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Quli Qutb Shah Urban Development Authority

2023-10-02T20:41:15Z

Saadath Mohi-ud-din: created

{{Short description|Urban planning agency for Old city of Hyderabad, Telangana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Quli Qutb Shah Urban Development Authority (QQSUDA)
| native_name = {{native name|ur|قلی قطب شاہ اربن ڈیولپمنٹ اتھارٹی}} {{native name|te|కులీ కుతుబ్ షా అర్బన్ డెవలప్‌మెంట్ అథారిటీ}} {{small|''Kulī kutub ṣā arban ḍevalap‌meṇṭ athāriṭī''}}
| type = [[Government agency]]
| seal =
| seal_size =
| seal_caption =
| seal_alt =
| logo = QQSUDA Logo.jpg
| logo_size = 230px
| logo_caption = Logo of QQSUDA 1981
| logo_alt = Logo of QQSUDA 1981
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| formed = {{Start date and age|1981}}
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 =
| dissolved =
| superseding1 =
| superseding2 =
| agency_type = [[Urban Development Authority (India)|Urban Development Authority]]
| jurisdiction = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]
| status = Active, Revives in {{Start date and age|2021|09}}
| headquarters = Noorkhan Bazaar, [[Dar-ul-Shifa|Darulshifa]], [[Old City (Hyderabad, India)|Hyderabad]], Telangana 500024, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.37251873481754|78.48322614603583|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| motto =
| employees =
| budget =
| minister_type =
| minister1_name = [[K. T. Rama Rao]]
| minister1_pfo = Municipal Administration & Urban Development
| minister2_name =
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| deputyminister_type =
| deputyminister1_name =
| deputyminister1_pfo =
| deputyminister2_name =
| deputyminister2_pfo =
| chief1_name = Sri Bhadawath Santhosh, IAS
| chief1_position = MD & Administrator
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| parent_department =
| parent_agency =
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| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| keydocument1 =
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The '''Quli Qutb Shah Urban Development Authority''' (QQSUDA) is a governmental body established in 1981 to oversee developmental projects in the Old City of [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India. Initially created with the objective of revitalizing the [[Old City (Hyderabad, India)|Old City]] area by improving civic amenities and infrastructure, QQSUDA faced years of neglect and dormancy due to funding issues. However, in August 2021, the Telangana Government reactivated the authority, entrusting it with several projects aimed at restoring the heritage and promoting tourism in the Old City.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chotrani |first=Ratna |date=2021-10-31 |title=Government revives defunct Quli Qutb Shah Urban Development Authority |url=https://www.siasat.com/government-revives-defunct-quli-qutb-shah-urban-development-authority-2217656/ |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-US}}</ref>

==History==
QQSUDA was established to strategically plan and facilitate the growth of [[Hyderabad|Hyderabad's]] Old City. Its primary focus was to enhance the provision of essential civic amenities, including [[communication]], [[infrastructure]], [[electricity]], [[water supply]], [[Drainage system (geomorphology)|drainage systems]], [[housing]], [[Educational institution|educational institutions]], recreational facilities, and [[Marketplace|marketplaces]]. The [[List of chief ministers of Telangana|Chief Minister]] of the state is the chairman of this authority.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-02-12 |title=Post civic poll, will QQSUDA see a revival of fortunes? |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/post-civic-poll-will-qqsuda-see-a-revival-of-fortunes/article8231078.ece |access-date=2023-10-02 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

QQSUDA experienced a period of dormancy over the years, primarily attributed{{by whom|date=October 2023}} to insufficient financial resources. Successive administrations failed to allocate adequate funds to the authority, and the earmarked public representatives' area development funds were diverted to the south zone of the [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation|Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC)]] instead of being directed toward QQSUDA.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moin |first=Ather |date=15 February 2019 |title=Hyderabad: Qutub authority has no funds |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/150219/hyderabad-qutub-authority-has-no-funds.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002112320/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/150219/hyderabad-qutub-authority-has-no-funds.html |archive-date=2 October 2023 |access-date=2 October 2023 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> This financial neglect significantly impeded the progress of developmental and restoration projects in the Old City.

===Reactivation and government initiatives===
In a significant move to revive QQSUDA, the Telangana Government issued Memo No. ''353/2021/MA6UD'' on August 10, 2021. This memo outlined the specific tasks entrusted to QQSUDA, which included various high-profile projects.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-05 |title=Hyderabad: Quli Qutub Shah development authority struggles to stay afloat, year after revival |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hyderabad-quli-qutub-shah-development-authority-struggles-to-stay-afloat-year-after-revival/articleshow/93991300.cms |access-date=2023-10-02 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-06 |title=Telangana State Portal Municipal Administration & Urban Development |url=https://www.telangana.gov.in/departments/municipal-administration-and-urban-development |access-date=2023-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806204301/https://www.telangana.gov.in/departments/municipal-administration-and-urban-development |archive-date=6 August 2023 }}</ref>

Notable initiatives included:
* [[Charminar]] Pedestrian Project (CPP)
* [[Laad Bazaar|Lad Bazar]] Pedestrian Project
* [[Pathargatti|Pathergatti]] Pedestrian Project
* Restoration and Development of [[Sardar Mahal]]
* Redevelopment of Murgi Chowk<ref>{{Cite news |last=DC |first=Correspondent |date=December 11, 2022 |title=Mahbub Chowk Market to get a facelift |work=Deccan Chronicle |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/101222/mahbub-chowk-market-to-get-a-facelift.html}}</ref>
* Revamping Miralam Mandi
* Development, Protection, and Rejuvenation of the [[Mir Alam Tank]]

==== Conservation and restoration of other heritage structures in the Old City ====
Telangana Government ordered the [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation|GHMC]] to strengthen QQSUDA by providing the necessary staff and resources. The GHMC Commissioner was instructed to assign superintendent engineers, [[Executive Engineer|executive engineers]], deputy executive engineers, and other support staff exclusively to QQSUDA to facilitate these efforts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Displaying latest 32 live QQSUDA Tenders |url=https://tendersniper.com/search/telangana-tenders/quli-qutub-shah-urban-development-authority.xhtml |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=Tendersniper |language=en}}</ref>

The government also authorized the [[GHMC|GHMC Commissioner]] to use the regular budget for QQSUDA projects, ensuring the necessary financial support for these initiatives. Additionally, officials and staff from the GHMC were deputed to QQSUDA.<ref>{{Cite web |title=QQSUDA to invite bids for Khursheed Jah Devdi restoration |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2023/jul/18/qqsuda-to-invite-bids-for-khursheed-jah-devdi-restoration-2595891.html |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation|Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC)]]
* [[Charminar]]
* [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]
* [[Qutb Shahi tombs|Quli Qutb Shah Tombs]]

==Reference==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://twitter.com/QQSUDA_AD QQSUDA on Twitter]
*[https://www.telangana.gov.in/departments/municipal-administration-and-urban-development Municipal Administration & Urban Development], Telangana State Portal

{{Portal|Hyderabad}}
{{State agencies of Telangana}}
{{Hyderabad topics}}

[[Category:State agencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:State urban development authorities of India]]
[[Category:Urban development authorities of Telangana]]
[[Category:Government of Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:1981 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1981]]

Neelam Giri (actress)

2023-09-17T17:29:29Z

Saadath Mohi-ud-din: Published a comprehensive guide.

{{Short description|Indian Actress}}
{{Notability|1=Biographies}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Neelam Giri
| image = Neelam Giri Dp.jpg
| alt = Neelam Giri
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1995|9|3}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Neelam Giri B-day Celebration: इस अंदाज में नीलम गिरी ने मनाया अपना जन्मदिन, शॉर्ट ड्रेस में ढाया कहर |url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/bollywood-neelam-giri-celebrated-her-birthday-wreaked-havoc-in-short-dress-23041517.html |accessdate=14 September 2023 |work=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[West Bengal]], [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| years_active = 2020–present
| education =
| alma_mater =
| known_for =
| notable_works = {{ubl|''Babul''|''Ijjat Ghar''|''Tun Tun''|''Kalakand''}}
| spouse =
}}

'''Neelam Giri''' ( Born 3rd September 1995) is an Indian actress. She mainly works in [[Bhojpuri cinema|Bhojpuri]] films and television serials. She made her on-screen debut with ''Babul'' (2021) directed by [[Awdhesh Mishra]] and her performance was praised by critics.<ref>{{cite news |title=बेबस हो उठे पिता के सपने, रुला देगा अवधेश मिश्रा की फिल्म 'Babul' का ट्रेलर |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri-cinema/awdhesh-mishra-neelam-giri-dev-singh-upcoming-bhojpuri-film-babul-trailer-released-watch-here/articleshow/88426382.cms |accessdate=14 September 2023 |work=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref> Her notable works are Babul (2021), Ijjat Ghar (2022), Tun Tun (2022) and kalakand (2022).

