguyen-2001" />

[[Cultivar]]s can be classified by harvest time or by the depth of rhizomes into these types:
* Pre-mature (early) cultivars are harvested before the end of July, serotinous (late) cultivars from September on, and mid-serotinous or mid-matutinal cultivars are in between these harvest times. Using pre-mature cultivars, rhizomes can be harvested earlier and sold for a higher price.<ref name="Guo-2009" />
* Adlittoral (shallow), deep, and intermediate cultivars are distinguished according to the depth in which the rhizomes grow underground. Adlittoral cultivars range from {{convert|10|to|20|cm|abbr=on}} depth and are often premature. They develop faster due to higher temperatures in surface soil layers. When harvested in July, adlittorals have higher yields than deeper-growing cultivars, but not necessarily when harvested in September. Rhizomes of adlittoral cultivars are crisp and good for [[frying]] purposes. Deep cultivars grow more than {{convert|40|cm|abbr=on}} deep. They are often serotinous and can harvest high yields. Their rhizomes are [[starch]]-rich.<ref name="Guo-2009" />
The main popular ''Nelumbo nucifera'' cultivars in China are Elian 1, Elian 4, Elian 5, 9217, Xin 1, and 00–01. The average yield of these cultivars is 7.5–15 t/ha (3.3–6.7 tons/acre) of harvest in July and 30–45 t/ha (13–20 tons/acre) of harvest in September.<ref name="Guo-2009" /> In Australia, the cultivar grown for the fresh rhizome market in [[Guangdong]] and [[Japan]], the common rhizome cultivars are Tenno and Bitchu.<ref name="Nguyen-2001" />

==== Seed lotus ====
[[File:Nelumbo nucifera5.jpg|200px|thumb|''Nelumbo nucifera'' seed head]]
The characteristics of seed lotus cultivars are a large number of [[Gynoecium|carpels]] and seed sets as well as large seeds with better nutritional properties.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}} Roots of these varieties are thin, fibrous, and do not form good rhizomes.<ref name="Nguyen-2001" /> The main popular cultivars for seed production in China are Cunsanlian, Xianglian 1, Zilian 2, Jianlian, Ganlian 62, and Taikong 36. The average yield of these cultivars in China is 1.05–1.9 t/ha (0.5–0.8 tons/acre) of dry seeds and weight of thousand seeds between {{convert|1020|and|1800|g|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Guo-2009" /> Green Jade and Vietnam-Red are recommended cultivars for seed production in Australia.<ref name="Nguyen-2001" />

==== Flower lotus ====
[[File:蓮花 Nelumbo nucifera cultivars -澳門盧廉若公園 Macau Lotus Show, China- (12359941055).jpg|thumb|Nelumbo nucifera cultivars]]
Flower lotus cultivars are used exclusively for [[Ornamental plant|ornamental purpose]], producing many flowers and the lowest plant height.<ref name="Guo-2009" />

The seed production of flower lotus is typically poor regarding yield and quality.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}} Flower types differ in the number of [[petal]]s (single petals, double petals, or multi-petals) and their colours range from single colour in white, yellow, pink, and red to bi-colour, most often of white petals with pink tips or highlights.<ref name="Nguyen-2001" />

The flowers are capable of producing ink used by artists such as [[Morrison Polkinghorne]] to produce abstract images of the landscapes of southern Asia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aussie artist turning pagoda flowers into art |url=https://www.phnompenhpost.com/lifestyle-arts-culture/aussie-artist-turning-pagoda-flowers-art |author=Pann Rethea |date=22 March 2020 |publisher=Phenon Penh Post}}</ref>

One example of a flower lotus is Wanlian. Also known as bowl lotus, wanlians are any miniature cultivars of ''N. nucifera'' sized between {{convert|5 and 8|cm|in|frac=}}. Bowl lotuses come in various colours and numbers of [[petal]]s, and they bloom longer than other species of lotus. But together with the [[rhizome]], their [[seed]]s are often too small or too hard to be edible.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aihuhua.com/huahui/wanlian.html |access-date=7 September 2021 |title=碗莲_碗莲的养殖方法 |language=zh}}</ref>

The sacred lotus may be crossed with the [[yellow lotus]] to produce [[interspecific hybrid]]s. A few [[cultivar]]s have been produced with differing appearances.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.21273/HORTSCI15757-21 |title='Jiang Luopao': A Nelumbo Cultivar with Deep Purple-red and Bowl-shaped Flowers |year=2021 |last1=Du |first1=Fengfeng |last2=Liu |first2=Xiaojing |last3=Chang |first3=Yajun |last4=Li |first4=Naiwei |last5=Ding |first5=Yuesheng |last6=Yao |first6=Dongrui |journal=HortScience |volume=56 |issue=7 |pages=847–848 |s2cid=236278282 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Farming ===
About 70% of lotus for human consumption is produced in China. In 2005, the cultivation area in China was estimated at {{convert|300000|ha}}.<ref name="Tian-2008" />

A majority of lotus production takes place in managed farming systems in ponds or flooded fields like [[rice]].<ref name="Guo-2009" />

There three main ways of producing these flowers:

# The most widely used system of [[crop rotation]] with rice and [[vegetable]]s. {{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}This system is applicable if the [[propagule]] (small piece of rhizome) can be planted early in the year. The rhizomes are harvested in July, after which rice can be planted in the same field. Rice is then harvested in October. From November until March, the field stays either [[fallow|free]] or contains non-aquatic vegetables, such as [[cabbage]] or [[spinach]]. Alternatively, the vegetable can also be planted after the [[harvest]] of the lotus.<ref name="Guo-2009" />
# Another alternative way is not to harvest the lotus [[rhizome]], even though it is already ripe. A non-aquatic vegetable is planted between the rhizomes into the [[Drainage|drained field]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}} The rhizomes are then harvested next March.<ref name="Guo-2009" />
# A third way is to plant lotus in ponds or fields and raise aquatic animals such as [[fish]], [[shrimp]], or [[crab]] in the same field.<ref name="Guo-2009" /> A more efficient use of the water for both, the [[aquatic animal]]s and lotus production has been identified with this planting pattern.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Assessing lotus for wastewater bioremediation |date=2009 |publisher=Rural Industries Research and Development Corp |others=Seymour, Evizel., Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (Australia) |isbn=978-1-74151-888-7 |location=Canberra |oclc=682913738}}</ref>

== Use ==
=== Religious ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2026|small=y}}
Lotus flowers are widely used as offerings to most female deities, especially [[Lakshmi]], in Hindu temples. Among male deities, lotuses are offered to [[Vishnu]] for prosperity and to [[Shiva]] for salvation. Garlands made of lotuses are used for adorning deities and lotus petals are used in [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]. Lotus seeds are also used in prayer beads. Lotuses are also offered to [[the Buddha]] in most Buddhist temples. Lotus is also widely used in [[Varamala]] (Hindu wedding garland).
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Seruvila lotus pooja 3.jpg|Lotus offering
File:Hindu Goddess Lakshmi in home temple.jpg|Lakshmi adorned with lotus petals
File:Light falling on a Pooja.jpg|Lotus is widely used in Hindu Pooja
File:A ritual, Hindus preparing for lotus pooja.jpg|Buddhists preparing for lotus puja in [[Sri Lanka]]
File:Lotus seeds on a mala jan 10.jpg|Lotus seed on a mala
</gallery>

=== Culinary ===
{{more citations needed section|date=December 2018}}

==== Rhizomes ====
[[File:Lotus root.jpg|thumb|Lotus [[rhizome]]s]]
[[File:JaRenkonLotus11R.jpg|thumb|Boiled, sliced lotus roots used in various Asian cuisines]]

The [[rhizome]]s of lotus ({{Lang-zh|c=蓮藕|p=lián-ǒu}}, {{Langx|ja|蓮根|translit=renkon}}, {{Langx|ko|연근 or 蓮根|translit=yeongun}}, {{Langx|hi|कमल ककड़ी|translit=kamala kakaṛī}}, [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] Beeh, {{Langx|te|అల్లిదుంప|translit=alli'dumpa}})<ref>[https://andhrabharati.com/dictionary/index.php?w=%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF], Andhra Bharati Dictionary; Lotus-root - అల్లిదుంప; అల్లికాయ.</ref> are consumed as a vegetable in Asian countries, extensively in China, Japan, India, Pakistan ([[Sindh]]). They are sold whole or in cut pieces, fresh, frozen, or canned. They can be fried, cooked in soups, soaked in syrup, or [[Pickling|pickled]] in vinegar (with sugar, chili and garlic).<ref name="Yu-2002">{{cite journal |last1=YU |first1=Xin |display-authors=etal |year=2002 |title=Progress in the Research on Post-harvest Physiology and Storage Techniques of Nelumbo nucifera gaertn [J]. |journal=Guangzhou Food Science and Technology |volume=3 |page=019 }}</ref><ref name="Tian-2007">Tian, N., et al. "Isolation and preparation of flavonoids from the leaves of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn by preparative reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography". ''Se pu= Chinese journal of chromatography'' 25.1 (2007): 88–92.</ref> Lotus rhizomes have a crunchy texture and are a classic dish at many banquets, where they are deep-fried, stir-fried, or stuffed with meats or preserved fruits.<ref name="Yu-2002" /> Salads with [[prawn]]s, [[sesame oil]] or [[coriander]] leaves are also popular.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}} Fresh lotus root slices [[food browning|brown]] quickly.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Su |first1=X. |last2=Jiang |first2=Y. |last3=Li |first3=Y. |last4=Lin |first4=W. |year=2003 |title=Effects of 4-hexylresorcinol (4-HR) on browning and quality of fresh-cut lotus |journal=Food Science |volume=24 |pages=142–145 }}</ref><ref>M.A. Rojas-Graüa, M.S. Tapiab, O. Martín-Bellosoa. Using polysaccharide-based edible coatings to maintain the quality of fresh-cut Fuji apples. LWT Food Science and Technology, 41 (2008), pp. 139–147</ref> [[Lotus root tea]] is consumed in Korea.

Lotus root is a popular vegetable in Sri Lanka, where it is often cooked in [[coconut milk]] gravy.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}} In India, lotus root (also known as ''kamala kakaṛī'' in [[Hindi]]) is cooked as a dry curry or [[Curry|sabzî]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2020 |title=9 Nutritious Lotus Root Recipes To Try |url=https://www.honestfoodtalks.com/lotus-root-recipes-renkon/ |website=Honest Food Talks}}</ref>

Japan is one of the primary users of the rhizomes, where it represents about 1% of all vegetables consumed.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}} Japan grows its own lotus but still must import 18,000 tons of lotus rhizome each year, of which China provides 15,000 tons yearly.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tsuchiya |first1=T. |last2=Nohara |first2=S. |year=1989 |title=Growth and life span of the leaves of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. in lake Kasumigaura, Japan |journal=Aquatic Botany |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=87–95 |doi=10.1016/0304-3770(89)90094-6 |bibcode=1989AqBot..36...87T }}</ref>

The rhizomes of ''Nelumbo nucifera'' contain high amounts of [[starch]] (31.2%) without a characteristic taste or odor. The texture is comparable to a raw potato.<ref>Mukherjee PK. et al. Isolation, estimation and characterization of starch from rhizomes of Nelumbo nuciferaGaertn (Fam. Nymphaeaceae). Ind Drugs 1995; 32: 392–397.</ref> The binding and disintegration properties of the isolated starch have been compared with maize and potato starch; the starch was shown to be superior as an [[adjuvant]] in the [[Tablet (pharmacy)|preparation of tablets]].<ref>Mukherjee PK. et al. Pharmaceutical application of starch isolated from Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. (Fam. Nymphaeaceae). Ind J Pharm Sci 1996; 58: 59–66.</ref> When dried, ''N. nucifera'' rhizomes can also be made into [[flour]], another popular use of this vegetable.<ref name="Yu-2002" /><ref name="Tian-2007" />

==== Seeds ====
[[File:Lotus fruit seeds.jpg|thumb|Fresh lotus seeds ready to eat]]
{{Main|Lotus seed}}

Fresh lotus seeds ({{lang-zh|s=[[wikt:莲子|莲子]]|t=[[wikt:蓮子|蓮子]]|p=liánzǐ|cy=lìhnjí}}) are nutritious but also vulnerable to [[Food contaminant|microbial contamination]], especially fungal infections. Therefore, mostly dry lotus seed-based products are found on the market. Traditional sun baking combined with charcoal processing dries the seeds but results in a loss of nutrients. [[Freeze-drying|Freeze-dried]] lotus seeds have a longer [[shelf life]] and maintain original nutrients, while no differences in flavour are found after rehydration compared to fresh lotus seeds.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=He |first1=J |last2=Cheng |first2=W |last3=Chen |first3=X |last4=Wen |first4=S |last5=Zhang |first5=G |last6=Xiong |first6=G |last7=Ye |first7=L |last8=Chen |first8=Y |year=2006 |title=Study on the vacuum sublimation freezing-drying of lotus seeds |journal=Hubei Agric Sci |volume=45 |pages=240–244 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tian |first1=Y |last2=Zhang |first2=Y |last3=Zeng |first3=S |last4=Zheng |first4=Y |last5=Chen |first5=F |last6=Guo |first6=Z |last7=Lin |first7=Y |last8=Zheng |first8=B |year=2012b |title=Optimization of microwave vacuum drying of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) seeds by response surface methodology |journal=Food Sci Technol Int |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=477–488 |doi=10.1177/1082013211433071 |pmid=23144241 |s2cid=42335541 }}</ref>

Dry stored lotus seeds are sensitive to moisture and [[Mold (fungus)|mold infestation]]; researchers continue to explore new ways to preserve fresh lotus seeds, such as [[food irradiation|radiation processing]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bhat |first1=R |last2=Sridhar |first2=KR |last3=Karim |first3=AA |last4=Young |first4=CC |last5=Arun |first5=AB |year=2009 |title=Influence of c-radiation on the nutritional and functional qualities of lotus seed flour |journal=J Agric Food Chem |volume=57 |issue=20 |pages=9524–9531 |doi=10.1021/jf902287e |pmid=19778060 }}</ref>

Lotus seeds can be processed into fillings for [[Mooncake|moon cake]], lotus seed noodles and food in the forms of [[Lotus seed paste|paste]], fermented milk, rice wine, ice cream, popcorn (''phool makhana''), and others, with lotus seeds as the main raw material.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}} Traditional Chinese medicine claims that fresh lotus seed wine has thirst-quenching, spleen-healing, and anti-diarrheal advantages after drinking, attributed to unspecified bioactive compounds.<ref name="Wu-2013">Wu C, Xia Y, Tang X (2013) Optimization of the fermentation process for lotus rice-wine production by response surface methodology. Mod Food Sci Technol 29:1675–1679</ref><ref name="Zhang-2015" /> [[Lotus seed tea]] and [[Lotus pip tea|lotus fruit tea]] is consumed in Korea, and [[lotus embryo tea]] is consumed in China and Vietnam.<ref name="Zhang-2015" /><ref name="Park">{{Cite news |last1=Park |first1=Jin-hai |date=29 October 2013 |title=Serving lotus, from flower to seed |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2013/10/386_145147.html |access-date=28 February 2018 |work=[[The Korea Times]] |language=en}}</ref>

==== Stems ====
Young lotus [[Plant stem|stems]] are used as a salad ingredient in [[Vietnamese cuisine]] and as a vegetable ingredient for some soup and curry in Thailand, such as ''keang som sai bua'' ({{langx|th|แกงส้มสายบัว}}, lotus stem sour soup) and ''keang kati sai bua'' ({{lang|th|แกงกะทิสายบัว}}, lotus stem in coconut milk curry).

In [[North India|northern]] and [[East India|eastern]] regions of India, the stalk of the flower is used to prepare a soup, ''kamala gaṭṭē kī sabzī'' ({{Langx|hi|कमल गट्टे की सब्ज़ी}}) and an appetizer, ''kamala kakaṛī pakauṛē'' ({{Langx|hi|कमल ककड़ी पकौड़े}}). In South Indian states, the lotus stem is sliced, marinated with salt to dry, and the dried slices are fried and used as a side dish. In [[Kerala]] ({{Langx|ml|താമര}}) and [[Tamil Nadu]], this end product is called ''thamara vathal''.

In the [[Philippines]], an indigenous variety called ''tukal'' is used as the main ingredient in dishes with coconut milk. The stems and petals can be bought in markets when in season.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

==== Leaves ====
[[File:Com.JPG|thumb|Vietnamese-style green young rice ([[cốm]]) wrapped in lotus leaves, traditionally consumed with ripe bananas and tea during autumn at the beginning of the rice harvest]]
In China and Korea, [[Lotus tea#lotus leaf tea|lotus leaf tea]] ({{Langx|ko|연잎차|translit=yeon'ip-cha}}) is made from the leaves of the lotus. Lotus leaves are also used to serve food in various [[culture]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Lotus Leaf |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food-news/5-leaves-used-for-serving-food-across-india-and-their-benefits/photostory/101152561.cms?picid=101152584 |access-date=6 November 2023 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It is used as a wrap for steaming [[rice]] and [[sticky rice]] and other steamed dishes in Asian cuisines, such as ''[[lo mai gai]]'' and ''[[zongzi]]'' in Chinese cuisine, ''kao hor bai bua'' ({{Langx|th|ข้าวห่อใบบัว}}) fried rice wrapped in lotus leaf in Thai cuisine. Vietnamese also use lotus leaves to wrap green young rice, ''[[cốm]]'', which is eaten in [[autumn]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}} The leaves impart a unique scent to the soft, moist rice.

==== Flowers ====
[[File:Yeonkkot-cha.jpg|thumb|[[Lotus flower tea]]]]

In Korea, [[lotus flower tea]] ({{Langx|ko|연꽃차|translit=yeon'kkot-cha}}) is made from the dried petals of the white lotus.

The [[stamen]]s can be dried and made into a fragrant [[herbal tea]] ({{lang-zh|t=[[wikt:蓮花|蓮花]] [[wikt:茶|茶]]|p=liánhuā cha|cy=lìhnfāa chah}}), or used to impart a scent to [[tea]] leaves (particularly in Vietnam). This [[Vietnamese lotus tea]] is called ''trà sen'', ''chè sen'', or ''chè ướp sen''.

==== Risks ====
The petals, leaves, and [[rhizome]] can also all be eaten raw, but there is a risk of parasite transmission (e.g., ''[[Fasciolopsis buski]]'')<ref>{{Citation|title=Aquatic Plants as Human Food|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77776-4_6|publisher=Springer International Publishing|work=Global Perspectives on Underutilized Crops|date=2018|access-date=29 November 2025|place=Cham|isbn=978-3-319-77776-4|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-77776-4_6|language=en|first1=Muhammad|last1=Aasim|first2=Allah|last2=Bakhsh|first3=Muhammed|last3=Sameeullah|first4=Mehmet|last4=Karataş|first5=Khalid Mahmood|last5=Khawar|editor-first=Munir|editor-last=Ozturk|editor2-first=Khalid Rehman|editor2-last=Hakeem|editor3-first=Muhammad|editor3-last=Ashraf|editor4-first=Muhammad Sajid Aqeel|editor4-last=Ahmad|page=170}}</ref>: it is therefore recommended that they be cooked before eating.

=== Use in water treatment ===
''Nelumbo nucifera'' shows high potential for usage in wastewater treatment removing polluting compounds<ref name="Kanabkaew-2004">{{Cite journal |author1=Thongchai Kanabkaew |author2=Udomphon Puetpaiboon |date=2004 |title=Aquatic plants for domestic wastewater Treatment: Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) and Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) systems |url=http://www.thaiscience.info/journals/Article/SONG/10462464.pdf |journal=Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol |volume=26 }}</ref> and heavy metals.<ref name="Anawar-2008">{{Cite journal |author1=H.M. Anawar |author2=A. Garcia-Sanchez |author3=M. Tari Kul Alam |author4=M. Majibur Rahman |date=2008 |title=Phytofiltration of water polluted with arsenic and heavy metals |url=http://www.inderscienceonline.com/doi/abs/10.1504/IJEP.2008.0194 |journal=International Journal of Environment and Pollution |volume=33 |issue=2–3 |page=292 |doi=10.1504/IJEP.2008.0194 |doi-broken-date=1 July 2025|bibcode=2008IJEP...33..292A }}</ref><ref name="Mishra-2009" /><ref name="Gallego-1996">{{Cite journal |last1=Gallego |first1=S. M. |author2=M. P. Benavides |author3=M. L. Tomaro |date=1996 |title=Effect of heavy metal ion excess on sunflower leaves: evidence for involvement of oxidative stress |journal=Plant Science |volume=121 |issue=2 |pages=151–159 |doi=10.1016/s0168-9452(96)04528-1 |bibcode=1996PlnSc.121..151G }}</ref> It is able to grow in variable water conditions<ref>{{cite web |url=http://iwgs.org/lotus-care-sheet/ |title=Lotus care sheet |date=16 December 2011 }}</ref> and in low light intensity.<ref name="Kanabkaew-2004" /> Various studies show the successful use of ''N. nucifera'' to counteract water [[eutrophication]].<ref name="Kanabkaew-2004" /><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286218077 |title=Ecological restoration using Trapa bispinosa and Nelumbo nucifera on eutrophic water body in Baizangdian Lake |last=Liu |first=C.-Q. |date=December 2013 |journal=Wetland Science |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=510–514 }}</ref> The leaves of the floating lotus reduce sunlight reaching the lower part of the water. This suppresses [[algae]] growth in ''N. nucifera'' aquatic systems and thus, the oxygen content is up to 20% higher than in other aquatic plant systems.<ref name="Kanabkaew-2004" /> Due to intense agricultural practices, nitrogen and phosphorus pollution are major problems in aquatic systems. ''N. nucifera'' is able to assimilate a higher content of phosphorus than aquatic plants currently used for water remediation (such as [[Pontederia crassipes|water hyacinth]]). It also assimilates nitrogen ("[[denitrification]]") and creates a habitat for bacterial growth in the water body.<ref name="Kanabkaew-2004" /> Through [[rhizofiltration]], heavy metals – including arsenic, copper, and cadmium – can be removed efficiently from the water.<ref name="Anawar-2008" /><ref name="Mishra-2009" /> The results observed are impressive showing 96% of copper and 85% cadmium metals removed after a seven-day [[incubation period]].<ref name="Mishra-2009">{{Cite journal|author=Virendra Mishra |date=2009 |title=Accumulation of Cadmium and Copper from Aqueous Solutions using Indian Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) |journal=Ambio: A Journal of the Human Environment |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=110–112 |doi=10.1579/0044-7447-38.2.110 |pmid=19431942 |bibcode=2009Ambio..38..110M |s2cid=43473128}}</ref> The accumulation of heavy metals doesn't show morphological symptoms of metal toxicity;<ref name="Gallego-1996" /> however, the rhizome quality for human consumption needs further study.

=== Storage and commercial use ===
Currently, most rhizomes are consumed fresh, and it is not common to store them due to their poor [[shelf life]] performance.<ref name="Guo-2009" /> This limits export possibilities for producing countries in Asia. Rhizomes lose water quickly, oxidation occurs, and nutrient composition changes within a short time after harvest. Optimal storage temperatures range between {{convert|5|and|8|C}}.<ref name="Guo-2009" /> There are three different approaches to storing rhizomes. By stacking the rhizomes, they can be stored, remaining fresh for about three weeks. Special stacking with silver sand{{clarify|date=April 2018}} and soil results in five to six layers that prevent water loss, thus, the rhizome stays fresh for up to two months.<ref name="Guo-2009" /> However, this method is not suitable for commercial sale but rather for home use. Hydrogen sulfide [[fumigation]] reduces enzymatic browning and therefore ensures rhizome quality.<ref name="Mishra-2009" /> Dipping the rhizomes in a salt solution prevents oxidation and bacterial reproduction, which allows storage for up to five months and greater export ability. This treatment is related to the high cost and inefficient cleaning process before eating the rhizomes.{{clarify|date=April 2018}}<ref name="Guo-2009" />

=== Use in bioengineering ===
[[File:Lotus Nelumbo nucifera Water Drops 2654px.jpg|200px|thumb|[[Lotus effect]] on ''nelumbo nucifera'' hybrid]]
''Nelumbo nucifera'' contains some thermal-stable proteins that might be useful in protein [[bioengineering]] processes. The proteins are characterized by seed longevity used for cell protection and repair under stress.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shen-Miller |first1=J. |last2=Lindner |first2=Petra |last3=Xie |first3=Yongming |last4=Villa |first4=Sarah |last5=Wooding |first5=Kerry |last6=Clarke |first6=Steven G. |last7=Loo |first7=Rachel R. O. |last8=Loo |first8=Joseph A. |date=1 September 2013 |title=Thermal-stable proteins of fruit of long-living Sacred Lotus Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn var. China Antique |journal=Tropical Plant Biology |volume=6 |issue=2–3 |page=69 |doi=10.1007/s12042-013-9124-2 |issn=1935-9756 |pmc=3869599 |pmid=24363819|bibcode=2013TPBio...6...69S }}</ref> There are also several indications that compounds of ''N. nucifera'' are used in drug fabrication in human health research for multiple purposes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zi Xi |first=Lian |date=2011 |title=Neferine inhibits cultured hepatic stellate cell activation and facilitates apoptosis: a possible molecular mechanism |journal=Eur. J. Pharmacol. |volume=650 |issue=1 |pages=163–169 |doi=10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.10.025 |pmid=20969858}}</ref> Lotus leaves possess [[Hydrophobe|hydrophobic]] characteristics, attributed to a waxy coat that prevents water from adhering to the surface. This attribute has influenced the conception of the "lotus effect" in [[biomimicry]] and engineering, guiding the design of materials that resist water and remain self-cleaning. Researchers at the [[National University of Singapore]] have utilized the water-repelling structure as inspiration for developing eAir, an aero-elastic sensor capable of detecting subtle pressure changes or other environmental stimuli.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wessling |first=Brianna |date=19 August 2023 |title=Lotus leaf-inspired sensors can detect minor pressure changes |url=https://www.therobotreport.com/lotus-leaf-inspired-sensors-can-detect-minor-pressure-changes/ |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=The Robot Report |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Other uses ===
[[File:IMG lotus-thread.JPG|thumb|Lotus thread is used to weave a special robe for the Buddha at [[Inle Lake]], Myanmar.]]The distinctive dried seed heads, which resemble the spouts of [[watering can]]s, are widely sold throughout the world for decorative purposes and for dried [[Floristry|flower arranging]].

A unique fabric called [[lotus silk]], from the lotus plant fibres, is produced only at [[Inle Lake]], Myanmar, and in [[Siem Reap]], Cambodia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lotus Silk Farm: Tradition Meets Innovation |url=https://lotussilkfarm.com/ |access-date=12 September 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> This thread is used for weaving special robes for [[Buddha]] images called ''kya thingan'' (lotus robe).

== Chemical composition ==
The flavonol [[miquelianin]], as well as the alkaloids (+)-(1''R'')-[[coclaurine]] and (−)-(1''S'')-[[norcoclaurine]], can be found in the leaves of ''N. nucifera''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kashiwada |first1=Y. |last2=Aoshima |first2=A. |last3=Ikeshiro |first3=Y. |last4=Chen |first4=Y. P. |last5=Furukawa |first5=H. |last6=Itoigawa |first6=M. |last7=Fujioka |first7=T. |last8=Mihashi |first8=K. |last9=Cosentino |first9=L. M. |year=2005 |title=Anti-HIV benzylisoquinoline alkaloids and flavonoids from the leaves of Nelumbo nucifera, and structure–activity correlations with related alkaloids |journal=Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=443–448 |doi=10.1016/j.bmc.2004.10.020 |pmid=15598565 |last10=Morris-Natschke |first10=S. L. |last11=Lee |first11=K. H.}}</ref> The plant also contains [[nuciferine]], neferine, and many other [[benzylisoquinoline alkaloids]] with medicinal properties.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Menéndez-Perdomo |first1=Ivette M |last2=Facchini |first2=Peter J |date=November 2018 |title=Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloids Biosynthesis in Sacred Lotus |journal=Molecules |volume=23 |issue=11 |article-number=E2899 |doi=10.3390/molecules23112899 |issn=1420-3049 |pmid=30404216 |pmc=6278464 |doi-access=free |page=2899 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Menendez-Perdomo | first1 = I. M. | last2 = Facchini | first2 = P. J. | year = 2020 | title = Isolation and characterization of two O-methyltransferases involved in benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis in sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) | journal = J Biol Chem | volume = 295 | issue = 6| pages = 1598–1612 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.RA119.011547 | doi-access = free | pmid = 31914404 | pmc = 7008365 }}</ref>

=== Health properties and nutrients ===
==== Traditional medicine ====
{{more medical citations needed|section|date=December 2017}}
{{nutritionalvalue
| name=Lotus root, cooked, no salt
| water=81.42 g
| kJ=278
| protein=1.58 g
| fat=0.07 g
| carbs=16.02 g
| fibre=3.1 g
| sugars=0.50 g
| calcium_mg=26
| iron_mg=0.9
| magnesium_mg=22
| phosphorus_mg=78
| potassium_mg=363
| sodium_mg=45
| zinc_mg=0.33
| manganese_mg=0.22
| vitC_mg=27.4
| thiamin_mg=0.127
| riboflavin_mg=0.01
| niacin_mg=0.3
| pantothenic_mg=0.302
| vitB6_mg=0.218
| folate_ug=8
| choline_mg=25.4
| source_usda=1
| note=[https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/168430/nutrients Link to USDA Database entry]
}}

All parts of ''Nelumbo nucifera'' are edible, with the rhizome and seeds being the main consumption parts. Traditionally rhizomes, leaves, and seeds have been used as [[Traditional medicine|folk medicines]], [[Ayurveda]], [[Traditional Chinese medicine|Chinese traditional medicine]], and [[oriental medicine]].<ref name="Khare CP">Khare CP. ''Indian Herbal Remedies: Rational Western Therapy, Ayurvedic, and Other Traditional Usage, Botany'', 1st edn. USA: Springer, 2004: 326–327.</ref><ref name="Sridhar2007">Sridhar KR, Bhat R. Lotus: a potential nutraceutical source. ''J Agri Technol'' 2007; '''3''': 143–155.</ref> In Chinese medicine, seeds are still used as {{transliteration|zh|lian zi xin}} ({{lang|zh|蓮子心}}).<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.10.025 |title=Neferine inhibits cultured hepatic stellate cell activation and facilitates apoptosis: A possible molecular mechanism |year=2011 |last1=Ding |first1=Hui |last2=Shi |first2=Jinghong |last3=Wang |first3=Ying |last4=Guo |first4=Jia |last5=Zhao |first5=Juhui |last6=Dong |first6=Lei |journal=European Journal of Pharmacology |volume=650 |issue=1 |pages=163–169 |pmid=20969858}}</ref>

Lotus rhizomes and seeds and their processing by-products are widely consumed in Asia, the Americas, and Oceania for high content of physiologically [[active substance]]s.<ref name="Mukherjee-2009">{{cite journal |doi=10.1211/jpp.61.04.0001 |pmid=19298686 |title=The sacred lotus(Nelumbo nucifera)- phytochemical and therapeutic profile |journal=Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=407–22 |year=2009 |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Pulok K |last2=Mukherjee |first2=Debajyoti |last3=Maji |first3=Amal K |last4=Rai |first4=S |last5=Heinrich |first5=Michael |s2cid=85342386 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Especially in China, [[lotus seed]]s are popular with a cultural history going back about 3000 years. As early as the [[Han dynasty|Han Dynasty]], lotus seeds were already recorded as sweet, astringent, nourishing the heart and kidney in "Shen Nong's Herbal Classic".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Z |year=2008 |title=Nutrient value and processing of lotus seed |journal=Acad Period Agric Prod Process |volume=2008 |pages=42–43 }}</ref> Nowadays there are 22 varieties for the four known Chinese lines, which are found particularly in [[Jianning County|Jianning]] (still called "the town of Jianlian lotus seeds in China") and [[Guangchang County|Guangchang]] ("the town of white lotus seeds in China").<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Zheng | first1 = B | last2 = Zheng | first2 = J | last3 = Zeng | first3 = S | year = 2003 | title = Analysis of the nutritional compositionin chinese main lotus seed varieties | journal = Acta Nutr Sin | volume = 25 | pages = 153–156 }}</ref>

These days the perennial aquatic herb is gaining popularity because of its nutraceutical and historical importance<ref name="Mukherjee-2009" /><ref name="Zhang-2015">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1007/s11101-015-9401-9 | title = Nutritional composition, physiological functions and processing of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) seeds: A review | journal = Phytochemistry Reviews | volume = 14 | issue = 3 | page = 321 | year = 2015 | last1 = Zhang | first1 = Yi | last2 = Lu | first2 = Xu | last3 = Zeng | first3 = Shaoxiao | last4 = Huang | first4 = Xuhui | last5 = Guo | first5 = Zebin | last6 = Zheng | first6 = Yafeng | last7 = Tian | first7 = Yuting | last8 = Zheng | first8 = Baodong | bibcode = 2015PChRv..14..321Z | s2cid = 16527010}}</ref> It will be of economic value if the different parts of lotus can be developed as [[functional food]].<ref name="Sridhar2007" /><ref name="Zhang-2015" /> Because of its special role in human health and richness in nutrients and bioactive substances, the Chinese Ministry of Health approved the use of ''N. nucifera'' as both "food and [[Medicinal plants|medicine]]".<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.04.011 |title = Evaluation of the quality of lotus seed of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn from outer space mutation |year = 2007 |last1 = Wu |first1 = J. |last2 = Zheng |first2 = Y. |last3 = Chen |first3 = T. |last4 = Yi |first4 = J. |last5 = Qin |first5 = L. |last6 = Rahman |first6 = K. |last7 = Lin |first7 = W. |journal = Food Chemistry |volume = 105 |issue = 2 |pages = 540–547}}</ref>

==== Rhizomes ====
The rhizomes are {{convert|60–14|cm|abbr=on}} long, {{convert|0.5–2.5|cm|abbr=on}} in diameter, yellowish white to yellowish brown, smooth, and with [[Plant stem|nodes]] and [[internodes]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Mukherjee | first1 = PK. | display-authors = etal | year = 1998 | title = Pharmacognostical profiles of rhizomes of ''Nelumbo nucifera'' Gaertn. | journal = Ancient Sci Life | volume = 17 | pages = 273–279 }}</ref>

Lotus root is a moderate-calorie root vegetable (100 g of root stem provides about 74 calories) and is composed of several [[vitamin]]s, [[mineral]]s, and [[nutrient]]s: 83.80% water, 0.11% fat, 1.56% reducing sugar, 0.41% sucrose, 2.70% crude protein, 9.25% starch, 0.80% fibre, 0.10% ash and 0.06% calcium.<ref name="Mukherjee-1996">{{cite journal | last1 = Mukherjee | first1 = PK | display-authors = etal | year = 1996 | title = Antipyretic activity of Nelumbo nucifera rhizome extract | journal = Ind J Exp Biol | volume = 34 | issue = 3| pages = 275–276 | pmid = 8781041 }}</ref> 100 g of root provides 44 mg of [[vitamin C]] or 73% of [[RDA (nutrition)|daily recommended values]] (RDA).

Lotus rhizome and its extracts have shown diuretic, [[psychopharmacological]], anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, [[Hypoglycemia|hypoglycemic]], [[antipyretic]] and [[Antioxidant|antioxidant activities]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Mukherjee | first1 = PK | last2 = Das | first2 = J | last3 = Saha | first3 = K | last4 = Pal | first4 = M | last5 = Saha | first5 = BP | year = 1996 | title = Diuretic activity of the rhizomes of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn (Fam. Nymphaeaceae) | journal = Phytother Res | volume = 10 | issue = 5| pages = 424–425 | doi=10.1002/(sici)1099-1573(199608)10:5<424::aid-ptr857>3.3.co;2-v}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Mukherjee | first1 = PK | last2 = Saha | first2 = K | last3 = Balasubramanian | first3 = R | last4 = Pal | first4 = M | last5 = Saha | first5 = BP | year = 1996 | title = Studies on psychopharmacological effects of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Rhizome extract | journal = J Ethnopharmacol | volume = 54 | issue = 2| pages = 63–67 | doi=10.1016/s0378-8741(96)01455-9| pmid = 8953419 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Mukherjee | first1 = K | last2 = Saha | first2 = K | last3 = Pal | first3 = M | last4 = Saha | first4 = B | year = 1997 | title = Effect of Nelumbo nucifera rhizome extract on blood sugar level in rats | journal = Journal of Ethnopharmacology | volume = 58 | issue = 207–213| pages = 207–13 | doi=10.1016/s0378-8741(97)00107-4| pmid = 9421256 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Huralikuppi | first1 = JC | last2 = Christopher | first2 = AB | last3 = Stephen | first3 = P | year = 1991 | title = Antidiabetic effect of Nelumbo nucifera (Gaertn): Part I Preliminary studies in rabbits | journal = Phytother Res | volume = 5 | issue = 2| pages = 54–58 | doi=10.1002/ptr.2650050203| s2cid = 57700188 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |pmid = 8781041|year = 1996|last1 = Mukherjee|first1 = P. K.|last2 = Das|first2 = J.|last3 = Saha|first3 = K.|last4 = Giri|first4 = S. N.|last5 = Pal|first5 = M.|last6 = Saha|first6 = B. P.|title = Antipyretic activity of Nelumbo nucifera rhizome extract|journal = Indian Journal of Experimental Biology|volume = 34|issue = 3|pages = 275–6}}</ref>{{medical citation needed|date=December 2017}}

==== Seeds ====
Lotus seeds are mostly oval or spherical, with sizes varying according to varieties. They are generally 1.2–1.8 cm long, with diameters ranging from 0.8 to 1.4 cm and a weight of 1.1–1.4 g. After lotus seeds have been decorticated and peeled, they are edible and rich in nutrients and can be dried for storage. Their nutritional values can differ due to culture environments and varieties.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Wang | first1 = J | last2 = Zhang | first2 = G | year = 2010 | title = The yield and chemical composition of lotus seed on different culture conditions | journal = Hubei J TCM | volume = 32 | pages = 75–76 }}</ref>

Not only do these seeds contain [[protein]]s of high quality and are rich in a variety of [[essential amino acid]]s including high contents of [[albumin]] (42%) and [[globulin]] (27%), they also contain unsaturated fatty acids, [[carbohydrate]]s, [[vitamin]]s, [[Calcium metabolism|calcium]], [[Human iron metabolism|iron]], [[Zinc metabolism|zinc]], phosphorus and other [[trace element]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Shad | first1 = MA | last2 = Nawaz | first2 = H | last3 = Siddique | first3 = F | last4 = Zahra | first4 = J | last5 = Mushtaq | first5 = A | year = 2013 | title = Nutritional and functional characterization of seed kernel of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera): application of response surface methodology | journal = Food Sci Technol Res | volume = 19 | issue = 2| pages = 163–172 | doi = 10.3136/fstr.19.163 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Tang | first1 = P | last2 = Jiang | first2 = Z | last3 = Mei | first3 = C | last4 = Jiang | first4 = H | year = 1998 | title = The composition, solubility and quality of lotus seed | journal = J Beijing Norm Univ (Nat Sci) | volume = 34 | pages = 532–537 }}</ref> They also provide water-soluble polysaccharides, alkaloids, flavonoids, superoxide dismutase, and other bioactive components.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Zheng | first1 = B | last2 = Zheng | first2 = J | last3 = Zeng | first3 = C | year = 2004 | title = Study on three functional components of Chinese main lotus seed varieties | journal = Acta Nutr Sin | volume = 26 | pages = 158–160 }}</ref>

Lotus seeds also contain particularly large amounts of vitamins, including [[Vitamin B1|VB1]], [[Riboflavin|VB2]], [[Vitamin B6|VB6]] and [[Vitamin E]].<ref>Zheng B, Zheng J, Zeng S (2003) Analysis of the nutritional composition in Chinese main lotus seed varieties. Acta Nutr Sin 25:153–156</ref><ref>Wu J, Zheng Y, Chen T, Yi J, Qin L, Rahman K, Lin W (2007) Evaluation of the quality of lotus seed of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. from outer space mutation. Food Chem 105:540–547</ref>

The functional components (polyphenols, protein, polysaccharides) in ''N. nucifera'' seeds can help combat high [[Hypertension|blood pressure]], [[Diabetes mellitus|diabetes]], and [[gallstone]]s.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}

After lotus [[Germination|seed germination]], crude protein and fat levels in the endosperm significantly increase. It is therefore an important method to enhance its nutritional quality.<ref>Xia Y (2012) Effect of germination on chemical and functional properties of lotus seeds. Food Sci 33:91–98</ref><ref name="Zhang-2015" />

==== Leaves ====
''Nelumbo nucifera'' leaves contain the alkaloids [[nuciferine]] and [[aporphine]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ma |first1=Chengjun |last2=Wang |first2=Jinjun |last3=Chu |first3=Hongmei |last4=Zhang |first4=Xiaoxiao |last5=Wang |first5=Zhenhua |last6=Wang |first6=Honglun |last7=Li |first7=Gang |date=26 February 2014 |title=Purification and Characterization of Aporphine Alkaloids from Leaves of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn and Their Effects on Glucose Consumption in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences |language=en |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=3481–3494 |doi=10.3390/ijms15033481 |doi-access=free |pmid=24577311 |pmc=3975348 }}</ref>

== Cultural and religious significance ==
[[File:Goddess Lakshmi by Raja Ravi Varma.jpg|thumb|Lakshmi standing on a lotus]]
{{main|Sacred lotus in religious art}}{{More citations needed|section|date=March 2026}}
''Nelumbo nucifera'' is a lotus species with historical, cultural and spiritual significance. It is a sacred flower in both Hinduism and Buddhism,<ref>{{cite web |title=Nelumbo nucifera (sacred lotus) |url=http://www.kew.org/science-conservation/plants-fungi/nelumbo-nucifera-sacred-lotus |publisher=Kew |access-date=26 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530010810/https://www.kew.org/science-conservation/plants-fungi/nelumbo-nucifera-sacred-lotus |archive-date=30 May 2014 }}</ref> representing the path to spiritual awakening and enlightenment. Lotus is closely associated with Goddess [[Lakshmi]] and her consort [[Vishnu]]. In Hindu iconography, Lakshmi is shown either in seated posture or as standing on top of a lotus flower and holding lotuses in two of her four hands. Vishnu is always portrayed with a lotus in one of his hands. Lotus or [[Padma (Vishnu)|Padma]] exemplifies the path of one who leads a [[Dharma|dharmic]] life. One can stay in the darkness, trapped in the comfort of the decaying leaves and murky water or struggle to lead a dharmic life upholding righteousness, following the light and eventually liberate oneself of his/her past thereby leading a prosperous peaceful happy life. Lotus also signifies [[moksha]]. The roots of lotus plant intertwined in mud representing the cycle of life and death and the lotus flower symbolizing the serene blissful state of moksha. Lotus is also used to depict the awakening of [[Kundalini]] energy in the [[Tantra|tantric]] system of [[Hinduism]].{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

In Hindu literature, lotus petals are used as a simile to praise the eyes of gods and goddesses. For instance, the word Kamalanayana (lotus-eyed) refers to [[Vishnu]] and it extols his eyes and praise him for being the one who holds the gaze/adoration of [[Kamala (name)|Kamala]] ([[Lakshmi]]).

The epic [[Mahabharata]] details the use of multi-tiered military formation that resembles a blooming lotus called [[Chakravyuha|Padmavyuha]] and its disc-shaped variant [[Chakravyuha]] in the 18-day long [[Kurukshetra War|Kurukshethra war]].[[File:Sahasrara Mandala.svg|thumb|[[Sahasrara]] Chakra|110x110px]][[Lotus position|Padmasana]], or the lotus pose, in [[yoga]] and [[Sahasrara]], the thousand petalled lotus [[chakra]], in [[tantra]] are some examples of the use of lotus imagery.

Lotus motifs are found in [[Architecture of India|Indian architecture]], for example: domes resembling lotus buds, pillars resembling lotus stalk, arches resembling inverted lotus, and other lotus engravings in Hindu and Buddhist temples.<gallery>
File:Khajuraho India, Parvati Temple 05.JPG|[[Parvati]] Temple with lotus bud domes at [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments|Khajuraho]]
File:Lotus, a typical Hindu temple motive, in red sandstone, Qutb complex.jpg|An Indian lotus motif on a Hindu temple
File:Lotus Mahal at Hampi, Karnataka.jpg|Lotus Mahal at [[Hampi]]
File:Lotus temple Delhi.jpg|[[Lotus Temple|Lotus temple]], Delhi
</gallery>In Asian art, a [[lotus throne]] is a stylized lotus flower used as the seat or base for a figure in [[Buddhist art]] and [[Hindu art]] and is often seen in [[Jain art]]. Originating in [[Indian art]], it followed [[Indian religions]] to [[East Asia]] in particular. Lotus flowers are also often held by figures.<ref>Jansen, Eva Rudy, ''The Book of Hindu Imagery: The Gods and their Symbols'', p. 18, 1993, Binkey Kok Publications, {{ISBN|9074597076}}, 9789074597074, [https://books.google.com/books?id=1iASyoae8cMC&pg=PA18 google books]</ref><ref>Krishan, Yuvrajmm, Tadikonda, Kalpana K., ''The Buddha Image: Its Origin and Development'', pp. 65, 78, 1996, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, {{ISBN|8121505658}}, 9788121505659, [https://books.google.com/books?id=kDyJh--iaL0C&pg=PA65 google books]</ref><ref>Moore, Albert C., Klein, Charlotte, ''Iconography of Religions: An Introduction'', p. 148, 1977, Chris Robertson, {{ISBN|0800604881}}, 9780800604882, [https://books.google.com/books?id=chWcZcYcyeQC&pg=PA149 google books]</ref><ref>Rodrigues, H, [http://www.mahavidya.ca/2016/04/22/the-sacred-lotus-symbol/ "The Sacred Lotus Symbol"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207145548/http://www.mahavidya.ca/2016/04/22/the-sacred-lotus-symbol/ |date=7 December 2022 }}, ''Mahavidya'', 2016</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Shakti |first=M. Gupta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stIUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA65 |title=Plant Myths and Traditions in India |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |year=1971 |location=[[Netherlands]] |pages=65–67}}</ref>[[File:Derafsh Kaviani flag of the late Sassanid Empire.svg|thumb|Lotus symbol in [[Derafsh Kaviani]], flag of the [[Sasanian Empire]]|102x102px]]The ''Nelumbo nucifera'', which is also called Nilufar Abi in Persian, can be seen in many reliefs of the [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid period]] (552 BC) such as the statue of [[Anahita]] in the [[Persepolis]]. The lotus flower was included in [[Kaveh the blacksmith]]'s [[Derafsh]] and later as the flag of the Sasanian Empire [[Derafsh Kaviani]]. Today, it is the symbol of the Iranian [[Solar Hijri calendar]].

The lotus flower is also mentioned in the Bible.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bible Gateway passage: Job 40:21–22 – New International Version |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Job%2040%3A21-22&version=NIV |access-date=6 September 2023 |website=Bible Gateway |language=en}}</ref> The lotus flower also holds cultural and religious significance in [[Isma'ilism|Ismaili]] Muslim and related South Asian traditions. For example, in South Asian Ismaili literature, the lotus is compared to the pure soul. A poem describes the lotus' beauty, describing how its delicate white petals remain pure and beautiful, despite its murky environment. Similarly, a pure soul is part of this world, yet is not of this world, much like the circumstances of the lotus. The poem further emphasizes the importance of true knowledge or [[gnosis]], which is likened to the pure rainwater that allows the lotus to flourish. Ismaili belief holds that the true guide provides this true knowledge, without which the pure soul cannot survive. Just as the lotus flower would rather die than drink from a reeking swamp, the pure soul also seeks nourishment solely through true knowledge.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Virani |first=Shafique |date=1 January 2005 |title=Symphony of Gnosis: A Self-Definition of the Ismaili Ginan Literature |url=https://www.academia.edu/36984287 |journal=Reason and Inspiration in Islam: Theology, Philosophy and Mysticism in Muslim Thought |page=507}}</ref>

In Chinese culture, the lotus is known as "Liánhuā" (蓮花) and holds important cultural significance in Chinese Buddhism, symbolizing purity, enlightenment, and the unfolding of the spiritual self.<ref>{{Cite web |title=연꽃 상징성, 역사, 꽃말 |url=https://helpful.kr/%EC%97%B0%EA%BD%83-%EA%BD%83%EB%A7%90-7%EA%B0%80%EC%A7%80-%EC%83%89%EA%B9%94%EB%B3%84%EB%A1%9C-%EC%95%8C%EC%95%84%EB%B4%85%EC%8B%9C%EB%8B%A4/ |access-date=22 January 2025 |website=helpful.kr}}</ref>

=== Political symbols ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2024}}
The lotus is the national flower of the [[India|Republic of India]]. The [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)]] uses lotus as its party symbol. The BJP, in the past, have used lotuses in multiple colours of pink, white, blue, red and saffron, in their party flag. In recent times, as a part of branding strategy and to make it easier for voters, BJP started using lotus logo in black-and-white in most settings as [[Electronic voting in India|Electronic Voting Machines (EVM)]] in India only allow black-and-white logos.

