https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=SBS+Khumancha 2026-08-08T11:18:59Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.6 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinnasalem_Assembly_constituency&diff=494235 2026-04-30T16:50:08Z

<p>SBS Khumancha: starting a data</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Former legislative Assembly constituency in Tamil Nadu, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | map_image = <br /> | established = 1977<br /> | district = [[Kallakurichi district|Kallakurichi]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Rasipuram Lok Sabha constituency|Rasipuram]]<br /> | state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | name = Chinnasalem<br /> | electors= 1,79,669<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | abolished= 2008<br /> }}<br /> '''Chinnasalem''' was a state assembly constituency in [[Kallakurichi district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 25 January 2017 |url-status= dead |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120614070155/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/const_map/map.htm |archivedate= 14 June 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The constituency was formed after the discontinuation of Kallakurichi constituency and was in existence from 1977 until the 2008 delimitation. This constituency was discontinued by Election Commission Of India by converting it into [[Kallakurichi Assembly constituency]] from the [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011 election]] onwards.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://dinamani.com/edition/Story.aspx?SectionName=Tamilnadu&amp;artid=387603&amp;SectionID=129&amp;MainSectionID=129&amp;SEO=&amp;Title=| title=தொகுதி - ஓர் அறிமுகம்! - கள்ளக்குறிச்சி (தனி)| publisher=Dina Mani| date=9 March 2011| accessdate=9 March 2011| url-status=dead| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710130407/http://dinamani.com/edition/Story.aspx?SectionName=Tamilnadu&amp;artid=387603&amp;SectionID=129&amp;MainSectionID=129&amp;SEO=&amp;Title=| archivedate=10 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Name<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> | [[M. Subramanian]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> | [[S. Sivaraman]]<br /> | {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (I)}}<br /> | [[Indian National Congress (I)]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]<br /> | S. Sivaraman<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br /> | [[T. Udhayasuriyan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br /> | [[R. P. Paramasivam]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br /> | [[R. Mookappan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br /> | [[P. Mohan (Chinnasalem MLA)|P. Mohan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br /> | T. Udhayasuriyan<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> ===2006=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Chinnasalem&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 2006 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | access-date = 12 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. Udhayasuriyan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=64,036 |percentage=48.40% |change=4.78% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Mohan (politician)|P. Mohan]]{{Disambiguation needed|date=April 2026}} |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=43,758 |percentage=33.08% |change=-18.28% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Subbarayalu |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=19,476 |percentage=14.72% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. P. Mannan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,892 |percentage=1.43% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Kalaivendhan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=840 |percentage=0.63% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pon. Bala Subramanian |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=806 |percentage=0.61% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Mana Mohana Doss |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=792 |percentage=0.60% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Sekar |party=Independent politician |votes=380 |percentage=0.29% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Arun Kennady |party=Independent politician |votes=318 |percentage=0.24% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,278 |percentage=15.33% |change=7.60% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=132,298 |percentage=73.63% |change= 9.43% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 179,669 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -2.95% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2001=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Chinnasalem&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001 |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Mohan (politician)|P. Mohan]]{{Disambiguation needed|date=April 2026}} |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=60,554 |percentage=51.35% |change=19.79% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Mookappan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=51,442 |percentage=43.63% |change=-16.20% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Vaithilingam |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,285 |percentage=1.94% |change=0.43% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Manamohandoss |party=Independent politician |votes=1,843 |percentage=1.56% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Sekar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,220 |percentage=1.03% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Arumugam |party=Independent politician |votes=572 |percentage=0.49% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,112 |percentage=7.73% |change=-20.54% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=117,916 |percentage=64.21% |change= -4.88% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 183,679 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -8.47% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1996=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Chinnasalem&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1996 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Mookappan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=66,981 |percentage=59.83% |change=32.98% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Mohan (politician)|P. Mohan]]{{Disambiguation needed|date=April 2026}} |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=35,336 |percentage=31.56% |change=-32.86% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Narkunam |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=6,604 |percentage=5.90% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Venkatapathy |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,684 |percentage=1.50% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Pachayapillai |party=Independent politician |votes=373 |percentage=0.33% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Bala Govindarajan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=363 |percentage=0.32% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Lakshmi |party=Independent politician |votes=268 |percentage=0.24% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Selvaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=206 |percentage=0.18% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Mookappan]] |party=Independent politician |votes=141 |percentage=0.13% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=31,645 |percentage=28.27% |change=-9.31% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=111,956 |percentage=69.09% |change= 1.88% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 168,685 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -4.60% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1991=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Chinnasalem&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=R. P. Paramasivam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=66,942 |percentage=64.43% |change=41.50% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Mookappan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=27,900 |percentage=26.85% |change=-9.43% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Vayapuri |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=5,603 |percentage=5.39% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Subramaniyam |party=Ambedkar Makkal Iyakkam|votes=2,618 |percentage=2.52% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Preamanandan |party=Independent politician |votes=649 |percentage=0.62% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=H. Syed Hasheem |party=Independent politician |votes=194 |percentage=0.19% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=39,042 |percentage=37.57% |change=24.22% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=103,906 |percentage=67.21% |change= -7.89% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 159,970 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 28.14% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1989=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Chinnasalem&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. Udhayasuriyan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=36,776 |percentage=36.28% |change=-0.07% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. R. Ramalingam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=23,238 |percentage=22.93% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Sivaraman]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,526 |percentage=21.24% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Mohan |party=Independent politician |votes=10,546 |percentage=10.41% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Dhanabal |party=Independent politician |votes=6,676 |percentage=6.59% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Jayaram |party=Independent politician |votes=1,911 |percentage=1.89% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Gothadaraman |party=Independent politician |votes=312 |percentage=0.31% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Periyasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=195 |percentage=0.19% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. N. U. K. V. Soundharrajan |party=Independent politician |votes=174 |percentage=0.17% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,538 |percentage=13.36% |change=-13.93% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=101,354 |percentage=75.10% |change= 0.07% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 138,166 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Independent politician |swing= -27.36% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1984=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Chinnasalem&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Sivaraman]] |party=Independent politician |votes=53,630 |percentage=63.65% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Periyasamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=30,633 |percentage=36.35% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,997 |percentage=27.29% |change=20.30% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=84,263 |percentage=75.03% |change= 8.95% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 117,749 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 11.19% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1980=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Chinnasalem&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Sivaraman]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=39,370 |percentage=52.45% |change=38.70% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Ambayiram |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=34,123 |percentage=45.46% |change=9.89% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Kuppan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,562 |percentage=2.08% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,247 |percentage=6.99% |change=2.27% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=75,055 |percentage=66.08% |change= 3.60% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 115,587 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 16.88% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1977=== <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Chinnasalem&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Subramanian]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=24,304 |percentage=35.57% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. P. Pachayappan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=21,081 |percentage=30.86% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Jayalakshmi |party=Janata Party |votes=12,638 |percentage=18.50% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=L. P. Ponnuvel |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,397 |percentage=13.75% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. R. Annamal |party=Independent politician |votes=529 |percentage=0.77% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Subbarayan |party=Independent politician |votes=194 |percentage=0.28% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Arumugam |party=Independent politician |votes=178 |percentage=0.26% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,223 |percentage=4.72% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=68,321 |percentage=62.48% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 111,367 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|accessdate= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archivedate= 5 October 2010}}<br /> <br /> {{Defunct assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}<br /> {{coord|11.649546|N|78.859863|E|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Viluppuram district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]<br /> [[Category:1977 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]<br /> [[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]</div>

SBS Khumancha https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Divadandi&diff=497411 2026-04-29T08:25:13Z

<p>SBS Khumancha: starting a article.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Divadandi<br /> | image = Divadandi 1950.jpg<br /> | caption = Poster<br /> | director = Balwant Bhatt<br /> | writer = Ramnik Vaid (script), [[Chandravadan Mehta]] (story), [[Barkat Virani]] 'Befaam' (dialogues) &lt;ref name=&quot;RajadhyakshaWillemen2014&quot;/&gt;<br /> | based_on = <br /> | producer = <br /> | starring = {{plainlist|<br /> * Nandini<br /> * [[Arvind Pandya]]<br /> * Baburaje<br /> * Charubala<br /> * Kamalakant<br /> }}<br /> | cinematography = Haren Batt&lt;ref name=&quot;RajadhyakshaWillemen2014&quot;/&gt;<br /> | editing = <br /> | music = [[Ajit Merchant]], [[Dilip Dholakia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;RajadhyakshaWillemen2014&quot;/&gt;<br /> | studio = Neelam Films&lt;ref name=&quot;RajadhyakshaWillemen2014&quot;/&gt;<br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|1950}}<br /> | runtime = 123 minutes&lt;ref name=&quot;RajadhyakshaWillemen2014&quot;/&gt;<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Gujarati&lt;ref name=&quot;RajadhyakshaWillemen2014&quot;/&gt;<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> '''''Divadandi''''' ({{lit|The Lighthouse}}) is 1950 Indian [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati]] social drama film directed by Balwant Bhatt. <br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> Sailor Lakhu Malam raises and teaches sailing to his foster-son Kano. Lakhu's son Kavli feels jealous of Kano. When Kano falls in love with Motan, Kavli pushes Kano into opium addiction and kidnaps Motan. Lakhu challenges and kills Kavli. Lakhu is condemned for his crime and was served the penalty of taking care of an old lighthouse.&lt;ref name=&quot;RajadhyakshaWillemen2014&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> The cast is as follows:&lt;ref name=&quot;RajadhyakshaWillemen2014&quot;/&gt;<br /> * Nandini as Motan<br /> * [[Arvind Pandya]] as Kano<br /> * Baburaje as Kavli<br /> * Charubala<br /> * Kamalkant as Lakhu Malam, foster-father of Kano and father of Kavli<br /> * Lohana<br /> * R. K. Shah<br /> <br /> ==Production==<br /> The film was shot at [[Bet Dwarka]] and features local traditional wooden ships.&lt;ref name=&quot;RajadhyakshaWillemen2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=Routledge |year=1999 |isbn=978-1-135-94325-7 |edition=Revised |pages=317}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> The film is notable for its music composed by [[Ajit Merchant]] and [[Dilip Kumar|Dilip Dholakia]]. It introduced lyricist [[Venibhai Purohit]]&lt;ref name=&quot;RajadhyakshaWillemen2014&quot;/&gt; whose song &quot;Taro Aankhno Afeeni&quot; became hit and still remains popular in Gujarat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kendra2007&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Smt. Hiralaxmi Navanitbhai Shah Dhanya Gurjari Kendra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g4oMAQAAMAAJ |title=Gujarat |publisher=Gujarat Vishvakosh Trust |year=2007 |pages=388, 528}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DeshGujarat 2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web | author=DeshGujarat | title=Veteran Gujarati singer/musician Shri Dilip Dholakia passes away | website=DeshGujarat | date=2011-01-02 | url=http://DeshGujarat.Com/2011/01/02/veteran-gujarati-singermusician-shri-dilip-dholakia-passes-away/ | accessdate=2015-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RajadhyakshaWillemen2014&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gujarat Samachar 2013&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Tushar |first=Shukla |date=13 February 2013 |title=જ્યારે સાંભળો ત્યારે વેલેન્ટાઈનની અનુભૂતિ કરાવતું એક અમર ગુજરાતી પ્રેમગીત |url=http://www.gujaratsamachar.com/gujaratsamachar.com/20130213/purti/shatdal/ek_be.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024200/http://www.gujaratsamachar.com/gujaratsamachar.com/20130213/purti/shatdal/ek_be.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=19 June 2015 |website=Gujarat Samachar |language=gu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Saurabh |title=ગુજરાતી ફિલ્મો : રાખનાં રમકડાં અને પંખીડાંનું પીંજરું |url=https://sandesh.com/supplement/gujarati-movies-ash-toys-and-birdcage |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=Sandesh |language=gu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lyrics were written by [[Chandravadan Mehta]], [[Barkat Virani]] 'Befaam', Venibhai Purohit, [[Balmukund Dave]]&lt;ref name=&quot;RajadhyakshaWillemen2014&quot;/&gt; and Chandrakant Desai.<br /> <br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Divadandi<br /> | type = soundtrack<br /> | artist = [[Ajit Merchant]], [[Dilip Dholakia]]<br /> | cover =<br /> | alt =<br /> | released = 1950<br /> | recorded = <br /> | venue =<br /> | studio =<br /> | genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]<br /> | length = <br /> | language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]<br /> | label = <br /> | producer = <br /> | misc = {{External media<br /> | audio1 = {{url|1=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xzKRGaqTSl0|2=YouTube}}}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{tracklist<br /> | headline =Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | total_length = <br /> |all_music= [[Ajit Merchant]], [[Dilip Dholakia]]<br /> |all_lyrics= <br /> | title1 = Tari Aankhno Afiini<br /> | extra1 = [[Dilip Dholakia]]<br /> | lyrics1 = [[Venibhai Purohit]]<br /> | length1 = <br /> <br /> | title2 = Vagada Vachhe Talavadi<br /> | extra2 = Dilip Dholakia, Rohini Roy<br /> | lyrics2 = [[Balmukund Dave]]<br /> | length2 = <br /> <br /> | title3 = Kajal Kali Raatladi<br /> | extra3 = Meena Kapoor<br /> | lyrics3 = [[Barkat Virani]] 'Befaam'<br /> | length3 = <br /> <br /> | title4 = Pandadi Si Hodi<br /> | extra4 = Meena Kapoor<br /> | lyrics4 = [[Chandravadan Mehta]]<br /> | length4 = <br /> <br /> | title5 = Ek Var Ghogha Jao<br /> | extra5 = Chorus<br /> | lyrics5 = Chandravadan Mehta<br /> | length5 = <br /> <br /> | title6 = Pumdu Panchhu Nahi Dau<br /> | extra6 = Meena Kapoor<br /> | lyrics6 = Venibhai Purohit<br /> | length6 =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> The film was not very successful but &quot;Tari Aankhno Afeeni&quot; became popular.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1950 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:1950s Gujarati-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1950 drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:Indian drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]</div>

SBS Khumancha https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nangal&diff=520395 2026-04-26T05:43:23Z

<p>SBS Khumancha: New</p> <hr /> <div>{{other places}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Nangal<br /> | native_name_lang = Hindi<br /> | other_name = Industrial Town of Punjab<br /> | nickname = NPTI<br /> | settlement_type = [[Town]]<br /> | image_skyline = Bhakra Dam Aug 15 2008.JPG<br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = [[Bhakra Dam]] in Bhakra, [[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur district]], [[India]]<br /> | pushpin_map = India Punjab#India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|31.385|N|76.375|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = [[Country]]<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Rupnagar district|Rupnagar]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = Dec 2009<br /> | founder = MOP Govt of India<br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = MOP<br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = 326<br /> | population_total = 48000<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Hindi]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 140124, 140125, 140126<br /> | registration_plate = <br /> }}<br /> '''Nangal''' is a town, near city of Rupnagar in [[Rupnagar district]] in Punjab, India.<br /> <br /> It sits at the foot of the [[Shiwalik Hills]] where it was established after plans for a dam required the movement of previously established villages. Residential areas include Modern Avenue, Shivalik Avenue, Naya Nangal Township, BBMB Township and Nangal Basti area (Railway Road). Industrial areas include Focal Point, NFL Factory, PACL. Naya Nangal is planned town with parks like Madhuvan Park, Captain Amol Kalia Park and stadium like NFL Stadium. Naya Nangal also has Well established Recreational clubs, like Golf club, Naya Nangal NFL club Sector 4, Anand Bhawan Club, Swimming club , Race tracks and cycling tracks.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> Present Nangal is situated on the land acquired from nearby places in 1948 when the construction of [[Bhakra Dam]] was planned on the [[Satluj]] River. The town is divided into three parts: Nangal, Nangal Township and Naya Nangal.<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> Nangal is situated on the foot of Shivalik hills and spreads over both sides of river Sutlej which forms a lake behind the Nangal Dam. Every year, the multi-purpose Bhakra Dam with its surrounding natural environment attracts a number of tourists from all parts of India and abroad.{{fact|date=June 2017}} There are several markets in it, namely Jawahar Market, Main Market, Adda Market, GTB Market &amp; Pahari Market. The residential areas of the city are organized into a block system.<br /> <br /> Nangal Township is surrounded by water on three sides and foothills of shivaliks on the fourth side. Naya Nangal serves mainly as a fertilizer complex colony of National Fertilizers Limited (NFL), a public sector undertaking of the Government of India.<br /> <br /> There are 3 Main hospitals in Nangal - BBMB Hospital, NFL Hospital in sector 4 and Civil hospital.<br /> <br /> Schools include Capt Amol Kalia Fertilizer Model Senior Secondary School (erstwhile, NFL Model Senior Secondary School) affiliated to CBSE, NFL Higher Secondary School affiliated to PSEB, Mount Carmel School affiliated to ICSE, BBMB DAV School affiliated to CBSE, Saint Soldier School affiliated to CBSE and Dayanand School(closed now) affiliated to CBSE.<br /> <br /> Nangal city sits on the banks of River Satluj, thus having many tourist attraction points with fascination towards Mother Nature. Prominent Religious Places include [[Julfa Mata Temple|Jalpha Devi Mata Mandir]], Shree Gita Mandir in Naya Nangal, [https://maps.mapmyindia.com/eloc/Y4CF7C Shree Shiv Shakti Mandir in Shivalik Colony], Shri Sidh Baba Balak Nath Durga Mandir, Shri Lakshmi Narayan Mandir, Triveni Mandir, Varun Dev Mandir, Gurudwara Shri Bhabour Sahib, Gurudwara Singh Sabha Sector 2 Naya Nangal and Christ Church Sector 1 Naya Nangal.<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> {{As of|2011}} India [[Census]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=43433|title= Census of India 2011: Data from the 2011 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|publisher= Census Commission of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nangal had a population of 48000. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Nangal has an average literacy rate of 78.15%, higher than the national average of 74%: male literacy is 80.69%, and female literacy is 71.56%. In Nangal, 10.44% of the population is under 6 years of age.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *http://rupnagar.nic.in/html/Nangal.htm<br /> <br /> {{Rupnagar district}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Tourism in Punjab, India]]<br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Rupnagar district]]<br /> [[Category:Planned communities in India]]</div>

SBS Khumancha https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sanaullah_Amritsari&diff=532451 2026-04-25T11:03:09Z

<p>SBS Khumancha: creating first article basic info - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|(British Indian, later Pakistani) Islamic scholar (1968-1948)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}<br /> {{Use Pakistani English|date=February 2020}}<br /> {{Expand Urdu|topic=bio|date=September 2020|ثناء اللہ امرتسری}}<br /> {{Infobox religious biography<br /> | religion = [[Islam]]<br /> | era = <br /> | image = <br /> | caption = <br /> | name = <br /> | title = [[Shaykh al-Islām]], [[Maulana]], ''Sher-e-Punjab''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=3 April 2017|title=Biography of Shaykh Al-Islam Thanaullah Amritsari|url=https://umm-ul-qura.org/2017/04/03/biography-of-shaykh-al-islam-thanaullah-amritsari/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115014753/https://umm-ul-qura.org/2017/04/03/biography-of-shaykh-al-islam-thanaullah-amritsari/|archive-date=15 January 2020|website=Umm-ul-Qura Publications}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | birth_date = 12 June 1868<br /> | birth_place = [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British India]]<br /> (Present day- [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab]], [[India]]<br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1948|03|15|1868|06|12}}<br /> | death_place = [[Sargodha]], [[West Punjab|Punjab]], [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]]<br /> | alma_mater = {{bulleted list|[[Mazahir Uloom]]|[[Darul Uloom Deoband]]}}<br /> | region = [[Amritsar]], Punjab, British India<br /> | denomination = <br /> | jurisprudence = [[Non-denominational Muslim|Ghayr muqallid]]<br /> | school_tradition = [[Athari]]<br /> | movement = [[Ahl-i Hadith]]<br /> | main_interests = <br /> | notable_ideas = <br /> | works = <br /> | founder = [[Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind]]<br /> | influences = <br /> | influenced =<br /> }}<br /> '''Abul Wafa Sanaullah Amritsari''' (12 June 1868 – 15 March 1948) was a [[British Indian]], later [[Pakistani]], [[Muslim]] scholar and a leading figure within the [[Ahl-e-Hadith]] movement who was active in the city of [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab]]. He was an alumnus of [[Mazahir Uloom]] and the [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]. He was a major [[antagonist]] of [[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]] and the early [[Ahmadiya]] movement. He served as the general secretary of the All India Jamiat-i-Ahl-i-Hadith from 1906 to 1947 and was the editor of the ''Ahl-e-Hadees'', a [[Magazine|weekly magazine]].<br /> <br /> ==Biography==<br /> Sanaullah Amritsari's ancestors hailed from [[Doru Shahabad]], a town in [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. He was born in 1868 in Amritsar, where his father had settled permanently.{{Sfn|Ahmad|2019|p=89}} He received his early education at Madrasa Ta'īd al-Islām in Amritsar,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; and later moved to [[Wazirabad]] to study hadith under Abdul Mannan Wazirabadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; He then studied with [[Syed Nazir Hussain]] in Delhi.{{Sfn|Tijarwi|2020|p=59}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| author = Adil Hussain Khan| title = From Sufism to Ahmadiyya: A Muslim Minority Movement in South Asia| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=C2DxBwAAQBAJ| year = 2015| publisher = Indiana University Press| isbn = 978-0253015297| page = 31 }}&lt;/ref&gt; He joined [[Mazahir Uloom]] for higher education and thereafter completed his studies at [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], where his teachers included [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;silk&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Deobandi |first1=Syed Muhammad Miyan |translator=Muhammadullah Qasmi |authorlink1=Syed Muhammad Miyan Deobandi |title=Silk Letters Movement |publisher=Shaikhul Hind Academy |location=[[Darul Uloom Deoband]] |page=208 |url=http://www.darululoom-deoband.com/urdu/books/tmp/1388990860%20Silk%20Letter%20Movement.pdf |accessdate=11 May 2020 |chapter=Sanaullah Molvi}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Rizwi|1981|p=45-46}}{{Sfn|Tijarwi|2020|p=59}} He had joined the Deoband seminary in 1890 to study logic, philosophy and Fiqh.{{Sfn|Rizwi|1981|p=45-46}} He subsequently attended the lectures of Aḥmad Ḥasan at the Madrasa Faiz-e-Aam, in [[Kanpur]].{{Sfn|Ahmad|2019|p=90}}<br /> <br /> Amritsari started his career with teaching at his alma mater Madrasa Ta'īd al-Islām in Amritsar, in 1893, and taught the books of [[Dars-i Nizami]].{{Sfn|Ahmad|2019|p=90}} He then became the director of education at the Madrasa Islamiyyah in [[Maler Kotla]].{{Sfn|Ahmad|2019|p=90}} He subsequently stepped into polemics and began debating the proponents of [[Arya Samaj]] and specially [[Ahmadism]].{{Sfn|Ahmad|2019|pp=90-91}} He established Ahl-e-Hadith Press in 1903 and published a weekly journal ''Ahl-e-Hadith'' which continued for about 44 years.{{Sfn|Rizwi|1981|p=45-46}} He was a leading figure of the [[Ahl-e-Hadith]] movement and served as the general secretary of All India Jamiat-i-Ahl-Hadith from 1906 to 1947.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Jaffrelot |first1=Christophe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k5NODwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=All+India+Ahl-i-Hadith+Conference&amp;pg=PT64 |title=Pan-Islamic Connections: Transnational Networks Between South Asia and the Gulf |last2=Louer |first2=Laurence |date=2018-01-15 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-091160-7 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ahlehadees.org/about-ahle-hadith-hadees/markazi-jamiat-ahle-hadees-hadith-history.html|title=Markazi Jamiat Ahle Hadees Hind|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012150100/http://ahlehadees.org/about-ahle-hadith-hadees/markazi-jamiat-ahle-hadees-hadith-history.html|archivedate=2017-10-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; He co-founded the [[Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind]] and had a rank of major general in Junud-e-Rabbania.{{Sfn|Rizwi|1981|p=45-46}} He was president of Anjuman Ahl-e-Hadith Punjab.&lt;ref name=&quot;silk&quot; /&gt; He was given the title ''Sher-e-Punjab'' for his services to Islam in Punjab.{{Sfn|Rizwi|1981|p=45-46}}<br /> <br /> Amritsari migrated to [[Gujranwala]], [[Pakistan]] after [[Partition of India]] in 1947 and died on 15 March 1948 in [[Sargodha]].{{Sfn|Rizwi|1981|p=45-46}}<br /> <br /> ==Literary works==<br /> Amritsari wrote pamphlets and books mostly in the refutation of [[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| author = Hamid Naseem Rafiabadi| title = Challenges to Religions and Islam: A Study of Muslim Movements, Personalities, Issues and Trends| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=WRMZ4Q4yezAC| year = 2007| publisher = Sarup &amp; Sons| isbn =978-81-7625-732-9| page =987}}&lt;/ref&gt; The most prominent of them is Tareekh-e-Mirza. (History of Mirza).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Tareekh E Mirza English Translation 1st Edition. |url=https://archive.org/details/tareekh-e-mirza-english-translation-1st-edition./page/n2/mode/1up |access-date=6 December 2025 |date=9 January 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Syed Mehboob Rizwi]] has mentioned ''Tafsir al-Quran be-Kalam al-Rahman'', ''Tafsir-e-Sanai'' and ''Taqabul-e-Salasa'' as his important works.{{Sfn|Rizwi|1981|p=45-46}}<br /> <br /> When [[Rangila Rasul]] was written on Islamic prophet Muhammad, Sanaullah Amritsari wrote ''[[:ur:مقدس رسول|Muqaddas Rasool]]'' as a reply to that book.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Muqaddas Rasool SanaUllah Amritsari Urdu Book|url=https://dokumen.tips/documents/muqaddas-rasool-sanaullahamritsari-urdu-book.html|access-date=2021-06-23|website=dokumen.tips|language=uz}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He also wrote the book &quot;[[:ur:حق پرکاش بجواب ستیارتھ پرکاش|Haq Prakash]]&quot; in answer to [[Dayananda Saraswati]]'s book &quot;[[Satyarth Prakash]]&quot;.<br /> <br /> ==Legacy==<br /> * Faz̤lurraḥmān bin Muḥammad wrote ''Hazrat Maulana Sanaullah Amritsari''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009999104|title=Hazrat Maulana Sanaullah Amritsari.|last=Faz̤lurraḥmān bin Muḥammad.|date=11 February 1988|via=HathiTrust|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211033730/https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009999104|archivedate=11 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Abdul Majid Sohdri wrote ''Seerat Sanai''.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> <br /> * [[Muhammad Hussain Batalvi]]<br /> * [[Muhammad Sulaiman Salman Mansoorpuri]]<br /> * [[Abdullah Ropari]]<br /> * [[Muhammad Ibrahim Mir Sialkoti]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> ===Citations===<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ===Bibliography===<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Adrawi |first1=Asir |author1-link=Asir Adrawi |title=Karwān-e-Rafta: Tazkirah Mashāhīr-e-Hind |trans-title= The Caravan of the Past: Discussing Indian scholars|date=April 2016 |publisher=Darul Muallifeen |location=Deoband |edition=2nd|language=ur}}<br /> * {{cite book |author-first=Syed Mehboob |author-last=Rizwi |author-link=Syed Mehboob Rizwi |translator= Murtaz Husain F. Quraishi |title=History of The Dar al-Ulum Deoband|volume=2|publisher=Idara-e-Ehtemam, [[Darul Uloom Deoband|Dar al-Ulum Deoband]]|pages = 45–46 |chapter = Maulana Sana Allah Amritsari |year=1981 |language=English}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Tijarwi |first1=Muhammad Mushtaq |title=Fuzala-e-Deoband ki Qur'ānī Khidmāt |date=2020 |publisher=Brown Book Publications |location=Aligarh |pages=59–65}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Ahmad |first1=Abrar |editor1-last=Ab. Majeed |editor1-first=Nazeer Ahmad |title=Quran Interpretation in Urdu: A Critical Study |date=2019 |publisher=Viva Books |location=New Delhi |pages=89–101 |chapter=Tafsīr Thanā'ī by Sanaullah Amritsari}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://ebooks.i360.pk/tafser-sanai/ Tafsir Sanai By Sanaullah Amritsari] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109015113/http://ebooks.i360.pk/tafser-sanai/ |date=9 January 2017 }}<br /> <br /> {{Islamism in South Asia}}<br /> {{Depictions of Muhammad}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Amritsari, Sanaullah}}<br /> [[Category:1868 births]]<br /> [[Category:1948 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Pakistani Salafis]]<br /> [[Category:Atharis]]<br /> [[Category:Pakistani Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]<br /> [[Category:Quranic exegesis scholars]]<br /> [[Category:Critics of Ahmadiyya]]<br /> [[Category:Pakistani people of Kashmiri descent]]<br /> [[Category:Darul Uloom Deoband alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Students of Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]]<br /> [[Category:Founders of Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind]]<br /> [[Category:Ahl-i Hadith people]]<br /> [[Category:Mazahir Uloom alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Hinduism and Islam]]</div>