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! References
|-
|2021 || ''Babul''|| || [[Bhojpuri]] Debut || <ref>{{cite news |title=विलेन Awdhesh Mishra की फिल्म 'बाबुल' का ट्रेलर जारी, नायक के किरदार में आएंगे नजर|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/entertainment/bhojpuri/trailer-of-villain-awdhesh-mishra-babul-trailer-released-will-be-seen-in-actor/1051903 |accessdate=14 September 2023 |work=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|2022 || ''Ijjat Ghar''|| || [[Bhojpuri]] || <ref>{{cite news |title=प्रवेश लाल यादव के घर में नहीं था इज्जत घर, तो नीलम गिरी के पापा ने शादी से किया इंकार|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/up-uttarakhand/uttar-pradesh/bhojpuri-film-trailer-2022-pravesh-lal-yadav-nilam-giri-new-bhojpuri-film-2022-izzat-ghar-trailer-out-spup/1277461 |accessdate=14 September 2023 |work= Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Izzat Ghar': Pravesh Lal Yadav and Neelam Giri's romantic song 'Pahle Izzat Ghar Banao' is out!
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/izzat-ghar-pravesh-lal-yadav-and-neelam-giris-romantic-song-pahle-izzat-ghar-banao-is-out/articleshow/96857362.cms |accessdate=14 September 2023 |work=Times of India |date=14 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022 || ''Tun Tun''|| || [[Bhojpuri]] ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Neelam Giri unveils the first look of the upcoming film 'Tun Tun' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/neelam-giri-unveils-the-first-look-of-the-upcoming-film-tun-tun/articleshow/90723178.cms |accessdate=14 September 2023 |work=Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tuntun Trailer Out: भोजपुरी फिल्म 'टुनटुन' का ट्रेलर जारी, इमोशनल कर देगी नीलम गिरी संग डॉग की बॉन्डिंग|url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/tuntun-trailer-out-neelam-giri-shared-great-bonding-with-dog-read-the-story-for-release-date-of-film-2023-06-25 |accessdate=14 September 2023 |work= Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=भोजपुरी की साफ सुथरी फिल्म 'टुनटुन' का ट्रेलर रिलीज, नीलम गिरी की डॉग के साथ दिखी अलग बॉन्डिंग |url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/bollywood-bhojpuri-film-tuntun-trailer-release-neelam-giri-bonding-with-dog-is-clearly-seen-23451803.html |accessdate=14 September 2023 |work= Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|2022 || ''Kalakand''|| || [[Bhojpuri]] || <ref>{{cite news |title=भोजपुरी फिल्म 'कलाकंद' में दिखेगी निरहुआ, आम्रपाली दुबे और नीलम गिरी की तिकड़ी, शूटिंग शुरू |url=https://www.patrika.com/lucknow-news/bhojpuri-film-nirahua-amrapali-and-neelam-giri-together-in-kalakand-7347889/ |accessdate=15 September 2023 |work= Patrika |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Kalakand': Aamrapali Dubey pens a heartfelt note for co-star Neelam Giri |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/kalakand-aamrapali-dubey-pens-a-heartfelt-note-for-co-star-neelam-giri/articleshow/89824583.cms |accessdate=14 September 2023 |work=Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|scope="row" style="background:#ffc; " | ''Up-61 Love Story of Ghazipur'' {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
|{{TBA}}
| Bhojpuri
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Pravesh Lal Yadav and Neelam Giri's film 'UP 61 Love Story of Gazipur' trailer is out!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/pravesh-lal-yadav-and-neelam-giris-film-up-61-love-story-of-gazipur-trailer-is-out/articleshow/103138596.cms?from=mdr |accessdate=14 September 2023 |work=Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|scope="row" style="background:#ffc; " | ''Anand Aashram'' {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
|{{TBA}}
| Bhojpuri
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Anand Asaram: नीलम गिरी के साथ दिनेश लाल यादव ने शुरू की नेक्स्ट फिल्म की शूटिंग |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/hi/bhojpuri/anand-asaram-dinesh-lal-yadav-start-shooting-with-neelam-giri-in-nepal-2078619/ |accessdate=15 September 2023 |work= Bollywood Life |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Anand Asaram': Neelam Giri shares a still with co-star Nirahua from the set |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/anand-asaram-neelam-giri-shares-a-still-with-co-star-nirahua-from-the-set/articleshow/91735613.cms |accessdate=15 September 2023 |work=Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Nirahua and Neelam Giri starts shooting for 'Anand Asaram' in Nepal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/nirahua-and-neelam-giri-starts-shooting-for-anand-asaram-in-nepal/articleshow/91637382.cms |accessdate=15 September 2023 |work=Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|scope="row" style="background:#ffc; " | ''Ghar Pariwar'' {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
|{{TBA}}
| Bhojpuri
|<ref>{{cite news |title='Ghar Pariwar': Neelam Giri shares a few pics with co-stars from the set |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/ghar-pariwar-neelam-giri-shares-a-few-pics-with-co-stars-from-the-set/articleshow/95936453.cms |accessdate=15 September 2023 |work=Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|scope="row" style="background:#ffc; " | ''Risto ka Batwara'' {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
|{{TBA}}
| Bhojpuri
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Nirahua and Neelam Giri's film 'Rishto Ka Batwara' trailer is out! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/nirahua-and-neelam-giris-film-rishto-ka-batwara-trailer-is-out/articleshow/100595354.cms?from=mdr |accessdate=14 September 2023 |work=Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|scope="row" style="background:#ffc; " | ''Just Married'' {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
|{{TBA}}
| Bhojpuri
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Pravesh Lal Yadav and Neelam Giri joins for the film 'Just Married' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/pravesh-lal-yadav-and-neelam-giri-joins-for-the-film-just-married/articleshow/93903054.cms |accessdate=15 September 2023 |work=Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|scope="row" style="background:#ffc; " | ''Man Mohini'' {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
|{{TBA}}
| Bhojpuri
|<ref>{{cite news |title=सतेंद्र सिंह और नीलम गिरी की भोजपुरी फ़िल्म”मनमोहिनी”की शूटिंग कम्पलीट |url=https://bhojpurimedia.net/shooting-of-bhojpuri-film-manmohini-complete-by-satendra-singh-and-neelam-giri/ |accessdate=15 September 2023 |work= Bhojpuri Media |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|scope="row" style="background:#ffc; " | ''Ghoonghat mein Ghotala 3'' {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
|{{TBA}}
| Bhojpuri
|<ref>{{cite news |title= Neelam Giri New Song: लंदन में 'घूंघट में घोटाला 3' कर रहीं नीलम गिरी! इधर 'मर्डर राजाजी' रिलीज|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/bihar-jharkhand/bhojpuri-cinema/bhojpuri-actress-neelam-giri-new-song-murder-rajaji-release/1820329 |accessdate=14 September 2023 |work=Zee News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Ghoonghat Mein Ghotala 3': Neelam Giri shares a romantic photo with co-star Pravesh Lal Yadav from the set |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/ghoonghat-mein-ghotala-3-neelam-giri-shares-a-romantic-photo-with-co-star-pravesh-lal-yadav-from-the-set/articleshow/102415643.cms?from=mdr |accessdate=14 September 2023 |work=Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|12481809}}
* {{Instagram|neelamgiri_}}
* {{Facebook|IamNeelamGiri}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Giri, Neelam}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bhojpuri cinema]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:1995 births]]

Shah Alampur

2023-09-13T23:47:15Z

Saadath Mohi-ud-din: Published an insightful resource.

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{other uses|Alampur}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Shah Alampur
| native_name =
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| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
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| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.2308|N|79.19261|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bhongaon]]
| established_title = 
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| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
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| area_total_km2 = 1.044
| elevation_footnotes =
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| population_total = 1013
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
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| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Shah Alampur''' ([[Devanagari]]: शाह आलमपुर {{IAST|Śāh Ālampur}}) is a village in [[Sultanganj, Mainpuri|Sultanganj]] block of [[Mainpuri district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. As of 2011, it has a population of 1,013, in 173 households.

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Shah Alampur had a population of 1,013, in 173 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|167}} This population was 53.4% male (541) and 46.6% female (472). The 0-6 age group numbered 163 (92 male and 71 female), or 16.1% of the total population. No residents were members of Scheduled Castes.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1259/download/4050/DH_2011_0917_PART_B_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|130-1}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Shah Alampur as having a population of 602 people, in 113 households.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Mainpuri |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/29484/download/32665/28516_1981_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|172-3}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Shah Alampur as comprising 2 hamlets, with a total population of 488 people (250 male and 238 female), in 94 households and 61 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 259 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (24 - Mainpuri District) |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28772/download/31954/22833_1961_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|xcvi}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Shah Alampur had 1 primary school; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by hand pump and tube well/borehole; there were no public toilets. The village had a post office but no public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1258/download/4046/DH_2011_0917_PART_A_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|167-72}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mainpuri district}}

[[Category:Villages in Mainpuri district]]

Bowling (cricket)

2023-08-17T17:41:32Z

Saadath Mohi-ud-din: Edit

{{short description|Cricket delivery}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2013}}
[[File:Muralitharan bowling to Adam Gilchrist.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[spin bowling|Spinner]] [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] bowling to the batsman, [[Adam Gilchrist]]]]
'''Bowling''', in [[cricket]], is the action of [[throwing|propelling]] the [[cricket ball|ball]] toward the [[wicket]] defended by a batter. A player skilled at bowling is called a ''bowler'';<ref>{{Cite web|title=Terms {{!}} Cricket Web|url=https://www.cricketweb.net/terms/|access-date=2020-08-31|website=www.cricketweb.net}}</ref> a bowler who is also a competent [[:Batting (cricket)|batter]] is known as an [[all-rounder]]. Bowling the ball is distinguished from [[throwing (cricket)|''throwing'' the ball]] by a strictly specified biomechanical definition, which restricts the angle of extension of the elbow.<ref>{{Cite web|title=International Cricket Council|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/cricket/rules-and-regulations/illegal-bowling-actions|access-date=2020-08-31|website=www.icc-cricket.com}}</ref> A single act of bowling the ball towards the batsman is called a ''ball'' or a ''[[delivery (cricket)|delivery]]''. Bowlers bowl deliveries in sets of six, called an ''[[over (cricket)|over]]''. Once a bowler has bowled an over, a teammate will bowl an over from the other end of the pitch.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Glossary of cricket terms & sayings|url=http://www.wandererscricket.com/glossary.html|access-date=2020-08-31|website=www.wandererscricket.com}}</ref> The [[Laws of Cricket]] govern how a ball must be bowled.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lords.org/laws-and-spirit/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-42-fair-and-unfair-play,68,AR.html |title=Laws of Cricket: Law 42 (Fair and unfair play) |publisher=Lords.org |access-date=23 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130105121449/http://www.lords.org/laws-and-spirit/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-42-fair-and-unfair-play%2C68%2CAR.html |archive-date=5 January 2013 }}</ref> If a ball is bowled illegally, an [[umpire (cricket)|umpire]] will rule it a ''[[no-ball]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lords.org/laws-and-spirit/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-24-no-ball,50,AR.html |title=Laws of Cricket: Law 24 (No ball) |publisher=Lords.org |access-date=23 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227213453/http://www.lords.org/laws-and-spirit/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-24-no-ball%2C50%2CAR.html |archive-date=27 December 2012 }}</ref> If a ball is bowled too wide of the striker for the batsman to be able to play at it with a proper cricket shot, the bowler's end umpire will rule it a ''[[wide (cricket)|wide]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lords.org/laws-and-spirit/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-25-wide-ball,51,AR.html |title=Laws of Cricket: Law 25 (Wide ball) |publisher=Lords.org |access-date=23 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121124062459/http://www.lords.org/laws-and-spirit/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-25-wide-ball,51,AR.html |archive-date=24 November 2012 }}</ref>

There are different types of bowlers, from [[fast bowling|fast bowlers]], whose primary weapon is pace, through [[Swing bowling|swing]] and [[seam bowling|seam bowlers]] who try to make the ball deviate in its course through the air or when it bounces,<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Different Types Of Fast Bowlers In Cricket Explained!|url=https://cricketershub.com/types-of-fast-bowlers-cricket/|access-date=2020-08-31|website=Cricketers Hub|language=en-GB}}</ref> to slow bowlers, who will attempt to deceive the batter with a variety of flight and spin. A [[spin bowling|spin bowler]] usually delivers the ball quite slowly and puts spin on the ball, causing it to turn at an angle while bouncing off the pitch.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SPIN BOWLER {{!}} definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/spin-bowler|access-date=2020-08-31|website=dictionary.cambridge.org|language=en-US}}</ref>

A team can be said to have elected to "have a bowl" when it wins the [[toss (cricket)|coin toss]] and chooses to field.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Omnisport|date=2017-11-16|title=Memorable Ashes Moments: 'We're gonna have a bowl' - Hussain's coin toss horror-show|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/memorable-ashes-moments-we-re-gonna-have-a-bowl-hussain-s-coin-toss-horror-show|access-date=2020-12-02|website=www.sportskeeda.com|language=en-us}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of cricket}}
{{Bowling techniques sidebar |expanded=all}}
[[File:Shoaib Akhtar.jpg|left|upright=0.7|thumb|Pakistani [[Shoaib Akhtar]] holds the world record for delivering the fastest ball ({{cvt|161.3|km/h|mph}}).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-10000/fastest-bowl-of-a-cricket-ball/|title=Fastest delivery of a cricket ball (male)|website=guinnessworldrecords.com|date=February 2003 }}</ref>]]
In the early days of cricket, [[underarm bowling]] was the only method employed.
Many theories exist about the origins of cricket. One suggests that the game began among shepherds hitting a stone or a ball of wool with their crooks and, at the same time, defending the wicket gate into the sheep-fold (from [[Anglo Saxon]] 'cricce', a crooked staff). A second theory suggests the name came from a low stool known as a 'cricket' in England, which from the side looked like the long, low wicket used in the early days of the game (originally from the [[Flemish dialects|Flemish]] 'krickstoel', a low stool on which parishioners knelt in church). There is also a reference to 'criquet' in North-East France in 1478 and evidence that the game evolved in South-East England in the [[Middle Ages]].

In 1706 William Goldwyn published the first description of the game. He wrote that two teams were first seen carrying their curving bats to the venue, choosing a pitch and arguing over the rules to be played. They pitched two sets of wickets, each with a "milk-white" bail perched on two stumps; toss a coin for first knock, the umpire called "play" and the "leathern orb" was bowled. They had four-ball overs, the umpires leant on their staves (which the batters had to touch to complete a run), and the scorers sat on a mound making notches.