Albeit unofficially, the lotus is also widely recognized as a national flower and a significant component representing the [[Vietnamese Culture|Vietnamese culture and national identity]]. The lotus and its stylized symbolism have been used by almost every modern Vietnamese governments and regimes including both the [[Communist Party of Vietnam|communist]] and non-communist ones. There are advocates for the contemporary [[Government of Vietnam]] to formally designate lotus as the national flower, citing [[straw poll]]s indicating very high approval from the Vietnamese citizens.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ONLINE |first=TUOI TRE |date=14 July 2024 |title=Hoa sen là quốc hoa của Việt Nam: Tại sao không? |url=https://tuoitre.vn/hoa-sen-la-quoc-hoa-cua-viet-nam-tai-sao-khong-2024071417245808.htm |access-date=11 March 2025 |website=TUOI TRE ONLINE |language=vi}}</ref>
<gallery widths="130">
File:Biểu trưng Mặt trận Tổ quốc Việt Nam.svg|Emblem of the [[Vietnamese Fatherland Front|Vietnam Fatherland Front]]
File:Emblem of Vietnam Buddhist Sangha.svg|Emblem of the [[Vietnam Buddhist Sangha]]
File:Biểu trưng thành phố Hà Tĩnh, tỉnh Hà Tĩnh, Việt Nam.svg|Emblem of [[Hà Tĩnh|Hà Tĩnh city]]
File:To Lam June 2024.jpg|[[General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam|General Secretary]] [[Tô Lâm]] with lotus decorations behind him.
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Lotus silk]]
* [[Bingdi lotus]]
* [[List of vegetables]]
* ''[[The Lotos-Eaters]]''
* [[Lotus (plant)|Lotus]]
* [[Lotus position]]
* [[Lotus-eaters]]
* [[Palmette]]
* [[Tulsi]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=35em}}

* Getty, Alice, ''The gods of northern Buddhism : their history, iconography and progressive evolution through the northern Buddhist countries'', 1914, Oxford, [https://archive.org/details/northernbuddhism00gettuoft/page/n97 fully online]

== External links ==
{{Commons category multi|Nelumbo nucifera|Lotus}}
{{Wikispecies}}

{{Symbols of India}}
{{Worship in Hinduism}}{{Buddhism topics}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q16528}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Nelumbo|nucifera]]
[[Category:Flora of temperate Asia]]
[[Category:Flora of tropical Asia]]
[[Category:Flora of Eastern Europe]]
[[Category:Garden plants]]
[[Category:Root vegetables]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
[[Category:National symbols of India]]
[[Category:Plants in Hinduism]]
[[Category:Decorative fruits and seeds]]
[[Category:National symbols of Vietnam]]
[[Category:Rhizomatous plants]]
[[Category:Asian vegetables]]
[[Category:Thermogenic plants]]
[[Category:Symbols of Haryana]]
[[Category:Soma (drink)]]
[[Category:Plants in Buddhism]]

Gas-fired power plant

2026-03-16T00:06:23Z

Sabari2398: reworked page based on references as per guidelines

{{Short description|Type of power station}}
{{use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
[[File:Bayside Power Station.jpg|thumb|A [[natural gas]] plant in [[Canada]]]]
[[File:Global-electricity-prod-source.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Gas generates over 20% of world electricity]]
[[File:Share-electricity-gas.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Share of electricity production from gas]]
A '''gas-fired power plant''', sometimes referred to as '''gas-fired power station''', '''natural gas power plant''', or '''methane gas power plant''', is a [[thermal power station]] that burns [[natural gas]] to [[electricity generation|generate electricity]]. Gas-fired power plants generate almost a quarter of [[Electric energy consumption|world electricity]] and are significant sources of [[greenhouse gas emissions]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-gas-conference-methane-idUKKBN1JP27E|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215184334/https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-gas-conference-methane-idUKKBN1JP27E|url-status=dead|title=Clean fuel? Methane leaks threaten natural gas' climate-friendly image|date=2018-06-29|archive-date=2019-02-15|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-06-30|language=en}}</ref>

Most energy planning relies on gas fired plants to provide [[dispatchable generation|dispatchable energy generation]] to compensate for [[variable renewable energy]] deficits, where [[hydropower]] or [[Electrical interconnector|interconnectors]] are not available. In the early 2020s [[Battery storage power station|batteries]] became competitive with gas [[Peaking power plant|peaker plants]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Mcfarlane |first1=Sarah |last2=Twidale |first2=Susanna |date=2023-11-21 |title=Giant batteries drain economics of gas power plants |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/giant-batteries-drain-economics-gas-power-plants-2023-11-21/ |access-date=2023-11-21}}</ref>

Some natural gas plants are dual fire with other kinds of fuels, such as oil, coal or hydrogen.{{cn|date=March 2026}} Most analysts don't think natural gas turbines will be successfully converted to hydrogen as part of the [[energy transition]], becoming a [[stranded asset]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-10 |title=The problem with making green hydrogen to fuel power plants |url=https://www.canarymedia.com/articles/hydrogen/the-problem-with-making-green-hydrogen-to-fuel-power-plants |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=Canary Media |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Myth of Hydrogen as an Energy Export Commodity – Spitfire Research Inc. |url=https://spitfireresearch.com/the-myth-of-hydrogen-as-an-energy-export-commodity/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=spitfireresearch.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Kevin |date=2024-09-12 |title=What’s the latest with burning hydrogen at gas plants? |url=https://www.power-eng.com/hydrogen/whats-the-latest-with-burning-hydrogen-at-gas-plants/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=Power Engineering |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Kevin |date=2024-08-06 |title=Report: Infrastructure, supply issues hamper hydrogen use in power generation |url=https://www.power-eng.com/hydrogen/report-infrastructure-supply-issues-hamper-hydrogen-use-in-power-generation/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=Power Engineering |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Basic concepts: heat into mechanical energy into electrical energy==
{{See also|Thermal power station}}
A gas-fired power plant is a type of [[fossil fuel power station]] in which chemical energy stored in natural gas, which is mainly [[methane]], is converted successively into: [[thermal energy]], [[mechanical energy]] and, finally, [[electrical energy]]. Although they cannot exceed the [[Carnot cycle]] limit for conversion of heat energy into useful work, the excess heat, ie the difference between the chemical energy used up and the useful work generated, may be used in [[cogeneration]] plants to heat buildings, to produce hot water, or to heat materials on an industrial scale.

==Plant types==
===Gas turbine===
{{See also|Gas turbine}}
[[File:Gateway Generating Station rectified.jpg|thumb|[[Gateway Generating Station]], a [[combined cycle power generation|combined-cycle]] gas-fired power station in California, uses two GE 7F.04 combustion turbines to burn [[natural gas]].]]
[[File:GE H series Gas Turbine.jpg|thumb|GE H series power generation gas turbine: in [[combined cycle]] configuration, its highest [[thermodynamic efficiency]] is 62.22%]]
Industrial gas turbines differ from aeronautical designs in that the frames, bearings, and blading are of heavier construction. They are also much more closely integrated with the devices they power—often an [[electric generator]]—and the secondary-energy equipment that is used to recover residual energy (largely heat).

Gas turbines can be particularly efficient when [[waste heat]] from the turbine is recovered by a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) to power a conventional steam turbine in a [[combined cycle]] configuration.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://memagazineblog.org/2012/07/01/efficiency-by-the-numbers/ |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130207053320/http://memagazineblog.org/2012/07/01/efficiency-by-the-numbers/ |url-status= dead |archive-date= 7 February 2013 |title= Efficiency by the Numbers |first=Lee S. |last=Langston |date= July 2012 }}</ref> The 605 MW [[General Electric]] 9HA achieved a 62.22% efficiency rate with temperatures as high as {{convert|2800|°F|°C|order=flip}}.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.gereports.com/bouchain/ |title=Here's Why The Latest Guinness World Record Will Keep France Lit Up Long After Soccer Fans Leave |first=Tomas |last=Kellner |publisher=[[General Electric]] |date=17 June 2016 |access-date=21 June 2016 |archive-date=16 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616021542/http://www.gereports.com/bouchain/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
For 2018, GE offers its 826 MW HA at over 64% efficiency in combined cycle due to advances in [[additive manufacturing]] and combustion breakthroughs, up from 63.7% in 2017 orders and on track to achieve 65% by the early 2020s.<ref>{{cite press release |url= https://www.genewsroom.com/press-releases/ha-technology-now-available-industry-first-64-percent-efficiency-284144 |title= HA technology now available at industry-first 64 percent efficiency |date= 4 December 2017 |publisher= GE Power |access-date= 12 November 2024 |archive-date= 4 December 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181204120609/https://www.genewsroom.com/press-releases/ha-technology-now-available-industry-first-64-percent-efficiency-284144 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
In March 2018, GE Power achieved a 63.08% gross efficiency for its 7HA turbine.<ref>{{cite press release |url= https://www.ge.com/news/press-releases/ges-ha-gas-turbine-delivers-second-world-record-efficiency/ |title= GE's HA Gas Turbine Delivers Second World Record for Efficiency |publisher= GE Power |date= March 27, 2018}}</ref>

Aeroderivative gas turbines can also be used in combined cycles, leading to a higher efficiency, but it will not be as high as a specifically designed industrial gas turbine. They can also be run in a [[cogeneration]] configuration: the exhaust is used for space or water heating, or drives an [[absorption chiller]] for cooling the inlet air and increase the power output, technology known as [[turbine inlet air cooling]].

Another significant advantage is their ability to be turned on and off within minutes, supplying power during peak, or unscheduled, demand. Since single cycle (gas turbine only) power plants are less efficient than combined cycle plants, they are usually used as [[peaking power plant]]s, which operate anywhere from several hours per day to a few dozen hours per year—depending on the electricity demand and the generating capacity of the region. In areas with a shortage of base-load and [[load following power plant]] capacity or with low fuel costs, a gas turbine powerplant may regularly operate most hours of the day. A large single-cycle gas turbine typically produces 100 to 400 megawatts of electric power and has 35–40% [[thermodynamic efficiency]].<ref name=siemens>{{cite web |first1=Phil |last1=Ratliff |first2=Paul |last2=Garbett |first3=Willibald |last3=Fischer |title=The New Siemens Gas Turbine SGT5-8000H for More Customer Benefit |work=VGB PowerTech |publisher=Siemens Power Generation |date=September 2007 |url=http://www.energy.siemens.com/us/pool/hq/power-generation/gas-turbines/downloads/SGT5-8000H_benefits.pdf |access-date=17 July 2010 |archive-date=13 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813030259/http://www.energy.siemens.com/us/pool/hq/power-generation/gas-turbines/downloads/SGT5-8000H_benefits.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:Forssan varavoimala.JPG|thumb|[[Fingrid Oyj]]'s [[gas turbine]] power plant in [[Forssa]], [[Finland]]]]

====Simple cycle gas-turbine====
In a simple cycle gas-turbine, also known as open-cycle gas-turbine (OCGT) generators, hot gas drives a [[gas turbine]] to generate electricity. This type of plant is relatively cheap to build and can start very quickly, but due to its lower efficiency is at most only run for a few hours a day as a [[peaking power plant]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Simple_cycle_gas_plant|title=Simple cycle gas plant - Energy Education|website=energyeducation.ca|access-date=2019-06-28}}</ref>

====Combined cycle gas-turbine (CCGT) ====
{{Main|Combined cycle power plant}}

CCGT power plants consist of simple cycle gas-turbines which use the [[Brayton cycle]], followed by a [[heat recovery steam generator]] and a [[steam turbine]] which use the [[Rankine cycle]]. The most common configuration is two gas-turbines supporting one steam turbine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=38312|title=Power blocks in natural gas-fired combined-cycle plants are getting bigger - Today in Energy - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)|website=www.eia.gov|access-date=2019-06-28}}</ref> They are slightly more expensive than simple cycle plants but can achieve efficiencies up to 55% and dispatch times of around half an hour.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Combined_cycle_gas_plant|title=Combined cycle gas plant - Energy Education|website=energyeducation.ca|access-date=2019-06-28}}</ref>

===Steam turbine===
Gas-steam plants use gas to fire boilers which produce steam to turn steam turbines. Many of these types of plants were constructed through the 20th century as a direct alternative to coal plants. They lack the quick-start capabilities of simple cycle gas turbine plants, and are much less efficient than combined cycle plants. Owing to their age and deficiencies, they represent the vast majority of gas retirements in the United States, however, they still represent an option for extending the life of coal powered plants while reducing emissions by converting to gas burners.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://insight.factset.com/gas-power-plant-retirement-outlook |title=Gas Power Plant Retirement Outlook |last=Bradford |first=Andrew |date=28 October 2020 |website=FactSet |access-date=3 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.power-eng.com/environmental-emissions/oklahoma-gas-and-electric-eyes-coal-to-gas-switches-at-muskogee/ |title=Oklahoma Gas and Electric eyes coal-to-gas switches at Muskogee |last=Cassell |first=Barry |date=11 June 2014 |website=power-eng |access-date=3 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cpsenergy.com/content/dam/corporate/en/Documents/RAC/2_Spruce2%20Gas%20Conversion%2001202022%20final%20.pdf |title=Spruce 2 Gas Conversion |last=Ethridge |first=Benjamin |date=20 January 2022 |access-date=3 March 2025}}</ref>

===Reciprocating engine===
{{See also|Reciprocating engine}}

Reciprocating [[internal combustion engine]]s tend to be under 20 MW, thus much smaller than other types of natural gas-fired electricity generator, and are typically used for emergency power or to balance variable renewable energy such as wind and solar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=37972|title=Natural gas-fired reciprocating engines are being deployed more to balance renewables - Today in Energy - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)|website=www.eia.gov|access-date=2019-06-28}}</ref>

==Greenhouse gas emissions==
Relatively efficient gas-fired power stations – such as those based on combined cycle gas turbines – emit about {{convert|450|g|oz|0}} of [[carbon dioxide|{{CO2}}]] per [[kilowatt-hour]] of electricity generated.<ref name="rue21">{{cite news |title=How sustainable is wind power? |date=2021-12-27 |first=Gero |last=Rueter |work=Deutsche Welle |url=https://m.dw.com/en/how-sustainable-is-wind-power/a-60268971 |access-date=2021-12-28 |quote=An onshore wind turbine that is newly built today produces around nine grams of CO2 for every kilowatt hour (kWh) it generates ... a new offshore plant in the sea emits seven grams of CO2 per kWh ... solar power plants emit 33 grams CO2 for every kWh generated ... natural gas produces 442 grams CO2 per kWh, power from hard coal 864 grams, and power from lignite, or brown coal, 1034 grams ... nuclear energy accounts for about 117 grams of CO2 per kWh, considering the emissions caused by uranium mining and the construction and operation of nuclear reactors. }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rosselot |first1=Kirsten S. |last2=Allen |first2=David T. |last3=Ku |first3=Anthony Y. |date=2021-07-05 |title=Comparing Greenhouse Gas Impacts from Domestic Coal and Imported Natural Gas Electricity Generation in China |journal=ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering |language=en |volume=9 |issue=26 |pages=8759–8769 |doi=10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c01517 |s2cid=237875562 |issn=2168-0485|doi-access=free }}</ref> This is about half that of [[coal-fired power station]]s but much more than [[nuclear power plant]]s and [[renewable energy]].<ref name="rue21" /> However, the more flexible simple-cycle turbines have a significantly higher emissions intensity, frequently as high as {{convert|670|g|oz|0}} of CO2 per kWh,<ref>{{Cite web |last=McConnell |first=Dylan |date=2017-02-24 |title=Our power grid is crying out for capacity, but should we open the gas valves? |url=https://theconversation.com/our-power-grid-is-crying-out-for-capacity-but-should-we-open-the-gas-valves-72355 |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=The Conversation |language=en-AU}}</ref> and some older gas turbines can have emissions intensities comparable with even the most emissions intensive coal power stations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gordon |first=Josh |date=2020-11-03 |title= Adam Bandt says gas is just as dirty as coal. Is he correct? |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-11-03/fact-check-is-gas-just-as-dirty-as-coal-adam-bandt/12838066 |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=RMIT ABC Fact Check |language=en-AU}}</ref>

However, full [[Life-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions of energy sources|Life-cycle emissions]] of gas-fired power stations is increased by [[methane emissions]] from [[gas leak]]s associated with gas production and distribution pipelines as well as from significant venting of waste CO2 after [[amine gas treating]] if [[carbon capture and storage]] is employed.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy00osti/27715.pdf |title=Life Cycle Assessment of a Natural Gas Combined-Cycle Power Generation System |first1=Pamela L. |last1=Spath |first2=Margaret K. |last2=Mann |location=Golden, CO |publisher=[[NREL]] |date=September 2000 |access-date=2025-09-02}}</ref>

===Carbon capture===
Very few power plants have [[carbon capture and storage]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chemnick |first=Jean |date=2022-05-09 |title=Why EPA might make new gas plants catch carbon |url=https://www.eenews.net/articles/why-epa-might-make-new-gas-plants-catch-carbon/ |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=E&E News |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Hydrogen===
Gas-fired power plants can be modified to run on [[hydrogen]],<ref>{{cite news |title=The plan to convert the North to run on hydrogen |url=https://utilityweek.co.uk/plan-convert-north-run-hydrogen/ |first=Tom |last=Grimwood |url-access=subscription |work=Utility Week |date=2018-11-30}}</ref> and according to [[General Electric]] a more economically viable option than CCS would be to use more and more hydrogen in the gas turbine fuel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.utilitydive.com/news/ge-hydrogen-trumps-ccs-in-preserving-gas-turbines-in-a-carbon-free-grid/556585/|title=GE: Hydrogen trumps carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) in preserving gas turbines in a carbon-free grid|first=Catherine|last=Morehouse|website=Utility Dive|language=en-US|date=2019-06-11|access-date=2019-06-28}}</ref> Hydrogen can at first be created from natural gas through [[steam reforming]], or by heating to precipitate carbon, as a step towards a [[hydrogen economy]], thus eventually reducing carbon emissions.<ref>{{cite web |title=H-vision: blue hydrogen for a green future |date=11 February 2019 |url=https://www.gasworld.com/blue-hydrogen-for-a-green-future/2016596.article |url-access=subscription |first=Joanna |last=Sampson |website=Gas World |access-date=2019-05-09}}</ref> However others think low-carbon hydrogen (such as [[natural hydrogen]]) should be used for things which are harder to [[decarbonize]], such as making [[fertilizer]], so there may not be enough for electricity generation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hydrogen could be used for nearly everything. It probably shouldn't be. |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2024/04/25/1091757/hydrogen-uses-ranked/ |first=Casey |last=Crownhart |date=2024-04-25 |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=MIT Technology Review |language=en}}</ref>

==Economics==

===Existing plants===
{{As of|2019}} a few gas-fired power plants are being retired because they are unable to stop and start quickly enough.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2019/06/in-california-a-young-natural-gas-plant-closes-down-as-renewables-get-cheaper/|title=A 10-year-old natural gas plant in California gets the coal plant treatment|last=Geuss|first=Megan|date=2019-06-26|website=Ars Technica|language=en-us|access-date=2019-06-28}}</ref> Despite the falling cost of [[variable renewable energy]] most existing gas-fired power plants remain profitable, especially in countries without a [[carbon price]], due to their [[dispatchable generation]] and because [[shale gas]] and [[liquefied natural gas]] prices have fallen since they were built.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/market/mark-to-market/torrent-power-shares-make-a-powerful-leap-after-gujarat-arrangement-1561709553829.html|title=Torrent Power shares make a powerful leap after Gujarat arrangement|last=Ram|first=R. Sree|work=mint |date=2019-06-28|language=en|access-date=2019-06-28}}</ref> Even in places with a carbon price, such as the EU, existing gas-fired power stations remain economically viable, partly due to increasing restrictions on coal-fired power because of its pollution.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldoil.com/news/2019/6/11/natural-gas-price-plunge-signals-greener-start-for-2019-in-us-and-eu|title=Natural gas price plunge signals greener start for 2019 in U.S. and EU|website=www.worldoil.com|access-date=2019-06-28}}</ref>

==Politics==
{{Expand section|date=December 2025}}
Even when replacing coal power, the decision to build a new plant may be controversial.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-49960817|title=UK overrules block on Drax power station plans|last=Harrabin|first=Roger|date=2019-10-07|access-date=2019-10-20|language=en-GB}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[List of natural gas power stations]]
{{clear}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://globalenergymonitor.org/projects/global-gas-plant-tracker/ Global gas plant tracker] by [[Global Energy Monitor]]

{{World topic|prefix=List of natural gas power stations in|title=List of natural gas power stations by country|noredlinks=yes|state=expanded}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Natural gas-fired power stations| ]]
[[Category:Greenhouse gas emissions]]

Placid J. Podipara

2026-03-15T03:52:43Z

Sabari2398: New the info added tags

{{short description|Indian Syro-Malabar Catholic priest (1899–1985)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mar Podipara Ouseph Placid Malpan
| image =
| birth_name = Ouseph
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1899|10|3}}
| birth_place = [[Mannanam]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1985|4|27|1899|10|3}}
| death_place = [[Chethipuzha]], India
| resting_place = [[Chethipuzha]], India
| citizenship =
| known_for = Theology, writings
| education = Ph.D. in Theology, Canon Law and Philosophy
| notable works =
| occupation = Teacher, writer
| years_active =
| parents =
}}

Mar '''Podippara Ouseph Placid Malpan''', also known as '''Placidachan''' (3 October 1899 – 27 April 1985) was an Indian Syriac Catholic priest and scholar of the [[Saint Thomas Christians|St. Thomas Christian community]]. He was a scholar in East Syriac language and liturgy. A book published on the tenth anniversary of his death calls him one of the greatest [[ecclesiastical]] luminaries of the 20th century in [[India]].<ref name="pathi">{{cite book |last= Pathikulangara |first= Varghese|title= Placidachan, A Souvenir to commemorate the tenth death anniversary (April 27, 1995) of Very Rev.Prof.DDDr.Placid Joseph Podipara CMI |publisher= Denha Services, [[Kottayam]] |year= 1995 |isbn= 81-904135-7-0}}</ref> He was a member of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]] and was ordained a priest from the [[religious institute]] of the [[Carmelites of Mary Immaculate]] (C.M.I.). He was also a theologian, liturgist, orator, professor, ecumenist, and author.

He worked hard to remove the [[liturgical latinisation]] of the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church and played a significant part in the establishment of the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church]] in the [[Catholic Church]]. He wrote more than thirty seven books and numerous articles on [[Saint Thomas Christians]] in languages including English, Malayalam, German and Latin. He was a Member of the Pontifical commission for codifying Canon Law, [[Syriac Language]] examiner of [[Kerala University]], Consultant to the [[Congregation for the Oriental Churches]], Member of Pontifical commission for restoring the [[Holy Qurbana of Addai and Mari|Holy Qurbana]] of Syro Malabar Church, uniting Malankara Church to Catholic Church, Professor of [[Pontifical Oriental Institute]] and [[Pontifical Urbaniana University]], Rome, Consultant for preparing the agenda of [[Second Vatican Council]]. He had doctorates in [[Philosophy]], [[Theology]] and [[Canon Law]] which he acquired during his time in [[Rome]].<ref name="nsc">{{cite web|url=http://nasrani.net/2009/07/07/the-thomas-christians-by-placid-podipara/ |title=NSC NETWORK – 'The Thomas Christians' by Placid Podipara |publisher=Nasrani.net |date= 7 July 2009|accessdate=2012-08-25}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Placid was born Joseph (Kochauseppachan) into the Podipara family as the fifth and last child of Chacko and Rosamma in the village, [[Arpookara]], near [[Kottayam]] in the Southern [[India]]n state of [[Kerala]]. He lost his mother at the age of four and his father at the age of seven. He completed his schooling from St. Ephrem's High School, Mannanam which was run by Syrian Carmelite fathers (later [[Carmelites of Mary Immaculate|CMI]]). He entered the novitiate in 1918 and was given a new name, Placid of St. Joseph. Later he was sent to [[St. Joseph's Seminary, Mangalore]] run by the Italian [[Jesuit]]s, for his ecclesiastical studies where he did two years of philosophy and four years of theology. He was ordained priest on 3 December 1927 at Mangalore and celebrated his first [[Holy Qurbana]] in [[St. Joseph's Church, Mannanam|St. Joseph's Monastery chapel, Mannanam]]. As his superiors needed someone qualified to teach in the major seminary, he was sent to Rome for further studies. During his first stint in Rome, which lasted only two years, he acquired doctorates in the fields philosophy, theology and canon law.<ref name="nazrani">{{cite web|url=http://thenazrani.org/placidachan.htm |title=The truth will make you free |publisher=The Nazrani |date= |accessdate=2012-08-25}}</ref>

== Final years ==

He met with an accident in 1960 which left him with a limp until the end of his life. He returned from Rome in 1980 and continued his studies from Chethipuzha. Towards the last days he was bed-ridden due to partial paralysis which affected his power of speech. He died on 27 April 1985.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kuriancmi.blogspot.com/2009/07/fr.html|title=Fr. Placid Podipara: Portrait of an Unsung Hero}}</ref>

== Legacy ==

Father Placid's description of the St. Thomas Christians as "[[Hindu]] in Culture, [[Christianity|Christian]] in Religion and [[Oriental]] in Worship" continues to be quoted.

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Christianity in Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Podipara, Father Placid J}}
[[Category:Syro-Malabar priests]]
[[Category:Writers from Kottayam]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:1899 births]]
[[Category:1985 deaths]]

T. R. Omana

2026-03-14T06:12:06Z

Sabari2398: starting a details!

{{short description|Indian film actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = T. R. Omana
| image =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Alappuzha, Kerala
| occupation = [[Actor|Film actor]]
| parents = T R Gopala Pillai, P K Meenakshiamma
| years_active = 1950–present
}}

'''T. R. Omana''' is an Indian actress in [[Malayalam film]]s. She mainly acts in supporting roles and mother roles. She has acted in more than 500 films.

==Personal life==

T. R. Omana was born as eldest among five children to T R Gopala Pillai, Timber merchant and P K Meenakshiamma, a housewife in Alappuzha. She has four younger sisters Lalitha, Padmaja, Geetha and Lekha.<ref>{{cite web |title=ഏതു കാലത്തെയും ഓമനഭാവം ഈ അമ്മ |url=http://mathrubhuminews.in/ee/Programs/Episode/3384/ee-vazhitharayil-episode-45-t.r.-omana/M |publisher=mathrubhuminews.in |access-date=2 May 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> She had education till Intermediate (pre university degree) which she did at [[Sanatana Dharma College]], Alappuzha.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mangalam.com/news/detail/4/34334-mangalam-varika.html |title='ഈ ജീവിതം ഞാന്‍ ആസ്വദിക്കുന്നു' |website=www.mangalam.com |access-date=21 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210180516/http://www.mangalam.com/news/detail/4/34334-mangalam-varika.html |archive-date=10 December 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> She is a trained classical dancer. She is also a Kathakali artist and had given many stage performances. T R Omana never married.{{citation needed|date= December 2022}}

==Career==

Her family shifted to [[Chennai]] when her father had a big loss in business and to fulfill her dream of becoming actress. She made her debut with ''[[Nallathanka]]'', a Malayalam movie in 1950, as a child artist.{{citation needed|date= December 2022}} She continued to act in few movies as child artist. She was the heroine of movie ''Puthradharmam'' in 1954. She acted in mother role for the first time at the age of 23 in ''[[Veluthambi Dalawa (film)|Veluthambi Dalawa]]'' in 1954. In 1968, she acted in the first full-length comedy in Malayalam cinema ''[[Viruthan Shanku]]'' directed by [[P. Venu]]. She lent her voice to [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]] in almost all her movies in Malayalam. She has also dubbed for Lilly Chakravarthy, [[Waheeda Rehman]], [[Srividya]], [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]], [[Shubha (actress)|Shuba]] etc.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Lest-we-forget/article15940939.ece |title=Lest we forget |newspaper=The Hindu |date=18 December 2009 |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> Tamil movie industry ''Nadigar Sangam'' honored her with ''Venthirevani'' for her contributions to movie industry.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cinidiary.com/people.php?pigsection=Actor&picata=2&no_of_displayed_rows=38&no_of_rows_page=10&sletter= |title=CINIDIARY - A Complete Online Malayalam Cinema News Portal |website=cinidiary.com |access-date=5 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518055201/http://cinidiary.com/people.php?pigsection=Actor&picata=2&no_of_displayed_rows=38&no_of_rows_page=10&sletter= |archive-date=18 May 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Partial filmography==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= December 2022}}

===As an actress===
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
#Sarvopari Palakkaran (2017)
# Ente Priyapptta Muthuvinu (2000)
# Nishasurabhikal (2000)
# [[Megham]] (1999) as Ravivarma Thampuran's mother
# [[Friends (1999 film)|Friends]] (1999) as Padmini's grandmother
# Gloria Fernandes From U.S.A. (1998) as Ammachi
# Maasmaram (1997) as Darsan Das's mother
# Kannur (1997) as Sivankutty's mother
# Ishtadhaanam (1997) as Muthassi
# Sathyabhaamaykkoru Pranayalekhanam (1996) as Lakshmi
# Punnaaram (1995)
# Sargavasantham (1995) as Mariya
# Maanikyachempazhukka (1995)
# Vaardhakyapuraanam (1994) as Achamma
# Nandini Oppol (1994) as Sundari's mother
# Saubhaagyam (1993)
# Samooham (1993) as Rajalekshmi's mother
# Porutham (1993) as Bavaniyamma
# [[Kizhakkan Pathrose]] (1992)
# Maanthrikacheppu (1992)
# Raajashilpi (1992)
# [[Vietnam Colony]] (1992)
# Kavacham (1992)
# Karppooradeepam (1991) as Unni's mother
# Ente Sooryaputhrikku (1991)
# Adholokam (1988)
# Bheekaran(1988)
# Achuvettante Veedu (1987)
# Ellaavarkkum Nanmakal (1987)
# Ente Shabdam (1986) as Rajan's mother
#[[Ithramathram (1986 film)|Ithramathram]] (1986) as Shanthamma
# Choodaatha Pookkal (1985)
# [[Yathra]] (1985)
# Aattuvanchi Ulanjappol (1984) as Murali's mother
# Visa (1983) as Shareef's mother
# Bandham (1983) as Gopi' mother
# Anandham Ajantham (1983)
# [[Ente Mohangal Poovaninju]] (1982)
# [[Saravarsham]](1982) as Devakiyamma
# Ankachamayam (1982)
# Lahari (1982)
# Ponnum Poovum (1982) as Radha
# Priyasakhi Radhe (1982)
# Olangal (1982)
# [[Ammakkorumma]](1981)
# Dwanthayudham (1981)
# Pathirasooryan (1981) as Devakiyamma
# Muthuchippikal (1980) as Bhargaviyamma
# Aniyatha Valakal (1980) as Ganesh's mother
# Karipuranda Jeevithangal (1980)
# Ishtamaanu Pakshe (1980)
# Chandrahaasam (1980)
# [[Prakadanam]] (1980) as Preethi's mother
# Sikharangal (1979)
# Nithya Vasantham (1979)
# Manavadharmam (1979)
# Manushyan (1979)
# Pennorumbattal (1979)
# Vijayam Nammude Senani(1979)
# Valeduthavan Vaalal (1979)
# [[Allauddinum Albhutha Vilakkum]] (1979)
# College Beauty (1979)
# [[Indradhanussu]] (1979) as Janakiamma
# Vijayanum Veeranum (1979) as Aaya
# [[Sayoojyam]] (1979) as Madhavi
# [[Kanyaka (film)|Kanyaka]] (1978) as Bhavaniyamma
# Tharoo Oru Janmam Koodi (Thadavukaari) (1978)
# Kanalkattakal (1978) as Lakshmiyamma
# Kalpavriksham (1978) as Devakiyamma
#[[Karimpuli]] (1978)
# Aval Viswasthayaayirunnu (1978) as Johny's Mother
# Vilakkum Velichavum (1978)
# Snehathinte Mukhangal (1978) as Doctor
# [[Rathinirvedam (1978 film)|Rathinirvedam]] (1978)
# Priyadarshini (1978)
# Ashtamudikkayal (1978)
# Nithyavasantham (1978)
# Harshabashpam (1978) as Eliyama
# Pichipoo (1978)
# Theerangal (1978)
# Mattoru Karnan (1978)
# Hematharathri (1978)
# Mattoru Karnan (1978)
# Snehikkanoru Pennu (1978)
# Manoradham (1978)
# Gaandharvam (1978)
# [[Anugraham (1977 film)|Anugraham]] (1977) as Kamakshiyamma
# Samudram (1977) as Kamalamma
# Pallavi (1977)
# Muttathe Mulla (1977) as Lakshmiyamma
# Abhinivesham (1977) as Devaki
# Rathimanmadhan (1977)
# Akshayapaathram (1977)
# Sreemad Bhagavadgeetha (1977)
# [[Ormakal Marikkumo]] (1977) as Thankamani
# Aayiram Janmangal (1976) as Cheriyamma
# Anubhavam (1976)
# [[Mohiniyattam]] (1976) as Nalini
# Maanasaveena (1976)
# [[Swapnadanam]] (1976) as Gopi's mother
# Chirikkudukka (1976)
# Themmadi Velappan (1976) as Bhavaniyamma
# [[Manishada]] (1975) as Karthyayani
# Chief Guest (1975)
# Kottaaram Vilkkaanundu (1975)
# Sooryavamsham (1975)
# Kalyaanappanthal (1975)
# Love Letter (1975)
# Padmaraagam (1975)
#[[Chattambikkalyaani]] (1975) as Sethutty
# Ayodhya (1975)
# Alibabayum 41 Kallanmaarum (1975) as Naseema Begam
# Panchathanthram (1974) as Gayathri Thampuratti
# Night Duty (1974) as Devakiyamma
# Bhoogolam Thiriyunnu (1974) as Gouriyamma
# [[Thacholi Marumakan Chandu]] (1974) as Maakkam
# Ayalathe Sundari (1974) as Saraswathiyamma
# Arakkallan Mukkaalkkallan (1974) as Gouriyamma
# Chandrakaantham (1974) as Teacher
# Raajahamsam (1974) as Nanukuttans Mother
# Sapthaswarangal (1974) as Omanayamma
# Jeevikkan Marannu Poya Sthree (1974)
# Alakal (1974)
# Kaamini (1974) as Lakshmi
# Pattabhishekam (1974) as Devaki
# Maadhavikkutty (1973) as Kunjulakshmiyamma
# [[Soundarya Pooja]] (1973)
# [[Kaliyugam (1973 film)|Kaliyugam]] (1973) as Karthyayaniyamma
# [[Interview (1973 film)|Interview]] (1973) as Shankari
# [[Manushyaputhran]] (1973)
# [[Azhakulla Saleena]] (1973) as Chinnamma
# Udayam (1973) as Lakshmikutty
# Manassu (1973)
# Aphala (1973)
# [[Football Champion]] (1973) as Soudamini
# [[Thottavadi]] (1973) as Bhagiradhiyamma
# [[Nakhangal (1973 film)|Nakhangal]] (1973) as Pankiyamma
# [[Sasthram Jayichu Manushyan Thottu]] (1973) as Devakiyamma
# [[Bhadradeepam]] (1973) as Lakshmiyamma
# Maaya (1972) as Easwari
# Brahmachaari (1972)
# [[Akkarapacha]] (1972) as Mariya
# [[Miss Mary (1972 film)|Miss Mary]] (1972) as Gouri
# [[Naadan Premam]] (1972) as Paaru
# [[Ananthasayanam]] (1972)
# Mayilaadumkunnu (1972) as Rosamma
# [[Sneehadeepame Mizhi Thurakku]] (1972) as Mary Fernandez
# [[Ummachu (film)|Ummachu]] (1971)
# [[Thettu]] (1971) as Thankamma
# [[Puthen Veedu]] (1971)
# Sumangali (1971) as Lilly Simon
# [[Shiksha (film)|Shiksha]] (1971) as Thankamma
# [[Karakanakadal]] (1971) as Akku Chedathi
# [[Makane Ninakku Vendi]] (1971) as Eali
# [[Oru Penninte Katha]] (1971)
# Anaadha Shilpangal (1971) as Kamalamma
# Poompaatta (1971) as Devaki
# Vilaykku Vaangiya Veena (1971) as Nirmala Menon
# Vimochanasamaram (1971)
# [[Rathri Vandi]] (1971) as Lakshmiyamma
# Kochaniyathi (1971) as Kamalamma
# Ambalapraavu (1970) as Subhdara Thampuratti
# Mindaapennu (1970) as Dakshyayani
# Nilakkatha Chalanangal (1970)
# Nishaagandhi (1970)
# Ezhuthaatha Kadha (1970) as Mrs. Nair
# Aa Chithrashalabham Parannotte (1970)
# Naazhikakkallu (1970)
# Kuttavaali (1970) as Radhakrishnan's Mother
# [[Moodalmanju]](1970) as Madhaviyamma
# [[Nadhi (1969 film)|Nadhi]] (1969) as Mariya
# [[Virunnukari]] (1969) as Surendran's mother
# [[Veettu Mrugam]] (1969)
# [[Padicha Kallan]] (1969) as Bharathiyamma
# Kumarasambhavam (1969) as Avvayyar
# [[Janmabhoomi (1969 film)|Janmabhoomi]] (1969) as Mariya
# [[Velliyazhcha]] (1969) as Parvathiyamma
# [[Kannoor Deluxe]] (1969)
# Vilakkappetta Bandhangal (1969)
# Agnipareeksha (1968) as Shankari
# [[Padunna Puzha]] (1968) as Bhavaniyamma
# [[Velutha Kathreena]] (1968) as Dr. Sainabha
# Vidyaarthi (1968)
# Bhaaryamaar Sookshikkuka (1968) as Devaki Amma
# Vazhi Pizhacha Santhathi (1968)
# [[Viruthan Shanku]] (1968) as Kalyanikuttyamma
# [[Sahadharmini]] (1967)
# [[Madatharuvi (film)|Madatharuvi]] (1967)
# [[Pareeksha (1967 film)|Pareeksha]] (1967) as Bhageeradhi
# Mulkkireedam (1967)
# [[Sheelavathi]] (1967) as Anasooya
# [[Chithramela]] (1967)
# [[Agniputhri]] (1967) as Muthassi
# Postman (1967)
# Kudumbam (1967)
# Thalirukal (1967)
# [[Balyakalasakhi (1967 film)|Balyakalasakhi]] (1967)
# [[Ollathu Mathi]] (1967)
# Ashwamedham (1967) as Mohanan's Mother
# Jeevikkaan Anuvadikkoo (1967)
# Kadamattathachan (1966)
# Station Master (1966) as Pappadakkari
# [[Sthanarthi Saramma]] (1966) as Ealikutty
# Kallippennu (1966)
# Rowdy (1966) as Sreedeviyamma
# [[Kayamkulam Kochunni (1966 film)|Kayamkulam Kochunni]] (1966) as Ayyappan Nair's wife
# [[Porter Kunjali]] (1965) as Kunjipathumma
# [[Shyamala Chechi]] (1965) as Padmavathi
# Kochumon (1965) as Annamma
# [[Devaalayam]] (1964)
# [[Aadya Kiranangal]] (1964) as Pennukunju
# [[Anna (1964 film)|Anna]] (Old) (1964)
# [[Swargarajyam]] (1962)
# Puthiya Aaksham Puthiya Bhoomi (1962)
# [[Veluthambi Dalawa (film)|Veluthambi Dalawa]] (1962) as Rebecca
# [[Seeta (1960 film)|Seetha]] (1960) as Malini
# Naadodikal (1959)
# [[Newspaper Boy (1955 film)|Newspaper Boy]] (1955)
# Puthradharmam (1954) as Leela
# Manasaakshi (1954) as Sarala
# Sandehi (1954) as Sudha
# Ponkathir (1953)
# [[Sheriyo Thetto]] (1953)
#[[Lokaneethi]] (1953)
# Premalekha (1952)
# Rakthabandham (1951) as Kanchana
# Omana (1951)
# Chechi (1950)
# [[Sasidharan]] (1950)
# [[Nalla Thanka]] (1950)
{{div col end}}

===As a singer===
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* "Udayatharaka Pole" - Mattoru Seetha (1975)
* "Kamini Mouliyam" - Mattoru Seetha (1975)
* "Nin Padhangalil" - Nazhikakkallu (1970)
* "Pandoru Shlipi" - Hotel Highrange (1968)
{{div col end}}

===As a dubbing artist (Partial list)===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Character!! Dubbed for
|-
|1962 ||Shantinivas || ||
|-
|1964 ||[[Bhargavi Nilayam]] ||Bhargavi's mother ||Mala Shantha
|-
| 1966||[[Pakalkkinavu]] || Malathi||[[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]]
|-
| 1967||Karthika || Karthika||[[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]]
|-
| 1967||[[Udhyogastha]]|| Vimala||[[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]]
|-
| 1968||[[Thulabharam]] || Vijaya||[[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]]
|-
| 1968||[[Midumidukki]] ||Radha||[[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]]
|-
| 1968||[[Agni Pareeksha (1968 film)|Agni Pareeksha]] ||Hemalatha||[[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]]
|-
| 1969||[[Mooladhanam]] || Saradha||[[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]]
|-
| 1970||[[Thara (film)|Thara]] ||Vasanthi||[[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]]
|-
| 1970||[[Thriveni]] ||Thankamma||[[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]]
|-
| 1970||[[Mindapennu]] ||Kunjulakshmi||[[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]]
|-
| 1970||Crossbelt ||Ammu||[[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]]
|-
| 1970||Sthree ||Savithri||[[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]]
|-
| 1970||Priya ||||[[Lily Chakravarty]]
|-
|1971||[[Lora Neeyevide]]||Lora||[[Ushakumari]]
|-
|1972 ||[[Swayamvaram (1972 film)|Swayamvaram]] || Seetha||[[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]]
|-
| 1972||Thrisandhya ||Indu ||[[Waheeda Rehman]]
|-
| 1972||[[Manthrakodi]] || Valsala||[[Vijayasree]]
|-
|1972||[[Brahmachari (1972 film)|Brahmachari]]||Vasanthy||[[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]]
|-
|1972||[[Professor (1972 film)|Professor]]||Lakshmi||[[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]]
|-
|1972||[[Pushpanjali (1972 film)]]||Usha||[[Vijayasree]]
|-
| 1972||[[Maaya (1972 film)|Maaya]] ||Gomathy ||[[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]]
|-
| 1973||[[Thekkan Kattu]] ||Sosamma ||[[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]]
|-
| 1973||[[Chuzhi]] ||Elizabeth ||[[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]]
|-
| 1973||[[Poonthenaruvi]] ||Valsamma ||[[Nanditha Bose]]
|-
| 1975||[[Abhimaanam]] ||Indu ||[[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]]
|-
| 1975||[[Raagam]] ||Priyamvada||[[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]]
|-
| 1975||[[Chattambikkalyaani]] ||Kalyani||[[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]]
|-
|1976 ||[[Mohiniyaattam (film)|Mohiniyaattam]] ||Anasooya||[[Kanakadurga]]
|-
| 1976||[[Paalkkadal]] ||Sujatha||[[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]]
|-
| 1976||[[Amritavahini]] ||Geetha||[[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]]
|-
| 1977||[[Vishukkani]] ||Rajani ||[[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]]
|-
| 1978||[[Randu Lokam]] ||Santha||[[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]]
|-
| 1978||[[Adimakkachavadam]] ||Ponnamma ||[[Shubha (actress)|Shubha]]
|-
| 1978||[[Maattoly]] ||Malathy ||[[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]]
|-
| 1978||[[Mannu]] ||Paru ||[[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]]
|-
|1978 ||[[Etho Oru Swapnam]] ||Sathyavathi ||[[Kanakadurga]]
|-
|1978 ||[[Aaravam]] ||Kaveri ||[[Prameela]]
|-
|1978 ||[[Thamburatti]] ||Ragini Thampuratti ||[[Prameela]]
|-
|1978 ||[[Snehathinte Mukhangal]] ||Savithri ||[[Kanakadurga]]
|-
| 1980||[[Adhikaram]] ||Vimala ||[[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]]
|-
| 1980||[[Ivar]] ||Savithri/Margaret ||[[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]]
|-
| 1980||[[Thaliritta Kinakkal]] ||||Tanuja
|-
| 1982||[[Elippathayam]] ||Rajamma ||[[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]]
|-
| 1982||[[Ponmudy (film)|Ponmudy]] ||Madhavi ||[[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]]
|-
| 1982||[[Anguram]] || Malini ||[[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]]
|-
| 1983||[[Nizal Moodiya Nirangal]] || Shoshamma ||[[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]]
|-
|1987 ||[[Oru Minnaminunginte Nurunguvettam]] || Saraswathy amma tr||[[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]]
|-
| 1990||[[Innale]] || ||
|-
| 1991||Parallel College || ||
|}

==Television==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= December 2022}}
* Manasi ([[Doordarshan]])
* Snehaseema ([[Doordarshan]])
* Pennurimai ([[Doordarshan]])
* Kazhcha ([[Surya TV]])
* Nirmalayam ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])
* Ninavugalae Neengividu ([[DD Podhigai]])
* [[Chandanamazha]] ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]) as Mahathiyamma
* [[Deivam Thandha Veedu]] ([[Star Vijay]]) as Annapoorani -''[[Tamil language|Tamil]]''
* Rani Maharani (Reality Show)
* [[Kanmani (TV series)|Kanmani]] ([[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] [[Tamil language|Tamil]])

==Awards==
*Honour by Nadigar Sangam with "Venthirevani"
*Honour by Friends of Arts& Cultural Entertainments (FACE Dubai) - "Thriveni Sangamam" 2013
*Flowers TV Awards 2015- Life Time Achievement Award ( [[Chandanamazha]])
*Asianet Television awards 2016 - Life Time Achievement Award ( [[Chandanamazha]])
*Honour by Kerala State Film Awards 2019

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0648300}}
* [http://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=TR%20Omana&limit=163 T. R. Omana at MSI]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C2LQBrA5YpI ActressT R Omana in On Record 8 May May 2013 Part 1 ടി ആര്‍ ഓമന]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Omana, T. R.}}
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Alappuzha]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Indian voice actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian child actresses]]
[[Category:Child actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]

Shri Adinath Akhara

2026-03-13T12:20:02Z

Sabari2398:

{{short description|Hindu temple in India}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Shri Adinath Akhara
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type =
| map_caption =
| coordinates =
| country = India
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Buxar district|Buxar]]
| location = [[Buxar]] [[railway station]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Lord [[Shiva]]
| year_completed =
| architecture =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Shri Adinath Akhara''',<ref name="adinathakhara">{{cite web|url=http://www.adinathakhara.in/|title=श्री आदिनाथ अखाड़ा - श्री आदिनाथ अखाड़ा|publisher=adinathakhara.in|accessdate=2014-04-21}}</ref> is an ashram dedicated to [[Shiva]]. It is situated 1.5 km from the [[Buxar]] [[railway station]] at the confluence of the [[Ganga]] and Sone canals.

== Names ==
It is also known as Shri Nath Ashram, Charitravan (श्री आदिनाथ आश्रम, श्री नाथ आश्रम, चरित्रवन) or Shri Nath Baba Mandir (श्री नाथ बाबा मंदिर)

== History ==
Siddhashrm is a very ancient name of Charitravan. It is mentioned as a [[pilgrimage]] in ancient [[Hindu scripture]]s including Shrimad Valmiki Ramayana, [[Shiva Purana]], [[Vishnu Purana]], [[Narada Purana]] and [[Agni Purana]].{{citation needed|date=April 2016}}

Chaurasi (Eighty-four) Navnath Siddhas spent a term of penance there, as authenticated by disc-bearing statues excavated there.

Its re-emergence was initiated by Shri Adinath Peethadheeshwar Shri Trilokinathjee Maharaj (Shri Nath Baba jee) in 1964. A temple was constructed and in 1967 idols were installed and [[Yajna]] was conducted. Shri Adinath Akhara was formally inaugurated in Prayag Kumbh in 1977 by performing Maharudra Yajna.

== Features ==
Shri Adinath Akhara hosts [[Saivite]] benches such as Someshwaranath, Rameshwarnath, Gauri Shankar Mandir, Narmadeshwarnath, Brahmeshwarnath and Panchmukhi Shiv Mandir.

Since the reopening, the tradition of coming together, performing Yajna and Shahi snan at all Kumb locations viz Prayag, Haridwar, Nashik, and Ujjain are conducted continuously. Along with [[education]] and cultural services, Shri Aadinath Akhara promotes Vaidik Sanatan Dharma.