SBS Khumancha https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sumit_Vats&diff=538192 2026-04-22T10:27:02Z

<p>SBS Khumancha: creating some article v1 - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1981)}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=August 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Sumit Vats<br /> | image = Sumit-Vats.jpg<br /> | caption = Vats in 2014.<br /> | native_name = सुमित वत्स<br /> | native_name_lang = Sanskrit, Hindi<br /> | pronunciation = <br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1981|03|17}}<br /> | birth_place = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/I-am-learning-to-cook-Sumit-Vats/articleshow/11538123.cms I am learning to cook: Sumit Vats]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | other_names = Rishi, Ricky Diwan<br /> | citizenship = Indian<br /> | education = Masters in Journalism (MJMC)<br /> | alma_mater = Bhartiya Vidya Bhavan<br /> | occupation = Actor<br /> | years_active = 2009 – Present<br /> | known_for = Acting lead role in Zee tv's daily soap opera &quot;Hitler didi&quot;<br /> | notable_works = Rishi Kumar in Hitler didi<br /> Happy Singh in Ram-Ratan(Bollywood Movie)<br /> | height = {{height|cm=174}}<br /> | television = Hitler didi, Ajab gajab ghar jamai, C.I.D(Sony tv), Karol bagh, Mukti-bandhan, Surya-The super cop<br /> | title = Kirayedar(Rishi Kumar), Rishi bhaiya, R.K., Mr.Jugadu, Mr. Shayar, Kulfiwala, Kanji aankh wala, Dubhashiya<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Sumit Vats''' (born 17 March 1981) is an Indian actor. He is known for playing the lead role of Rishi in [[Hitler Didi]] on [[Zee TV]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Rishi to marry Zaara in Hitler Didi | url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-12/tv/36295768_1_sumit-vats-rati-pandey-trilogy-krikos-hitler-didi | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130203034335/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-12/tv/36295768_1_sumit-vats-rati-pandey-trilogy-krikos-hitler-didi | url-status = dead | archive-date = 3 February 2013 |date=12 January 2013| work = [[The Times of India]] | accessdate = 25 January 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/every-scene-in-hitler-didi-offers-something-new-sumit_130956.html Every scene in 'Hitler Didi' offers something new: Sumit]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/rati-pandey-calls-sumit-vats-master-prankster_103158.html Rati Pandey calls Sumit Vats master prankster]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> Sumit was born on 17 March 1982 (confirmed by Sumit Vats) and brought up in Delhi. He did his graduation from [[Bhagat Singh College, Delhi]] and his postgraduation in journalism from [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]].&lt;ref name=toi&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20131215045105/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-23/tv/31813710_1_bharatiya-vidya-bhavan-food-and-family-rishi Sumit Vats reveals his love for Delhi – Times Of India]&lt;/ref&gt; After his last show Ajab Gajab Ghar Jamai aired on 13 feb 2015 on big magic Sumit became disappear from TV industry and his interests moved him towards Indian philosophy and spirituality. Sumit became very much philosophic and spiritual as well as he inclined towards literature. By his social media and Instagram posts one can easily understand his deep interest in philosophy, spirituality and literature. Sumit Vats got tremendous popularity by playing the character of &quot;Rishi Kumar&quot; in his Zee TV's daily soap opera [[Hitler Didi]]. He showed his great acting skills in the show. Sumit has chosen to stay away from the glamour and stardom of the film and TV industry. Sumit seemed to develop deep inclination towards Osho [[Rajneesh]] and Lord [[Gautama Buddha]] philosophy. His last work as an actor could be seen in the Bollywood movie [[Ramratan]] released on 6 October 2017 in which he played the role of Happy Singh.<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Sumit made his career with the role of Dwarak in ''Kashi – Ab Na Rahe Tera Kagaz Kora'' on [[Imagine TV]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/sumit-vats-has-girlfriend-woes_102799.html Sumit Vats has 'girlfriend woes']&lt;/ref&gt; He also played in ''[[12/24 Karol Bagh]]'' as Raman on [[Zee TV]], ''[[Surya The Super Cop]]'' as Investigating Officer Chirag on [[Sony TV]] and ''[[Mukti Bandhan]]'' on [[Colors TV]] as Jimmy &amp; Chintoo Chautala in [[BIG Magic]]'s show ''Ajab Gajab Ghar Jamai''.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/big-magic-announces-new-show-ajab-gajab-ghar-jamai%E2%80%99-140503 Sumit Vats turns Ghar Jamai]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/sunny-leone-to-co-host-mtv-splitsvilla/ Sumit Vats has been roped in to play the character of Chintoo Singh Chautala in BIG MAGIC’s upcoming show]&lt;/ref&gt; His daily soap opera ''Hitler didi'' (Sister Hitler) aired on Zee TV from 7 November 2011 to 2 August 2013 and was dubbed in Arabic, French, and English. The Arabic version aired on Zee Aflam in Dubai and the Middle East from 18 December 2014. Vats plays the role of 'Happy Singh' in the Bollywood movie ''[[Ramratan]]'', released on 6 October 2017.He also appeared in [[The Big Bull]] as a Hari vyas.<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> <br /> ===Television===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Show<br /> ! Role<br /> ! Channel<br /> ! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | 2009<br /> | ''[[12/24 Karol Bagh]]''<br /> |Groom's Friend in Marriage (Cameo Role only Episode No 6)<br /> | [[Zee TV]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2010<br /> | ''Kashi – Ab Na Rahe Tera Kagaz Kora''<br /> | Dwarak<br /> | [[Imagine TV]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2011<br /> | ''[[Surya The Super Cop]]''<br /> | Chirag<br /> | [[Sony India|Sony TV]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2011<br /> | ''[[Mukti Bandhan]]''<br /> | Jimmy Jockey<br /> | [[Colors TV]]<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.techtipspro.com/2011/05/sumit-vats-as-jimmy-jockey-in-mukti.html Sumit as Jimmy Jockey in Mukti]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2011–2013<br /> | ''[[Hitler Didi]]''<br /> |Rishi Kumar /Ricky Diwan<br /> | [[Zee TV]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Rishi &amp; Zaara to come face to face in Hitler Didi| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-24/tv/34060622_1_sangam-episode-sumit-vats-trilogy-krikos | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130518004913/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-24/tv/34060622_1_sangam-episode-sumit-vats-trilogy-krikos | url-status = dead | archive-date = 18 May 2013 |date=24 September 2012| work = [[The Times of India]]| accessdate = 25 January 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2014–2015<br /> | Ajab Gajab Ghar Jamai<br /> |Chintoo Chautala<br /> | [[BIG Magic|Big Magic]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/sumit-vats-turns-ghar-jamaai-himani-shivpuri-dominate-men-big-magics-next-569 Sumit as ghar jamai]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Films===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Title <br /> ! Role<br /> ! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | 2017<br /> | ''[[Ramratan]]''<br /> | Happy Singh<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2021<br /> | ''[[The Big Bull]]''<br /> | Hari Vyas<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Awards==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE;&quot; | Year<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE;&quot; | Award<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE;&quot; | Category<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE;&quot; | Role<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE;&quot; | Show<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE;&quot; | Result<br /> |-<br /> |2011<br /> |[[Zee Rishtey Awards]]<br /> |Favourite Nayi Jodi<br /> |Rishi and Indira<br /> |[[Hitler Didi]]<br /> |{{won}}<br /> |-<br /> |2012<br /> |[[Indian Telly Awards]]<br /> |[[Indian Telly Award for Fresh New Face - Male|Fresh New Face – Male]]<br /> |Rishi<br /> |[[Hitler Didi]]<br /> |{{nom}}&lt;ref&gt;[tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k13/poll/winners.php &quot;Telly awards 2012 Popular Awards nominees and winners&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2013<br /> |[[Indian Telly Awards]]<br /> |[[Indian Telly Award for Best Actor in a Lead Role|Best Actor in a Lead Role – Jury]]<br /> |Rishi<br /> |[[Hitler Didi]]<br /> |{{nom}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k13/poll/personality_awards.php &quot;Telly awards 2013 Jury Awards nominees and winners&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category|Sumit Vats}}<br /> *{{IMDb name|5705430}}<br /> <br /> {{Indian Telly Award Best Lead Actor}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Vats, Sumit}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:1982 births]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male soap opera actors]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors from Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male television actors]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors from New Delhi]]</div>

SBS Khumancha https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaijaipur_Assembly_constituency&diff=505267 2026-04-19T19:27:39Z

<p>SBS Khumancha: New</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Chhattisgarh State, India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Jaijaipur<br /> | mla = Baleshwar Sahu<br /> | party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> | state = [[Chhattisgarh]]<br /> | district = [[Janjgir-Champa district|Janjgir-Champa]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Janjgir-Champa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Janjgir-Champa]]<br /> | established = 2008<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | electors = {{formatnum:249202}}&lt;ref name=election2023&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=26 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{update after|2029|1}}<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br /> | constituency_no = 37<br /> | map_image= Jaijaipur Assembly constituency map.svg<br /> }}<br /> '''Jaijaipur''' is one of the 90 [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Chhattisgarh]] state in [[India]].&lt;ref name=ceoMap&gt;{{cite web |url=https://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/en/new-maps-assembly-constituency |title=New Maps of Assembly Constituency |website=ceochhattisgarh.nic.in |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It comprises Jaijaipur [[tehsil]] and parts of Champa tehsil and Malkhroda tehsil, all in [[Janjgir–Champa district|Janjgir-Champa]] district.&lt;ref name=delimitation2008&gt;{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&amp;type=order&amp;filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Election<br /> !Name<br /> !colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;4&quot; |''Before 2008: Constituency did not exist''<br /> |-<br /> |[[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]&lt;ref name=&quot;election2008&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=State Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3883-chhattisgarh-2008/ |accessdate=31 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | Mahant Ramsunder Das<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]&lt;ref name=&quot;election2013&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3884-chhattisgarh-2013/ |title=State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate= 31 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Keshaw Prasad Chandra|Keshav Prasad Chandra]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]&lt;ref name=election2018/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/chhattisgarh/constituency-show/jaijaipur | title=Jaijaipur Constituency Election Results 2023: Jaijaipur Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates &amp; Winner | website=[[The Times of India]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[Baleshwar Sahu]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Election results ==<br /> <br /> === 2023 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election, 2023]]: Jaijaipur&lt;ref name=election2023/&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[Baleshwar Sahu]]<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = 76,747<br /> |percentage = 44.04<br /> |change = +19.32<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Krishna Kant Chandra|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=50,825|percentage=29.16|change=+1.56}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Keshaw Prasad Chandra|Keshav Prasad Chandra]]|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=26,877|percentage=15.42|change=-26.07}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Om Prakash Banjare|party=Independent politician|votes=10,405|percentage=5.97|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Tekchand Chandra|party=Janta Congress Chhattisgarh|votes=3,330|percentage=1.91|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Durgalal Kewat|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=1,852|percentage=1.06|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=840|percentage=0.48|change=-0.50}}<br /> {{Election box majority||votes=25,922|percentage=14.88|change=+0.99}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=174,274|percentage=69.93|change=+1.71}}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |loser = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2018 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Jaijaipur&lt;ref name=election2018&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9643-statistical-data-of-general-election-to-chhatisgarh-assembly/ |title=Statistical data of General Election to Chhatisgarh Assembly - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[Keshaw Prasad Chandra|Keshav Prasad Chandra]]<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |votes = 64,774<br /> |percentage = 41.49<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Kailash Sahu<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = 43,087<br /> |percentage = 27.60<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Anil Kumar Chandra<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = 38,594<br /> |percentage = 24.72<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[None of the Above]]<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |votes = 1527<br /> |percentage = 0.98<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 21,687<br /> |percentage = 13.89<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 156,125<br /> |percentage = 68.22<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> * [[Janjgir-Champa district]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|21.83|82.82|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Janjgir-Champa district]]<br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Chhattisgarh]]<br /> [[Category:2008 establishments in Chhattisgarh]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]</div>

SBS Khumancha https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gurdwara_Sri_Ber_Sahib&diff=501503 2026-04-19T16:28:04Z

<p>SBS Khumancha: starting a post</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Gurdwara in Punjab, India}}{{Distinguish|Gurdwara Beri Sahib|text=[[Gurdwara Beri Sahib]] in Sialkot}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox religious building<br /> | building_name = Gurdwara Sri Ber Sahib<br /> | infobox_width = <br /> | image = Ber Sahib.jpg<br /> | image_size = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Gurdwara Ber Sahib<br /> {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|type=point|zoom=15|frame-align=center|frame-width=220}}<br /> | map_type = <br /> | map_size = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | district = [[Kapurthala district|Kapurthala]]<br /> | location = [[Sultanpur Lodhi]]<br /> | geo = {{coord|31.2165|75.1850|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br /> | latitude = <br /> | longitude = <br /> | religious_affiliation = [[Sikhism]]<br /> | deity = [[Waheguru]]<br /> | rite = <br /> | festival = [[Guru Nanak Gurpurab]]<br /> | state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]<br /> | country = {{flag|India}}<br /> | consecration_year = <br /> | heritage_designation = <br /> | website = <br /> | architecture = yes<br /> | architect = <br /> | architecture_type = [[Gurdwara]]<br /> | architecture_style = [[Sikh architecture]]<br /> | founded_by = [[Maharaja Jagatjit Singh]]<br /> | groundbreaking = <br /> | construction_cost = <br /> | specifications = <br /> | capacity = <br /> | length = <br /> | width = <br /> | materials = <br /> | nrhp = <br /> | added = <br /> | refnum = <br /> | designated = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Gurdwara Sri Ber Sahib''' is a [[gurdwara]] in the city of [[Sultanpur Lodhi]], [[Kapurthala district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India, situated on the banks of [[Kali Bein]] rivulet. It commemorates the place where [[Guru Nanak Dev]], the first [[Sikh gurus|Sikh guru]], had a mystical experience leading to his founding of the [[Sikhi|Sikh religion]].<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> {{further|History of Sikhism}}<br /> According to the traditional ''[[janamsakhis]]'' (birth narratives) of Guru Nanak, in 1499 at the age of 30 he travelled to Kali Bein to bathe. When he failed to return home, people gathered at the site and saw him emerge from beneath the water three days later, saying &quot;There is no Hindu, there is no Muslim.&quot; Guru Nanak planted a [[jujube|jujube tree]] (called ''ber'' in some Indian languages) at the site, after which the Gurdwara would later be named.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Bhupender|title=Baba Nanak Shah Fakir|page=95}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The gurdwara which now stands at the site was built by [[Maharaja]] Jagjit Singh of Kapurthala. Its cornerstone was laid in 1937 or 1938 and it was finally completed in 1941 or 42.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gurdwara Sri Ber Sahib Sultanpur Lodhi {{!}} Discover Sikhism |url=https://www.discoversikhism.com/sikh_gurdwaras/gurdwara_sri_ber_sahib_sultanpur_lodhi.html |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=www.discoversikhism.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Randhir|first=G.S.|title=Sikh Shrines in India|page=32|date=1990}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Sultanpur Lodhi]]<br /> *[[Gurdwara Baba Bakala Sahib]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Sikhism}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Sahib, Gurdwara Sri Ber}}<br /> [[Category:Gurdwaras in Punjab, India]]<br /> [[Category:Sikh architecture]]<br /> [[Category:Sikh places]]<br /> [[Category:Architecture in India]]<br /> [[Category:Kapurthala district]]</div>

SBS Khumancha https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Janet_Harvey_Kelman&diff=505668 2026-04-18T20:30:34Z

<p>SBS Khumancha: Stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description |Scottish illustrator, writer, educator (1873–1957)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates |date=April 2025}}<br /> '''Janet Harvey Kelman''' (18 April 1873 – 15 November 1957) was a Scottish writer and illustrator. She was also director of a [[YWCA]] training college in [[Selly Oak|Selly Oak, Birmingham]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=13 April 1926 |title=Training for the Y.W.C.A. |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article74287983 |accessdate=21 August 2024 |newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]] |location=South Australia |page=19 |via=[[National Library of Australia]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-06-28 |title=Janet Harvey Kelman {{!}} Historical SciArt |url=https://histsciart.com/2017/03/14/janet-harvey-kelman/ |access-date=2024-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628032534/https://histsciart.com/2017/03/14/janet-harvey-kelman/ |archive-date=2023-06-28 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Life ==<br /> [[File:Butterflies_and_moths_BHL42193502.jpg|thumb]]<br /> Janet Harvey Kelman was born in [[Leith|Leith, Scotland]], on 18 April 1873, the daughter of Margaret Harper Urquhart and John Kelman, a reverend. Her brother, John Kelman, became a [[United Free Church of Scotland]] minister, and a published writer.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1923, Kelman published ''Labour in India: A Study of the Conditions of Indian Women in Modern Industry''. The work was based on sixteen months Kelman spent in India, funded by a research fellowship from [[Selly Oak Colleges]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Kelman |first=Janet Harvey |url=https://archive.org/details/labourinindiastu00kelmuoft/labourinindiastu00kelmuoft/page/6/mode/2up |title=Labour in India: A Study of the Cconditions of Indian Women in Modern Industry |date=1923 |publisher=London: [[G. Allen &amp; Unwin]]; New York: [[G.H. Doran]] |others=Robarts - [[University of Toronto]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1926, Kelman was appointed director of the newly opened YWCA training school for leaders in social and religious work, in Selly Oak, Birmingham.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> As well as works on natural history, Kelman published books on Christianity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Janet Harvey Kelman died on 15 November 1957, and was buried at [[Grange Cemetery]], [[Edinburgh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=18 November 1957 |title=Deaths |work= [[Birmingham Daily Post]] |pages=6}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Bibliography ==<br /> * ''Stories from Chaucer: Told to the Children'' (London, 1906)<br /> * ''The Story of Chalmers of New Guinea'' (London, 1906)<br /> * ''The Sea-shore: Shown to the Children'' (London, 1907)<br /> * ''Butterflies and Moths: Shown to the Children'' (London &amp; Edinburgh, 1909)<br /> * ''Flowers: Shown to the Children'' (London, 1910)<br /> * ''Trees: Shown to the Children'' (London, c. 1910)<br /> * ''Labour in India: A Study of the Conditions of Indian Women in Modern Industry'' (London &amp; New York, 1923)<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{wikiquote}}<br /> {{commonscat}}<br /> <br /> * [https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=au=%22Kelman%2C%20Janet%20Harvey%22 Janet Harvey Kelman] on [[WorldCat]]<br /> * [https://archive.org/search?query=creator%3A%22Kelman%2C+Janet+Harvey%22 Works by Janet Harvey Kelman] at [[Internet Archive]]<br /> * [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/40385?sort_order=title Janet Harvey Kelman] at [[Project Gutenberg]]<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Kelman, Janet Harvey}} <br /> [[Category:1873 births]]<br /> [[Category:1957 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century British illustrators]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Scottish non-fiction writers]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Scottish women educators]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Scottish educators]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Scottish women writers]]<br /> [[Category:Artists from Birmingham, West Midlands]]<br /> [[Category:Artists from Edinburgh]]<br /> [[Category:Burials at the Grange Cemetery]]<br /> [[Category:People from Leith]]<br /> [[Category:People from Selly Oak]]<br /> [[Category:Scottish Christian writers]]<br /> [[Category:Scottish expatriates in India]]<br /> [[Category:Scottish nature writers]]<br /> [[Category:Scottish women illustrators]]<br /> [[Category:Scottish women non-fiction writers]]<br /> [[Category:Writers from Birmingham, West Midlands]]<br /> [[Category:Writers from Edinburgh]]<br /> [[Category:YMCA leaders]]</div>

SBS Khumancha https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Betel_nut_chewing&diff=490551 2026-04-18T08:09:48Z