The first written "[[Laws of Cricket]]" were drawn up in 1744. They stated, "the principals shall choose from amongst the gentlemen present two umpires who shall absolutely decide all disputes. The stumps must be 22 inches high and the bail across them six inches. The ball must be between 5 & 6 ounces, and the two sets of stumps 22 yards apart". There were no limits on the shape or size of the bat. It appears that 40 notches was viewed as a very big score, probably due to the bowlers bowling quickly at shins unprotected by pads. The world's first cricket club was formed in Hambledon in the 1760s and the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) was founded in 1787.

During the 1760s and 1770s it became common to pitch the ball through the air, rather than roll it along the ground. This innovation gave bowlers the weapons of length, deception through the air, plus increased pace. It also opened new possibilities for spin and swerve. In response, batters had to master timing and shot selection. One immediate consequence was the replacement of the curving bat with the straight one. All of this raised the premium on skill and lessened the influence of rough ground and brute force. It was in the 1770s that the modern game began to take shape. The weight of the ball was limited to between five and a half and five and three-quarter ounces, and the width of the bat to four inches. The latter ruling followed an innings by a batter called [[Thomas White (cricketer, born c. 1740)|Thomas "Daddy" White]], who appeared with a bat the width of the wicket. In 1774, the first leg before law was published. Also around this time, a third stump became commonplace. By 1780, the duration of a [[first-class cricket]] match was generally three days, and this year also saw the creation of the first six-seam cricket ball. In 1788, the MCC published its first revision of the laws, which prohibited charging down an opponent and also provided for mowing and covering the wicket to standardise conditions. The desire for standardisation reflected the massive increase in the popularity of cricket during the 18th century. Between 1730 and 1740, 150 cricket matches were recorded in the papers of the time. Between 1750 and 1760, this figure rose to 230, and between 1770 and 1790 over 500.

The 19th century saw a series of significant changes. Wide deliveries were outlawed in 1811. The circumference of the ball was specified for the first time in 1838 (its weight had been dictated 60 years earlier). Pads, made of cork, became available for the first time in 1841, and these were further developed following the invention of vulcanised rubber, which was also used to introduce protective gloves in 1848. In the 1870s, boundaries were introduced – previously, all hits had to be run; if the ball went into the crowd, the spectators would clear a way for the fieldsman to fetch it. The biggest change, however, was in how the ball was delivered by the bowler.

At the start of the century, all bowlers were still delivering the ball under-arm. However, so the story goes, John Willes became the first bowler to use a "round-arm" technique after practising with his sister Christina, who had used the technique, as she was unable to bowl underarm due to her wide dress impeding her delivery of the ball.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricketweb.net/resources/history/index.php |title=John Willes and his sister invent overarm bowling |publisher=Cricketweb.net |access-date=23 January 2013}}</ref>

The round-arm action came to be employed widely in matches but was quickly determined to be illegal and banned by the MCC, who stated that "the ball must be delivered underhand, not thrown or jerked, with the hand underneath the elbow at the time of delivering the ball".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricketweb.net/resources/history/index.php |title=MCC Laws of bowling |publisher=Cricketweb.net |access-date=23 January 2013}}</ref> When it was accepted the rules stated that the arm could not be raised above the shoulder. It was quickly found, however, that a raised arm imparted more accuracy and generated more bounce than the roundarm method. Again, the governing body banned the method. It was not until the method was finally accepted by the MCC in 1835<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricketweb.net/resources/history/index.php |title=Overarm bowling accepted by the MCC |publisher=Cricketweb.net |access-date=23 January 2013}}</ref> that it grew rapidly in popularity amongst all players. Underarm bowling hitherto had almost disappeared from the game.

===Modern-day underarm bowling===
An infamous "[[Underarm bowling incident of 1981|underarm bowling incident]]" occurred during a match in 1981, in which the Australian bowler, Trevor Chappell, took advantage of the fact that underarm bowling was still legal by rolling the ball along the ground. By doing so he avoided the possibility that the New Zealand batsman, Brian McKechnie, would score a six from the last ball to tie the match, as the bat would not be able to hit the ball high enough to score a six.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2004/s1035164.htm|title = Underarm incident was a cry for help: Greg Chappell |last = Knight|first = Ben| work = ABC Local Radio: The World Today| publisher = Australian Broadcasting Corporation|date = 30 January 2004|access-date = 12 August 2009}}</ref>

As a result of this incident underarm bowling was subsequently made illegal in all grades of cricket, except by prior agreement of both teams, as it was not considered to be within the spirit of the game.<ref>{{Cite web|title=No ball Law {{!}} MCC|url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/the-laws-of-cricket/no-ball|access-date=2021-12-18|website=www.lords.org}}</ref>

==The bowling action==
[[Image:Bowling action.png|thumb|left|The typical bowling action of a fast bowler.]]
[[File:Brett Lee Bowling.jpg|thumb|Australian [[Fast bowling|fast bowler]] [[Brett Lee]] in action in 2005.]]
{{main|Bowling action}}
{{See also|Throwing (cricket)}}

Bowling the ball is distinguished from simply throwing the ball by a strictly specified biomechanical definition.

Originally, this definition said that the elbow joint must not straighten out during the bowling action. Bowlers generally hold their elbows fully extended and rotate the arm vertically about the shoulder joint to impart velocity to the ball, releasing it near the top of the arc. Flexion at the elbow is not allowed, but any extension of the elbow was deemed to be a throw and would be liable to be called a no-ball. This was thought to be possible only if the bowler's elbow was originally held in a slightly flexed position.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Elliott|first1=Bruce C.|last2=Alderson|first2=Jacqueline A.|last3=Denver|first3=Eliot R.|date=2007|title=System and modelling errors in motion analysis: Implications for the measurement of the elbow angle in cricket bowling|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0021929007000085|journal=Journal of Biomechanics|language=en|volume=40|issue=12|pages=2679–2685|doi=10.1016/j.jbiomech.2006.12.012|pmid=17307186 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Portus|first1=Marc R.|last2=Rosemond|first2=Charles D.|last3=Rath|first3=David A.|date=2006|title=Cricket: Fast bowling arm actions and the illegal delivery law in men's high performance cricket matches|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14763140608522875|journal=Sports Biomechanics|language=en|volume=5|issue=2|pages=215–230|doi=10.1080/14763140608522875|pmid=16939154 |s2cid=219698572 |issn=1476-3141}}</ref><ref name=":1">"Definition of fair delivery - the arm". ''[[Laws of cricket]]''.</ref>

In 2005, this definition was deemed to be physically impossible by a scientific investigative commission. Biomechanical studies that showed that ''almost'' all bowlers extend their elbows somewhat throughout the bowling action, because the stress of swinging the arm around ''hyperextends'' the elbow joint. A guideline was introduced to allow extensions or hyperextensions of angles up to 15 degrees before deeming the ball illegally thrown.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1"/>

Bowling actions are typically divided into ''side on'' and ''front on'' actions. In the side on action, the back foot lands parallel to the bowling crease and the bowler aims at the wicket by looking over his front shoulder. In the front on action, the back foot lands pointing down the pitch and the bowler aims at the wicket by looking inside the line of his front arm. Many bowlers operate with a ''mid-way'' action with the back foot landing at roughly 45 degrees and the upper body aligned somewhere between side on and front on. This differs from a ''mixed'' action, which mixes distinct elements of both side on and front on actions, and is generally discouraged amongst young bowlers as it can lead to problems in later life due to the twisting of the back inherent in the action.

[[File:Bart King c1908cr.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|[[Philadelphian cricket team|Philadelphian]] cricketer [[Bart King]] bowling]]

==Goals of bowling==
In a game of cricket, the ultimate priority of the fielding side is to restrict the total number of runs scored by the batting side, and the actions of the bowlers will be fundamental to achieving this objective. The primary means of achieving this is by dismissing the batting side by getting all ten of the opposition wickets as quickly as possible. A secondary objective will be to keep the batting side's run rate as low as possible. In fact, in most forms of cricket, the twin aims of the fielding side are targeted concurrently, as the achievement of one aim tends to have a positive effect upon the other. Taking regular opposition wickets will remove the better batsmen from the crease, typically leading to a slowing of the scoring rate. Conversely, slowing the scoring rate can put additional pressure on the batsmen and force them into taking extra risks, which will often lead to wickets.

Depending upon the format of the match, these two strategies will be given different weights. In an unlimited, timed or declaration match, the main aim of the bowling attack will be to take wickets, so attacking bowling and fielding strategies will be used. In a limited overs match, this aim will also be supplemented by the secondary need to prevent the batting side from scoring quickly, so more defensive strategies will be used. In general, the shorter the number of overs per side, the more priority will be given to this secondary target of maintaining a low run-rate. It is also highly probable that the need for attacking or defensive strategies can switch frequently as a cricket match progresses. It is the sign of a good cricket captain to be able to tell which strategy is most appropriate in any set of circumstances and the best way of implementing it.

==Bowling tactics==
[[File:Jim Allenby 2007.jpg|thumb|right|[[Jim Allenby]] in midflight, illustrating the position of the body during a delivery at the end of a run up, prior to bowling the ball.]]

The simultaneous twin objectives of bowling are to take wickets and prevent run scoring opportunities. Both objectives are achieved through the underlying aim of bowling the ball in such a way that the batsman is unable to connect with the ball in the middle of the bat and control its movement after contact. There are three distinct means of achieving this aim: by bowling the ball on a good line and length, by bowling with sufficient pace that the batsman struggles to react to the delivery, or by bowling the ball in such a way that it has lateral movement as it approaches the batsman, either in the air or off the ground. A good bowler may be able to combine two of these skills, a truly great bowler may be able to combine all three.

===Line and length===
The fundamental skill of bowling on a good length incorporates the ability to pitch the ball such a distance from the batsman that he is unable to move forward and drive the ball on the half volley, and is also unable to step back and play the ball on the back foot. This removes many of the batsman's attacking options, and also increases the probability of him misjudging a delivery and losing his wicket. A good length delivery is one in which the ball has had sufficient time to move far enough off the pitch to beat the bat but the batsman has not had time to react to the movement and adjust his shot. The faster the bowler and the greater the movement he is able to generate, the larger the area of the pitch that can be designated an effective "good" length.

Other areas of the pitch may also often be used as a variation to a good length delivery. Primarily these are the [[yorker]], in which the ball is bowled directly at the batsman's feet as a surprise delivery intended to dismiss the batsman [[bowled]], and the [[bouncer (cricket)|bouncer]] in which the ball is bowled on such a short length that it rises towards the batsman's throat or head as a means of physical intimidation. But the height of an attempted yorker or full toss must not be higher than the batsman's waist, or else it will be called a no-ball [[Beamer (cricket)|beamer]], which could have bowlers banned from the match.

The line a bowler chooses to bowl will depend on several factors: the movement he is generating on the ball, the shots the batsman is able to play, and the field the captain has set. The two most common tactics are to either bowl directly at the stumps, or to bowl 3 inches to 6 inches outside the line of off stump. Bowling at the stumps is an attacking tactic with the intention of dismissing the batsman [[bowled]] or [[Leg before wicket|lbw]]. It can also be used as a defensive tactic, as the batsman will feel less able to play risky shots knowing that he will be dismissed should he miss the ball. Bowling outside off stump is known as ''the corridor of uncertainty''. When done well, this line may confuse the batsman into whether to defend the ball or leave it, and may tempt him to play away from his body with his head not in line with the ball. The main aim of this tactic is to dismiss the batman caught by the wicketkeeper or in the [[slip (cricket)|slip]]s. Other bowling variations, such as bowling wide of off stump or bowling at leg stump are generally seen as negative and defensive tactics.