In the temple complex, Bhagwan Shri Adinath, Shri Narmadeshwar Mahadev, Shri Gauri Shankar, Shri Guru Gorakhnath, Shri [[Durga|Durga Jee]], Shri Navnath Chaurasi Siddha, Shri Seshnath, Shri Ganga jee, Shri Batuk Bhairvnath, Shri [[Hanuman|Hanuman Jee]] and Shri [[Surya]]dev on a [[chariot]] of seven horses are kept. [[Mahashivaratri]], [[Guru Purnima|Gurupurnima]] and Shravan monthly celebrations are held. Three other branches of the Sri Adinath Akhara have been established in Haridwar, Delhi and Nashik.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Bihar}}

[[Category:Shiva_temples_in_Bihar]]
[[Category:Ashramas]]

Ministry of Khar Land Development (Maharashtra)

2026-03-07T16:28:19Z

Sabari2398:

{{Short description|Maharashtra government ministry responsible for Khar Land Development}}
{{Infobox government agency
| native_name_a =
| type = ministry
| name = Ministry of Khar Land Development [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| native_name = '''मंत्रालय खार जमीन विकास विभाग, महाराष्ट्र शासन'''
| seal = File:Seal of Maharashtra.svg
| seal_width = 200
| seal_caption = [[Emblem of Maharashtra|Seal of the state of Maharashtra]]
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| picture = Mantralay of Mumbai, Administrative Headquarters 03.jpg
| picture_caption = Building of Administrative Headquarters of Mumbai
| picture_width =
| jurisdiction = {{flagicon|India}} [[Maharashtra]]
| headquarters = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai|Mantralay]], [[Mumbai]]
| minister1_name = '''[[Bharatshet Gogawale]]'''
| minister1_pfo = [[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinat Minister]]
| deputyminister1_name = '''Vacant, TBD'''
since 29 June 2022
| deputyminister1_pfo = [[Government of Maharashtra|Minister of State]]
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| website =
| formed =
| employees =
| budget =
| chief1_name = ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])
| chief1_position =
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| parent_department = [[Government of Maharashtra]]
}}

The '''Ministry of Khar Land Development''' is a Ministry of the [[Government of Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Objectives of Khar Land Development, Government of Maharashtra|url=https://Khar Land Development.maharashtra.gov.in/Sitemap/Khar Land Development/pdf/OBJECTIVE.pdf|url-status=}}{{dead link|date=September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Directorate of Economics and Statistics|url=https://mahades.maharashtra.gov.in/home.do?lang=|website=Khar Land Development Government of Maharashtra, India}}</ref>

The Ministry is headed by a [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet level]] Minister. '''[[Bharatshet Gogawale]]''' is Current Minister of Khar Land Development [[Government of Maharashtra]].

==Head office==
{{Infobox political post
| insignia = Seal of Maharashtra (1).svg
| insigniasize = 150px
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of India]]
| department = '''Ministry of Khar Land Development (Maharashtra)'''
| style = [[The Honourable]]
| post = {{big|Minister of Khar Land Development}} '''मंत्री खार जमीन विकास विभाग'''
|image= [[File:Bharat-gogavale.jpg|175px]]
| incumbent = [[Bharatshet Gogawale]]
| incumbentsince = 21 December 2024
| member_of = State Cabinet
| reports_to = '''[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]''', 
'''[[Maharashtra Legislature]]'''
| seat = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai]]
| appointer = '''[[Governor of Maharashtra|Governor]]''' on the advice of the '''[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]'''
| termlength = 5 years
| inaugural = '''D. S. Palaspagar''' 
(1960-1962)
| precursor =
* '''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]'''
(2024- 2024)
| deputy =
* '''Vacant, TBD'''
since 29 June 2022
| formation = 1 May 1960
| body =
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize = 110px
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| flagborder = yes
| website =
| abbreviation = Cabinet Minister
}}

==Cabinet Ministers==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="10"| Minister of Khar Land Development
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''B. G. Gadhe''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Jalna North Constituency No. 101]]- [[Jalna District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 May}} 1960
|{{small|07 March}} 1962
!{{ayd|1960|05|01|1962|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Yashwantrao Chavan ministry (Maharashtra)|'''Yashwantrao I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Yashwantrao Chavan 2010 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''D. S. Palaspagar''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 19 - [[Bhandara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 March}} 1962
|{{small|19 November}} 1962
!{{ayd|1962|03|08|1962|11|19}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Yashwantrao Chavan ministry|'''Yashwantrao II''']]
|-
|03
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Saoli Assembly constituency|Saoli Constituency No. 73]]- [[Chandrapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|20 November}} 1962
|{{small|24 November}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|20|1963|11|24}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Kannamwar ministry|'''Kannamwar l''']]
|[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]
|-
|04
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[P. K. Sawant|Parashuram Krishnaji Sawant]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun Constituency No. 265]]- [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Interim Chief Minister)
|{{small|25 November}} 1962
|{{small|04 December}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|25|1962|12|04}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[P. K. Sawant ministry|'''Sawant''']]
|[[P. K. Sawant|Parashuram Krishnaji Sawant]]
|-
|05
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Keshavraoji_Sonawane.png|75px]]
|'''[[Keshavrao Sonawane]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur Constituency No. 235]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|05 December}} 1963
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
!{{ayd|1963|12|05|1967|03|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao I''']]
|rowspan="6" |[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]] [[Vasantrao Naik]]
|-
|06
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[S. K. Wankhede|Sheshrao Krishnarao Wankhede]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Sawargoan Constituency No. 49]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
|{{small|27 October}} 1969
!{{ayd|1967|03|01|1969|10|27}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao II''']]
|-
|07
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[P. K. Sawant|Parashuram Krishnaji Sawant]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun Constituency No. 265]]- [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|27 October}} 1969
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
!{{ayd|1969|10|27|1972|03|13}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|08
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantrao Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
|{{small|04 April}} 1973
!{{ayd|1972|03|13|1973|04|14}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao III''']]
|-
|09
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Narendra Mahipati Tidke''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Savner Assembly constituency|Savner Constituency No. 49]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|04 April}} 1973
|{{small|17 Match}} 1974
!{{ayd|1973|04|04|1974|03|17}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|10
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantrao Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sangli Assembly constituency|Sangli Constituency No. 282]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|17 Match}} 1974
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
!{{ayd|1974|03|17|1975|02|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|11
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|80px]]
|'''[[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shrivardhan Assembly constituency|Shrivardhan Constituency No. 193]]- [[Raigad District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
|{{small|16 April}} 1977
!{{ayd|1975|02|21|1977|04|16}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao I''']]
|rowspan="1"| [[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|12
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Husain Dalwai]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Ratnagiri Khed Constituency No. 266]]- [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|17 April }} 1977
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
!{{ayd|1977|04|17|1979|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#88CEEB"|[[First Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|13
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress (U)}}"|
|[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantdada Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sangli Assembly constituency|Sangli Constituency No. 282]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
!{{ayd|1978|03|07|1978|07|18}}
|[[Indian National Congress (U)]]
| rowspan="1" bgcolor="#A3A3FF"|[[Second Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada II''']]
|-
|14
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Nihal Ahmed Maulavi Mohammed Usman]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Malegaon Central Assembly constituency|Malegaon Central Constituency No. 114]]- [[Nashik District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
|{{small|19 November}} 1979
!{{ayd|1978|07|18|1979|11|19}}
|[[Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#66FF66"| [[First Pawar ministry|'''Pawar I''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:The Union Minister for Agriculture and Food Processing Industries, Shri Sharad Pawar addressing at the launch of the Sahana Group’s New Marathi Channel “Jai Maharashtra”, in Mumbai on April 27, 2013 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|15
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|80px]]
|'''[[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shrivardhan Assembly constituency|Shrivardhan Constituency No. 193]]- [[Raigad District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|09 June}} 1980
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
!{{ayd|1980|06|09|1982|01|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Antulay ministry|'''Antulay''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]
|-
|16
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Shalini Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Koregaon Assembly constituency|Koregaon Constituency No. 257]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
|{{small|02 February}} 1983
!{{ayd|1982|01|21|1983|02|02}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Bhosale ministry|'''Bhosale''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Babasaheb Bhosale.png|75px]] [[Babasaheb Bhosale]]
|-
|17
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Shantaram Gholap''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Murbad Assembly constituency|Murbad Constituency No. 139]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 February}} 1983
|{{small|05 March}} 1985
!{{ayd|1983|02|07|1985|03|05}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada III''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|18
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Navapur Assembly constituency|Navapur Constituency No. 04]]- [[Nandurbar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|12 March}} 1985
|{{small|03 June}} 1985
!{{ayd|1985|03|12|1985|06|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada IV''']]
|-
|19
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Balachandra Bhai Sawant''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 09 - [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|03 June}} 1985
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
!{{ayd|1985|06|03|1986|03|12}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Nilangekar ministry|'''Nilangekar''']]
|rowspan="1"|[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]
|-
|20
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Sushilkumar Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Solapur City Central Assembly constituency|Solapur City Central Constituency No. 249]]- [[Solapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
!{{ayd|1986|03|12|1988|06|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1"bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao II''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|21
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Abhaysinh Raje Bhosale''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Satara Assembly constituency|Satara Constituency No. 262]]- [[Satara District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
|{{small|03 March}} 1990
!{{ayd|1988|06|26|1990|03|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Pawar ministry|'''Pawar II''']]
|rowspan="3" |[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|22
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[N. M. Kamble|Narendra Marutrao Kamble]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by Governor Nominated No. 10 - [[Mumbai City District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|03 March}} 1990
|{{small|25 January}} 1991
!{{ayd|1990|03|03|1991|01|25}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Pawar ministry|'''Pawar III''']]
|-
|23
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Jawaharlal Darda 2022 stamp of India cr.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Jawaharlal Darda]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 19 - [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|25 January}} 1991
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
!{{ayd|1991|01|25|1991|06|25}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|24
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Shankarrao Genuji Kolhe''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopargaon Assembly constituency|Kopargaon Constituency No. 219]]- [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
|{{small|26 December}} 1991
!{{ayd|1991|06|25|1991|12|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sudhakarrao Naik ministry|'''Sudhakarrao''']]
|rowspan="2" | [[Sudhakarrao Naik]]
|-
|25
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Chagan Bhujbal.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Chhagan Bhujbal]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Mazgaon constituency No. 210]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|26 December}} 1991
|{{small|22 February}} 1993
!{{ayd|1991|12|26|1993|02|22}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|26
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''Prabhakar Dharkar''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 16 - [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|06 March}} 1993
|{{small|18 November}} 1994
!{{ayd|1993|03|06|1994|11|18}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Pawar ministry|'''Pawar IV''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|27
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|
|'''[[Sudhir Joshi (politician)|Sudhir Joshi]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 21 - [[Mumbai City District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|14 March}} 1995
|{{small|01 February}} 1999
!{{ayd|1995|03|14|1999|02|01}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Manohar Joshi ministry|'''Joshi''']]
|rowspan="1" | [[File:Manohar Joshi cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Manohar Joshi]]
|-
|28
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|
|'''[[Sudhir Joshi (politician)|Sudhir Joshi]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 21 - [[Mumbai City District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 February}} 1999
|{{small|11 May}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|02|01|1999|05|11}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Narayan Rane ministry|'''Rane''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Narayan Rane (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Narayan Rane]]
|-
|29
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Gopinath Munde.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Gopinath Munde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Renapur Assembly constituency|Renapur Constituency No. 236]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Deputy Chief Minister)
|{{small|11 May}} 1999
|{{small|17 October}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|05|11|1999|10|17}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|30
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur City Constituency No. 235]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|19 October}} 1999
|{{small|27 October}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|10|19|1999|10|27}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|31
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Ranjeet Deshmukh.jpeg|80px]]
| '''[[Ranjeet Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 16 - [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|27 October}} 1999
|{{small|16 January}} 2003
!{{ayd|1999|10|27|2003|01|16}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|32
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''Vilasrao Balkrishna Patil''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Karad South Assembly constituency|Karad South Constituency No. 260]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|18 January}} 2003
|{{small|01 November}} 2004
!{{ayd|2003|01|11|2004|11|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sushilkumar Shinde ministry|'''Sushilkumar''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
|-
|33
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:R. R. Patil.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[R. R. Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Assembly constituency|Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Constituency No. 287]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Deputy Chief Minister)
|{{small|01 November}} 2004
|{{small|09 November}} 2004
!{{ayd|2004|11|01|2004|11|09}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh II''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|34
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Sunil Tatkare in 2014.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Sunil Tatkare]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shrivardhan Assembly constituency|Shrivardhan Constituency No. 193]]- [[Raigad District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|09 November}} 2004
|{{small|01 December}} 2008
!{{ayd|2004|11|09|2008|12|01}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
|35
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''[[Ravisheth Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pen Assembly constituency|Pen Constituency No. 191]]- [[Raigad District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 December}} 2008
|{{small|06 November}} 2009
!{{ayd|2008|12|08|2009|11|06}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok I''']]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg|80px]] [[Ashok Chavan]]
|-
|36
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Narayan Rane (cropped).jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Narayan Rane]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 03 - [[Sindhudurg District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 November}} 2009
|{{small|10 November}} 2010
!{{ayd|2009|11|07|2010|11|10}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1"bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok II''']]
|-
|37
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''[[Balasaheb Thorat]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sangamner Assembly constituency|Sangamner Constituency No. 217]]- [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|11 November}} 2010
|{{small|26 September}} 2014
!{{ayd|2010|11|11|2014|09|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Prithviraj Chavan ministry|'''Prithviraj''']]
|rowspan="1"| [[File:Prithviraj Chavan - India Economic Summit 2011.jpg|80px]] [[Prithviraj Chavan]]
|-
|38
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister)
|{{small|31 October}} 2014
|{{small|04 June}} 2016
!{{ayd|2014|10|31|2016|06|04}}
|rowspan="1"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[First Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis I''']]
|rowspan="3" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|39
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|
|'''[[Diwakar Raote]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 20 - [[Mumbai City District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|04 June}} 2016
|{{small|12 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2016|06|04|2019|11|12}}
|rowspan="1"|[[Shiv Sena]]
|-
|40
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|-
|41
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|[[File:Subhash Desai.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Subhash Desai]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 09 - [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|28|2019|12|30}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
|42
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vijay wadettiwar.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Vijay Namdevrao Wadettiwar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bramhapuri Assembly constituency|Bramhapuri Constituency No. 73]]- [[Chandrapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|29}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|43
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
| [[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2022|08|14}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
|44
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
|[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2022|07|14|2024|11|26}}
|[[Shiv Sena]] (Shinde Group)
|-
|46
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|05 December}} 2024
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
!{{ayd|2024|12|05|2024|12|21}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Third Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis III''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|47
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
|[[File:Bharat-gogavale.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Bharatshet Gogawale]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Mahad Assembly constituency|Mahad Constituency No. 194]]- [[Raigad District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
|''Incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|21}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|Shiv Sena]] (Shinde Group)
|-
|}

==Ministers of State ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Deputy Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Minister
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="11"| Deputy Minister of Khar Land Development
|-
!colspan="04"| ''''' Vacant'''''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|
|'''[[Abdul Sattar (Maharashtra politician)|Abdul Sattar Abdul Nabi]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sillod Assembly constituency|Sillod Constituency No. 104]]- [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar District]] Also Previously Known [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|27 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|27}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
| rowspan="2"|[[Vijay Namdevrao Wadettiwar]]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Aditi Tatkare]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shrivardhan Assembly constituency|Shrivardhan Constituency No. 193]]- [[Raigad District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} ''Additional_Charge''
|{{small|27 June}} 2022
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2022|06|27|2022|06|29}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
!colspan="04"| '''''Vacant'''''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2024|11|26}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|[[Eknath Shinde]]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
!colspan="04"| ''''' Vacant'''''
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
|''incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|21}}
|NA
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Third Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis III''']]
| rowspan="1"| [[Bharatshet Gogawale]] (2024 – Present)
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-

|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{State agencies of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Government of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Government ministries of Maharashtra]]

Bagyavathi

2026-03-04T04:59:00Z

Sabari2398: data - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Bagyavathi.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[L. V. Prasad]]
| writer = Ra. Ve
| producer = A. C. Pillai
| starring = [[Sivaji Ganesan]] [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]]
| cinematography = P. L. Roy
| editing = A. Sanjeevi
| music = [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi|S. Dakshinamurthi]]
| studio = Ravi Productions
| distributor = Subbu & Co.
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1957|12|27}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Bagyavathi''''' is a 1957 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[crime drama film]] directed by [[L. V. Prasad]] and written by Ra. Ve, starring [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] and [[M. N. Rajam]]. It was released on 27 December 1957.

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=June 2022}}
Somu, who is a criminal, marries Meena. Unable to expose Somu because of her love and devotion to him, she tries to transform him. In a separate storyline, Ravi, a six-year-old boy, learns that his father Suppanna is a criminal, and leaves his home. Suppanna also has a daughter, Bhama, who fails in her attempts to reform her father's ways. As a result, she kills herself.

== Cast ==

{{Col-begin|width=70%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Male cast<ref name="movie">{{Cite AV media |title=Bagyavathi |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Ravi Productions |year=1957 |time=0:19 to 0:40 |time-caption=Opening credits, from}}</ref>
* [[Sivaji Ganesan]] as Somu
* [[K. A. Thangavelu]] as Shankaran
* [[K. Sarangapani]] as Ramasami
* Boopathi Nandaram as Subbanna
* [[P. D. Sambandam]] as Saminathan
* Master Gopal as Ravi
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Female<ref name="movie" />
* [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] as Meena
* [[Ragini (actress)|Ragini]] as Suguna
* [[M. N. Rajam]] as Bama
* Lakshmi Prabha as Velammal
* K. N. Kamalam as Sooravalli
* K. Aranganayaki as Somu's mother
{{col-end}}
;Supporting cast<ref name="movie" />
* C. P. Kittan, V. P. S. Mani, Basupathi, V. T. Kalyanam, Santhanam, Ponnusami, Kunjitham Pillai, Jayasakthivel, G. V. Sharma, Shankaramoorthi, Therur Murugan, Kannan, Late Balaraman, Nanjilseth, Subbaraman, Rathnam, Sami & Party, P. R. Chandra, Seethalakshmi, and Kaurava Nathakar Sivasooryan.

== Production ==
A.C. Pillai, who was a small-time bank clerk-turned-film producer, made this film. It was written by Ra. Venkatachalam under the abbreviated "Ra. Ve". P. L. Rai was the cinematographer and the audiography was handled by A. Krishnan. The film was produced at [[Vijaya Vauhini Studios]].<ref name="hindu">{{Cite web |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=28 November 2015 |title=Bhagyavathi (1957) |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tamil-film-bhagyavathi-1957/article7927411.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404005049/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tamil-film-bhagyavathi-1957/article7927411.ece |archive-date=4 April 2017 |access-date=4 April 2017 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi|S. Dakshinamurthi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam — Part 1 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |year=2014 |edition=1st |location=Chennai |pages=128 |language=Tamil}}</ref> The song "Kannale Vettadhe" was well received.<ref name="hindu" />

{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Vennilavin Oli Thanile" || [[A. M. Rajah]], [[T. V. Rathnam]] & [[S. C. Krishnan]] || Subbu Arumugam || 05:15
|-
| "Pombalainga Therinju Kollanum" || S. C. Krishnan || rowspan=7|[[A. Maruthakasi]]|| 03:08
|-
| "Ellorum Unnai Nallavan Endre" || rowspan=2|[[R. Balasaraswathi Devi]] || 03:27
|-
| "Dhinasari En Vaazhvil Thirunaale" || 01:30
|-
| "Vaazhvedhu Nal Vaazhvedhu" || [[C. S. Jayaraman]] || 03:31
|-
| "Kannale Vettadhe Summaa Kannale Vettadhe" || S. C. Krishnan & T. V. Rathnam || 03:19
|-
| "Arumbu Malarndhu Asaindhu Aadum" || Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi || 02:59
|-
| "Asai Kiliye Azhagu Chilaiye" || [[P. Leela]] || 03:16
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Bagyavathi'' was released on 27 December 1957. The film was distributed by Subbu & Co in Madras.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 December 1957 |title=Bagyavathi |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19571227&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=20 October 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Film historian [[Randor Guy]] noted, "In spite of the stellar cast, interesting storyline and fine direction, the film did not do well".<ref name="hindu" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{L. V. Prasad}}

[[Category:1957 Indian films]]
[[Category:1957 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1957 crime drama films]]
[[Category:1957 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by L. V. Prasad]]
[[Category:Films scored by Susarla Dakshinamurthi]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language crime drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Kadathanadan Ambadi

2026-03-03T21:24:25Z

Sabari2398: slightly rework formatting after review and fixed typos

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kadathanadan Ambadi
| image = Kadathanadan Ambadi.jpg
| director = [[Priyadarshan]]
| producer = Sajan Vargeese
| screenplay = [[Cochin Haneefa]] [[P. K. Sarangapani]] (Dialogues)
| starring = [[Mohanlal]] [[Prem Nazir]] [[Cochin Haneefa]]
| music = '''Songs''' [[K. Raghavan]] '''Score''' [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]]
| cinematography = [[S. Kumar (cinematographer)|S. Kumar]]
| editing = N. Gopalakrishnan
| studio = Saj Vision
| distributor = Saj Productions
| released = {{Film date|1990|04|14|df=yes}}
| runtime = 149 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Kadathanadan Ambadi''''' is a 1990 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[sword and sorcery film]] directed by [[Priyadarshan]] and written by [[Cochin Haneefa]]. It is a sequel to the 1964 film ''[[Thacholi Othenan (film)|Thacholi Othenan]]'' and the 1970 film ''[[Othenente Makan]]''. The film stars [[Mohanlal]] in the title role, along with [[Prem Nazir]], [[Swapna (actress)|Swapna]], and [[Raadhu (actress)|Raadhu]]. A few shots from ''Thacholi Othenan'' were shown in this film. ''Kadathanadan Ambadi'' was released after the death of Prem Nazir.<ref name="eastcoastdaily">{{cite news|title=Kadathanadan Ambadi|url=http://www.eastcoastdaily.com/movie/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D-%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF-%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2/|newspaper=East Coast Daily}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=2377|title=Kadathanadan Ambadi Film Details|publisher=malayalachalachithram|access-date=22 August 2014}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The movie is based on Kerala's traditional Vadakkanpattu (The Northern Ballad Folklore). The fictional story is about Kadathanadan Ambadi who wants to avenge his father - [[Thacholi Othenan|Thacholi Manikoth Othenan Kuruppu]]'s death and retrieve the sacred sword Bhadravaal and Sacred Thread, which were missing since the death of Thacholi Othenan.

Kadathanadan Ambadi, along with his Mentor-Martial arts Guru sets out investigating the mysterious disappearance of the sword. They suspect a Muslim Manager of their household who went missing since that day. While searching, they reached a kingdom, whose ruler was a mysterious Black Magician called Kowliya. The Magician Ruler Kowliya used to send his eagle to search for each's day beautiful lady, to be sacrificed each day for strengthening the King. In that process, the eagle settled on a house whose lady's marriage was fixed on that day. The soldiers dragged the girl and brought her to the sacrifice pit, only to be saved by Ambadi, who killed the King.

It was later found that, the girl and her brother were sons of .{{clarify|date=April 2016}} Moyideen narrates the story, who within the Thacholi family plotted to stage a coup and get hold of the sword, making the thief later sold as a slave to Tulunad's King. The King also holds the key to a secret magical cave where the sword is kept. Ambadi sets out to Tulunadu, where he lures the princess and gets to know the whereabouts of the key. Ambadi fights against the King and his soldiers and grabs the key from his necklace and proceeds to the Magical Cave with his Guru, Payyappilly Chanthu. He had to fight against the Demoness who guards the sword as well as a Water Demoness.

After getting back the Sacred Sword - "Bhadravaal", he returns to Kadathanadu with his Guru, Payyappilly Chanthu. But they were not aware of the fact that his father's sister - Unichala, her two children and Moosakkuutti were captured by Kathiroor Chandrappan. Payyappilly Chanthu's daughter Kunjilakshmi feels betrayed as she knew that Ambadi was not alone, but with a Princess.

== Cast ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[Mohanlal]] as Kadathanadan Ambadi
*[[Prem Nazir]] as Payyampally Chanthu Gurukkal
*[[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]] as Thacholi Othenan (Ambadi's father) (Thacholi Othenan film scenes shows at the flashback story)
*[[Swapna (actress)|Swapna]] as Sreedevi Thamburatti
*[[Raadhu (actress)|Raadhu]] as Kunjulakshmi, Chanthu Gurukkal's daughter
*[[Sreenivasan]] as Moosakkutty
*[[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]] as Unnichala's Son
*[[Maniyanpilla Raju]] as Kandasseri
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Karkodakan
*[[Jagadish]] as Brahmin
*[[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]] as Kunki, Ambadi's mother
*[[Sukumari]] as Unnichala
*[[Captain Raju]] as Kowliya Maharajah
*[[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] as Koma Kurup
*[[Cochin Haneefa]] as Kathiroor Chandrappan
*[[Santhosh (actor)|Santhosh]] as Thambikkutti, Chanthu Gurukkal's Son
*[[Kunjandi]] as Kandacheri Chappan
*Jayashankar as Thulanadan Kelu
*[[Priya (actress)|Priya]] as Unnichala's daughter
*[[Kunchan (actor)|Kunchan]] as Chanthu Gurukkal's sidekick
*[[Paravoor Bharathan]] as Unni Kurup
*[[Jose Prakash]] as Chandrappan's Uncle
*[[K. P. A. C. Sunny]] as Chandrappan's Brother
* [[C. I. Paul]] as Chandrappan's Brother
*[[Poojappura Ravi]] as Naduvazhi
*[[Sulakshana (actress)|Sulakshana]] as Ayisha, Moosakkutty's sister
*[[Disco Shanthi]] as Nagayakshi, the demoness who fights with Ambadi in the cave
*[[Kothuku Nanappan]] as Beeran, Moosakkutty's father
{{colend}}
Malayalam actor [[Shammi Thilakan]] dubbed for 20 characters, including the late Prem Nazir.

==High Court order==
Negative rights were controlled by the [[Kerala High Court]], [[Navodaya Studio|Navodaya]] release, completed and released through Navodaya by the Kerala High Court order CRL.M.C.49 & 63 April 5/88 by the Honourable Mr. Justice Chettur Sankaran Nair and the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] judgement of 15, February 1989, SLP (CRL) 1127-28/88 & 1148-49/88 in the division bench of Honourable chief justice R. S. Pathak and Honourable S. Natarajan supervised by the Honourable court's commissioners Adv. Siby Mathew & Adv. Koshy George.<ref name="eastcoastdaily"/><ref>{{cite journal|title=News - Kadathanadan Ambadi to release|journal=[[Mathrubhumi]]|date=1 April 1990}}</ref>

==Snippets==
The film was originally produced by Sajan Varghese for Saj Productions.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Nanaji|title=ചിത്രലോകം - ഗവണ്മെന്റിന്റെ അടിയന്തിര ശ്രദ്ധയ്ക്ക്|url=http://oi53.tinypic.com/1z1tg0x.jpg|access-date=25 November 2017|publisher=Nana Film Weekly (pages)|date=August 1986|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201030630/http://oi53.tinypic.com/1z1tg0x.jpg|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=നാനാജി|title=ചിത്രലോകം - ഗവണ്മെന്റിന്റെ അടിയന്തിര ശ്രദ്ധയ്ക്ക്|url=http://oi52.tinypic.com/348plwj.jpg|access-date=25 November 2017|publisher=Nana Film Weekly|date=August 1986|archive-date=31 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031091220/http://oi52.tinypic.com/348plwj.jpg|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was the head of Oriental Finance and Exchange Company<ref>{{cite news|last1=Pillai|first1=Sreedhar|title=Oriental Finance: Smooth scam|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/economy/story/19870531-closure-of-oriental-finance-and-exchange-company-shocks-keralas-depositors-798918-1987-05-30|access-date=25 November 2017|publisher=[[India Today]]|date=31 May 1987}}</ref> and when the company faced loss, the respected Kerala High Court ordered to release the film and pay back the amount to depositors from the film's collections. The Court ordered [[Navodaya Studio|Navodaya productions]] to take care of the release and give report to the Court. Kunjandi reprices his role Kandacheri Chappan from the 1964 movie Thacholi Othenan. Malayalam actor Shammi Thilakan dubbed for 20 characters, including the late Prem Nazir.<ref name="eastcoastdaily"/>

==Reception==
The film collected a, then record of Rs.35 lakhs gross in the first week itself. In 1990, Director Priyadarshan canned a fight scene between Mohanlal and [[Disco Shanti]] in a cave, was much appreciated for its technical brilliance.<ref name="m3db">{{cite news|title=കടത്തനാടൻ അമ്പാടി|url=https://www.m3db.com/film/348 |newspaper=m3db}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0278525}}
* [https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?5021 Malayalasangeetham]

{{Priyadarshan}}

[[Category:1990 films]]
[[Category:1990 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. Raghavan]]
[[Category:Indian martial arts films]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:Sword and sorcery films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kannur]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thalassery]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Films shot in Palakkad]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ottapalam]]
[[Category:Malayalam films in series|Othenan3]]
[[Category:Films directed by Priyadarshan]]

Champa Sharma

2026-01-31T09:23:31Z

Sabari2398: new!

{{Short description|Dogri author}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{COI|date=February 2018}}

'''Prof. Champa Sharma''' is a noted [[Dogri language|Dogri]] author<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/women-writers-of-jammu/|title=Women Writers of Jammu|date=2014-03-16|work=Jammu Kashmir Latest News {{!}} Tourism {{!}} Breaking News J&K|access-date=2017-08-30|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dogri.org/author/champa-sharma/|title=Champa Sharma, Author at Dogri & Dogras|website=Dogri & Dogras|language=en-US|access-date=2017-08-28|archive-date=28 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828192314/http://dogri.org/author/champa-sharma/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and poet known for her contributions to the promotion and preservation of Dogri language in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] as well as other Dogri speaking regions of [[Himachal Pradesh]].

== Early life and education ==
Prof. Champa Sharma was born in Daghore, [[Samba district|Samba District]] of Jammu and Kashmir in a Brahmin family. She has graduated in B.Ed. in 1962, M.A ([[Sanskrit]]) in 1964 and Ph.D (Sanskrit) in 1975 from [[University of Jammu]]. She has also graduated with M.A in Dogri language (Shiromani) in 1977. After teaching at a private college (Republic Academy) and later as an ad-hoc lecturer in Sanskrit at Government Women's College, Gandhi Nagar in 1969 in the initial part of her career, she taught at the Post Graduate Department of Sanskrit at University of Jammu in 1975 for a period of 5 years before joining Dogri Research Centre as a Senior Fellow and Director. While being associated with the Dogri Research Centre, Prof. Champa Sharma worked on securing a full-fledged Post Graduate Department status for Dogri language at University of Jammu and was appointed in 1983 as the first Head of Department of Dogri at University of Jammu.

== Literary career ==
Prof. Champa Sharma has authored 18 original works along with several translation works from languages ranging from [[Sanskrit]] to English and [[Hindi]] into Dogri.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/sahitya-akademi-jkaacl-organize-meet-the-author-programme/|title=Sahitya Akademi, JKAACL organize 'Meet the Author' programme|date=2017-01-17|work=Jammu Kashmir Latest News {{!}} Tourism {{!}} Breaking News J&K|access-date=2017-08-28|language=en-US}}</ref> Many of her works have been translated into other languages namely English, Hindi, [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Santali language|Santali]], [[Meitei language|Manipuri]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] and [[Thai language|Thai]].

=== Original works ===

# Dogri Kavya Charcha (1969)
# Ik Jhaank (1976) - (essays on folk literature)
# Duggar Dharti (1979) - (poetry)
# Duggar Da Lok-Jivan (1985) - (folk-lore)
# Anuvad Vigyan (Co-author) (1985)
# Gurhe Dhundhle Chehare (1988) - (literary sketches in prose)
# Kavya Shastra Te Dogri Kavya Sameeksha (1988) - (literary criticism)
# Raghunath Singh Samyal (Monograph in Hindi)
# Je Jeende Ji Surag Dikhana (1991) - (Dogri songs)
# Jammu Ke Pramukh Parv-Teohar Aur Mele
# Saak Sunna Preet Pittal (1996) - (short stories)
# Shodh Prabandh
# Nihaalap (2002) - (Dogri ghazals)
# Cheten Di Rohl (2004) - (long Dogri poems)
# Gadeerna (2007) - (Dogri poetry)
# Prof. [[Ved Kumari Ghai]] (2011) (Monograph in Dogri)
# Saanjh Bhyal - (Dogri poetry)
# Soch Sadhana - (prose - analytical articles on literature)

=== Translations ===

# From Sanskrit into Dorgi: "[[Kathasaritsagara|Katha Saritsagar]]" of Somdatt of [[Kashmir Valley|Kashmir]], Part-3 published by [[Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages]]
# From English into Dogri: "Duaari Kabootaren Di", novel named "The Flight of the Pigeons" written by [[Ruskin Bond]], published by [[Sahitya Akademi]], New Delhi.
# From Hindi into Dogri: Ram Krishna Vachnamritsaar (in press)
# From English into Dogri: "Swami Vivekanand Hundi Saral Jeevan Yatra te Unde Updesh", originally titled "Simple life of [[Swami Vivekananda]] and his teachings"
# From Sanskrit into Dogri: Commentary of Acharya Mummat's "Kavyaprakash" completed under major research project of [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (to be published)
# From English into Dogri: "[[The Monk Who Sold His Ferrari]]" by [[Robin Sharma]], published by [[Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages]] with the title in Dogri "Sanyasi Jinn Apni Ferrari Bechi Ditti"

=== Books compiled and edited ===

# Ajkani Dogri Kavita Part 2 published by Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi
# Life & Works of Krishan Smailpuri published by Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages
# Hirkhi Tandaan published by Dogri Sanstha, Jammu
# Bhasha Vigyan Te Dogri
# Dogri Bal Geet published by [[Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages]] in collaboration with [[Central Institute of Indian Languages|CIIL]], Mysore
# Dogri Shodh - Vol. I, II, III, IV, V
# Hindi - Dogri and Dogri - Hindi Dictionary of Synonyms (to be published)

== Awards and recognitions ==
She was awarded the [[Sahitya Akademi Award|Sahitya Akademi award]] by [[Sahitya Akademi]], New Delhi for her original poetry work, "Cheten Di Rhol" in 2008. Other awards and recognitions include:
# Diwanini Vidyawati Dogra Award, 1992
# [[Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad|Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed]] Memorial Award, 1996
# Dogri Sanstha Golden Jubilee Samman, 1995
# Jammu and Kashmir Accession Golden Jubilee Award, 1997
# NSS Award, 1995
# Dogri Sahitya Rattan Award, 2000
# Rashtriya Hindi Sevi Sahasrabdi Samman (Gold Medal & Certificate), 2000
# Plaque of Honour by [[Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages]], 2001
# Sadiq Memorial Award, 2008
# Award of Honour by Post Graduate Department of Punjabi, University of Jammu, 2002
# Kali Veer Memorial Trust Award, 2004
# [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] State Award,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jkgad.nic.in/leftMenu/recipients_of_various_awards.aspx|title=General Administration Department, Government of Jammu & Kashmir|website=jkgad.nic.in|access-date=2017-08-30}}</ref> 2006<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://m.greaterkashmir.com/news/news/50-given-state-awards/11211.html|title=J&K State Award, 2006}}</ref>
# Dogra Rattan Award, 2006
# Lifetime Achievement Award, Dogri Sanstha, 2012
# Lifetime Achievement Award, MIER, Jammu
Prof. Champa Sharma has recently translated the best selling English book, [[The Monk Who Sold His Ferrari]] written by [[Robin Sharma]] in Dogri language. A book review of her Dogri translated work was published in the English daily newspaper published out of Jammu, [[Daily Excelsior|The Daily Excelsior]], authored by Sh. O.P Sharma on 21 August 2016<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/bestseller-book-with-tips-for-vibrant-living|title=Bestseller book with tips for vibrant living|date=2016-08-21|work=Jammu Kashmir Latest News {{!}} Tourism {{!}} Breaking News J&K|access-date=2017-08-28|language=en-US}}</ref>

Prof. Champa Sharma was nominated in August 2017 to be the Dogri representative on the Central Committee of [[Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages|Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Arts, Culture and Languages]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kashmirtimes.in/newsdet.aspx?q=60865|title=Prof Champa Sharma to represent Dogri on JKAACL panel - Kashmir Times|website=www.kashmirtimes.in|access-date=2017-08-28}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Champa}}
[[Category:Dogri-language writers]]
[[Category:Indian women poets]]
[[Category:Dogra]]
[[Category:Dogra people]]
[[Category:Translators from Sanskrit]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women writers from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Sahitya Akademi Award–winning works]]
[[Category:People from Jammu (city)]]
[[Category:Women educators from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Educators from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:University of Jammu alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Jammu]]
[[Category:Translators to Hindi]]
[[Category:Translators from Hindi]]

Bigg Boss Marathi season 3

2026-01-29T17:21:13Z

Sabari2398: new - done

{{Short description|Indian Marathi reality show}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox television season
| season_number = 3
| image = Bigg Boss Marathi 3 logo.jpg
| image_size = 300
| bgcolor = #48D1CC
| caption =
| num_episodes = 99
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[Mahesh Manjrekar]]
| num_days = 98
| num_housemates = 17
| winner = [[Vishal Nikam]]
| runner_up = Jay Dudhane
}}
| network = [[Colors Marathi]] [[Voot|Voot Select]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2021|09|19|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2021|12|26|df=y}}
| episode_list =
}}

'''''Bigg Boss Marathi 3''''' is the third season of the [[Bigg Boss Marathi|Marathi version]] of the [[reality television]] show ''[[Bigg Boss]]'' broadcast in India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Exclusive- Bigg Boss Marathi 3: Weekend Cha Daav is now 'Weekend Chi Chavadi'; details inside|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/exclusive-bigg-boss-marathi-3-weekend-cha-daav-is-now-weekend-chi-chavadi-details-inside/articleshow/86227609.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=15 September 2021 |access-date=2021-09-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3 to unlock high dose of entertainment soon; watch the new teaser|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-releases-new-teaser-watch-here/articleshow/85654737.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 August 2021 |access-date=2021-08-26}}</ref> The grand premiere was held on 19 September 2021 on [[Colors Marathi]] and [[Voot]] with [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] as the host for the third time.<ref>{{Cite web|title=It's official! Mahesh Manjrekar to host the third season of Bigg Boss Marathi|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/its-official-mahesh-manjrekar-announces-the-third-season-of-bigg-boss-marathi-3/articleshow/83708457.cms|access-date=2021-08-26|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 June 2021 |archive-date=2021-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210703151918/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/its-official-mahesh-manjrekar-announces-the-third-season-of-bigg-boss-marathi-3/articleshow/83708457.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3 to have grand launch on 19 September; Mahesh Manjrekar to host the show post-cancer recovery|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-to-have-grand-launch-on-19-september-mahesh-manjrekar-to-host-the-show-post-cancer-recovery/articleshow/85659184.cms|access-date=2021-08-26|website=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=2021-08-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826153536/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-to-have-grand-launch-on-19-september-mahesh-manjrekar-to-host-the-show-post-cancer-recovery/articleshow/85659184.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The Grand Finale was held on 26 December 2021 where [[Vishal Nikam]] became the winner and Jay Dudhane became the runner-up.

==Production==
=== Delay ===
The show was expected to launch from May 2020, but due to [[COVID-19 pandemic]] in Maharashtra the show was delayed for a year and postponed to 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Exclusive: Bigg Boss Marathi season 3 to premiere in 2021|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/exclusive-bigg-boss-marathi-season-3-to-premiere-in-2021/articleshow/79386147.cms|access-date=2021-06-22|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 November 2020 |archive-date=2021-05-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210530223529/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/exclusive-bigg-boss-marathi-season-3-to-premiere-in-2021/articleshow/79386147.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Eye logo ===
The border of the eye is golden with a medium turquoise background. Electric lines come from the background of the eye. A golden pipe-like stem joined the eye border to the big center iris.

=== Teaser ===
On 21 June 2021, the makers had officially launched the season 3 promo on [[Colors Marathi]]. Actor-filmmaker [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] confirmed his return to host the show.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3 to finally launch soon; watch the first teaser|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-to-finally-launch-soon-watch-the-first-teaser/articleshow/83708224.cms|access-date=2021-06-21|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 June 2021 |archive-date=2021-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621181913/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-to-finally-launch-soon-watch-the-first-teaser/articleshow/83708224.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3 to have grand launch on 19 September; Mahesh Manjrekar to host the show post-cancer recovery|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-to-have-grand-launch-on-19-september-mahesh-manjrekar-to-host-the-show-post-cancer-recovery/articleshow/85659184.cms|access-date=2021-08-26|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== House ===
For the third season of [[Bigg Boss Marathi]], the house has been given maximum Maharashtrian traditional touch. They gave Maharashtrian elements on every wall of the house. Wood is used in the house and green and red colors are used more.<ref>{{Cite web|title='बिग बॉस'चे नवे घर पाहिलेत का? पाहा, एक झलक आणि यंदाची खास वैशिष्ट्ये|url=https://www.lokmat.com/photos/entertainment/bigg-boss-marathi-3-special-things-and-some-pics-bigg-boss-marathi-season-3-house-a719/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-18|website=[[Lokmat]]|date=18 September 2021|language=mr|archive-date=2021-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918035734/https://www.lokmat.com/photos/entertainment/bigg-boss-marathi-3-special-things-and-some-pics-bigg-boss-marathi-season-3-house-a719/}}</ref>

=== Special episode ===
* 19 September 2021 (4 hours)
* 15 October 2021 (2 hours)

== Housemates status ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
! scope="col" style="background: #48D1CC;color:black"| Sr no.
! scope="col" style="background: #48D1CC;color:black"|Housemate
! scope="col" style="background:#48D1CC;color: black"|Day entered
! scope="col" style="background: #48D1CC;color:black"|Day exited
! scope="col" style="background: #48D1CC;color:black"|Status
|-
| 1
| Vishal
| Day 1
| Day 98
| {{won|Winner}}
|-
| 2
| Jay
| Day 1
| Day 98
| {{runner-up|1st Runner-up}}
|-
| 3
| Vikas
| Day 1
| Day 98
| style="background:#7FFFD4;" | {{nowrap|2nd Runner-up}}
|-
| 4
| Utkarsh
| Day 1
| Day 98
| style="background:#DDA0DD;" |{{nowrap|3rd Runner-up}}
|-
| 5
| Meenal
| Day 1
| Day 98
| style="background:#FF69B4;" |{{nowrap|4th Runner-up}}
|-
|6
|Mira
|Day 1
|Day 95
| {{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|7
| Sonali
| Day 1
| Day 91
| {{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|8
| Gayatri
| Day 1
| Day 84
| {{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|9
| Sneha
| Day 1
| Day 70
| {{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|10
| Santosh
| Day 1
| Day 63
| {{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|11
| Neetha
| Day 42
| Day 56
| {{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|12
| Trupti
| Day 1
| Day 49
| {{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|13
| Avishkar
| Day 1
| Day 42
| {{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|14
| Adish
| Day 20
| Day 35
| {{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|15
| Surekha
| Day 1
| Day 28
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|16
| Akshay
| Day 1
| Day 21
| {{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|17
| Shivlila
| Day 1
| Day 13
| {{Quit|Walked}}
|}

== Housemates ==
=== Original entrants ===
The participants in the order of appearance and entry in house are:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3 Grand Premiere highlights: Host Mahesh Manjrekar locks 15 contestants inside the BB house|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-grand-premiere-live-updates-and-contestants-list-season-3-to-launch-shortly/liveblog/86340318.cms|access-date=2021-09-19|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 September 2021 |archive-date=2021-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920022521/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-grand-premiere-live-updates-and-contestants-list-season-3-to-launch-shortly/liveblog/86340318.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Sonali Patil - Television actress and model. Known for playing the lead role in ''Vaiju No.1'' and Aarya Deshmukh in ''[[Devmanus]]''. She made her debut in [[Sony Marathi]]'s ''Julta Julta Jultay Ki''. Before starting career as an actress she was a professor in renowned college.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3 contestant Sonali Patil: From starting her career as a lecturer to entering in the Marathi industry, all you should know about the actress|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-contestant-sonali-patil-from-starting-her-career-as-a-lecturer-to-entering-in-the-marathi-industry-all-you-should-know-about-the-actress/articleshow/86343822.cms|access-date=2021-09-19|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 September 2021 |archive-date=2021-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920043553/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-contestant-sonali-patil-from-starting-her-career-as-a-lecturer-to-entering-in-the-marathi-industry-all-you-should-know-about-the-actress/articleshow/86343822.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Vishal Nikam]] - Television actor and model. Known for playing lead role in ''Dakkhancha Raja Jotiba'' and ''Sata Jalmachya Gathi''. Currently, he was seen in ''Jay Bhawani Jay Shivaji'' as Shiva Kashid.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3 contestant Vishal Nikam: From fitness trainer to a popular TV actor, know everything about the actor|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-contestant-vishal-nikam-from-fitness-trainer-to-a-popular-tv-actor-know-everything-about-the-actor/articleshow/86343923.cms|access-date=2021-09-19|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 September 2021 |archive-date=2021-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920043607/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-contestant-vishal-nikam-from-fitness-trainer-to-a-popular-tv-actor-know-everything-about-the-actor/articleshow/86343923.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Sneha Wagh]] - Television actress. She made her debut with Marathi serial ''Kaata Rute Kunala'' where she played the role of Chandana. Known for playing the role of Jyoti in Imagine TV's ''[[Jyoti (TV series)|Jyoti]]''. She played the role of Moora in the show ''[[Chandragupta Maurya (2018 TV series)|Chandragupt Maurya]]'' telecasted on [[Sony Entertainment Television|SET]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3 contestant Sneha Wagh's profile, photos and everything you need to know about the TV actress|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-contestant-sneha-waghs-profile-photos-and-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-tv-actress/articleshow/86344048.cms|access-date=2021-09-20|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 September 2021 |archive-date=2021-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121161129/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-contestant-sneha-waghs-profile-photos-and-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-tv-actress/articleshow/86344048.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Utkarsh Shinde - Doctor and singer. He records Ambedkarite songs and Marathi language film songs. He is the son of Marathi singer Anand Shinde and elder brother of [[Adarsh Shinde]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3 contestant Utkarsh Shinde: All you need to know about this professional doctor and passionate singer-composer|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-contestant-utkarsh-shinde-all-you-need-to-know-about-this-professional-doctor-and-passionate-singer-composer/articleshow/86344139.cms|access-date=2021-09-19|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 September 2021 |archive-date=2021-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920043626/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-contestant-utkarsh-shinde-all-you-need-to-know-about-this-professional-doctor-and-passionate-singer-composer/articleshow/86344139.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Mira Jagannath - Television actress. Known for playing the role of Momo in ''[[Yeu Kashi Tashi Me Nandayla]]'' and supporting role in ''[[Majhya Navaryachi Bayko]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Marathi season 3 contestant Mira Jagganath: All you need to know about this model and TV actress|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-season-3-contestant-mira-jagganath-all-you-need-to-know-about-this-model-and-tv-actress/articleshow/86344282.cms|access-date=2021-09-19|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 September 2021 |archive-date=2021-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920043634/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-season-3-contestant-mira-jagganath-all-you-need-to-know-about-this-model-and-tv-actress/articleshow/86344282.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Trupti Desai]] - Social activist.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3 contestant: All you need to know about gender equality activist Trupti Desai|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-contestant-all-you-need-to-know-about-gender-equality-activist-trupti-desai/articleshow/86344500.cms|access-date=2021-09-19|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 September 2021 |archive-date=2021-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920182454/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-contestant-all-you-need-to-know-about-gender-equality-activist-trupti-desai/articleshow/86344500.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Avishkar Darwhekar - Film and television actor. mainly acted as supporting character in ''[[Tu Majha Saangaati]]'', ''Hya Gojirwanya Gharat'', ''[[Adhuri Ek Kahani]]''. He also did many films such as ''Maan Sanmaan'', ''Mi Tulas Tujhya Angani'', ''Kiran Kulkarni v/s Kiran Kulkarni'', etc.<ref>{{Cite web|title=बिग बॉस मराठी ३ मधील 'हे' कलाकार होते पती- पत्नी; काही वर्षात झाले विभक्त|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-marathi-3-sneha-wagh-and-aavishkar-darwhekar-divorce/articleshow/86348410.cms|access-date=2021-09-19|website=[[Maharashtra Times]]|language=mr|archive-date=2021-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921202034/https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-marathi-3-sneha-wagh-and-aavishkar-darwhekar-divorce/articleshow/86348410.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Surekha Kudachi]] - Television actress and dancer. Known for negative roles in ''[[Swabhiman – Shodh Astitvacha]]'', ''[[Devyani (TV series)|Devyani]]'', ''[[Chandra Aahe Sakshila]]'' and many more.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3 contestant Surekha Kudachi: Know everything about this folk artist turned actress|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-contestant-surekha-kudachi-know-everything-about-this-folk-artist-turned-actress/articleshow/86345020.cms|access-date=2021-09-19|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 September 2021 |archive-date=2021-09-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929043026/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-contestant-surekha-kudachi-know-everything-about-this-folk-artist-turned-actress/articleshow/86345020.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Gayatri Datar - Television actress. Known for playing the lead role in ''[[Tula Pahate Re]]''. She was a contestant of Marathi dancing reality show ''Yuva Dancing Queen'' and Comedy show ''[[Chala Hawa Yeu Dya]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3 contestant Gayatri Datar: All you need to know about this popular Marathi TV actress|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-contestant-gayatri-datar-all-you-need-to-know-about-this-popular-marathi-tv-actress/articleshow/86345775.cms|access-date=2021-09-19|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 September 2021 |archive-date=2021-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927061356/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-contestant-gayatri-datar-all-you-need-to-know-about-this-popular-marathi-tv-actress/articleshow/86345775.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Vikas Patil - Television actor. Known for playing the lead role in ''Bayko Ashi Havvi'', ''[[Lek Majhi Ladki]]'', ''Suvasini'' and ''Vartul''.
* Shivlila Patil - Kirtankar
* Jay Dudhane - Reality television actor and entrepreneur, winner of ''[[MTV Splitsvilla]] X3''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3 contestant Jay Dudhane's profile, photos and everything you need to know about this Splitsvilla star|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-contestant-jay-dudhanes-profile-photos-and-everything-you-need-to-know-about-this-splitsvilla-star/articleshow/86347376.cms|access-date=2021-09-19|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 September 2021 |archive-date=2021-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920190256/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-contestant-jay-dudhanes-profile-photos-and-everything-you-need-to-know-about-this-splitsvilla-star/articleshow/86347376.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Meenal Shah - Television actor and model, participated in ''[[MTV Roadies (season 15)|MTV Roadies Rising]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3 contestant Meenal Shah: All you need to know about this former Roadies semi-finalist|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-contestant-meenal-shah-all-you-need-to-know-about-this-former-roadies-semi-finalist/articleshow/86347592.cms|access-date=2021-09-20|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 September 2021 |archive-date=2021-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121161033/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-contestant-meenal-shah-all-you-need-to-know-about-this-former-roadies-semi-finalist/articleshow/86347592.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Akshay Waghmare - Film and television actor. Known for playing the lead role in ''Ti Phulrani''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Marathi season 3 contestant Akshay Waghmare: From his family legacy to 'Hottest Man Of Marathi TV' title, everything you need to know about the model-turned-actor|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-season-3-contestant-akshay-waghmare-from-his-family-legacy-to-hottest-man-of-marathi-tv-title-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-model-turned-actor/articleshow/86347976.cms|access-date=2021-09-20|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 September 2021 |archive-date=2021-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121161035/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-season-3-contestant-akshay-waghmare-from-his-family-legacy-to-hottest-man-of-marathi-tv-title-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-model-turned-actor/articleshow/86347976.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Santosh Choudhari - Singer. Mainly sings Koligeets and also known as Dadus.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3 contestant Santosh Chaudhari: From his alleged arrest to his love for gold, all you need to know about the 'Daadus'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-contestant-santosh-chaudhari-from-his-alleged-arrest-to-his-love-for-gold-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-daadus/articleshow/86348315.cms|access-date=2021-09-20|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 September 2021 |archive-date=2021-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121161036/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-contestant-santosh-chaudhari-from-his-alleged-arrest-to-his-love-for-gold-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-daadus/articleshow/86348315.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Wild-Card entrants ===
* Adish Vaidya – Television actor. Mainly works in marathi and hindi television. Known for playing the role of Archis Naik in ''[[Ratris Khel Chale]]'' and Mohit Chavan in ''[[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin]]''. He also played supporting roles in ''[[Barrister Babu]]'' and ''[[Saam Daam Dand Bhed]]''. He also portrayed a negative role as a cheel in ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin]]''.
* [[Neetha Shetty]] - Television actress. Mainly works in Hindi television. She is best known for the TV series ''[[Ghar Ki Lakshmi Betiyann]]'' as Gauri and in ''[[Kahiin To Hoga]]'' as Dr. Archita.