<p>SBS Khumancha: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Preparation of betel leaf and areca nut}}<br /> {{Redirect|Paan|the city in Myanmar|Pa-an}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=September 2013}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}<br /> [[File:Betel 1.jpg|thumb|''[[Ghiyath Shah|Ghiyas al-Din]] eats a betel chew'', illustration from the ''[[Nimatnama-i-Nasiruddin-Shahi]]''. [[Malwa Sultanate|Malwa]], {{Circa|1500}}. [[British Library]]]]<br /> [[File:Paan60.jpg|thumb|The items used in a chewing session. The [[betel|betel leaves]] are folded. Slices of the dry [[areca nut]] are on the upper left. Slices of the tender areca nut are on the upper right. The pouch on the right has tobacco, an optional element. On the lower right, there are dried [[cloves]].]]<br /> [[File:Betel leaves at a market in Mandalay, Myanmar.JPG|thumb|Betel leaves at a market in [[Mandalay]], [[Myanmar]]]]<br /> {{Contains special characters|Burmese}}<br /> <br /> '''Betel nut chewing''', also called '''betel quid chewing''' or '''areca nut chewing''', is a practice in which [[areca nut]]s (also called &quot;betel nuts&quot;) are chewed together with [[slaked lime]] and [[betel leaves]] for their [[stimulant]] and [[narcotic]] effects, the primary psychoactive compound being [[arecoline]]. The practice is widespread in [[Southeast Asia]], [[Micronesia]], [[Island Melanesia]], and [[South Asia]]. It is also found among both [[Han Chinese]] immigrants and indigenous peoples of [[Taiwan]], [[Madagascar]], and parts of southern China. It was introduced to the [[Caribbean]] in colonial times.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHOCancer&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=IARC Working Group |url=http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol85/mono85.pdf |title=Betel-quid and areca-nut chewing and some areca-nut-derived Nitrosamines |publisher=The World Health Organization |isbn=978-92-832-1585-1 |access-date=13 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329043217/http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol85/mono85.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2018 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/1010539513486921 |pmid=23666841 |title=Betel Quid Chewing Without Tobacco – A Meta-analysis of Carcinogenic and Precarcinogenic Effects |journal=Asia-Pac J Public Health |year=2013 |last1=Song |first1=Han |last2=Wan |first2=Yi |last3=Xu |first3=Yong-Yong |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=NP47–NP57 |s2cid=21395319}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The preparation combining the areca nut, [[slaked lime]], and betel (''Piper betle'') leaves is known as a '''betel quid''' (also called '''''paan''''' or ''pan'' in South Asia), but the exact composition of the mixture varies geographically.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Cirillo |first1=Nicola |last2=Duong |first2=Peter Hung |last3=Er |first3=Wee Teng |last4=Do |first4=Casey Thao Nhi |last5=De Silva |first5=Manikkuwadura Eranda Harshan |last6=Dong |first6=Yining |last7=Cheong |first7=Sok Ching |last8=Sari |first8=Elizabeth Fitriana |last9=McCullough |first9=Michael J. |last10=Zhang |first10=Pangzhen |last11=Prime |first11=Stephen S. |date=2022-05-02 |title=Are There Betel Quid Mixtures Less Harmful than Others? A Scoping Review of the Association between Different Betel Quid Ingredients and the Risk of Oral Submucous Fibrosis |journal=Biomolecules |volume=12 |issue=5 |page=664 |doi=10.3390/biom12050664 |issn=2218-273X |pmc=9138976 |pmid=35625592 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; It can sometimes include other substances for flavoring and to freshen the breath, like [[coconut]], [[Date palm|dates]], sugar, [[menthol]], [[saffron]], [[cloves]], [[aniseed]], [[cardamom]], and many others. The areca nut can be replaced with tobacco or the two chewed together, and the [[betel leaves]] can be excluded. In [[Western New Guinea|West Papua]], the leaf may be replaced with stem and inflorescence of the ''Piper betle'' plant.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Sari |first1=Elizabeth Fitriana |last2=Prayogo |first2=Grace Puspita |last3=Loo |first3=Yit Tao |last4=Zhang |first4=Pangzhen |last5=McCullough |first5=Michael John |last6=Cirillo |first6=Nicola |date=2020-10-01 |title=Distinct phenolic, alkaloid and antioxidant profile in betel quids from four regions of Indonesia |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=16254 |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-73337-0 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=7529777 |pmid=33004929}}&lt;/ref&gt; The preparation is not swallowed but is spat out after chewing. Chewing results in permanent red stains on the teeth after prolonged use. The spit from chewing betel nuts, which also results in red stains, is often regarded as unhygienic and an eyesore in public facilities in certain countries.&lt;ref name=WHOCancer/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PNGIndustryNews.net – Betel nut: underground economies |url=http://www.pngindustrynews.net/storyView.asp?storyID=9638493&amp;section=Government&amp;sectionsource=s195&amp;aspdsc=yes |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20161022021734/http://www.pngindustrynews.net/storyView.asp?storyID=9638493&amp;section=Government&amp;sectionsource=s195&amp;aspdsc=yes |archive-date=2016-10-22 |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=www.pngindustrynews.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;phlc&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Risks of Betel Quid &amp; Tobacco Use |date=July 2017 |publisher=Public Health Law Center, Tobacco Control Legal Consortium |url=https://publichealthlawcenter.org/sites/default/files/resources/Health-Risks-Betel-Quid-and-Tobacco-2017.pdf |access-date=28 April 2022 |archive-date=9 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509132740/https://publichealthlawcenter.org/sites/default/files/resources/Health-Risks-Betel-Quid-and-Tobacco-2017.pdf |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Betel nut chewing is addictive and causes adverse health effects, mainly [[oral cancer|oral]] and [[esophageal cancer]]s, and cardiovascular disease.&lt;ref name=&quot;phlc&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHOCancer&quot; /&gt; When chewed with additional tobacco in its preparation (like in [[gutka]]), there is an even higher risk, especially for oral and [[oropharyngeal cancer]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gormley2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Gormley |first1=Mark |last2=Creaney |first2=Grant |last3=Schache |first3=Andrew |last4=Ingarfield |first4=Kate |last5=Conway |first5=David I. |date=2022-11-11 |title=Reviewing the epidemiology of head and neck cancer: definitions, trends and risk factors |journal=British Dental Journal |language=en |volume=233 |issue=9 |pages=780–786 |doi=10.1038/s41415-022-5166-x |issn=0007-0610 |pmc=9652141 |pmid=36369568}}&lt;/ref&gt; With tobacco it also raises the risk of fatal [[coronary artery disease]], fatal stroke,&lt;ref name=&quot;VidyasagaranSiddiqi2016&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Vidyasagaran |first1=A. L. |last2=Siddiqi |first2=K. |last3=Kanaan |first3=M. |year=2016 |title=Use of smokeless tobacco and risk of cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis |url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/101100/1/EJPC_D_16_00085_R1_2016.pdf |journal=European Journal of Preventive Cardiology |volume=23 |issue=18 |pages=1970–1981 |doi=10.1177/2047487316654026 |issn=2047-4873 |pmid=27256827 |s2cid=206820997}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gupta2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=Ruchika |last2=Gupta |first2=Sanjay |last3=Sharma |first3=Shashi |last4=Sinha |first4=Dhirendra N |last5=Mehrotra |first5=Ravi |date=2019-01-01 |title=Risk of Coronary Heart Disease Among Smokeless Tobacco Users: Results of Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Global Data |url=https://academic.oup.com/ntr/article/21/1/25/4793346 |journal=Nicotine &amp; Tobacco Research |language=en |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=25–31 |doi=10.1093/ntr/nty002 |issn=1469-994X |pmc=6941711 |pmid=29325111}}&lt;/ref&gt; and adverse reproductive effects including [[stillbirth]], [[Preterm birth|premature birth]] and [[low birth weight]].&lt;ref name=&quot;VidyasagaranSiddiqi20163&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Vidyasagaran |first1=A. L. |last2=Siddiqi |first2=K. |last3=Kanaan |first3=M. |year=2016 |title=Use of smokeless tobacco and risk of cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis |url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/101100/1/EJPC_D_16_00085_R1_2016.pdf |journal=European Journal of Preventive Cardiology |volume=23 |issue=18 |pages=1970–1981 |doi=10.1177/2047487316654026 |issn=2047-4873 |pmid=27256827 |s2cid=206820997}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The practice of betel nut chewing originated in Southeast Asia, where the plant ingredients are native. The oldest evidence of betel nut chewing is found in a burial pit in the [[Duyong Cave]] site of the [[Philippines]], an area where [[Areca catechu|areca palm]]s were native, dated to around 4,630±250 [[Before Present|BP]]. Its diffusion is closely tied to the [[Neolithic]] expansion of the [[Austronesian peoples]]. It was spread to the Indo-Pacific during prehistoric times, reaching [[Micronesia]] at 3,500 to 3,000 BP, [[Near Oceania]] at 3,400 to 3,000 BP; [[South India]] and [[Sri Lanka]] by 3,500 BP; [[Mainland Southeast Asia]] by 3,000 to 2,500 BP; [[Northern India]] by 1500 BP; and [[Madagascar]] by 600 BP. From India it spread westwards to [[Persia]] and the [[Mediterranean]]. It was present in the [[Lapita culture]], based on archaeological remains dated from 3,600 to 2,500 BP, but it was not carried into [[Polynesia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Zumbroich2007&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Zumbroich |first1=Thomas J. |date=2007–2008 |title=The origin and diffusion of betel chewing: a synthesis of evidence from South Asia, Southeast Asia and beyond |url=https://ugp.rug.nl/eJIM/article/download/24712/22162 |url-status=live |journal=eJournal of Indian Medicine |volume=1 |pages=87–140 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323014003/https://ugp.rug.nl/eJIM/article/download/24712/22162 |archive-date=23 March 2019 |access-date=22 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Culture==<br /> [[File:Arecanutconsum1.PNG|thumb|350px|A map of global betel leaf and areca nut consumption {{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}]]<br /> One of the earliest firsthand accounts of betel nut chewing by western authors was from [[Ibn Battuta]]. He describes this practice as follows:{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}<br /> {{blockquote|text=The betel is a tree which is cultivated in the same manner as the grape-vine; ... The betel has no fruit and is grown only for the sake of its leaves ... The manner of its use is that before eating it one takes areca nut; this is like a nutmeg but is broken up until it is reduced to small pellets, and one places these in his mouth and chews them. Then he takes the leaves of betel, puts a little chalk on them, and masticates them along with the betel.}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Various Philippine animals and plants frame 2, detail from Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Yslas Filipinas.jpg|thumb|Detail from the [[Murillo Velarde map]] ({{circa|1734}}) of the [[Philippines]], showing an [[areca palm]] with fruits, captioned ''Bongas con que se hace el buyo de que usa todo genero de gentes mascádolo como tabaco'' (&quot;Fruits from which one makes ''buyo'', which is used by every sort of people, who chew it like tobacco&quot;)]]<br /> An early European description of betel chewing is from the [[Magellan Expedition]] to the [[Philippines]] in 1521. [[Antonio Pigafetta]] describes the practice of betel nut chewing among the natives of the [[Rajahnate of Butuan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Nowell&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=C. E. |year=1962 |title=Magellan's Voyage Around the World |chapter=Antonio Pigafetta's account |location=Evanston |publisher=Northwestern University Press |oclc=347382 |hdl=2027/mdp.39015008001532 }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|146}}<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|text=Those people are constantly chewing a fruit which they call &quot;''areca''&quot;, and which resembles a pear. They cut that fruit into four parts, and then wrap it in the leaves of their tree [sic] which they call &quot;''betre''&quot;. Those leaves resemble the leaves of the mulberry. They mix it with a little lime, and when they have chewed it thoroughly, they spit it out. It makes the mouth exceedingly red. All the people in those parts of the world use it, for it is very cooling to the heart, and if they ceased to use it they would die.<br /> |author=[[Antonio Pigafetta]]<br /> |source=''Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo'' (1521)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Betel quid chewing constitutes an important and popular cultural activity in many Asian and Oceanic countries, including [[Bangladesh]], [[Myanmar]], [[Cambodia]], the [[Solomon Islands]], [[Thailand]], the [[Philippines]], [[Laos]], and [[Culture of Vietnam|Vietnam]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.epistola.com/sfowler/scholar/scholar-betel.html |title=Archaeological evidence from Thailand, Indonesia and the Philippines. |access-date=17 August 2008 |archive-date=24 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024134636/http://www.epistola.com/sfowler/scholar/scholar-betel.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Chewing betel was once common in [[Malaysia]], but the practice has long since died out. Betel nut kits (''tepak sirih'') made of silver and other precious metals, once featured in royal regalia and presented as wedding gifts, have become collector's items, and a ''tepak sirih'' set is featured on the 1989–2012 series Malaysian 20-sen coin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://badanwarisanmalaysia.org/tag/tepak-sirih/ |title=Tepak sirih – © 2023 BADAN WARISAN MALAYSIA. All rights reserved |date=5 July 2017 |access-date=22 October 2023 |archive-date=2 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102011734/https://badanwarisanmalaysia.org/tag/tepak-sirih/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In urban areas, paan is generally considered a nuisance because some chewers spit the betel quid juice out in public areas. The combination of ingredients when chewed is known to make a colourful stain. This is becoming an unwanted eyesore in Indian cities such as Mumbai. This is also common in some of the Persian Gulf countries, such as the UAE and Qatar, where many Indians live. In 2008 the Dubai government banned the import and sale of betel quid and the like.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Sengupta |first=Joy |date=9 October 2008 |title=Selling Betel Leaves? You'll be Deported Immediately |url=http://khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticleNew.asp?section=theuae&amp;xfile=data/theuae/2008/october/theuae_october191.xml |newspaper=KhaleejTimes.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090915204244/http://khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticleNew.asp?section=theuae&amp;xfile=data%2Ftheuae%2F2008%2Foctober%2Ftheuae_october191.xml |archive-date=15 September 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to traditional [[Ayurvedic medicine]], chewing betel leaf is a remedy against bad breath ([[halitosis]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Pattnaik |first=Naveen |date=1993 |title=The Garden of Life: An Introduction to the Healing Plants of India |url=https://archive.org/details/gardenoflifeintr00patn/page/70 |publisher=Doubleday |page=[https://archive.org/details/gardenoflifeintr00patn/page/70 70] |isbn=978-0-385-42469-1 |url-access=registration }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Cambodia, Laos and Thailand===<br /> The chewing of the product is part of the [[culture of Cambodia]], [[culture of Laos|Laos]], and [[culture of Thailand|Thailand]]. Cultivation of areca nut palm and betel leaves is common in rural areas of these countries, being a traditional [[cash crop]], and the utensils used for preparation are often treasured. Now, many young people have given up the habit, especially in urban areas, but many, especially older people, still keep to the tradition.{{Citation needed|date=July 2017}}<br /> {{gallery |width=150 |height=110 |align=center<br /> |File:2013 Wat Suan Tan 02.jpg|A statue of a hermit with an offering of betel quid from [[Thailand]]<br /> |File:Siam Society - Bangkok - 2017-07-25 (052).jpg|A Betel preparation kit in [[Bangkok]], Thailand<br /> |File:Lao woman chewing paan.jpg|A woman in Southern Laos with the characteristic red-stained teeth and gums from chewing betel nut<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===Bangladesh===<br /> In [[Bangladesh]], ''paan'' is chewed throughout the country by all classes and is an important element of Bangladeshi culture. It is the Bangladeshi 'chewing gum', and usually for chewing, a few slices of the betel nut are wrapped in a betel leaf, almost always with sliced areca nuts and often with calcium hydroxide (slaked lime), and may include cinnamon, clove, cardamom, catechu (khoyer), grated coconut and other spices for extra flavouring. As it is chewed, the peppery taste is savoured, along with the warm feeling and alertness it gives, similar to drinking a fresh cup of coffee.<br /> [[File:Whole and sliced Areca nut with other betel nut chewing components from Bangladesh.jpg|thumb|Whole and sliced areca nut with other betel nut chewing components from a Bangladeshi bazar]]<br /> <br /> Paan-shupari (shupari for areca nut) is a veritable Bangladeshi archetypal imagery, employed in wide-ranging contexts. Prior to British rule, it was chewed without tobacco, and it is still rarely chewed with tobacco. Betel leaves are arranged aesthetically on a decorated plate called [[Paan dan|paandani]]. During the [[zamindari]] age, paan preparation and the style of garnishing it on a plate (paandani) was indeed a recognised folk art.<br /> <br /> In Bangladesh paan is traditionally chewed not only as a habit but also as an item of rituals, etiquette and manners. On formal occasions offering paan symbolized the time for departure. In festivals and dinners, in pujas and punyas paan is an indispensable item. Hindus make use of paans as offerings in worship.<br /> <br /> Dhakai Khilipan, a ready pack of betel leaf processed in Dhaka is famous in the sub-continent. Old Dhakaites have a rich heritage of creating the best khili paan with many complexes, colourful, aromatic and flavorful ingredients. Although 'paan' has been a staple Bengali custom for ages, a number of high-end stores with premium quality paan has become available in recent times. Paan Supari is perhaps the first such brand, which offers a wide range of khili paan. They also offer a khili paan for diabetic patients called the &quot;paan afsana&quot;.<br /> <br /> It has become a ritual, tradition and culture of Bangladeshi society. Adult women gather with paandani&lt;ref name=&quot;pandani&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Karim |first=ASM Enayet |year=2012 |chapter=Pan1 |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Pan1 |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |access-date=15 March 2016 |archive-date=18 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318013354/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Pan1 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; along with friends and relatives in leisure time.<br /> <br /> Total cultivated area under the crop in Bangladesh is about 14,175 ha and the total annual production is about 72,500 tons. The average yield per acre is 2.27 tons. There are usually three crops during the twelve months, and they are locally called by the name of the respective months in which they are harvested. Paan leaf is usually plucked in ''Kartik'' (October), ''Phalgun'' (February) and ''Ashad'' (June). The ''Kartik paan'' is considered by consumers to be the best and ''Ashad paan'' the worst. When plucking, it is a rule to leave at least sixteen leaves on the vine.&lt;ref name=&quot;pandani&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Different varieties of betel leaf are grown, and the quality differs in shape, bleaching quality, softness, pungency and aroma of leaf. ''Tamakh paan'', a betel leaf blended with tobacco and spices. ''Supari paan'', another variety of white leaf, ''Mitha paan'', a sweet variety, and ''Sanchi paan'' are common varieties of betel leaves. Almost every paan-producing district has its own special variety of betel leaf of which consumers are well acquainted. In the past, the best quality of elegant camphor-scented betel leaf named ''Kafuri paan'' was produced in the Sonargaon area of Narayangonj district. It was exported to Calcutta and Middle Eastern countries.&lt;ref name=&quot;pandani&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The next best is the ''Sanchi paan'' grown in Chittagong hill tracts. This variety is not very popular among Bangali people. It is exported to Pakistan for the consumers of Karachi. The commoner varieties are called ''Desi, Bangla, Bhatial, Dhaldoga, Ghas paan''. ''Bangla paan'', is also known as ''Mitha paan, Jhal paan'' or ''paan of Rajshahi''. At present, this variety is becoming extinct, due to emergence of more profitable and lucrative fast-growing varieties of paan crops. Normally, betel leaves are consumed with ''chun'' (quicklime), seed cinnamon, cardamoms and other flavored elements.&lt;ref name=&quot;pandani&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===China===<br /> {{excerpt|Betel chewing in China}}<br /> <br /> ===India===<br /> In a 16th-century cookbook, ''Nimatnama-i Nasiruddin-Shahi'', describes Ghiyas-ud-din [[Khalji dynasty|Khalji]], the Sultan of [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]] (r. 1469–1500), watches as tender betel leaves of the finest quality are spread out and rosewater is sprinkled on them, while saffron is also added. An elaborate betel chew or paan would contain fragrant spices and rose preserves with chopped areca nuts.<br /> <br /> It is a tradition in South India and nearby regions to give two Betel leaves, areca nut (pieces or whole) and Coconut to the guests (both male and female) at any auspicious occasion. Even on a regular day, it is the tradition to give a married woman, who visits the house, two Betel leaves, areca nut and coconut or some fruits along with a string of threaded flowers. This is referred to as ''thamboolam''.<br /> <br /> The sweet paan of the [[Khasi people|Khasi]] tribe is famous for its special quality. Betel leaf is also used in [[Hindu]] [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] and wedding festivals and to visit relatives.[[File:Spit from chewing Areca nut 02.JPG|thumb|Use of this drug causes profuse red coloured salivation. This saliva is spat out, yielding stains and biological waste pollution in public spaces. Many countries and municipalities have laws to prevent betel quid spit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=23 March 2010 |title=Paan spitting clampdown launched by Brent Council |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/london/8580076.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305113429/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/london/8580076.stm |archive-date=5 March 2012 |access-date=14 February 2012 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=25 March 2010 |title=Fines may be effective in stopping people from spitting on the streets |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/speakup/report_fines-may-be-effective-in-stopping-poeple-from-spitting-on-teh-streets_1363437 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228032306/http://www.dnaindia.com/speakup/report_fines-may-be-effective-in-stopping-poeple-from-spitting-on-teh-streets_1363437 |archive-date=28 February 2013 |access-date=14 February 2012 |work=DNA}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> <br /> Betel leaf used is produced in different parts of India. Some states that produce betel leaf for paan include West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh. In [[West Bengal]], two types of betel leaves are produced. These are ''Bangla patta'' (Bengali leaf/Country Leaf) and ''Mitha patta'' (Sweet Leaf). In West Bengal, ''Bangla patta'' is produced mainly in district of Dinajpur, Malda, Jalpaiguri, and Nadia. ''Mitha patta'' is produced in places such as Midnapur and South 24 Parganas.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}}<br /> <br /> The skilled paan maker is known as a ''paanwala'' in North India. In other parts, ''paanwalas'' are also known as ''panwaris'' or ''panwadis''.<br /> <br /> In the Indian state of Maharashtra, the paan culture is widely criticised due to the cleanliness problems created by people who spit in public places. In Mumbai, there have been attempts to paint pictures of Hindu gods in places where people commonly tend to spit, in the hope that this would discourage spitting, but success has been limited and there is need a solution at root to avoid peek. One of the great Marathi artists [[P L Deshpande]] wrote a comic story on the subject of ''paanwala'' (paan vendor) and performed a televised reading session on [[Doordarshan]] during the 1980s in his unique style.<br /> <br /> Paan is losing its appeal to farmers because of falling demand. Consumers prefer chewing tobacco formulations such as [[gutka]] over paan. Higher costs, [[water scarcity]] and unpredictable weather have made betel gardens less lucrative.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.downtoearth.org.in/node/33175|title=Paan loses flavour|author=Mahapatra|date=21 March 2011|display-authors=etal|access-date=28 March 2011|archive-date=19 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110319210854/http://www.downtoearth.org.in/node/33175}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to StraitsResearch, The India pan masala market is expected to reach US$10,365 million by 2026 at the CAGR of 10.4% during the forecast period 2019–2026. The India pan masala market is driven by significant switching of consumers from tobacco products to pan masala, aggressive advertising and convenient packaging, and Maharashtra State's revocation of the ban over pan masala products.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://industrynewswire.us/what-are-the-key-challenges-to-india-pan-masala-market-growth/136971/ | work=Industry News Wire | title=Indian Pan Masala Market Share Analysis | access-date=20 February 2020 | archive-date=20 October 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020140525/https://industrynewswire.us/what-are-the-key-challenges-to-india-pan-masala-market-growth/136971/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{gallery |width=150 |height=110 |align=center<br /> |File:Nimmatnama-i Nasiruddin-Shahi 286.jpg|[[Ghiyath Shah]], the Sultan of [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu, India]] (r. 1469–1500), [[Malwa Sultanate]], describes the elaborate way to prepare betel nut, folio from 16th century cookbook, [[medieval India]]n ''[[Nimatnama-i-Nasiruddin-Shahi]]''.<br /> |File:Paan Pot - Kolkata 2017-01-29 4199.JPG|Paan pot in [[Kolkata]], India.<br /> |File:Paan, (betel leaves) being served with silver foil, India.jpg|Paan (betel leaves) being served with silver foil at Sarnath near [[Varanasi, India]]<br /> |File:South Indian style Paan, Dakshin Sheraton, Bangalore.jpg|South Indian style Paan<br /> |File:Chocolate paan (2026).jpg|Chocolate paan in a store in Bangalore (2026)<br /> |File:Abu'l-Kharid Nur al-Hasan Khan - Betel or Paan Box with Inscription and Floral Scrolls - Walters 53153.jpg|[[Paan dan]] from [[Punjab, India]], 19th century, [[Walters Art Museum]], Baltimore.<br /> |File:Paan Dan.jpg|[[Paan dan]] in shape of peacock. Originally from India, it is currently kept in a British museum.<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ====Assam====<br /> In [[Assam, India]], betel nut is traditionally offered as a mark of respect and auspicious beginnings. ''Paan-tamul'' (betel leaves and raw areca nut) may be offered to guests after tea or meals, served in a brass plate with stands called ''bota''. The areca nut also appears as a fertility symbol in religious and marriage ceremonies. When showing respect to elders or asking for forgiveness, people, especially newlyweds place a pair of ''paan-tamul'' on a [[xorai]], place it in front of the elders and bow to show respect.<br /> <br /> Guests may be invited to a wedding reception by offering a few areca nuts with betel leaves. During [[Bihu]], the [[husori]] players are offered areca nuts and betel leaves by each household while their blessings are solicited.<br /> <br /> ''Paan-tamul'' is also offered to guests after the end of every feast, usually the ''paan-tamul-soon'', or slaked lime with cardamom pods in it to freshen the breath.<br /> <br /> ==== Banarasi Paan====<br /> {{Expand section|date=December 2021}}<br /> ''Banarasi paan'' of [[Banaras|Banaras (Varanasi)]] is widely famous among Indians and tourists visiting India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Love Banarasi Paan? Find Out About All Kinds of Paan Available in Banaras|url=https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/ever-heard-of-banarasi-paan-find-how-s-it-different-from-regular-paan-2066169|access-date=2021-12-20|website=NDTV Food|language=en|archive-date=20 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220140234/https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/ever-heard-of-banarasi-paan-find-how-s-it-different-from-regular-paan-2066169|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Stuff of legend|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/stuff-of-legend/56119/|access-date=2021-12-20|work=The Financial Express|language=en|archive-date=20 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220140232/https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/stuff-of-legend/56119/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Banarasi Food Twist|url=http://indianculture.gov.in/food-and-culture/street-food/banarasi-food-twist|access-date=2021-12-20|website=Indian Culture|language=en|archive-date=20 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220140241/https://indianculture.gov.in/food-and-culture/street-food/banarasi-food-twist|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Indonesia and Malaysia===<br /> <br /> ''Bersirih'', ''nyirih'', or ''menginang'' is a historical [[Malay world|Malayonesia]]n tradition of chewing materials such as [[Areca nut|nut]], [[Betel leaf|betel]], [[Uncaria gambir|gambier]], tobacco, [[clove]], and [[limestone]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Melayu Online&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://melayuonline.com/ind/culture/dig/1703 |title=Tradisi Bersirih dan Nilai Budayanya |publisher=MelayuOnline.com |language=ms |access-date=5 May 2014 |archive-date=5 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505170727/http://melayuonline.com/ind/culture/dig/1703 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the [[Malay Archipelago]], the ''menginang'' or betel nut chewing has become a revered activity in local tradition; being a ceremoniously conducted gesture to honour guests. A complete and elaborate set of ''sirih pinang'' equipment is called ''[[tepak sireh|tepak]]'', ''puan'', ''pekinangan'', or ''cerana''. The set is usually made of wooden lacquerware, brass or silverwares; and it consists of the ''combol'' (containers), ''bekas sirih'' (leaf container), ''kacip'' (press-knife to cut areca nut), ''gobek'' (small pestle and mortar), and ''ketur'' (spit container).&lt;ref name=&quot;Melayu Online&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{gallery |width=150 |height=110 |align=center<br /> |File:KITLV 12084 - Kassian Céphas - A young woman makes a sirih, presumably at Yogyakarta - Around 1880.tif|A Javanese woman preparing betel leaf, {{circa|1880}}<br /> |File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Zilveren sirihdoos met gouden dekselbekleding TMnr 1698-474.jpg|[[Bali]]nese ''cerana'' or betel nut container<br /> |File:Peranakan tempat sireh, wood, mother of pearl, silver and gold plating.JPG|Betel nut preparation kit (''tepak sireh'') made from wood inlaid with silver, gold, and [[mother of pearl]] from [[Malaysia]] (early 20th century)<br /> |File:Betelnut-Cutter, Indonesia.JPG|Betel nut cutter from Indonesia<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===Micronesia===<br /> Betel nut chewing is common among the native ethnic groups of [[Micronesia]]. They can be grouped into two different traditions. The betel nut chewing tradition of the [[Chamorro people]] of the [[Mariana Islands]] ([[Chamorro language|Chamorro]]: ''pugua''') prefer ripe (red) areca nuts. The betel nut chewing tradition of the [[Chuukese people|Chuukese]], [[Palauan people|Palauan]], and [[Yapese people]], on the other hand, prefer unripe (green) areca nuts. Betel leaf and lime are included in the quid, and commonly tobacco. Flavoring ingredients like [[ginger]], [[cardamom]], and [[vodka]] are also sometimes added.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paulino&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Paulino |first1=Yvette C. |last2=Novotny |first2=Rachel |last3=Miller |first3=Mary Jane |last4=Murphy |first4=Suzanne P. |title=Areca (Betel) Nut Chewing Practices in Micronesian Populations |journal=Hawaii Journal of Public Health |date=March 2011 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=19–29 |pmid=25678943 |pmc=4322768 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Areca palms have been grown traditionally in [[Guam]], [[Palau]], and [[Yap]] since ancient times. It spread to [[Chuuk State|Chuuk]] in modern times. Betel nut stains have been found in ancient remains of the Chamorro people, indicating that the practice was carried into Micronesia by their Austronesian ancestors in Island Southeast Asia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paulino&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Myanmar===<br /> <br /> ''Kwun-ya'' ({{lang|my|ကွမ်းယာ}} [kóːn.jà]) is the word for betel quid in [[Myanmar]], formerly Burma, where the most common configuration for chewing is a betel vine leaf (''[[Piper betel]]''), areca nut (from ''[[Areca catechu]]''), slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) and some spices, although many betel chewers also use tobacco.&lt;ref name=&quot;who&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Betel-quid and Areca-nut Chewing and Some Areca-Nut Derived Nitrosamines|publisher=World Health Organization|year=2004|volume=85|page=68|isbn=978-92-832-1285-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Betel chewing has very long tradition in Burma, having been practised since before the beginning of recorded history.&lt;ref name=&quot;dic&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Seekins|first=Donald M.|title=Historical Dictionary of Burma (Myanmar)|url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio00seek|url-access=limited|publisher=Scarecrow Press|year=2006|page=[https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio00seek/page/n142 109]|isbn=978-0-8108-5476-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Until the 1960s, both men and women loved it and every household used to have a special [[lacquerware]] box for betel quid, called ''kun-it'' ({{lang|my|ကွမ်းအစ်}}), which would be offered to any visitor together with [[cheroot]]s to smoke and [[green tea]] to drink.&lt;ref name=&quot;cjf&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Forbes|first=Charles James|title=British Burma and its people|url=https://archive.org/details/britishburmaand01forbgoog|publisher=J. Murray|year=1878}}&lt;/ref&gt; The leaves are kept inside the bottom of the box, which looks like a small hat box, but with a top tray for small tins, silver in well-to-do homes, of various other ingredients such as the betel nuts, [[calcium hydroxide|slaked lime]], [[Catechu|cutch]], [[anise]] seed and a nut cutter.&lt;ref name=&quot;cjf&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The sweet form (''acho'') is popular with the young, but grownups tend to prefer it with cardamom, cloves and tobacco. Spittoons, therefore, are still ubiquitous, and signs saying &quot;No betel quid-spitting&quot; are commonplace, as it makes a messy red splodge on floors and walls; many people display betel-stained teeth from the habit. Betel quid stalls and kiosks used to be run mainly by people of Indian origin in towns and cities. Smokers who want to quit would also use betel nut to wean themselves off tobacco.