Some different types of bowling tactic:
*[[Bodyline]]
*[[Leg theory]]
*[[Off theory]]

===Pace and movement===
Other than the ability to land the ball on a strategically optimum line and length, the main weapons of the bowler are his ability to move the ball sideways as it approaches the batsman and his ability to deliver the ball at a high velocity.

The velocities of cricket bowlers vary between {{convert|40|and|100|mph|0|abbr=on}}. In professional cricket, a bowler in the 40–60 mph range would be said to be a slow bowler, in the 60–80 mph range a medium pace bowler, and a bowler 80 mph+ a fast bowler. In the amateur game, these distinctions would be approximately 10 mph slower. Many professional fast bowlers are able to reach speeds of over 85 mph, with a handful of bowlers in the world able to bowl at 95 mph+. The ability to react to a cricket ball travelling at 85 mph is a skill that only professional and high level amateur cricketers possess. The pace of a bowler not only challenges the reaction speed of the batsman, but also his physical courage. Fast bowlers are able to exploit this by bowling bouncers, either regularly or as an occasional surprise delivery.

Bowlers are also able to get the ball to move sideways by using either ''spin'' or ''swing''. Adding a spin to a cricket ball will make it deviate due to the [[Magnus effect]] in its flight (like a [[slider (pitch)]] in baseball), and then produce sideways movement off the ground. Swing is obtained by using air pressure differences caused by angling the seam of the cricket ball to produce a lateral movement in the air. Fast bowlers will generally only use swing to obtain movement, but medium pace and slow bowlers will often use a combination of the two. The intention is that in creating movement in the delivery, the batsman will misjudge the line of the ball as it arrives, causing him to miss it entirely, in which case he may be dismissed bowled or lbw, or miss-hit it, in which case he may be out caught.

To avoid becoming predictable, a bowler will typically bowl a variety of different deliveries with different combinations of pace and movement. A tactically astute bowler may be able to spot a potential weakness in a batsman that a particular delivery may be able to exploit. Bowlers will often also bowl deliveries in preplanned sets, with the intention of dismissing the batsman with the final delivery in the set. This is known as "setting a trap" for the batsman.<ref>{{Cite web|title=England v Sri Lanka: Story of day five at Lord's|url=https://www.skysports.com/cricket/news/12123/10312877/england-v-sri-lanka-story-of-day-five-at-lords|access-date=2020-09-11|website=Sky Sports|language=en}}</ref> Batsmen and bowlers will often also engage in a game of "cat and mouse", in which the bowler varies his tactics to try and trap and dismiss the batsman, but the batsman also keeps adjusting his tactics in response.

== Limited overs ==

In [[limited overs cricket]], there is a limitation on the number of overs each bowler can bowl. This number depends on the match length, and is usually 20% of the total overs in the [[innings]]. For example, the usual limit for twenty-over cricket is four overs per bowler, for forty-over cricket eight per bowler and for fifty-over cricket ten per bowler. There is, however, no limit on the number of overs each bowler may bowl in [[first-class cricket]] matches, except that no two overs can be bowled consecutively thus restricting any one bowler from a maximum of 50% (plus 1 over) of each innings total. The rule also applies in terms of breaks within a Test innings (Drinks, Lunch and Tea breaks, end of day and beginning of next day). The rule can only be broken if one finishes the end of the previous match starts the next match.

==See also==
* [[Glossary of cricket terms]]
* [[Throwing (cricket)|Throwing]]
* [[Bowling machine]]
* [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]]
* Batting
* [[Over (cricket)|Over]]
* [[Pitch (baseball)|Pitch]] – ''throwing a baseball''

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Cricket positions}}

==Further reading==
* https://www.britannica.com/sports/bowling-cricket

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bowling (Cricket)}}
[[Category:Bowling (cricket)| ]]
[[Category:Cricket terminology]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Cricket]]

Kandu Khera Incident

2023-07-17T10:39:45Z

Saadath Mohi-ud-din: Page drafted.

{{Short description|Stalemate between armed Sikhs and the Indian Government}}

{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = Kandu Khera Incident
| partof = the [[Insurgency in Punjab, India]]
| date = {{start date|1986|11|22}} - {{end date and age|1987|2|6}}
| place = Kandu Khera, [[Abohar]], [[Fazilka]]
| causes = Plan by the Centre to give 55 villages of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] to [[Haryana]].
| goals = Stop the villages from leaving [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].
| methods = Armed threats.
| status =
| result =
| side1 = [[Indian National Congress]] [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] [[Bajrang Dal]]
| side2 = [[Sikhs]] [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
| side3 =
| leadfigures1 = [[Rajiv Gandhi]] [[Bansi Lal]]
| leadfigures2 = [[Captain Amarinder Singh]]
| leadfigures3 =
| howmany1 =
| howmany2 =
| howmany3 =
| injuries =
| fatalities = None
| arrests =
| notes =
| image_size =
}}{{Use Indian English}}
{{Use dmy dates}}

The '''Kandu Khera Incident''' was an armed stalemate between the forces of [[Amrinder Singh|Captain Amarinder Singh]] and the [[Government of India|Central Government]] in relation to the transfer of 55 villages into [[Haryana]] from [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Khushwant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q82MDgAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT199&dq=kandu+khera+khushwant+singh&hl=en |title=Captain Amarinder Singh: The People's Maharaja: An Authorized Biography |publisher=Hay House, Inc |isbn=978-93-85827-44-0 |language=en}}</ref> Captain Amarinder Singh was sent by [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]] [[Surjit Singh Barnala]] to restore the people's faith in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and stop being brainwashed by outsiders to learn [[Hindi]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Captain Amarinder Singh - 1986 ਕੰਦੂ ਖੇੜਾ ਵਿੱਚ ਕਈ ਰਾਤਾਂ ਕੱਟ ਕੇ ਫਾਜ਼ਿਲਕਾ, ਅਬੋਹਰ ਅਤੇ 100 ਤੋਂ ਵਧ ਪਿੰਡ ਹਰਿਆਣਾ 'ਚ ਜਾਣ ਤੋਂ ਬਚਾਏ In order to save Fazilka, Abohar and many other neighbouring villages from being shifted to Haryana in 1986, I spent many sleepless nights standing guard with the residents of Kandu Khera to protect Punjabi speaking areas, which were prone to infiltration by non Punjabis from across the state boundary. {{!}} Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/Capt.Amarinder/photos/a.207875649264775/950042355048097/ |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=www.facebook.com |language=en}}</ref>

During the 1985 census, the [[Haryana Government]] decided to flood 55 villages with immigrants so that it could be transferred to [[Haryana]]. This greatly shocked [[Punjabis]] as their demands were to give the Punjabi speaking villages in Haryana and [[Himachal Pradesh]] to Punjab, along with [[Chandigarh]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=https://theprint.in/politics/full-text-of-amarinder-singhs-resignation-letter-to-congress-chief-sonia-gandhi/760984/ |url=https://theprint.in/politics/full-text-of-amarinder-singhs-resignation-letter-to-congress-chief-sonia-gandhi/760984/}}</ref> The [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] saw this as a major threat to the state as it could have led to a deeper rift between Punjabis and the centre,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sitrep {{!}} Things that Amarinder Singh learnt as soldier |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/sitrep-things-that-amarinder-singh-learnt-as-soldier/story-21JopzCL8LrUqRmjz5mPBO.html |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> and could have led to further support for the [[Khalistan movement|Khalistan Liberation War]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Punjab’s claim on Chandigarh: Capt Amarinder has betrayed interests of Punjab: Bhagwant Mann - Yes Punjab - Latest News from Punjab, India & World |url=https://yespunjab.com/punjabs-claim-on-chandigarh-capt-amarinder-has-betrayed-interests-of-punjab-bhagwant-mann/ |access-date=2023-07-13 |language=en-US}}</ref> He also mentioned that he wanted to "teach the [[Bajrang Dal|Bajrang Bali Brigade]] a lesson" as they tried to declare a nation-wide [[1986 Proposed Anti-Sikh Genocide|Genocide against Sikhs in the same year]], and stated that they should come and challenge an equal force for once.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Capt defends aggressive style of campaigning |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/capt-defends-aggressive-style-of-campaigning/story-kHs6bf41tAYQvi3m5k8XRP.html |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Two journalists (Sondeep Shankar and Seema Mustafa) were sent to agree with the data that the Centre wanted, although they both disagreed and stated that it was clearly Punjabi speaking, they were kidnapped by the [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]] who threatened to break their bones and torture them; Captain Amarinder Singh's entourage saved them when they were reaching the border.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MUSTAFA |first=SEEMA |title=When Amarinder Singh Saved Us From the Punjab Police |url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/4/17049/When-Amarinder-Singh-Saved-Us-From-the-Punjab-Police-- |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=www.thecitizen.in |language=en}}</ref>

In order to save [[Fazilka]], [[Abohar]] and many other neighbouring villages from being shifted to Haryana in 1986, Captain spent many sleepless nights standing guard with the residents of Kandu Khera to protect Punjabi speaking areas, which were prone to infiltration by non-Punjabis from across the state boundary.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Punjab |url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/2012/20121102/punjab.htm |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=m.tribuneindia.com}}</ref> Captain and his Sikh forces were armed with many guns and ammunition, challenging to Centre to try and take it by force,<ref name=":1" /> Captain himself stayed at the Sarpanch's house with a licensed .12 bore gun.<ref name=":0" /> None of the Bajrang Dal members arrived and the plan to transfer the villages was given up by the government. Harcharan Singh Bains stated "Sent to Kandu Khera as a Captain, and came back as a General."<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Incident, Kandu Khera}}

[[Category:Haryana]]
[[Category:Punjab]]
[[Category:1980s in Punjab, India]]

Gas cylinder

2023-04-03T18:00:35Z

Saadath Mohi-ud-din: Page designed.

{{Short description|Cylindrical container for storing pressurised gas}}
{{About||the mechanical devices used to impart a force from a pressurized gas|pneumatic cylinder|the large structures used to store town gas|gas holder}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
[[File:Compressed gas cylinders.mapp and oxygen.triddle.jpg|thumb|right|Industrial compressed gas cylinders used for [[oxy-fuel welding and cutting]] of [[steel]].]]

A '''gas cylinder''' is a [[pressure vessel]] for storage and containment of [[gas]]es at above [[atmospheric pressure]]. High-[[pressure]] gas cylinders are also called ''bottles''. Inside the cylinder the stored contents may be in a state of compressed gas, vapor over liquid, [[supercritical fluid]], or dissolved in a substrate material, depending on the physical characteristics of the contents. A typical gas cylinder design is elongated, standing upright on a flattened bottom end, with the valve and fitting at the top for connecting to the receiving apparatus.

The term ''cylinder'' in this context is not to be confused with ''[[Storage tank|tank]]'', the latter being an open-top or vented container that stores liquids under gravity, though the term scuba tank is commonly used to refer to a cylinder used for breathing gas supply to an underwater breathing apparatus.

== Nomenclature ==
In the United States, "bottled gas" typically refers to [[liquefied petroleum gas]]. "Bottled gas" is sometimes used in medical supply, especially for portable [[oxygen tank]]s. Packaged [[industrial gas]]es are frequently called "cylinder gas", though "bottled gas" is sometimes used. The term propane tank is also used for cylinders with propane.