== Twists ==
* [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] introduces new secret room i.e. "Temptation Room", where contestants will get a chance to have a phone call or get info about other contestants, but for that they will have to sacrifice something.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-19|title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3 Grand Premiere Highlights: Mahesh Manjrekar Unlocks Entertainment|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/marathi-movies/news/bigg-boss-marathi-3-grand-premiere-live-updates-mahesh-manjrekar-321253.html|url-status=live|website=Filmibeat|access-date=2021-09-19|archive-date=2021-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920170721/https://www.filmibeat.com/marathi-movies/news/bigg-boss-marathi-3-grand-premiere-live-updates-mahesh-manjrekar-321253.html}}</ref>
* Every week contestants will get a new theme.

===Themes===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; "
|-
! Week
! Theme
! Property
! Owner
! Worker
|-
! rowspan=8 | 1
| rowspan=8 | Ladies Special
| Gym
| Sonali
| Santosh
|-
| Kitchen (Night)
| Sneha
| Jay Vishal
|-
| Bedroom
| Mira
| Avishkar
|-
| Dishes
| Trupti
| Utkarsh Akshay
|-
| Kitchen (Day)
| Surekha
| Santosh Avishkar
|-
| Living+Dining
| Gayatri
| Jay
|-
| Garden
| Shivlila
| Vikas
|-
| Bathroom
| Meenal
| Vikas
|}

=== Jodi Ki Bedi ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%; "
|-
!Contestants
! Pair
|-
! Akshay
| style="background:#00CED1;" | Utkarsh
|-
! Avishkar
| style="background:#B5FF56;" |Meenal and Shivlila
|-
! Gayatri
| style="background:tomato;" |Jay
|-
! Jay
| style="background:tomato;" |Gayatri
|-
! Mira
| style="background:#56C9FF;" | Sneha
|-
! Meenal
| style="background:#B5FF56;" |Shivlila and Avishkar
|-
! Santosh
| style="background:#E0B0FF;" |Trupti
|-
! Shivlila
| style="background:#B5FF56;" |Avishkar and Meenal
|-
! Sneha
| style="background:#56C9FF;" |Mira
|-
! Sonali
| style="background:#FFA556;" |Surekha
|-
! Surekha
| style="background:#FFA556;" | Sonali
|-
! Trupti
| style="background:#E0B0FF;" |Santosh
|-
! Utkarsh
| style="background:#00CED1;" |Akshay
|-
! Vikas
| style="background:yellow;" |Vishal
|-
!Vishal
| style="background:yellow;" |Vikas
|}

== Weekly Summary==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size:85%; line-height:20px;"
! rowspan="17" style="background:#4169E1;" | Week 1
| '''Entrances''' || On Grand Premiere, Sonali, Vishal, Sneha, Utkarsh, Gayatri, Vikas, Mira, Surekha, Trupti, Avishkar, Jay, Akshay, Meenal, Shivlila and Santosh entered the house as housemates.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-21|title=Full list of Bigg Boss Marathi 3 contestants: Sneha Wagh, Sonali Patil and Vishhal Nikam join Mahesh Manjrekar show|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/full-list-of-bigg-boss-marathi-3-contestants-sonali-patil-sneha-wagh-and-vishhal-nikam-join-mahesh-manjrekar-show-7520910/|access-date=2021-09-21|website=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=2021-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921121210/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/full-list-of-bigg-boss-marathi-3-contestants-sonali-patil-sneha-wagh-and-vishhal-nikam-join-mahesh-manjrekar-show-7520910/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| '''Twist''' || On Grand Premiere, Mahesh tells every week contestants will get new theme and the first week theme is Ladies Special and according to that all the female contestants will be given a share of the house which they will have the right to and the male contestants will be under their hands as servants.
|-
|'''Nomination'''
|'''Takau Ki Tikau (Waste or Durable)'''
On Day 1, For the first nomination of the season, Bigg Boss divided women and men. Women can only nominate men, and men can only nominate women and for that, each member wants to nominate one of the two contestants near the swimming pool, save one and nominate one, and push the nominated member into the swimming pool. As a result Utkarsh, Vishal, Sneha, Gayatri, Trupti, Santosh, Avishkar, Vikas, Mira, Meenal and Shivlila were nominated.
|-
|'''Main task'''
|'''Chiu Tai Chiu Tai Daar Ughad (Sparrow Sparrow open the door)'''
On Day 2, Bigg Boss announced task. In this task a sparrow was erected in the garden area. Male contestants used to convince female to participate in this task and female used to choose any two male contestants. In the first buzzer female contestants selects Utkarsh and Vikas and the two are given the task of Bigg Boss.

'''First round'''

First round is for the Utkarsh and Vikas and they have to put the personal luggages of the female contestants in a box and the one who keeps the most luggages they will be the winner of the task but to do that they have to convince female to get the private luggages. As a result, Utkarsh wins this round by getting the most stuff.

'''Second round'''

In the second buzzer, female contestants selects Vishal and Akshay for the second round and for that round two rickshaws were parked in the garden area and Akshay and Vishal were the rickshaw pullers. The rickshaw pullers would drive the rickshaw to the garden area till the next buzzer and the female contestants would ask for a lift and the rickshaw pullers would convince them not to sit on rickshaw and the one who would put the female contestants in the rickshaw less often would be the winner. The Big Boss then orders the female contestants to unanimously decide which one of the contestant to win, but they do not agree. Then Bigg Boss cancels this round.

'''Third round'''

In the third buzzer, the female contestants select Vikas and Jay for the third round and in that round they want to be the slaves of Sneha, Meera and Trupti. They do what they tell them to do. If one of them denied he will be disqualified.

'''Fourth round'''

In the fourth buzzer, the female contestants select Akshay and Santosh and for this the Big Boss assigns them the task that one contestant of Akshay and Santosh is a dirty chef and one contestant is a sudden guest. It is mandatory for the guests to eat the food prepared by the dirty chef.

'''Fifth round'''

In the fifth Buzzer, the female contestants select the Vikas and Utkarsh for the 4th round and for that they are entrusted with the task of fashion show. In this task both contestants have to dress like women and also convince any one girl to wear men's clothes and at the end of the task Uday wins.
Bigg Boss gives Utkarsh the exclusive right to choose any one female contestant as second winner and Utkarsh decides Mira to be the winner.
|-
| rowspan="8" |'''Result'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner (first round) – Utkarsh'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"| '''Failed (first round) – Vikas'''
|-
|style="background:#ccc;" |''Second round was cancelled due to disagreement of some members''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner (third round) – Vikas'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"| '''Failed (third round) – Jay'''
|-
|style="background:#ccc;" |''Fourth round also cancelled due to disagreement of some members''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner (fifth round) – Utkarsh'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"| '''Failed (fifth round) – Vikas'''
|-
| '''Captaincy Contenders'''
| Utkarsh and Mira
|-
| rowspan="1"|'''Captaincy or Temptation task'''
|
* '''Khel Fasyacha (Game of Dice)'''
On Day 4, Big Boss announced new task & This task was called Khel Fasyacha. This task consists of a dice with three red sides and three blue sides with poster of that contestant. The red side was Utkarsh and the blue side was Mira. The winner will be whose color and poster are at the top of the side. As a result Utkarsh wins the task then Bigg Boss asked Utkarsh choose between captaincy or temptation then Utkarsh choose captaincy over temptation. Then Bigg Boss also announced that temptation room goes to the runner up of the task i.e. Mira.
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''Result'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner (Captaincy) – Utkarsh'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#00000F;"| '''Failed Captaincy but won Temptation room - Mira''':<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3: All you need to know about the new 'secret temptation room' in the house|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-new-secret-temptation-room-in-the-house/photostory/86478218.cms|access-date=2021-09-24|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 September 2021|archive-date=2021-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926074513/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-new-secret-temptation-room-in-the-house/photostory/86478218.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| '''Exits'''
| There was no eviction in the first week.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-25|title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3 Episodes, 25 Sep: 'महिला, महिला आणि भांडायला नंबर पहिला'; सोनाली पाटीलने तृप्ती देसाईंना लगावला टोला|url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/bigg-boss-marathi-3-episodes-25-sep-women-women-and-hunter-number-one-sonali-patil-slammed-trupti-a603/|access-date=2021-09-25|website=[[Lokmat]]|language=mr|archive-date=2021-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925185301/https://www.lokmat.com/television/bigg-boss-marathi-3-episodes-25-sep-women-women-and-hunter-number-one-sonali-patil-slammed-trupti-a603/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="3" style="background:#C0C0C0;" |
|-
! rowspan="9" style="background:#ff6347;" | Week 2
|'''Twist'''
|Second week theme is Jodi Ki Bedi and according to that all contestants have to paired with another contestants.

All contestants were paired up as connections:

# Akshay and Utkarsh
# Gayatri and Jay
# Mira and Sneha
# Santosh and Trupti
# Sonali and Surekha
# Vikas and Vishal
# Avishkar, Meenal and Shivlila
|-
|'''Nomination'''
|'''Naav Mothe Lakshan Khote (Name is Big and Sign False)'''

On Day 8, Bigg Boss announces a task whose name is Naav Mothe Lakshan Khote. Pairs assigned to this task fight with other pairs. Each pair goes into the activity room and nominates any two pairs they feel and smashes their nameplates with a hammer. As a result: Gayatri-Jay, Vikas-Vishal and Avishkar-Meenal-Shivlila were nominated.
|-
|'''Main task'''
|
* '''Halla Bol (Speak Attack)'''

On Day 9, Bigg Boss announced a weekly task called Halla Bol. In this task a sidecar motorcycle was erected in the garden area and two teams were formed, Team A and Team B. Each pair from both teams would sit on the motorcycle one by one and the other team members must try to disturb them and make them leave the bike.
:'''Team A -''' Jay-Gayatri, Trupti-Santosh, Sneha-Mira, Akshay-Utkarsh
:'''Team B -''' Sonali-Surekha, Avishkar-Meenal, Vishal-Vikas
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''Result'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner (Team A) – Jay-Gayatri, Trupti-Santosh, Sneha-Mira, Akshay-Utkarsh'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"| '''Failed (Team B) – Sonali-Surekha, Avishkar-Meenal, Vishal-Vikas'''
|-
|'''Captaincy Contenders'''
|Jay and Gayatri
|-
|'''Captaincy task'''
|
* '''Khulja Sim Sim (Open Up!)'''

On Day 11, Bigg Boss announces a task called Khulja Sim Sim. In this task, the numbers from 0 to 9 were placed in the garden area and when the buzzer sounded, each member must take the number plate he wanted and also a very large password board was put up in the garden area. Contenders used to request the person who has the password number on the board to ask for the password. At the end of the task, both contenders did not get the full password and the task was cancelled.
|-
|'''Result'''
|style="background:#ccc;" |''No captain as they lost the task''
|-
|'''Exits'''
|On Day 10, Shivlila Patil exited the show as an emergency due to some health issues.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3: Shivlila Patil Leaves House to Receive Medical Attention|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bigg-boss-marathi-3-shivleela-patil-leaves-house-to-receive-medical-attention-4265729.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-30|website=[[News18]]|date=30 September 2021|archive-date=2021-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930190553/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bigg-boss-marathi-3-shivleela-patil-leaves-house-to-receive-medical-attention-4265729.html}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="3"|
|-
! rowspan="10" style="background:#3A5311;" |Week 3
|'''Nomination'''
|
* '''Telephone Charge Karaycha Naay (No Need To Charge Telephone)'''

Bigg Boss announced a new nomination task 'Telephone Charge Karaycha Naaay' in which each housemate got a dummy telephone belonging to other contestants. If they want to save the contestant, they have to charge the dummy telephone of the contestant in the charging booth. If they want to nominate a contestant, they should not charge the contestant's telephone. As a result: Akshay, Santosh, Surekha, Vishal, Trupti and Sneha were nominated.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3, Day 14, highlights: Vishal Nikam, Sneha Wagh and four others getting nominated for eviction and other major events of the episode|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-day-14-highlights-vishal-nikam-sneha-wagh-and-four-others-getting-nominated-for-eviction-and-other-major-events-of-the-episode/articleshow/86775783.cms|access-date=2021-10-06|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 October 2021 |archive-date=2021-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006152529/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-day-14-highlights-vishal-nikam-sneha-wagh-and-four-others-getting-nominated-for-eviction-and-other-major-events-of-the-episode/articleshow/86775783.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''Main task'''
|
* '''Majhe Madke Bhari, Dusryache Madke Fodi (Filling My Pots, Breaking Pots Of Others)'''

Bigg Boss gave new task to the contestants. The task was named as, 'Majhe Madke Bhari, Dusryache Madke Fodi' in which, Bigg Boss gave pots (Madke) to Team A and Team B. Both the teams had to paint the pots and protect those from the other team but suddenly both team breaking pots of other team.

* '''Jinku Kiva Ladhu (Win or Fight)'''

After cancelled Majhe Madke Bhari task Bigg Boss announced a new task called Jinku Kiva Ladhu in that task Bigg Boss gave them new challenges and all contestants have to challenged themselves. First round has Kode task in which all contestants have to solve puzzles which was given by Bigg Boss and win. Second round has 3 rings of different colours are kept in the garden area and after every buzzer, the contestants are supposed to walk on those rings. Also, they have to follow Sanchalak's instructions simultaneously. Sanchalak is asked to instruct them and command, ‘Walk fast’, ‘Walk slowly’ and ‘Turn’. The contestants are also asked to hold a bowl full of water in their hands and the one, who spills the maximum amount of water in a particular round, will be declared as failure and last round has Fal Nishfal task in which both team have to collect fruits from store room and one contestant will go into the swimming pool and other contestant will pass the fruits and which team pass maximum fruits in a particular round, will be declared as winner.
|-
|rowspan="3"|'''Result'''
|style="background:#ccc;" | ''Majhe Madke Bhari, Dusryache Madke Fodi task was cancelled after poor behaviour of contestants''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner of Jinku Kiva Ladhu task (Team A) –Jay, Vishal, Trupti, Mira, Santosh, Sneha and Sonali'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"| '''Failed of Jinku Kiva Ladhu task (Team B) – Vikas, Meenal, Gayatri, Akshay, Utkarsh, Surekha and Avishkar'''
|-
|'''Punishment'''
|According to Bigg Boss's weekly task, the team that loses will face some punishment. After losing most of the rounds by Team B, They had to give up household utensils, furniture, bathrooms, toilets, and fruits.
|-
|'''Captaincy Contenders'''
|Jay and Vishal
|-
|'''Captaincy task'''
|'''Chance Pe Dance'''

Bigg Boss gave Chance Pe Dance captaincy task to the contestants in which contestants had to perform a dance in a pair and show their support to the contenders. Bigg Boss later announced that Jay Dudhane and Vishal Nikam are similar in votes and due to the tie, there will be no captain in the Bigg Boss house this week too.
|-
|'''Result'''
|style="background:#ccc;" |''No captain as tie between both contenders in the task''
|-
|'''Exits'''
|On Day 21, Akshay Waghmare was evicted after facing public votes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3: Akshay Waghmare gets evicted from the show|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-Akshay-Waghmare-gets-evicted-from-the-show/articleshow/86919055.cms|access-date=2021-10-10|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 October 2021 |archive-date=2021-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010174924/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-akshay-waghmare-gets-evicted-from-the-show/articleshow/86919055.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="3"|
|-
! rowspan="13" style="background:#D4AF37;" |Week 4
|'''Entrances'''
|On Day 22, Adish Vaidya entered as the first wild card entrant.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3: Wild card contestant Adish Vaidya's profile, photos and everything you should know about this Marathi-Hindi TV actor|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-wild-card-contestant-adish-vaidyas-profile-photos-and-everything-you-should-know-about-this-marathi-hindi-tv-actor/articleshow/86938806.cms|access-date=2021-10-12|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 October 2021 |archive-date=2021-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011131116/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-wild-card-contestant-adish-vaidyas-profile-photos-and-everything-you-should-know-about-this-marathi-hindi-tv-actor/articleshow/86938806.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''Twist'''
|Adish was taken to the temptation room before going main house where he was given a chance to get a power card and given him the right to be the captain. For that he had to choose three contestants from the house who would guard the front door every night. Adish chooses Jay, Meenal and Santosh as guards.
|-
|On Day 28, after getting evicted, Surekha earned the power to make one housemate become the house captain for next week and as a result, Trupti became the house captain.
|-
|'''Nomination'''
|
* '''Safar Kara Mastine (Have Fun Travelling)'''

On Day 22, Bigg Boss gave an nomination task to the contestants named 'Safar Kara Mastine.' Bigg Boss had given five bags to contestants, and the contestants who successfully get those five bags first will get the chance to sit in the Jeep first. As per the task, only five contestants will sit in the jeep and there will be five rounds in the task. In each round, unanimously, one contestant has to get down from the jeep, and one contestant from outside has to replace him / her. Those Five contestants in the last and the fifth round will be safe from the elimination. As a result, Meenal, Vikas, Vishal, Sonali, Sneha, Surekha, Trupti and Santosh were nominated. Adish was safe as he was a wild-card contestant.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3: Day 22: October 12: Vikas Patil, Trupti Desai, and the other five contestants get nominated for eviction|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-day-22-october-12-vikas-patil-trupti-desai-and-the-other-five-contestants-get-nominated-for-eviction/articleshow/86979054.cms|access-date=2021-10-13|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 October 2021 |archive-date=2021-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013050216/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-day-22-october-12-vikas-patil-trupti-desai-and-the-other-five-contestants-get-nominated-for-eviction/articleshow/86979054.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''Main task'''
|
* '''BB College'''

On Day 23, Bigg Boss announced a new weekly task named 'BB College'. Utkarsh is selected as the Maths teacher, Sonali as the Love chemistry teacher, Surekha as the dance teacher, Santosh as the Music teacher, Mira as the Value education teacher and Adish as the PT teacher while other contestants play students. The four teachers are allocated four boards in the garden area. On the sound of every bell, one teacher has to conduct their lectures while the students have to decide whether to attend or skip it. The students also have the power to destroy their respective boards with markers. After every lecture, the teachers have to give a star to their favourite student whom they want to choose as the contender for captaincy. The student with maximum star and the teacher with the cleanest board will be selected for the captaincy task.
|-
|rowspan="2"|'''Result'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;"| '''Winner of BB College task – Sneha, Vishal (students) and Surekha (teacher)'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"| '''Failed of BB College task – Everyone else (students and teachers)'''
|-
|'''Captaincy Contenders'''
|Sneha, Vishal and Surekha
|-
|'''Captaincy task'''
|
* '''Lava Poster Bana Master (Put Posters, Become Master)'''

On Day 25, Bigg Boss assigned a task 'Lava Poster Bana Master' in which the contenders with the help of two assistants ('Samarthak') would have to paste and print posters on a wall and the person with most posters would be the winner and the captain in the incoming week. Trupti was the sanchalak. Vishal chose Vikas and Adish, Sneha chose Jay and Gayatri, and Surekha chose Mira and Utkarsh as their 'samarthak' respectively.
|-
|'''Result'''
|style="background:#ccc;" |''Since Vishal had no posters, Sneha and Surekha only had one poster each which were both upside down, the task remained undecided and there was no captain for the next week''.
|-
|'''House captain selection'''
|On Day 28, Surekha got the power to make one contestant become the house captain after her eviction and she chose Trupti.
|-
|'''Celebration'''
|On Day 26, Bigg Boss announced a special "Garba Night" for contestants, in which there were seven passes for the contestants. Bigg Boss asked Surekha, Sneha and Vishal to choose seven people out of the fourteen contestants for the celebration. [[Sur Nava Dhyas Nava]] fame Akshaya Iyer and Vishwajit Borwankar were the special guests for the garba night.
|-
|'''Exits'''
|On Day 28, Surekha Kudachi was evicted after facing public votes.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-17|title=Bigg Boss Marathi च्या घरातून ही सदस्य पडली बाहेर; स्नेहा आणि जयला अश्रू अनावर|url=https://lokmat.news18.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-marathi-season-3-elimination-surekha-kudachi-out-of-the-house-sp-619481.html|access-date=2021-10-20|website=[[News18 Lokmat]]|language=mr|archive-date=2021-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020185517/https://lokmat.news18.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-marathi-season-3-elimination-surekha-kudachi-out-of-the-house-sp-619481.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="3"|
|-
! rowspan="13" style="background:#FF4FB3 " |Week 5
|'''Twist'''
|Fifth week theme is 'Aaji Special'. A statue of Aaji is set up in the garden area. Bigg Boss announced that Aaji will keep watch on all the housemates and will also give them tasks.
|-
| '''Nomination'''
|On Day 29, Aaji gave the housemates their nomination task. She had given diamonds to the contestants. The diamonds will be placed in a pot and the contestants who will grab it first from the pot will get a chance to safe another contestant. Since Trupti was the house captain, she was saved from the nomination task. In the first round, Jay got the diamond first and saved Utkarsh from nomination. Then in the second round, Utkarsh got the diamond and saved Jay from the nomination. Then in the third round, Adish got the diamond and saved Avishkar. In the fourth round, Meenal got the diamond and saved Sonali. In the fifth round, Jay got the diamond for the second time and saved Gayatri. In the sixth round, Utkarsh got the diamond again and saved Mira. In the seventh round, Santosh got the diamond and saved Sneha. Then at the eighth and last round, Meenal got the diamond again and saved Vishal from the nomination. As a result, Santosh, Vikas, Meenal and Adish were nominated for eviction.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3, Day 29: Daadus, Vikas Patil, Meenal Shah and Adish Vaidya get nominated for eviction|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-day-29-daadus-vikas-patil-meenal-shah-and-adish-vaidya-get-nominated-for-eviction/articleshow/87128601.cms|access-date=2021-10-20|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 October 2021 |archive-date=2021-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019050903/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-day-29-daadus-vikas-patil-meenal-shah-and-adish-vaidya-get-nominated-for-eviction/articleshow/87128601.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| '''Main task'''
|
* '''Mhataricha Bhopla (Old Lady's Pumpkin)'''

On Day 30, Bigg Boss announces a weekly task for the housemates named Mhataricha Bhopla. For the task, a Mhataricha (Old Lady's) house is made in the garden area and the housemates are divided into two teams. Trupti is chosen as the supervisor of this task. The members of team A (Jay, Gayatri, Utkarsh, Sneha, Santosh and Vikas) become the animals whereas Team B members (Vishal, Mira, Meenal, Avishkar, Adish and Sonali) become the Mhataris (Old Lady's). According to this task, team B members are initially locked inside the Jail and their eyes are closed whereas team A members are asked to hide the Bhopla's (Pumpkins) which have the names of the members of team B. Team B members are asked to search their Bhopla's (Pumpkins) and get into the Mhatari's house (Old Lady's house). The one who would reach the Mhatari's house last, will lose that particular round of the task.
|-
|'''Result'''
|style="background:#ccc;" | ''Mhataricha Bhopla task was cancelled after poor behaviour and physical violence of contestants''
|-
|'''Punishments'''
|
* Vishal was nominated for one week for damaging property of Bigg Boss.
* Gayatri and Sneha were nominated for one week for physical violence.
* '''Jail'''
Bigg Boss asked the contestants to choose two people for punishment of jail who have broken the majority rules of the house. They all choose Mira and Meenal for the punishment.
|-
|'''Captaincy Contenders'''
|Due to the cancellation of the Weekly Task, all the contestants (excluding Vishal, Sneha and Gayatri due to their poor conduct) were qualified for the captaincy task.
|-
|'''Captaincy task'''
|
* '''Captain Asa Hava (A Captain should be like this)'''
On Day 33, Bigg Boss announced task 'Captain Asa Hava' to assign a new captain. In this each contestant had to give a medal to contestant who they thought were worthy of being the captain. The person with most medals would be the captain in the next week.
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''Result'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;" |'''Winner (Captaincy) - Santosh with 6 medals'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;" |'''Lost Captaincy Task - Everyone else'''
|-
|'''Luxury Budget Task'''
|Bigg Boss announces a luxury budget task from [[Haier|Haier Refrigerator]] in which, contestants were divided into two teams. Each team will have to find four clues in minimum time.

:'''Team A''' – Jay, Sneha, Gayatri, Mira, Utkarsh & Santosh
:'''Team B''' – Vishal, Vikas, Meenal, Sonali, Adish & Avishkar
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''Result'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;" |'''Winner (Luxury Budget Task) - Jay, Sneha, Gayatri, Mira, Utkarsh & Santosh'''
|-
|style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;"|'''Failed (Luxury Budget Task) - Vishhal, Vikas, Meenal, Sonali, Adish and Avishkar'''
|-
| '''Exits'''
|On Day 35, Adish Vaidya was evicted after facing public votes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3 witnesses a shocking eviction; wild card contestant Adish Vaidya gets evicted|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-witnesses-a-shocking-eviction-wild-card-contestant-adish-vaidya-gets-evicted/articleshow/87243532.cms|access-date=2021-10-24|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 October 2021 |archive-date=2021-11-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118180118/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-witnesses-a-shocking-eviction;-wild-card-contestant-Adish-Vaidya-gets-evicted/articleshow/87243532.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="3"|
|-
! rowspan="13" style="background:#96DC" |Week 6
| '''Twist'''
|After winning the temptation task, Utkarsh won immunity for next week but had to nominate another contestant for next week's eviction and as a result Vishal was nominated.
|-
|'''Nomination'''
|
* '''Swarg Ki Narak (Hell or Heaven)'''

On Day 36, Bigg Boss gave the housemates their nomination task. As per the task, Santosh, who is the captain of the house, became the king for the task. Vishal, Sneha, and Gayatri, who were already nominated by Bigg Boss for getting into physical fights and breaking the rules of the house, became advisers of the king. Bigg Boss told contestants to stand in a pair for the nomination task. As per the task rule, the king has to send one contestant to Narak (Hell) and one contestant to the Swarg (Heaven) after consulting with the advisers. The contestants who will be in 'Narak', will get nominated for this week, and those, who will be in 'Swarg', will get safe for this week. In the first round, Bigg Boss asked Jay and Utkarsh as the first pair to stand for the nomination. After learning the sides of the advisers, King decided to send Jay to Narak and Utkarsh to Swarg. In the second round, Bigg Boss asked Vikas and Meenal to stand for the nomination. King sent Vikas in the Narak and Meenal to 'Swarg'. In the third round, Trupti and Sonali stood for the nomination, and King sent Trupti to 'Swarg' and Sonali to the 'Narak'. In the fourth and last round, Bigg Boss asked Mira and Avishkar to stand for the nomination. King sent Aavishkar to 'Narak' and Mira to 'Swarg'. After the task concluded, Jay, Vikas, Sonali and Avishkar were nominated for eviction. Since Vishal, Sneha and Gayatri were punished by Bigg Boss, they were also nominated for eviction.
|-
|'''Main task'''
|
* '''Sanyamachi Aaishi Taishi (Like This Of Restraint)'''

The contestants played into two teams. Team A had to become 'Rakshas' and Team B had to become 'Devdoot'. contestants, who were Devdoot had to make the tumbling tower, and contestants, who were Rakshas, were assigned to break the tower. The twist in the plot came with the next set of rules. As per that rule, the contestants, who were assigned to be Devdoots, are supposed to have a smiling face throughout the task, even if the Rakshasas break their tumble or their mental status. Who haven't smile on face will be disqualified.

'''Team A -''' Utkarsh, Gayatri, Vikas, Meenal, Santosh & Sneha

'''Team B''' - Vishhal, Jay, Mira, Sonali, Trupti & Avishkar
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''Result'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;" |'''Winner (Saiyamachi Aaishi Taishi)- Sneha, Gayatri, Sonali & Trupti'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;" |'''Lost (Saiyamachi Aaishi Taishi) - Everyone else'''
|-
|'''Captaincy Contenders'''
| Sneha and Trupti
|-
|'''Captaincy task'''
|
* '''Aayna Ka Bayna Ghetlya Shivay Jayna'''

Bigg Boss asked Sneha and Trupti to choose their samarthaks. Bigg Boss appointed Gayatri and Sonali as the Sanchalak of the task. As per the task rule, Sneha's samarthak had to get the trophies of Trupti after the buzzer, and Trupti's samarthaks had to get the trophies of Sneha. Sneha chose Jay and Vishal as her samarthaks whereas Trupti chose Vikas and Utkarsh as her samarthaks.
|-
|'''Temptation task'''
|Bigg Boss asked all housemates to freeze on the place and told them that the first contestant who enters the temptation room, will win the temptation task.
|-
| rowspan="4" |'''Result'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;" |'''Winner (Captaincy)- Sneha'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;" |'''Lost (Captaincy)- Trupti'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#00000F;"| :'''Winner (Temptation) - Utkarsh'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;" |'''Lost (Temptation)- Everyone else'''
|-
|'''Exits'''
|On Day 42, Avishkar Darwhekar was evicted after facing public votes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3: Aavishkar Darwhekar gets evicted, ex-wife and contestant Sneha Wagh bids adieu, saying, "will attend your wedding for sure"|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-Aavishkar-Darwhekar-gets-evicted/articleshow/87440632.cms|access-date=2021-10-31|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 October 2021 |archive-date=2021-11-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119050319/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-Aavishkar-Darwhekar-gets-evicted/articleshow/87440632.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="3"|
|-
! rowspan="11" style="background:#FD5602 " |Week 7
|'''Entrances'''
|On Day 42, [[Neetha Shetty]] entered the house as the 2nd wild-card contestant.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3: Hindi TV actress Neetha Shetty enters the show as a second wild card contestant|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-Hindi-TV-actress-Neetha-Shetty-enters-the-show-as-a-second-wild-card-contestant/articleshow/87438832.cms|access-date=2021-10-31|website=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=2021-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013050216/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-day-22-october-12-vikas-patil-trupti-desai-and-the-other-five-contestants-get-nominated-for-eviction/articleshow/86979054.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''Nomination'''
|
* '''Diwali Nomination Task'''

Contestants to perform a Diwali nomination task. As per the new task rule, one contestant has to enter the activity area. There was a toran (crochet) placed in the activity area. All contestants' pictures were placed on the crochet. To nominate a contestant, one contestant had to pick the picture of two contestants from the crochet they wished to nominate and stick those pictures on the whiteboard. Also, they have to swap those contestants with the contestants whose pictures were already on the whiteboard. All contestants needed to nominate two contestants. Contestants whose pictures were on the crochet till the last would be safe from the nomination. On the other hand, contestants whose pictures are on the whiteboard will be nominated for the eviction. As a result Sonali, Meenal, Jay and Trupti were nominated for eviction. Since Utkarsh nominated Vishal after the temptation task, Vishal was also nominated for eviction.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3: Day 42: Trupti Desai, Jay Dudhane, and three others get nominated for eviction|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-day-42-trupti-desai-jay-dudhane-and-three-others-get-nominated-for-eviction/articleshow/87474297.cms|access-date=2021-11-02|website=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=2021-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101203109/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-day-42-trupti-desai-jay-dudhane-and-three-others-get-nominated-for-eviction/articleshow/87474297.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''Main task'''
|
* '''Dabba Gul'''

Contestants were divided into two teams for the task. Meenal was the sanchalak of Team A, and Mira was the sanchalak of Team B. Contestants had to get as many boxes from the activity area when the buzzer rang. Both teams have to wrap up the boxes with ribbon. The two teams also had to protect the boxes from each other. Each team's sanchalak had to approve boxes that were in good condition and disapprove of the damaged boxes.

'''Team A -''' Gayatri, Jay, Meenal, Neetha, Santosh and Utkarsh

'''Team B''' - Trupti, Mira, Sonali, Sneha, Vikas and Vishal
|-
|rowspan="2"|'''Result'''
|style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;" |'''Winner (Dabba Gul) - Sneha, Trupti, Meenal, Neetha, Mira and Gayatri'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;" |'''Lost (Dabba Gul) - Everyone else'''
|-
|'''Captaincy candidates task'''
|
Bigg Boss welcomed the episode's special guest, famous Indian Singer-Composer [[Avadhoot Gupte]], into the house. Avadhoot asked Dabba Gul task's Team A members Meenal, Neetha, Gayatri, and Team B members Sneha, Trupti, and Mira to stand on the stage. Avadhoot also asked other contestants to stand outside of the stage. Avadhoot later informed the six contestants who were on the stage to eliminate one contestant among them unanimously in each round, and two contestants who would stay till the last round would eventually become the captaincy candidates.
|-
|'''Captaincy Contenders'''
| Mira and Gayatri
|-
|'''Captaincy task'''
|
* '''Diva Captaincy Cha'''
Bigg Boss asked captaincy candidates Mira and Gayatri to get prepared for the task. In the task, the candidates had to cut papers in the shape of Diya and stick them on the Diya, which was already placed in the garden area. Bigg Boss asked Mira and Gayatri to choose one supporter each for three rounds. As per the rule, every round will have a new supporter.
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''Result'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;" |'''Winner (Captaincy) - Mira'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;" |'''Lost (Captaincy) - Gayatri'''
|-
|'''Exits'''
| On Day 49, [[Trupti Desai]] was evicted after facing public votes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3: Trupti Desai gets evicted from the show|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-trupti-desai-gets-evicted-from-the-show/articleshow/87572672.cms|access-date=2021-11-08|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 November 2021 |archive-date=2021-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107201608/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-trupti-desai-gets-evicted-from-the-show/articleshow/87572672.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="3"|
|-
! rowspan="12" style="background:#99FFD4 " |Week 8
| rowspan="3" |'''Twist'''
|
Mira being the captain had to decide which contestant will deserve to be in the main house and who outside the main house; Vishal, Vikas, Sonali, Santosh and Jay were selected to go out from the main house. Later she had to choose the contestants who have broken most of the rules of Bigg Boss to stay out of the main house and as a result Utkarsh, Sneha, Jay, Vishal and Vikas were thrown out of the main house.
|-
|During the 'Parada Captaincy Cha' task, Sneha and Sonali nominated themselves for next week's eviction in order to make Jay and Vishal win the captaincy task respectively.
|-
|During the 'Parada Captaincy Cha' task, Meenal and Utkarsh had to give up the chance of becoming the house-captain for the next two weeks in order to make Vishal and Jay win the captaincy task respectively.
|-
|'''Nomination'''
|
* '''Sheras Savvasher'''
As per the task, contestants had to stand on the numbers by considering their contributions to household chores, performance during tasks, and overall contribution in 50 days. The contestants also had to discuss with each other and exchange their numbers as per the performance. Mira was immune as she was the house captain. As a result, Vishal, Jay, Utkarsh, Santosh, Neetha, Sonali and Vikas were nominated.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3: Day 50: Vikas Patil, Vishal Nikam, and five others get nominated for eviction|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-day-50-vikas-patil-vishal-nikam-and-five-others-get-nominated-for-eviction/articleshow/87592813.cms|access-date=2021-11-09|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 November 2021 |archive-date=2021-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108201712/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-day-50-vikas-patil-vishal-nikam-and-five-others-get-nominated-for-eviction/articleshow/87592813.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''Main task'''
|
* '''Japun Danda Dhar'''
As per the task, the contestants have to apply stickers of their names on the danda (pillars), and contestants who successfully stick more stickers on the pillars in all the rounds would win the task and compete for the captaincy. Mira was the sanchalak of the task but was also given the right to participate with the other contestants.
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''Result'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;" |'''Winner (Japun Danda Dhar) - Jay and Vishal'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;" |'''Lost (Japun Danda Dhar) - Everyone else'''
|-
|'''Captaincy Contenders'''
|Jay and Vishal
|-
|'''Captaincy task'''
|
* '''Parada Captaincy Cha'''
The captaincy task is 'Parada captaincy cha'. As per the task, contestants have to sacrifice one of their essential things in the house to make their favorite candidate the captain of the house.
|-
| rowspan="2"|'''Result'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;" |'''Winner (Captaincy) – Jay'''
|-
|style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;" |'''Lost (Captaincy) – Vishal'''
|-
|'''Exits'''
|On Day 56, [[Neetha Shetty]] was evicted after facing public votes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3: Wild card contestant Neetha Shetty gets evicted from the show, says, "It's tricky to live in the house of BB'"|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-Neetha-Shetty-gets-evicted-from-the-show/articleshow/87703713.cms|access-date=2021-11-14|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 November 2021|archive-date=21 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121161133/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-wild-card-contestant-neetha-shetty-gets-evicted-from-the-show-says-its-tricky-to-live-in-the-house-of-bb/articleshow/87703713.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="3"|
|-
! rowspan="14" style="background:#800080 " |Week 9
|'''Twist'''
|After winning the temptation task, Utkarsh won immunity for next week's nomination but had to nominate his partner Mira. He agreed and Mira was nominated for next week's eviction.
|-
|'''Nomination'''
|
*'''Mission nomination'''
A statue of an alien is placed in the garden area. The alien introduced himself as ''Tatya'' and welcomed all the contestants. In the nomination task, Sneha and Sonali could not participate as they had already accepted to get nominated in the task 'Parada Captaincy Cha' in the previous week. Jay also could not participate in the task as he is the captain. Jay was the sanchalak of the task. The remaining contestants had to fight in the nomination task.
As per the task, Bigg Boss kept the oxygen cylinders in a box, and contestants, who would get a minimum of three or more cylinders in a round, will be safe from the nomination. Also, the contestant, who does not get any cylinder, will be nominated for eviction.

In the first round, six contestants successfully took out cylinders from the box, but Santosh got nominated as he failed to get any cylinder. Five contestants managed to take the cylinders from the box in the second round, except Mira. In the third round, Vishal, Vikas, Meenal, and Utkarsh successfully took the cylinders. Gayatri got nominated after she failed to get any cylinders. In the last round, Utkarsh failed to get any cylinders and was nominated for eviction. At last, Sonali, Sneha, Santosh, Mira, Gayatri and Utkarsh were nominated for eviction.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3: Utkarsh Shinde, Dadus, and two others get nominated for eviction in the 'Mission nomination' task|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-Utkarsh-Shinde,-Dadus,-and;-two-others-get-nominated-in-the-'Mission-nomination'-task/articleshow/87724392.cms|access-date=2021-11-16|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 November 2021 |archive-date=2021-11-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118180118/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-witnesses-a-shocking-eviction;-wild-card-contestant-Adish-Vaidya-gets-evicted/articleshow/87243532.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''Temptation task'''
|
Actors from the Marathi industry, Siddharth Chandekar, Nirmiti Sawant, Kshitee Jog, Hemant Dhome, Sonalee Kulkarni and Mrunmayee Godbole, entered the house by bringing surprising tasks. The guests introduced a surprising task to the contestants. The winning pair will get a chance to enter the temptation room. The guests divided contestants into a pair. Utkarsh - Mira Jagganath, Vikas - Meenal, Jay - Sneha, Vishal - Sonali and Santosh - Gayatri. In the first round, Nirmiti Sawant and Kshitee Jog asked the ten contestants to guess a song from the emojis. Mira -Utkarsh and Gayatri - Santosh's pair guessed more songs and won the first round.

Sonalee Kulkarni and Mrunmayee Godble asked the contestants to guess a song or a movie name from the emojis in the second round. Vikas - Meenal and Utkarsh - Mira's pair won the round. The guests later asked the pairs to dance on paper, and both pairs won that task too. Later Sonalee and Mrunmayee decided to judge them by acting and expressions, and they declared Utkarsh - Mira as winners.

In the third round, Siddharth Chandekar and Hemant Dhome entered the house. They both asked the final two pairs Mira - Utkarsh, Gayatri - Santosh to fight for a task. In the task, one person from the pair had to blow the air in the balloons. The other had to stick those balloons on the waste. Also, they had to protect their balloons from each other. Gayatri - Santosh won the task.

In the fourth round, the two pairs had to write as many autographs on the whiteboard. Utkarsh got successful in writing more autographs. Hence, Utkarsh - Mira's pair got qualified to enter the temptation room. Bigg Boss asked Utkarsh and Mira that only one of them would get a chance to enter the room, and if one of them would accept the temptation, then it would be his benefit, and the other has to face a loss. Utkarsh decided to go into the room. In the temptation room, Bigg Boss asked Utkarsh that he would get safe from eviction for the next week, and Mira would get nominated if he would accept the temptation card. Utkarsh accepted the temptation card, and nominated Mira for eviction for the next week.
|-
| rowspan="2"|'''Result'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#00000F;"| :'''Winner (Temptation) - Utkarsh'''
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;" |'''Lost (Temptation)- Everyone else'''
|-
|'''Main task'''
|Each contestant from one team had to sit on Alien Tatya's chair as per the order of Bigg Boss. As per the task, the contestant who will sit on the chair will not participate, but their three supporters will join the pipe with the available pipe jointers and connect with Tatya's chair. Utkarsh was the sanchalak of the task. Meenal couldn't participate as well after she and Utkarsh gave up their captaincy chances during the 'Parada Captaincy Cha' task.
'''Team A -''' Gayatri, Jay, Mira, and Santosh

'''Team B''' - Sonali, Sneha, Vikas and Vishal
|-
|'''Result'''
|style="background:#ccc;" |''Main task was cancelled after poor performance of contestants.''
|-
|'''Punishment'''
|
* '''Jail'''
Bigg Boss asked all contestants to mutually name two contestants whom they think are the reasons why that the main task was cancelled. As a result, Mira and Vishal were sent into the jail.
|-
|'''Captaincy candidates task'''
|Since the main task was cancelled after the poor performance of contestants, they had to mutually choose 2 candidates for the captaincy task. Gayatri and Sneha were chosen by housemates to compete for the captaincy position.
|-
|'''Captaincy contenders'''
|Gayatri and Sneha
|-
|'''Captaincy task'''
|
*'''Ulka Gira Re'''
Housemates will try to grab in every round, whoever will manage to grab them first, will choose their favourite contestant for the captain's position.
|-
| rowspan="2"|'''Result'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;" |'''Winner (Captaincy) – Gayatri'''
|-
|style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;" |'''Lost (Captaincy) – Sneha'''
|-
|'''Exits'''
|On Day 63, [[Sneha Wagh]] was evicted after facing public votes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3: Bigg Boss Marathi 3: Sneha Wagh gets evicted from the show|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-Sneha-Wagh-gets-evicted-from-the-show/articleshow/87833365.cms|access-date=2021-11-21|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 November 2021|archive-date=21 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121161133/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-wild-card-contestant-neetha-shetty-gets-evicted-from-the-show-says-its-tricky-to-live-in-the-house-of-bb/articleshow/87703713.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="3"|
|-
! rowspan="13" style="background:#FF00FF;" |Week 10
|'''Twist'''
|Even though Utkarsh won the main task, he couldn't participate in the captaincy task as he decided to give up his captaincy chance. So Mira was given the right to participate in the captaincy task.
|-
|'''Nomination'''
|
*'''Nomination express'''
As per the task, contestants had tickets of their pictures on the board. All the contestants had to win a race and get a ticket from the board of the contestants they wished to nominate. Later, the contestants had to go to the TC counter and get the ticket approved by the TC. The TC had to decide which ticket they wanted to cut and that contestant would be nominated for eviction. The TC got to nominate just one contestant in a round. Utkarsh is safe from nomination for this week as he won the temptation task last week. Mira was already nominated by Utkarsh after he had to nominate the latter so that he could accept the temptation card. In each round, contestants including Mira and Utkarsh, also could become the TC by winning a race.
In the first round, Mira won the TC race. On the other hand, Jay got the ticket of Sonali for nomination. Vishal also got the ticket of Santosh. Jay and Vishal both went to the TC for ticket approval, but TC Mira approved the ticket of Sonali. In the second round, Utkarsh won the race for TC. Jay got the ticket of Vikas. Vishal also got the ticket of Santosh, but TC Utkarsh approved the ticket of Vikas. In the third round, Utkarsh won the TC race. Jay got the ticket of Meenal whereas Vishal also got the ticket of Jay. Utkarsh approved Meenal's ticket. In the fourth round, Meenal won the TC race. Vishal got the ticket of Santosh whereas the latter won the ticket of Jay. TC Meenal approved Santosh's ticket. At the end of the task, Mira, Sonali, Vikas, Meenal and Santosh were nominated for eviction.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3, Day 63, highlights: Vikas Patil, Dadus, Mira Jagganath and two others get nominated for eviction|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3,-Day-63,-highlights-Vikas-Patil,-Dadus,-Mira-Jagganath-and-two-others-get-nominated-for-eviction/articleshow/87865361.cms|access-date=2021-11-23|website=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=2021-11-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118180118/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-witnesses-a-shocking-eviction;-wild-card-contestant-Adish-Vaidya-gets-evicted/articleshow/87243532.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''Main task'''
|For the task, contestants got divided into two teams.
'''Team A -''' Gayatri, Jay, Mira, Santosh and Utkarsh

'''Team B''' - Meenal, Sonali, Vikas and Vishal

Despite being the sanchalak, Gayatri was given the right to participate in the task. As per the task, Jay had to play the role of a fish seller from Team A, and Vikas had to play the role of the fish seller from Team B. Other contestants had to be the buyers of fish. The seller who will have more money and the buyer who will have more fish will fight for the captaincy task.
|-
| rowspan="2"|'''Result'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;" |'''Winner (Main task) – Jay and Utkarsh'''
|-
|style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;" |'''Lost (Main task) – Everyone else'''
|-
|'''Captaincy contenders'''
|Jay and Mira
|-
|'''Captaincy task'''
|For the captaincy task, contestants were divided into two teams. Both the teams had to fight for their team leader who were the captaincy contenders. Gayatri was the sanchalak of the task. As per the task, the teams had to save as much water that would be coming from a tap and keep it securely in a tank. The other team members had to decrease the water level of the opposite team so that their team leader can become the house-captain.
'''Mira's team -''' Mira, Vikas, Santosh and Utkarsh

'''Jay's team -''' Jay, Meenal, Sonali and Vishal
|-
| rowspan="2"|'''Result'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;" |'''Winner (Captaincy) – Jay'''
|-
|style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;" |'''Lost (Captaincy) – Mira'''
|-
|'''Luxury Budget task'''
|For the luxury budget task, contestants were divided into two teams. Gayatri was the sanchalak of the task. In the task, the teams had to showcase their talents and skills on the stage. The team who earn more points will win the task. Those who win the task will be able to enjoy a delicious meal sent by Bigg Boss.
'''Team A -''' Jay, Meenal, Utkarsh and Vishal

'''Team B''' - Mira, Santosh, Sonali and Vikas
|-
| rowspan="2"|'''Result'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;" |'''Winner (Luxury Budget task) – Team A (Jay, Meenal, Utkarsh and Vishal)'''
|-
|style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;" |'''Lost (Luxury Budget task) – Team B (Mira, Santosh, Sonali and Vikas)'''
|-
|'''Exits'''
|On Day 70, Santosh Choudhari was evicted after facing public votes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3: Santosh Chaudhari aka Dadus gets evicted from the show|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-Santosh-Chaudhari-aka-Dadus-gets-evicted-from-the-show/articleshow/87960766.cms|access-date=2021-11-28|website=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=21 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121161133/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-wild-card-contestant-neetha-shetty-gets-evicted-from-the-show-says-its-tricky-to-live-in-the-house-of-bb/articleshow/87703713.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="3"|
|-
! rowspan="8" style="background:#808000;" | Week 11
|'''Nomination'''
|
*'''Knock-Out'''
As per the task, contestants had to rush and get a book of the contestant they wanted to nominate or save. Every book had a contestant's name written on it. Upon the buzzer, contestants giving the books of the contestants they want to nominate to the sanchalak got saved while the rest would get nominated for eviction. The sanchalak had to nominate at least one contestant for eviction in each round. Jay was the sanchalak of the task.