<br /> <br /> [[Taungoo]] in [[Lower Burma]] is where the best areca palms are grown indicated by the popular expression &quot;like a betel lover taken to Taungoo&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Reid|first=Robert|author2=Michael Grosberg|title=Myanmar (Burma)|publisher=Lonely Planet|year=2005|page=290|isbn=978-1-74059-695-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Other parts of the country contribute to the best betel quid according to another saying &quot;[[Tada-U]] for the leaves, Ngamyagyi for the tobacco, Taungoo for the nuts, [[Sagaing]] for the slaked lime, [[Pyay]] for the cutch&quot;. ''Kun, hsay, [[lahpet]]'' (betel quid, tobacco and pickled tea) are deemed essential items to offer monks and elders particularly in the old days. Young maidens traditionally carry ornamental betel boxes on a stand called ''[[kundaung]]'' and gilded flowers (''pandaung'') in a ''[[shinbyu]]'' (novitiation) procession. Burmese history also mentions an ancient custom of a condemned enemy asking for &quot;a betel quid and a drink of water&quot; before being executed.<br /> <br /> An anecdotal government survey indicated that 40% of men and 20% of women in Myanmar chew betel.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://mmtimes.com/no373/n006.htm |title=Betel chewers face health dangers |last=Khin Myat |date=2 July 2007 |work=The Myanmar Times|access-date=17 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526025326/http://mmtimes.com/no373/n006.htm |archive-date=26 May 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; An aggregate study of cancer registries (2002 to 2007) at the [[Yangon General Hospital|Yangon]] and [[Mandalay General Hospital]]s, the largest hospitals in the country, found that [[oral cancer]] was the 6th most common cancer among males, and 10th among females.&lt;ref name=&quot;hno&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0714.2010.00938.x |pmid=20819123 |title=Oral cancer in Myanmar: A preliminary survey based on hospital-based cancer registries |year=2011 |last1=Oo |first1=Htun Naing |last2=Myint |first2=Yi Yi |last3=Maung |first3=Chan Nyein |last4=Oo |first4=Phyu Sin |last5=Cheng |first5=Jun |last6=Maruyama |first6=Satoshi |last7=Yamazaki |first7=Manabu |last8=Yagi |first8=Minoru |last9=Sawair |first9=Faleh A. |last10=Saku |first10=Takashi |journal=Journal of Oral Pathology &amp; Medicine |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=20–6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Of these oral carcinoma patients, 36% were regular betel quid chewers.&lt;ref name=&quot;hno&quot; /&gt; [[University of Dental Medicine, Yangon]] records from 1985 to 1988 showed that 58.6% of oral carcinoma patients were regular betel chewers.<br /> <br /> Since the 1990s, betel chewing has been actively discouraged by successive governments, from the [[State Law and Order Restoration Council]] (SLORC) onward, on the grounds of health and tidiness.&lt;ref name=&quot;dic&quot; /&gt; In April 1995, the [[Yangon City Development Committee]] banned betel in [[Yangon]] (Rangoon), in anticipation of Visit Myanmar Year 1996, a massive effort to promote the country as a tourist destination.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Köllner|first=Helmut|author2=Axel Bruns|title=Myanmar (Burma)|publisher=Hunter Publishing|year=1998|pages=13–14 |isbn=978-3-88618-415-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/14/world/yangon-journal-burmese-generals-ask-less-spit-more-polish.html|title=Yangon Journal; Burmese Generals Ask Less Spit, More Polish|last=Shenon|first=Philip|date=14 June 1995|work=The New York Times|access-date=17 April 2012|archive-date=14 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514084926/http://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/14/world/yangon-journal-burmese-generals-ask-less-spit-more-polish.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Effective 29 July 2007, betel chewing, along with smoking, has been banned from the [[Shwedagon Pagoda]], the country's most important religious site.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.mmtimes.com/no378/n010.htm |title=Smoking banned at Shwedagon |last=Ye Kaung Myint Maung |date=6 August 2006 |work=The Myanmar Times|access-date=17 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526062549/http://www.mmtimes.com/no378/n010.htm |archive-date=26 May 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2010, the [[Ministry of Education (Burma)|Ministry of Education]]'s Department of Basic Education and Burma's Anti-Narcotics Task Force collaborated to prohibit betel shops from operating within {{convert|50|m|ft}} of any school.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.mmtimes.com/2010/news/531/news007.html |title=No more betel shops near schools |last=Nay Nwe Moe Aung |date=12 July 2010 |work=The Myanmar Times|access-date=17 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716152905/http://mmtimes.com/2010/news/531/news007.html |archive-date=16 July 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{gallery |width=150 |height=110 |align=center<br /> |File:Paan vendor.JPG|Betel quid vendor at Bogyoke Market in [[Yangon]], Myanmar<br /> |File:Old Bagan, Myanmar, Paan, the betel leaf and areca nut.jpg|Betel quid preparation, Myanmar.<br /> |File:Amarapura, U Bein 06.jpg|Red betel quid spit on a bridge in [[Mandalay]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===Nepal===<br /> Paan is chewed mainly by [[Terai]] people, although migrants in Terai have also taken up chewing paan in recent times. Throughout Terai, paan is as common as anywhere in northern India. There is some local production, generally not commercial, but most leaves are imported from India. Although not as ubiquitous as in the Terai, most residents of Kathmandu occasionally enjoy paan. A sweet version of paan called ''meetha paan'' is popular amongst many who do not like the strong taste of plain (''sada'') paan. Some parents allow their children to consume meetha on special occasions because it is tobacco-free. {{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}<br /> <br /> ===Pakistan===<br /> The consumption of ''paan'' has long been a very popular cultural tradition in [[Pakistan]], especially in the port city of Karachi,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1299840 |title=Meetha or saada, Karachi's love for paan is unmatched |work=Dawn |date=5 December 2016 |access-date=9 December 2017 |archive-date=21 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021155912/https://www.dawn.com/news/1299840 |url-status=live|first1=Fahad|last1=Naveed}}&lt;/ref&gt; although the tradition is dying among the younger generation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Paan – a dying tradition |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2264933/paan-a-dying-tradition |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=The Express Tribune|date=20 September 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In general, though, ''paan'' is an occasional delicacy thoroughly enjoyed by many, and almost exclusively bought from street vendors instead of any preparations at home. Pakistan grows a large variety of betel leaf, specifically in the coastal areas of [[Sindh]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/33381 |title=Betel-leaf farming in coastal area |date=13 May 2002 |work=Dawn |access-date=9 December 2017 |archive-date=24 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024133117/https://www.dawn.com/news/33381 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; although ''paan'' is also imported in large quantities from [[Bangladesh]] and [[Sri Lanka]].<br /> <br /> In the famous ''[[Anarkali Bazar]]'' in [[Lahore]] a street called ''paan gali'' is dedicated for ''paan'' and other Pakistani products.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Mir |first=Amir |date=3 December 2005 |title=Paan Gali, Lahore's very own Chandni Chowk |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/world/report_paan-gali-lahore-s-very-own-chandni-chowk_1000393 |newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]] |access-date=11 October 2011 |archive-date=28 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228032317/http://www.dnaindia.com/world/report_paan-gali-lahore-s-very-own-chandni-chowk_1000393 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The rate of [[oral cancer]] has grown substantially in Pakistan due to chewing of ''paan''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.siasat.pk/forum/showthread.php?228542-40-of-cancer-patients-in-Pakistan-have-oral-cancer-mostly-caused-by-Paan-Supari-and-Gutka |title=Public health: 'Paan, supari, gukta leading causes of oral cancer' |access-date=9 December 2017 |archive-date=9 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209152050/https://www.siasat.pk/forum/showthread.php?228542-40-of-cancer-patients-in-Pakistan-have-oral-cancer-mostly-caused-by-Paan-Supari-and-Gutka }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal| pmc=4334743 | pmid=25542140 | doi=10.1007/s10552-014-0516-x | volume=26 | issue=3 | title=Total, direct, and indirect effects of paan on oral cancer | year=2015 | journal=Cancer Causes Control | pages=487–91 | last1 = Merchant | first1 = AT | last2 = Pitiphat | first2 = W}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal| pmc=5543298 | pmid=28292008 | doi=10.4178/epih.e2017009 | volume=39 | title=Smokeless tobacco (''paan'' and ''gutkha'') consumption, prevalence, and contribution to oral cancer | year=2017 | journal=Epidemiol Health | article-number=e2017009 | last1 = Niaz | first1 = K | last2 = Maqbool | first2 = F | last3 = Khan | first3 = F | last4 = Bahadar | first4 = H | last5 = Ismail Hassan | first5 = F | last6 = Abdollahi | first6 = M}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Philippines===<br /> Betel nut chewing was formerly widespread among the [[ethnic groups of the Philippines]]. The country is where the areca palm (''[[Areca catechu]]'') is originally native to and where the tradition started before being spread via the [[Austronesian expansion]] (see [[#History|history section]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;Zumbroich2007&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;powo&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=''Piper betle'' L. |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/680605-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423014559/https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/680605-1 |archive-date=23 April 2022 |access-date=23 April 2022 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Philippines also has the highest genetic diversity in ''[[Areca catechu]]'' populations and is home to several closely related ''[[Areca]]'' palm species,&lt;ref name=&quot;Zumbroich2007&quot; /&gt; including a couple of [[endemic species]] that are used as (inferior) substitutes for ''Areca catechu'', these are ''Areca caliso'' (known as ''kaliso'' or ''sakolon'') and ''[[Areca ipot]]'' (known as ''ipot'' or ''saksik''). Several varieties of ''Areca catechu'' nuts were also known in the Philippines, distinguished chiefly by the shape of the fruits.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brown&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Betel nut chewing was described as being a &quot;universal&quot; practice among older people in the early 1900s. The most common configuration of the quid combines areca nut with slaked lime (usually made from heating crushed sea-shells) and betel leaves (''tambul'' or ''siri''). Tobacco may or may not be added.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brown&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=William H. |last2=Merrill |first2=Elmer D. |title=Philippine Palms and Palm Products |journal=Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Bureau of Forestry |year=1903 |issue=Bulletin No. 18 |pages=20–23 |url=https://archive.org/details/acx4921.0001.018.umich.edu/page/n5/mode/1up?view=theater}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IARC85&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title=Betel-Quid and Areca-Nut Chewing |author=IARC Working Group |publisher=World Health Organization |journal=IARC Monographs |volume=85 |pages=39–278 |url=https://publications.iarc.fr/_publications/media/download/2691/8fbbe22749ff05e99bd470de1feffd227f02a890.pdf |access-date=28 April 2022 |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701074430/https://publications.iarc.fr/_publications/media/download/2691/8fbbe22749ff05e99bd470de1feffd227f02a890.pdf |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Craig&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Craig |first1=Austin |last2=Benitez |first2=Conrado |title=Philippine Progress Prior to 1898: A Source Book of Philippine History to Supply a Fairer View of Filipino Participation and Supplement the Defective Spanish Accounts |date=1916 |publisher=Philippine Education Co., Inc. |location=Manila}}&lt;/ref&gt; In modern times, it has gone out of favor and has been replaced by cigarettes and [[chewing gum]]. The practice only survives among more remote ethnic groups like the [[Cordillerans]] of [[Luzon]], and the [[Lumad people|Lumad]] and [[Moro people]] of [[Mindanao]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Illumelation&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Asia's Crimson Addiction (Betel) |url=https://www.illumelation.com/blog/betel |website=Illumelation |date=12 February 2016 |access-date=28 April 2022 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112004729/https://www.illumelation.com/blog/betel |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the native languages of the Philippines, betel nut chewing is known variously as ''buyo'', ''bunga'', ''hitso'', or ''ngangà'' in [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], [[Bikol language|Bikol]], and the [[Visayan languages]]; ''dapiau'' in [[Ivatan language|Ivatan]]; and ''bua'', ''mama'' or ''maman'' in [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]]; ''luyos'' in [[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]]; ''pasa'' in [[Basilan]]; and ''lugos'' in [[Zamboanga peninsula|Zamboanga]]; among other names.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brown&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Illumelation&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{gallery |width=150 |height=110 |align=center<br /> |File:Betel box from the Philippines, Mindanao, Maranao people, probably 20th century, copper alloy with silver inlay, HAA.JPG|Betel box from the [[Maranao people]] of [[Mindanao]], [[Philippines]], probably 20th century, copper alloy with silver inlay, [[Honolulu Museum of Art]]<br /> |File:Betel Nut, Iraya Mangyan (Philippines).png|Betel quid preparations among the [[Iraya Mangyan]] of [[Mindoro]], Philippines<br /> |File:3119Baliuag during the COVID-33 pandemic.jpg|[[Betel leaves]] for sale in [[Baliuag, Bulacan]]<br /> |File:Bulletin (1903) (16772665355).jpg|Illustration of three varieties of areca nuts once widely used in betel nut chewing in the Philippines, from ''Philippine Palms and Palm Products'' (1903)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===Taiwan===<br /> In Taiwan betel quid is sold from roadside kiosks, often by the so-called [[Betel nut beauty|betelnut beauties]] although these are becoming fewer and fewer ({{zh|t=檳榔西施|s=槟榔西施|p=bīnláng xīshī|poj=pin-nn̂g se-si}}) – scantily clad girls selling a quid preparation of betel leaf, betel nuts, tobacco and lime. It is a controversial business, with critics questioning entrapment, exploitation, health, class and culture.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Taiwan's 'betel nut beauties' drum up business, and debate|author=Mark Magnier|date=22 January 2009|work=Los Angeles Times|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-jan-22-fg-betel-beauty22-story.html|access-date=14 April 2012|archive-date=6 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306045223/http://articles.latimes.com/2009/jan/22/world/fg-betel-beauty22|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{gallery |width=150 |height=110 |align=center<br /> |File:Betel girl01.JPG|[[Betel nut beauty|Betelnut Beauty]] kiosk in Taiwan<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===Vietnam===<br /> In Vietnam, the areca nut and the betel leaf are such important symbols of love and marriage that in Vietnamese the phrase &quot;matters of betel and areca&quot; (''chuyện trầu cau'') were historically synonymous with marriage. Areca nut chewing starts the talk between the groom's parents and the bride's parents about the young couple's marriage. Therefore, the leaves and juices are used ceremonially in Vietnamese weddings.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.vietspring.org/legend/traucau.html |title=Vietnamese Legend: Story of the betel leaf and the areca nut |website=Viet-American Foundation |access-date=17 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805204444/http://www.vietspring.org/legend/traucau.html |archive-date=5 August 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{gallery |width=150 |height=110 |align=center<br /> |File:Betel nut kit - Vietnam Museum of Ethnology - Hanoi, Vietnam - DSC02556.JPG|Vietnamese betel nut kit from the Vietnam Museum of Ethnology<br /> |File:Betel service Nguyen period NMVH EDAV.jpg|Betel service kit from the Imperial court of the [[Nguyễn dynasty]] ({{circa|19th century}})<br /> |File:Mời Trầu - hội Lim, Bắc Ninh.JPG|Betel quid vendor<br /> |File:Cau trau.jpg|A plate of betel nut<br /> |File:Cau trầu rượu (sính lễ).JPG|A plate of betel nut in a [[Vietnamese wedding]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Health effects==<br /> [[File:Sharp Smile.jpg|thumb|Health effects of chewing paan: gum damage, tooth decay and an increased risk of oral cancer]]Chewing betel quids and areca nut causes multiple forms of cancer and cardiovascular disease, with or without tobacco.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHOCancer&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2008: the MPOWER package |year=2008 |publisher=World Health Organization |location=Geneva |isbn=978-92-4-159628-2 |url=https://www.who.int/tobacco/mpower/mpower_report_full_2008.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308173338/http://www.who.int/tobacco/mpower/mpower_report_full_2008.pdf|archive-date=8 March 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |doi=10.1136/bmj.324.7341.799 |title=Areca nut use: An independent risk factor for oral cancer |year=2002 |last1=Warnakulasuriya |first1=S. |journal=The BMJ |volume=324 |issue=7341 |pages=799–800 |pmid=11934759 |last2=Trivedy |first2=C |last3=Peters |first3=TJ |pmc=1122751}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |first1=Bhavana J. |last1=Dave |first2=Amit H. |last2=Trivedi |first3=Siddharth G. |last3=Adhvatyu |year=1992 |title=Role of areca nut consumption in the cause of oral cancers. A cytogenetic assessment |journal=Cancer |volume=70 |issue=5 |pages=1017–23 |pmid=1515978 |doi=10.1002/1097-0142(19920901)70:5&lt;1017::AID-CNCR2820700502&gt;3.0.CO;2-#|s2cid=196365532 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Betel nut chewing causes an increased risk of [[head and neck cancer]]s and [[esophageal cancer]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NCI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=22 November 2019 |title=Oropharyngeal Cancer Treatment (Adult) (PDQ®)–Patient Version |url=https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/patient/adult/oropharyngeal-treatment-pdq |access-date=28 November 2019 |website=National Cancer Institute |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Secretan |first1=Béatrice |last2=Straif |first2=Kurt |last3=Baan |first3=Robert |last4=Grosse |first4=Yann |last5=El Ghissassi |first5=Fatiha |last6=Bouvard |first6=Véronique |last7=Benbrahim-Tallaa |first7=Lamia |last8=Guha |first8=Neela |last9=Freeman |first9=Crystal |last10=Galichet |first10=Laurent |last11=Cogliano |first11=Vincent |author12=WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer Monograph Working Group |display-authors=8 |year=2009 |title=A review of human carcinogens—Part E: Tobacco, areca nut, alcohol, coal smoke, and salted fish |journal=The Lancet Oncology |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1033–4 |doi=10.1016/S1470-2045(09)70326-2 |pmid=19891056}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Jeng JH, Chang MC, Hahn LJ |date=September 2001 |title=Role of areca nut in betel quid-associated chemical carcinogenesis: current awareness and future perspectives |journal=Oral Oncology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=477–492 |doi=10.1016/S1368-8375(01)00003-3 |pmid=11435174}}&lt;/ref&gt; Betel quid affects almost all parts of the human body, including the brain, heart, lungs, [[gastrointestinal tract]] and reproductive organs. It can cause [[myocardial infarction]], [[cardiac arrhythmia]]s, [[Hepatotoxicity|liver damage]], [[asthma]], [[type II diabetes]], [[hyperlipidemia]], [[metabolic syndrome]], [[hypothyroidism]], [[Benign prostatic hyperplasia|prostate hyperplasia]] and [[infertility]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Garg-2014&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Garg A, Chaturvedi P, Gupta PC |date=January 2014 |title=A review of the systemic adverse effects of areca nut or betel nut |journal=Indian Journal of Medical and Paediatric Oncology |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=3–9 |doi=10.4103/0971-5851.133702 |pmc=4080659 |pmid=25006276 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> When chewed with additional tobacco in its preparation (like in [[gutka]]), there is an even higher risk for cancer, especially for [[Oral cancer|oral]] and [[oropharyngeal cancer]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gormley2022&quot; /&gt; With tobacco it also raises the risk of fatal [[coronary artery disease]], fatal stroke and non-fatal ischaemic heart disease&lt;ref name=&quot;VidyasagaranSiddiqi2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gupta2019&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Women who chew areca nut formulations, such as ''paan'', during pregnancy significantly increase adverse outcomes for the baby. Betel quid chewing can cause [[stillbirth]], [[Preterm birth|premature birth]], and [[low birth weight]].&lt;ref name=&quot;VidyasagaranSiddiqi20162&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Vidyasagaran |first1=A. L. |last2=Siddiqi |first2=K. |last3=Kanaan |first3=M. |year=2016 |title=Use of smokeless tobacco and risk of cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis |url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/101100/1/EJPC_D_16_00085_R1_2016.pdf |journal=European Journal of Preventive Cardiology |volume=23 |issue=18 |pages=1970–1981 |doi=10.1177/2047487316654026 |issn=2047-4873 |pmid=27256827 |s2cid=206820997}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.06.021 |title=Betel nut chewing during pregnancy, Madang province, Papua New Guinea |year=2009 |last1=Senn |first1=M. |last2=Baiwog |first2=F. |last3=Winmai |first3=J. |last4=Mueller |first4=I. |last5=Rogerson |first5=S. |last6=Senn |first6=N. |journal=Drug and Alcohol Dependence |volume=105 |pages=126–31 |pmid=19665325 |issue=1–2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.01.003 |title=The effect of maternal betel quid exposure during pregnancy on adverse birth outcomes among aborigines in Taiwan |year=2008 |last1=Yang |first1=Mei-Sang |last2=Lee |first2=Chien-Hung |last3=Chang |first3=Shun-Jen |last4=Chung |first4=Tieh-Chi |last5=Tsai |first5=Eing-Mei |last6=Ko |first6=Allen Min-Jen |last7=Ko |first7=Ying-Chin |journal=Drug and Alcohol Dependence |volume=95 |pages=134–9 |pmid=18282667 |issue=1–2}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It is estimated that around 600 million people worldwide regularly use this drug preparation.&lt;ref name=&quot;phlc&quot; /&gt; Attempts by the [[World Health Organization]] to control betel nut chewing remain problematic, as the custom is deeply rooted in many cultures, including possessing religious connotations in some parts of Southeast Asia and India. Despite being associated with adverse health outcomes, this practice is not included in the list of risk factors examined by the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Sari |first1=Elizabeth Fitriana |last2=Johnson |first2=Newell W. |last3=McCullough |first3=Michael John |last4=Cirillo |first4=Nicola |date=March 2023 |title=Global Burden of Disease Data for Indonesia |journal=The Lancet. Global Health |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=e336 |doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00004-9 |issn=2214-109X |pmid=36796975 |s2cid=256938140 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A recent study introduced the ''betel year'', a novel metric designed to quantify lifetime exposure to betel quid chewing and enhance oral cancer risk prediction through personalized assessment. This tool helps identify high-risk individuals and supports targeted public health initiatives, including awareness campaigns and early detection programs. It may also inform policy development and ongoing epidemiological research. As an initial pilot effort, the betel year is a starting point, with further studies needed to explore the carcinogenic potential of other additives globally and refine the metric for wider use.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Rajakumar |first1=Hamrish Kumar |last2=Coimbatore Sathyabal |first2=Varsha |last3=Jabarulla |first3=Kolsamma Nasrin |last4=Balamurugesan |first4=Pushpa |date=2024-08-01 |title=Development and validation of betel-year: a clinical tool for quantifying exposure to betel quid chewing, utilizing nuclear morphometric analysis and validated by cytomorphological analysis |journal=BMC Cancer |volume=24 |issue=1 |page=930 |doi=10.1186/s12885-024-12685-w |doi-access=free |pmid=39090612 |issn=1471-2407 |pmc=11293172}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> {{See also|Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia}}<br /> [[File:Areca catechu Blanco2.350.png|thumb|''[[Areca catechu|Areca&amp;nbsp;catechu]]'' illustrated by [[Francisco Manuel Blanco]] in ''Flora de Filipinas'' (1880–1883). It is native to the [[Philippines]].]]<br /> Based on archaeological, linguistic, and botanical evidence, betel chewing is most strongly associated with the [[Austronesian peoples]]. Chewing betel generally requires the combination of areca nut (''[[Areca catechu|Areca&amp;nbsp;catechu]]'') and betel leaf (''[[Piper betle]]''). Both plants are native from the region between [[Island Southeast Asia]] to [[Australasia]]. ''A. catechu'' is believed to be native to the [[Philippines]], where it has the greatest morphological diversity as well as the most closely related [[endemic]] species. The origin of the domestication of ''[[Piper betle]]'', however, is unknown, although it is also native to the [[Philippines]], the [[Lesser Sunda Islands]], and [[Indochina]]. It is also unknown when or why the two plant products were combined, as areca nut alone can be chewed as a stimulant.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zumbroich2007&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;powo&quot; /&gt; In eastern [[Indonesia]], leaves from other ''Piper'' species are sometimes used in place of betel leaves.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cunningham2011&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Cunningham |first1=A.B. |url=https://www.aciar.gov.au/file/75681/download?token=Z3LzN2aP |title=Hidden economies, future options: trade in non-timber forest products in eastern Indonesia |last2=Ingram |first2=W. |last3=DaosKadati |first3=W. |last4=Howe |first4=J. |last5=Sujatmoko |first5=S. |last6=Refli |first6=R. |last7=Liem |first7=J.V. |last8=Tari |first8=A. |last9=Maruk |first9=T. |publisher=Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-921738-68-5 |access-date=22 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020042538/https://www.aciar.gov.au/file/75681/download?token=Z3LzN2aP |archive-date=20 October 2020 |url-status=live |first10=N. |last10=Robianto |first11=A. |last11=Sinlae |first12=Y. |last12=Ndun |first13=I. |last13=Made Maduarta |first14=D. |last14=Sulistyohardi |first15=E. |last15=Koeslutat}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The oldest unequivocal evidence of betel chewing is from the Philippines. Specifically that of several individuals found in a burial pit in the [[Duyong Cave]] site of [[Palawan]] island dated to around 4,630±250 BP. The dentition of the skeletons is stained, typical of betel chewers. The grave also includes ''[[Anadara]]'' shells used as containers of lime, one of which still contained lime. Burial sites in [[Bohol]] dated to the first millennium CE also show the distinctive reddish stains characteristic of betel chewing. Based on linguistic evidence of how the reconstructed [[Proto-Austronesian]] term ''*buaq'', meaning &quot;fruit&quot;, came to refer to the &quot;areca nut&quot; in [[Proto-Malayo-Polynesian]], it is believed that betel chewing originally developed somewhere within the Philippines shortly after the beginning of the [[Austronesian expansion]] (~5,000 BP). From the Philippines, it spread back to [[Taiwan]], as well as onwards to the rest of [[Austronesia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Zumbroich2007&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> There are very old claims of betel chewing dating to at least 13,000 [[Before Present|BP]] at the [[Kuk Swamp]] site in [[New Guinea]], based on probable ''Areca'' sp. recovered. However, it is now known that these might have been due to modern contamination of sample materials. Similar claims have also been made at other older sites with ''Areca'' sp. remains, but none can be conclusively identified as ''A. catechu'' and their association with betel peppers is tenuous or nonexistent.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zumbroich2007&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Chronological dispersal of Austronesian people across the Pacific.svg|400px|thumb|left|A map showing the migration and expansion of the [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesians]] (5,500 to 800 BP), which roughly corresponds to the prehistoric distribution of betel chewing]]<br /> It reached [[Micronesia]] at around 3,500 to 3,000 BP with the Austronesian voyagers, based on both linguistic and archaeological evidence.&lt;ref name=&quot;Heathcote2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Heathcote |first1=Gary M. |last2=Diego |first2=Vincent P. |last3=Ishida |first3=Hajime |last4=Sava |first4=Vincent J. |year=2012 |title=An osteobiography of a remarkable protohistoric Chamorro man from Taga, Tinian |journal=Micronesica |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=131–213}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was also previously present in the [[Lapita culture]], based on archaeological remains from [[Mussau]] dated to around 3,600 to 2,500 BP. But it did not reach [[Polynesia]] further east. It is believed that it stopped in the [[Solomon Islands]] due to the replacement of betel chewing with the tradition of [[kava]] drinking prepared from the related ''[[Piper methysticum]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lebot1989&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Lebot |first1=V. |last2=Lèvesque |first2=J. |year=1989 |title=The Origin and Distribution of Kava (''Piper methysticum'' Forst. F., Piperaceae): A Phytochemical Approach |journal=Allertonia |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=223–281}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;blusttrusell&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Blust |first1=Robert |last2=Trussel |first2=Stephen |year=2013 |title=The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary: A Work in Progress |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265931196 |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=493–523 |doi=10.1353/ol.2013.0016 |s2cid=146739541}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was also diffused into East Africa via the Austronesian settlement of [[Madagascar]] and the [[Comoros]] by around the 7th century.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zumbroich2007&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The practice also diffused to the cultures the Austronesians had historical contact with. It reached the [[Dong Son culture]] via the Austronesian [[Sa Huỳnh culture]] of Vietnam at around 3,000 to 2,500 BP through trade contacts with [[Borneo]]. It is from this period that skeletons with characteristic red-stained teeth start to appear in [[Mainland Southeast Asia]]. It is assumed that it reached South China and [[Hainan]] at around the same time, though no archaeological evidence for this can be found as of yet. In [[Cambodia]], the earliest evidence of betel nut chewing is from around 2,400 to 2,200 BP. It also spread to [[Thailand]] at 1,500 BP, based on archaeobotanical evidence.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zumbroich2007&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In the Indian subcontinent, betel chewing was introduced through early contact of Austronesian traders from [[Sumatra]], [[Java]], and the [[Malay Peninsula]] with the [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian-speakers]] of [[Sri Lanka]] and southern India at around 3,500 BP. This also coincides with the introduction of Southeast Asian plants like ''[[Santalum album]]'' and ''[[Cocos nucifera]]'', as well as the adoption of the Austronesian [[outrigger ship]] and [[crab-claw sail]] technologies by Dravidian-speakers. Unequivocal literary references to betel only start appearing after the [[Vedic period]], in works like ''[[Dipavaṃsa]]'' (c. [[3rd century CE]]) and ''[[Mahavamsa|Mahāvaṃsa]]'' (c. 5th century). Betel chewing only reached [[northern India]] and [[Kashmir]] after 500 CE through trade with [[Mon-Khmer]]-speaking peoples in the [[Bay of Bengal]]. From there it followed the [[Silk Road]] to [[Persia]] and into the [[Mediterranean]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Zumbroich2007&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mahdi1999&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Mahdi |first1=Waruno |title=Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts languages, and texts |publisher=Routledge |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-415-10054-0 |editor1-last=Blench |editor1-first=Roger |series=One World Archaeology |volume=34 |pages=144–179 |chapter=The Dispersal of Austronesian boat forms in the Indian Ocean |editor2-last=Spriggs |editor2-first=Matthew}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Chinese records, specifically ''Linyi Ji'' by [[Dongfang Shuo]] associate the growing of areca palms with the first settlers of the Austronesian [[Champa]] polities in southern Vietnam at around 2,100 to 1,900 BP. This association is echoed in ''Nanfang Cao Mu Zhuang'' by [[Ji Han]] (c. 304 [[Common Era|CE]]) who also describes its importance in Champa culture, specifically in the way Cham hosts traditionally offer it to guests. Betel chewing entered China through trade with Champa, borrowing the Proto-Malayo-Chamic name ''*pinaŋ'' resulting in Chinese ''bin lang'' for &quot;areca nut&quot;, with the meaning of &quot;honored guest&quot;, reflecting Chamic traditions. The same for the alternate term ''bin men yao jian'', literally meaning &quot;guest [at the door] medicinal sweetmeat&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zumbroich2007&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia]]<br /> * [[Betel container (Victoria &amp; Albert Museum)]]<br /> * [[Betel chewing in Thailand]]<br /> * [[Betel chewing in China]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category|Paan}}<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110401144909/http://downtoearth.org.in/content/short-biography-paan-0 Nutritional composition of paan] (archived 1 April 2011)<br /> * {{Cite book |last1=IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans |last2=International Agency for Research on Cancer |year=2004 |title=Betel-quid and Areca-nut Chewing and Some Areca-nut-derived Nitrosamines |series=IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans |volume=85 |page=2004 |isbn=978-92-832-1285-0}}<br /> <br /> {{Drug use}}<br /> {{Geographical indications in Uttar Pradesh}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Culture of Asia]]<br /> [[Category:Bangladeshi cuisine]]<br /> [[Category:Culture of Myanmar]]<br /> [[Category:Culture of Cambodia]]<br /> [[Category:Herbal and fungal stimulants]]<br /> [[Category:IARC Group 1 carcinogens]]<br /> [[Category:Culture of India]]<br /> [[Category:Indian inventions]]<br /> [[Category:Culture of Indonesia]]<br /> [[Category:Culture of Laos]]<br /> [[Category:Culture of Malaysia]]<br /> [[Category:Muhajir cuisine]]<br /> [[Category:Culture of Pakistan]]<br /> [[Category:Culture of the Philippines]]<br /> [[Category:Sindhi cuisine]]<br /> [[Category:Culture of Sri Lanka]]<br /> [[Category:Culture of Thailand]]<br /> [[Category:Uttar Pradeshi cuisine]]<br /> [[Category:Culture of Vietnam]]<br /> [[Category:Articles containing video clips]]<br /> [[Category:Desi culture]]<br /> [[Category:Masticatories]]<br /> [[Category:Palm trees in culture]]<br /> [[Category:Cultural history of Thailand]]<br /> [[Category:Austronesian culture]]</div>