The [[United Kingdom]] and other parts of Europe more commonly refer to "bottled gas" when discussing any usage, whether industrial, medical, or liquefied petroleum. In contrast, what is called liquefied petroleum gas in the United States is known generically in the United Kingdom as "LPG" and it may be ordered by using one of several [[trade name]]s, or specifically as [[butane]] or [[propane]], depending on the required heat output.{{cn}}

== Materials ==
{{For|a detailed discussion about the materials for gas cylinders|Pressure vessel#Construction materials}}

Design codes and application standards and the cost of materials dictated the choice of steel with no welds for most gas cylinders; the steel is treated to resist [[corrosion]]. Some newly developed lightweight gas cylinders are made from stainless steel and composite materials. Due to the very high tensile strength of [[carbon fiber reinforced polymer]], these vessels can be very light, but are more difficult to manufacture.<ref>See [[Composite overwrapped pressure vessel]] for details</ref>

Cylinders reinforced or built-up with a fibre material usually must be inspected more frequently than metal cylinders, ''e.g.'', every 5 instead of 10 years, and must be inspected more thoroughly than metal cylinders. They may have a limited service life.{{cn}}

The inspection interval of steel cylinders has increased from 5 or 6 years to 10 years.{{citation needed}} Diving cylinders that are used in water must be inspected more often. When they were found to have inherent structural problems, certain steel and aluminium alloys have been withdrawn from service.{{cn}}

Fibre composite cylinders were originally specified for a limited life span of 15, 20 or 30 years, while steel cylinders are nowadays typically withdrawn after 70 years, or may continue to be used indefinitely providing they pass periodic inspection and testing.{{citation needed}} Since some years there exist composite cylinders that are nominated for a non-limited-life (NLL), as long as no damage is to be seen.

=== Types ===
Since glass-fibre-composite materials were used to reinforce cylinders, there are various types of construction of high-pressure vessels:{{Citation needed}}{{Clarify|reason=This may be a local convention}}

# '''Metal only'''. Mostly seamless forged metal. But for lower working pressure, ''e.g.'', liquefied butane, there are welded steel vessels, too.
# Metal vessel, '''hoop wrapped''' with a fibre composite only around the cylindrical part of the "cylinder". (Geometrically there is a need for twice the tensile strength on the cylindrical region in comparison to the spherical caps of the cylinder.)
# '''Thin metal liner''' (that keeps the vessel tight, but does not contribute to the working pressure) ''' fully wrapped''' with fibre in the matrix material.
# ''' Metal-free liner''' from plastics, fully wrapped with fibre material. The boss, the centre of the head(s) of the cylinder is still from metal and includes the thread for the valve.

Pressure vessels for gas storage may also be classified by volume. In South Africa, a gas storage cylinder implies a refillable transportable container with a water capacity volume of up to 150 litres. Refillable transportable cylindrical containers from 150 to 3,000 litres water capacity are referred to as tubes.<ref name="SANS 10019:2008">{{Cite book|title=South African National Standard SANS 10019:2008 Transportable containers for compressed, dissolved and liquefied gases – Basic design,manufacture, use and maintenance |edition=6th |year=2008 |publisher=Standards South Africa |location=Pretoria, South Africa |isbn=978-0-626-19228-0}}</ref>

== Regulations and testing ==
The transportation of high-pressure cylinders is regulated by many governments throughout the world. Various levels of testing are generally required by the governing authority for the country in which it is to be transported. In the United States, this authority is the [[United States Department of Transportation]] (DOT). Similarly in the UK, the European transport regulations (ADR) are implemented by the Department for Transport (DfT). For Canada, this authority is [[Transport Canada]] (TC). Cylinders may have additional requirements placed on design and or performance from independent testing agencies such as [[UL (safety organization)|Underwriters Laboratories]] (UL). Each manufacturer of high-pressure cylinders is required to have an independent quality agent that will inspect the product for quality and safety.

Within the UK the "'''[[competent authority]]'''" — the [[Department for Transport]] (DfT) — implements the regulations and appointment of authorised cylinder testers is conducted by [[United Kingdom Accreditation Service]] (UKAS), who make recommendations to the [[Vehicle Certification Agency]] (VCA) for approval of individual bodies.

There are a variety of tests that may be performed on various cylinders. Some of the most common types of tests are [[hydrostatic test]], burst test, [[ultimate tensile strength]], [[Charpy impact test]] and pressure cycling.

During the manufacturing process, vital information is usually stamped or permanently marked on the cylinder. This information usually includes the type of cylinder, the working or service pressure, the serial number, date of manufacture, the manufacture's registered code and sometimes the test pressure. Other information may also be stamped, depending on the regulation requirements.

High-pressure cylinders that are used multiple times — as most are — can be hydrostatically or ultrasonically tested and visually examined every few years.<ref name=URIreport1>{{Cite journal |last1=Henderson |first1=N. C. |last2=Berry |first2=W. E. |last3=Eiber |first3=R. J. |last4=Frink |first4=D. W. |title=Investigation of scuba cylinder corrosion, Phase 1 |journal=National Underwater Accident Data Center Technical Report Number 1 |publisher=University of Rhode Island |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/9293 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415190711/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/9293 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=15 April 2013 |access-date=2016-01-11}}</ref> In the United States, hydrostatic/ultrasonic testing is required either every five years or every ten years, depending on cylinder and its service.

== Valve connections ==
[[File:Gas regulator.jpg|thumb|right|A gas regulator attached to a nitrogen cylinder. From right — cylinder valve, cylinder pressure gauge, pressure control valve (yellow) on regulator (green), outlet pressure gauge, 3-way outlet terminated by needle valves.]]
=== Valve ===
Gas cylinders usually have a stop angle [[valve]] at one end, and the cylinder is usually oriented so the valve is on top. During storage, transportation, and handling when the gas is not in use, a cap may be screwed over the protruding valve to protect it from damage or breaking off in case the cylinder were to fall over. Instead of a cap, cylinders sometimes have a protective collar or neck ring around the valve assembly.

=== Connection ===
The valves on industrial, medical and diving cylinders usually have threads of different handedness, sizes and types that depend on the category of gas, making it more difficult to mistakenly misuse a gas. For example, a hydrogen cylinder does not fit an oxygen regulator and supply line, which could result in catastrophe. Some fittings use a right-hand thread, while others use a [[Screw thread|left-hand thread]]; left-hand thread fittings are usually identifiable by notches or grooves cut into them.

In the United States, valve connections are sometimes referred to as ''CGA connections'', since the [[Compressed Gas Association]] (CGA) publishes guidelines on what connections to use for what gasses. For example, an argon cylinder has a "CGA 580" connection on the valve. High purity gases sometimes use CGA-DISS ("Diameter Index Safety System") connections.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Common cylinder valve connections
|-
! Gas type
! CGA valve outlet (USA)
|-
| Acetylene || 510
|-
| Air, breathing || 346, 347
|-
| Air, industrial || 590
|-
| Argon || 580, 718, 680 (3,500 psi), 677 (6,000 psi)
|-
| Butane || 510
|-
| Carbon dioxide || 320, 716
|-
| Carbon monoxide || 350, 724
|-
| Chlorine || 660, 728
|-
| Helium || 580, 718, 680 (3,500 psi)
|-
| Hydrogen || 350, 724, 695 (3,500 psi)
|-
| Methane || 350
|-
| Neon || 580, 718
|-
| Nitrogen || 580, 718, 680 (3,500 psi), 677 (6,000 psi)
|-
| Nitrous oxide || 326, 712
|-
| Oxygen || 540, 714
|-
| Oxygen mixtures (>23.5%) || 296
|-
| Propane || 510
|-
| Xenon || 580, 718
|}

Medical gases may use the [[pin index safety system]] to prevent incorrect connection of gases to services.

In the European Union, [[Deutsches Institut für Normung|DIN]] connections are more common than in the United States.

In the UK, the British Standards Institution sets the standards. Included among the standards is the use left-hand threaded valves for flammable gas cylinders (most commonly brass, BS4, valves for non-corrosive cylinder contents or stainless steel, BS15, valves for corrosive contents). Non flammable gas cylinders are fitted with right-hand threaded valves (most commonly brass, BS3, valves for non-corrosive components or stainless steel, BS14, valves for corrosive components).<ref name = "BS341-3:2002">BS 341-3:2002, British Standards Institution, 389 [[Chiswick High Road]], London, W4 4AL.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Common cylinder valve connections
|-
! Gas type
! BS valve outlet (UK)<ref name = "BS341-3:2002" />
|-
| Acetylene || 2, 4
|-
| Air, breathing || 3
|-
| Air, industrial || 3
|-
| Argon || 3
|-
| Butane || 4
|-
| Carbon dioxide || 8
|-
| Carbon monoxide || 4
|-
| Chlorine || 6
|-
| Helium || 3
|-
| Hydrogen || 4
|-
| Methane || 4
|-
| Neon || 3
|-
| Nitrogen || 3
|-
| Nitrous oxide || 13
|-
| Oxygen || 3
|-
| Oxygen mixtures (>23.5%) || Other guides apply
|-
| Propane || 4
|-
| Xenon || 3
|}

=== Regulator ===
When the gas in the cylinder is to be used at low pressure, the cap is taken off and a pressure-regulating assembly is attached to the stop valve. This attachment typically has a [[pressure regulator]] with upstream (inlet) and downstream (outlet) [[Pressure measurement|pressure gauges]] and a further downstream [[needle valve]] and outlet connection. For gases that remain gaseous under ambient storage conditions, the upstream pressure gauge can be used to estimate how much gas is left in the cylinder according to pressure. For gases that are liquid under storage, e.g., propane, the outlet pressure is dependent on the [[vapor pressure]] of the gas, and does not fall until the cylinder is nearly exhausted, although it will vary according to the temperature of the cylinder contents. The regulator is adjusted to control the downstream pressure, which will limit the maximum flow of gas out of the cylinder at the pressure shown by the downstream gauge. For some purposes, such as shielding gas for arc welding, the regulator will also have a [[flowmeter]] on the downstream side.

The regulator outlet connection is attached to whatever needs the gas supply.

== Safety and standards ==
[[File:2008-07-24 Bundle of compressed gas bottles.jpg|thumb|right|It would be safer to have cylinders individually anchored in a cool place, rather than chained in a cluster in the sun, as seen here.]]
Because the contents are under pressure and are sometimes [[hazardous material]]s, handling bottled gases is regulated. Regulations may include chaining bottles to prevent falling and damaging the valve, proper ventilation to prevent injury or death in case of leaks and signage to indicate the potential hazards If a compressed gas cylinder tips over, causing the valve block to be sheared off, the rapid release of high-pressure gas may cause the cylinder to be violently accelerated, potentially causing property damage, injury, or death. To prevent this, cylinders are normally secured to a fixed object or transport cart with a strap or chain. They can also be stored in a [[safety cabinet]].

In a fire, the pressure in a gas cylinder [[Gay-Lussac's law#Pressure-temperature law|rises in direct proportion to its temperature]]. If the internal pressure exceeds the mechanical limitations of the cylinder and there are no means to safely vent the pressurized gas to the atmosphere, the vessel will fail mechanically. If the vessel contents are flammable, this event may result in a "fireball".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Incident Insights – Trust But Verify|url=https://www.diversalertnetwork.org/diving-incidents/trust-but-verify|website=Divers Alert Network}}</ref> Oxidisers such as oxygen and fluorine will produce a similar effect by accelerating combustion in the area affected. If the cylinder's contents are liquid, but become a gas at ambient conditions, this is commonly referred to as a [[boiling liquid expanding vapour explosion]] (BLEVE).

Medical gas cylinders in the UK and some other countries have a [[fusible plug]] of [[Wood's metal]] in the valve block between the valve seat and the cylinder.{{Citation needed}} This plug melts at a comparatively low temperature (70 °C) and allows the contents of the cylinder to escape to the surroundings before the cylinder is significantly weakened by the heat, lessening the risk of explosion.