In the first round, Vikas, Mira, Vishal, Meenal, Gayatri gave Jay the books of the contestants they did not want to nominate. Sonali, who had a book of Vishal and Utkarsh, who had Sonali's book, did not go to Jay to give their books. Jay nominated Sonali for eviction. In the second round, Meenal and Gayatri did not go to give their books to Jay. Meenal had Gayatri's book while the latter had Vishal's book. Jay nominated Gayatri. In the third round, Utkarsh got the book of Vikas while Vishal Nikam got the book of Mira. Jay nominated Vikas. In the fourth round, Utkarsh got the book of Meenal and the latter got the book of Mira. They both didn't return the books. Jay nominated Meenal. In the fifth round, Meenal got the book of Vishal and Vikas got the book of Utkarsh, but they did not give their books to the sanchalak. Jay nominated Vishal. After the task concluded, Sonali, Gayatri, Vikas, Meenal and Vishal were nominated for eviction.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3: Sonali Patil, Gayatri Datar and three others get nominated for eviction in 'knock out' task|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-Sonali-Patil,-Gayatri-Datar-and-three-others-get-nominated-for-eviction-in-'knock-out'-task/articleshow/88001222.cms|access-date=2021-11-30|website=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=2021-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108201712/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-day-50-vikas-patil-vishal-nikam-and-five-others-get-nominated-for-eviction/articleshow/87592813.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''Main task'''
|
*'''Dhar Pakad'''
As per the task, a golden-coloured plate will be placed in the center of a square. After every buzzer, two contestants will stand outside the square and try to get the golden plate. Contestants who will get the golden plate more often would be the captaincy contenders.
|-
| rowspan="2"|'''Result'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;" |'''Winner (Main task) – Meenal and Utkarsh'''
|-
|style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;" |'''Lost (Main task) – Everyone else'''
|-
|'''Captaincy contenders'''
|Meenal and Utkarsh
|-
|'''Captaincy task'''
|As per the captaincy task, contestants had to apply tiles in a given bracket and also had to save them from the opposite team. They had to also destroy those of the opposite team. Other contestants could support any of the two captaincy members.
|-
|'''Result'''
|style="background:#ccc;" |''Captaincy task was cancelled after the poor behaviour of contestants.''
|-
|'''Exits'''
|On Day 77, no eviction took place.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3: No eviction this weekend? details inside|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-No-eviction-this-weekend?-details-inside/articleshow/88032324.cms|access-date=2021-12-01|website=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=21 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121161133/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-wild-card-contestant-neetha-shetty-gets-evicted-from-the-show-says-its-tricky-to-live-in-the-house-of-bb/articleshow/87703713.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="3"|
|-
! rowspan="11" style="background:#00FFFF;" |Week 12
|'''Entrances'''
|On Day 78, Adish Vaidya, [[Sneha Wagh]] and [[Trupti Desai]] re-entered the show as guests for only a few days.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3: Evicted contestants Sneha Wagh, Adish Vaidya, and Trupti Desai surprise housemates by re-entering the house|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-Evicted-contestants-Sneha-Wagh-Adish-Vaidya-and-Trupti-Desai-surprise-housemates-by-re-entering-the-house/articleshow/88130994.cms|access-date=2021-12-07|website=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=2021-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019050903/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-day-29-daadus-vikas-patil-meenal-shah-and-adish-vaidya-get-nominated-for-eviction/articleshow/87128601.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''Twist'''
|When Adish, Sneha and Trupti entered the house again, they were made the king and queens of the house and had to rule over the other contestants.
|-
|'''Nomination'''
|Upon their entrance in the house of Bigg Boss, Adish, Sneha and Trupti were given the right to nominate any contestants among the Top 8. Along nominating them, they had to give a valid reason behind the reason of nominating them. The trio had to nominate the same contestants together in a mutual decision. The contestants were given the dolls of each other. They had to convince Adish, Sneha and Trupti to nominate the person's whose doll is with them. In each round, the trio had to throw out a doll through the main door which would have eventually nominate the holder. In the first round, the trio nominated Sonali and threw her doll out of the house. In the second round, the trio nominated Gayatri and threw her doll out of the house. The trio threw Mira's doll out of the house in the third round. Then in the fourth round, Utkarsh was nominated by the trio. In the fifth round, Jay was nominated by the trio. At the end of the nomination task, Sonali, Gayatri, Mira, Utkarsh and Jay were nominated for eviction.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3: Sonali Patil, Jay Dudhane, Utkarsh Shinde, and two others get nominated for eviction|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-Sonali-Patil,-Jay-Dudhane,-Utkarsh-Shinde,-and-two-others-get-nominated-for-eviction/articleshow/88160332.cms|access-date=2021-12-08|website=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=2021-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019050903/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-day-29-daadus-vikas-patil-meenal-shah-and-adish-vaidya-get-nominated-for-eviction/articleshow/87128601.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''Main task'''
|
*'''Hukumshaha'''
To perform the task, Bigg Boss transformed the house in Liliputnagar, and Adish, Sneha and Trupti had to become the 'Hukumshaha' and the housemates to become the Praja. Hukumshahas of the Liliputnagar, the trio had to act like dominating hukumshahas, and the housemates had to follow all instructions of the trio. If any housemate did not follow the instructions, the Hukumshaha also had a right to punish them. After the task concluded, Bigg Boss called Vikas, Sonali, Utkarsh and Mira in the confession room and assigned them four different tasks stating if they get succeeded in performing all four tasks, they will too become eligible for the captaincy as the other four contestants won the main task.
|-
|'''Result'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;" |'''Winner (Main task) – All housemates'''
|-
|'''Captaincy contenders'''
|All housemates
|-
|'''Captaincy task'''
|
*'''Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikander'''
As per the task, one contestant who won the main task and the other one who lost but was given another chance by Bigg Boss will play against each other. One person will have to protect the ball and another opponent will have to destroy it. At last, two contestants will remain whereas the rest will be out of the task. The two remaining people have to choose their supporters for the task. Meenal and Vishal remained in the game at last making them the two last contestants fighting for the captaincy position.

'''Meenal's supporter -''' Jay

'''Vishal's supporter''' - Sonali
|-
| rowspan="2"|'''Result'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;" |'''Winner (Captaincy) – Meenal'''
|-
|style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;" |'''Lost (Captaincy) – Everyone else'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''Exits'''
|On Day 83, Adish Vaidya, [[Sneha Wagh]] and [[Trupti Desai]] left the house after they completed their duration as guests.
|-
|On Day 83, Gayatri Datar was evicted after facing public votes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3: Gayatri Datar gets evicted from the show|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-Gayatri-Datar-gets-evicted-from-the-show/articleshow/88243767.cms|access-date=2021-12-12|website=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=21 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121161133/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-wild-card-contestant-neetha-shetty-gets-evicted-from-the-show-says-its-tricky-to-live-in-the-house-of-bb/articleshow/87703713.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="3"|
|-
! rowspan="11" style="background:#FFA500;" |Week 13
| rowspan="2" |'''Twist'''
|
*'''Winning Amount Distribution'''
As per the task, housemates had to distribute the winning amount of 25 lakhs among themselves. Bigg Boss gave 7 plates to the contestants. On each plate, the distributed amount was mentioned in bold. The seven plates had amounts of 12,50,000, 6,00,000, 3,25,000, 1,50,000, 1,00,000, 50,000, 25000. Housemates had to distribute the amount in time or the winning amount would become zero. Vishal got the amount plate of 12,50,000, Meenal got 6,00,000, Vikas got 3,25,000, Jay got 1,50,000, Utkarsh got 1,00,000, Sonali got 50,000 and Mira got 25,000. Later, Bigg Boss announced, if a contestant gets nominated for eviction then the amount assigned to him/her would be deducted from the final prize money. Mira was nominated, and Rs. 25000 got reduced from the prize money and Rs. 50000 got reduced when Sonali got nominated. Utkarsh was nominated and hence Rs. 1,00,000 got reduced. Vikas got nominated, and Rs. 3,50,000 was reduced from the prize money again. Towards the end, a total amount of Rs. 5,00,000 got reduced from final prize money.
|-
|After Team B was qualified for the ''Ticket To Finale'' task, they had the option to choose whether to let Meenal participate in the task or disqualify her. As a result, Meenal was rejected to participate in the ''Ticket To Finale'' task.
|-
|'''Nomination'''
|
*'''Birthday Bomb'''
As per the nomination task, the house-captain Meenal had to nominate someone for eviction. That person would then get the birthday bomb/power to nominate someone else and the pattern will continue. Meenal got a birthday bomb, and she nominated Mira. Mira nominated Sonali who in turn nominated Utkarsh and passed the bomb to him. Utkarsh nominated Vikas and the nomination task ended. At the end of the task, Mira, Sonali, Utkarsh and Vikas were nominated for eviction.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3: Mira Jagganath and three others to get nominated for eviction|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-mira-jagganath-and-three-others-to-get-nominated-for-eviction/articleshow/88294338.cms|access-date=2021-12-15|website=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=2021-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019050903/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-day-29-daadus-vikas-patil-meenal-shah-and-adish-vaidya-get-nominated-for-eviction/articleshow/87128601.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''Ticket To Finale Candidates task'''
|For the task, contestants were divided into two teams. Meenal was the sanchalak of the task.
'''Team A -''' Jay, Sonali and Vikas

'''Team B''' - Mira, Utkarsh and Vishal

Team A had to choose one representative from their team who would show the mirror to Team B and remind them how inadequately they have played in the show so far. Team B had also had to choose one representative from their team who would show the mirror to Team A and would tell them about how poor their game was.
|-
| rowspan="2"|'''Result'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;" |'''Winner (Ticket To Finale Candidates task) – Team B (Mira, Utkarsh and Vishal)'''
|-
|style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;" |'''Lost (Ticket To Finale Candidates task) – Team A (Jay, Sonali and Vikas)'''
|-
|'''Ticket To Finale Contenders'''
|Mira, Utkarsh and Vishal
|-
|'''Ticket To Finale task'''
|As per the task, the contenders had to sit on the chair and count 33 minutes to concentrate. Other contestants had to distract them by using their own techniques. They have to play the bell after calculating 33 minutes, and one contestant who will be the closest or count exact minute would be the first finalist to win the ''Ticket To Finale'' and go directly to the finale. On top of that, none of them had a clock in front of them, and they had to count the minutes using their strategies.
|-
| rowspan="2"|'''Result'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#9F6;" |'''Winner (Ticket To Finale task) – Vishal'''
|-
|style="text-align:center; background:#FA8072;" |'''Lost (Ticket To Finale task) – Mira and Utkarsh'''
|-
|'''Exits'''
|On Day 91, Sonali Patil was evicted after facing public votes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3 witnesses shocking eviction, Sonali Patil gets evicted from the show|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-witnesses-shocking-eviction-sonali-patil-gets-evicted-from-the-show/articleshow/88377408.cms|access-date=2021-12-19|website=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=21 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121161133/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-wild-card-contestant-neetha-shetty-gets-evicted-from-the-show-says-its-tricky-to-live-in-the-house-of-bb/articleshow/87703713.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="3"|
|-
| rowspan="13" style="background:gold;" |'''Week 14 Finale Week'''
|'''Entrances'''
|On Day 97, Akshay Waghmare, Surekha Kudachi, Adish Vaidya, Avishkar Darwhekar, [[Trupti Desai]], [[Neetha Shetty]], [[Sneha Wagh]], Santosh Choudhari, Gayatri Datar, Sonali Patil and Mira Jagganath re-entered the house as guests for only the '''''Grand Finale'''''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3: A Delightful Reunion For Top 5 Finalists With Eliminated Contestants - FilmiBeat|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/marathi-movies/news/bigg-boss-marathi-3-a-delightful-reunion-for-top-5-finalists-with-eliminated-contestants/articleshow/326893.html|access-date=2021-12-26|website=FilmiBeat}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''Twist'''
|For the first time in the history of Bigg Boss Marathi 3, a mid-week eviction took place on Day 95 after which only the Top 5 contestants advanced to the Grand Finale of the show.
|-
|On the Grand Finale, the Top 5 finalists were given a suitcase containing 5 lakhs and they had the choice to walk out of the show with the sum. Nobody agreed to the proposal thus the sum was given to nobody.
|-
|'''Nomination'''
|Everyone was nominated for the mid-week eviction except Vishal as he won the ''Ticket To Finale''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3 to have a mid-week eviction this week, only top 5 to reach the finale|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-to-have-a-mid-week-eviction-this-week-only-top-5-to-reach-the-finale/articleshow/88385026.cms|access-date=2021-12-20|website=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=2021-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019050903/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-day-29-daadus-vikas-patil-meenal-shah-and-adish-vaidya-get-nominated-for-eviction/articleshow/87128601.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''Exits'''
|On Day 95, Mira Jagganath was evicted after facing public votes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3: Mira Jagganath gets evicted from the show, Vikas Patil, Vishal Nikam, Utkarsh Shinde, Jay Dudhane, and Meenal Shah make it to the finale|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/exclusive-bigg-boss-marathi-3-mira-jagganath-gets-evicted-from-the-show-vikas-patil-vishal-nikam-utkarsh-shinde-jay-dudhane-and-meenal-shah-make-it-to-the-finale/articleshow/88458371.cms|access-date=2021-12-23|website=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=21 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121161133/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-wild-card-contestant-neetha-shetty-gets-evicted-from-the-show-says-its-tricky-to-live-in-the-house-of-bb/articleshow/87703713.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|On Day 98, Akshay Waghmare, Surekha Kudachi, Adish Vaidya, Avishkar Darwhekar, [[Trupti Desai]], [[Neetha Shetty]], [[Sneha Wagh]], Santosh Choudhari, Gayatri Datar, Sonali Patil and Mira Jagganath left after the '''''Grand Finale.'''''
|-
| style="background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="2"|
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:gold; text-align:center"|Grand Finale Day 98
|-
|style="background:#FF69B4; text-align:center;"|'''4th Runner Up'''
| text-align:center;"|'''Meenal Shah'''
|-
|style="background:#DDA0DD;" text-align:center;"|'''3rd Runner Up'''
| text-align:center;"|'''Utkarsh Shinde'''
|-
|style="background:#7FFFD4;" text-align:center;"|'''2nd Runner Up'''
|'''Vikas Patil'''
|-
|style="background:#D1E8EF;" text-align:center;"|'''1st Runner Up'''
|'''Jay Dudhane'''
|-
|style="background:#73FB76;" text-align:center;"|'''Winner'''
|'''Vishal Nikam'''
|}

==Guest appearances==
=== Through direct contact===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:85%; width:100%;"
! width="2%" style="background:#48D1CC" | Week(s)
! width="2%" style="background:#48D1CC" | Day(s)
! width="40%" style="background:#48D1CC" | Guest(s)
! width="30%" style="background:#48D1CC" | Purpose of visit
! width="30%" style="background:#48D1CC" |Ref.
|-
! rowspan="2" | Week 1
! rowspan="2" |Day 00
| '''[[Siddhartha Jadhav]]'''
| '''To Co-host the show'''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-20 |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3: From revealing the secret room of the house to introducing a new theme, a look at highlights of the grand premiere |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-from-revealing-the-secret-room-of-the-house-to-introducing-a-new-theme-a-look-at-highlights-of-the-grand-premiere/photostory/86361646.cms |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| '''[[Adarsh Shinde]]'''
| '''To support his brother Utkarsh'''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3: Adarsh Shinde Comes Out in Support Of Brother Utkarsh Shinde |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bigg-boss-marathi-3-adarsh-shinde-comes-out-in-support-of-brother-utkarsh-shinde-4282202.html |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="4" | Week 4
! rowspan="2" | Day 25
| '''Akshaya Iyer'''
| rowspan="2" | '''Dussehra Special'''
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3 to entertain with Dasara special episode, watch promo |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-to-entertain-with-dasara-special-episode-watch-promo/articleshow/87039293.cms |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=The Times of India |date=15 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| '''Vishwajeet Borvankar'''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Day 28
| '''[[Shiv Thakare]]'''
| rowspan="4" |'''For special task'''
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive: Bigg Boss Marathi 3: Former finalists Shiv Thakare and Neha Shitole to appear on the show |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/exclusive-bigg-boss-marathi-3-former-finalists-shiv-thakare-and-neha-shitole-to-appear-on-the-show/articleshow/87071834.cms |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=The Times of India |date=17 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| '''[[Neha Shitole]]'''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Week 5
! rowspan="2" |Day 35
| '''[[Megha Dhade]]'''
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3: BB Marathi 1 winner Megha Dhade and former contestant Resham Tipnis to appear on the show |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-bb-marathi-1-winner-megha-dhade-and-former-contestant-resham-tipnis-to-appear-on-the-show/articleshow/87235503.cms |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=The Times of India |date=24 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| '''[[Resham Tipnis]]'''
|-
! rowspan="3" |Week 6
!Day 46
| '''[[Avadhoot Gupte]]'''
| '''For captaincy task'''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3 Diwali special: Guest Avadhoot Gupte introduces a surprising captaincy candidate task; Mira Jagganath, Gayatri Datar, to fight for captaincy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-diwali-special-guest-avadhoot-gupte-introduces-a-surprising-captaincy-candidate-task-mira-jagganath-gayatri-datar-to-fight-for-captaincy/articleshow/87529406.cms |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=The Times of India |date=5 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" |Day 49
| '''Yogita Chavan'''
| rowspan="2" |'''Bhaubeej Special'''
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3: Jeev Majha Guntala's Sourabh Choughule and Yogita Chavan to appear on the show as guests |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-jeev-majha-guntalas-sourabh-choughule-and-yogita-chavan-to-appear-on-the-show-as-guests/articleshow/87564819.cms |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=The Times of India |date=7 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| '''Saorabh Choughule'''
|-
! rowspan="8"|Week 7
! rowspan="2"|Day 56
| '''Nitya Pawar (Krishnappa)'''
! rowspan="2"|Children's Day Special
! rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3: Wild card contestant Neetha Shetty gets evicted from the show, says, "It's tricky to live in the house of BB'" |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-wild-card-contestant-neetha-shetty-gets-evicted-from-the-show-says-its-tricky-to-live-in-the-house-of-bb/articleshow/87703713.cms |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=The Times of India |date=14 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| '''Somnaath'''
|-
! rowspan="6"|Day 58
| '''[[Sonalee Kulkarni]]'''
| rowspan="6"|'''To promote film ''[[Jhimma]]'''''
| rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3: Team Jhimma Chills With Housemates; Utkarsh Shinde Goes In Temptation Room |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/marathi-movies/news/bigg-boss-marathi-3-team-jhimma-chills-with-housemates-utkarsh-shinde-goes-in-temptation-room-324604.html |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=www.filmibeat.com |date=17 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| '''[[Mrinmayee Godbole]]'''
|-
| '''[[Nirmiti Sawant]]'''
|-
| '''[[Kshitee Jog]]'''
|-
| '''[[Siddharth Chandekar]]'''
|-
| '''Hemant Dhome'''
|-
! rowspan="2" |Week 10
! rowspan="2" |Day 70
| '''[[Aayush Sharma]]'''
| rowspan="2" |'''To promote film ''[[Antim: The Final Truth]]'''''
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3 Chavadi: Antim Stars Aayush & Mahima Interact With Housemates; Dadus Gets Out Of The House |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/marathi-movies/news/bigg-boss-marathi-3-chavadi-antim-aayush-mahima-interact-with-housemates-dadus-gets-out-of-house-325316.html |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=www.filmibeat.com |date=29 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| '''[[Mahima Makwana]]'''
|-
! rowspan="4" |Week 11
! rowspan="4"|Day 76
| '''[[Subodh Bhave]]'''
| rowspan="4"|'''To promote film ''[[Vijeta (2020 film)|Vijeta]]'''''
| rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3 preview: Subodh Bhave and Pooja Sawant to grace the show, watch promo |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-preview-subodh-bhave-and-pooja-sawant-to-grace-the-show-watch-promo/articleshow/88069723.cms |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=The Times of India |date=3 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| '''[[Pooja Sawant]]'''
|-
| '''[[Maadhav Deochake]]'''
|-
| '''Sushant Shelar'''
|-
! rowspan="4" |Week 12
! rowspan="3" | Day 78-83
| '''Adish Vaidya'''
| rowspan="3" |'''To perform special tasks'''
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3: Sneha Wagh, Trupti Desai, and Adish Vaidya dominate housemates in the 'Hukumshaha' task |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-sneha-wagh-trupti-desai-and-adish-vaidya-dominate-housemates-in-the-hukumshaha-task/articleshow/88173539.cms |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=The Times of India |date=9 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| '''[[Sneha Wagh]]'''
|-
| '''[[Trupti Desai]]'''
|-
! Day 83
| '''[[Siddhartha Jadhav]]'''
| '''To Co-host the show'''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3: Gayatri Datar gets evicted from the show |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-gayatri-datar-gets-evicted-from-the-show/articleshow/88243767.cms |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=The Times of India |date=12 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="4" |Week 13
! rowspan="3" |Day 89
| '''[[Amey Wagh]]'''
| rowspan="3" |'''To carry out ''Ticket To Finale'' task and promote film ''[[Zombivli (2022 film)|Zombivli]]'''''
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3: Vishhal Nikam Becomes First Finalist; Zombivli Stars Enter The House |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/marathi-movies/news/bigg-boss-marathi-3-vishhal-nikam-becomes-first-finalist-zombivli-stars-enter-the-house-326457.html |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=www.filmibeat.com |date=18 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Vaidehi Parashurami|'''Vaidehi Parshurami''']]
|-
| '''[[Lalit Prabhakar]]'''
|-
!Day 91
| '''[[Ankush Chaudhari]]'''
| '''To promote film ''[[Luckdown Be Positive]]'''''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marathi Actor Ankush Chauhari Enjoys A Gala Time With Bigg Boss Marathi 3 Contestants |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/marathi-actor-ankush-chauhari-enjoys-a-gala-time-with-bigg-boss-marathi-3-contestants-4574606.html |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="12" |Week 14
! {{nowrap|Day 97-98}}
| '''Ex-Housemates except Shivlila Patil'''
| '''To meet Top 5 finalists'''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3 Grand Finale: Former contestants Sonali Patil, Akshay Waghmare, Mira Jagganath, and Adish Vaidya to entertain in the star-studded climax |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-grand-finale-former-contestants-sonali-patil-akshay-waghmare-mira-jagganath-and-adish-vaidya-to-entertain-in-the-star-studded-climax/articleshow/88477966.cms |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=The Times of India |date=24 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="11" |Day 98
| '''[[Bhargavi Chirmule]]y'''
| rowspan="2" | '''To promote show ''Aai - Mayecha Kavach'''''
| rowspan="11" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3 Grand Finale Highlights: Vishal Nikam lifts the trophy; wins prize money of Rs. 20 lakh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-grand-finale-live-updates-bigg-boss-marathi-3-winner-who-will-be-the-winner-tonight/liveblog/88504400.cms |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=The Times of India |date=26 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!Anushka Pimputkar
|-
| '''[[Shiv Thakare]]'''
| '''To carry out eviction'''
|-
![[Chhaya Kadam]]
! rowspan="3" |To promote film ''[[Nay Varanbhat Loncha Kon Nay Koncha]]''
|-
!Prem Dharmadhikari
|-
!Varad Nagwekar
|-
| '''[[Hitesh Modak]]'''
| '''To interact with the Top 5 finalists'''
|-
| '''Anupama Takmoge'''
| rowspan="4" |'''To promote show ''Tujhya Rupacha Chandana'''''
|-
| '''Tanvi Shewale'''
|-
| '''Rohit Chandra'''
|-
| '''Sushant Shelar'''
|}

=== Through video conferencing ===
{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="text-align:center;margin: 1em 1em 1em 0;text-align:center;font-size:85%; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; width:100%;"
! width="2%" style="background:#48D1CC" | Week(s)
! width="2%" style="background:#48D1CC" | Day(s)
! width="40%" style="background:#48D1CC" | Guest(s)
! width="30%" style="background:#48D1CC" | Purpose of visit
! width="30%" style="background:#48D1CC" | Ref.
|-
! Week 1
! Day 00
! Anand Shinde
! To support his son Utkarsh
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3: From becoming the first captain of the house to entering the 'Temptation room' twice, a look at the journey of all-rounder Utkarsh Shinde |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bigg-boss-marathi-3-from-becoming-the-first-captain-of-the-house-to-entering-the-temptation-room-twice-a-look-at-the-journey-of-all-rounder-utkarsh-shinde/photostory/88430397.cms |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=The Times of India |date=22 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!'''Week 10'''
!Day 70
|'''[[Salman Khan]]'''
|'''To talk to Top 9 contestants'''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3 weekend Chavadi episode: Bollywood superstar Salman Khan to grace the show; watch promo |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/salman-khan-to-appear-on-bigg-boss-marathi-3-weekend-chavadi-episode/articleshow/87905831.cms |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=The Times of India |date=25 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="4" | Week 14
! rowspan="4" | Day 96
|'''RJ Bandya'''
| rowspan="4" |'''For special task'''
| rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 3: Housemates Enjoy Fun Interaction With RJs; Mahesh Manjrekar Pays Surprise Visit |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/marathi-movies/news/bigg-boss-marathi-3-housemates-enjoy-fun-interaction-with-rjs-mahesh-manjrekar-pays-surprise-visit-326869.html |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=www.filmibeat.com |date=25 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|'''RJ Shonali'''
|-
|'''RJ Shruti'''
|-
|'''RJ Smita'''
|}

==Nominations table ==
<blockquote style="padding: 0em; overflow:auto;">
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:13px;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 6.5%;" |
! rowspan="2" style="width: 6.5%;" | Week 1
! rowspan="2" style="width: 6.5%;" | Week 2
! rowspan="2" style="width: 6.5%;" | Week 3
! rowspan="2" style="width: 6.5%;" | Week 4
! rowspan="2" style="width: 6.5%;" | Week 5
! rowspan="2" style="width: 6.5%;" | Week 6
! rowspan="2" style="width: 6.5%;" | Week 7
! rowspan="2" style="width: 6.5%;" | Week 8
! rowspan="2" style="width: 6.5%;" | Week 9
! rowspan="2" style="width: 6.5%;" | Week 10
! rowspan="2" style="width: 6.5%;" | Week 11
! rowspan="2" style="width: 6.5%;" | Week 12
! rowspan="2" style="width: 6.5%;" | Week 13
! colspan="4" style="width: 6.5%;" | Week 14
|-
! Day 95
! colspan="3" style="background:#FFD700" |Day 98
|- style="background:#87CEEB" |
!Nominees for Captaincy
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| Mira Utkarsh
| Jay Gayatri
| Jay Vishal
|Sneha Vishal Surekha
|Adish Avishkar Jay Mira Meenal Santosh Sonali Trupti Utkarsh Vikas
| Sneha Trupti
| Gayatri Mira
| Jay Vishal
| Gayatri Sneha
| Jay <s>Utkarsh</s> Mira
| Utkarsh Meenal
| Gayatri Jay Meenal Mira Sonali Utkarsh Vikas Vishal
| colspan="4" rowspan="3" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Captain''
|- style="background:#cfc;" |
! style="background:#cfc;" | House Captain
| rowspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Captain''
|Utkarsh
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Captain''
| Trupti
|Santosh
|Sneha
|Mira
|Jay
|Gayatri
|Jay
| rowspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Captain''
|Meenal
|-
! Captain's Nominations
| Avishkar Meenal Shivlila Sonali Surekha {{nowrap|(To evict)}}
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| Avishkar Jay Sonali Vikas {{nowrap|(To evict)}}
| Gayatri Meenal Mira Vikas {{nowrap|(To evict)}}
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| Gayatri Meenal Sonali Vikas Vishal
|Mira {{nowrap|(To evict)}}
|-
! Notes
|
|
|
|
| [[#endnote 4|4]]
|
|
|
|
|
| [[#endnote 11|11]]
|
|
|
| colspan="3" |
|-
! colspan="18" style="background:#000;" |
|-
! Vote to
! Save/Evict
! colspan="3" | Evict
! Save
! colspan="2" | Evict
! colspan="2" | Task
! colspan="2" | Evict
! colspan="2" | Evict
! ''None''
! colspan="3" |'''WIN'''
|-
! colspan="18" style="background:#000;" |
|-
! Vishal
| Sonali (to save) Trupti (to evict)
|Sneha Mira Gayatri Jay
| '''Akshay'''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#FBF373;" | ''Safe''
|Santosh
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#ccc;"|''Not eligible''
| style="background:#ccc;"|''Not eligible''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |'''''Finalist'''''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="2" style="background:#99FF99;" |'''''Winner''''' (Day 98)
|-
! Jay
| Gayatri (to save) Shivlila (to evict)
|Avishkar Meenal Shivlila Vikas Vishal
| '''Vishal'''
| Trupti Sneha Vishal Vikas Santosh
|Utkarsh Gayatri
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#cfc;" | ''House Captain''
|Sonali Vikas Meenal
| style="background: #cfc;" | ''House Captain''
| style="background:#ccc;"|
| style="background:#ccc;"|''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="2" style="background:#D1E8EF;" | '''''{{nowrap|1st runner-up}}''''' (Day 98)
|-
!
| Surekha (to save) Mira (to evict)
|Sneha Mira Gayatri Jay
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#FBF373;" ! |''Safe''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#FBF373;" ! | ''Safe''
| style="background:#ccc;"|''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#ccc;"|
| style="background:#ccc;"|''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="2" style="background:#7FFFD4;" |'''''2nd runner-up''''' (Day 98)
|-
! Utkarsh
| Surekha (to save) Sneha (to evict)
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| Sneha Vishal Vikas Santosh
|Jay Mira
| style="background:#FBF373;" ! | ''Safe''
| style="background:#FBF373;" ! | ''Safe''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#FBF373;" ! |Vikas Meenal
| style="background:#FBF373;" ! | ''Safe''
| style="background:#ccc;"|''Not eligible''
| Vikas
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="2" style="background:#DDA0DD;" | '''''3rd runner-up''''' (Day 98)
|-
! Meenal
| Jay (to save) Avishkar (to evict)
|Gayatri Jay Sneha Mira
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
|Sonali Vishal
| style="background:#FBF373;" ! | ''Safe''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#FBF373;" ! | ''Safe''
| style="background:#FBF373;" ! | ''Safe''
|Santosh
| style="background:#969FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#ccc;"|''Not eligible''
| style="background: #cfc;" | ''House Captain''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="2" style="background:#FF69B4;" | '''''4th runner-up''''' (Day 98)
|-
! Mira
| Jay (to save) Vikas (to evict)
|Avishkar Meenal Shivlila Vikas Vishal
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| Trupti Sneha Vishal Vikas Santosh
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#FBF373;" ! | ''Safe''
| style="background:#FBF373;" ! |''Safe''
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |Sonali
| style="background:#FBF373;" ! | ''Safe''
| style="background:#ccc;"|''Not eligible''
|Sonali
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="3" style="background:#FA8072;" | ''Evicted'' (Day 95)
|-
! Sonali
| Akshay (to save) Utkarsh (to evict)
|Avishkar Meenal Shivlila Gayatri Jay
| '''Trupti'''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#ccc;"|''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#ccc;"|''Not eligible''
| Utkarsh
| colspan="4" style="background:#FA8072;" | ''Evicted'' (Day 91)
|-
! Gayatri
| Jay (to save) Santosh (to evict)
| Avishkar Meenal Shivlila Vikas Vishal
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| Trupti Sneha Vishal Vikas Santosh
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" | ''Nominated''
| style="background:#FBF373;" ! | ''Safe''
| style="background:#FBF373;" ! | ''Safe''
| style="background:#959FFD;" | ''Nominated''
| style="background:#cfc;" | ''House Captain''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#ccc;"|''Not eligible''
| colspan="5" style="background:#FA8072;" | ''Evicted'' (Day 84)
|-
! Santosh
| Shivlila (to save) Gayatri (to evict)
|Avishkar Meenal Shivlila Vikas Vishal
| '''Sneha'''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
|Sneha
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| style="background:#FBF373;" ! |''Safe''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#959FFD;" | ''Nominated''
| style="background:#ccc;"|''Not eligible''
| colspan="7" style="background:#FA8072;" | ''Evicted'' (Day 70)
|-
! Sneha
| Santosh (to save) Utkarsh (to evict)
|Avishkar Meenal Shivlila Vikas Vishal
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| Trupti
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" | ''Nominated''
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| style="background:#FBF373;" ! | ''Safe''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| colspan="2" style="background:#FA8072;" | ''Evicted'' (Day 63)
| style="background:Lightblue;" ! |Sonali Gayatri Mira Utkarsh Jay
| colspan="5" style="background:#FA8072;" |
|-
! Neetha
| colspan="6" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not In House''
| style="background:#FBF373;" ! |''Safe''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| colspan="9" style="background:#FA8072;" | ''Evicted'' (Day 56)
|-
! Trupti
|Jay (to save) Vishal (to evict)
|Avishkar Meenal Shivlila Vikas Vishal
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| style="background:#FBF373;" ! | ''Safe''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| colspan="4" style="background:#FA8072;" | ''Evicted'' (Day 49)
| style="background:Lightblue;" ! |Sonali Gayatri Mira Utkarsh Jay
| colspan="5" style="background:#FA8072;" |
|-
! Avishkar
| Mira (to save) Meenal (to evict)
|Gayatri Jay Sneha Mira
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| colspan="11" style="background:#FA8072;" | ''Evicted'' (Day 42)
|-
! Adish
| colspan="3" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not In House''
| style="background:#FBF373;" ! |''Safe''
|Avishkar
| colspan="6" style="background:#FA8072;" | ''Evicted'' (Day 35)
| style="background:Lightblue;" ! |Sonali Gayatri Mira Utkarsh Jay
| colspan="5" style="background:#FA8072;" |
|-
! Surekha
| Vishal (to save) Utkarsh (to evict)
|Avishkar Meenal Shivlila Gayatri Jay
| style="background:#959FFD;" |'''Santosh'''
| style="background:#959FFD;" |''Nominated''
| colspan="13" style="background:#FA8072;" | ''Evicted'' (Day 28)
|-
! Akshay
| Trupti (to save) Shivlila (to evict)
|Avishkar Meenal Shivlila Sonali Surekha
| style="background:#ccc;" |''Not eligible''
| colspan="14" style="background:#FA8072;" | ''Evicted'' (Day 21)
|-
! Shivlila
| Utkarsh (to save) Santosh (to evict)
|Gayatri Jay Sneha Mira
| colspan="15" style="background:#FCF;" | ''Walked'' (Day 10)
|-
! colspan="18" style="background:#000;" |
|-
! Notes
| ''[[#endnote 1|1]]''
|''[[#endnote 2|2]]'',''[[#endnote 3|3]]''
|
|''[[#endnote 4|4]]''
|''[[#endnote 5|5]]'',''[[#endnote 6|6]]''
|
|''[[#endnote 7|7]]'',''[[#endnote 8|8]]''
|
|''[[#endnote 9|9]]''
|''[[#endnote 10|10]]''
|
|''[[#endnote 12|12]]''
|
|''[[#endnote 13|13]]''
| colspan="3" |
|- style="background:#B2FFFF" |
! Against Public Vote
| Utkarsh Shivlila Santosh Vishal Gayatri Vikas Sneha Avishkar Meenal Trupti Mira
|Jay Gayatri Vishal Vikas Avishkar Meenal Shivlila
|Akshay Santosh Trupti Vishal Sneha Surekha
|Trupti Santosh Vikas Vishal Sneha Surekha Meenal Sonali
|<s>Santosh</s> Vikas Meenal Adish
|Gayatri Vishal <s>Sneha</s> Jay Vikas Sonali Avishkar
|Vishal Jay Trupti Sonali Meenal
|<s>Jay</s> Neetha Santosh Sonali Utkarsh Vikas Vishal
|Sneha Sonali Mira Utkarsh <s>Gayatri</s> Santosh
|Mira Sonali Vikas Meenal Santosh
|Sonali Gayatri Vikas Meenal Vishal
|Sonali Gayatri Mira Utkarsh Jay
|Mira Sonali Utkarsh Vikas
|Jay Meenal Mira Utkarsh Vikas
| colspan="3" |Jay Meenal Utkarsh Vikas Vishal
|-
! Walked
| style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
| style="background:#fcf" |'''Shivlila'''
| colspan="15" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
|-
! rowspan="2" | Evicted
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5" |''No Eviction''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FF8072" |'''Akshay'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FF8072" |'''Surekha'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FF8072" |'''Adish'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FF8072" |'''Avishkar'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FF8072" |'''Trupti'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FF8072" |'''Neetha'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FF8072" |'''Sneha'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FF8072" |'''Santosh'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''No Eviction''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FF8072" |'''Gayatri'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FF8072" |'''Sonali'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FF8072" |'''Mira'''
| style="background:#FF69B4;" |'''Meenal'''
| colspan="2" style="background:#DDA0DD;" |'''Utkarsh'''
|-
| style="background:#7FFFD4;" |'''Vikas'''
| style="background:#D1E8EF;" |'''Jay'''
| style="background:#73FB76;" |'''Vishal'''
|}
</blockquote>

=== Notes ===
: {{Color box|#cfc|border=darkgray}} indicates the House Captain.
: {{Color box|#C2DFFF|border=darkgray}} indicates the Nominees for house captaincy.
: {{Color box|#959FFD|border=darkgray}} indicates that the Housemate was directly nominated for eviction prior to the regular nominations process.
: {{Color box|#FFE08B|border=darkgray}} indicates that the housemate has Ejected.
: {{Color box|#DAFF99|border=darkgray}} indicates that the housemate has Re-Entered.
: {{Color box|#FBF373|border=darkgray}} indicates that the Housemate was granted immunity from nominations.
: {{Color box|salmon}} indicates the contestant has been evicted.
: {{Color box|Lightblue}} indicates that the contestant was just a guest entrant.
: {{Color box|#fcf}} indicates the contestant has been walked out of the show.
: {{Color box|beige}} indicates a new wildcard contestant.
: {{Color box|#99FF99}} indicates the winner.
: {{Color box|#D1E8EF}} indicates the first runner up.
: {{Color box|#7FFFD4}} indicates the second runner up.
: {{Color box|#DDA0DD}} indicates the third runner up.
: {{Color box|#FF69B4}} indicates the fourth runner up.

*{{Note|1|Note 1}}: Housemates had to save one housemate and nominate one housemate of the opposite gender only.
*{{Note|2|Note 2}}: Housemates were divided into pairs for this week. Each pair had to nominate two pairs.
*{{Note|3|Note 3}}: Shivlila left the house due to medical treatment but later she revealed that she won't coming back by sending a video as her condition became worse.
*{{Note|4|Note 4}}: After Surekha was evicted, she was given the power to choose the captain for the next week and hence Trupti became the captain.
*{{Note|5|Note 5}}: Housemates had to perform a task where they had to get diamonds from a basket and the first one to get the diamond would get to save one other housemate from nomination.
*{{Note|6|Note 6}}: Sneha, Gayatri, and Vishal were nominated due to their poor behaviour, violence and damaging Bigg Boss property.
*{{Note|7|Note 7}}: Wildcard contestants were safe from one week's nomination and eviction.
*{{Note|8|Note 8}}: Utkarsh won immunity after winning the Temptation task and Vishal was already nominated by Utkarsh beforehand after he also won the power to nominate one contestant.
*{{Note|9|Note 9}}: In order to make their favorite captaincy candidate win, Sneha and Sonali nominated themselves to make Jay and Vishal the captain respectively.
*{{Note|10|Note 10}}: Utkarsh gained immunity after winning the Temptation task and to claim that immunity power, he had to nominate Mira. He agreed and Mira was nominated for eviction.
*{{Note|11|Note 11}}: Utkarsh won the main task and was selected to fight for the captaincy position but he voluntarily refused and thus was replaced by Mira.
*{{Note|12|Note 12}}: Adish, Sneha and Trupti re-entered the house and had to carry out the tasks including nomination where the trio had to nominate several contestants in a mutual decision. They were also the king and queens for that week.
*{{Note|13|Note 13}}: For the first time in the history of Bigg Boss Marathi, a mid-week eviction was held after which only the Top 5 contestants would reach the finale.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.jiocinema.com/tv-shows/bigg-boss-marathi/3498215 ''Bigg Boss Marathi''] at [[JioCinema]]
* {{IMDb episodes|9673434}}

{{Bigg Boss Marathi}}

[[Category:2021 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:Bigg Boss Marathi seasons|03]]
[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Colors Marathi original programming]]

TROPEX

2026-01-18T00:28:47Z

Sabari2398: starting new info!

{{short description|Inter-service military exercise}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
[[File:INS Vikramaditya at anchorage off Kochi, with INS Viraat in the background during TROPEX 2015.jpg|300px|thumb|{{INS|Vikramaditya}} at anchor off Kochi, with {{INS|Viraat}} in the background during TROPEX 2015]]

'''Theatre Level Operational Readiness Exercise''' ('''TROPEX''') is an [[Jointness and integration in the Indian military|inter-service]] [[military exercise]] involving the participation of the [[Indian Army]], [[Indian Air Force|Air Force]], [[Indian Navy|Navy]] and the [[Indian Coast Guard|Coast Guard]]. The exercise generally commences at the beginning of each year and lasts a month. It is generally carried out in three phrases: independent workup phase, joint workup phase and tactical phase.

The exercise is designed to test the combat readiness of the Indian naval units, as well as the Indian Air Force, Indian Army and the Indian Coast Guard.<ref name="indianexpress">{{Cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/indias-inter-service-military-exercise-tropex-kicks-off-4494692/ |title=India's inter-service military exercise 'Tropex' kicks off |access-date=8 February 2017 |work=The Indian Express |agency=Press Trust of India |publication-date=27 January 2017}}</ref> It also seeks to strengthen interoperability and joint operations in a complex environment.<ref name="indianexpress"/>

Beginning in 2005, the exercise has been held annually, with the exception of 2016 and 2018. The latest edition of the exercise was conducted in 2025.