SBS Khumancha https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dharmanagar_South_Assembly_constituency&diff=496740 2026-04-15T23:29:28Z

<p>SBS Khumancha: starting new data</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Tripura legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{refimprove|date=March 2024}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Dharmanagar South<br /> | type= SLA<br /> | state = [[Tripura]]<br /> | established = 1963<br /> | abolished = 1967<br /> | electors = 18,006<br /> | mla = M. Nath<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}<br /> | constituency_no =<br /> | latest_election_year = [[1967 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> | district =<br /> | loksabha_cons =<br /> | reservation =<br /> }}<br /> '''Dharmanagar South Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tripura]].<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Election<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || M. Nath || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |}<br /> == Election results ==<br /> === 1967 Assembly election ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Dharmanagar South&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006135955/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201967.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Nath |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,354 |percentage=64.12% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. K. Nath |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=4,674 |percentage=35.88% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,680 |percentage=28.25% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=13,028 |percentage=74.81% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,006 |ref = |change= }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Tripura}}<br /> [[Category:1963 establishments in Tripura]]<br /> [[Category:1967 disestablishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1963]]<br /> [[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1967]]<br /> [[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tripura]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Tripura]]<br /> {{Tripura-geo-stub}}</div>

SBS Khumancha https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pradeep_Kumar_Sinha&diff=526189 2026-04-11T19:48:08Z

<p>SBS Khumancha: created a biography</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Chairman of ICICI Bank and former Cabinet Secretary of India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Pradeep Kumar Sinha<br /> | image = File:Pradeep Kumar Sinha, IAS (cropped).jpg<br /> | birth_place = [[Delhi]], India&lt;ref name=&quot;:DoAP GoUP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://niyuktionline.up.nic.in/DOCUMENTS/IAS-GradationList2016.pdf|title=Gradation list of Uttar Pradesh Cadre IAS officers - 2016|website=Department of Appointment and Personnel, [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021010956/http://niyuktionline.up.nic.in/DOCUMENTS/IAS-GradationList2016.pdf|archive-date=21 October 2016|page=13|url-status=dead|access-date=15 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1955|07|18|df=y}}<br /> | office = [[Chair (officer)|Chairman]] of [[ICICI Bank]]<br /> | successor =<br /> | predecessor = G.C. Chaturvedi<br /> | term_end = <br /> | term_start = 1 July 2024<br /> | appointer = [[ICICI Bank]] Board of Directors<br /> | office1 = [[Prime Minister of India|Principal Advisor to the Prime Minister]]<br /> | prime_minister = [[Narendra Modi]]<br /> | term_start1 = 11 September 2019<br /> | term_end1 = 16 March 2021<br /> | birth_name = Pradeep Kumar Sinha<br /> | alma_mater = [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]]&lt;br&gt;[[Delhi School of Economics]]&lt;br&gt;[[Delhi University]]<br /> | spouse = <br /> | occupation = [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]]<br /> | profession = [[Civil servant]]<br /> | office2 = 31st [[Cabinet Secretary of India]]<br /> | predecessor2 = [[Ajit Seth]]<br /> | successor2 = [[Rajiv Gauba]]<br /> | office3 = [[Secretary to Government of India|Shipping Secretary]] of India<br /> | office4 = [[Secretary to Government of India|Power Secretary]] of India<br /> | term_start4 = 1 July 2013<br /> | term_start3 = 29 February 2012<br /> | term_start2 = 13 June 2015<br /> | term_end3 = 31 June 2013<br /> | term_end4 = 1 June 2015<br /> | term_end2 = 30 August 2019<br /> | native_name = {{IAST|Pradīpa Kumāra Sinhā}}<br /> | appointer1 = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]<br /> | appointer2 = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]<br /> | appointer3 = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]<br /> | appointer4 = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]<br /> | caption = Sinha in 2017<br /> | honorific_suffix = [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Pradeep Kumar Sinha''' (born 18 July 1955; [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: {{IAST|Pradīpa Kumāra Sinhā}}; [[Hindi]]: प्रदीप कुमार सिन्हा) is a retired 1977 batch [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer of the [[Uttar Pradesh]] cadre, who is currently serving as [[Chair (officer)|Chairman]] of [[ICICI Bank]] and previously served as the 31st [[Cabinet Secretary of India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;TOIReport&quot;/&gt; Prior to this he also served as the [[Secretary to Government of India|Power Secretary of India]], and [[Secretary to Government of India|Shipping Secretary of India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;TOIReport&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Pradeep-Kumar-Sinha-appointed-new-Cabinet-secretary/articleshow/47470553.cms|title=Pradeep Kumar Sinha appointed new Cabinet secretary|date=29 May 2015|work=[[Times of India]]|access-date=13 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On August 30, 2019 Sinha was appointed as Officer on Special Duty in the Prime Minister's Office. And on 11 September 2019, he was appointed as [[Principal Advisor]] to [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Narendra Damodardas Modi]]. He resigned from the aforementioned post on 16 March 2021 citing personal reasons.<br /> <br /> == Education ==<br /> Sinha is an [[economics]] [[Undergraduate education|graduate]],&lt;ref name=&quot;:DoAP GoUP&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; and holds a [[Postgraduate education|postgraduate degree]] in [[economics]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:DoAP GoUP&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; He holds an [[MPhil]] degree as well.&lt;ref name=&quot;:DoAP GoUP&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://supremo.nic.in/ERSheetHtml.aspx?OffIDErhtml=14122&amp;PageId=|title=P.K. Sinha - Executive Sheet|website=[[Department of Personnel and Training]], [[Government of India]]|access-date=13 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Sinha has served in various key posts in both the [[Government of India]] and the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]], such as [[Principal Secretary (India)|Principal Secretary]] (Irrigation), [[Divisional commissioner (India)|commissioner]] of [[Varanasi division]], Investment Commissioner of Uttar Pradesh, additional CEO of [[Greater Noida]], [[Resident commissioner (India)|additional resident commissioner]] of Uttar Pradesh, the [[District collector (India)|district magistrate and collector]] of [[List of districts of Uttar Pradesh|districts]] of [[Agra district|Agra]] and [[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]], secretary of Uttaranchal Development Authority and as the vice chairman of [[Meerut]] Development Authority in the [[Government of India|Uttar Pradesh government]],&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; and as the [[Cabinet Secretary of India]], [[Secretary to Government of India|Union Power Secretary]], [[Secretary to Government of India|Union Shipping Secretary]], special secretary and financial advisor in the [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas]], [[Joint secretary to the Government of India|joint secretary]] in the [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]] in the [[Government of India|Indian government]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Shipping Secretary ===<br /> Sinha was appointed as the [[Secretary to Government of India|Union Shipping Secretary]] by the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]]-headed [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]] (ACC) in February 2012, he assumed office on 1 February 2012,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; and demitted it on 31 June 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Power Secretary ===<br /> [[File:Pradeep Kumar Sinha, IAS lighting the lamp to inaugurate the Indian Power Stations 2014 (A Power Plant O&amp;M Conference).jpg|left|thumb|145x145px|Sinha lighting the lamp to inaugurate Indian power stations in 2014]]Sinha was appointed as the [[Secretary to Government of India|Union Power Secretary]] by the ACC in June 2013,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Government-appoints-PK-Sinha-as-power-secretary/articleshow/20816626.cms|title=Government appoints PK Sinha as power secretary|date=28 June 2013|website=[[The Times of India]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=18 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; he assumed office on 1 July 2013,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; and demitted it on 1 June 2015,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; when he was designated to become the [[Cabinet Secretary of India]].<br /> [[File:Pradeep Kumar Sinha, IAS addressing at the inauguration of the National Meet on Promoting Space Technology based Tools and Applications in Governance and Development.jpg|thumb|Sinha addressing a meet in [[New Delhi]] in September 2015]]<br /> <br /> === Cabinet Secretary ===<br /> [[File:PK Sinha, IAS, Dr. PK Misra, IAS and Dr. Jitendra Singh welcoming Narendra Modi.jpg|thumb|262x262px|Sinha and [[Jitendra Singh (BJP politician)|Jitendra Singh]] receiving the [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Narendra Modi]]|alt=|left]]<br /> Sinha was appointed the Cabinet Secretary of India on 29 May 2015 by the ACC.&lt;ref name=&quot;TOIReport&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=122100|title=Shri P.K. Sinha appointed Cabinet Secretary|date=29 May 2015|website=[[Press Information Bureau of India]]|access-date=31 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pk-sinha-appointed-cabinet-secretary/article7259715.ece|title=P.K. Sinha appointed Cabinet Secretary|date=29 May 2015|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=31 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/pk-sinha-to-take-over-as-cabinet-secretary-on-13-june-after-ajit-seth-retires-2269594.html|title=PK Sinha to be next cabinet secretary: All you should know about India's most powerful bureaucrat|date=29 May 2015|website=[[Firstpost]]|access-date=31 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pk-sinha-appointed-cabinet-secretary-by-narendra-modi/articleshow/47469164.cms|title=PK Sinha appointed cabinet secretary by Narendra Modi|date=30 May 2015|website=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=31 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; He succeeded [[Ajit Seth]]. He served as an officer of special (OSD), in the rank of [[Secretary to Government of India|secretary]], in the [[Cabinet Secretariat (India)|Cabinet Secretariat]] till Seth's retirement,&lt;ref name=&quot;TOIReport&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;LivemintReport&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/LOxA2eZAzXWd8bC8nK8LjK/Pradeep-Sinha-named-new-cabinet-secretary.html|title=Pradeep Kumar Sinha named new cabinet secretary|last=Bhaskar|first=Utpal|date=30 May 2015|work=Live Mint|access-date=13 August 2017|agency=[[HT Media Ltd]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pradeep-kumar-sinha-appointed-as-new-cabinet-secretary-767010|title=Pradeep Kumar Sinha Appointed as New Cabinet Secretary|date=29 May 2015|website=[[NDTV]]|access-date=11 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; formally taking charge as Cabinet Secretary on 13 June 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;TOIReport&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;LivemintReport&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/DkkFXOVcZpXTz2bJ23GIWP/Cabinet-secretary-Pradeep-Kumar-Sinha-takes-charge.html|title=Cabinet secretary Pradeep Kumar Sinha takes charge|date=13 June 2015|website=Livemint|publisher=[[HT Media Ltd]]|access-date=11 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.newsx.com/national/4664-pradeep-kumar-sinha-assumes-charge-as-cabinet-secretary|title=Pradeep Kumar Sinha assumes charge as cabinet secretary|date=13 June 2015|website=[[NewsX]]|access-date=11 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The union government constituted a selection committee headed by Cabinet Secretary P.K. Sinha for the shortlisting of candidates for [[Reserve Bank of India|Reserve Bank India]] [[List of Governors of Reserve Bank of India|governorship]] following the end of [[Raghuram Rajan|Raghuram Rajan's]] term in September 2016.&lt;ref name=&quot;HRBICommittee&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/Cabinet-Secretary-to-head-search-panel-for-RBI-deputy-governor/article14349683.ece|title=Cabinet Secretary to head search panel for RBI deputy governor|last=Saha|first=Manojit|date=31 May 2016|access-date=13 August 2017|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Urjit Patel]] was appointed as Governor of RBI, with effect from 4 September 2016.&lt;ref name=&quot;ZMRaghuexit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/economy/rbi-governor-row-raghuram-rajan-exits-urjit-patel-in_1959386.html|title=RBI Governor row: Raghuram Rajan exits, Urjit Patel in|work=[[Zee News]]|access-date=13 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 25 April 2017, Sinha got an extension of one&amp;nbsp;year as Cabinet Secretary.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pk-sinha-gets-a-years-extension/article18201748.ece|title=P.K. Sinha gets a year's extension|last=Langa|first=Mahesh|date=25 April 2017|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=13 August 2017|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/cabinet-secretary-sinha-gets-extension/article18202944.ece|title=Cabinet Secretary Sinha gets extension|last=Langa|first=Mahesh|date=25 April 2017|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=19 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/cabinet-secretary-p-k-sinha-gets-one-year-extension/|title=Cabinet Secretary P K Sinha gets one year extension|date=24 April 2017|website=[[Daily Excelsior]]|access-date=11 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/cabinet-secretary-pradeep-kumar-sinha-gets-1-year-extension-1685482|title=Cabinet Secretary Pradeep Kumar Sinha Gets 1-Year Extension|date=24 April 2017|website=[[NDTV]]|access-date=11 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ptinews.com/news/8639968_Cabinet-Secretary-P-K-Sinha-gets-one-year-extension.html|title=Cabinet Secretary P K Sinha gets one year extension|date=24 April 2017|website=[[Press Trust of India]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=18 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sinha was granted another one&amp;nbsp;year extension in May 2018 by the [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet|ACC]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/cabinet-secretary-p-k-sinha-gets-extension-till-2019/articleshow/64067491.cms|title=Cabinet Secretary P.K. Sinha gets extension till 2019|last=Sharma|first=Aman|date=7 May 2018|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=12 September 2018|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|oclc=61311680}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/fF73ViJBgP32NRoAp9ClfO/Cabinet-secretary-Pradeep-Kumar-Sinha-gets-another-oneyear.html|title=Cabinet secretary Pradeep Kumar Sinha gets another one-year extension|last=Prasad|first=Gireesh Chandra|date=7 May 2018|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Livemint]]|access-date=12 September 2018|publisher=Vivek Khanna|location=[[New Delhi]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cabinet-secretary-pk-sinha-gets-another-one-year-extension/story-g76NY8F0XtsJQwWQJ9uVxH.html|title=Cabinet secretary PK Sinha gets another one-year extension|date=7 May 2018|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=12 September 2018|others=HT Correspondent|location=[[New Delhi]]|issn=0972-0243|oclc=231696742}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During his tenure as the [[Cabinet Secretary of India|Cabinet Secretary]], Sinha, has been widely regarded as one of the most powerful people in India.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/from-power-secretary-to-the-most-powerful-bureaucrat/article7261231.ece|title=From Power Secretary to the most powerful bureaucrat|date=29 May 2015|newspaper=[[The Hindu Business Line]]|access-date=11 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20170424-modi-government-bureaucrats-ajit-doval-nripendra-misra-s-jaishankar-986169-2017-04-14|title=The game changers|last=Unnithan|first=Sandeep|date=13 April 2017|website=[[India Today]]|access-date=11 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Commons category}}<br /> <br /> *{{URL|1=https://supremo.nic.in/ERSheetHtml.aspx?OffIDErhtml=14122&amp;PageId=|2=Executive record sheet as maintained by Department of Personnel and Training in the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pension of Government of India}}<br /> *{{URL|1=www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=246314292&amp;privcapId=9673133https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fresearch%2Fstocks%2Fpeople%2Fperson.asp%3FpersonId%3D246314292&amp;privcapId=9673133|2=Executive profile at Bloomberg}}<br /> <br /> {{s-start}}<br /> {{s-gov}}<br /> {{s-bef|before=[[Ajit Seth]]}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title=[[Cabinet Secretary (India)|Cabinet Secretary]]|years=2015-2019}}<br /> {{s-aft|after=[[Rajiv Gauba]]}}<br /> {{s-end}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Sinha, Pradeep Kumar}}<br /> [[Category:1955 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:People from Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Cabinet secretaries of India]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]<br /> [[Category:St. Stephen's College, Delhi alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Delhi School of Economics alumni]]<br /> [[Category:District magistrate]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian civil servants]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian civil servants]]</div>

SBS Khumancha https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adhai_Din_Ka_Jhonpra&diff=484565 2026-04-06T15:54:07Z