Gas cylinders found in [[Hot air balloon|hot air balloons]] have to be checked once a year as part of an annual inspection by a CAA approved inspector ensuring no dents or scratches pose a risk to the cylinder. Pressure relief valves on balloon cylinders are replaced after 10 years or sooner if there are signs of damage to them along with an internal inspection of the cylinders to check for corrosion and foreign elements within the cylinder.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kubicekballoons.co.uk/fuel-cylinders|title=Kubicek Fuel Cylinder Systems in use for Hot air Balloons}}</ref>

More common pressure relief devices are a simple [[burst disc]] installed in the base of the valve between the cylinder and the valve seat. A burst disc is a small metal [[gasket]] engineered to rupture at a pre-determined pressure. Some burst discs are backed with a low-melting-point metal, so that the valve must be exposed to excessive heat before the burst disc can rupture.{{Citation needed}}

The [[Compressed Gas Association]] publishes a number of booklets and pamphlets on safe handling and use of bottled gases.

=== International and national standards ===
There is a wide range of standards relating to the manufacture, use and testing of pressurised gas cylinders and related components. Some examples are listed here.
* [[ISO 11439]]: Gas cylinders — High-pressure cylinders for the on-board storage of [[compressed natural gas|natural gas]] as a fuel for automotive vehicles<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail?csnumber=33298|title=ISO 11439:2000 — Gas cylinders – High pressure cylinders for the on-board storage of natural gas as a fuel for automotive vehicles}}</ref>
* ISO 15500-5: Road vehicles — Compressed natural gas (CNG) fuel system components — Part 5: Manual cylinder valve<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=30452|title=ISO 15500-5:2001 — Road vehicles – Compressed natural gas (CNG) fuel system components – Part 5: Manual cylinder valve}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iso15500.com/|title=CNG Cylinder Valve ISO 15500 -}}</ref>
* US DOT CFR Title 49, part 178, Subpart C — Specification for Cylinders<ref>[https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-49/part-178/subpart-C US DOT e-CFR (Electronic Code of Federal Regulations) Title 49, part 178, Subpart C — Specification for Cylinders — eg DOT 3AL = seamless aluminum]</ref>
* US DOT Aluminum Tank Alloy 6351-T6 amendment for SCUBA, SCBA, Oxygen Service — Visual Eddy inspection<ref>[http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/2006/pdf/E6-14255.pdf Federal Register / Vol. 71, No. 167 / Tuesday, August 29, 2006 / Rules and Regulations Title 49 CFR Parts 173 and 180 Visual Edddy]</ref>
* AS 2896-2011:Medical gas systems—Installation and testing of non-flammable medical gas pipeline systems pipeline systems (Australian Standards).

=== Color coding ===
Gas cylinders are often [[Bottled gas#Colour coding|color-coded]], but the codes are not standard across different jurisdictions, and sometimes are not regulated. Cylinder color can not safely be used for positive product identification; cylinders have labels to identify the gas they contain.

=== Medical Gas Cylinder Color Code Indian Standard ===
The Indian Standard for Gas Cylinder Color Code Identification of for Medical applies to the identification of the contents of gas cylinders intended for medical use. Each cylinder shall be painted externally in the colours corresponding to its gaseous contents.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://melezy.com/medical-gas-cylinder-color-code-indian-standard/ |title=Indian Standard for Gas Cylinder Colour Code |website=melezy.com |access-date=6 June 2023 }}</ref>

== Common sizes ==
The below are example cylinder sizes and do not constitute an industry standard.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan=2 | {{abbr|Cyl.|Cylinder}} size
! rowspan=2 | Diameter × height, including 5.5 inches for valve and cap (inches)
! rowspan=2 | Nominal tare weight, including 4.5 lb for valve and cap (lb)
! rowspan=2 | Water capacity (lb)
! colspan=2 | Internal volume, 70 °F (21 °C), 1{{nbsp}}atm
! rowspan=2 | U.S. DOT specs
|-
! (liters)
! (cu.{{nbsp}}ft)
|-
| 2HP
| {{convert|9 × 51|in|mm}}
| {{convert|187|lb|kg}}
| {{#expr:43.3/0.4536 round 1}}
| 43.3 || 1.53
| 3AA3500
|-
| K
| {{convert|9.25 × 60|in|mm}}
| {{convert|135|lb|kg}}
| 110
| 49.9 || 1.76
| 3AA2400
|-
| A
| {{convert|9 × 51|in|mm}}
| {{convert|115|lb|kg}}
| 96
| 43.8 || 1.55
| 3AA2015
|-
| B
| {{convert|8.5 × 31|in|mm}}
| {{convert|60|lb|kg}}
| 37.9
| 17.2 || 0.61
| 3AA2015
|-
| C
| {{convert|6 × 24|in|mm}}
| {{convert|27|lb|kg}}
| 15.2
| 6.88 || 0.24
| 3AA2015
|-
| D
| {{convert|4 × 18|in|mm}}
| {{convert|12|lb|kg}}
| 4.9
| 2.24 || 0.08
| 3AA2015
|-
| AL
| {{convert|8 × 53|in|mm}}
| {{convert|52|lb|kg}}
| 64.8
| 29.5 || 1.04
| 3AL2015
|-
| BL
| {{convert|7.25 × 39|in|mm}}
| {{convert|33|lb|kg}}
| 34.6
| 15.7 || 0.55
| 3AL2216
|-
| CL
| {{convert|6.9 × 21|in|mm}}
| {{convert|19|lb|kg}}
| 13
| 5.9 || 0.21
| 3AL2216
|-
| XL
| {{convert|14.5 × 50|in|mm}}
| {{convert|75|lb|kg}}
| 238
| 108 || 3.83
| 4BA240
|-
| SSB
| {{convert|8 × 37|in|mm}}
| {{convert|95|lb|kg}}
| 41.6
| 18.9 || 0.67
| 3A1800
|-
| 10S
| {{convert|4 × 31|in|mm}}
| {{convert|21|lb|kg}}
| 8.3
| 3.8 || 0.13
| 3A1800
|-
| LB
| {{convert|2 × 15|in|mm}}
| {{convert|4|lb|kg}}
| 1
| 0.44 || 0.016
| 3E1800
|-
| XF
| {{convert|12 × 46|in|mm}}
| {{convert|180|lb|kg}}
| {{#expr:60.9/0.4536 round 1}}
| 60.9 || 2.15
| 8AL
|-
| XG
| {{convert|15 × 56|in|mm}}
| {{convert|149|lb|kg}}
| 278
| 126.3 || 4.46
| 4AA480
|-
| XM
| {{convert|10 × 49|in|mm}}
| {{convert|90|lb|kg}}
| 120
| 54.3 || 1.92
| 3A480
|-
| XP
| {{convert|10 × 55|in|mm}}
| {{convert|55|lb|kg}}
| 124
| 55.7 || 1.98
| 4BA300
|-
| QT
| {{convert|3 × 14|in|mm}} (includes 4.5 inches for valve)
| {{convert|2.5|lb|kg}} (includes 1.5 lb for valve)
| 2.0
| 0.900 || 0.0318
| 4B-240ET
|-
| LP5
| {{convert|12.25 × 18.25|in|mm}}
| {{convert|18.5|lb|kg}}
| 47.7
| 21.68 || 0.76
| 4BW240
|-
| Medical E
| {{convert|4 × 26|in|mm}} (excludes valve and cap)
| {{convert|14|lb|kg}} (excludes valve and cap)
| 9.9
| 4.5 || 0.16
| 3AA2015
|}

(US DOT specs define material, making, and maximum pressure in psi. They are comparable to [[Transport Canada]] specs, which shows pressure in [[Bar (unit)|bars]]. A 3E-1800 in DOT nomenclature would be a TC 3EM 124 in Canada.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sample Cylinders SC and MC Series |url=https://www.tgcigroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Sample-Cylinders.pdf? |website=FITOK |access-date=1 February 2023}}</ref>)

== Gas storage tubes ==
For larger volume high pressure gas storage units, known as ''tubes'', are available. They generally have a larger diameter and length than high pressure cylinders, and usually have a tapped neck at both ends. They may be mounted alone or in groups on trailers, permanent bases, or [[Intermodal container|intermodal transport frames]]. Due to their length, they are mounted horizontally on mobile structures. In general usage they are often manifolded together and managed as a unit.

== Gas storage banks ==
[[File:Hydrogen cascade storage system.jpg|thumb|right|Hydrogen storage cylinders in a cascade filling system]]
Groups of similar size cylinders may be mounted together and connected to a common manifold system to provide larger storage capacity than a single standard cylinder. This is commonly called a cylinder bank or a gas storage bank. The manifold may be arranged to allow simultaneous flow from all the cylinders, or, for a [[cascade filling system]], where gas is tapped off cylinders according to the lowest positive pressure difference between storage and destination cylinder, being a more efficient use of pressurised gas.{{cn}}

=== Gas storage quads ===
[[File:Helium Quad 20151203 133932.jpg|thumb|Helium quad for surface-supplied diving gas]]
A gas quad is a group of high pressure cylinders mounted on a transport and storage frame. There are commonly 16 cylinders, each of about 50 litres capacity mounted upright in four rows of four, on a square base with a square plan frame with lifting points on top and may have fork-lift slots in the base. The cylinders are usually interconnected as a manifold for use as a unit, but many variations in layout and structure are possible.{{cn}}

== See also ==

* {{annotated link|Bottled gas}}
* {{annotated link|Composite overwrapped pressure vessel}}
* {{annotated link|Filling carousel}}
* {{annotated link|Lecture bottle}} – Small gas cylinder typically used for specialty gasses
* {{annotated link|Powerlet}} – a small, inexpensive, disposable metal gas cylinder for providing pneumatic power
* {{annotated link|Storage tank}}
* {{annotated link|UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods}}

{{clear}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041104014946/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/codeq/doctree/canceled/1740151.pdf NASA — Safety Standards for Oxygen and Oxygen Handling]

{{Packaging}}
{{Anesthesia}}
{{Underwater diving}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gas Cylinder}}
[[Category:Pressure vessels]]
[[Category:Anesthetic equipment]]
[[Category:Containers]]
[[Category:Gas technologies]]
[[Category:Industrial gases]]

Battle of Jamrud

2022-10-31T06:17:32Z

Saadath Mohi-ud-din: Contributed a new entry to the platform.