==Editions==
=== TROPEX 2005 ===
TROPEX 2005 was conducted by the Indian Navy's [[Western Naval Command]] off the [[Goa]] coast.<ref name="Tropex 05">{{Cite news |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/oldStory/68294/ |title=Goa naval base to be ready for MiG-29Ks |last=Nayak |first=Raju |access-date=6 August 2018 |work=The Indian Express |publication-date=13 April 2005}}</ref> It commenced in April 2005 and involved units of the Indian Navy, Army, Air Force and Coast Guard.<ref name="Annual Report Year 2005 - 2006">{{Cite web |url=https://mod.gov.in/sites/default/files/MOD-English2006.pdf |title=Annual Report Year 2005 – 2006 |publisher=Ministry of Defence |page=34}}</ref> The exercise included weapon firings and evaluation of various combat tactics.<ref name="Annual Report Year 2005 - 2006 " /> [[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] Madanjit Singh, Flag Officer Commanding in Chief (FOC-in-C) Western Naval Command, witnessed the exercise.<ref name="Tropex 05" />

=== TROPEX 2006 ===
TROPEX 2006 commenced on 5 April 2006 and continued until 26 April 2006. The exercise was conducted off the western seaboard of India.<ref name="Annual Report">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sqrfAAAAMAAJ&q=Exercise+TROPEX |title=Annual Report |publisher=Ministry of Defence |year=2006 |page=29}}</ref> It included a joint workup phase from 5 to 11 April, comprising both fleets. This was followed by a deployment and tactical phase which commenced on 12 April and continued until 21 April 2006.<ref name="Annual Report"/> On 21 April 2006, an Indian naval missile corvette [[INS Prahar (K98)|''Prahar'']], collided with a [[merchant vessel]] Rajiv Gandhi head-on and sank about three hours after the collision about ten nautical miles off [[Mormugao]] port in [[Goa]].<ref name="ins prahar sinks">{{Cite news |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-navy-s-missile-boat-sinks-1025468 |title=Navy's missile boat sinks |last1=Iyengar |first1=Pushpa |access-date=5 September 2015 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |last2=Joseph |first2=Josy |publication-date=22 April 2006}}</ref><ref name="INS Prahar mishap">{{Cite news |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/ins-prahar-mishap-captain-found-guilty-of-navigational-error-sacked/13873/0 |title=INS Prahar mishap: Captain found guilty of navigational error, sacked |last=Sonawane |first=Rakshit |access-date=5 September 2018 |work=The Indian Express |publication-date=2 October 2006}}</ref> The corvette was on its way to [[Mumbai]], after the completion of TROPEX exercise, when the incident happened.<ref name="ins prahar sinks" /><ref name="INS Prahar mishap" /> The corvette's entire crew of seventy-three were rescued before it sank and no injuries were reported.<ref name="INS Prahar mishap" />

=== TROPEX 2007 ===
TROPEX 2007 commenced on 30 January 2007 and was conducted in the [[Arabian Sea]].<ref name="Converging Regions: Global Perspectives on Asia and the Middle East">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qB8SBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA126 |title=Converging Regions: Global Perspectives on Asia and the Middle East |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |year=2014 |isbn=9781472436856 |editor=Nele Lenze |editor2=Charlotte Schriwer |edition=reprint, revised |page=126}}</ref> The exercise involved fifty ships from the Indian Navy's [[Western Naval Command|Western]] and [[Eastern Naval Command]], including the aircraft carrier {{INS|Viraat}}, {{Sclass|Rajput|destroyer|5}} and {{Sclass|Delhi|destroyer|1}}s, and {{Sclass|Talwar|frigate|5}}, {{Sclass|Brahmaputra|frigate|5}} and {{Sclass|Godavari|frigate|1}}s.<ref name="INDIA’S DRIVE FOR A ‘BLUE WATER’ NAVY">{{Cite journal |last=Scott |first=David |title=INDIA'S DRIVE FOR A 'BLUE WATER' NAVY |url=http://jmss.org/jmss/index.php/jmss/article/viewFile/90/100 |journal=Journal of Military and Strategic Studies |date=Winter 2007–08 |volume=10 |issue=2}}</ref> It also involved elements from the Army, Air Force, and the Coast Guard.<ref name="Converging Regions: Global Perspectives on Asia and the Middle East" /> Towards the later stages of the exercise, the navy deployed UAVs, [[Kamov Ka-31|Kamov 31]] [[Airborne early warning and control#Helicopter AEW systems|AEW]] helicopters, missile defence systems like [[Barak 1|Barak]], [[Buk missile system|Shtil]] and Kashmir {{Clarification needed|reason=Such missile doesnot exist|date=August 2024}}surface-to-air missiles, besides land-attack missiles.<ref name="zeenews">{{Cite news |title=Indian Navy validates new maritime warfare doctrine |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/indian-navy-validates-new-maritime-warfare-doctrine_356870.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221011022/http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/indian-navy-validates-new-maritime-warfare-doctrine_356870.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 February 2017 |access-date=20 February 2007 |work=[[Zee News]] |publication-date=27 February 2007}}</ref> During the exercise, participating forces successfully conducted firing of live weapons, including firing of surface-to-air as well as surface-to-surface missiles.<ref name="mod-tropex07">{{Cite web |url=https://mod.gov.in/sites/default/files/AR-eng-2008.pdf |title=Annual Report 2007-2008 |website=Ministry of Defence |page=35}}</ref> In addition, they also tested new operational concepts and learned valuable lessons, which will then be analyzed and used for improving existing operational doctrines.<ref name="zeenews" /><ref name="mod-tropex07" /> "The thrust of this year's edition was to validate the concept of 'Maritime Manoeuvre from the Sea' that is designed to ensure that in a short, swift and intense conflict, the navy is able to directly address and favourably influence the progress and outcome of the air-land battle," said a navy spokesperson.<ref name="zeenews" />

=== TROPEX 2008 ===
TROPEX 2008 was conducted on India's Eastern seaboard.<ref name="Annual Report - Government of India, Ministry of Defence">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cABQAQAAMAAJ |title=Annual Report – Government of India, Ministry of Defence |publisher=Ministry of Defence |year=2008}}</ref> The exercise included the independent workup phase, joint workup phase and tactical phase.<ref name="Annual Report - Government of India, Ministry of Defence" /> On 1 February 2008, while the exercise was underway, five India naval personnel were killed and three others were critically injured aboard the [[Amphibious transport dock|amphibious transport warship]] {{INS|Jalashwa|L41|6}}, when they inadvertently inhaled the poisonous [[hydrogen sulphide]] (H2S) gas while trying to locate the source of the leakage in a compartment of the ship. ''Jalashwa'', which was purchased from the United States the previous year, was engaged in the exercise with other naval units in the [[Bay of Bengal]], between [[Visakhapatnam]] and [[Port Blair]] when the mishap occurred.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/navy/20080202.htm |title=Sailors died due to gas leak: Navy |access-date=10 August 2018 |work=Rediff.com |publication-date=2 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Jalashwa-deaths-due-to-gas-inhalation/articleshow/2751966.cms |title=Jalashwa deaths due to gas inhalation' |access-date=10 August 2018 |work=The Times of India |publication-date=3 February 2008}}</ref><ref name="Deaths on board INS Jalashwa due to gas leakage">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Deaths-on-board-INS-Jalashwa-due-to-gas-leakage-says-Navy/article15157119.ece |title=Deaths on board INS Jalashwa due to gas leakage, says Navy |last=Dikshit |first=Sandeep |access-date=10 August 2018 |work=The Hindu |publication-date=3 February 2008}}</ref> Among the injured were [[Lieutenant commander]] Shwet Gupta and [[Lieutenant (navy)|Lieutenant]] Ruchir Prasad.<ref name="Deaths on board INS Jalashwa due to gas leakage"/> Gupta subsequently succumbed to his injuries on 9 February 2008, bringing the total number of sailors killed to six.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/Naval-officer-dead/article15162101.ece |title=Naval officer dead |last=Dixit |first=Sandeep |access-date=10 August 2018 |work=The Hindu |publication-date=10 February 2008}}</ref> Prasad, one of the survivors, later narrated that Gupta, sensing the gravity of the situation, promptly decided to not wait for the gas masks, and, regardless of personal risk, rushed to the rescue of trapped sailors aboard the Jalashwa, and in the process inhaled the poisonous gas.<ref name="Courage under fire on INS Jalashwa">{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/courage-under-fire-on-ins-jalashwa/story-4TtqJSQR6GCiM3bktWOJdL.html |title=Courage under fire on INS Jalashwa |last=Singh |first=Rahul |access-date=17 November 2018 |work=Hindustan Times |publication-date=21 February 2008}}</ref><ref name="Naval officer dead">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/Naval-officer-dead/article15162101.ece |title=Naval officer dead |last=Dixit |first=Sandeep |access-date=17 November 2018 |work=The Hindu |publication-date=10 February 2008}}</ref> "He jumped and so did I," Prasad said, "I was the last man to see him conscious before I fell myself and in those 30 to 60 seconds we were down there, all I remember is how he showed utter disregard to his own safety."<ref name="Courage under fire on INS Jalashwa" /> Gupta was posthumously awarded the [[Nao Sena Medal]] for his gallantry.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thehinduimages.com/details-page.php?id=107900566&highlights=MEDALS |title=NAVAL INVESTITURE CERMONY_2009 |website=The Hindu Images}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |title=Independence Day Gallantry Awards and other Decorations |date=14 August 2008 |publisher=Press Information Bureau |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=41332 |access-date=10 August 2008}}</ref>

=== TROPEX 2009 ===
[[File:The hundreds of Infantry soldiers rushing towards simulated enemy targets at Madhavpur beach, Gujarat, during Exercise Tropex-09, a joint services exercise by the Army, Navy and the Air Force, on February 09, 2009.jpg|thumb|Hundreds of Infantry soldiers rushing towards simulated enemy targets at Madhavpur beach, Gujarat, during Exercise Tropex-09]]
TROPEX 2009 took place from 27 January to 25 February 2009.<ref name="Annual Report - Government of India, Ministry of Defence" /> It was conducted by the Indian Navy, Indian Air Force and Indian Coast Guard at Madhavpur Beach, [[Gujarat]].<ref name="TROPEX-2009">{{Cite press release |title=Amphibious Landing Exercise off Gujarat Coast |date=9 February 2017 |publisher=Press Information Bureau |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=47351 |access-date=14 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/joint-exercise-of-armed-forces-tropex-begins/story-Iz3xnHp5q4UErjqL7YjuhO.html |title=Joint exercise of armed forces 'Tropex' begins |access-date=14 February 2017 |work=The Hindustan Times |publication-date=9 February 2009}}</ref> The exercise involved an amphibious landing on the beach and complex military manoeuvres.<ref name="TROPEX-2009"/> It included around 1,500 Indian Armed Forces' personnel.<ref name="hindustantimes.com"/> Indian Navy assets included amphibious transport dock [[INS Jalashwa|INS ''Jalashwa'']], [[amphibious warfare vessel]]s, fleet ships with their integral helicopters, shore-based aircraft, and [[submarine]]s. Indian Air Force assets such as [[SEPECAT Jaguar|Jaguar]] and [[MiG-29]] aircraft were also seen in action.<ref name="TROPEX-2009" /> It was witnessed by then Air Marshal K D Singh (AOC in C, South Western Air Command), then Vice Admiral J S Bedi (FOC in C, Western Naval Command) and then Lieutenant General Pradeep Khanna (GOC in C, Southern Command).<ref name="TROPEX-2009"/>

=== TROPEX 2010 ===
TROPEX 2010 was conducted from 7 February to mid-March 2010 off the Eastern seaboard of India.<ref name="Annual Report 2010">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=igBQAQAAMAAJ |title=Annual Report – Government of India, Ministry of Defence |publisher=Ministry of Defence |year=2010 |page=33}}</ref><ref name="TROPEX 2010">{{Cite press release |title=Western and Eastern fleets of Indian Navy along with IAF and Coast Guard Elements Converge in bay of Bengal for TROPEX 2010 |date= 25 February 2010 |publisher=Press Information Bureau |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=58397 |access-date=27 February 2017}}</ref> Major surface combatants, including the aircraft carrier, INS ''Viraat'', airborne early warning (AEW) helicopters, [[Unmanned Aerial Vehicle|UAV]]s from the Indian Navy's Western and Eastern Naval Command along with assets from the Indian Air Force, including [[Sukhoi Su-30|Su-30MKI]], and [[SEPECAT Jaguar|Jaguars]]. The Indian Coast Guard also took part in the exercise.<ref name="TROPEX 2010" />

It included a mock battle to test the tactical skills and operational readiness of the armed forces. It was witnessed by then [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]] [[Nirmal Kumar Verma|Nirmal Verma]] ([[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]]) and then [[Defence Secretary (India)|Defence Secretary]] Pradeep Kumar from aboard [[INS Viraat|INS ''Viraat'']].<ref name="TROPEX 2010" /> It also included missile, torpedo and gun firings exercises.<ref name="TROPEX 2010" />

"Overall, the exercise is intended to thoroughly test the human and material endurance of the Navy, the efficacy of its operational and logistics plans and its combat effectiveness," said a press release issued by Ministry of Defence.<ref name="TROPEX 2010" />

=== TROPEX 2011 ===
[[File:INS Jalashwa in Mumbai.jpg|thumb|right|INS ''Jalashwa'', in [[Mumbai]], before proceeding to [[Libya]].]]
TROPEX 2011 was conducted in February 2011 on the Western seaboard and involved units of the Indian Navy, Army and Air Force.<ref name="Annual Report - Ministry of Defence">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgBQAQAAMAAJ|title=Annual Report|publisher=Ministry of Defence|year=2011}}</ref><ref name="tro11">{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/navy-to-issue-rs-50000-crore-submarine-tender-this-year/articleshow/7508341.cms |title=Navy to issue Rs 50,000 crore submarine tender this year |access-date=17 August 2018 |work=The Economic Times |agency=Press Trust of India |publication-date=16 February 2018}}</ref> It was carried out in three phases: independent workup phase, joint workup phase and tactical phase.<ref name="Annual Report - Ministry of Defence" /> During the exercise, the navy pulled out its largest amphibious warship INS ''Jalashwa'', which was then ordered to proceed to [[Libya]] to [[Operation Safe Homecoming|evacuate its nationals]], who were fleeing from the [[Libyan Civil War (2011)|Libyan Civil War]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1110304/jsp/nation/story_13666033.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512104015/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110304/jsp/nation/story_13666033.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 May 2011 |title=Navy to stalk, not strike at pirates |last=Dutta |first=Sujan |access-date=17 August 2018 |work=The Telegraph |publication-date=4 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/INS-Jalashwa-Mysore-set-sail-for-Libya/article15459766.ece |title=INS Jalashwa, Mysore set sail for Libya |access-date=17 August 2018 |work=The Hindu |publication-date=27 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.sify.com/news/india-unveils-operation-safe-homecoming-thousands-on-way-news-national-lc1qOccdabesi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820094233/http://www.sify.com/news/india-unveils-operation-safe-homecoming-thousands-on-way-news-national-lc1qOccdabesi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 August 2015 |title=India unveils Operation Safe Homecoming, thousands on way |access-date=17 August 2018 |website=Sify News |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |publication-date=27 February 2018}}</ref>

=== TROPEX 2012 ===
TROPEX 2012 was conducted from the end of January to early March 2012 on the Eastern Seaboard.<ref name="INDIAN NAVY IN THE YEAR 2012">{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/sites/default/themes/indiannavy/images/pdf/year_gone_by_2012.pdf |title=INDIAN NAVY IN THE YEAR 2012 |website=indiannavy.nic.in}}</ref> Over forty ships, including [[INS Viraat|INS ''Viraat'']] and {{INS|Shivalik}}, submarines, along with large number of aircraft, including the [[British Aerospace Sea Harrier|Sea Harrier]], and unmanned aerial vehicles from the Indian Navy's [[Western Naval Command|Western]] and [[Eastern Naval Command]], and elements from the Indian Air Force, participated in the exercise.<ref name="Tropex 12">{{Cite press release |title=Brahmos Launch, Sam Interceptions and Network Centric Warfare on Display During Tropex 12 |date=8 February 2012 |publisher=Press Information Bureau |url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=80189 |access-date=10 February 2017}}</ref> Indian Air Force assets included a variety of aircraft such as [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI|Su-30MKI]], [[SEPECAT Jaguar|Jaguar]], [[Dassault Mirage 2000|Mirage 2000]] and [[Airborne early warning and control|Airborne Early Warning and Control]] (AEW&C).<ref name="Tropex 12"/><ref name="INDIAN NAVY IN THE YEAR 2012" /> It was witnessed by then [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]] [[Nirmal Kumar Verma|Nirmal Verma]] ([[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]]), then Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Eastern Naval Command [[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] AK Chopra, and then defence minister [[A.K. Antony]].<ref name="Tropex 12"/>

=== TROPEX 2013 ===
[[File:Amphibious landing during TROPEX 2013.jpg|thumb|right|Amphibious landing during TROPEX 2013]]
TROPEX 2013 was conducted off India's [[Arabian Sea|west coast]].<ref name="indiannavy">{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/naval-exercise-tropex-2013-concludes |title=Naval Exercise 'TROPEX-2013' concludes |website=www.indiannavy.nic.in}}</ref> It included ships, submarines and aircraft from all Commands of the Indian Navy, with joint participation of units from the Indian Army, Indian Air Force and the Indian Coast Guard.<ref name="indiannavy"/> Over 50 ships and submarines, and around 75 aircraft participated in TROPEX 2013, which concluded on 1 March 2013.<ref name="indiannavy"/> The navy conducted manoeuvres, weapon firings and tactical evaluation.<ref name="indiannavy"/> TROPEX 2013 also included an [[Amphibious warfare|amphibious segment]], involving around 2000 troops, tanks, [[amphibious vehicles]] and other equipment.<ref name="indiannavy"/>

=== TROPEX 2014 ===
[[File:Indian Navy's TROPEX-2014 (6).JPG|thumb|The nuclear–powered attack submarine {{INS|Chakra|2011|2}} underway during TROPEX 2014]]
[[File:Indian Navy's TROPEX-2014 (4).jpg|thumb|right|Live firing from a {{Sclass|Shivalik|frigate|1}} during TROPEX 2014]]
TROPEX 2014 marked the debut of the Indian Navy's new [[Boeing P-8 Poseidon|P-8I Neptune]] long range [[maritime patrol aircraft]], nuclear submarine {{INS|Chakra|2011|6}}, and the [[BAE Systems Hawk|Hawk]] advanced trainer aircraft of the Indian Air Force.<ref name="TROPEX – 2014 ">{{Cite press release |title=TROPEX – 2014 |date=1 March 2014 |publisher=Press Information Bureau |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=104430 |access-date=9 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="ndtv"/> The Indian Navy conducted large scale manoeuvres in all three dimensions (land, sea, air), across the [[Bay of Bengal]], [[Arabian Sea]] and the [[Indian Ocean]].<ref name="TROPEX – 2014 "/> Around 60 ships, including the aircraft carrier [[INS Viraat|INS ''Viraat'']]<ref name="ndtv">{{Cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indian-navys-largest-exercise-in-two-years-concludes-successfully-552387 |title=Indian Navy's largest exercise in two years concludes successfully |access-date=9 February 2017 |work=NDTV |publication-date=1 March 2014}}</ref> and submarines of the navy, and 75 aircraft, and assets from the Indian Air Force, and the Indian Coast Guard participated in the TROPEX 2014, which concluded on 28 February 2014.<ref name="TROPEX – 2014 "/> This year's TROPEX was aimed at testing combat readiness of the naval units.<ref name="TROPEX – 2014 "/> It also focused on validating the Indian Navy's war fighting doctrine and integration of newly included capabilities in its 'Concept of Operations'.<ref name="TROPEX – 2014 "/> The Indian Navy validated its [[Network-centric warfare|network centric warfare]] capabilities, wherein, its recently launched satellite [[GSAT-7|GSAT 7]] was extensively utilised.<ref name="TROPEX – 2014 "/>

=== TROPEX 2015 ===
[[File:Western Fleet Ships berthed alongside in Kochi during TROPEX 2015 (1).jpg|thumb|Western Fleet Ships berthed in Kochi during TROPEX 2015]]
TROPEX 2015 was conducted from the end of January<ref name="indianexpress"/> to 27 February 2015 across the Arabian Sea and the northern Indian Ocean.<ref name="pib" /><ref name="toi"/> Around 50 ships, including the guided missile destroyer {{INS|Kolkata}} and anti-submarine warfare corvette {{INS|Kamorta|P28|6}}, and submarines, including the nuclear submarine INS ''Chakra'', from the three Indian Naval commands, along with more than 70 aircraft, including the P-8I Neptune, and assets from the Indian Air Force and the Indian Coast Guard participated.<ref name="pib">{{Cite press release |title=Indian Navy Concludes Its Annual Exercise |date=27 February 2015 |publisher=Press Information Bureau |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=116141 |access-date=9 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="toi">{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Navy-concludes-month-long-Tropex-exercise/articleshow/46398773.cms |title=Navy concludes month-long Tropex exercise |access-date=9 February 2017 |work=The Times of India |agency=Press Trust of India |publication-date=27 February 2015}}</ref> This year's TROPEX focused on validating the Indian Navy's concept of operations.<ref name="pib" /><ref name="toi"/>

The Indian Navy deployed two [[Carrier battle group|aircraft carrier battle groups]], led by {{INS|Vikramaditya}} and [[INS Viraat|INS ''Viraat'']] to take part, thus demonstrating its capability of deploying more than one carrier task force at the same time.<ref name="pib" /><ref name="toi"/> A statement issued by the Ministry of Defence read: "The exercise provided the right opportunity for the navy to integrate these acquisitions into its war-fighting concepts. TROPEX-15 also served to reinforce the Indian Navy's offensive capabilities across all dimensions, including [[Network-centric warfare|Network Centric Operation]]s, wherein, the indigenous satellite [[GSAT-7|Rukmani]] was extensively utilised."<ref name="pib" /><ref name="toi"/> Indian [[Ministry of Defence (India)|defence minister]] [[Manohar Parrikar]] witnessed the exercise. He also spent a night on-board INS ''Vikramaditya'' during the exercise.<ref name="toi"/>

=== TROPEX 2017 ===
[[File:File-Photo.jpg|thumb|right|TROPEX 2017]]
[[File:Tropex 2017.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Mikoyan MiG-29K|MiG 29K]] takes off from INS ''Vikramaditya'' during TROPEX 2017.]]
TROPEX 2017 was conducted from 24 January to 23 February 2017 off the Western Seaboard of India.<ref name="Navy’s Theatre Level Exercise, TROPEX 17, gets underway">{{Cite press release |title=Navy's Theatre Level Exercise, TROPEX 17, gets underway |date=27 January 2017 |publisher=Press Information Bureau |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=Release%20Id%20:157717 |access-date=9 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="Indian Navy Concludes Tropex 2017">{{Cite press release |title=Indian Navy Concludes Theatre Level Exercise Tropex 2017 |date=26 February 2017 |publisher=Press Information Bureau |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=(Release%20ID%20:158689) |access-date=27 February 2017}}</ref> The exercise included both a harbour and sea phase.<ref name="Navy’s Theatre Level Exercise, TROPEX 17, gets underway"/> Over 45 ships, including the aircraft carrier [[INS Vikramaditya|INS ''Vikramaditya'']] and [[amphibious transport dock]] {{INS|Jalashwa|L41|6}},<ref name="Navy’s Theatre Level Exercise, TROPEX 17, gets underway"/> five submarines, including [[Russian submarine Nerpa (K-152)|INS ''Chakra'']], 50 aircraft from the Indian Navy's [[Western Naval Command|Western]] and [[Eastern Naval Command]], 11 ships from the Indian Coast Guard, 20 aircraft from the Indian Air Force including [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI|Su-30MKI]], [[SEPECAT Jaguar]], [[EL/W-2090|AWACS]], [[Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules|C-130J Super Hercules]] and in-flight refuelling aircraft [[Ilyushin Il-78|Il-78MKI]], and Indian Army troops participated in TROPEX 2017.<ref name="Indian Navy Concludes Tropex 2017" /><ref name="Tropex 2017">{{Cite press release |title=Admiral Sunil Lanba CNS reviews Indian Navy's Theatre Level Operational Readiness Exercise (Tropex 2017) |date=6 February 2017 |publisher=Press Information Bureau |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=Release%20Id%20:158085 |access-date=9 February 2017}}</ref>

The exercise was conducted in various phases. The joint workup phase witnessed various weapon firings by assets of the navy and the air force. This was followed by a tactical phase which lasted for over 10 days.<ref name="Indian Navy Concludes Tropex 2017" /> "The interaction of the forces helped validate operational war fighting concepts and provided valuable lessons to sharpen combat skills," a statement issued by Ministry of Defence said.<ref name="Indian Navy Concludes Tropex 2017" />

Tropex 2017 included firing a [[BrahMos]] missile from guided missile destroyer {{INS|Chennai}}<ref name="economictimes">{{Cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/defence/tropex-2017-indian-navy-displays-might-fires-brahmos-missile-from-ins-chennai/articleshow/57001500.cms |title=TROPEX 2017: Indian Navy displays might; fires Brahmos missile from INS Chennai |access-date=10 February 2017 |work=The Economic Times |publication-date=8 February 2017}}</ref> and the firing of a [[Kh-35]] anti-ship missile from an upgraded [[Ilyushin Il-38|Il-38 Sea Dragon]] [[maritime patrol aircraft]].<ref name="ndtv.com">{{Cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/off-goa-the-largest-ever-naval-exercises-with-a-focus-on-the-chinese-navy-1657264 |title=Indian Navy's Largest-Ever Exercise vs 'Enemy Submarines' (Read China) |access-date=10 February 2017 |work=NDTV |publication-date=8 February 2017}}</ref> The exercise was witnessed by Admiral [[Sunil Lanba]] (Chief of the Naval Staff), General [[Bipin Rawat]] (Chief of the Army Staff) and Vice Admiral [[Girish Luthra]] (FOC in C, Western Naval Command).<ref name="Tropex 2017"/>

Beside gunnery shoots, missile firing, and air defense exercises, TROPEX 2017 featured Large Force Engagement (LFE) by Indian Navy fleet units against threats simulated by the Indian Air Force with key assets such as Su-30MKI and Jaguars, equipped with [[Harpoon (missile)|Harpoon]] anti-ship missiles, representing enemy aircraft.<ref name="Tropex 2017"/><ref name="ndtv.com"/><ref name="thediplomat">{{Cite news |url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/02/indian-navy-practices-sinking-chinese-subs-in-largest-ever-military-exercise/ |title=Indian Navy Practices Sinking Chinese Subs in Largest-Ever Military Exercise |access-date=23 February 2017 |work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |publication-date=10 February 2017}}</ref> These threats, coming from different directions, were neutralised by MiG-29K interceptors taking off from the aircraft carrier, INS ''Vikramaditya'', in coordination with other fleet elements.<ref name="Tropex 2017"/>

"TROPEX 2017 assumes great significance in the backdrop of current security scenario. The exercise provided an apt-opportunity to test the combat capability of the Indian Navy, Indian Army, Indian Air Force and Coast Guard, and strengthened inter-operability and joint operations in complex conflict situation," a Navy statement said.<ref name="Indian Navy Concludes Tropex 2017" />

=== TROPEX 2019 ===
TROPEX 2019 had commenced 7 January 2019 and was planned to be terminated by 10 Mar 2019. However, the [[Jaish-e-Mohammed|JeM]]-sponsored terrorist [[2019 Pulwama attack|attack]] on the CRPF convoy in Pulwama on 14 February 2019 led to the rapid redeployment of the Indian Navy for Operations in [[North Arabian Sea|North Arabian sea]]. About 60 ships of the Indian Navy, 12 ships of the Indian Coast Guard and 60 aircraft were part of TROPEX 19.<ref name="defencenewsofindia.com">{{Cite news |url=https://defencenewsofindia.com/tropex |title=Navy Chief Reviews TROPEX 2019 in Kochi |access-date=19 March 2019 |work=Defence News Of India |publication-date=18 March 2019}}</ref> TROPEX 19 had commenced with tri-services '''Amphibious Exercise''' in the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Andaman & Nicobar Islands]] with participation of Army and Air Force. This was followed by the largest Coastal Defence Exercise code-named '''Sea Vigil''' on 22–23 January with participation of all 13 Coastal States and Union Territories along with all maritime stakeholders. The TROPEX itself was thus far the largest in terms of geographical spread covering the IOR and also with regard to the number of participating units.

=== TROPEX 2021 ===
TROPEX 2021 commenced in early January 2021 and will end in the third week of February. Almost all assets of the Navy are taking part, as well as units from the Army, Airforce and Coast Guard. It is the navy's largest war game.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Theatre Level Operational Readiness Exercise (TROPEX 21) Indian Navy's Largest War Game|url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/theatre-level-operational-readiness-exercise-tropex-21-indian-navy%E2%80%99s-largest-war-game|access-date=13 February 2021|website=Indian Navy}}</ref> Drills and exercises including SEA VIGIL and AMPHEX-21 were part TROPEX.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-12|title=TROPEX 21 – Indian Navy's mega war game underway in Indian Ocean Region; see photos|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/photos/business-gallery/2193564/tropex-21-indian-navys-mega-war-game-underway-in-indian-ocean-region-see-photos/|access-date=2021-02-13|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== TROPEX 2022-23 ===
TROPEX 2023 commenced in November 2022 and extended till March 2023. The exercise was conducted in the Indian Ocean Region, Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea. The exercise included Exercise Sea Vigil (Coastal Defence) and AMPHEX ([[Amphibious operations]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=THEATRE LEVEL OPERATIONAL READINESS EXERCISE (TROPEX-23) INDIAN NAVY'S LARGEST WAR GAME |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1905198 |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> The entire exercise included 70 Indian Navy ships, 6 submarines and more than 75 aircraft.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-03-09 |title=Navy's major operational level exercise TROPEX concludes |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/navys-major-operational-level-exercise-tropex-concludes/article66599916.ece |access-date=2024-02-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== TROPEX 2024-25 ===
The 2024 edition of the exercise started with Exercise Sea Vigil 2024 was the fourth edition of the type. The exercise will simulate coastal defence with the participation of 6 [[Union ministries of India|Union Ministries]], 21 organisations/agencies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-13 |title=INDIAN NAVY TO CONDUCT FOURTH EDITION OF COASTAL DEFENCE EXERCISE 'SEA VIGIL-24' |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2073000 |access-date=2024-11-16 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>

The 2025 edition of Theatre Level Operational Exercise (TROPEX) was conducted from January to early March 2025. The edition saw participation of all operational units of the Indian Navy along with participation of Indian Army and Air Force assets. The exercise was undertaken in multiple phases, both at Harbour and at Sea, including cyber and electronic warfare operations, Tactical Phase, live weapon firings during Joint Work Up Phase and the Amphibious Exercise (AMPHEX). The exercise saw the participation of 65-70 ships and 9-10 submarines of the Navy, over 10 ships of the Coast Guard, over 80 aircraft from the Air Force, Navy and Coast Guard and an Infantry Battalion of the Army with over 600 personnel. {{INS|Vikrant|2013|6}}, {{Sclass|Kolkata|destroyer|5}} and {{Sclass|Visakhapatnam|destroyer}}s and {{Sclass|Kalvari|submarine|1|5=2015}}s were part of the Indian Navy's fleet along with [[MiG-29K]], [[P-8I]], [[MQ-9B]] and [[MH-60R]] aircraft. Meanwhile, The Air Force had deployed [[Su-30MKI]], [[SEPECAT Jaguar|Jaguar]], [[C-130J]], [[Ilyushin Il-78|Il-78MKI]] and [[Beriev A-50|Phalcon]] aircraft. The exercise included operations spanning about {{Convert|4300|nmi|km|abbr=on}} from North to [[35 degrees south]] and {{Convert|5000|nmi|km|abbr=on}} from [[Strait of Hormuz]] in the West to the [[Sunda Strait|Sunda]] and [[Lombok Strait]]s in the East.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Theatre Level Operational Exercise (TROPEX-25) |date=2025-02-07 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2100813 |access-date=2025-10-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-07 |title=India concludes massive naval combat exercise amid growing China-Pak maritime collusiveness |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-concludes-massive-naval-combat-exercise-amid-growing-china-pak-maritime-collusiveness/articleshow/118787896.cms#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17414017505699&csi=0&referrer=https://www.google.com&ampshare=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-concludes-massive-naval-combat-exercise-amid-growing-china-pak-maritime-collusiveness/articleshow/118787896.cms |access-date=2025-03-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |title=Culmination of Theatre Level Operational Exercise (TROPEX) - 2025 |date=2025-03-07 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2109094 |access-date=2025-10-27}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Exercise Trishul]]
* [[List of exercises of the Indian Air Force]]
* [[List of exercises of the Indian Army]]
* [[Milan (naval exercise)|Exercise Milan]]
* [[Exercise Tarang Shakti]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|20em}}

== External links ==
* {{commons category-inline|TROPEX (naval exercise)}}

[[Category:Indian military exercises]]

Young Man with Apples

2026-01-12T03:57:06Z

Sabari2398: starting a info

{{Short description|1932 painting by Amrita Sher-Gil}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox artwork
| title = Young Man with Apples
| other_language_1 =
| other_title_1 =
| other_language_2 =
| other_title_2 =
| wikidata =
| image = Young Man with Apples.jpg
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| artist = [[Amrita Sher-Gil]]
| year = 1932
| completion_date = 
| catalogue =
| medium = [[Oil on canvas]]
| movement =
| subject =
| height_metric = 97
| width_metric = 71
| length_metric =
| diameter_metric =
| height_imperial = 
| width_imperial =
| length_imperial =
| diameter_imperial =
| dimensions =
| dimensions_ref =
| metric_unit = cm 
| imperial_unit = in 
| weight =
| designation =
| condition =
| museum = [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]
| city = [[New Delhi]]
| coordinates = 
| owner =
| accession =
| preceded_by = 
| followed_by = 
| module =
| website = 
}}
'''''Young Man with Apples''''', also called '''''Boris with Apples''''', is an [[oil painting]] on [[canvas]] created in 1932 by Hungarian-born Indian artist [[Amrita Sher-Gil]], when she was living in Paris.<ref name=Sundaram2010.98>Sundaram, p. 98</ref>

The painting depicts [[Boris Taslitzky]] (1911–2005) preoccupied in deep thought.<ref name=Higgie2021.190>[https://books.google.com/books?id=VFfiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT190 Higgie, p. 190]</ref>

==Exhibitions==
One of three portraits Sher-Gil completed of Taslitzky,<ref name=Sundaram2010.98/> ''Young Man with Apples'' was exhibited at the XII [[Salon des Tuileries]] in 1934.<ref name=Higgie2021.190/><ref name=Dalmia2013.39>Dalmia, pp. 39–42</ref> In April 1934, she wrote to her friend Denise Proutaux that she was allowed to exhibit five paintings at the Salon, and being the last chance to, as her return to India was planned for later that year, she hoped to send the portrait of ''Boris with Apples'' along with ''[[Self-Portrait as a Tahitian]]''.<ref name=Sundaram2010.130>Sundaram, pp. 130–135</ref> Sher-Gil wrote "they will go well together, a good contrast: with one in blues and yellows (it's a nude you do not know, I started it after you left), and the other in harmony of pink and white."<ref name=Sundaram2010.130/>

The painting was number 25 of 33 of Sher-Gil's works displayed at [[Amrita Sher-Gil's paintings at Lahore (1937)|her solo exhibition]] at [[Faletti's Hotel]] in [[Lahore]], [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]], held from 21 to 27 November 1937.<ref name=Sundaram2010.422>Sundaram, pp. 422–424</ref> There, it was priced at ₹500.<ref name=Sundaram2010.422/>

==See also==
*[[List of paintings by Amrita Sher-Gil]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
*{{Cite book |last=Dalmia|first=Yashodhara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mj3mlgEACAAJ |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: A Life |date=2013 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=Gurugram |isbn=978-0-14-342026-2 |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Higgie |first1=Jennifer |title=The Mirror and the Palette: Rebellion, Revolution and Resilience: 500 Years of Women's Self-Portraits |date=2021 |publisher=Hachette |isbn=978-1-4746-1380-4 |page=190 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VFfiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT190 |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Sundaram |first1=Vivan |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: A Self-Portrait in Letters and Writings |date=2010 |publisher=Tulika Books |location=New Delhi |volume=1|pages=1–417|isbn=978-81-89487-59-1}}
*{{cite book |last1=Sundaram |first1=Vivan |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: A Self-Portrait in Letters and Writings |date=2010 |publisher=Tulika Books |location=New Delhi |volume=2|pages=418–821|isbn=978-81-89487-59-1}}

{{Art-stub}}

{{Amrita Sher-Gil}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Young Man with Apples}}
[[Category:Paintings by Amrita Sher-Gil]]
[[Category:1932 paintings]]
[[Category:Oil paintings on canvas]]
[[Category:Portraits of men]]
[[Category:20th-century portraits]]
[[Category:Paintings of fruit]]
[[Category:Apples in culture]]

Ganora

2026-01-05T04:47:46Z

Sabari2398: new

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ganora
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.717|77.027|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dewas district|Dewas]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_party = BJP
| leader_title = MLA
| leader_name = Ashish Sharma
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 455336
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 07274
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#MP.E2.80.94Madhya Pradesh|MP]]-41
| blank_name_sec1 =
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Ganora''' is a village and a [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]] in [[Dewas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Dulwa Village is a major agricultural production area in [[Madhya Pradesh]]. In the [[2011 Census of India]] its population was reported as 585.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ganora(474264) |website=2011 Census Data |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=531518|accessdate=9 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= village name and Language |website=Linguistic Survey of India|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2138/1/38109_2001_DEW.pdf|accessdate=9 February 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Dewas district]]

{{Dewas-geo-stub}}

SDAT Tennis Stadium

2025-12-28T18:32:44Z

Sabari2398: corrected content further and fixed typos as per guidelines

{{Short description|Stadium in Chennai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox venue
| name = SDAT Tennis Stadium
| nickname =
| image = Chennai tennis open.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| fullname =
| location = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| coordinates =
| broke_ground =
| built = 1995
| opened =
| renovated =
| expanded =
| closed =
| demolished =
| owner = [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| operator =
| surface = Hard, Outdoors
| construction_cost =
| architect =
| structural_engineer =
| services_engineer =
| general_contractor =
| project_manager =
| main_contractors =
| former_names =
| tenants = [[Chennai Open]] ([[tennis]]) (2022–present) [[Davis Cup]] ([[India Davis Cup team|India]] vs [[Australia Davis Cup team|Australia]]) ([[2009 Davis Cup Asia/Oceania Zone Group I|May 2009]]) ([[V Chennai Warriors]] ([[2015 Champions Tennis League|November/December 2015]])
| seating_capacity = 5,800 ([[tennis]])
| dimensions =
| scoreboard =
}}

'''Sports Development Authority of Tamil Nadu Tennis Stadium''', commonly known as SDAT Stadium, sometimes also called '''[[Nungambakkam]] Tennis Stadium''', is located in [[Nungambakkam]], [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India. The stadium was built in 1995 by the Government of Tamil Nadu on the occasion of [[South Asian Federation]] Games held in Chennai that year. The stadium was the venue for the [[Maharashtra Open|Chennai Open]] [[Association of Tennis Professionals|ATP]] [[Tennis]] championships held in the first week of January from 1997 to 2017. The stadium witnessed some dramatic scenes in 1998 when legends like [[Boris Becker]] and [[Patrick Rafter]] took part in the then named Goldflake Open. Rafter went on to win the tournament. Since 2022 it has been the host of the [[Chennai Open]], also known as the Indian Open, held on the [[WTA Tour]].<ref name="TheHindu">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/tennis/tennis-wta-chennai/article65413571.ece |title=Chennai returns to international tennis map with 2022 WTA 250 tour|date=14 May 2022}}</ref>

The stadium also witnessed the birth of the celebrated Indian doubles pair of [[Leander Paes]] and [[Mahesh Bhupathi]] who won the first three editions of the Goldflake Open. The complex has five hardcourts including the floodlit centre court which has a [[seating capacity]] of about 5,800.

The third round [[Davis Cup]] tie in Asia/Oceania Group I between [[India]] and [[Australia]] took place at the SDAT Tennis Stadium in May 2009.

The stadium again hosted a [[Davis Cup]] tie from 17 to 19 September 2010. The [[India Davis Cup team]] defeated the [[Brazil Davis Cup team]] in the [[2010 Davis Cup World Group play-offs]] to advance to the 2011 [[Davis Cup]] World Group.

==Renovation==
In October 2013, the Tamil Nadu government ordered renovation of the stadium at a cost of {{INR}} 45 million.<ref>{{cite news
| title = நுங்கம்பாக்கம் டென்னிஸ் அரங்கத்தை மேம்படுத்த ரூ.4½ கோடி: ஜெயலலிதா உத்தரவு
| newspaper = Maalaimalar
| location = Chennai
| date = 15 October 2013
| url = http://www.maalaimalar.com/2013/10/15115728/Jayalalitha-order-Nungambakkam.html
| access-date = 27 Oct 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Sports|Tennis}}
* [[List of tennis stadiums by capacity]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.chennaiopen.org/ Chennai Open website]
*[http://www.daviscup.com/en/results/tie/details.aspx?tieID=100013641 Davis Cup Group I Asia/Oceania 2009, 3rd Round]

{{coord|13.05623|N|80.23851|E|type:landmark|display=title}}
{{Chennai Topics}}
{{Sport venues in Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Tennis venues in India]]
[[Category:Sports venues in Chennai]]
[[Category:1995 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 1995]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

{{India-sports-venue-stub}}

Prem Kumar (politician)

2025-12-10T13:42:03Z

Sabari2398: Page refined with updated information

{{short description|Indian politician (5 August 1955)}}
{{other people|Prem Kumar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dr. Prem Kumar
| image = File:PREM Kumar (cropped).jpg
| office =18th [[List of speakers of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|Speaker of the Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2 December 2025
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]] [[Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar|Dy. Chief Ministers]]
| 1namedata = [[Nitish Kumar]] [[Samrat Choudhary]] & [[Vijay Kumar Sinha]]
| 2namedata =[[Narendra Narayan Yadav]] |2blankname = Deputy Speaker| predecessor = [[Nand Kishore Yadav]]
| office1 = [[List of ministers of co-operatives of Bihar|Minister of Co-operative]] [[Government of Bihar]]
| term_start1 = 28 January 2024
| term_end1 = 20 November 2025
| 1blankname1 = [[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata1 = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| predecessor1 = [[Surendra Prasad Yadav]]
| successor1 = Pramod Chandravanshi
| office2 =
Minister of Environment and Forest [[Government of Bihar]]
| term_start2 = 28 January 2024
| term_end2 = 26 February 2025
| 1blankname2 = [[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata2 = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| predecessor2 = [[Tej Pratap Yadav]]
| successor2 =[[Sunil Kumar (born 1957)|Sunil Kumar]]
| office3 = Minister of Agriculture [[Government of Bihar]]
| term_start3 = 29 July 2017
| term_end3 = 16 November 2020
| 1blankname3 = [[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata3 = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| predecessor3 = [[Ram Vichar Ray]]
| successor3 = [[Amrendra Pratap Singh]]
| office4 = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Bihar Legislative Assembly|Leader of Opposition Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start4 = 4 December 2015
| term_end4 = 28 July 2017
| 1blankname4 = [[Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata4 = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| predecessor4 = [[Nand Kishore Yadav]]
| successor4 = [[Tejashwi Yadav]]
| office5 = Minister of Urban Development & Housing [[Government of Bihar]]
| term_start5 = 26 November 2010
| term_end5 = 16 June 2013
| 1blankname5 = [[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata5 = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| predecessor5 = [[Sushil Kumar Modi]]
| successor5 =
| office6 = Minister of Public Works Department [[Government of Bihar]]
| term_start6 = 13 April 2008
| term_end6 = 26 November 2010
| 1blankname6 = [[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata6 = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| predecessor6 = [[Nand Kishore Yadav]]
| successor6 = [[Nand Kishore Yadav]]
| office7 = Minister of Public Health Engineering Department [[Government of Bihar]]
| term_start7 = 24 November 2005
| term_end7 = 13 April 2008
| 1blankname7 = [[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata7 = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| predecessor7 =
| successor7 = [[Ashwini Kumar Choubey]]
| office8 = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start8 = 1990
| term_end8 =
| predecessor8 = Jai Kumar Palit
| successor8 =
| constituency8 = [[Gaya Town Assembly constituency|Gaya Town]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1955|08|5|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Gaya, Bihar]], India
| alma_mater = [[Magadh University]] MA, LLB, PhD (History)
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| spouse = Prabhawati Devi
| children = 2
}}
'''Dr. Prem Kumar''' (born 5 August 1955) is an Indian politician who currently serves as the eighteenth [[List of speakers of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|Speaker]] of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] since 2025. He is a member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] elected nine times from [[Gaya Town Assembly constituency|Gaya Town]] assembly constituency.<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Gaya Town">{{cite news |date=14 November 2025 |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Gaya Town |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04230.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251126065850/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04230.htm |archive-date=26 November 2025 |access-date=26 November 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Gaya Town Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |date=14 November 2025 |title=Gaya Town Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/gaya-town |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251126065851/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/gaya-town |archive-date=26 November 2025 |access-date=26 November 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

He has completed his PhD from [[Magadh University]] in 1999.<ref>{{cite web|title=Race in Bihar Bjp for minister candidate|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/bihar/race-in-bihar-bjp-for-chief-minister-candidate_949649.html|website=Zee News}}</ref>

Kumar was elected as the [[Leader of the Opposition (India)|leader of the opposition]] in the Bihar assembly formed after [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|assembly election in October 2015]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bjp-leader-prem-kumar-becomes-leader-of-opposition-in-bihar-assembly-2150186|title=BJP leader Prem Kumar becomes leader of Opposition in Jharkhand assembly|work=Daily News and Analysis|date=29 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Prem Kumar|url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/bihar-assembly-election-candidates-list-2020/prem-kumar-04230-1|website=NDTV}}</ref>

Prem Kumar was elected unanimously as Bihar Assembly Speaker on 1 December 2025.<ref name="BJP’s Prem Kumar unanimously elected Bihar House speaker">{{cite news |date=2 December 2025 |title=BJP’s Prem Kumar unanimously elected Bihar House speaker |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/bjps-prem-kumar-unanimously-elected-bihar-house-speaker-101764675967058.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251203074531/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/bjps-prem-kumar-unanimously-elected-bihar-house-speaker-101764675967058.html |archivedate=3 December 2025 |accessdate=3 December 2025 |publisher=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Bihar Politics: Prem Kumar Elected Bihar Assembly Speaker">{{cite news |date=2 December 2025 |title=Bihar Politics: Prem Kumar Elected Bihar Assembly Speaker |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/bihar/winning-three-hat-tricks-in-a-row-nine-term-bjp-mla-prem-kumar-is-now-bihar-speaker-3817178 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251203074605/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/bihar/winning-three-hat-tricks-in-a-row-nine-term-bjp-mla-prem-kumar-is-now-bihar-speaker-3817178 |archivedate=3 December 2025 |accessdate=3 December 2025 |publisher=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref name="From teen in RSS shakha to Speaker's Chair: Bihar BJP leader Prem Kumar's long journey">{{cite news |date=2 December 2025 |title=From teen in RSS shakha to Speaker's Chair: Bihar BJP leader Prem Kumar's long journey |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Dec/02/from-teen-in-rss-shakha-to-speakers-chair-bihar-bjp-leader-prem-kumars-long-journey |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251203074642/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Dec/02/from-teen-in-rss-shakha-to-speakers-chair-bihar-bjp-leader-prem-kumars-long-journey |archivedate=3 December 2025 |accessdate=3 December 2025 |publisher=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Prem}}
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2010–2015]]
[[Category:Speakers of the Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Bihar]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Gaya, India]]
[[Category:Magadh University alumni]]
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in the Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2015–2020]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1990–1995]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1995–2000]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2000–2005]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2005–2010]]
[[Category:Agriculture ministers of Bihar]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]

{{Bihar-BJP-politician-stub}}

Hindu tantric literature

2025-11-28T07:48:26Z

Sabari2398: done!

{{Short description|Scriptures of esoteric Hinduism}}
{{About|the esoteric Hindu texts|the Buddhist equivalent|Buddhist tantric literature|the esoteric practices called tantra, regardless of religion|Tantra}}
{{multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|article|date=August 2007}}
{{lead too short|date=April 2024}}
}}

{{Hindu scriptures}}
'''Hindu tantric literature''' refers to esoteric scriptures in [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Smith|first=Travis|title=Tantra|encyclopedia=Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-17893-9|pages=168–181}}</ref>

==Classes==
The word ''[[tantra]]'' is made up by the joining (''sandhi'' in [[Sanskrit]]) of two Sanskrit words: ''tanoti'' (expansion) and ''trayati'' (liberation). Tantra means liberation of energy and expansion of [[consciousness]] from its gross form. It is a method to expand the mind and liberate the dormant potential energy, and its principles form the basis of all yogic practices. Hence, the Hindu tantric scriptures refer to techniques for achieving a result.

The Hindu tantras total 92 scriptures; of these, 64<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Śaiva Literature|last=Sanderson|first=Alexis|publisher=Routledge|year=1994}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fitsri.com/articles/tantra-yoga-explained|title=Tantra Yoga Explained – History and Philosophy|website=FITSRI|date=November 2025|access-date=28 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.64tantras.com/64thantra.php |title=64Tantras |access-date=2015-08-26 |archive-date=2015-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811055400/http://64tantras.com/64thantra.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{better source needed|date=April 2024}} are purely ''Abheda'' (literally "without differentiation", or [[monism|monistic]]), known as the [[Bhairava]] Tantras or [[Kashmir Śaivism|Kashmir Śaivite]] Tantras, 18 are ''Bhedābheda'' (literally "with differentiation and without differentiation" [[monism|monistic]] or [[Dualism (Indian philosophy)|dualistic]]), known as the [[Rudra]] Tantras), and 10 are completely ''Bheda'' (literally "differentiated" or [[Dualism (Indian philosophy)|dualistic]]), known as the {{IAST|[[Śiva]]}} Tantras. The latter two (''Rudra'' Tantras and ''{{IAST|Śiva}}'' Tantras) are used by the Śaiva Siddhāntins, and thus are sometimes referred to as [[Shaiva Siddhanta]] Tantras, or Śaiva Siddhānta ''[[Āgama (Hinduism)|Āgamas]]''.

Tantra are mainly two types: Agama and Nigama. Agamas are those texts in which Goddess asked questions and the God replied. In Nigama texts, God asked questions and Goddess replied. This dialogue between God and Goddess is special feature of Hindu Tantra.

==Origin==
In the [[Nāth Tradition]], legend ascribes the origin of tantra to [[Dattatreya]], a semi-mythological yogi and the assumed author of the Jivanmukta Gita ("Song of the liberated soul"). [[Matsyendranath]] is credited with authorship of the Kaulajñāna-nirnāya, a voluminous ninth-century tantra dealing with a host of [[mysticism|mystical]] and [[magic (paranormal)|magical]] subjects. This work occupies an important position in the Hindu tantric lineage, as well as in Tibetan Vajrayana Buddhism.

==Function==
In distinction to Vedic ritual, which is traditionally performed out-of-doors without idols or emblems, the Tantric ritual is largely a matter of temples and idols. The tantras are largely descriptions and specifications for the construction and maintenance of temple structures with their resident idols and lingas, for example is the ''Ajita Māhātantra''.<ref>[http://texts.00.gs/Ajita_Mahatantra,_1-18.htm Ajita_Mahatantra 1–18] [http://texts.00.gs/Ajita_Mahatantra,_19-35.htm Ajita_Mahatantra,_19-35] [http://texts.00.gs/Ajita_Mahatantra,_36-66.htm Ajita_Mahatantra,_36-66] [http://texts.00.gs/Ajita_Mahatantra,_67-89.htm Ajita_Mahatantra,_67-89]</ref>{{secondary source needed|date=April 2024}}

Another function was the conservation of esoteric texts for the exclusive use of rulers in rituals directed to deities controlling political affairs, for example the ''Śārada-tilaka Tantra''.<ref>[http://texts.00.gs/S%60arada-tilaka_Tantra,_1.htm S%60arada-tilaka_Tantra,_1] [http://texts.00.gs/S%60arada-tilaka_Tantra,_2.htm S%60arada-tilaka_Tantra,_2] [http://texts.00.gs/S%60arada-tilaka_Tantra,_3-5.htm S%60arada-tilaka_Tantra,_3-5]</ref>{{secondary source needed|date=April 2024}}

==Texts==
Tantric texts are usually associated with a particular tradition and deity. The different types of Tantric literature are tantra, Āgama, saṃhitā, sūtra, upaniṣad, purāṇa, tīkā (commentaries), prakaraṇa, paddhati texts, stotram, kavaca, nighaṇṭu, koṣa and hagiographical literature. They are written in Sanskrit and in regional languages. The major textual tantra traditions with some key exemplary texts is as follows:<ref>{{cite web |first=Subhodeep |last=Mukhopadhyay |date=August 26, 2016 |title=Demystifying Tantra-III: Śaiva and Vaiṣṇava Tantras |website=Indiafacts.org |url=http://indiafacts.org/demystifying-tantra-saiva-vai%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87ava-tantras/}}</ref>

[[Image:A Pahari painting of an OM containing deities, c.1780-1800.jpg|thumb|A Hindu Tantric Painting. India, Pahari, circa 1780-1800. Depicting from top to bottom: Shiva, Sakti, Vishnu with his conch, Brahma sprouting from his navel, and Lakshmi. Below is Harihara and four-headed Brahma. At bottom is Trimurti. All painted against a gold ground forming the stylized seed syllable Om.]]