<p>SBS Khumancha: Done!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Oldest mosque in Rajasthan, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox religious building<br /> | building_name = Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra<br /> | image = Adhai Din-ka-Jhonpra Screen wall (6133975257).jpg<br /> | image_upright = 1.4<br /> | caption = [[Screen wall]] of the former mosque<br /> | map_type = India Rajasthan<br /> | map_size = 250<br /> | map_relief = 1<br /> | map_caption = Location of the former mosque in [[Rajasthan]]<br /> | location = Andar Kot Rd, Jharneshwar Mandir Road, [[Ajmer]], [[Rajasthan]]<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|26.455071|74.6252024|format=dms|region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | religious_affiliation = [[Islam]] {{small|(former)}}<br /> | status = {{nowrap|[[Mosque]] {{small|(12th century&amp;ndash;1947)}}}}<br /> | functional_status = {{ubl|'''Inactive''';|Preserved}}<br /> | architect = Abu Bakr of [[Herat]]<br /> | architecture_style = early [[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic]]<br /> | groundbreaking = 1192 [[Common Era|CE]]<br /> | founded_by = [[Qutb ud-Din Aibak]]<br /> | year_completed = 1199 CE<br /> }}<br /> The '''Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra''' (literally &quot;[[shed]] of 2½ days&quot;) is a historical former [[mosque]] in the city of [[Ajmer]], in [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. It is one of the oldest mosques in India, and the oldest surviving monument in [[Ajmer district|Ajmer]].<br /> <br /> Commissioned by [[Qutb ud Din Aibak|Qutb-ud-Din-Aibak]] in 1192 CE and designed by Abu Bakr of [[Herat]], the mosque is an example of early Indo-Islamic architecture. The structure was completed in 1199 CE and was further enhanced by [[Iltutmish]] of [[Delhi Sultanate|Delhi]] in 1213 CE. An early example of the [[Indo-Islamic architecture]], most of the building was constructed by Hindu masons under the supervision of [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] managers. The mosque retained most of the original Indian features, especially on the ornate pillars.<br /> <br /> The structure was used as a mosque up to 1947. After the independence of India, the structure was turned over to the Jaipur circle of [[Archaeological Survey of India|ASI (Archaeological Survey of India)]] and is today visited by people of all religions, as a fine example of a mix of Indian, [[Hindu architecture|Hindu]], [[Islamic architecture|Islamic]] and [[Jain architecture|Jain]] architectures.<br /> <br /> == Etymology ==<br /> <br /> &quot;Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra&quot; literally means &quot;[[shed]] of two-and-a-half days&quot;. Alternative transliterations and names include ''Arhai Din ka Jhompra'' or ''Dhai Din ki Masjid''. A legend states that a part of the mosque was built in two-and-a-half days (see [[#Conversion into a mosque]] below). Some [[Sufi]]s claim that the name signifies a human's temporary life on the earth.&lt;ref name=&quot;KDL_2007&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> According to the ASI, the name probably comes from a two-and-a-half-day-long fair that used to be held at the site.&lt;ref name=&quot;ASI_Jaipur&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://asijaipurcircle.nic.in/Adhai%20din%20ka%20jhonpra.html |title=Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |access-date=22 January 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Indian academic [[Har Bilas Sarda]] points out that the name &quot;Adhai-Din-ka-Jhonpra&quot; is not mentioned in any historical source. Before the 18th century, the mosque was simply known as a &quot;Masjid&quot; (&quot;mosque&quot;), since it had been the only mosque in Ajmer for centuries. It came to be known as a ''jhonpra'' (&quot;shed&quot; or &quot;hut&quot;) when [[fakir]]s started gathering here to celebrate [[urs]] (death anniversary fair) of their leader Panjaba Shah. This happened during the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] era, in the second half of the 18th century. The ''urs'' lasted for two-and-a-half days, resulting in the modern name of the mosque.&lt;ref name=&quot;HBS_1911&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mehta&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=J.L. Mehta |title=Medieval Indian Society And Culture |volume=3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0fmtjbaQPzMC&amp;pg=PA175 |publisher=Sterling |isbn=978-81-207-0432-9 |page=175 |quote=...Adhai din ko Jhompra at Ajmer was built by him out of the material of demolished Hindu temples...the masjid at Ajmer was erected on the ruins of a Sanskrit college }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Alexander Cunningham]] described the building as the &quot;Great Mosque of Ajmer&quot;.<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> <br /> === Pre-Islamic structure ===<br /> <br /> [[File:Adhai Din-ka-Jhonpra Column detail (6134514518).jpg|thumb|right|Hindu-Jain-style pillar]]<br /> The site of the mosque originally had another structure. According to Jain tradition, this structure was constructed by Seth Viramdeva Kala in 660 CE as a Jain shrine to celebrate [[Panch Kalyanaka]].&lt;ref name=&quot;HBS_1911&quot;/&gt; Epigraphic evidence suggests that the site had a [[Sanskrit]] college building commissioned by [[Vigraharaja IV]] (alias Visaladeva), a king of the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Shakambhari Chahamana]] (Chauhan) dynasty. The original building was square-shaped, with a tower-[[chhatri]] (dome-shaped pavilion) at each corner.&lt;ref name=&quot;HBS_1935&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/speechesandwriti030754mbp#page/n341/mode/2up |title=Speeches And Writings Har Bilas Sarda |author=Har Bilas Sarda |author-link=Har Bilas Sarda |publisher=Vedic Yantralaya |location=Ajmer |year=1935 |pages=256–259 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SNS_1999&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&amp;pg=PA334 |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |author=Sailendra Nath Sen |publisher=New Age International |year=1999 |isbn=9788122411980 |pages=328–334 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A temple dedicated to [[Saraswati#In Jainism|Sarasvati]] was located on the western side. A tablet dated to 1153 CE was found at the site in the 19th century; based on this, it can be inferred that the original building must have been constructed sometime before 1153 CE.&lt;ref name=&quot;HBS_1911&quot;&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35863/page/n77/mode/2up |chapter=Adhai-Din-ka-Jhonpra |title=Ajmer: Historical and Descriptive |author=Har Bilas Sarda |author-link=Har Bilas Sarda |publisher=Scottish Mission |year=1911 |pages=68–74 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The relics in the modern building show both Hindu and Jain features. According to KDL Khan, the building materials were taken from Hindu and Jain temples.&lt;ref name=&quot;KDL_2007&quot;/&gt; According to Caterina Mercone Maxwell and Marijke Rijsberman, the Sanskrit college was a Jain institution, and the building materials were taken from Hindu temples.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JqHPpNaZfNwC&amp;pg=PA21 |title= International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania |editor1=Trudy Ring |editor2=Robert M. Salkin |editor3=Sharon La Boda |chapter=Ajmer |author1=Caterina Mercone Maxwell |author2=Marijke Rijsberman |name-list-style=amp |publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis |year=1994 |isbn=9781884964046 |pages=21–22 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ASI Director-General [[Alexander Cunningham]] hypothesized that the pillars used in the building were probably taken from 20–30 demolished Hindu temples, which featured at least 700 pillars in total. Based on the pillar inscriptions, he concluded that these original temples dated to 11th or 12th century CE. Cunningham also mentions that according to [[James Tod]], who had earlier visited the mosque, the whole building could have been originally a Jain Temple.&lt;ref name=&quot;Alex_1871&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Conversion into a mosque ===<br /> <br /> The original building must have been a Jain/Hindu temple, as evidenced by defaced and dismembered statues and figurines on pillars inside the mosque. According to a local legend, after defeating Vigraharaja's nephew [[Prithviraja III]] in the [[Second Battle of Tarain]], [[Muhammad of Ghor]] passed through Ajmer. There, he saw the magnificent temples, and ordered his slave general Qutb-ud-Din-Aibak to destroy them, and construct a mosque – all within 60 hours (that is, {{frac|2|1|2}} days). The artisans could not build a complete mosque in 60 hours time, but constructed a brick [[screen wall]] where Ghori could offer prayers. By the end of the century, a complete mosque was built.&lt;ref name=&quot;KDL_2007&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070902/spectrum/main2.htm |title=Ajmer's Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra |author=K.D.L. Khan |newspaper=The Tribune Spectrum |location=Chandigarh |date=2 September 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The central [[mihrab]] in the mosque contains an inscription indicating the completion date of the mosque. It is dated [[Jumada II]] 595 [[Hijri year|AH]] (April 1199 CE). This makes the mosque one of the oldest in India, and the second mosque to be built by the [[Mamluk Dynasty (Delhi)|Mamluks of Delhi]] (the first being the [[Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque]]). Another inscription, dated [[Dhu al-Hijjah]] 596 AH (September–October 1200 CE), names Abu Bakr ibn Ahmed Khalu Al-Hirawi as the supervisor of construction.&lt;ref name=&quot;Michael_1972&quot;/&gt; This makes Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra one of the oldest mosques in India,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z8omAQAAMAAJ |title=A traveler's guide to India |author1=Betsy Ridge |author2=Peter Eric Madsen |name-list-style=amp |publisher=Scribner |year=1973 |page=90 |isbn=9780684133362 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and the oldest surviving monument in Ajmer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kAMik_6LbwUC&amp;pg=PA185 |title=Rough Guide to India |author=David Abram |publisher=Rough Guides |year=2003 |page=185 |isbn=9781843530893 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Iltutmish]], the successor of Qutb-ud-Din-Aibak, subsequently beautified the mosque in 1213 CE, with a screen wall pierced by [[corbel arch|corbelled engrailed arches]] — a first in India.&lt;ref name=&quot;ASI_Jaipur&quot;/&gt; An inscription on the central arch of the screen as well as two inscriptions of the northern [[minaret]] contain his name. The second arch from the south names one Ahmed ibn Muhammad al-Arid as the construction supervisor.&lt;ref name=&quot;Michael_1972&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> === Archaeological survey and restoration ===<br /> <br /> The mosque seems to have been ignored by the later kings. It does not find a mention in ''Taj-ul-Maasir'', the earliest history of the Mamluk dynasty. It is not mentioned in [[Khalji dynasty|Khalji]], [[Tughlaq Dynasty|Tughlaq]] [[Lodi dynasty|Lodi]] and [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] chronicles either. The [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha]] leader [[Daulat Rao Sindhia]] (1779–1827) restored the central dome of the building and imposed a ban on the removal of stones from the structure. An inscription dated [[Shraavana|Saavan]] 1866 [[Vikram Samvat|VS]] (1809 CE) exhorts Hindus and Muslims not to remove stones from the ancient building.&lt;ref name=&quot;HBS_1911&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1818, Ajmer came under the [[Company rule in India|Company rule]]. [[James Tod]] visited the mosque in 1819, and described it in his ''Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan'' as &quot;one of the most perfect as well as the most ancient monuments of Hindu architecture.&quot; Subsequently, [[Alexander Cunningham]], the Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) inspected the building in 1864, and described it in the ASI report of that year.&lt;ref name=&quot;HBS_1911&quot;/&gt; Tod believed the earlier structure to be a Jain temple. However, Cunningham pointed out that this could not be correct, since the pillars in the building feature several four-armed figures (characteristic of Hindu gods) besides a figure of the Hindu goddess [[Kali]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Alex_1871&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> During an 1875–76 archaeological survey, inscriptions referring to a Sanskrit college were unearthed in the mosque premises.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Finbarr Barry Flood |title=Piety and Politics in the Early Indian Mosque |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q0_YAAAAMAAJ |year=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-569512-0 |page=229 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Several sculptures and 6 [[Devanagari]] [[basalt]] tablets (slabs) were recovered from the site. These artifacts are now exhibited at the Ajmer Museum.&lt;ref name=&quot;KDL_2007&quot;/&gt; The tablets are as follows:&lt;ref name=&quot;HBS_1911&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> * Tablets 1 and 2 contain large fragments of a Sanskrit play ''Lalita-Vigraharaja Nataka''. It was composed by Mahakavi Somadeva, in honour of the king [[Vigraharaja IV|Vigraharaja]]. The play, as restored by [[Lorenz Franz Kielhorn]] from the fragments, depicts the story of king Vigraharaja. It tells of his love for princess Desaldevi, and his war preparations against a Turushka (Turkic) king named Hammir.<br /> * Tablet 3 and 4 contain fragments of ''[[Harakeli Nataka]]'', a play attributed to Vigraharaja himself. The play is written in honour of the god [[Hara (Hinduism)|Hara]] ([[Shiva]]). It is inspired by [[Bharavi]]'s Sanskrit play ''[[Kiratarjuniya]]''. The play is dated to 22 November 1153 in an inscription.<br /> * Tablet 5 contains portions of an untitled Sanskrit poem, which praises several [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]] (deities). The last deity mentioned in the poem is [[Surya]] (the sun god). The poem states that the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chahamana]] (Chauhan) dynasty descends from Surya (see [[Suryavansha|Suryavanshi]]).<br /> * Tablet 6 contains the fragments of a ''[[prashasti]]'' (praise) of the Chahamana kings of Ajmer. The inscription states that the king [[Ajayaraja II|Ajaideva]] moved his residence to Ajmer, and defeated the king [[Naravarman|Naravarma]] of [[Malwa]]. After handing over the throne to his son, he took up [[Vanaprastha]] (retirement) in the forest of [[Pushkar]]. His son adorned Ajmer with the blood of the Turushkas (Turkic people) and captured the elephants of the kings of Malwa. The inscription also mentions the name &quot;Kumar Pal&quot;, but nothing can be made out of this name because of missing portions.<br /> <br /> The tablets containing the plays were engraved by Bhaskar, son of Mahipati and grandson of Govinda, hailing from a family of [[Huna people|Huna]] chiefs.&lt;ref name=&quot;HBS_1911&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Another Devanagari inscription is located on a [[marble]] pillar in the balcony of an entrance gate. It records the visit of Dharma, a mason of [[Bundi]] in the [[Jyeshtha (month)|Jyeshtha]] 1462 [[Vikram Samvat|VS]] (1405 CE), during the reign of [[Mokal Singh|Rana Mokal]].&lt;ref name=&quot;HBS_1911&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> During the tenure of [[Viceroy of India|Viceroy]] [[Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo|Lord Mayo]], between 1875 and 1878 CE, repairs to the structure were carried out at a cost of {{INR}} 23,128. Another restoration, costing {{INR}} 7,538 was carried out in 1900–1903, under the supervision of [[Ajmer-Merwara]] commissioner [[Alexander Tucker (commissioner)|ALP Tucker]].&lt;ref name=&quot;HBS_1911&quot;/&gt; ASI archaeologists Alexander Cunningham and [[D. R. Bhandarkar]] carried out a restoration of the building in the first half of the 20th century.&lt;ref name=&quot;KDL_2007&quot;/&gt; Cunningham remarked that no other building of historical or archaeological importance in India was more worthy of preservation.&lt;ref name=&quot;HBS_1935&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Architecture ==<br /> [[File:Arhai-din-ka-jhompra Mosque at Ajmer India 1911 plan.jpg|thumb|right|Plan of the building]]<br /> The mosque is among the earliest examples of the [[Indo-Islamic architecture]]. It was designed by Abu Bakr of [[Herat]], an architect who accompanied by Muhammad Ghori. The mosque was built almost entirely by Hindu masons, under the supervision of [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] managers.&lt;ref name=&quot;KDL_2007&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The mosque is much larger than the [[Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque]] of Delhi. The exterior of the building is square-shaped, with each side measuring {{convert|259|ft|m|order=flip}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;Alex_1871&quot;/&gt; There are two entrances, one at the south, and another at the east. The prayer area (the actual mosque) is located in the west, while the north side faces a hill rock. The actual mosque building on the western side has 10 domes and 124 pillars; there are 92 pillars on the eastern side; and 64 pillars on each of the remaining sides. Thus, there are 344 pillars in the entire building.&lt;ref name=&quot;Alex_1871&quot;/&gt; Out of these, only 70 pillars remain standing now.&lt;ref name=&quot;HBS_1911&quot;/&gt; It has a square dimension measuring {{convert|80| m|ft|abbr=on}}. The tall and slender pillars are not overcrowded and the ones in the courtyard are symmetrically placed. The sanctuary measures {{convert|43| m|ft|abbr=on}} by {{convert|12| m|ft|abbr=on}}. The ''[[mihrab]]'' is built with white marbles. It is believed that Iltumish added the seven arch screens by 1230, which is considered to be an architecturally most notable feature of the mosque. The large central arch is accompanied by two small fluted minarets.&lt;ref name=Desai&gt;{{cite book|title=Mosques of India|last=Desai|first=Ziyaud-Din|isbn=81-230-1001-X|year=2003|edition=5th|publisher=The Director of Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|location=New Delhi|page=21}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Adhai Din-ka-Jhonpra Arcade (6134519070).jpg | Arcade pillars<br /> File:Adhai Din-ka-Jhonpra Arcade and ceiling detail (6133962667).jpg | Arcade ceiling<br /> File:Adhai Din-ka-Jhonpra Arcade and mihrab dome (6134506218).jpg | [[Mihrab]] arcade<br /> File:Adhai Din-ka-Jhonpra Entrance staircase, gateway (6134484362).jpg | Entrance staircase<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> The front [[facade]] of the structure features a huge screen with yellow [[limestone]] arches, built during the reign of Iltutmish. The main arch is nearly {{convert|60|ft|m|order=flip}} high and is flanked by six smaller arches. The arches have small rectangular panels for passage of daylight, similar to the ones found in early [[Arabia]]n mosques. The archway features [[Kufic]] and [[Tughra]] inscriptions and quotations from the Koran, and is reminiscent of [[Islamic architecture]] from [[Ghazni]] and [[Turkistan (city)|Turkistan]]. Some of the carvings feature [[Arabesque]] floral and foliate patterns; their geometric symmetry is reminiscent of Persian [[tile]]work. Their filigree sets them apart from Hindu-style carvings in the same building. The Hindu patterns are similar to the ones seen in the 10th-century structures at [[Nagda]] and the 11th century [[Sas-Bahu Temple]] at [[Gwalior]].&lt;ref name=&quot;KDL_2007&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Michael_1972&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |url=https://media.smith.edu/media/ereserves/pdf_files/hillyer/k-o/meister_two.pdf |title=The Two-and-a-Half-Day Mosque |author=Michael W. Meister |author-link=Michael W. Meister |journal=Oriental Art |year=1972 |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=57–63 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The 19th century American traveler [[John Fletcher Hurst]] described the screen as &quot;a gem of great renown throughout the [[Muslim world|Mohammedan world]].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/indikacountrypeo00hursuoft/indikacountrypeo00hursuoft#page/726/mode/2up |title=Indika. The country and the people of India and Ceylon |author=John F. Hurst |author-link=John Fletcher Hurst |publisher=Harper &amp; Brothers |location=New York |year=1891 |pages=726–727 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Adhai-din-ka-Jhopra 07.jpg | Ornate carvings and Kufic inscriptions<br /> File:Adhai-din-ka-Jhopra 08.jpg | Floral motif<br /> File:Adhai-din-ka-Jhopra 05.jpg | Arches with inscriptions from Koran<br /> File:Adhai Din-ka-Jhonpra Screen wall decorative work (6134515460).jpg | Decorative screen wall<br /> File:Adhai Din-ka-Jhonpra Screen wall decorative work (6133943561).jpg | Inscriptions on the screen wall<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> The interior of the building is a quadrangle measuring {{convert|200|x|175|ft|m|order=flip}}. It comprises the main hall ({{convert|248|×|40|ft|m|order=flip}}) supported by cloisters of [[pillar]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;Alex_1871&quot;/&gt; The pillars feature varying designs and are heavily decorated, similar to the ones in Hindu and Jain [[rock temple]]s. They have large bases and taper as they rise in height. According to K.D.L. Khan, the pillars and roofs are from the pre-Islamic structure, but the original carvings were destroyed by Muslims.&lt;ref name=&quot;KDL_2007&quot;/&gt; [[Michael W. Meister]] believes that some of the pillars were newly created by Hindu masons for their Muslim masters; these were combined with the older, plundered pillars (whose images were defaced). Similarly, he states that the ceilings combine newer and older work by Hindu workers.&lt;ref name=&quot;Michael_1972&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[muazzin]]'s towers are located in two small [[minaret]]s ({{convert|19.5|ft|m|order=flip}} in diameter). These minarets are located at the top of an {{convert|11.5|ft|m|order=flip}} thick screen wall. The minarets are now ruined, but their remnants show that they were sloping hollow towers with 24 alternately angular and circular [[fluting (architecture)|flutes]], just like the ones in the [[Qutb Minar]] of Delhi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Alex_1871&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EZaFAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA258 |title=Four Reports Made During the Years, 1862-63-64-65 |volume=2 |author=Alexander Cunningham |author-link=Alexander Cunningham |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |year=1871 |pages=258–263 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Alexander Cunningham praised the architecture of Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra and Quwwat-ul-Islam mosques in the following words:&lt;ref name=&quot;Alex_1871&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> {{cquote|In boldness of design, and grandeur of conception, which are perhaps due to the genius of the Islamite architect, these two splendid mosques of the first Indian Muhammadans are only surpassed by the soaring sublimity of the Christian Cathedrals. But in the gorgeous prodigality of ornament, in the beautiful richness of tracery, and an endless variety of detail, in delicate sharpness of finish, and the laborious accuracy of workmanship, all of which are due to the Hindu masons, I think that these two grand Indian mosques may justly vie with the noblest buildings which the world has yet produced.|Alexander Cunningham}}<br /> <br /> Scottish architectural historian [[James Fergusson (architect)|James Fergusson]] similarly remarked:&lt;ref name=&quot;HBS_1935&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S2kOAAAAQAAJ&amp;pg=PA513 |title=A History of Architecture in All Countries |volume=3 |author=James Fergusson |author-link=James Fergusson (architect) |publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] |year=1876 |page=513 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{cquote|As examples of surface-decoration, these two mosques of Altumush at Delhi and Ajmir are probably unrivaled. Nothing in Cairo or in Persia is so exquisite in detail, and nothing in Spain or Syria can approach them for the beauty of surface decoration.|James Fergusson}}<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Adhai Din-ka-Jhonpra Window detail (6134516480).jpg|Window<br /> File:Adhai Din-ka-Jhonpra Niche detail (6134503056).jpg|Niche<br /> File:Adhai Din-ka-Jhonpra Dome decorative work (6134499928).jpg|Dome interior<br /> File:Adhai Din-ka-Jhonpra Corner minaret (6134483396).jpg|Minaret<br /> File:Adhai Din-ka-Jhonpra Bracket detail (6133956361).jpg|Bracket<br /> File:Arcade pillars of Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra.jpg|Arcade Pillars<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> Today, the site is visited by people of all religions, as a fine example of a mix of Indian, Hindu, Muslim and Jain architectures.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Our structures - Ajmer |url=http://asijaipurcircle.nic.in/ajmer.html|website=www.asijaipurcircle.nic.in|publisher=ASI (official website) |access-date=22 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{commons category-inline}}<br /> <br /> {{Ajmer}}<br /> {{Mosques in India|state=collapsed}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Hindu temples in Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:Tourist attractions in Ajmer]]<br /> [[Category:Architecture of the Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)]]<br /> [[Category:12th-century mosques in Asia]]<br /> [[Category:Mosques in Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1199]]<br /> [[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in the 1190s]]<br /> [[Category:Mosques converted from Hindu temples]]<br /> [[Category:Mosques converted from Jain temples]]<br /> [[Category:Mosque buildings with domes in India]]<br /> [[Category:Former Hindu temples in India]]<br /> [[Category:Mosque ruins in India]]</div>

SBS Khumancha https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Athadu_Aame_O_Scooter&diff=488179 2026-04-05T06:51:07Z

<p>SBS Khumancha: redirect</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Vennela Kishore]]</div>

SBS Khumancha https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=G._Murugaiyan&diff=499460 2026-04-04T22:36:26Z

<p>SBS Khumancha: starting a data.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = G. Murugaiyan<br /> | image = <br /> | image size = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|1925|6|22|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = <br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | office1 = Member, Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly<br /> | constituency1 = [[Tiruvaiyaru Assembly constituency|Tiruvaiyaru]]<br /> | term_start1 = 1967<br /> | term_end1 = 1971<br /> | predecessor1 = Palani<br /> | successor1 = [[G. Elangovan]]<br /> | office2 = <br /> | constituency2 = <br /> | term_start2 = <br /> | term_end2 = <br /> | successor2 =<br /> | term_start3 = <br /> | term_end3 = <br /> | term_start4 = <br /> | term_end4 = <br /> | party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]<br /> | spouse = <br /> | alma_mater = <br /> | relations = <br /> | children = <br /> | profession = Educationalist<br /> | footnotes = <br /> | date = <br /> | year = <br /> | website =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''G. Murugaiyan''' was an [[Indian politician]] and a former member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]. He hailed from the Rajagiri region of the [[Thanjavur district]]. He studied at Rajagiri Primary School and Government College, [[Thiruvaiyaru]]. Belonging to the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) party, he contested and won the [[1967 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] from the [[Tiruvaiyaru Assembly constituency|Thiruvaiyaru constituency]], becoming a Member of the Legislative Assembly.&lt;ref&gt;Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly” Who's Who 1967. Madras-9: Madras Legislative Assembly Department. December 1968. p. 145.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Electoral performance==<br /> ===1967===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruvaiyaru&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2012|access-date= 19 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[G. Murugaiyan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,693 |percentage=51.94% |change=+12.87 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. B. Palani |party=Indian National Congress |votes=34,165 |percentage=47.08% |change=-6.69 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Thangaiyan |party=Independent politician |votes=713 |percentage=0.98% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,528 |percentage=4.86% |change= -9.84% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=72,571 |percentage=82.37% |change= 8.23% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,028 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -1.83% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Murugaiyan, G.}}<br /> [[Category:1925 births]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1967–1971]]<br /> [[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Possibly living people]]</div>

SBS Khumancha https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bal_Krishen_Rathore&diff=489235 2026-04-01T03:48:57Z

<p>SBS Khumancha: Done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian businessman}}<br /> {{Multiple issues|<br /> {{Orphan|date=July 2024}}<br /> {{Notability|Biography|date=April 2022}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Bal Krishen Rathore<br /> | image = &lt;!-- filename only, no &quot;File:&quot; or &quot;Image:&quot; prefix, and no enclosing [[brackets]] --&gt;<br /> | alt = &lt;!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --&gt;<br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_name = &lt;!-- only use if different from name --&gt;<br /> | birth_date = &lt;!-- {{Birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} for living people supply only the year with {{Birth year and age|YYYY}} unless the exact date is already widely published, as per [[WP:DOB]]. For people who have died, use {{Birth date|YYYY|MM|DD}}. --&gt;<br /> | birth_place = <br /> | death_date = &lt;!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (DEATH date then BIRTH date) --&gt;<br /> | death_place = <br /> | citizenship = India<br /> | other_names = <br /> | occupation = {{hlist|[[Businessperson|Businessman]]|[[investor]]|[[Entrepreneurship|entrepreneur]]}}<br /> | years_active = <br /> | known_for = <br /> | notable_works = <br /> }}<br /> '''Bal Krishen Rathore''' is an Indian [[businessman]], [[investor]], and entrepreneur and the chairman and CEO of Century Financial based in the United Arab Emirates.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mansoor |first=Zainab |date=2021-06-10 |title=Cover story: Why the chairman of UAE's Century Financial feels its all about the journey, not the destination |url=https://gulfbusiness.com/cover-story-why-the-chairman-of-uaes-century-financial-feels-its-all-about-the-journey-not-the-destination/ |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=Gulf Business}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mansoor |first=Zainab |date=2020-05-16 |title=Message from the top: Bal Krishen, CEO, Century Financial |url=https://gulfbusiness.com/message-top-bal-krishen-ceo-century-financial/ |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=Gulf Business}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bal Krishen, CEO Century Financial, was once a hotel boy in Dubai |url=https://gulfnews.com/videos/news/bal-krishen-ceo-century-financial-was-once-a-hotel-boy-in-dubai-1.1558436493790 |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=gulfnews.com |date=21 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Business Leaders of the UAE: Century Financial: At the forefront of change |url=https://gulfnews.com/business/business-leaders-of-the-uae-century-financial-at-the-forefront-of-change-1.1630370235688 |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=gulfnews.com |date=31 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was listed in the top 100 inspiring leaders in the UAE by Arabian Business. He has been granted the Golden Visa by the government of [[UAE]] in 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.arabianbusiness.com/lists/392575-100-inspiring-leaders-in-the-middle-east-55bal-krishen|title=Bal Krishen|date=July 2012<br /> |newspaper=Arabian Business|access-date=16 August 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/century-financial-ceo-bal-krishen-he-mopped-floors-in-dubai-once-now-runs-a-trading-floor-1.64072455|title=Century Financial CEO Bal Krishen: He mopped floors in Dubai once, now runs a trading floor|website=gulfnews.com|date=21 May 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://gulfbusiness.com/cover-story-why-the-chairman-of-uaes-century-financial-feels-its-all-about-the-journey-not-the-destination/|title=Cover story: Why the chairman of UAE's Century Financial feels its all about the journey, not the destination|first=Zainab|last=Mansoor|date=June 10, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/kt-network/century-financial-leadership-granted-the-uae-golden-visa|title=Century Financial leadership granted the UAE Golden Visa|website=Khaleej Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Rathore grew up in a small district in the Indian state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu &amp; Kashmir]] as one of the nine siblings in a family with limited means. He started his career by working in the hospitality industry in Dubai. Rathore met Sulaiman Baqer Mohebi, an Emirati entrepreneur, the then Chairman of Century Financial, and started as a dealer for the company in 1999.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/uae-india-kashmir-delegation-investment-opportunities|title = UAE delegation explores investment opportunities in Indian-controlled Kashmir}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/uae-delegation-explores-business-opportunities-in-jammu-kashmir|title = UAE delegation explores business opportunities in Jammu &amp; Kashmir}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/lifestyle/from-tea-boy-to-a-ceo-indian-expat-bal-krishen-rathore-shows-impossible-is-possible| title=From tea boy to CEO: Indian expat Bal Krishen Rathore shows impossible is possible| language=en |accessdate=2022-10-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Rathore started as a dealer in Century Financial in 1999.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://gulfbusiness.com/uaes-century-financial-to-invest-100m-in-jammu-and-kashmir/|title=UAE's Century Financial to invest $100m in Jammu and Kashmir|first=Varun|last=Godinho|date=11 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/business/corporate-news/uae-based-century-financial-to-invest-100m-in-jk-on-hotels-residential-complex-1.1642071299380|title=UAE-based Century Financial to invest $100m in J&amp;K on hotels, residential complex|website=gulfnews.com|date=13 January 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/jk-govt-signs-mou-with-century-financial-for-100-million-investment-in-jammu-kashmir/|title=J&amp;K Govt signs MoU with Century Financial for $100 million investment in Jammu &amp; Kashmir|date=8 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/lifestyle/wellbeing/2021/12/29/how-to-make-and-keep-new-years-resolutions-with-advice-from-uae-experts/|title=How to make and keep New Year's resolutions, with advice from UAE experts|date=29 December 2021|website=The National}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rathore looked after transactions across exchanges. Later he became the chairman and CEO of the company.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/kt-network/century-financial-tops-the-best-workplaces-for-women-in-the-gcc|title=Century Financial tops the Best Workplaces for Women in the GCC|website=Khaleej Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/person/20356694|title=Bal Krishen Rathore, Century Financial Consultancy LLC: Profile and Biography|publisher=Bloomberg}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Awards &amp; recognitions ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> !Year of Award or Honor<br /> !Name of Award or Honor<br /> !Awarding Organization<br /> |-<br /> |2018<br /> |Emerging Leaders - Financial Services<br /> |[[Khaleej Times]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sadaqat |first=Rohma |title=Khaleej Times honours best at Emerging Leader Awards |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/local-business/khaleej-times-honours-best-at-emerging-leader-awards |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=Khaleej Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2018<br /> |100 Inspiring Leaders in the Middle East<br /> |[[Arabian Business]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=100 Inspiring Leaders in the Middle East - Arabian Business: Latest News on the Middle East, Real Estate, Finance, and More |url=https://www.arabianbusiness.com/list/100-inspiring-leaders-in-the-middle-east |website=Arabian Business}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2021<br /> |CEO of the Year in Financial Industry 2021<br /> |World Business Outlook Awards&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-02-10 |title=World Business Outlook Awards |url=https://worldbusinessoutlook.com/award-winner-2021/ |access-date=2022-06-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Initiatives==<br /> <br /> Rathore and his company Century Financial had an agreement with the government of India to invest 100 million dollars in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Farooqui |first=Mazhar |title=Dubai: Indian businessman announces $100 million investment in Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/dubai-indian-businessman-announces-100-million-investment-in-jammu-and-kashmir |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=Khaleej Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ashiq |first=Peerzada |date=2022-01-22 |title=Jammu and Kashmir eyeing Dubai-based groups for funds|work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/jammu-and-kashmir-eyeing-dubai-based-groups-for-funds/article38310958.ece |access-date=2022-04-03 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[M. A. Yusuff Ali]]<br /> *[[Tariq Chauhan]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Rathore, Bal Krishen}}<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]<br /> [[Category:Indian emigrants to the United Arab Emirates]]<br /> [[Category:Indian expatriates in the United Arab Emirates]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:People from Jammu and Kashmir]]</div>

SBS Khumancha https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southern_Railway_zone&diff=461932 2026-03-26T16:29:21Z