{{short description|1837 battle of the Afghan–Sikh Wars}}

{{infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Jamrud
| partof = the [[Afghan-Sikh wars]]
| image = Jamrud Fort - pg 18 -The last voyage - Annie Brassey.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = A portrait of the [[Jamrud Fort]]
| date = 30 April 1837
| place = [[Jamrud]], [[Sikh Empire]] Modern day [[Khyber Agency]]
| coordinates = {{coord|34.0034|71.3786|display=title,inline}}
| map_type = Pakistan
| map_relief =
| latitude =
| longitude =
| map_size = 300px
| map_marksize =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| territory =
| result = [[#Result of the battle|Disputed]]
| combatant1 = [[File:Flag of Afghanistan (1919–1921).svg|25px]] [[Emirate of Afghanistan|Emirate of Kabul]]
| combatant2 = [[File: Sikh Empire flag.svg|30px]] [[Sikh Empire]]
| commander1 = [[Wazir Akbar Khan|Akbar Khan]] [[Mohammad Afzal Khan|Afzal Khan]] Shams al-Din Khan Mirza Sami Khan [[Josiah Harlan]]
| commander2 = [[Hari Singh Nalwa]]{{KIA}} [[Mahan Singh Mirpuri]] [[Mangal Singh Ramgarhia]] [[Tej Singh]]
| units1 =
| units2 =
| strength1 = 7,000 cavalry 2,000 matchlockmen 9000 guerilla fighters 20,000 Khybers 50 pieces artillery<ref name="Maharaja" />{{sfn|Gupta|1978|p=179}}
| strength2 = 600<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Art_of_Generalship/uAmqCQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=50000+Jamrud&pg=PA130&printsec=frontcover|title=Art of Generalship|author=K K Khanna|pages=130}}</ref>-800 Jamrud garrison 10,000 relief force/reinforcements<ref name="Maharaja" />{{sfn|Gupta|1978|p=179}}
| notes =
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Afghan-Sikh Wars}}
}}
The '''Battle of Jamrud''' was fought between the [[Emirate of Afghanistan]] under Emir [[Dost Mohammad Khan]] and the [[Sikh Empire]] under [[Maharaja]] [[Ranjit Singh]] on 30 April 1837. Afghan forces confronted the Sikh forces at [[Jamrud]]. The garrisoned army was able to hold off the Afghans till Sikh reinforcements arrived to relieve them.<ref name="Lafont" /><ref name="LansfordTom" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalrymple |first=William|author-link=William Dalrymple (historian) |title=[[Return of a King]]: The Battle For Afghanistan |publisher=Bloomsbury |year=2012 |isbn=9780307948533 |edition=Paperback |location=United Kingdom |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari Ram |title=History Of The Sikhs Vol. V The Sikh Lion of Lahore|volume=V|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |page=180|isbn=9788121505154}}</ref>

==Background==
Following the consolidation of the Sikh Empire in [[Punjab]], Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]] had led a wave of invasions on Afghan-held territories, also capitalizing off of Afghan Civil war and began conquering the long-held Afghan territories over the preceding years. This resulted in the [[Durrani Empire]] losing the [[Punjab region]], [[Multan]], [[Kashmir]], [[Derajat]], [[Hazara, Pakistan|Hazara]], [[Balakot]] and [[Attock]], whereas [[Peshawar]] and [[Jamrud]] would later be seized from the Peshawar Sardars in the [[Battle of Peshawar (1834)]]<ref name="Lafont1" /><ref name="Vanit1" />{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=181-182}}

==Prelude and battle==
Towards the end of 1836, Sardar [[Hari Singh Nalwa]] attacked and captured the small, but very strategic, fortified Khyberi village of Jamrud, situated on the south-side of a range of mountains at the mouth of the [[Khyber Pass]]. With the conquest of Jamrud, the frontier of the Sikh Empire now bordered the frontier of Afghanistan.<ref name="Vanit1" />
In 1837, the [[Sikh Khalsa Army|Sikh Army]] was in [[Lahore]] where all best generals and troops were recalled from all places including Peshawar for the wedding of [[Nau Nihal Singh|Kanwar Nau Nihal Singh]], the grandson of [[Maharaja]] [[Ranjit Singh]]. The Emir of Afghanistan, [[Dost Mohammad Khan]], finding this as the right opportunity, sent his sons with a 7000 cavalry, 2000 matchlockmen, 9000 guerilla fighters and 20,000 Khybers, to drive the Sikhs out of [[Peshawar]].{{sfn|Gupta|1978|p=179}} Akbar Khan reached Jamrud, and saw no sign of the Sikh forces, and as a result began to demolish the defenses of the fort.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=209}} While Akbar Khan's forces were focused on destroying the fortifications, Hari Singh Nawla, the Sikh general, led a charge against the Afghans. The Afghans were sent into disarray with heavy losses, and Akbar Khan's force was relieved by Shams al-Din Khan, who charged the Sikh lines.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=209-210}} Akbar Khan reorganized and rallied his men and forced the Sikhs to retreat to the fort of Jamrud.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=210}} Amidst the fighting, the Sikh general, Sardar Hari Singh Nalwa was mortally injured in the battle and later died after forcing his way into the fort. According to Afghan chronicle Siraj al-Tawarikh, Akbar Khan and Hari Singh Nawla engaged in a duel without recognizing each other. After much thrusting and parrying, Akbar Khan won out and Hari Singh Nawla was knocked to the ground and killed.{{sfn|Dalrymple|2012|p=89}} According to historian [[Hari Ram Gupta]], when Hari Singh rallied his men and rode to the front, he was struck by two bullets, one in the stomach and the other on the side. Mortally wounded he was immediately taken inside the fort where he said to keep his death a secret till the reinforcements arrived.{{sfn|Gupta|1978|p=180}} Many eyewitnesses claimed Nalwa ordered his dead body to be hung outside the fort before he died, discouraging the Afghans from attacking, believing Nalwa was still alive.<ref name="punjab" /> Nevertheless, the Sikh garrison continued holding out until Sikh reinforcements arrived from Lahore, prompting the Afghans to retire from the siege.{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=210}} The battle ended with the retreat of Afghans back to [[Jalalabad]].<ref name="Lafont1" /><ref name="Vanit1" />{{sfn|Lee|2019|p=188}}

==Result of the battle==
The result of the battle is disputed amongst historians. Some contend the failure of the Afghans to take the fort and the city of [[Peshawar]] or town of [[Jamrud]] as a victory for the Sikhs.<ref name="disputesik" /> On the other hand, some state that the killing of [[Hari Singh Nalwa]] resulted in an Afghan victory.<ref name="disputeafg" /> James Norris, Professor of [[Political Science]] at [[Texas A&M International University]], states that the battle's outcome was inconclusive.<ref name="Norris" /><ref name="Lafont1" />

==See also==
*[[Battle of Attock]]
*[[Battle of Multan]]
*[[Battle of Shopian]]
*[[Battle of Nowshera]]
*[[Battle of Peshawar (1834)]]

==References==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="Maharaja">''Maharaja Ranjit Singh: A short life sketch'', Ganda Singh, '''Maharaja Ranjit Singh: First Death Centenary Memorial''', (Nirmal Publishers, 1986), 43.[https://books.google.com/books?id=YrG_aJTgnw0C&dq=battle+Jamrud+1837+men&pg=PA43] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410052308/https://books.google.com/books?id=YrG_aJTgnw0C&dq=battle+Jamrud+1837+men&pg=PA43 |date=2023-04-10 }}</ref>
<ref name="Lafont1">{{cite book |author=Jean Marie Lafont |title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YrG_aJTgnw0C&q=battle+of+jamrud&pg=PA43 |year=2002 |page=43 |quote=In spite of all their efforts, however, the Afghans could neither occupy the fort of Jamrud nor dislodge the Sikhs from their position and gain possession of Peshawar. |access-date=2020-10-15 |archive-date=2023-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410052313/https://books.google.com/books?id=YrG_aJTgnw0C&q=battle+of+jamrud&pg=PA43 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="LansfordTom">{{cite book |author=Tom Lansford |title=Afghanistan at War: From the 18th-Century Durrani Dynasty to the 21st Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxwIDgAAQBAJ&q=600+killed+saragarhi&pg=PA408 |year=2017 |page=21,22 |isbn=9781598847604 |quote=In 1837, Afghan ruler Dost Mohammed Khan gathered an army to push the Sikhs back from the Khyber pass. They laid siege to the Sikh fort at Jamrud. A Sikh army advanced to relieve the siege, and the two forces met at the Battle of Jamrud. The Sikhs defeated the Afghans. The battle marked the end of the Afghan-Sikh wars. |access-date=2020-10-15 |archive-date=2023-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410052503/https://books.google.com/books?id=XxwIDgAAQBAJ&q=600+killed+saragarhi&pg=PA408 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="punjab">{{cite book|title=The Panjab Chiefs: Historical and biographical notices of the principal families in the Lahore and Rawalpindi divisions of the Panjab|volume=II|pages= 87,89,90|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206739|last1=Griffin {{postnominals|country=GBR|KCSI}} |first1=Sir Lepel H.|year=1890 }}</ref>
<ref name="disputesik">Several scholars consider the Sikhs to have been victorious:
* {{citation |last=Hasrat |first=Bikrama Jit |title=Life and Times of Ranjit Singh: A Saga of Benevolent Despotism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UPgdAAAAMAAJ |year=1977 |publisher=V.V. Research Institute Book Agency |page=137 |quote="The doubtful Sikh victory at Jamrud in 1837 had made it clear to Ranjit Singh that policies of hatred and repression in the northwestern frontier so far pursued had failed in its objective." |access-date=2018-12-16 |archive-date=2023-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410052306/https://books.google.com/books?id=UPgdAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{citation |last=Paddy |first=Docherty |title=Khyber pass |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ih1BwwkutnEC |publisher=Il Saggiatore |isbn=978-88-6576-029-1 |pages=186–187 |access-date=16 December 2018 |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410052308/https://books.google.com/books?id=ih1BwwkutnEC |url-status=live }}
* {{citation |last=Ingram |first=Edward |chapter=India and the North-West Frontier: The First Afghan War |editor1=A. Hamish Ion |editor2=Elizabeth Jane Errington |title=Great Powers and Little Wars: The Limits of Power |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B8WEDx_eX5EC&pg=PA44 |year=1993 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-93965-6 |pages=44 |quote="The second was Peshawar, which controlled the entry to the Khyber Pass and had been seized in 1834 by Ranjit Singh from Dost Mohammed, who tried in 1837 to get it back but lost his chance at the Battle of Jamrud." |access-date=2018-12-16 |archive-date=2023-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410052308/https://books.google.com/books?id=B8WEDx_eX5EC&pg=PA44 |url-status=live }}
*{{citation |last=Lee |first=Jonathan |title=Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present |publisher=Reaktion Books |year=2019 |isbn=9781789140101 |pages=210 |language=English|quote="The Sikhs had beaten the Afghans but in the battle Hari Singh, Ranjit's lifelong friend, had been mortally wounded.}}</ref>
<ref name="disputeafg">Other scholars consider the Afghans to have been victorious:
* {{citation |last=Roberts |first=Jeffery J. |title=The Origins of Conflict in Afghanistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pj8DIT_bva0C |year=2003 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-97878-5 |page=4 |access-date=2018-12-16 |archive-date=2023-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410052307/https://books.google.com/books?id=Pj8DIT_bva0C |url-status=live }}: "In 1837 Dost's son, Akbar Khan, led an Afghan army to victory at Jamrud. Akbar, however, did not follow up his success with an advance to Peshawar, and the city remained in Sikh hands."
* {{citation |last1=Clements |first1=Frank |last2=Adamec |first2=Ludwig W. |title=Conflict in Afghanistan: A Historical Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bv4hzxpo424C |year=2003 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-402-8 |page=74 |quote="Dost Mohammed Khan defeated the Sikhs at the Battle of Jamrud in 1837." |access-date=2018-12-16 |archive-date=2023-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207231719/https://books.google.com/books?id=bv4hzxpo424C |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Norris">{{citation |last1=John |first1=Norris |last2=Norris |first2=J. A. |title=The First Afghan War 1838-1842 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GuHlEZPBn5EC |year=1967 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-05838-4 |page=109 |quote="The resulting Battle of Jamrud on 30 April 1837 was a bloody Sikh-Afghan encounter where both sides suffered severe losses. The outcome was largely inconclusive but served to further inflame the continued cross-border feuding and induced the Afghans to seek assistance from the Russian-influenced Persians." |access-date=16 December 2018 |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410052310/https://books.google.com/books?id=GuHlEZPBn5EC |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Lafont">{{cite book |author=Jean Marie Lafont |title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YrG_aJTgnw0C&dq=battle+of+jamrud&pg=PA43 |year=2002 |page=43 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri |access-date=2023-03-18 |archive-date=2023-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410052309/https://books.google.com/books?id=YrG_aJTgnw0C&dq=battle+of+jamrud&pg=PA43 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Vanit1">{{citation |last1=Nalwa |first1=Vanit |title=Hari Singh Nalwa, "champion of the Khalsaji" (1791-1837) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ULhgNexD92QC |year=2009 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=9788173047855 |page=177-317}}</ref>
}}

{{Sikh Empire}}

{{Pashtun nationalism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jamrud, Battle of}}
[[Category:Conflicts in 1837]]
[[Category:Battles involving Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Sikhs]]
[[Category:1837 in Asia]]
[[Category:Ranjit Singh]]
[[Category:April 1837 events]]

2007 Indian Rajya Sabha elections

2022-08-09T09:49:48Z

Saadath Mohi-ud-din: Drafted a new page.