*[[Śaiva]] – Sadaśiva (Śivagama), Vāma or [[Tumburu]], Dakṣiṇa or [[Bhairava]]
**Kularnava Tantra
**Amṛteṣaṭantra or [[Netra Tantra|Netratantra]]
**Netragyanarṇava tantra
**Niḥśvāsatattvasaṃhitā
**Kālottārā tantra
**Sarvajñānottārā
**[[Āgama (Hinduism)#Shaiva Agamas|Ṣaivāgamas]]
**Raudrāgamas
**Bhairavāgamas
**Vāma Āgamas
**Dakṣiṇāgamas
*Śivaśakti traditions – Yāmala (also part of Bhairava tradition)
**Brahma yāmala
**[[Rudrayamala|Rudra yāmala]]
**Skanda yāmala
**Viṣṇu yāmala
**Yama yāmala
**Yāyu yāmala
**Kubera yāmala
**Indra yāmala

[[Image:A Tantric Form of the Hindu Goddess Kali (Recto), Horse (Verso), Folio from a Book of Iconography LACMA M.81.206.9.jpg|thumb|200px|A tantric form of the Hindu Goddess Kali. Folio from a book of Iconography, Nepal, 17th century.]]
*[[Śākta]] – [[Kālī]] traditions ([[Shaktism#Kalikula: family of Kali|Kālī]], Kālī Viṣṇu, [[Kamakhya|Kāmākhyā]]/[[Kubjika]], [[Tara (Mahavidya)|Tārā]] and Others), [[Shri Vidya|Śrīkula]] tradition
**Varahi Tantra
**Shakta Agamas
**Muṇḍamālā tantra
**Toḍala tantra
**Cāmuṇḍa tantra
**Devīyāmala
**Mādhavakula
**Yonigahavara,
**Kālīkulārṇava tantra
**Kaṇkālamālinī tantra
**Jhaṃkārakaravīra,
**Mahākāla saṃhitā
**Kālī tantra
**Kālajñāna tantra
**Kumārī tantra
**Siddhalaharī tantra
**Niruttārā tantra
**Kālīvilāsa tantra
**Utpatti tantra
**Kāmadhenu tantra
**Nirvāṇa tantra
**Kāmākhyā tantra
**Tārā tantra
**Kaula tantra
**Matsya Sūkta / Tārā Kalpa
**Samayā tantra
**Vāmakeshvara tantra
**Tantrajā tantra
**[[Yogini Tantra|Yoginī tantra]]
*Kula - [[Kulamārga]] and Other tantras
**Kulārṇava tantra
**Mahānirvāṇa tantra
**Kulacūḍāmaṇi tantra
**Guptasādhana tantra
**Mātṛkābheda tantra
*[[Vaiṣṇava]] – [[Vaikhanasas]], [[Pancharatra]], [[bhakti]]-oriented tantras of [[Kṛṣṇa]] and [[Rāma]]
**Pāñcarātra saṃhitā texts
**[[Ahirbudhnya Samhita|Ahirbudhnya Saṃhitā]]
**Jayākhya saṃhitā
**Pārameśvara saṃhitā
**Pauśkara saṃhitā
**Pādma saṃhitā
**Nāradīya saṃhitā
**Haṃsaparameśvara saṃhitā
**[[Lakshmi Tantra|Lakṣmī tantra]]
**Vaihāyasa saṃhitā
**Śrīkālapraā saṃhitā
**Vaikhānasa Āgamas
**Gautamīya tantra
**Bṛhadbrahma saṃhitā
**Māheśvara tantra
**Sātvata tantra
**[[Radha Tantra|Rādhā tantra]]
**Agastya saṃhitā and Dāśarathīya tantra
**Īśāna saṃhitā and Ūrdhvāṃnāya saṃhitā
*[[Mantra]]-[[śāstra]] - textbooks on Mantras, metaphysics of mantric sound, related practices and rituals
**Prapañcasāra tantra and its commentaries and Ṭīkās
**Śāradatilaka tantra by Lakṣmaṇa Deśikendra
**Mantramuktāvali of Paramahaṃsa Pūrṇaprakāśa
**Mantramahodadhi of Mahīdhara
**Mantradevaprakāśikā of Viṣṇudeva
**Mantrakamalākara of Kamalākara Bhaṭṭa
**Mantraratnākara of Yadunātha Cakravartin
**Mantramahārṇava of Mādhava Rāya Vaidya
**Tantrasāra of Kṛṣṇānanda āgamvāgiśa
*Nibandha - handbooks on ritual worship, [[sadhana]] and [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]
**Kriyākalpataru of śaktinātha Kalyānakara
**Kaulāvalīnirṇaya of Jñānānandagiri Paramahaṃsa
**śāktanandataraṃgiṇī of Brahmānanda Giri
**śāktakrama of Pūrṇānanda
**śrītattvacintāmaṇi of Pūrṇānanda
**āgamakalpadruma of Govinda
**āgamakalpalatikā of Yadunātha
**āgamatattvavilāsa of Raghunātha Tarkavāgīśa, and āgamachandrikā of Rāmakṛṣṇa
**Tantrachintāmaṇi of Navamīsiṃha
**Prāṇatoṣiṇī of Rāmatoṣaṇa Vidyālaṃkāra
**Śhivarahasya
**Śaivakalpadruma
*[[Ganapatya]] tantras
*Others – supernatural, chemistry, astrology, alchemy, etc.,

===Translations===
Most Hindu Tantras remain untranslated. One widely translated exception is the [[Vijñāna Bhairava Tantra]], which according to Christopher Wallis, is atypical of most Tantric scriptures.{{sfnp|Wallis|2013|p=}}

[[Sir John Woodroffe]] translated the ''Tantra of the Great Liberation (Mahānirvāna Tantra)'' (1913) into English along with other Tantric texts. Other tantras which have been translated into a Western language include the Malini-vijayottara tantra, the Kirana tantra, and the Parakhya Tantra.{{sfnp|Wallis|2013|p=}}

Some translation of Tantra texts

#The Kulachudamani Tantra and Vamkehwar Tantra, Louise M. Finn
#Kularnava Tantra, Paramhansa Mishra
#Kularnava Tantra, Ram Rahim Rai
#Yogini Hridaya, Vraj Vallabh Dwivedi
#Yogini Tantra by GangaVishnu ShriKrishnadas
#Maheshwar Tantra Sarala Hindi Vyakhya Sudhakar Malaviya Chowkambha (Narada Pancrata)
#Kamratna Tantra, Hemchandra Goswami

'''Tantric Texts Series Arthur Avalon (John Woodroffe)'''
#Tantrabhidhanam with Bijanighantu & Mudranighantu - A Tantric Dictionary
#Shatchakranirupanam (Serpant Power) with 2 commentaries - Taranatha Vaidyaratna
#Prapachasaratantram (reprinted as volumes 18 & 19)
#Kulachudamani Tantra - Girish Chandra Vedantatirtha
#Kularnavatantram edited by Taranatha Vaidyaratna
#Kalivilasatantram edited by Parvati Charana Tarkatirtha
#Shrichakrasambhara edited by Kazi Dawa samdup (Buddhist Tantra)
#Tantraraja Part 1 commentary by Subhagananda Natha
#Karpuradistotra with intro & commentary by Vimalananda Swami
#Kamakalavilasa of Punyananda, commentary by Natananadanatha
#Kaula & Other Upanishads with commentaries by Bhaskararaya & others
#Tantraraja Part 2 commentary by Subhagananda Natha
#Mahanirvanatantram with commentary of Hariharananda Bharati
#Kaulavalinirnayah of Jnanananda Paramahamsa
#Brahmasamhita with commentary of Jiva Gosvami & Vishnusahasranama
#Sharadatilakatantram of Lakshmana Desikendra with commentary Part 1
#Sharadatilakatantram of Lakshmana Desikendra with commentary Part 2
#Prapachasaratantram Part 1
#Prapachasaratantram Part 2
#Chidgaganachandrika - Swami Trivikrama Tirtha
#Tarabhakti Sudharnava - Panchanana Bhattacharya Tarkaratna
#Sataratna samgraha, with Sataratnollekhani - Edited by Panchanan Sastri

==See also==
{{Portal|Hinduism}}
* [[History of Shaktism]]

==References==
===Notes===
{{reflist}}

===Works cited===
*{{cite book |last=Flood |first=Gavin D. |author-link=Gavin Flood |year=1996 |title=An Introduction to Hinduism}}{{incomplete citation|date=April 2024}}
*{{cite book |last=Wallis |first=Christopher |year=2013 |title=Tantra Illuminated: The Philosophy, History, and Practice of a Timeless Tradition |publisher=Mattamayura Press |isbn=978-0-9897613-0-7}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last=Bagchi |first=P. C. |translator=Michael Magee |year=1986 |title=Kaulajnana-nirnaya of the School of Matsyendranath |place=Varanasi |publisher=Prācya Prakāśana |ref=none}}
*{{cite book |last=Lakshmanjoo |first=Swami |title=Kashmir Shaivism: The Secret Supreme |year=2000 |publisher=Universal Shaiva Fellowship |isbn=1-58721-505-5 |ref=none}}
*{{cite book |author-link=Benjamin Walker (author) |last=Walker |first=Benjamin |year=1983 |title=Tantrism: Its Secret Principles and Practices |publisher=Borgo Press |isbn=0-85030-272-2 |ref=none}}
*{{cite book |last=Woodroffe |first=John |author-link=John Woodroffe |year=1913 |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/tantra/maha/ |title=Mahanirvana Tantra (Tantra of the Great Liberation) |via=Sacred-texts.com |ref=none}}

==External links==
*[http://www.shivashakti.com/ Shiva Shakti Mandalam]











[[Category:Hindu tantric texts| ]]

Fake or Not

2025-11-06T02:28:16Z

Sabari2398: stub!

{{short description|2020 Indian quiz show}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre = [[Quiz show]]
| based_on =
| inspired_by = 'Share Verified' by [[United Nations]]
| presenter = Inder Sahani<ref name="fp"/>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes =
| location = [[India]]
| runtime = 10 minutes
| company = The Blue Magic Films
| first_aired = {{Start date|2020|07|06|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2020|12|22|df=y}}
}}

'''''Fake or Not?''''' is a 2020 Indian [[Web Show|web show]] currently hosted by stand-up comedian and YouTuber Inder Sahani.<ref name="fp">{{cite news |title=Inder Sahani breaks fake news on Fake or Not {{!}} Flipkart Video {{!}} Official Promo - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UdUu1Y_f9Vs |work=www.youtube.com}}</ref> The show is a [[Flipkart Video]] original and was launched on [[Flipkart Video|Flipkart App]] on 6 July 2020. Fake or Not is inspired by the [[United Nations]] 'Share Verified' campaign and aims to separate real news from [[fake news]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=K |first1=Heena |title=From Breathe 2 to Mafia and Virgin Bhanupriya, here is a list of shows and films that are streaming this July |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/tv/2020/jul/04/from-breathe-2-to-mafia-and-virgin-bhanupriya-july-ott-platforms-26263.html |work=[[The New Indian Express|Indulge Express]] |date=4 July 2020}}</ref> The host addresses five topics while posing the query "Fake or Real" in each episode.

The first season of ''Fake or Not?'' was hosted by Indian actress and comedian [[Mallika Dua]] who appeared as [[news anchor]], Mythika Dutt.<ref>{{cite news |title=Fake or Not: Mallika Dua's new web series against fake news |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/digital/fake-or-not-mallika-dua-s-new-web-series-against-fake-news-200706 |work=TellyChakkar |date=6 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

== Concept and show format ==

[[Mallika Dua]], who plays Mythika Dutt and is a [[News Anchor]], is committed to tackling fake news and is using her show to help people identify real from fake. Each episode is 8–10 minutes long where she addresses 5 topics asking the question 'Fake or Real'.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mallika Dua takes on the role of news anchor 'Mythika Dutt' for a new show - 'Fake or Not?' |url=http://rashtratak.com/mallika-dua-takes-on-the-role-of-news-anchor-mythika-dutt-for-a-new-show-fake-or-not/ |work=Rashtra Tak |date=6 July 2020 |access-date=13 October 2020 |archive-date=12 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212022425/http://rashtratak.com/mallika-dua-takes-on-the-role-of-news-anchor-mythika-dutt-for-a-new-show-fake-or-not/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The host gives some information on the topic and asks a question for which the viewers have graphics appear on screen -Fake or Real. She gives the audience 10 seconds to click on the answer they think is correct. She then goes onto debunking the [[myth]] or busting the fake news and informs the audience of the truth.<ref>{{cite news |title=No Web Series Or Digital Premieres; Flipkart Video Reaps Rewards From Bet On Reality Shows |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/news/trends/entertainment/no-web-series-or-digital-premieres-flipkart-video-reaps-rewards-from-bet-on-reality-shows-5512681.html |work=[[Forbes India]] |date=6 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Users can also win gratification by answering all 5 questions correctly.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Venkatesh |first1=Jyothi |title=MALLIKA DUA TAKES ON THE ROLE OF NEWS ANCHOR 'MYTHIKA DUTT' FOR A NEW SHOW - 'FAKE OR NOT?' ON FLIPKART |url=https://bollyy.com/mallika-dua-takes-on-the-role-of-news-anchor-mythika-dutt-for-a-new-show-fake-or-not-on-flipkart/ |work=Bollyy |date=6 July 2020}}</ref>

== See also ==
* ''[[The Week That Wasn't]]''
* ''[[On Air With AIB]]''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCj4gOJ-lGbQfu6jzWDsk0Fg Flipkart Video] on [[YouTube]]
* {{IMDb title|id=12658602}}

[[Category:Indian web series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]
[[Category:Indian game shows]]
[[Category:2020 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Quiz shows]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Flipkart]]
[[Category:Indian political television series]]
[[Category:Current affairs shows]]
[[Category:Television news in India]]
[[Category:2020s television news shows]]
[[Category:Entertainment news shows]]
[[Category:News parodies]]
[[Category:Indian reality television series]]

Mathur (name)

2025-10-24T12:17:06Z

Sabari2398: updated lead and improved wording

{{Short description|Surname list}}
{{other uses|Mathur (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}

'''Mathur''' is a [[subcaste]] of the [[Chitraguptavanshi Kayastha|Kayastha]] community in [[Northern India]],<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Caste, Community, and Caste(s) Association |first=Lucy |last=Carroll |title=Contributions to Asian Studies: 1977 |editor-first=Karigoudar |editor-last=Ishwaran |publisher=BRILL |year=1977 |isbn=978-9-00404-926-0 |page=19 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VRMVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA19}}</ref> with their origins possibly in [[Mathura]].<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Extracting Social History from Medieval Documents of India |first=Ishrat |last=Alam |title=The Varied Facets of History: Essays in Honour of Aniruddha Ray |editor1-first=Ishrat |editor1-last=Alam |editor2-first=Syed Ejaz |editor2-last=Hussain |publisher=Primus Books |year=2011 |isbn=978-9-38060-716-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5qSbjBTDC-UC&pg=PA61 |page=61}}</ref>

== Mathur in South India ==
Sizeable Mathur community is also found in [[South India]], mostly in [[Hyderabad]].<ref name=Sarma>{{cite book|author=M. Radhakrishna Sarma|title=History of Hyderabad District, 1879-1950 A.D., Yugabda 4981-5052, Volume 2|year=1987|page=28|publisher=Bharatiya Itihasa Sankalana Samiti|location=Hyderabad|language=en}}</ref><ref name=Leonard>{{cite book|author=Karen Isaksen Leonard|title=The Kayasths of Hyderabad City: Their Internal History, and Their Role in Politics and Society from 1850 to 1900|year=1979|page=83|publisher=University of Wisconsin--Madison.|location=Hyderabad|language=en}}</ref> They mostly migrated from North India to find placement in administration under [[Medieval India]]n rulers.<ref name=KILeonard>{{cite book|author=Karen Isaksen Leonard|title=Social History of an Indian Caste: The Kayasths of Hyderabad|year=1994|publisher=Orient Longman|location=Hyderabad|language=en}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
* [[Anurag Mathur]], Indian author and journalist
* [[Arjun Mathur]] (born 1981), British-Indian actor
* [[Ashok Kumar Mathur]] (born 1943), the former Chief justice of Calcutta High Court, Justice of the Supreme Court of India
* [[Deepak Mathur]] (born 1952), Indian molecular and atomic physicist and professor
* [[Govind Mathur]] (born 1959), Indian Judge
* [[M. V. Mathur]] or Mukut Vehari Mathur (1915-2004), Indian economist and scholar
* [[Madhur Jaffrey]] (born 1933), Indian actress, food and travel writer, and television personality
* [[Mathura Das Mathur]] (1918–1993), Indian politician from Rajasthan
* [[Mini Mathur]] (born 1975), Indian television host, actor and model
* [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh Chand Mathur]] (1923–1976), better known mononymously as [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]], Indian playback singer
* [[Neil Nitin Mukesh]] Mathur (born 1982), Indian actor, born to singer Nitin Mukesh, and the grandson of singer Mukesh
* [[Nitin Mukesh]] Mathur, Indian playback singer
* [[Om Prakash Mathur]] (born 1952), Indian politician, member of Rajya Sabha from Rajasthan state in India
* [[Pradeep Mathur]] (born 1955), Indian politician and former 4 time MLA from the Mathura constituency of Uttar Pradesh
* [[Pradeep Mathur (scientist)]] (born 1955), Indian organometallic and cluster chemist and the founder director of the Indian Institute of Technology, Indore
* [[Prem Mathur]] Indian pilot, first Indian woman commercial pilot
* [[Raghav Mathur]] (born 1981), known professionally as [[Raghav]], is a Canadian singer-songwriter
* [[R. K. Mathur]] or Radha Krishna Mathur (born 1953), Indian IAS officer
* [[Rajiv Dayal Mathur]], Indian Air Marshal, officer in the Indian Air Force
* [[Sanjay Mathur]] (born 1968), German professor, inorganic chemist and past president of the [[American Ceramic Society]]
* [[Sharan Rani Backliwal]] née Mathur (1929–2008), Indian classical sarod player and music scholar
* [[Sheila Dhar]] (1929–2001), Indian author and singer of Kirana gharana
* [[Shiv Charan Mathur]] (1927–2009), Indian politician and minister
* [[Somesh Mathur]], Indian singer, composer, songwriter, and music producer
* [[Surat Mathur]] (1930–2021), Indian long-distance runner
* [[Sushma Seth]] Mathur (born 1936), Indian stage, film and television actress
* [[Vartika Mathur]] (1979), Professor in Zoology, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mathur (Subcaste)}}

[[Category:Kayastha]]
[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]
[[Category:Toponymic surnames]]
[[Category:People from Mathura]]

Outer Ring Road, Pune

2025-10-02T13:27:44Z

Sabari2398: created a info more to come

{{Short description|Planned road in Pune, India}}
{{Distinguish|Inner Ring Road, Pune}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{unreliable sources|date=February 2025}}
{{infobox road
| country =IND
| map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=250|frame-height=250|plain=yes|type=shape|stroke-width=4|zoom=9|frame-lat=18.5398|frame-long=73.8697|stroke-color=#808080|id=Q60|title=Pune Metropolitian City}}
| map_custom = yes
| map_notes =
| name = Pune Outer Ring Road
| image =
| length_km = 136
| length_round =
| direction_a = North
| terminus_a = [[Alandi]]
| junction =
| direction_b =
| terminus_b = [[Khed Shivapur]]
| formed =
| history =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| maint = [[Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation]]
| cities = [[Pune]], [[Pimpri-Chinchwad]]
}}
The '''Pune Outer Ring Road''' (officially '''MSRDC Ring Road, Pune''') is a ring road currently under construction {{convert|136|km|mi|adj=on}} [[Bypass (road)|bypass]] road encircling [[Pune]], the second-largest city in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2024-04-14 |title=Pune ring road project receives proposals from 19 bidders |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/pune-ring-road-project-receives-proposals-from-19-bidders-101713111682262.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521072258/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/pune-ring-road-project-receives-proposals-from-19-bidders-101713111682262.html |archive-date=21 May 2024 |access-date=2025-06-23 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Route ==
The Pune Outer Ring Road will connect the following villages.

* Loni
* [[Chintamani Temple, Theur|Theur]]
* Kesnand
* [[Wagholi, Pune|Wagholi]]
* Charholi
* Bhavdi
* [[Tulapur]]
* [[Alandi]]
* Kelgaon
* Chimbli
* Moee
* Nighoje
* Sangurdi
* Shelarwadi
* [[Shirgaon, Sangli|Shirgaon]]
* Chandkhed
* Pachne
* Pimpoli
* Rihe
* Ghotawde
* Pirangut
* Khed Shivapur
* Gogalwadi
* Patharwadi
* Bhivri
* Kanifnath

The total length of this road will be {{convert|136|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=off}} with a total cost of {{INRConvert|104.08|b}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-06/pune/31597429_1_ring-road-road-alignments-ajit-pawar|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709161729/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-06/pune/31597429_1_ring-road-road-alignments-ajit-pawar|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-07-09|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Maharashtra State road Development Corporation revives ring road plan}}</ref> Around {{convert|40|km|mi|adj=off}} of the road will be common with the [[Inner Ring Road, Pune|Pune Inner Ring Road]].

== Background ==
Representatives of the Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation ([[Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation|MSRDC]]) have declared an alternate Ring Road (Pune Outer Ring Road). Total length of this road is {{convert|136|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=off}} and will pass through 83 villages around the city. Out of this {{convert|39|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=off}} will be four lane road and remaining {{convert|97.8|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=off}} will be six lane road. The project will be constructed in two sections of which the western section, which stretches from [[Urse, Pune|Urse]] on the [[Mumbai–Pune Expressway|Mumbai-Pune Expressway]] to Shivare on [[National Highway 48 (India)|NH48]] as well as the remaining eastern section. The [[Speed limit|maximum allowed speed]] on this road is expected to be {{convert|120|km/h|mph|abbr=on|adj=off}}. There are going to be eight tunnels with a total length of {{convert|11.29|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=off}} and a half a kilometer bridge across Khadakwasla dam reservoir.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://themetrorailguy.com/msrdc-pune-ring-road-route-map-status-update/ | title=Pune Ring Road - Information & Status }}</ref>

According to reports published in September 2024, around 90% land was acquired on the western section of road while 70% was acquired on the eastern section of the road. The project construction commenced in late 2024 and is expected to complete by May 2027. The western section is {{convert|65.45|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=off}} which will be completed in five phases varying from {{convert|7.5|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=off}} to {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=off}}, while the eastern section is {{convert|71.35|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=off}} which will be constructed in four phases varying from {{convert|11.85|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=off}} to {{convert|24.5|km|mi|abbr=on|adj=off}}.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/pune-ring-road-construction-set-to-begin-by-october-end-with-state-approval/articleshow/113884442.cms | title=Nod expected from state to begin Pune ring road work from Oct end | newspaper=The Times of India | date=3 October 2024 }}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Inner Ring Road, Pune]]
* [[High-capacity mass transit route, Pune]]
* [[List of roads in Pune]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Pune topics}}

[[Category:Transport in Pimpri-Chinchwad]]
[[Category:Transport in Pune]]
[[Category:Ring roads in India]]
[[Category:Proposed roads in India]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Maharashtra]]

Vivek Shokeen

2025-09-23T08:14:37Z

Sabari2398: Updated article with clearer structure

{{Short description|Indian tennis player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox tennis biography
| name = Vivek Shokeen
| image =
| fullname =
| country_represented = {{IND}}
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1987|07|31|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height =
| plays = Right-handed
| careerprizemoney = $33,056
| singlesrecord =
| singlestitles =
| highestsinglesranking = No. 601 (11 September 2006)
| doublesrecord = 0–1 (ATP Tour)
| doublestitles =
| highestdoublesranking = No. 366 (24 March 2008)
}}
'''Vivek Shokeen''' (born 31 July 1987) is an Indian former professional [[tennis]] player.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumaraswamy |first1=K. |title=Vivek Shokeen turns coach at 26 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/Vivek-Shokeen-turns-coach-at-26/articleshow/26811709.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 December 2013 |language=en}}</ref>

Shokeen, who held a junior world ranking of 26 in the world, represented India in a [[Davis Cup]] tie against Uzbekistan in 2007. He was beaten in both of his singles rubbers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Basra |first1=Sukhwant |title=No reversals, Uzbekistan make it 4-1 |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-no-reversals-uzbekistan-make-it-4-1-1079275 |work=[[DNA India]] |date=11 February 2007 |language=en}}</ref>

His only [[ATP Tour]] main draw appearance came at the [[2007 Kingfisher Airlines Tennis Open]] in Mumbai, partnering [[Purav Raja]] in the doubles. He otherwise competed in [[ITF Futures]] events and won eight doubles titles.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bhupathi pulls out of Mumbai Open |url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/2007/sep/27bhup.htm |website=[[Rediff.com]] |date=27 September 2007}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of India Davis Cup team representatives]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{ATP|sg28}}
* {{Davis Cup player|800227082}}
* {{ITF profile|vivek-shokeen/800227082/ind}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shokeen, Vivek}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male tennis players]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Delhi]]

Pinakini Express

2025-08-30T22:31:52Z

Sabari2398: page edit

{{short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Pinakini Express
| type = [[Express trains in India#Superfast Express|Superfast Express]]
| locale = [[Andhra Pradesh]] & [[Tamil Nadu]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1992|07|01}}
| image =
| last =
| operator = [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = [[Vijayawada Junction]] (BZA)
| stops = 12
| end = [[Chennai Central|MGR Chennai Central]] (MAS)
| distance = {{convert|431|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 6 hours 50 minutes
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC Chair Car, 3AC Economy, Second Class Seating, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = No
| autorack = Overhead racks
| catering = Pantry Car, On-board Catering, E-Catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = [[Broad Gauge]] {{RailGauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 12711 / 12712
| speed = {{convert|62|km/h|abbr=on}} average with halts
| map = [[File:Pinakini Express Route map.jpg|250px]]
| map_state =
}}

The 12711 / 12722 '''Pinakini Express''' is a [[Intercity Express (Indian Railways)|superfast express]] train that runs between [[Vijayawada Junction railway station|Vijayawada Junction]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Chennai Central railway station|M. G . R Chennai Central]] in [[Tamil Nadu]]. This train belongs to [[Vijayawada railway division|Vijayawada Division]] of [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway Zone]].

== History ==
The train, which began its services in 1991, between [[Vijayawada]] and [[Chennai]] developed a unique bond between the people of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Tamil Nadu]].

Pinakini Intercity Express, which derived its name from [[Penna River|Penna]] or Pinakini River passing through [[Nellore|Nellore City]] which lies between Chennai and Vijayawada.

This is the best train to reach Chennai in a short duration of time comfortably. Thousands of passengers prefer this train due to its convenient timings and its connectivity towards down South.

This train travels 430 km on each side and consists of 12 halts in between. Pinakini Express enjoys amazing patronage and its occupancy rate is more than 100 per cent throughout the year. Many employees, students, season ticket holders of Krishna, Guntur, Prakasam and Nellore districts daily choose this train as the safest means to travel to their workplaces and destinations due to its convenient timings and best punctuality performance.

Initially the train consisted of 18 coaches, later coaches were increased to 24 due to heavy demand. Pinakini Express has single standard ICF rake and is being primarily maintained at Vijayawada since its inception. It has three AC Chair Car coaches, nine reserved and nine unreserved non-AC coaches, pantry car and two SLR (Seating-cum-Luggage Rake) coaches. The rake was upgraded with safer CBC (Central Buffer Coupler) coupling by replacing old screw coupling as a measure of enhanced safety. It also equipped with bio toilets and OBHS staff for on board cleaning during the journey.

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Image:DSC 0343-02.jpg| Pinakini Express at Nellore
Image:Pinakini30.jpg| Pinakini Express 30th Birthday Celebrations in 2022 July
</gallery>

== Route and halts ==
{{routemap
| title = Route
| map = KBHFa~~ ~~[[Vijayawada Junction railway station|Vijayawada Jn]] '''(BZA)'''
INT~~ ~~[[Tenali Junction railway station|Tenali]] '''(TEL)'''
INT~~ ~~[[Nidubrolu railway station|Nidubrolu]] '''(NDO)'''
INT~~ ~~[[Bapatla railway station|Bapatla]] '''(BPP)'''
INT~~ ~~[[Chirala railway station|Chirala]] '''(CLX)'''
INT~~ ~~[[Ongole railway station|Ongole]] '''(OGL)'''
INT~~ ~~[[Singarayakonda railway station|Singarayakonda]] '''(SKM)'''
INT~~ ~~[[Kavali railway station|Kavali]] '''(KVZ)'''
INT~~ ~~[[Bitragunta railway station|Bitragunta]] '''(BTTR)'''
INT~~ ~~[[Nellore railway station|Nellore]] '''(NLR)'''
INT~~ ~~[[Gudur Junction railway station|Gudur]] '''(GDR)'''
INT~~ ~~[[Nayudupeta railway station|Nayudupeta]] '''(NYP)'''
INT~~ ~~[[Sullurupeta railway station|Sullurupeta]] '''(SPE)'''
KBHFe~~ ~~[[Chennai Central railway station|Chennai Central]] '''(MAS)'''
}}

== Traction and coach composition ==
It is hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Lallaguda|Lallaguda]]-based WAP-7 and [[Electric Loco Shed, Vijayawada|Vijayawada]]-based WAP-7 locomotive.
Coach composition of Pinakini Express 
From Vijayawada to Chennai (12711<ref>{{Cite news |title=Coach composition of 12711 Pinakini Express |language=en-IN |work=Indianrailinfo |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/pinakini-sf-express-12711/1248/29/35}}</ref>) 
It runs with LHB coaches (Green indicating Electric locomotive, Yellow indicating colour of the general coaches, pink indicating reserved coaches and blue indicating AC coaches)
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="background:lightgreen;" |Loco
! style="background:lightgrey;" |1
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 2
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 3
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 4
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 5
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 6
! style="background:lightblue;" | 7
! style="background:lightblue;" | 8
! style="background:lightblue;" | 9
! style="background:lightpink;" | 10
! style="background:lightpink;" | 11
! style="background:lightpink;" | 12
! style="background:lightpink;" | 13
! style="background:lightgrey;" | 14
! style="background:lightpink;" | 15
! style="background:lightpink;" | 16
! style="background:lightpink;" | 17
! style="background:lightpink;" | 18
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 19
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 20
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 21
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 22
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 23
! style="background:lightgrey;" | 24
|-
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]] ||EoG||UR||UR||UR||UR||UR||C1||C2||M1||D1||D2||D3||D4||PC||D5||D6||D7||D8||UR||UR||UR||UR||UR||SLR
|}
From Chennai to Vijayawada(12712<ref>{{Cite news |title=Coach composition of 12712 Pinakini Express |language=en-IN |work=Indianrailinfo |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/pinakini-sf-express-12712/1249/35/29}}</ref>) 
It runs with LHB coaches (Green indicating Electric locomotive, Yellow indicating colour of the general coaches, pink indicating reserved coaches and blue indicating AC coaches)
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="background:lightgreen;" |Loco
! style="background:lightgrey;" |1
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 2
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 3
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 4
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 5
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 6
! style="background:lightpink;" | 7
! style="background:lightpink;" | 8
! style="background:lightpink;" | 9
! style="background:lightpink;" | 10
! style="background:lightgrey;" | 11
! style="background:lightpink;" | 12
! style="background:lightpink;" | 13
! style="background:lightpink;" | 14
! style="background:lightpink;" | 15
! style="background:lightblue;" | 16
! style="background:lightblue;" | 17
! style="background:lightblue;" | 18
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 19
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 20
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 21
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 22
! style="background:#FFBA01;" | 23
! style="background:lightgrey;" | 24
|-
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]] ||SLR||UR||UR||UR||UR||UR||D8||D7||D6||D5||PC||D4||D3||D2||D1||M1||C2||C1||UR||UR||UR||UR||UR||EoG
|}

== Achievements ==
Pinakini Express is the first train in the south India to get a green toilet.

== See also ==
*[[Krishna Express]]
*[[Express trains in India]]
*[[Jan Shatabdi Express]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{South Central Railway zone|state=expanded}}
{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pinakini Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Vijayawada]]
[[Category:Transport in Chennai]]
[[Category:Transport in Nellore|Superfast Express Trains]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 1992]]

2013 Kolkata Knight Riders season

2025-08-25T13:32:57Z

Sabari2398: new

{{Short description|Indian Premier League cricket team season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club =[[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| season =2013
| coach = [[Trevor Bayliss]]
| captain = [[Gautam Gambhir]]
| ground = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]
| comp1 = [[2013 Indian Premier League|IPL]]
| comp1 result = 7th
| most runs = [[Gautam Gambhir]] (406)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2013/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=7720;type=tournament |title=Indian Premier League, 2013/ Records / Most runs |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=20 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140612192928/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2013/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=7720%3Btype%3Dtournament |archivedate=12 June 2014 }}</ref>
| most wickets =[[Sunil Narine]] (22)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2013/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=7720;type=tournament |title=Indian Premier League, 2013/ Records / Most runs |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=20 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919142946/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2013/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=7720%3Btype%3Dtournament |archivedate=19 September 2015 }}</ref>
| prevseason = [[Kolkata Knight Riders in 2012|2012]]
| nextseason = [[Kolkata Knight Riders in 2014|2014]]
}}

[[Kolkata Knight Riders]] (KKR) is a franchise cricket team based in [[Kolkata]], India, which plays in the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL). They were one of the nine teams that competed in the [[2013 Indian Premier League|2013 IPL]]. They were captained by [[Gautam Gambhir]]. Kolkata Knight Riders finished 7th in the IPL and did not qualify for the Champions League T20.

== Background ==
KKR were the defending champions but they had a disappointing IPL season in 2013, as they failed to make the play-offs, losing ten and winning only six out of their sixteen matches. Although the overall performance was disappointing, a few individual performances gained attention, like Sunil Narine who took 22 wickets in 16 matches and Gautam Gambhir who made some good runs. But due to lack of rhythm and perfect combination of players, and bad form of a few players, the KKR could not win a few easy matches and ended up 7/9.

== Squad ==
* Players with international caps prior to the 2013 season are listed in '''bold'''.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
!No.
!Name
!Nationality
!Birth date
!Batting Style
!Bowling Style
!Notes
|-
! colspan="7" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Batters
|-
|05|| '''[[Gautam Gambhir]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2013|04|03|1981|10|14|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]
|-
|07|| [[Paras Dogra]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2013|04|03|1984|11|19|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] ||
|-
|09|| '''[[Manoj Tiwary (cricketer)|Manoj Tiwary]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2013|04|03|1985|11|14|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] ||
|-
|16||'''[[Eoin Morgan]]''' || {{cr|ENG}} || {{Birth date and age2|2013|04|03|1986|9|10|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || Overseas
|-
|63|| [[Debabrata Das]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2013|04|03|1986|9|22|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] ||
|-
! colspan="7" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| All-rounders
|-
|03|| '''[[Jacques Kallis]]''' || {{cr|RSA}} || {{Birth date and age2|2013|04|03|1975|10|16|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || [[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|Vice-captain]], Overseas
|-
|06|| '''[[Laxmi Ratan Shukla]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2013|04|03|1981|5|6|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
|22|| [[Rajat Bhatia]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2013|04|03|1979|10|22|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
|23|| '''[[Ryan McLaren]]''' || {{cr|RSA}} || {{Birth date and age2|2013|04|03|1983|2|9|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || Overseas
|-
|27|| '''[[Ryan ten Doeschate]]''' || {{cr|NED}} || {{Birth date and age2|2013|04|03|1980|6|30|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[Medium pace bowling|medium-fast]] || Overseas
|-
|75|| '''[[Shakib Al Hasan]]''' || {{cr|BAN}} || {{Birth date and age2|2013|04|03|1987|3|24|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Left-arm orthodox spin|Slow left arm orthodox]] || Overseas
|-
|999|| '''[[Yusuf Pathan]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2013|04|03|1982|11|17|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
|–|| [[Sumit Narwal]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2013|04|03|1982|4|16|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
! colspan="7" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Wicket-keepers
|-
|24|| '''[[Brad Haddin]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{Birth date and age2|2013|04|03|1977|10|23|df=y}} || Right-handed || – || Overseas
|-
|36|| [[Manvinder Bisla]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2013|04|03|1984|12|28|df=y}} || Right-handed || – ||
|-
|42|| '''[[Brendon McCullum]]''' || {{cr|NZL}} || {{Birth date and age2|2013|04|03|1981|9|27|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || Overseas
|-
! colspan="7" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Bowlers
|-
|01|| [[Sarabjit Ladda]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2013|04|03|1986|7|10|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] ||
|-
|04|| '''[[James Pattinson]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{Birth date and age2|2013|04|03|1990|5|3|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || Overseas
|-
|08|| [[Pradeep Sangwan]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2013|04|03|1990|11|5|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
|14|| '''[[Shami Ahmed]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2013|04|03|1990|3|9|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
|18|| '''[[Sachithra Senanayake]]''' || {{cr|SRI}} || {{Birth date and age2|2013|04|03|1985|2|9|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || Overseas
|-
|21|| [[Iqbal Abdulla]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2013|04|03|1989|12|2|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Left-arm orthodox spin|Slow left arm orthodox]] ||
|-
|55|| '''[[Lakshmipathy Balaji]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2013|04|03|1981|9|27|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
|58|| '''[[Brett Lee]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{Birth date and age2|2013|04|03|1976|11|8|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || Overseas
|-
|74|| '''[[Sunil Narine]]''' || {{cr|WIN}} || {{Birth date and age2|2013|04|03|1988|5|26|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || Overseas
|}

==Indian Premier League==
===Season standings===
Kolkata Knight Riders finished 7th in the league stage of IPL 2013.
{{:2013 Indian Premier League|team=KKR}}

=== Match log ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!No.
!Date
!Opponent
!Venue
!Result
!Scorecard
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 1 || {{dts|1=2013|2=4|3=3|format=mdy}} || [[Delhi Daredevils]] || [[Eden Gardens|Kolkata]] ||Won by 6 wickets, MoM - [[Sunil Narine]] 4/13 ||
|- style="background:#fbb; "
| 2 || {{dts|1=2013|2=4|3=8|format=mdy}} || [[Rajasthan Royals]] || [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium|Jaipur]] ||Lost by 19 runs ||
|- style="background:#fbb; "
| 3 || {{dts|1=2013|2=4|3=11|format=mdy}} || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] || [[M Chinnaswamy Stadium|Bengaluru]] || Lost by 8 wickets ||
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 4 || {{dts|1=2013|2=4|3=14|format=mdy}} || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] || [[Eden Gardens|Kolkata]] ||Won by 48 runs, MoM – [[Gautam Gambhir]] 53(45)||[http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2013/engine/current/match/598013.html Score Card]
|- style="background:#fbb; "
| 5 || {{dts|1=2013|2=4|3=16|format=mdy}} || [[Kings XI Punjab]] || [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium|Mohali]] || Lost by 4 runs ||
|- style="background:#fbb; "
| 6 || {{dts|1=2013|2=4|3=20|format=mdy}} || [[Chennai Super Kings]] || [[Eden Gardens|Kolkata]] || Lost by 4 wickets ||
|- style="background:#fbb; "
| 7 || {{dts|1=2013|2=4|3=24|format=mdy}} || [[Mumbai Indians]] || [[Eden Gardens|Kolkata]] || Lost by 5 wickets ||
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 8 || {{dts|1=2013|2=4|3=26|format=mdy}} || [[Kings XI Punjab]] || [[Eden Gardens|Kolkata]] || Won by 6 wickets, MoM – [[Jacques Kallis]] 2/14 (4 overs) and 44 ||
|- style="background:#fbb; "
| 9 || {{dts|1=2013|2=4|3=28|format=mdy}} || [[Chennai Super Kings]] || [[MA Chidambaram Stadium|Chennai]] || Lost by 14 runs ||<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2013/engine/current/match/598034.html 38th match: Chennai Super Kings v Kolkata Knight Riders at Chennai, Apr 28, 2013 | Cricket Scorecard]. ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved on 23 December 2013.</ref>
|- style="background:#fbb; "
| 10 || {{dts|1=2013|2=5|3=1|format=mdy}} || [[Delhi Daredevils]] || [[Raipur International Cricket Stadium|Raipur]] || Lost by 7 wickets ||<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/598040.html 44th match: Delhi Daredevils v Kolkata Knight Riders at Raipur, May 1, 2013 | Cricket Scorecard]. ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved on 23 December 2013.</ref>
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 11 || {{dts|1=2013|2=5|3=3|format=mdy}} || [[Rajasthan Royals]] || [[Eden Gardens|Kolkata]] || Won by 8 wickets; MoM – [[Yusuf Pathan]] 49* (35) ||
|- style="background:#fbb; "
| 12 || {{dts|1=2013|2=5|3=7|format=mdy}} || [[Mumbai Indians]] || [[Wankhede Stadium|Mumbai]] || Lost by 65 runs ||
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 13 || {{dts|1=2013|2=5|3=9|format=mdy}} || [[Pune Warriors India]] || [[Subrata Roy Sahara Stadium|Pune]] || Won By 46 runs; MoM – [[Gautam Gambhir]] 50(44) ||
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 14 || {{dts|1=2013|2=5|3=12|format=mdy}} || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] || [[JSCA International Cricket Stadium|Ranchi]] || Won By 5 wickets; MoM – [[Jacques Kallis]] 2/17 (4 overs) and 41(45)||
|- style="background:#fbb; "
| 15 || {{dts|1=2013|2=5|3=14|format=mdy}} || [[Pune Warriors India]] || [[JSCA International Cricket Stadium|Ranchi]] || Lost by 7 runs ||
|- style="background:#fbb; "
| 16 || {{dts|1=2013|2=5|3=19|format=mdy}} || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|Hyderabad]] ||Lost by 5 wickets ||
|- " class="sortbottom"
| colspan="6" style="text-align: center; "| Overall record: 6–10. Failed to advance.
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kolkata Knight Riders}}

[[Category:2013 Indian Premier League]]
[[Category:Kolkata Knight Riders seasons]]

Vivekananda Setu

2025-08-25T09:23:15Z

Sabari2398: general cleaned up section and corrected details

{{Short description|Steel multi-span road cum railway bridge in West Bengal, India}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}

{{Infobox bridge
|bridge_name = Vivekananda Setu
|image = Hooghly River1.jpg
|image_size =
|caption = Vivekananda Setu
|official_name =Vivekanada Setu
|carries = Rail cum Road bridge
|crosses = [[Hooghly River]]
|locale = [[Bally, Howrah|Bally]]-[[Dakshineswar]]
|maint =
|designer =
|design =
|material = Steel and Stone
|spans =
|pierswater =
|mainspan =
|length = {{Convert|2887|ft|order=flip}}
|width =
|height =
|load =
|clearance =
|below =
|traffic =
|begin =1926
|complete =1931
|open = {{start date and age|1931|12|29|df=y}}
|closed =
|toll =
|map_cue =
|map_image =
|map_text =
|map_width =
|coordinates = {{coord|22.65319|N|88.35326|E|format=dms|region:IN-WB_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
|lat =
|long =
}}

'''Vivekananda Setu''' (also called '''Willingdon Bridge''' and '''Bally Bridge''') is a bridge over the [[Hooghly River]] in [[West Bengal]], India. It links the city of [[Howrah]], at [[Bally, Howrah|Bally]], to [[Kolkata]], at [[Dakshineswar]]. Completed in 1931, it is a multispan [[truss bridge]] that was built to primarily to provide direct road and rail connectivity between the [[Port of Kolkata|Calcutta Port]] and the major railhead at [[Howrah railway station]] on the West bank of the [[Hooghly River]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Symphony of Progress: The Saga of Eastern Railway 1854-2003|publisher=Eastern Railway|year=2003|location=Kolkata|pages=31}}</ref> It is {{Convert|2887|ft|order=flip}} long having 9 spans in total.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Willingdon Bridge|url=https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Willingdon_Bridge|access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref> The famous [[Dakshineswar Kali Temple]] is situated on the banks of the Hooghly River near the bridge.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Vivekananda Setu in Bally|url=https://www.ballyonline.in/city-guide/vivekananda-setu-in-bally|access-date=12 November 2021|archive-date=12 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112044417/https://www.ballyonline.in/city-guide/vivekananda-setu-in-bally|url-status=dead}}</ref> The bridge is one of the four bridges linking both sides of Kolkata city. A new road bridge, the [[Nivedita Setu]], was constructed {{Convert|50|m|ft|abbr=on}} downstream in 2007 due to weakening of the Vivekanada Setu caused by its ageing.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="famous">{{cite web |title=Famous Bridges of India – Nivedita Setu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034411/http://www.indiastravelnews.com/2010/11/11/famous-bridges-of-india-nivedita-setu.html |archive-date=2015-09-24 |access-date=2011-07-06 |publisher=India Travel News|url=http://www.indiastravelnews.com/2010/11/11/famous-bridges-of-india-nivedita-setu.html }}</ref>

==Naming==
The bridge was originally named Willingdon Bridge after Viceroy of India, [[Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon]].<ref name="n" /><ref name=":1" /> It was eventually renamed as Bally Bridge, before officially renamed as Vivekananda Setu.<ref name=":1" />

==Construction==
[[File:Vivekananda Setu-Bally, Kolkata-West Bengal 700076-DSC 0018.jpg|thumb|Vivekananda Setu sunrise view]]
[[File:Vivekananda Setu bridge during sunset.jpg|thumb|Vivekananda Setu during sunset]]
The consulting engineers for the bridge were [[Rendel, Palmer and Tritton]].<ref name=":0"/>The erection and [[Caisson (engineering)|caissoning]] of the bridge was done by the noted [[Mistris of Kutch|Kutchi]] railway contractor and industrialist [[Rai Bahadur Jagmal Raja]].<ref name=n /><ref name=z /><ref name=":0"/> His nameplate can still be seen on each girder of the bridge.<ref name=n/> The construction of bridge started in year 1926 and was completed in year 1931.<ref name=z/><ref name=n/> The fabrication of the bridge was done at works of [[Braithwaite & Co. Ltd.|Braithwaite & Company]], Calcutta.<ref name=z/><ref name=n />

The viaduct consists of 22 spans of {{Convert|30|ft|m|order=flip}} girders built of masonry piers, whose foundations have been piled with reinforced concrete piles {{convert|40|to|50|feet|m|order=flip}} long. The bridge itself consists of seven {{Convert|350|ft|m|order=flip}} main spans and two {{Convert|80|ft|m|order=flip}} land spans. The eight main piers in the river are founded on octagonal steel caissons, {{convert|70|by|37|feet|m|order=flip}}, having two dredging holes each {{convert|19|feet|m|order=flip}} in diameter. The caissons were all floated into position and founded by loading with concrete, sustaining the load on compressed air buoyancy and releasing the air on a suitable falling tide.<ref name=":0" /> The bridge is approximately {{convert|0.5|mi|km|order=flip}} long with {{Convert|10|km|mi|adj=on}} long approach roads on both sides.<ref name=n/><ref>Conditions and Prospects of United Kingdom Trade in India: (with a Brief Account of the Trade of Burma). Great Britain. Dept. of Overseas Trade ;H.M. Stationery Office, 1928 - India pp:136.</ref> The foundation was laid with well-sinking {{Convert|100|ft|order=flip}} down the river beds. [[Girder bridge|Girding]], erection of [[abutment]]s and [[arching]] were all done by [[Rai Bahadur Jagmal Raja]].<ref name=n/> This railway bridge is also important in the annals of history of railways in India because the railway for the first time crossed over [[Hooghly River|River Hooghly]] and reached Calcutta at [[Sealdah Station|Sealdah Terminus]] thus connecting the East and West banks of the river.<ref name=n/>

The bridge was by far the most expensive and the most difficult of the railway bridges to be constructed in India up to that time. The bridge was constructed at a total cost of {{INRconvert|1.14|c|lk=off|year=1932}}

The first train that ran across the bridge was named Jagmal Raja Howrah Express by the British, acknowledging the feat of Rai Bahadur Jagmal Raja. The bridge cost over {{INRconvert|1|c}} in those years.<ref name=n/>

==Usage==
[[File:VIVEKANANDA Setu, Kolkata.jpg|thumb|Front View of Vivekananda Setu]]
The bridge serves both road and rail:
* Rail - the railway line through the bridge forms a part of the [[Calcutta Chord link line]] which connects [[Sealdah railway station|Sealdah Station]] with the [[Howrah–Bardhaman chord]] line and [[Howrah–Kharagpur line]].
* Road - the bridge connects the [[Grand Trunk Road]] (Howrah side - West bank) with the [[Barrackpore Trunk Road]] (Kolkata side - East bank).

The bridge had become weak as a result of ageing, and with heavy traffic, even repairs became difficult. Thus a second road bridge, the [[Nivedita Setu]] was constructed parallel to it and around {{convert|50|m|ft|round=5|order=flip}} downstream.<ref name="indiastravelnews-nivedita" /> It was opened to traffic in 2007. Following this the Vivekananda Setu allows traffic movement for light vehicles, namely passenger vehicles, while the Nivedita Setu helps traffic movement of heavy vehicles, like trucks. While trucks and other heavy vehicles are not allowed on the Vivekananda Setu, two and three wheelers are not allowed on the toll bridge of Nivedita Setu.<ref name="indiastravelnews-nivedita" />

==See also==
* [[Howrah Bridge]]
* [[Vidyasagar Setu]]
* [[Nivedita Setu]]

==References==
{{commons category}}
{{Reflist
|refs=
<ref name=z>[https://books.google.com/books?id=vYM1AAAAMAAJ&q=++Rai+Bahadur+Jagmal+Raja] Minutes of proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, London 1934 : Willingdon Bridge & Rai Bahadur Jagamal Raja, Volume 235, Part 1, page 83.</ref><ref name=n>Diary of Golden Days at Jharia – A Memoir & History of Gurjar Kashtriya Samaj of Kutch in Coalfields of Jharia – written by Natwarlal Devram Jethwa of Calcutta compiled by Raja Pawan Jethwa published in year 1998 in English. Life sketch of Rai Bahadur Jagmal Raja Chauhan pp:33.</ref>
<ref name="indiastravelnews-nivedita">{{cite web| url=http://www.indiastravelnews.com/2010/11/11/famous-bridges-of-india-nivedita-setu.html| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034411/http://www.indiastravelnews.com/2010/11/11/famous-bridges-of-india-nivedita-setu.html| url-status=dead| archive-date=24 September 2015| title=Famous Bridges of India – Nivedita Setu| publisher=India Travel News| access-date=6 July 2011}}</ref>
}}

{{Swami Vivekananda}}
{{Kolkata topics}}
{{Hooghly topics}}
{{North 24 Parganas topics}}

[[Category:1931 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Bridges completed in 1931]]
[[Category:Bridges in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Bridges in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bridges over the Ganges]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Howrah]]
[[Category:Railway bridges in India]]
[[Category:Railway bridges in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Howrah]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Andhra Pradesh Lokayukta

2025-08-06T19:21:33Z

Sabari2398:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Short description|Anti-corruption Ombudsman for the state of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname = Andhra Pradesh Lokayukta
| nativename =
| nativenamea =
| nativenamer =
| commonname =
| patch =
| patchcaption =
| logo =
| logocaption =
| badge =
| badgecaption =
| flag =
| flagcaption =
| image_size =
| motto =
| mottotranslated =
| mission =
| formed = 1983
| preceding1 =
| employees =
| volunteers =
| budget =
| country = India
| federal = No
| map =
| mapcaption =
| sizearea =
| sizepopulation =
| legaljuris =
| governingbody =
| governingbodyscnd =
| constitution1 =
| restriction =
| overviewtype =
| overviewbody =
| headquarters = Institution of Lokayukta, H.No.96/3-72-124-1, PRASAD'S COMPLEX, Santosh nagar, Kurnool -518006.
| hqlocmap =
| hqlocleft =
| hqloctop =
| hqlocmappoptitle =
| sworntype =
| sworn =
| unsworntype =
| unsworn =
| electeetype =
| minister1name =
| minister1pfo =
| chief1name = Hon’ble Mr. Justice P Lakshmana Reddy.
| chief1position =
| parentagency =
| website =
| child1agency =
| unittype =
| unitname =
| officetype =
| officename =
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| stations =
}}

'''Andhra Pradesh Lokayukta''' has been formed as the [[parliamentary ombudsman]] by the Government of [[Andhra Pradesh]] under the Andhra Pradesh Lokayukta and Upa-Lokayuktas Act, 83. Its institution acts as the high-level statutory functionary for the state of Andhra Pradesh and created independent of the governing political and public administration to address the public grievances against the state government and its administration. It came into force on 1 November 1983. It functions as a public instrument against corruption and other malpractices by public servants and government authorities of the state.