<p>SBS Khumancha: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Railway zone of Indian Railways}}<br /> {{Other uses|Southern Railway (disambiguation)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox rail<br /> | railroad_name = Southern Railway<br /> | logo_filename =Southern Railway Zone.svg<br /> | logo_size = 130px<br /> | map_size = 300px <br /> | marks = SR <br /> | image = Indianrailwayzones-numbered.png<br /> | image_size =<br /> | image_caption = 7-Southern Railway<br /> | regions = [[South India]]<br /> | locale = [[Tamil Nadu]], parts of [[Kerala]], Southern parts of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], &amp; [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], <br /> | start_year = {{start date and age|14 April 1950}}<br /> | end_year =<br /> | predecessor_line = [[South Indian Railway Company|South Indian Railway]] &lt;br /&gt;[[Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Mysore State Railway]]<br /> | successor_line = Southern Railway&lt;br /&gt;[[South Coast Railway zone|South Coast Railway]]&lt;br /&gt;[[South Central Railway Zone|South Central Railway]]&lt;br /&gt;[[South Western Railway Zone|South Western Railway]]<br /> | gauge = [[Broad gauge]]<br /> | old_gauge = [[Metre gauge]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Narrow gauge]]<br /> | electrification = [[25 kV AC]]<br /> | stations = 727<br /> | speed = {{cvt|130|kph}}<br /> | length = {{cvt|5081|km}} route&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Southern Railway vital statistics|url=http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1547203315572-vital-statistics-2018.pdf|publisher=Southern Railway|access-date=20 January 2019|archive-date=20 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120144312/http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1547203315572-vital-statistics-2018.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | headquarters = [[Chennai]]<br /> | notrack = 9 (main lines)<br /> | website = {{URL|sr.indianrailways.gov.in|Southern Railway}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Southern Railway''' (abbreviated '''SR''') is one of the [[Zones and divisions of Indian Railways|18 zones]] of [[Indian Railways]]. It is headquartered at [[Chennai]] and operates across the [[States of India|states]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kerala]], [[Karnataka]] , [[Andhra Pradesh]] and the [[Union Territories of India|union territory]] of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]. It maintains about {{cvt|5081|km}} of railway lines and operates 727 [[railway station]]s.<br /> <br /> The origin of the Southern Railway can be traced back to the mid-19th century. In 1835, the first railway track in India was constructed in Madras and became operational in 1837. The [[Madras Railway]] was formally established later in 1845. The Southern Railway was created on 14 April 1950 by merging three state railways, namely, the [[Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway]], the [[South Indian Railway Company]], and the [[Mysore State Railway]] and became the first railway zone of the [[Indian Railways]].<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> {{see also|Timeline of Southern Railway zone|Madras Railway}}<br /> <br /> [[File:60The South Indian Railway.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Map of South Indian Railway in 1910]]<br /> <br /> The history of the Southern Railway can be traced back to the [[Madras Railway]]. In 1832, the proposal to construct the first railway line in India at [[Madras]] was made by the [[British India|British]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/Heritage/2021/PDF/3%20Presentation%20Shradha%20Arora%20IRICEN%202019.pdf|title=Understanding Indian Railway Heritage|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|page=6|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=26 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226101121/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/Heritage/2021/PDF/3%20Presentation%20Shradha%20Arora%20IRICEN%202019.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1835, the [[railway track]] was constructed between [[Chinnamalai|Little Mount]] and [[Chintadripet]] in [[Chennai|Madras]] and became operational in 1837.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/apr/16/chennai-the-track-record-1801999.html|title=Chennai: The track record|date=16 April 2018|newspaper=[[New Indian Express]]|access-date=9 August 2023|archive-date=12 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812065026/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/apr/16/chennai-the-track-record-1801999.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Madras Railway]] was established later in 1845 and the construction on the first main line between Madras and [[Arcot]] started in 1853, which became operational in 1856.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/on-the-forgotten-track/articleshow/99129882.cms?from=mdr|title=On Forgotten Road|date=31 March 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=9 August 2023|archive-date=12 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812065104/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/on-the-forgotten-track/articleshow/99129882.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1908, [[Madras Railway]] merged with [[Southern Mahratta Railway]] to form the [[Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://indianrlys.wordpress.com/tag/royapuram-railway-station/|title=Third oldest railway station in country set to turn 156|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date =13 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-4sgbfdutMC&amp;q=Madras+Railway+merger&amp;pg=PA755|title=The Cambridge Economic History of India|volume=2|page=755|year =2005|publisher=Orient Longmans Private Limited|isbn=978-8-1250-2731-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1944, all the railway companies operating in [[British India]] were taken over by the Government.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/financecode/ADMIN_FINANCE/AdminFinanceCh1_Data.htm|title=Evolution of Indian Railways-Historical Background|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=1 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601024404/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/financecode/ADMIN_FINANCE/AdminFinanceCh1_Data.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Post [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Independence]], various re-grouping proposals were studied as there were 42 different railway systems. In December 1950, the Central Advisory Committee for Railways approved the plan for Indian Railways into six zonal systems and the Southern Railway zone was created on 14 April 1950 by merging three state railways, namely, the [[Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway]], the [[South Indian Railway Company]], and the [[Mysore State Railway]].&lt;ref name=&quot;SR&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&amp;id=0,1|title=Southern Railways, about us|publisher=Southern Railway|access-date=12 August 2023|archive-date=16 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916104302/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&amp;id=0,1|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Organisation==<br /> [[File:Southern_Railway_HQ.jpg|thumb|Southern Railway headquarters in [[Chennai]]]]<br /> <br /> Southern Railway zone covers the states of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kerala]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] and a small portion of [[Andhra Pradesh]].&lt;ref name=&quot;SR&quot;/&gt; [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Andaman and Nicobar]] will form part of the zone once the proposed new railway line between [[Port Blair]] and [[Diglipur]] becomes operational.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=6 February 2017|title=Railways to show green signal to a train in Andaman and Nicobar|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/railways-to-show-green-signal-to-a-train-in-andaman-and-nicobar-port-blair-diglipur-4509732/|access-date=12 August 2023|publisher=[[Indian Express]]|archive-date=12 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812082551/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/railways-to-show-green-signal-to-a-train-in-andaman-and-nicobar-port-blair-diglipur-4509732/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Southern Railway is headed by the General Manager, assisted by an Additional General Manager. Southern Railway is headquartered in Chennai and is divided into six divisions namely [[Chennai railway division|Chennai]], [[Tiruchirappalli railway division|Tiruchirappalli]], [[Madurai railway division|Madurai]], [[Palakkad railway division|Palakkad]], [[Salem railway division|Salem]] and [[Trivandrum railway division|Thiruvananthapuram]].&lt;ref name=&quot;SR&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> {|class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;style=&quot;text-align:left<br /> |-<br /> !! style=&quot;background-color:#FFD700&quot;| Name of Division<br /> !! style=&quot;background-color:#FFD700&quot;| Established<br /> !! style=&quot;background-color:#FFD700&quot;| Headquarters<br /> !! style=&quot;background-color:#FFD700&quot;| Comments<br /> |-<br /> | [[Vijayawada railway division|Bezawada]]<br /> | 6-May-1956<br /> | [[Vijayawada]]<br /> | Moved to [[South Central Railway zone|SCR]] in 1966 and [[South Coast Railway zone|SCoR]] in 2019<br /> |-<br /> | [[Madurai railway division|Madurai]]<br /> | 6-May-1956<br /> | [[Madurai]]<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Tiruchirappalli railway division|Tiruchirappalli]]<br /> | 6-May-1956<br /> | [[Tiruchirappalli]]<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Chennai railway division|Madras]]<br /> | 1-August-1956<br /> | [[Chennai]]<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Palakkad railway division|Palakkad]]<br /> | 4-August-1956<br /> | [[Palakkad]]<br /> | previously known as Olavacode. Formed from Podanur division.<br /> |-<br /> | [[Guntakal railway division|Guntakal]]<br /> | 10-October-1956<br /> | [[Guntakal]]<br /> | Moved to [[South Central Railway zone|SCR]] in 1977 and [[South Coast Railway zone|SCoR]] in 2019<br /> |-<br /> | [[Mysore railway division|Mysore]]<br /> | 31-October-1956<br /> | [[Mysuru]]<br /> | Moved to [[South Western Railway zone|SWR]] in 2003<br /> |-<br /> | [[Hubli railway division|Hubli]]<br /> | 31-October-1956<br /> | [[Hubli]]<br /> | Moved to [[South Central Railway zone|SCR]] in 1966 and [[South Western Railway zone|SWR]] in 2003<br /> |-<br /> | [[Bangalore railway division|Bangalore]]<br /> | 31-October-1971<br /> | [[Bangalore]]<br /> | Moved to [[South Western Railway zone|SWR]] in 2003<br /> |-<br /> | [[Thiruvananthapuram railway division|Thiruvananthapuram]]<br /> | 2-October-1979<br /> | [[Thiruvananthapuram]]<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Salem railway division|Salem]]<br /> | 14-November-2001<br /> | [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Operations and infrastructure==<br /> The zone operates both passenger and freight trains. Various classes of passenger trains including [[Vande Bharat Express]], Amrit Bharat Express, [[Shatabdi Express]], Antyodaya Express, Double Decker Express and [[Tejas Express]] are operated by Southern Railways.&lt;ref name=&quot;IR&quot;/&gt; Freight operations include container traffic from the ports, [[coal]] bound to the thermal power stations, [[oil]] and [[petroleum]] products from refineries, [[cement]] and food grains. Most of the lines inside ports, thermal stations, manufacturing industries and owned by the respective companies and the zone provides a link connecting to its network along with the wagons and locomotives. The zone has a larger proportion of passenger traffic compared to freight.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/southern-railway-punctuality-and-fiscal-performance-hit/articleshow/62666618.cms|title=Southern Railway punctuality and fiscal performance hit|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=24 February 2018|archive-date=15 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615133325/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/southern-railway-punctuality-and-fiscal-performance-hit/articleshow/62666618.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/southern-railways-financial-and-operational-performance-dips/articleshow/60077695.cms|title=Southern Railway's financial and operational performance dips|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=24 February 2018|archive-date=28 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528174815/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/southern-railways-financial-and-operational-performance-dips/articleshow/60077695.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; There are about 727 stations on the Southern railway network.&lt;ref name=&quot;SRS&quot;&gt;{{cite web|type=pdf|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1659695525713-SR.pdf|title=Southern Railway stations|publisher=Indian Railways|access-date=12 August 2023|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223095122/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1659695525713-SR.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Locomotives===<br /> [[File:Erode.png|thumb|A [[Electric Loco Shed, Erode|Erode]] [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7 locomotive]] of Southern Railway]]<br /> [[File:NMR_37385_in_Delhi_05-02-17_M49.jpeg|thumb|A [[Nilgiri Mountain Railway X class|X class locomotive]] of the [[Nilgiri Mountain Railway]]]]<br /> Southern Railway utilizes various classes of [[electric locomotive|electric]] and [[diesel locomotive|diesel]] locomotives to haul the trains. [[Steam locomotives]] are used by the [[Nilgiri Mountain Railway]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/coonoor-loco-shed-viewing-gallery-opened-for-tourists/article29550658.ece|title=Coonoor loco shed opened for tourists|date=29 September 2019|access-date=12 August 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=12 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812094318/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/coonoor-loco-shed-viewing-gallery-opened-for-tourists/article29550658.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The zone has three [[electric locomotive]] sheds and four [[diesel locomotive]] sheds.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRFCA&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Sheds and Workshops – Southern Railway|url=https://irfca.org/faq/faq-shed.html|publisher=IRFCA|access-date=1 November 2023|archive-date=4 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204040010/https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-shed.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {|class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !! style=&quot;background-color:#FFD700&quot;| Name<br /> !! style=&quot;background-color:#FFD700&quot;| Location<br /> !! style=&quot;background-color:#FFD700&quot;| Type<br /> !! style=&quot;background-color:#FFD700&quot;| Locomotive class<br /> !! style=&quot;background-color:#FFD700&quot;|Count<br /> |-<br /> | [[Electric Loco Shed, Arakkonam]]<br /> | [[Arakkonam]]<br /> | [[Electric locomotive|Electric]]<br /> | [[Indian locomotive class WAP-4|WAP-4]], [[Indian locomotive class WAG-5|WAG-5]], [[Indian locomotive class WAG-9|WAG-9]]<br /> | 184<br /> |-<br /> | [[Electric Loco Shed, Erode]]<br /> | [[Erode]]<br /> | [[Electric locomotive|Electric]]<br /> | [[Indian locomotive class WAP-4|WAP-4]], [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]], [[Indian locomotive class WAG-7|WAG-7]]<br /> | 211<br /> |-<br /> | [[Electric Loco Shed, Royapuram]]<br /> | [[Chennai]]<br /> | [[Electric locomotive|Electric]]<br /> | [[Indian locomotive class WAP-5|WAP-5]], [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]]<br /> | 122<br /> |-<br /> | [[Diesel Loco Shed, Ernakulam]]<br /> | [[Ernakulam]]<br /> | [[Diesel locomotive|Diesel]]<br /> | [[Indian locomotive class WDM-3A|WDM-3A]], [[Indian locomotive class WDG-2/3A|WDG-3A]], [[Indian locomotive class WDM-3D|WDM-3D]], [[Indian locomotive class WDG-4|WDG-4]], [[Indian locomotive class WDG-4|WDG-4D]]<br /> | 39<br /> |-<br /> | [[Diesel Loco Shed, Erode]]<br /> | [[Erode]]<br /> | [[Electric locomotive|Electric]]<br /> | [[Indian locomotive class WAP-1|WAP-1]], [[Indian locomotive class WAP-4|WAP-4]], [[Indian locomotive class WAG-5|WAG-5]], [[Indian locomotive class WAG-7|WAG-7]]<br /> | 145<br /> |-<br /> | [[Diesel Loco Shed, Golden Rock]]<br /> | [[Tiruchirappalli]]<br /> | [[Diesel locomotive|Diesel]]<br /> | [[Indian locomotive class WDG-2/3A|WDG-3A]], [[Indian locomotive class WDP-3A|WDP-3A]], [[Indian locomotive class WDM-3D|WDM-3D]], [[Indian locomotive class WDP-4|WDP-4]], [[Indian locomotive class WDG-4|WDG-4]], [[Indian locomotive class YDM-4|YDM-4]], [[Indian locomotive class WDS-6|WDS-6]], [[Indian locomotive class WDM-7|WDM-7]]<br /> | 152<br /> |-<br /> | [[Diesel Loco Shed, Tondiarpet]]<br /> | [[Chennai]]<br /> | [[Diesel locomotive|Diesel]]<br /> | [[Indian locomotive class WDM-3A|WDM-3A]], [[Indian locomotive class WDG-2/3A|WDG-3A]], [[Indian locomotive class WDS-6|WDS-6]], [[Indian locomotive class WDG-4|WDG-4]], [[Indian locomotive class WDG-4|WDG-4D]]<br /> | 55<br /> |-<br /> | Coonoor Loco Shed, Coonoor<br /> | [[Coonoor]]<br /> | [[Steam locomotive|Steam]], [[Diesel locomotive|Diesel]]<br /> | [[Nilgiri Mountain Railway X class|X Class]], [[Indian locomotive class YDM-4|YDM-4]]<br /> | <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Maintenance and workshops===<br /> Southern Railway maintains wagon and locomotive workshops at [[Perambur Loco Works railway station|Perambur, Chennai]] and [[Golden Rock Railway Workshop|Ponmalai, Tiruchirapalli]], engineering workshop at [[Arakkonam]], carriage maintenance workshops at [[Basin Bridge]] and [[Egmore]] and a signal and telecommunication workshop at [[Podanur]], [[Coimbatore]]. It has three [[Electric multiple unit|EMU]] car sheds in Chennai at [[Avadi]], [[Tambaram]], [[Velachery]] and MEMU sheds at [[Kollam MEMU Shed|Kollam]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/three-iso-certificates-for-memu-maintenance-shed/article33308748.ece|title=Three ISO certificates for MEMU maintenance shed|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=3 September 2019|access-date=27 September 2023|archive-date=27 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927151928/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/three-iso-certificates-for-memu-maintenance-shed/article33308748.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Palakkad Junction|Palakkad]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/180518/memu-rakes-yet-to-reach-kerala.html|title=Memu rakes yet to reach Kerala|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=18 May 2018|access-date=27 September 2023|archive-date=27 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927151953/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/180518/memu-rakes-yet-to-reach-kerala.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Southern Railway maintains trip sheds at [[Basin Bridge]], [[Egmore]], [[Tondiarpet]] and [[Jolarpettai]].&lt;ref name=&quot;IRFCA&quot;/&gt; Southern Railway operated ticket printing presses at [[Royapuram]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and [[Tiruchirappalli]], but these have been phased out due to [[digitization]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/ticket-to-the-past/article24818073.ece|title=Ticket to the Past|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=30 August 2018|access-date=12 August 2023|archive-date=12 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812094315/https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/ticket-to-the-past/article24818073.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/railway-board-plans-to-ease-out-100-year-old-printing-press-at-royapuram/articleshow/61513176.cms|title=Railway board plans to ease out 100 year old printing press|date=5 November 2017|publisher=[[Times of India]]|access-date=12 August 2023|archive-date=12 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812094315/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/railway-board-plans-to-ease-out-100-year-old-printing-press-at-royapuram/articleshow/61513176.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Railway coaches and wagons===<br /> Southern Railways uses both [[ICF coach]]es and [[LHB coach]]es for its trains. ICF coaches manufactured by the [[Integral Coach Factory]] in [[Chennai]] have been used predominantly for over sixty years since the formation of the zone in 1951.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Is It Time for Indian Railways to Tear Up Ageing Tracks and Old Machinery?|url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/dna-exclusive-is-it-time-for-indian-railways-to-tear-up-ageing-tracks-and-old-machinery-2427973.html|work=[[Zee Media Corporation]]|date=14 January 2022|access-date=6 June 2023|archive-date=6 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606192252/https://zeenews.india.com/india/dna-exclusive-is-it-time-for-indian-railways-to-tear-up-ageing-tracks-and-old-machinery-2427973.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ICF coaches are slowly being replaced by newer [[LHB coach|LHB]] rakes which provide better passenger comfort and safety.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Ayyappan|first=V.|title=Leakage Found in ICF Coaches|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/leakage-found-in-icf-coaches/articleshow/80095746.cms|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 January 2021|access-date=6 June 2023|archive-date=6 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606193410/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/leakage-found-in-icf-coaches/articleshow/80095746.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Debroy|first=Bibek|title=A 70-Year-Old Vs a 30-Year-Old: LHB Coaches Perform Better than ICF Ones|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/a-70-year-old-vs-a-30-year-old-lhb-coaches-perform-better-than-icf-ones-118020801725_1.html|url-access=subscription|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|date=9 February 2018|access-date=6 June 2023|archive-date=29 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429153338/https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/a-70-year-old-vs-a-30-year-old-lhb-coaches-perform-better-than-icf-ones-118020801725_1.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Railway lines===<br /> Following are the list of railway lines operational.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1444728316895-A4SMap-2015.pdf|title=Southern Railway Route Map|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=12 August 2023|archive-date=12 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812121221/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1444728316895-A4SMap-2015.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| title=Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India for the year ended March 2020 | url=https://cag.gov.in/uploads/download_audit_report/2021/22%20of%202021-0624d80426ef498.58288689.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407075028/https://cag.gov.in/uploads/download_audit_report/2021/22%20of%202021-0624d80426ef498.58288689.pdf | archive-date=2022-04-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Pl do not include under construction lines --&gt;<br /> <br /> {|class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !! style=&quot;background-color:#FFD700&quot;| Line<br /> !! style=&quot;background-color:#FFD700&quot;| Start<br /> !! style=&quot;background-color:#FFD700&quot;| End<br /> !! style=&quot;background-color:#FFD700&quot;| Type<br /> !! style=&quot;background-color:#FFD700&quot;| Gauge<br /> !! style=&quot;background-color:#FFD700&quot;| Electrified<br /> !! style=&quot;background-color:#FFD700&quot;| No. of Lines<br /> !! style=&quot;background-color:#FFD700&quot;| Speed limit<br /> !! style=&quot;background-color:#FFD700&quot;| Length<br /> !! style=&quot;background-color:#FFD700&quot;| Major stations<br /> |-<br /> | [[Chennai Central–Bangalore City line|Chennai Central-Jolarpettai]]<br /> | [[Chennai Central railway station|Chennai Central]]<br /> | [[Jolarpettai Junction railway station|Jolarpettai]]<br /> | Main<br /> | [[Broad-gauge railway|Broad]]<br /> | Yes<br /> | 2 (4 till Arakkonam) <br /> | <br /> | {{convert|213|km|abbr=on}}<br /> | [[Arakkonam Junction railway station|Arakkonam]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Chennai Central railway station|Chennai Central]]-[[Renigunta Junction railway station|Renigunta]]<br /> | [[Chennai Central railway station|Chennai Central]]<br /> | [[Renigunta Junction railway station|Renigunta]]<br /> | Main<br /> | [[Broad-gauge railway|Broad]]<br /> | Yes<br /> | 2 (4 till Arakkonam) <br /> | {{cvt|130|kph}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Speed&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://news.railanalysis.com/southern-railway-increases-maximum-permissible-speed-on-around-2037-route-kms-in-the-financial-year-2022-23/ | title=Southern Railway increases maximum permissible speed on around 2037 route KMS in the Financial Year 2022-23 |work=Rail Analysis India |access-date=1 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | {{convert|135|km|abbr=on}}<br /> | [[Arakkonam Junction railway station|Arakkonam]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Gudur–Chennai section|Chennai Central-Gudur]]<br /> | [[Chennai Central railway station|Chennai Central]]<br /> | [[Gudur Junction railway station|Gudur]]<br /> | Main<br /> | [[Broad-gauge railway|Broad]]<br /> | Yes<br /> | 2<br /> | {{cvt|130|kph}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Speed&quot;/&gt;<br /> | {{convert|136|km|abbr=on}}<br /> | [[Sullurupeta railway station|Sullurupeta]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Jolarpettai–Shoranur line|Jolarpettai–Shoranur]]<br /> | [[Jolarpettai Junction railway station|Jolarpettai]]<br /> | [[Shoranur Junction railway station|Shoranur]]<br /> | Main<br /> | [[Broad-gauge railway|Broad]]<br /> | Yes<br /> | 2<br /> | <br /> | {{convert|366|km|abbr=on}}<br /> | [[Salem Junction railway station|Salem]], [[Erode Junction railway station|Erode]], [[Coimbatore Junction railway station|Coimbatore]], [[Coimbatore North Junction railway station|Coimbatore North]], [[Podanur Junction railway station|Podanur]], [[Palakkad Junction railway station|Palakkad]] <br /> |-<br /> | [[Shoranur–Mangalore section|Shoranur-Mangalore railway line]]<br /> | [[Shoranur Junction railway station|Shoranur]]<br /> | [[Mangalore Junction railway station|Mangalore]]<br /> | Main<br /> | [[Broad-gauge railway|Broad]]<br /> | Yes<br /> | 2<br /> | <br /> | {{convert|315|km|abbr=on}}<br /> | [[Kannur railway station|Kannur]], [[Kozhikode railway station|Kozhikode]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Shoranur–Cochin Harbour section|Shoranur-Ernakulam line]]<br /> | [[Shoranur Junction railway station|Shoranur]]<br /> | [[Cochin Harbour Terminus]]<br /> | Main<br /> | [[Broad-gauge railway|Broad]]<br /> | Yes<br /> | 2<br /> | <br /> | {{convert|107|km|abbr=on}}<br /> | [[Thrissur railway station|Thrissur]], [[Aluva railway station|Aluva]], [[Ernakulam Junction railway station|Ernakulam Junction]], [[Ernakulam Town railway station|Ernakulam Town]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Chennai Egmore railway station|Chennai Egmore]]-[[Tuticorin railway station|Thoothukudi]]<br /> | [[Chennai Egmore railway station|Chennai Egmore]]<br /> | [[Tuticorin railway station|Thoothukudi]]<br /> | Main<br /> | [[Broad-gauge railway|Broad]]<br /> | Yes<br /> | 2 (4 till Chengalpattu)<br /> | <br /> | {{convert|654|km|abbr=on}}<br /> | [[Chengalpattu Junction railway station|Chengalpattu]], [[Villupuram Junction railway station|Villupuram]], [[Virudhachalam Junction railway station|Virudhachalam]], [[Tiruchirappalli Junction railway station|Tiruchirappalli]], [[Dindigul Junction railway station|Dindigul]], [[Madurai Junction railway station|Madurai]], [[Virudhunagar Junction railway station|Virudhunagar]], [[Vanchi Maniyachchi Junction railway station|Vanchi]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Tiruchirappalli Junction railway station|Tiruchirappalli]]-[[Thanjavur Junction railway station|Thanjavur]]<br /> | [[Tiruchirappalli Junction railway station|Tiruchirappalli]]<br /> | [[Thanjavur Junction railway station|Thanjavur]]<br /> | Branch<br /> | [[Broad-gauge railway|Broad]]<br /> | Yes<br /> | 2<br /> | <br /> | {{convert|50|km|abbr=on}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Tiruchirappalli Junction railway station|Tiruchirappalli]]-[[Erode Junction railway station|Erode]]<br /> | [[Tiruchirappalli Junction railway station|Tiruchirappalli]]<br /> | [[Erode Junction railway station|Erode]]<br /> | Branch<br /> | [[Broad-gauge railway|Broad]]<br /> | Yes<br /> | 1<br /> | <br /> | {{convert|141|km|abbr=on}}<br /> | [[Karur Junction railway station|Karur]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Salem Junction railway station|Salem]]-[[Dindigul Junction railway station|Dindigul]]<br /> | [[Salem Junction railway station|Salem]]<br /> | [[Dindigul Junction railway station|Dindigul]]<br /> | Branch<br /> | [[Broad-gauge railway|Broad]]<br /> | Yes<br /> | 1<br /> |<br /> | {{convert|159|km|abbr=on}}<br /> | [[Karur Junction railway station|Karur]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Madurai Junction railway station|Madurai]]-[[Rameswaram railway station|Rameswaram]]<br /> | [[Madurai Junction railway station|Madurai]]<br /> | [[Rameswaram railway station|Rameswaram]]<br /> | Branch<br /> | [[Broad-gauge railway|Broad]]<br /> | Yes<br /> | 1<br /> |<br /> | {{convert|173.82|km|abbr=on}}<br /> | [[Manamadurai Junction railway station|Manamadurai]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Tiruchirappalli Junction railway station|Tiruchirappalli]]-[[Sengottai railway station|Sengottai]]<br /> | [[Tiruchirappalli Junction railway station|Tiruchirappalli]]<br /> | [[Sengottai railway station|Sengottai]]<br /> | Branch<br /> | [[Broad-gauge railway|Broad]]<br /> | Yes<br /> | 1<br /> |<br /> | {{convert|320|km|abbr=on}}<br /> | [[Karaikudi Junction railway station|Karaikudi]], [[Manamadurai Junction railway station|Manamadurai]], [[Virudhunagar Junction railway station|Virudhunagar]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Vanchi Maniyachchi Junction railway station|Vanchi Maniyachchi]]-[[Tirunelveli Junction railway station|Tirunelveli]]<br /> | [[Vanchi Maniyachchi Junction railway station|Vanchi Maniyachchi]]<br /> | [[Tirunelveli Junction railway station|Tirunelveli]]<br /> | Branch<br /> | [[Broad-gauge railway|Broad]]<br /> | Yes<br /> | 2<br /> |<br /> | {{convert|28.9|km|abbr=on}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Tiruchirappalli Junction railway station|Tiruchirappalli]]-[[Thanjavur Junction railway station|Thanjavur]]<br /> | [[Tiruchirappalli Junction railway station|Tiruchirappalli]]<br /> | [[Thanjavur Junction railway station|Thanjavur]]<br /> | Branch<br /> | [[Broad-gauge railway|Broad]]<br /> | Yes<br /> | 2<br /> |<br /> | {{convert|50|km|abbr=on}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Coimbatore North Junction railway station|Coimbatore North]]-[[Mettupalayam railway station|Mettupalayam]]<br /> | [[Coimbatore North Junction railway station|Coimbatore North]]<br /> | [[Mettupalayam railway station|Mettupalayam]]<br /> | Branch<br /> | [[Broad-gauge railway|Broad]]<br /> | Yes<br /> | 1<br /> |<br /> | {{convert|32.8|km|abbr=on}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Nilgiri Mountain Railway]]<br /> | [[Mettupalayam railway station|Mettupalayam]]<br /> | [[Udhagamandalam railway station|Udhagamandalam]]<br /> | Branch<br /> | [[Metre-gauge railway|Metre]]<br /> | No<br /> | 1<br /> |<br /> | {{convert|45.9|km|abbr=on}}<br /> | [[Coonoor railway station|Coonoor]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Guruvayur–Thrissur spur line|Thrissur-Guruvayur line]]<br /> | [[Thrissur railway station|Thrissur]]<br /> | [[Guruvayur railway station|Guruvayur]]<br /> | Branch<br /> | [[Broad-gauge railway|Broad]]<br /> | Yes<br /> | 1<br /> |<br /> | {{convert|22.6|km|abbr=on}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Nilambur–Shoranur line|Shoranur -Nilambur line]] <br /> | [[Shoranur Junction railway station|Shoranur]]<br /> | [[Nilambur Road railway station|Nilambur Road]]<br /> | Branch<br /> | [[Broad-gauge railway|Broad]]<br /> | Yes &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news | url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/electrification-of-shoranur-nilambur-rail-line-completed/article68010446.ece | title = Electrification of Shoranur-Nilambur rail line completed | newspaper = The Hindu | access-date = 2024-03-30 | archive-date = 5 April 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240405095838/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/electrification-of-shoranur-nilambur-rail-line-completed/article68010446.ece | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 1<br /> |<br /> | {{convert|65.8|km|abbr=on}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Ernakulam–Kayamkulam coastal line]]<br /> | [[Ernakulam Junction railway station|Ernakulam]]<br /> | [[Kayamkulam Junction railway station|Kayamkulam]]<br /> | Branch<br /> | [[Broad-gauge railway|Broad]]<br /> | Yes<br /> | 1<br /> |<br /> | {{convert|100.34|km|abbr=on}}<br /> | [[Alappuzha railway station|Alappuzha]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ernakulam–Kottayam–Kayamkulam line]]<br /> | [[Ernakulam Junction railway station|Ernakulam]]<br /> | [[Kayamkulam Junction railway station|Kayamkulam]]<br /> | Branch<br /> | [[Broad-gauge railway|Broad]]<br /> | Yes<br /> | 2<br /> |<br /> | 156&amp;nbsp;km (97&amp;nbsp;mi)<br /> | [[Kottayam railway station|Kottayam]], [[Chengannur railway station|Chengannur]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Kollam–Sengottai Chord Line|Kollam-Sengottai line]]<br /> | [[Kollam Junction railway station|Kollam]]<br /> | [[Sengottai railway station|Sengottai]]<br /> | Branch<br /> | [[Broad-gauge railway|Broad]]<br /> | Yes<br /> | 1<br /> |<br /> | {{convert|94|km|abbr=on}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Kollam–Thiruvananthapuram trunk line|Kollam-Thiruvananthapuram line]]<br /> | [[Kollam Junction railway station|Kollam]]<br /> | [[Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station|Thiruvanathapuram Central]]<br /> | Main<br /> | [[Broad-gauge railway|Broad]]<br /> | Yes&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/rail-electrification-inspection-begins/article3033562.ece | title = Rail electrification: inspection begins | newspaper = [[The Hindu]] | date = 14 December 2006 | access-date = 9 January 2017 | archive-date = 18 May 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240518163838/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/rail-electrification-inspection-begins/article3033562.ece | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 2<br /> |<br /> | {{cvt|65|km}}<br /> | [[Kochuveli railway station|Kochuveli]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Thiruvananthapuram–Nagercoil–Kanyakumari line]]<br /> | [[Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station|Thiruvanathapuram Central]]<br /> | [[Kanniyakumari railway station|Kanniyakumari]]<br /> | Branch<br /> | [[Broad-gauge railway|Broad]]<br /> | Yes<br /> | 1<br /> |<br /> | {{convert|89|km|abbr=on}}<br /> | [[Nagercoil Junction railway station|Nagercoil]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Nagercoil–Tirunelveli line|Nagercoil - Tirunelveli]]<br /> | [[Nagercoil Junction railway station|Nagercoil]]<br /> | [[Tirunelveli Junction railway station|Tirunelveli]]<br /> | Main<br /> | [[Broad-gauge railway|Broad]]<br /> | Yes<br /> | 2<br /> | {{cvt|110|kph}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://news.railanalysis.com/southern-railway-targets-on-speed-enhancement-works-to-increase-trains-speed-on-vital-sections-in-the-current-financial-year-2023-24/#:~:text=Over%20413.62%20Route%20Kms%20of,completed%20in%20FY%202022%2D23. | title=Southern Railway targets on speed enhancement works to increase trains speed on vital sections in the current Financial Year 2023-24 |work=Rail Analysis India |access-date=1 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://railanalysis.in/rail-news/insights-on-speed-enhancement-achieved-by-southern-railway-and-works-in-progress-in-tamil-nadu/ | title=Insights on speed enhancement achieved by Southern Railway and works in progress in Tamil Nadu | date=2 February 2023 |access-date=1 June 2025 |work=Rail Analysis India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | {{cvt|73|km}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Tenkasi Junction railway station|Tenkasi]]-[[Tiruchendur railway station|Tiruchendur]]<br /> | [[Tenkasi Junction railway station|Tenkasi]]<br /> | [[Tiruchendur railway station|Tiruchendur]]<br /> | Branch<br /> | [[Broad-gauge railway|Broad]]<br /> | Yes<br /> | 1<br /> |<br /> | {{convert|61.2|km|abbr=on}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Tenkasi Junction railway station|Tenkasi]]-[[Sengottai railway station|Sengottai]]<br /> | [[Tenkasi Junction railway station|Tenkasi]]<br /> | [[Sengottai railway station|Sengottai]]<br /> | Branch<br /> | [[Broad-gauge railway|Broad]]<br /> | Yes<br /> | 1<br /> |<br /> | {{convert|8|km|abbr=on}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Irugur Junction railway station|Irugur]]-[[Podanur Junction railway station|Podanur]]<br /> | [[Irugur Junction railway station|Irugur]]<br /> | [[Podanur Junction railway station|Podanur]]<br /> | Branch<br /> | [[Broad-gauge railway|Broad]]<br /> | Yes<br /> | 1<br /> |<br /> | {{convert|10.9|km|abbr=on}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Dindigul Junction railway station|Dindigul]]-[[Pollachi Junction railway station|Pollachi]]<br /> | [[Dindigul Junction railway station|Dindigul]]<br /> | [[Pollachi Junction railway station|Pollachi]]<br /> | Branch<br /> | [[Broad-gauge railway|Broad]]<br /> | Yes<br /> | 1<br /> |<br /> | {{convert|120.7|km|abbr=on}}<br /> | [[Palani railway station|Palani]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Podanur Junction railway station|Podanur]]-[[Pollachi Junction railway station|Pollachi]]<br /> | [[Podanur Junction railway station|Podanur]]<br /> | [[Pollachi Junction railway station|Pollachi]]<br /> | Branch<br /> | [[Broad-gauge railway|Broad]]<br /> | Yes<br /> | 1<br /> |<br /> | {{convert|40|km|abbr=on}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Palakkad–Pollachi line]]<br /> | [[Palakkad Junction railway station|Palakkad]]<br /> | [[Pollachi Junction railway station|Pollachi]]<br /> | Branch<br /> | [[Broad-gauge railway|Broad]]<br /> | Yes<br /> | 1<br /> |<br /> | {{convert|57.8|km|abbr=on}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Salem Junction railway station|Salem]]-[[Mettur Dam railway station|Mettur Dam]]<br /> | [[Salem Junction railway station|Salem]]<br /> | [[Mettur Dam railway station|Mettur Dam]]<br /> | Branch<br /> | [[Broad-gauge railway|Broad]]<br /> | Yes<br /> | 2<br /> |<br /> | {{convert|38.9|km|abbr=on}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Salem Junction railway station|Salem]]-[[Virudhachalam Junction railway station|Virudhachalam]]<br /> | [[Salem Junction railway station|Salem]]<br /> | [[Virudhachalam Junction railway station|Virudhachalam]]<br /> | Branch<br /> | [[Broad-gauge railway|Broad]]<br /> | Yes<br /> | 1<br /> | <br /> | {{convert|139|km|abbr=on}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Cuddalore Port Junction railway station|Cuddalore]]-[[Thanjavur Junction railway station|Thanjavur]]<br /> | [[Cuddalore Port Junction railway station|Cuddalore]]<br /> | [[Thanjavur Junction railway station|Thanjavur]]<br /> | Branch<br /> | [[Broad-gauge railway|Broad]]<br /> | Yes<br /> | 1<br /> |<br /> | {{convert|146|km|abbr=on}}<br /> | [[Mayiladuthurai Junction railway station|Mayiladuthurai]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Cuddalore Port Junction railway station|Cuddalore]]-[[Virudhachalam Junction railway station|Virudhachalam]]<br /> | [[Cuddalore Port Junction railway station|Cuddalore]]<br /> | [[Virudhachalam Junction railway station|Virudhachalam]]<br /> | Branch<br /> | [[Broad-gauge railway|Broad]]<br /> | Yes<br /> | 1<br /> |<br /> | {{convert|57|km|abbr=on}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Villupuram Junction railway station|Villupuram]]-[[Puducherry railway station|Puducherry]]<br /> | [[Villupuram Junction railway station|Villupuram]]<br /> | [[Puducherry railway station|Puducherry]]<br /> | Branch<br /> | [[Broad-gauge railway|Broad]]<br /> | Yes<br /> | 1<br /> | <br /> | {{convert|37.6|km|abbr=on}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Villupuram Junction railway station|Villupuram]]-[[Katpadi Junction railway station|Katpadi]]<br /> | [[Villupuram Junction railway station|Villupuram]]<br /> | [[Katpadi Junction railway station|Katpadi]]<br /> | Branch<br /> | [[Broad-gauge railway|Broad]]<br /> | Yes<br /> | 1<br /> |<br /> | {{convert|161|km|abbr=on}}<br /> | [[Tiruvannamalai railway station|Tiruvannamalai]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Thanjavur Junction railway station|Thanjavur]]-[[Karaikal railway station|Karaikal]]<br /> | [[Thanjavur Junction railway station|Thanjavur]]<br /> | [[Karaikal railway station|Karaikal]]<br /> | Branch<br /> | [[Broad-gauge railway|Broad]]<br /> | Yes<br /> | 1<br /> | <br /> | {{convert|95.4|km|abbr=on}}<br /> | [[Nagapattinam Junction railway station|Nagapattinam]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Mayiladuthurai Junction railway station|Mayiladuthurai]]-[[Thiruvarur Junction railway station|Thiruvarur]]<br /> | [[Mayiladuthurai Junction railway station|Mayiladuthurai]]<br /> | [[Thiruvarur Junction railway station|Thiruvarur]]<br /> | Branch<br /> | [[Broad-gauge railway|Broad]]<br /> | Yes<br /> | 1<br /> |<br /> | {{convert|39|km|abbr=on}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Arakkonam Junction railway station|Arakkonam]]-[[Chengalpattu Junction railway station|Chengalpattu]]<br /> | [[Arakkonam Junction railway station|Arakkonam]]<br /> | [[Chengalpattu Junction railway station|Chengalpattu]]<br /> | Branch<br /> | [[Broad-gauge railway|Broad]]<br /> | Yes<br /> | 1<br /> |<br /> | {{convert|68|km|abbr=on}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Nagapattinam Junction railway station|Nagapattinam]]-[[Velankanni railway station|Velankanni]]<br /> | [[Nagapattinam Junction railway station|Nagapattinam]]<br /> | [[Velankanni railway station|Velankanni]]<br /> | Branch<br /> | [[Broad-gauge railway|Broad]]<br /> | Yes<br /> | 1<br /> |<br /> | {{convert|10.4|km|abbr=on}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Madurai Junction railway station|Madurai]]-[[Bodinayakkanur railway station|Bodinayakkanur]]<br /> | [[Madurai Junction railway station|Madurai]]<br /> | [[Bodinayakkanur railway station|Bodinayakkanur]]<br /> | Branch<br /> | [[Broad-gauge railway|Broad]]<br /> | Yes<br /> | 1<br /> |<br /> | {{convert|88|km|abbr=on}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Thiruvarur Junction railway station|Thiruvarur]]-[[Tiruturaipundi Junction railway station|Tiruturaipundi]]<br /> | [[Thiruvarur Junction railway station|Thiruvarur]]<br /> | [[Tiruturaipundi Junction railway station|Tiruturaipundi]]<br /> | Branch<br /> | [[Broad-gauge railway|Broad]]<br /> | No<br /> | 1<br /> |<br /> | {{convert|26|km|abbr=on}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Karaikkudi Junction railway station|Karaikkudi]]-[[Tiruturaipundi Junction railway station|Tiruturaipundi]]<br /> | [[Karaikkudi Junction railway station|Karaikkudi]]<br /> | [[Tiruturaipundi Junction railway station|Tiruturaipundi]]<br /> | Branch<br /> | [[Broad-gauge railway|Broad]]<br /> | No<br /> | 1<br /> |<br /> | {{convert|149|km|abbr=on}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Tiruturaipundi Junction railway station|Tiruturaipundi]]-[[Vedaranyam|Agastiyampalli]]<br /> | [[Tiruturaipundi Junction railway station|Tiruturaipundi]]<br /> | [[Vedaranyam|Agastiyampalli]]<br /> | Branch<br /> | [[Broad-gauge railway|Broad]]<br /> | No<br /> | 1<br /> |<br /> | {{convert|36.8|km|abbr=on}}<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> [[File:5th_Vande_Bharat_Express_departing_towards_Mysuru_Jn.jpg|thumb|[[MGR Chennai Central - Mysuru Vande Bharat Express|Chennai-Mysore Vande Bharat Express]]]]<br /> [[File:Chennai_Central_D.jpg|thumb|[[Chennai Central]], the busiest station of Southern railway]]<br /> <br /> Defunct railway lines include [[Kundala Valley Railway]]s,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Remains of Kundala Valley Railway, Munnar|url=https://www.irfca.org/gallery/Heritage/Kundala/|access-date=30 December 2020|publisher=IRFCA|archive-date=11 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211033506/http://www.irfca.org/gallery/Heritage/Kundala/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=22 June 2019|title=Monorail may return to Munnar|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/return-of-the-rail-in-munnar/article28110616.ece|access-date=30 December 2020|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108001952/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/return-of-the-rail-in-munnar/article28110616.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Kochi tram|Kochin Tramways]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Cochin State Forest Tramway|url=https://wiki.fibis.org/w/Cochin_State_Forest_Tramway|access-date=30 December 2020|publisher=FIBIS|archive-date=29 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929174256/https://wiki.fibis.org/w/Cochin_State_Forest_Tramway|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Trams in Chennai|Madras Tramways]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Madras Tramways – FIBIwiki|url=https://wiki.fibis.org/w/Madras_Tramways|access-date=30 December 2020|publisher=FIBIS|archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512235926/https://wiki.fibis.org/w/Madras_Tramways|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Tiruchendur]] Light Railway,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Kulasekharapatnam Tissainvillai Light Railway – FIBIwiki|url=https://wiki.fibis.org/w/Kulasekharapatnam_Tissainvillai_Light_Railway#cite_note-TN39-4|access-date=30 December 2020|publisher=FIBIS|archive-date=26 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626135817/https://wiki.fibis.org/w/Kulasekharapatnam_Tissainvillai_Light_Railway#cite_note-TN39-4|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Dharmapuri]] and [[Krishnagiri]] famine light railways,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Morappur-Dharmapuri-Hosur Railway – FIBIwiki|url=https://wiki.fibis.org/w/Morappur-Dharmapuri-Hosur_Railway|access-date=30 December 2020|publisher=FIBIS|archive-date=1 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001005812/https://wiki.fibis.org/w/Morappur-Dharmapuri-Hosur_Railway|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Tirupattur-Krishnagiri Railway – FIBIwiki|url=https://wiki.fibis.org/w/Tirupattur-Krishnagiri_Railway|access-date=30 December 2020|publisher=FIBIS|archive-date=29 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929093013/https://wiki.fibis.org/w/Tirupattur-Krishnagiri_Railway|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kodaikanal Light Railway.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=South Indian Railway 1909|url=https://wiki.fibis.org/images/0/08/South_Indian_Railway_1909.png|access-date=30 December 2020|publisher=FIBIS|archive-date=11 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111180256/https://wiki.fibis.org/images/0/08/South_Indian_Railway_1909.png|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=[IRFCA] Mysteries of a Defunct Ropeway|url=https://www.irfca.org/articles/defunct-ropeway.html|access-date=30 December 2020|publisher=FIBIS|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507051959/https://www.irfca.org/articles/defunct-ropeway.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Trains===<br /> Southern Railways operates 41 sets of [[express train]]s and 97 sets of [[Superfast trains in India|superfast]] trains. The superfast trains include: [[Vande Bharat Express]] (10), [[Shatabdi Express]] (2), [[Garib Rath Express]] (2), [[Duronto Express]] (1), [[Jan Shatabdi Express]] (4), [[Sampark Kranti Express]] (1), [[Anuvrat AC Superfast Express|Anuvrat Express]] (1), [[Humsafar Express]] (1), [[Tejas Express]] (1), [[Uday Express]] (1), [[Antyodaya Express]] (2) and [[Double Decker Express]] (1). Apart from this, it operates various [[Passenger train]]s, [[Diesel-electric Multiple Unit|DEMU]], [[Electric Multiple Unit|EMU]] services, [[Chennai Suburban]] and the Nilgiri Mountain Railway.&lt;ref name=&quot;IR&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/trains?date=undefined&amp;drev=undefined&amp;arev=undefined&amp;zone=14&amp;|title=Southern Railways|publisher=Indiarailinfo|access-date=12 August 2023|archive-date=12 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812125557/https://indiarailinfo.com/trains?date=undefined&amp;drev=undefined&amp;arev=undefined&amp;zone=14&amp;|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Stations===<br /> {{see also|Categorization of Indian Railway stations by commercial importance}}<br /> There are about 727 stations on the Southern railway network, including 486 non suburban stations, 74 suburban stations and 166 halt stations. The major and highest revenue earning stations are [[Chennai Central railway station|Chennai Central]], [[Chennai Egmore railway station|Chennai Egmore]], [[Coimbatore Junction railway station|Coimbatore Junction]], [[Tambaram railway station|Tambaram]], [[Madurai Junction railway station|Madurai Junction]], [[Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station|Thiruvananthapuram Central]] and [[Ernakulam Junction railway station|Ernakulam Junction]].&lt;ref name=&quot;SRS&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Chennai Suburban==<br /> [[File:Chennai_Rail.png|thumb|upright=0.75|Chennai suburban map]]<br /> {{see also|Chennai Suburban Railway|Madras Railway}}<br /> <br /> Chennai Suburban Railway is the [[commuter rail]] system in the city of [[Chennai]], operated by the Southern Railways. The system operates four lines with a track length of {{convert|1174.21|km|abbr=on}}, of which {{convert|509.71|km|abbr=on}} are dedicated dual tracks for EMUs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report|url=https://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/Volume1_English_PDF/Vol1_Chapter04_Transport.pdf|title=Transport in Chennai|publisher=[[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority]]|page=4|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=28 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028121316/https://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/Volume1_English_PDF/Vol1_Chapter04_Transport.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report|title=Project Brief of Chennai Metro Rail|url=https://ta.chennaimetrorail.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/11/project_brief_updated_aug081.pdf|publisher=[[Chennai Metro]]|access-date=24 May 2013|archive-date=12 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712124328/http://ta.chennaimetrorail.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/11/project_brief_updated_aug081.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !! style=&quot;background-color:#FFD700&quot;| Line<br /> !! style=&quot;background-color:#FFD700&quot;| Start<br /> !! style=&quot;background-color:#FFD700&quot;| End<br /> !! style=&quot;background-color:#FFD700&quot;| Type<br /> !! style=&quot;background-color:#FFD700&quot;| Length<br /> !! style=&quot;background-color:#FFD700&quot;| Stations<br /> |-<br /> | [[North Line, Chennai Suburban|North Line]]<br /> | [[Chennai Central railway station|Chennai Central]]<br /> | [[Sullurupeta railway station|Sullurpeta]]<br /> | Suburban<br /> | {{convert|82|km|abbr=on}}<br /> | 30<br /> |-<br /> | [[South Line, Chennai Suburban|South Line]]<br /> | [[Chennai Beach railway station|Chennai Beach]]<br /> | [[Chengalpattu Junction railway station|Chengalpattu]]<br /> | Suburban<br /> | {{convert|60|km|abbr=on}}<br /> | 50<br /> |-<br /> | [[West Line, Chennai Suburban|West Line]]<br /> | [[Chennai Beach railway station|Chennai Beach]]<br /> | [[Tiruttani]]<br /> | Suburban<br /> | {{convert|69|km|abbr=on}}<br /> | 57<br /> |-<br /> | [[Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System|Chennai MRTS]]<br /> | [[Chennai Beach railway station|Chennai Beach]]<br /> | [[Velachery railway station|Velachery]]<br /> | MRTS<br /> | {{convert|19|km|abbr=on}}<br /> | 25<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Nilgiri Mountain Railway==<br /> [[File:NMR train at Ketti 05-02-26 75.jpeg|thumb|Nilgiri Mountain Railway]]<br /> {{see also|Nilgiri Mountain Railway}}<br /> <br /> Nilgiri Mountain Railway is a {{Track gauge|1000mm|allk=on}} railway in [[Nilgiris district]] connecting [[Mettupalayam railway station|Mettupalayam]] and [[Udhagamandalam railway station|Udagamandalam]]. It was built during the [[British Raj]] in 1908 and is currently operated by the Southern Railways.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Nilgiri Mountain railway|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&amp;backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&amp;lang=0&amp;id=0,1,304,374,492,552|website=Indianrailway.gov.in|access-date=21 August 2019|archive-date=6 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206122930/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&amp;backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&amp;lang=0&amp;id=0,1,304,374,492,552|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UNESCO&quot;/&gt; It is the only [[rack railway]] in India and operates on its own fleet of [[steam locomotive]]s between [[Coonoor railway station|Coonoor]] and Udhagamandalam.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/in-pictures-nilgiri-mountain-railway-as-old-as-the-hills/article28732489.ece|title=he Nilgiri Mountain Railway as old as the hills|date=27 July 2019|access-date=1 March 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=30 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330055908/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/in-pictures-nilgiri-mountain-railway-as-old-as-the-hills/article28732489.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In July 2005, [[UNESCO]] added the Nilgiri Mountain Railway as an extension to the [[World Heritage Site]] of [[Mountain Railways of India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;UNESCO&quot;&gt;{{cite web|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/944|title=Mountain Railways of India|access-date=30 April 2006|archive-date=3 May 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060503143242/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/944/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Zones and divisions of Indian Railways]]<br /> * [[All India Station Masters' Association (AISMA)]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|3}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{commons category|Southern Railway Zone, India}}<br /> * [https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686894847523-System%20Map%202023%20signed.pdf Southern Railways System Map]<br /> * [http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/ Southern Railway official website]<br /> <br /> {{Indian Railways}}<br /> {{Railways in Southern India}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]<br /> [[Category:Zones of Indian Railways]]<br /> [[Category:Southern Railway zone|*]]</div>