#REDIRECT [[2007 Rajya Sabha elections]]

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Amrit Sanchar

2022-05-24T02:17:30Z

Saadath Mohi-ud-din: Page generated.

#REDIRECT [[Amrit Sanskar]]

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Glossary of Sikhism

2022-02-19T15:12:25Z

Saadath Mohi-ud-din: Added page layout.

{{Short description|none}}
{{refimprove}}
{{Sikhism sidebar}}
{{SikhBeliefs}}

The following list consists of [[concept]]s that are derived from both [[Sikhism|Sikh]] and [[Culture of India|Indian]] tradition. The main purpose of this list is to disambiguate multiple spellings, to make note of spellings no longer in use for these concepts, to define the concept in one or two lines, to make it easy for one to find and pin down specific concepts, and to provide a guide to unique concepts of Sikhism all in one place.

{{compact ToC|side=yes|top=yes|num=yes}}

==A==
; [[Amrita|Amrit]]: elixir of immortality - the sanctified nectar or sugar water substitute used in ceremonies. It is prepared by stirring it in an iron bowl with the double-edged sword and continuous recitation of five [[Gurbani|banis]] by the five selected members of the [[Khalsa]].

; Amritdhari: baptized Sikh who has undergone the Khalsa ceremony. According to Sikh Reht Maryada, any person who is initiated into the Khalsa is called Amrit Dhari.
; [[Amrit Sanskar|Amrit Sanchar, Amrit Sanskar]]: Baptism (sanchar means ceremony)
; [[Akal Purakh]]: Timeless Being - The name of [[God in Sikhism|God]]
; [[Akal Sena]]: Military established by [[Guru Hargobind]].
; [[Akali Nihang]]: Sikh warrior order.

==B==
; [[Gurbani|Bani]]: verses. An abbreviation of Gurbani, applied to any of the writings which appear in the [[Guru Granth Sahib]].
; [[Bhagat]]: A holy person or a member of a community whose objectives involve leading humanity towards [[God in Sikhism|God]] and highlighting injustices in the world.
; Bhagat Bani: Any of the writings which appear in the Guru Granth Sahib which were not written by the Gurus.
; Beadbi:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://theprint.in/india/what-is-beadbi-or-sacrilege-in-sikhism-which-sees-guru-granth-sahib-as-living-guru/784089/ | title=What is 'beadbi' or sacrilege in Sikhism, which sees Guru Granth Sahib as living Guru | date=19 December 2021 }}</ref>[[Blasphemy]], [[Sacrilege]], [[Desecration]] or disrespect.

==C==
;[[Sikh chola|Chola]]: Robe - Unisex Sikh attire.

==D==
; Daan: Charity. One of the 3 petitions - Naam, Daan, Ishnan.
; [[Darbar Sahib Hall|Darbar Sahib]]: Imperial Court - the main hall of a Gurdwara.
; Dasband, daswand, [[dasvand]]: 10% of earnings donated to the less advantaged.
; [[Dastar]]: Turban (Pugree). It is an inseparable part of Sikh dress and is mandatory for a Sikh to tie his turban according to Sri Guru Granth Sahib and the Sikh 'Code of Conduct'.
; [[Deg Tegh Fateh]]: Victory to Charity and Arms - slogan and the title of an anthem in the [[Punjabi language]] that signifies the dual obligations of the Khalsa: The responsibility to provide food, and to provide protection, for the needy and oppressed.
; Dharam di Kirat: To earn an honest living.
; [[Dharamyudh (Sikhism)|Dharamyudh]]: Term which means [[just war]], a concept of war against tyranny.



==G==
; [[Gatka]]: Sikh martial art
; [[Gurdwara]], gurudwara: Place of worship, meaning "[[Sikh Guru|Guru]]'s door", or Guru's place
; [[Gurbani]]: Collective writings of the Sikh Gurus. (See bani.)
; [[Gurmukh]]: Person who is spiritually centered. (See manmukh.) A person who lives within the will of God and accepts all good and bad that happens to oneself without question or annoyance.
; [[Gurmukhi]]: The written form of Punjabi used in the Sikh scriptures propagated by [[Guru Nanak]] and [[Guru Angad]]. Gurmukhi script is also called 'Paintis Akhri' because it contains thirty-five letters.
; [[Gutka Sahib]]: Prayerbook containing daily prayers.

==H==
; [[Hankaar]]: Pride, one of the five vices.

==I==
; [[Ik Onkar]]: Phrase that denotes the one supreme reality.
; Ishnan: Purity of mind and body. One of the three petitions - Naam, Daan, Ishnan.

==J==
; [[Japa|Japu]], Japō: Recitation (from ''Jap'': Recite).
; [[Japji Sahib]]: The first 8 pages of the Siri Guru Granth Sahib (Sikh holy scripture), consisting of hymns composed by Guru Nanak.
; [[Jatha]]: A group of Sikhs.
; [[Jathedar]]: The leader of a Jatha.
; [[Jhatka]]: Meat of an animal which is slaughtered without any rituals by severing its head instantly in one blow to cause as less pain as possible.

==K==
; Kakke: Panj (5) K's that must be worn by Sikhs.
; [[Kachchhera|Kachha/kachchhera]]: Short undergarments – one of [[the Five Ks]] that a Khalsa Sikh must wear. It is a symbol of self-control.
; [[Kama]]: Lust, one of the 5 vices.
; [[Kanga (Sikhism)|Kanga]]: Wooden comb – one of [[the Five Ks]] that a Khalsa Sikh must west. It is a symbol of discipline.
; [[Kara (Sikhism)|Kara]]: A loose steel bracelet – one of [[the Five Ks]] that Sikhs must wear. It is a symbol of restraint.
; [[Kaur]]: Princess. Female Sikh middle name or surname.
; [[Kesh (Sikhism)|Kesh]]: Unshorn hair – one of [[the Five Ks]] that Sikhs must wear.
; [[Khanda (religious symbol)|Khanda]]: Emblem of Sikh faith that symbolizes the four pillars of Sikh belief. It consists of four symbolic weapons.
; [[Khalsa]]: Pure – must carry [[panj kakkar]].
; [[Khalsa Fauj]]: The military stablished by [[Guru Gobind Singh]].
; [[Kirpan]]: Short sword – one of [[the Five Ks]] that a Khalsa Sikh must wear. It is a symbol of the fight against injustice and religious oppression.
; [[Kirat karō]] (kirat karni) : One of the three primary pillars of Sikhism, the others being Naam Japo and Wand kay Shako. The term means to earn an honest, pure and dedicated living.
; [[Krodh]]: Anger. One of the 5 vices.
; [[Kutha meat|Kutha]]: The meat of an animal which is ritualistically and slowly slaughtered. Prohibited.
; Kurahit: kurahat: The cardinal sins for the Sikhs. These are cutting, trimming, shaving or removing hairs from one’s body, eating kutha meat, using tobacco, or any other intoxicant in any form or committing adultery.

== L ==
; [[Lobh]] : Greed, one of the 5 vices.
; [[Langar (Sikhism)|Langar]] : Community kitchen of a gurdwara, which serves [[lacto-vegetarian]] meals to all free of charge, regardless of religion, [[caste]], creed, gender, economic status, or ethnicity.

== M ==
; [[Manmukh]]: A self-centered person, contrast gurmukh. A person who lives within the will of the Mind as opposed to the will of God.
; [[Miri piri|Miri Piri]]: Concept of having both temporal power and spiritual authority.
; [[Moh]]: Attachment. One of the 5 vices.
; [[Mul Mantra]]: Basic statement of creed.

== N ==
; [[Naam]]: Name. Remembrance of the divine name.
; [[Nām Japō|Nām Japō, Naam japna]]: Recitation and meditation on the Naam of the Lord.
; [[Nitnem]]: Daily prayers which begin with Japji Sahib and are written in a Gutka (prayerbook).


== P ==
; Panj: The number 5
; [[Five thieves|Panj dokh]]: The 5 thieves/betrayers. Ahankar (pride), Kam (lust), Krodh (anger), Lobh (greed) and Moh (worldly attachment)
; Panj weapons: Chardi Kala (positive energy), Daan (charity), Dayan (kindness) Nimarta (humility), Santokh (contentment)
; [[Five Virtues|Panj virtues]]: [[Daya (Sikhism)|Daya]] (compassion), [[Nimrata]] (humility), [[Pyare]] (love), [[Santokh]] (contentment) and [[Sat (Sikhism)|Sat]] (truth).
; Panj Kakke: [[The Five Ks]]; the five external symbols worn by both male and female Sikhs. The name of each symbol starts with the letter k (kakka); [[kaccha]], kanga, kara, kesh and kirpan.
; [[Panj Pyare]]: Five Beloved Ones - refers to a gathered [[ad hoc]] quintet of five baptized (Amritdhari) Khalsa Sikhs who act as institutionalized leaders for the wider Sikh community.
; [[Patit]]: Apostate.
; Sache [[Padishah|Patshah]]: True Emperor - the name of God and title of all Gurus.
; Panth Patishah



== S==
; [[Sangat (term)|Sangat]]: Society (congregation). Compare [[Panth]].
; Sarbat da Bhalla: Welfare of humankind
; [[Satguru]]: True Guru - The name of God.
; [[Selfless service|Seva]]: Service. One of the 2 foundations of Sikhism. Three varieties of seva are sanctioned in the Sikh lore: that rendered through the corporal instrument (tan), that through the mental apparatus (man) and that through the material wherewithal (dhan). There are 4 types of Seva:
# Dhan di Seva – the one people are most familiar with. Doing seva by performing deeds of service and virtue.
# Mann Di Seva – done by doing Simran. Cleansing the Soul of polluted thoughts and Maya.
# Guru di Seva – by having your Mann attuned to his Naam.{{clarify}}
# Satgur ki Seva.{{explain}}
; [[Shabda|Shabad, Śábda]]: The hymns contained in Sikh scriptures.
; [[Shaheed]]: Title used before the name of a person who has died as a [[Martyrdom in Sikhism|Sikh martyr]].
; [[Simran]]: The remembrance of Waheguru. Guru Nanak formed a new type of Bakti beginning with Simran and Jap of Waheguru Gurmantar.
; [[Singh]]: Lion. Male Sikh middle or surname title.
; Sloka: Stanza. The Sanskrit epic metre formed of thirty-two syllables: verses of two lines (distich) of sixteen syllables each or in four half-lines (hemistich) of each syllables each. Japu (recitation) comprises an introductory sloka, 38 stanzas traditionally called pauris and a concluding sloka attributed by some to Guru Angad.
; [[Sukhmani]]: the Psalm of Peace.

==T==
;Tankhah : Salary, payment also social offense – He is not to commit any of the social offences (Tankhah), such as giving dowry, using liquors and intoxicants, raising monuments over graves and associating with apostates.
; Turban : Dastar (Pugree). It is an inseparable part of Sikh dress and is mandatory for a Sikh to tie his turban according to ''Guru Granth Sahib'' and the Sikh 'Code of Conduct'.



==W==
; [[Waheguru]] (ਵਾਹਗੁਰੂ) : A term used in Sikhism to refer to God as described in ''Guru Granth Sahib''.
; [[Wand Shakna]] : To share one's bounty with others (See daan.)



==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.sikhs.org/glossary.htm Sikh Terms From Sikhs.org]

{{Sikhism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sikh Terms}}
[[Category:Glossaries of religion]]
[[Category:Sikh terminology|*]]
[[Category:Bharatpedia glossaries using description lists]]