A [[Lokayukta]] of the state is appointed to office by the state [[Governor]] after consulting a committee consisting of State [[Chief Minister]], [[Speaker (politics)|Speaker]] of Legislative Assembly, [[Leader of Opposition]], Chairman of Legislative Council and Leader of Opposition of Legislative Council and will serve the period of five years.

== History and administration ==
The institution of [[Lokayukta]] was set up in the state of Andhra Pradesh in 1983.<ref name="Andhra Lok7">{{cite news |last1=Seetharaman |first1=G |title=Delay in appointment of Lokpal & Lokayukta: Who will bell the graft? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/why-there-is-no-lokpal-at-centre-and-lokayukta-in-many-states/articleshow/66570168.cms?from=mdr |access-date=19 August 2021 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=10 November 2018}}</ref> through its Lokayukta Act.

In 2014 Andhra Pradesh was bifurcated into two states, [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]].<ref>{{cite news |title=How Telangana demand led to bifurcation |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/how-telangana-demand-led-to-bifurcation-andhra-special-state-status-5091299/ |access-date=19 August 2021 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=9 March 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

The Assembly of the new state of Andhra Pradesh approved that in addition to only serving Chief Justices or sitting judges even retired Chief Justices or retired Justices can be considered eligible for appointment as the State Lokayukta. This was done by passing the amended Andhra Pradesh Lokayukta Amendment Bill, 2019.<ref name="AndLok Ref1">{{cite news |title=Andhra Pradesh Assembly Passes Judicial Commission Bill to Bring Transparency in Govt Tenders |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/andhra-pradesh-assembly-passes-judicial-commission-bill-to-bring-transparency-in-govt-tenders-2247663.html |access-date=26 July 2021 |publisher=News18 |date=26 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

Lokayukta of Andhra Pradesh is administered by its Registrar who is also its head of department. Its administrative system has four branches, namely Administration, Judicial, Legal and Investigation.

The state Lokayukta is currently operating from the Government Building situated in Kurnool, [[Hyderabad|Andhra Pradesh]].

Due to the rapid spread of [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19]] cases, the Lokayukta of Andhra Pradesh asked the petitioners and government employees to submit petitions, reports online or by post.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Submit petitions, reports by online or post: Lokayukta to officials|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2021/mar/31/submit-petitions-reports-online-or-by-post-lokayukta-to-officials-2283875.html|access-date=2021-09-29|website=The New Indian Express|date=31 March 2021 }}</ref>

== Notable cases ==
* The Institution received 448 complaints in 15 days between 15 September 2019 and 30 September 2019.<ref name="AndLok Ref2" />
* In one of the landmark judgements the Lokayukta after appointment also ordered a series of strict measures on organised loan syndicates in co-operative banks in the state.<ref name="AndLok Ref3">{{cite news |title=Lokayukta orders crackdown on cooperative loan mafia in Andhra Pradesh {{!}} Hyderabad News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/lokayukta-orders-crackdown-on-cooperative-loan-mafia-in-andhra-prasdesh/articleshow/82183892.cms |access-date=16 August 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=21 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* In 2013, the Institution observed that one of the traditional medicines administered by private people should not be supported by the State Government as it does not have a scientific value.<ref name="AndLok Ref5">{{cite news |title=Andhra Lokayukta questions state support to 'fish medicine' |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/andhra-lokayukta-questions-state-support-to-fish-medicine-113060301086_1.html |access-date=18 August 2021 |publisher=Business Standard India |date=3 June 2013}}</ref>
* In one of its observations in year 2021, the institution expressed that the employees of medical, health and treasury offices combined and created 61 dummy people who are not physically available and fraudulently booking salaries in their names for several years.<ref name="AndLok Ref6">{{cite news |title=Rs 20 cr swindled in AP through fake aliases {{!}} Hyderabad News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/rs-20-cr-swindled-in-ap-through-fake-aliases/articleshow/84934185.cms |access-date=18 August 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=1 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== Appointments and tenure ==
The Governor of the state appointed Justice P Lakshmana Reddy as the first Lokayukta of bifurcated Andhra Pradesh on 15 September 2019.<ref name="AndLok Ref2">{{cite news |title=Andhra Lokayukta receives 448 complaints within 2 weeks of new chief's swearing-in |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/andhra-lokayukta-receives-448-complaints-within-2-weeks-new-chiefs-swearing-110074 |access-date=14 August 2021 |publisher=The News Minute |date=6 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

Following is the list and tenure of various Lokayuktas of the state:<ref>{{cite web |title=Former Lokayuktas |url=http://lokayukta.telangana.gov.in/Former%20Lokayuktas.pdf |website=lokayukta.telangana.gov.in |access-date=21 August 2021 |archive-date=21 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821150323/http://lokayukta.telangana.gov.in/Former%20Lokayuktas.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Index !!Name !! Holding charge from !! Holding charge to
|-
| 1
| Justice Mr.A. Avula Sambasiva Rao
| 14.11.1983
| 13.11.1988
|-
| 2
| Justice Mr.A. Seetharam Reddy
| 12.03.1990
| 11.03.1995
|-
| 3
| Justice Mr.D.J. Jagannadha Raju
| 11.05.1995
| 10.05.2000
|-
| 4
| Justice R. Ramanujam
| 12.07.2002
| 11.07.2007
|-
| 5
| Justice S. Ananda Reddy
| 12.10.2007
| 11.10.2012
|-
| 6
| Justice B. Subhashan Reddy
| 12.10.2012
| 11.10.2017
|-
| 7
| Justice P. Laxman Reddy <ref name="Justice Lakshman Reddy sworn in as Lokayukta">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |title=Justice Lakshman Reddy sworn in as Lokayukta |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/justice-lakshman-reddy-sworn-in-as-lokayukta/article29425975.ece |access-date=29 August 2021 |date=16 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829144746/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/justice-lakshman-reddy-sworn-in-as-lokayukta/article29425975.ece |archive-date=29 August 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
| 15.09.2019
| Present
|-
|}

== Powers ==
The institution has powers to investigate and prosecute any government official or public servants who are covered by the act and abuses his authority for his self interest or causes hurt to anyone or any action done intentionally or following corrupt practices negatively impacting the state or individual.<ref name="Andhra Lok Ref1">{{cite web |title=About Institution |url=https://www.lokayukta.ap.nic.in/about-institution.html |website=www.lokayukta.ap.nic.in |access-date=12 August 2021 |archive-date=5 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505003704/http://www.lokayukta.ap.nic.in/about-institution.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Related articles ==

[[The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013]]

[[Goa Lokayukta]]

[[ Delhi Lokayukta]]

[[Chhattisgarh Lokayog]]

[[Gujarat Lokayukta]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.lokayukta.ap.nic.in/ Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823133734/https://www.lokayukta.ap.nic.in/ |date=2021-08-23 }}

[[Category:Lokayuktas]]
[[Category:Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:1983 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1983]]

{{Lokayukta}}

Poornachandra Mysore

2025-07-21T14:33:35Z

Sabari2398: New a data basic info

{{Short description|Indian Kannada theatre and film actor}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Poornachandra Mysore
| native_name =
| image = Poornachandra M.C.jpg
| image_size = 180px
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_name =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| education =
| occupation = Actor
| spouse =
| parents =
| years_active = 2013-present
}}
'''Poornachandra Mysore''' (born 3 March 1988) is an Indian actor known for his work in Kannada cinema and theatre.

== Career ==
Poornachandra Mysore started his career with a minor role in ''[[Lucia (film)|Lucia]]'' (2013) before getting noticed for the short film ''Patinga'' (2015).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://starofmysore.com/actor-poornachandra-city-best-actor/|title=Actor Poornachandra From City Is Best Actor|work=Star Of Mysore|archive-date=1 March 2019|access-date=27 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301103115/https://starofmysore.com/actor-poornachandra-city-best-actor/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sandalwood/250517/talented-sir-from-mysuru.html|title=Talented sir, from Mysuru!|work=Deccan Chronicle|archive-date=10 November 2019|access-date=10 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110071522/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sandalwood/250517/talented-sir-from-mysuru.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He later went on to play supporting roles in several films and lead roles in films such as ''[[BB5 (film)|BB5]]'' (2017), ''[[Tagaru]]'' (2018), ''[[Popcorn Monkey Tiger]]'' (2020), ''[[Badava Rascal]]'' (2021), ''[[Orchestra Mysuru]]'' (2023) and ''[[Daredevil Musthafa]]'' (2023).<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/actor-poornachandra-mysore-upcoming-movies/articleshow/108193789.cms|title=ನಾಯಕ ನಟನಿಗಿಂತಲೂ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಶಿಳ್ಳೆ, ಚಪ್ಪಾಳೆ ಗಿಟ್ಟಿಸಿಕೊಂಡಿದ್ದ ನಟ ಪೂರ್ಣಚಂದ್ರ ಮೈಸೂರು!|website=Vijay Karnataka}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://starofmysore.com/namma-young-stars-poornachandra/|title=Namma Young Stars: POORNACHANDRA|work=Star Of Mysore|archive-date=18 July 2020|access-date=27 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718182542/https://starofmysore.com/namma-young-stars-poornachandra/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/poornachandra-mysore-10-years-of-an-underrated-actor-2997145|title=Poornachandra Mysore: 10 years of an underrated actor|first=Pranati A.|last=S|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> Regarding his performance in ''Orchestra Mysore'', a critic wrote that "Poornachandra is convincing as an aspirational than a happy-go-lucky youngster".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/orchestra-mysuru-review-flaws-apart-a-good-enough-festive-gift-1180772.html|title='Orchestra Mysuru' review: Flaws apart, a good-enough festive gift|first=Vivek M.|last=V, DHNS|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Lucia (2013 film)|Lucia]]'' || Drug peddler ||
|-
| 2015 || ''Patinga'' || || Short film Won{{Emdash}}[[5th South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Short Film Award for Best Actor]]
|-
| rowspan="2"|2017 || ''[[BB5 (film)|BB5]]'' || Desai ||
|-
| ''[[Dayavittu Gamanisi]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2018 || ''[[Tagaru]]'' || Jamoon Ravi ||
|-
| ''[[Nathicharami]]'' || Mahesh ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Popcorn Monkey Tiger]]'' || Bablu ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Badava Rascal]]'' || Ganapa ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Twenty One Hours]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="5"|2023 || ''[[Orchestra Mysuru]]'' || Poorna || Also screenplay writer Won{{Emdash}}[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Kannada]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://starofmysore.com/69th-filmfare-awards-south-mysurus-poornachandra-wins-best-actor-critics-award/|title=69th Filmfare Awards – South: Mysuru's Poornachandra wins Best Actor (Critics) award|date=4 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Shivaji Surathkal 2]]'' || Professor Rudra / Dr. Pratap ||
|-
| ''[[Daredevil Musthafa]]'' || Sulthankeri Usman ||
|-
| ''[[Tagaru Palya]]'' || Husband || Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Bad Manners (2023 film)|Bad Manners]]'' || Gunnis ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2024 || ''[[Matinee (2024 film)|Matinee]]'' || Anand ||
|-
| ''[[Family Drama (2024 film)|Family Drama]]'' || Praksha ||
|-
| ''[[Maryade Prashne]]'' || Manja ||<ref>{{cite news |title=A middle class story - Bangalore Mirror |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/a-middle-class-story/articleshow/111294018.cms |work=bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com |date=27 June 2024 |archive-date=29 June 2024 |access-date=26 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629015237/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/a-middle-class-story/amp_articleshow/111294018.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Ekka (film)|Ekka]]'' || Daddy ||
|-
|}

===Theatre===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
| 2018 || "Parshwasangeeta" || Poornachandra Shama ||<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/theatre/poornachandra-mysore-was-in-the-city-performing-at-ranga-shankara/articleshow/65292016.cms|title=Poornachandra Mysore was in the city performing at Ranga Shankara|work=Times Of India|archive-date=26 January 2025|access-date=27 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126135738/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/theatre/poornachandra-mysore-was-in-the-city-performing-at-ranga-shankara/articleshow/65292016.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|8955419}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mysore, Poornachandra}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Kannada male actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1988 births]]

Taurus Zentrum

2025-07-03T08:42:48Z

Sabari2398: updated

{{short description|Upcoming International Shopping Mall in Trivandrum, Kerala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}

{{Infobox shopping mall
| name = Taurus Zentrum Mall, Thiruvananthapuram
| image =
| caption =
| logo = Taurus Zentrum logo.png
| logo_width =
| location = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|8|32|57|N|76|52|47|E}}
| address = [[NH 66]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| opening_date = {{start date |2027}}
| owner = Taurus Investment Holdings
| architect = [[Benoy]]
| number_of_stores = 300
| number_of_anchors =
| floor_area = {{convert|1200000|sqft|m2}} (Total built up area)<ref name="mallinfo"/>
| floors = 6
| parking = 2000+
| publictransit = KSRTC
| website = {{URL|https://downtowntvm.com/taurus-zentrum-trivandrum/| downtowntvm.com}}
}}

'''Taurus Zentrum''' is an upcoming shopping mall in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], [[India]].<ref name="mallinfo">{{cite web |title=Taurus Zentrum, Downtown Trivandrum |url=http://www.tiholdings.in/projects/taurus-zentrum/ |website=Taurus Investment Holdings |accessdate=28 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Works on Downtown Technopark project to begin by Onam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/works-on-downtown-project-to-begin-by-onam/articleshow/58705926.cms |accessdate=28 October 2018 |agency=Times of India |date=17 May 2017}}</ref> The mall is owned and managed by Taurus Investment Holdings. Upon completion, it would be one of the [[List of shopping malls in India|largest malls in the country]] with a total built up area of {{convert|1200000|sqft|m2}}.<ref name="mallinfo"/><ref name="mallinfo2">{{cite news |title=Downtown Technopark: Kerala's largest development project gets underway |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/oct/13/downtown-technopark-keralas-largest-development-project-gets-under-way-1884799.html |access-date=28 October 2018 |agency=The New Indian Express |date=13 October 2018}}</ref> The Mall is designed by the international architectural firm, [[Benoy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mike Wilson-MacCormack, Director, Head of Newark Studio at Benoy |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/mike-wilson-maccormack-8526b620/ |website=LinkedIn |accessdate=30 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Taurus Zentrum, Trivandrum, India |url=https://www.benoy.com/drawing-board/taurus-zentrum/ |website=Benoy |accessdate=17 March 2019}}</ref>

The shopping mall is located near [[National Highway 66 (India)|National Highway 66]] at Technopark Phase III. The mall will have a multiplex with 15 screens by [[Cinépolis]].<ref name="mallinfo22">{{cite news|date=13 October 2018|title=Downtown Technopark: Kerala's largest development project gets underway|agency=The New Indian Express|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/oct/13/downtown-technopark-keralas-largest-development-project-gets-under-way-1884799.html|access-date=28 October 2018}}</ref> Also will have both [[IMAX]] and [[4DX]] format screens .<ref>{{cite news|last1=Jacob|first1=Jikku Varghese|date=23 April 2018|title=Kerala's first IMAX theatre in Thiruvananthapuram soon|agency=Manorama Online|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/districts/thiruvananthapuram/2018/04/22/kerala-first-imax-theatre-kazhakkoottam.html|accessdate=28 October 2018}}</ref>

==History==
Taurus Zentrum is part of the Taurus Downtown Trivandrum project by Taurus Investment Holdings at [[Technopark, Trivandrum|Technopark]].<ref>{{cite web |title=TRIVANDRUM'S FUTURE IS HERE |url=https://downtowntvm.com/ |website=Downtown Trivandrum |accessdate=28 October 2018}}</ref> The proposal had come up in the [[Emerging Kerala]] investors summit held by the Government of Kerala in 2012.<ref>{{cite news |title=Taurus IT township project kickstarts in Technopark |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/business/news/2018/10/17/taurus-it-township-project-kickstarts-in-technopark.html |accessdate=28 October 2018 |agency=Manorama Online |date=17 October 2018}}</ref> The framework agreement was signed in September 2015 and the project started construction in October 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kurian |first1=Vinson |title=Chandy promises full support to ₹1,200-cr 'Downtown Technopark' |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/chandy-promises-full-support-to-1200cr-downtown-technopark/article7705571.ece |accessdate=28 October 2018 |agency=The Hindu Business Line |date=30 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="mallinfo2"/>

==Description and Features==
The mall will have Kerala's largest multiplex and first Megaplex with 15 screens by [[Cinépolis]].<ref name="mallinfo2"/> The mall will also have both [[IMAX]] and [[4DX]] screens.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jacob |first1=Jikku Varghese |title=Kerala's first IMAX theatre in Thiruvananthapuram soon |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/districts/thiruvananthapuram/2018/04/22/kerala-first-imax-theatre-kazhakkoottam.html |accessdate=28 October 2018 |agency=Manorama Online |date=23 April 2018}}</ref>

This mall has a digital user experience system and parking spaces for more than 2000 cars.{{cn|date=July 2025}}

After completion this will become second largest mall in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] after the [[Lulu International Shopping Mall, Thiruvananthapuram|Lulu Mall]] {{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}.

==See also==
* [[Mall of Travancore]]
* [[Lulu Mall, Thiruvananthapuram]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://downtowntvm.com/ Downtown Trivandrum]
* [http://www.tiholdings.in/ Taurus Investment Holdings - India]
* [http://www.tiholdings.com Taurus Investment Holdings, LLC]
{{Shopping malls in Kerala |state=expanded}}
{{Shopping malls in India}}
{{Thiruvananthapuram}}

[[Category:Shopping malls in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures under construction in India]]

Nadiri

2025-05-26T18:28:31Z

Sabari2398: Created Stub

{{Short description|Type of overcoat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
[[File:Jahangir - Abu al-Hasan.jpeg|thumb|[[Jahangir]] holding a globe—he is dressed in nadiri.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Crill |first1=Rosemary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ongF6dkNKAcC&dq=A+detailed+portrait+of+the+Mughal+Emperor+Jahangir+holding+a+globe+wearing&pg=PA76 |title=The Indian Portrait, 1560-1860 |last2=Jariwala |first2=Kapil |date=2010 |publisher=Mapin Publishing Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-81-89995-37-9 |language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|page=76}}]]
'''Nadiri''' was a type of a [[overcoat]] that was specifically reserved for the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Jahangir]] ({{reign|1605|1627}}) and his esteemed [[courtier]]s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Umair Mirza |url=http://archive.org/details/a-short-history-of-muslim-rule-in-india |title=Indian History - Collection of Indian History- Collection 7 |date=2021-07-31 |pages=223}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Findly |first=Ellison Banks |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ugxFjVDk3I8C&dq=nadiri(dress)&pg=PA221 |title=Nur Jahan: Empress of Mughal India |date=1993-03-25 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-536060-8 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Waistcoat|vest]] was an invention of his own, which he had named 'Nadiri'.<ref>{{Citation |last=Koch |first=Ebba |title=Jahangir as Publius Scipio Maior |date=2018 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350987579.ch-003 |work=Portraiture in South Asia Since the Mughals |access-date=2023-04-28 |publisher=I.B. Tauris|doi=10.5040/9781350987579.ch-003 |isbn=978-1-83860-897-2 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Nadiri was known as '''{{Lang|pes|kurdi}}''' among the people in [[Iran|Persia]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Goswamy |first=B. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1IHWAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Nadiri+coat%22+-wikipedia |title=Indian Costumes in the Collection of the Calico Museum of Textiles |date=1993 |publisher=D.S. Mehta |pages=119 |language=en}}</ref> The term 'nadiri' was meant to refer to rarity.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Ritu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qYK1AAAAIAAJ&q=jahangir+nadiri+rarity |title=Costumes and Textiles of Royal India |date=2006 |publisher=Antique Collectors' Club |isbn=978-1-85149-509-2 |pages=40 |language=en}}</ref>

== Style ==

The Nadiri is a sleeveless coat that extends down to the thighs and features buttons at the front.<ref name=":2" /> It was traditionally worn over the [[Qaba]], a long coat with sleeves and buttons.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Sunil |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvgd336 |title=Mughal Arcadia |date=2017-11-27 |publisher=Harvard University Press |doi=10.2307/j.ctvgd336 |isbn=978-0-674-98124-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=K. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cYY6AAAAIAAJ&dq=%22Nadiri+coat%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA182 |title=Asia Before Europe: Economy and Civilisation of the Indian Ocean from the Rise of Islam to 1750 |date=1990 |publisher=CUP Archive |isbn=978-0-521-31681-1 |pages=182 |language=en}}</ref>

==Jahangir's fashion and artistic interests==

According to historical records, Jahangir had a passion for fashion and his attire, including his turbans and jewelry, and tended to be more extravagant and ornate compared to the fashion sense of his father [[Akbar]]'s era.<ref name=":1" /> Jahangir had a strong interest in art and architecture. He documented events, descriptions of flora and fauna, and daily life in his reign in his autobiography, the [[Tuzk-e-Jahangiri|''Jahangirnama'']]. He also commissioned court painters like [[Ustad Mansur]] to create detailed artworks to accompany his writing.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Beach |first=Milo Cleveland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0RjwxGMKC9cC&q=Cleveland+Beach,+Milo+(1992).+Mughal+and+Rajput+Painting.+Cambridge:+Cambridge+University+Press. |title=Mughal and Rajput Painting |date=1992-09-24 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-40027-5 |pages=89, 90 |language=en}}</ref> Jahangir adorned himself with magnificent clothing crafted from intricate [[silk]]s and [[brocade]]s. In addition, he introduced a variety of new dresses, including the nadiri, which he reserved for those whom he chose to grant it to.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mohamed Nasr |url=http://archive.org/details/51oT8g03aBL.SX312BO1204203200 |title=Nur Jahan Empress of Mughal India |pages=63}}</ref>

Jahangir's fashion was closely monitored and emulated by the court. He issued a decree that specified certain textiles and garments to be made exclusively for his use. As a reward for their loyalty and service, the emperor bestowed selected courtiers with gifts of clothing and jewelry, including the nadiri that was designed by himself.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dey|first=Gouri |url=http://archive.org/details/fashionanddesigningunderthemughalsakbartoaurangzeb.ahistoricalperspective |title=Fashion And Designing Under The Mughals Akbar To Aurangzeb. A Historical Perspective |pages=138 |language=English}}</ref>

As stated in the emperor's memoir, Jahangir had a unique outfit consisting of nadiri, tus shawl, batugiriban, qaba made of Gujarati satin, chera, and waist-belt woven with silk and gold threads, which he kept for himself.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mohamed Nasr |url=http://archive.org/details/MughalCostumes16th18thCenturyAndRoyalCostumes |title=Mughal Costumes ( 16th 18th Century) And Royal Costumes |pages=129 |language=English}}</ref>

== Jahangir holding a globe ==
Mughal paintings have elements from Central Asia and Europe as well as Persian and Indian styles and methods.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Asher |first=Catherine B. |date=2017-07-31 |title=Mughal Paintings: Art and Stories, The Cleveland Museum of Art. Edited by Sonya Rhie Quintanilla with Dominique DeLuca . London: D. Giles Limited, 2016. 386 pp., 400 color illustrations. {{text|ISBN:}} 9781907804892 (cloth). |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911817000717 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=76 |issue=3 |pages=823–825 |doi=10.1017/s0021911817000717 |issn=0021-9118 |s2cid=164872106|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Mughal paintings spanning the 16th to 19th century depict various aspects of life during that period, including legendary tales, warfare, courtly activities, gardens, hunting, and wildlife.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ali |first1=Azmat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ABvzDwAAQBAJ&dq=Victoria+and+Albert+Museum+in+London+houses+a+large+and+impressive+collection+of+Mughal+paintings.&pg=PA32 |title=IAS Mains Paper 1 Indian Heritage & Culture History & Geography of the world & Society 2020 |last2=Sahni |first2=Janmejay |last3=Sharma |first3=Mohit |last4=Sharma |first4=Prajjwal |last5=Goel |first5=Dr Priya |date=2019-11-12 |publisher=Arihant Publications India limited |isbn=978-93-241-9210-3 |language=en}}</ref>

Jahangir is depicted here [in the above image] wearing magnificent court attire, including a patterned sleeveless jacket that he dubbed nadiri ('rarity'). He is wearing two patkas (sashes) around his waist: the longer one is intricately embroidered with gold floral designs, while the shorter one is made of Rajasthani [[tie-dye]] fabric.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/indianportrait150000unse |title=The Indian portrait, 1560-1860 |date=2010 |location=London |publisher= National Portrait Gallery Publications |isbn=978-1-85514-409-5 |pages=76}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Clothing in South Asia}}
{{Historical clothing}}

[[Category:17th-century fashion]]
[[Category:Mughal clothing]]

Jikke Tako

2025-05-21T14:09:57Z

Sabari2398:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|Member]] of [[11th Arunachal Pradesh Assembly|Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2019
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Tali Assembly constituency|Tali]]
| predecessor = [[Markio Tado]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}'''Jikke Tako''' is an Indian politician from [[Arunachal Pradesh]] belonging to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He is a member of the Legislative Assembly in the [[11th Arunachal Pradesh Assembly|11th Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]. He won the election unopposed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-02 |title=Tali Assembly Election Result 2024: Tali Arunachal Pradesh Elections Poll Result Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/tali-assembly-election-results-2024-tali-arunachal-pradesh-elections-poll-result-winner/articleshow/110631687.cms |access-date=2024-06-02 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-02 |title=Jikke Tako (BJP): Constituency- Tali |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/arunachal-pradesh/jikke-tako-assembly-candidate-s02aed2008a020e2024c001/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=News18}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal appoints 17 advisors for ministers">{{cite news|title=Arunachal appoints 17 advisors for ministers|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/arunachal-pradesh-appoints-17-advisors-for-ministers/articleshow/111097664.cms|accessdate=17 May 2025|publisher=The Times of India|date=19 June 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250517085923/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/arunachal-pradesh-appoints-17-advisors-for-ministers/articleshow/111097664.cms|archivedate=17 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="Seven MLAs switch over to BJP in Arunachal Pradesh2">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=25 December 2020 |title=Seven MLAs switch over to BJP in Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/seven-mlas-switch-over-to-bjp-in-arunachal-pradesh/article33415732.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250517093421/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/seven-mlas-switch-over-to-bjp-in-arunachal-pradesh/article33415732.ece |archive-date=17 May 2025 |access-date=17 May 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Nitish Kumar's JDU suffers setback as 6 of its MLAs join BJP in Arunachal">{{cite news |date=25 December 2020 |title=Nitish Kumar's JDU suffers setback as 6 of its MLAs join BJP in Arunachal |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nitish-kumar-jdu-setback-6-mlas-join-bjp-arunachal-1753152-2020-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250517095429/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nitish-kumar-jdu-setback-6-mlas-join-bjp-arunachal-1753152-2020-12-25 |archive-date=17 May 2025 |access-date=17 May 2025 |publisher=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Six JD(U) MLAs join BJP in Arunachal; Nitish downplays setback">{{cite news |date=25 December 2020 |title=Six JD(U) MLAs join BJP in Arunachal; Nitish downplays setback |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/jdu-setback-arunachal-six-mlas-join-bjp-7119786/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250517095402/https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/jdu-setback-arunachal-six-mlas-join-bjp-7119786/ |archive-date=17 May 2025 |access-date=17 May 2025 |work=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Did BJP’s thumping win in Arunachal happen at cost of Congress’s waning confidence?">{{cite news |date=3 June 2024 |title=Did BJP’s thumping win in Arunachal happen at cost of Congress’s waning confidence? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-elections-congress-bjp-2547256-2024-06-03 |archive-date= |access-date=17 May 2025 |publisher=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal CM, his deputy among 10 BJP candidates elected unopposed in assembly elections">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=30 March 2024 |title=Arunachal CM, his deputy among 10 BJP candidates elected unopposed in assembly elections |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!bharat/arunachal-cm-his-deputy-among-10-bjp-candidates-elected-unopposed-in-assembly-elections-enn24033005887 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250517124234/https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!bharat/arunachal-cm-his-deputy-among-10-bjp-candidates-elected-unopposed-in-assembly-elections-enn24033005887 |archive-date=17 May 2025 |access-date=17 May 2025 |publisher=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal Assembly will have 20 first time MLAs">{{cite news|title=Arunachal Assembly will have 20 first time MLAs|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/arunachal-assembly-will-have-20-first-time-mlas-736043.html|accessdate=19 May 2025|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=25 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250519173615/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/arunachal-assembly-will-have-20-first-time-mlas-736043.html|archivedate=19 May 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref name="One-sixth of Arunachal House elected unopposed, all BJP nominees">{{cite news|title=One-sixth of Arunachal House elected unopposed, all BJP nominees|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/one-sixth-of-arunachal-house-elected-unopposed-all-bjp-nominees-9242598/|accessdate=20 May 2025|publisher=The Indian Express|date=31 March 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520102757/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/one-sixth-of-arunachal-house-elected-unopposed-all-bjp-nominees-9242598/|archivedate=20 May 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Tali (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |date=2 June 2024 |title=Tali (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/tali |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250521140246/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/tali |archive-date=21 May 2025 |access-date=21 May 2025 |work= |publisher=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Tali">{{cite news |date=2 June 2024 |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Tali |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0220.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250521140418/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0220.htm |archive-date=21 May 2025 |access-date=21 May 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>

== Education ==
He graduated from [[Rajiv Gandhi University]] in 2004 with a [[Master's degree|master's]] in [[political science]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jikke Tako(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- TALI (ST)(KRA-DAADI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/ArunachalPradesh2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=76 |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tako, Jikke}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians from Arunachal Pradesh]]

{{ArunachalPradesh-politician-stub}}

Cellular Operators Association of India

2025-05-10T13:19:25Z

Sabari2398: add details for accuracy and updated info based on references

{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|1=Companies|date=March 2021}}
{{Primary sources|date=March 2021}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = COAI
| image = COAI logo.png
| image_border =
| size =
| alt = 
| caption =
| map =
| msize = 
| malt = 
| mcaption =
| map2 =
| motto =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| formation = {{Start date and age|1995}}
| founder = 
| extinction = 
| merger =
| merged =
| type = [[Non-governmental organization|Non-governmental]] [[trade association]]
| purpose = [[Policy advocacy]]
| fields = [[Telecommunication]]s
| status = Active
| headquarters = 14, Bhai Veer Singh Marg, Sector 4, Gole Market, [[New Delhi]], [[India]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.coai.com/|title=Cellular Operators Association of India|website=Cellular Operators Association of India}}</ref>
| location =
| coords = 
| region_served = [[India]]
| membership =
| language =
| general = 
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name = Ajai Puri<ref name="coaiin">{{Cite web|url=https://www.coai.com/about-us/leadership|title=Leadership |website=Cellular Operators Association of India}}</ref>
| leader_title2 = Vice Chairman
| leader_name2 = Pramod K Mittal<ref name="coaiin"/>
| leader_title3 = [[Director General]]
| leader_name3 = Dr. S.P. Kochhar<ref>{{cite news |title=DoT allows telcos to digitise CAFs; subscribers may soon get to update their data online |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/telecom/dot-allows-telcos-to-digitise-cafs-subscribers-may-soon-get-to-update-their-data-online-11633966090238.html |work=mint |date=11 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
| main_organ = 
| affiliations =
| budget =
| num_staff =
| num_volunteers =
| website = {{url|http://www.coai.com/}}
| remarks =
}}

The '''Cellular Operators Association of India''' ('''COAI''') is an Indian [[Non-governmental organization|non-governmental]] [[trade association]] and [[advocacy group]] focused mainly on [[telecommunication]]s industry. COAI was constituted in 1995 as a registered, non-governmental society.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.coai.com/about-us|title=About us |website=Cellular Operators Association of India|access-date=2016-10-05}}</ref> As of 2017, COAI has been (jointly) organizing the [[India Mobile Congress]] with the [[Department of Telecommunications]], [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=PM Modi to virtually inaugurate India Mobile Congress on Dec 8 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-to-virtually-inaugurate-india-mobile-congress-on-dec-8/story-9eM9dCbKIfTwV4aHtIG31H.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=7 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Thakur |first1=Tanay Singh |title=COAI Says Amendments in Indian Telegraph RoW Rules to Help With 5G |url=https://telecomtalk.info/coai-says-amendments-in-indian-telegraph-5g/474106/ |work=TelecomTalk}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India Mobile Congress 2020 to be held from December 8-10 |url=https://tech.hindustantimes.com/tech/news/india-mobile-congress-2020-to-be-held-from-december-8-10-71604928175853.html |work=HT Tech |date=9 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

== About COAI ==
Over the years COAI has emerged as the official voice for the Indian telecom industry and interacts directly with Ministries, Policy Makers, Regulators, Financial Institutions and Technical Bodies. It provides a forum for discussion and exchange of ideas between these bodies and the Service Providers, who share a common interest in the development of mobile telephony in the country. COAI collaborates with other Industry Associations such as CII, FICCI, ASSOCHAM, ISPAI, VSAT, IAMAI association etc., with the objective of presenting an industry consensus view to the Government on crucial issues relating to the growth and development of the Indian telecom Industry. Recently the COAI has set up the 5G India Forum (5GIF).<ref>{{Cite web|title=5G India Forum |url=https://coai.com/index.php/5g_india_forum|access-date=2021-03-28|website=Cellular Operators Association of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |title=TDSAT Seminar on ART (Adjudication, Regulation, Telecommunication) of Convergence |date=6–7 February 2016 |website=Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal |url=https://tdsat.gov.in/admin/notice/uploads/TDSAT%20Seminar.pdf}}</ref>

COAI expanded its membership base to include four other telecom companies, namely [[CISCO]] India, [[Huawei Technologies]], [[Qualcomm]] and [[Alcatel Lucent]] as associate members.<ref>{{cite news |title=COAI expands membership base; includes four telecom companies |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/telecom/coai-expands-membership-base-includes-four-telecom-companies/articleshow/7111964.cms?from=mdr |work=The Economic Times | agency=PTI | date=16 December 2010 | accessdate=4 December 2022}}</ref>

== Members ==
'''The core members of the COAI are:'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Core Members |url=https://coai.com/core-members |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=coai.com |language=en}}</ref>

* [[Bharti Airtel]]
* [[Vodafone Idea Limited]]
* [[Reliance Jio Infocomm]]

'''The associate members of the COAI are:'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Associate Members |url=https://coai.com/associate-members |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=coai.com |language=en}}</ref>

* [[ACT Fibernet]]
* [[Apple Inc. |Apple India Pvt Ltd]]
* [[Amazon (company) |Amazon India]]
* [[Ciena]]
* [[Cisco]]
* Connect Broadband
* [[Ericsson]]
*[[ECI Telecom]]
* [[Facebook]]
* [[Google]]
* [[Huawei]]
* [[IBM India]]
* [[Indus Towers]]
*[[Juniper Networks]]
* [[Nokia]]
* [[Qualcomm]]
* [[Sterlite Technologies]]
* [[Tata Teleservices|Tata Teleservices Ltd]]
* [[ZTE | ZTE India]]

== Events ==
COAI organizes the [[India Mobile Congress]] in association with the [[Department of Telecommunications|Department of Telecommunications (DoT)]] on an annual basis in New Delhi, India. The event attracts international attention and participation. So far, the following events have been organized: India Mobile Congress 2017, India Mobile Congress 2018 and India Mobile Congress 2019.{{cn|date=March 2021}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
[https://www.coai.com COAI website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cellular Operators Association of India}}
[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Mobile phone industry in India| ]]
[[Category:1995 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Trade associations based in India]]
[[Category:Chambers of commerce in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Delhi]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1995]]

Kamuthi Solar Power Project

2025-02-19T21:20:28Z

Sabari2398: clean up

{{Short description|Photovoltaic power station in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox power station
| name = Kamuthi Solar Power Project
| name_official =
| image = KamuthiSolarPark.jpg
| image_caption = Aerial view of Kamuthi Solar Park
| image_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|9.347568|78.392162|region:IN_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| country = India
| location = [[Kamuthi]], Tamil Nadu
| status = Operational
| construction_began = February 2016
| commissioned = {{start date and age|March 2017}}
| cost = {{INRConvert|4550|c|year=2017}}
| decommissioned =
| owner = [[Adani Green Energy]]
| operator =
| employees =
| solar_type = PV
| solar_collectors =
| solar_collectors_area =
| ps_site_area = {{Convert|2500|acre|ha}}
| solar_site_resource = appr 2100 kWh/(m2*yr)
| ps_units_operational =
| ps_units_manu_model =
| ps_units_uc =
| ps_units_planned =
| ps_units_decommissioned =
| ps_thermal_capacity =
| ps_electrical_capacity = 648 MWp
| ps_electrical_cap_fac = 24 %
| ps_storage_capacity =
| ps_annual_generation = Appr. 1.35 TWh/yr
| website =
| extra =
}}

'''Kamuthi Solar Power Project''' is a [[photovoltaic power station]] spread over an area of {{Convert|2500|acre|km2|abbr=on}} in [[Kamuthi]], [[Ramanathapuram district]], 90 km from Madurai, in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cleantechnica.com/2016/12/07/india-builds-worlds-largest-solar-power-plant-covering-2500-acres/|title=India Builds World’s Largest Solar Power Plant, Covering 2,500 Acres|website=CleanTechnica|access-date=2017-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911204626/https://cleantechnica.com/2016/12/07/india-builds-worlds-largest-solar-power-plant-covering-2500-acres/|archive-date=11 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The project was commissioned by [[Adani Power]].<ref>{{cite web|author=PTI|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Adani-plans-1000MW-solar-power-plant-at-Ramanathapuram/articleshow/46569602.cms|title=Adani plans 1,000MW solar power plant at Ramanathapuram|publisher=Times of India|date=15 March 2015|accessdate=14 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160722201200/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Adani-plans-1000MW-solar-power-plant-at-Ramanathapuram/articleshow/46569602.cms|archive-date=22 July 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> With a generating capacity of 648 MWp at a single location, it is the [[List of photovoltaic power stations|world's 12th largest]] solar park based on capacity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uniindia.com/world-s-largest-solar-project-starts-feeding-electricity-into-national-grid/business-economy/news/517726.html |title=World's largest solar project starts feeding electricity into national grid |publisher=Uniindia.com |date=9 June 2016 |accessdate=14 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428130501/http://www.uniindia.com/world-s-largest-solar-project-starts-feeding-electricity-into-national-grid/business-economy/news/517726.html |archive-date=28 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=India unveils the world's largest solar power plant|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/india-unveils-world-largest-solar-power-plant-161129101022044.html|website=Al Jazeera|accessdate=31 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231032529/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/india-unveils-world-largest-solar-power-plant-161129101022044.html|archive-date=31 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[ABB]] commissioned five [[Electrical substation|sub-stations]] to connect the solar park with the [[National Grid (India)|National Grid]] on 13 June 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/abb-links-648-mw-solar-project-at-kamuthi-with-national-grid/articleshow/52728908.cms|title=ABB links 648 MW solar project at Kamuthi with national grid|publisher=Economic Times|author=PTI|accessdate=14 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613204047/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/abb-links-648-mw-solar-project-at-kamuthi-with-national-grid/articleshow/52728908.cms|archive-date=13 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abb.com/cawp/seitp202/5c93aa475c87e687c1257fcd003a9096.aspx|title=ABB connects power to the Indian grid from one of the world’s largest solar plants|publisher=Abb.com|accessdate=14 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616062352/http://www.abb.com/cawp/seitp202/5c93aa475c87e687c1257fcd003a9096.aspx|archive-date=16 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The Kamuthi Solar Power Project was completed on 21 September 2016 with an investment of around {{INRConvert|4550|c|year=2016}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Adani-Group-launches-worlds-largest-solar-power-plant-in-Tamil-Nadu/articleshow/54443678.cms|title=Adani Group launches world’s largest solar power plant in Tamil Nadu - Times of India|access-date=21 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921150519/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Adani-Group-launches-worlds-largest-solar-power-plant-in-Tamil-Nadu/articleshow/54443678.cms|archive-date=21 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The solar plant consists of 2.5 million solar modules, 380,000 foundations, 27,000 metres of structures, 576 inverters, 154 transformers, and almost 6,000 km of cables.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/adani-dedicates-to-nation-worlds-largest-solar-power-plant-in-tn/article9131623.ece|title=Adani dedicates to nation world’s largest solar power plant in TN : The Hindu Business Line - Mobile edition|publisher=M.thehindubusinessline.com|accessdate=21 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923035543/http://m.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/adani-dedicates-to-nation-worlds-largest-solar-power-plant-in-tn/article9131623.ece|archive-date=23 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/adani-dedicates-to-nation-worlds-largest-solar-power-plant-in-tn/article9131623.ece|title=CDM: Adani dedicates to nation world’s largest solar power plant in TN|author=The Hindu Business Line|access-date=22 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923043750/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/adani-dedicates-to-nation-worlds-largest-solar-power-plant-in-tn/article9131623.ece|archive-date=23 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Construction of the structures needed to mount the solar panels required 30,000 tonnes of galvanised steel.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.alternative-energies.net/kamuthi-solar-power-plant-in-india-is-now-operational/|title=Kamuthi Solar Power Plant in India is now operational|date=2016-11-29|work=Alternative energy news and resources updated daily|access-date=2017-03-20|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827165908/https://www.alternative-energies.net/kamuthi-solar-power-plant-in-india-is-now-operational/|archive-date=27 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Around 8,500 workers installed an average of 11 MW of capacity per day to complete the project within 8 months.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/gautam-adani-unveils-worlds-largest-solar-power-plant-in-tamil-nadu/articleshow/54444179.cms|title=Gautam Adani unveils world's largest solar power plant in Tamil Nadu|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2017-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229062805/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/gautam-adani-unveils-worlds-largest-solar-power-plant-in-tamil-nadu/articleshow/54444179.cms|archive-date=29 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://qz.com/854483/worlds-largest-solar-plant-kamuthi-india/|title=India built the world’s largest solar plant in record time|last=Bhattacharya|first=Ananya|work=Quartz|access-date=2017-03-20|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709234618/https://qz.com/854483/worlds-largest-solar-plant-kamuthi-india/|archive-date=9 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

The entire solar park is connected to a 400 kV substation of the Tamil Nadu Transmission Corp.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Industry/EvOim3hnJ7hHHwQ3MColxO/Adani-unveils-worlds-largest-solar-plant-in-Tamil-Nadu.html|title=CDM: Adani unveils world’s largest solar plant in Tamil Nadu|author=Livemint|access-date=22 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922132529/http://www.livemint.com/Industry/EvOim3hnJ7hHHwQ3MColxO/Adani-unveils-worlds-largest-solar-plant-in-Tamil-Nadu.html|archive-date=22 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The solar panels are cleaned daily by a self-charged robotic system.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/solar-power-plant-kamuthi-tamil-nadu-world-largest-4403895/|title=World’s largest solar power plant unveiled in Tamil Nadu|date=2016-11-30|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-03-20|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731153710/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/solar-power-plant-kamuthi-tamil-nadu-world-largest-4403895/|archive-date=31 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

Given the solar resource of around 2100 kWh/(m2*yr) an annual generation of 1.35 TWh/yr may be possible.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.nrel.gov/international/images/india_ghi_annual_2016-01.jpg| title=India Solar Resource - Global Horizontal Irradiance - Annual Average, by NREL, National Renewable Energy Laboratory| access-date=6 December 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329112906/http://www.nrel.gov/international/images/india_ghi_annual_2016-01.jpg| archive-date=29 March 2017| url-status=live}}</ref> This corresponds to a capacity factor (or average power) of 24% of the peak capacity 648 MWp. Assuming a technical life time of 25 years the investment cost is 700 MUSD/(25*1.35 TWh) = 2 US cent/kWh.

== Controversy ==
The plant relies on approximately 200,000 liters of water to keep its 25,000 modules clean each day, which has apparently been sourced from borewells nearby without consent of the respective district authority.<ref>{{cite news|author-last=Rajeskaran | author-first=R. K. | title=Adani solar plant guzzles illegal fresh water in drought-hit Tamil Nadu | date=6 June 2017 |publisher=[[New Indian Express]]| url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2017/jun/06/adani-solar-plant-guzzles-illegal-fresh-water-in-drought-hit-tamil-nadu-1613326.html}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{stack|{{Portal|India|Renewable energy}}}}
* [[Solar power in India]]
* [[Renewable energy in India]]
* [[Ultra Mega Solar Power Projects]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Adani Group}}
{{SPIN}}

[[Category:Photovoltaic power stations in India]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Ramanathapuram district]]
[[Category:Power stations in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Adani Group]]

{{India-powerstation-stub}}

Iruttu Kadai

2024-07-20T19:44:36Z

Sabari2398: new

{{Short description|Sweets store in Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Iruttu Kadai Halwa
| logo =
| image = Tirunelveli halwa.jpg
| image_caption = Tirunelveli Halwa
| type =
| genre = Snacks
| foundation = 1900
| founder =
| location_city = [[Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu]]
| location_country = India
| location = Near Tirunelveli Town
| locations =
| area_served = Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu
| key_people =
| industry =
| products = [[Halva]], [[List of Indian snacks|Snacks]]
| services =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| owner =
| num_employees =
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage =
| footnotes =
| intl =
}}

'''Iruttu Kadai''' (transl. ''Dark shop'') is an [[Indian sweets]] and [[List of Indian snacks|snacks]] shop located in [[Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu]]. It is known for "Iruttu Kadai Halwa", a type of Indian sweet [[halwa]] made of wheat, sugar and ghee.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Jesudasan
| first = Dennis S.
| title = Duplication remains a sweet and sticky affair
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 29 November 2015
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/duplication-remains-a-sweet-and-sticky-affair/article7929625.ece
| access-date = 17 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| last = Koushik
| first = Janardhan
| title = Tamil Nadu's iconic 'Iruttu Kadai' owner ends life after testing Covid positive
| newspaper = The Indian Express
| location =
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = Express Publications
| date = 25 June 2020
| url = https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/tamil-nadus-iconic-iruttu-kadai-owner-ends-life-after-testing-covid-positive-6475887/
| access-date = 17 December 2021}}</ref> The store has become a landmark for the city of Tirunelveli over the decades.

==History==
The halwa shop was established in 1900 and has remained unexpanded ever since. Nevertheless, the store has become a landmark for the city of Tirunelveli.<ref name="IT_Owner">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| title = Owner of Tirunelveli's famous 'Iruttu Kadai' dies by suicide after testing positive for coronavirus
| newspaper = India Today
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| date = 25 June 2020
| url = https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/owner-of-tirunelveli-s-famous-irrutu-kadai-dies-by-suicide-after-testing-positive-for-coronavirus-1692670-2020-06-25
| access-date = 12 January 2022}}</ref>

==Popular media==
[[Arvind Swamy]] in the Tamil movie [[Singapore Saloon]] talks about the story of Iruttu Kadai shop to [[RJ Balaji]] and its history.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian companies established in 1900]]
[[Category:Retail companies established in 1900]]
[[Category:Companies based in Tirunelveli]]
[[Category:Tamil cuisine]]

{{India-cuisine-stub}}

Kings XI Punjab in 2014

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Sabari2398: fix layout to improve readability further for consistency

#REDIRECT [[2014 Kings XI Punjab season]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Kadaiyar

2024-05-21T08:14:18Z

Sabari2398: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[Devendrakulam]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Agricultural castes]]

Calcutta Medical College

2023-12-17T22:08:34Z

Sabari2398: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[Medical College & Hospital, Kolkata]]