SBS Khumancha https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahesh_Rao&diff=514994 2026-03-26T08:51:50Z

<p>SBS Khumancha: Biography</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian Director &amp; screenwriter}}<br /> {{BLP sources|date=February 2016}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Mahesh Rao<br /> | image = Mahesh Rao.jpg<br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_date = {{birth year and age|1982}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India<br /> | years_active = 2008&amp;nbsp;– present<br /> | occupation = [[Film director]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Screenwriter]]&lt;br /&gt;Dialogue writer<br /> | spouse = Kirthika M Rao (2012–present)<br /> | children = Hasini M Rao Nainika M Rao<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Mahesh Rao''' (born 14 February 1982) is an Indian director, screenplay writer and lyricist who works in [[Kannada cinema|Kannada film]]s. He is known for the movies Dheemaku, [[Murali Meets Meera|Murali meets Meera]] (2011) [[Bhadra (2011 film)|Bhadra]] (2011) and [[Santhu Straight Forward]] (2016)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title= MAHESH RAO TO DIRECT YASH |url= http://www.cineloka.co.in/latest-news/mahesh-rao-to-direct-yash.html |publisher= cineloka.co.in |date= 27 May 2015 |access-date= 6 February 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160207002700/http://www.cineloka.co.in/latest-news/mahesh-rao-to-direct-yash.html |archive-date= 7 February 2016 |url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Film career==<br /> After his successful stint at television serials, Mahesh Rao made his debut through ''Dheemaku'' (2008), starring [[Naveen Krishna]] in the lead role. The movie got average reviews from critics and was an average grosser at box office. In 2009 he collaborated with ''[[Milana (film)|Milana]]'' fame director [[Prakash (film director)|Prakash]] for the screenplay of ''[[Gokula (film)|Gokula]]''. His second film, ''[[Murali Meets Meera]]'', a romantic film based on a novel, was released in 2011, with [[Prajwal Devaraj|Prajwal Devraj]] in the lead role. ''Murali Meets Meera'' too earned positive response from critics, with ''The Times of India'' and ''Bangalore Mirror'' rating it 4/5 and Sify rating it 3/5. The movie subsequently went on to become a sleeper hit after running for 50 days at the box office. Following the success of ''Murali Meets Meera'', Mahesh Rao's next was [[Bhadra (2011 film)|Bhadra]], a remake of the Telugu movie ''[[Ranam (2006 film)|Ranam]]'', and introduced [[Daisy Shah]] pairing with [[Prajwal Devaraj|Prajwal Devraj]]. He made some changes to the screenplay to suit the nativity of the Kannada audience and the movie went on to become a super hit running 75 days at the box office with overall critics rating it as 3/5 and praising his direction skills. In 2013, he was roped in to direct [[Case No. 18/9]], a remake of the Tamil hit ''[[Vazhakku Enn 18/9|Vazhakku enn 18/9]]''. After its release, the film received generally positive reviews from critics. The performances of Niranjan Shetty, [[Sindhu Lokanath]], Shwetha Pandit and [[Rangayana Raghu]], and the film's direction, screenplay and narration received praise from critics. ''[[Case No. 18/9]]'' was a profitable venture for the producers fetching 1.57 crores (US$230,000) only from satellite rights from [[Suvarna TV]]. Then he went on to direct ''[[Endendu Ninagagi]]'' which was a remake of ''[[Engaeyum Eppothum|Engeyum Eppothum]]'' and was a box office failure even after receiving positive reviews from critics. His next movie was ''[[Kwatle Satisha]]'' which was again a remake of ''[[Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom]]''. ''Kwatle Satisha'' received positive reviews from critics and was a profitable venture for the producer. His next stint was as dialogue writer for the [[Ganesh (actor)|Ganesh]] starrer movie [[Khushi Khushiyagi]] released in 2015. Initially there were speculations that he would direct a movie starring Yash for the remake of Tamil movie ''[[Vaalu]]'' but eventually the remake idea was scrapped. Mahesh Rao wrote his own script and it was finalised by producer K.Manju. This film got the final title ''[[Santhu Straight Forward]]'' and will go on floors February 2016 starring [[Yash (actor)|Yash]] and [[Radhika Pandit]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title= Mr &amp; Mrs back to rock! |url= https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151124/entertainment-sandalwood/article/mr-mrs-back-rock |publisher= [[Deccan Chronicle]] |date= 25 Nov 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title= Yash and Radhika Pandit together again! |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Yash-and-Radhika-Pandit-together-again/articleshow/49843346.cms |newspaper= timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date= 19 Nov 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title= Radhika and Yash Back Again? |url= http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Radhika-and-Yash-Back-Again/2015/10/05/article3062834.ece |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151122090211/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Radhika-and-Yash-Back-Again/2015/10/05/article3062834.ece |url-status= dead |archive-date= 22 November 2015 |publisher= newindianexpress.com |date= 5 Oct 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> ===As film director===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year !! Title !! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | 2008<br /> | ''[[Dheemaku]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2011<br /> | ''[[Murali Meets Meera]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Bhadra (2011 film)|Bhadra]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2012<br /> | ''[[Case No. 18/9]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2014<br /> | ''[[Endendu Ninagagi]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kwatle Satisha]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2016<br /> | ''[[Yogesh (actor)|Prachanda]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Santhu Straight Forward]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===As writer===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year !! Title !! Writer !! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | 2009<br /> | ''[[Gokula (film)|Gokula]]''<br /> |{{partial|Screenplay}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2010<br /> | ''[[Vaare Vah]]''||{{partial|Dialogues}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2017<br /> |''[[Tarak (film)|Tarak]]'' ||{{partial|Screenplay}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Television shows===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Title !! Role<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[E Prashne(quiz show)|E Prashne]]'' [[E Prashne(quiz show)|(quiz show)]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Assistant Director]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Godhuli]]''<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Thulasi (TV series)|Thulasi]]''<br /> |-<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Yava Janmada Maithri]]''<br /> |[[Episode Director]]<br /> |-<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Utsava]]''<br /> |[[Television director|Director]]<br /> |-<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Chikkamma]]''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;12&quot; |[[Screenwriter]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Lakumi]]''<br /> |-<br /> | [[Sose Tanda sowbhagya|''Sose Tanda Sowbhagya'']]<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Putta Gowri Maduve]]''<br /> |-<br /> | [[Akka (TV series)|''Akka'']]<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Mangala Gowri Maduve]]''<br /> |-<br /> | [[Geetha (TV series)|''Geetha'']]<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Naagini 2]]''<br /> |-<br /> | [[Kamali (TV series)|''Kamali'']]<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Amruthadhare]]''<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Lakshmi Nivasa]]''<br /> |-<br /> | [[Annayya (TV series)|''Annayya'']]<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Gettimelam]]'' (Tamil) || Screenwriter, director<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Mahesh}}<br /> [[Category:1982 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Kannada film directors]]<br /> [[Category:Kannada screenwriters]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]<br /> [[Category:Indian television directors]]<br /> [[Category:Screenwriters from Bengaluru]]<br /> [[Category:Film directors from Bengaluru]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]</div>

SBS Khumancha https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Najafgarh_Lake&diff=473613 2026-03-26T08:18:14Z

<p>SBS Khumancha: small changes</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Lake in Delhi, India}}<br /> {{About|lake|the drain|Najafgarh drain|bird sanctuary and wetland ecosystem|Najafgarh drain bird sanctuary}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}<br /> <br /> '''Najafgarh Lake''' ('''Najafgarh Marsh''' or '''Najafgarh Jheel'''), fed by [[Yamuna]]'s tributary [[Sahibi River]], used to be a vast lake in the south west of [[Delhi]], near the town of [[Najafgarh]], from which it takes its name. After the 1960s the Flood Control Department of Delhi canalised the Najafgarh lake area which came to be known as the [[Najafgarh drain]],&lt;ref&gt;[http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=138509 Blot across the Capital: Najafgarh most polluted]{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, Sunday, 10 July 2005, [[The Indian Express]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=118627 Environment minister raises a stink over Najafgarh jheel]{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, 22 February 2005, The Indian Express&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/najafgarh-basin-delhis-most-polluted-area/558870/ Najafgarh basin Delhi's most polluted area], 25 December 2009, The Indian Express&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110912184105/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-25/pollution/28101026_1_industrial-clusters-industrial-hubs-najafgarh-drain Najafgarh drain 11th among highly polluted industrial clusters], 25 December 2009, The [[Times of India]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=191225 Najafgarh drain causes less pollution in Yamuna now] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060711203254/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=191225 |date=11 July 2006 }}, 4 July 2006, The Indian Express&lt;/ref&gt; which led to the eventually partial drainage of the once huge and ecologically rich Najafgarh lake. The Najafgarh drain itself is designated as the [[Najafgarh drain bird sanctuary]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/DoIT_Irrigation/irrigation+and+flood+control/extra2/flood+problem+due+to+sahibi+river Flood Problem due to Sahibi River, Department of Irrigation and Flood Control, Government of NCT of Delhi, India.]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://nidm.gov.in/idmc/Proceedings/Flood/B2%20-%2036.pdf URBAN FLOODING AND ITS MANAGEMENT] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728104132/http://nidm.gov.in/idmc/Proceedings/Flood/B2%20-%2036.pdf|date=28 July 2011}}, [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&amp;q=cache:6RCf6feT6L8J:nidm.gov.in/idmc/Proceedings/Flood/B2%2520-%252036.pdf+najafgarh+drain+bird+sanctuary&amp;hl=en&amp;gl=ca&amp;pid=bl&amp;srcid=ADGEEShRph2jGl_G0dFzbS5a_OUkGEiqpZhbLqNGfwGXmlP69E8PNiOOdFM15qU-yV2k6Nle6a8XAY6ZOJiVnhNugqHSGk4_DxILmA2iVz0TuqOTg-Mn6LNzoSu_6yTVdUoRJlAz9PUT&amp;sig=AHIEtbTNNyw4ZsXcvAUiFQ9nxaogGDulHg]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=40725 DTTDC to develop bird sanctuary near Najafgarh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130415033834/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=40725 |date=15 April 2013 }}, 12 January 2003, The Indian Express&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/article81562.ece Migratory birds are giving Delhi the go-by], 17 January 2010, [[The Hindu]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=197471 Najafgarh jheel may chirp again]{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, 20 August 2006, The Indian Express&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[A bird sanctuary for Delhi soon, By Nirupama Subramanian, Express News Service, City, New Delhi, 7 March 1988, Indian Express Newspaper]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[Flamingos flock to Capital, By N. Suresh, New Delhi, 7 January 1988, The Times of India]&lt;/ref&gt; which together with the partially drained Najafgarh Lake and adjoining farmland comprise a rich wetland bird habitat used by hundreds of congregating [[demoiselle crane]]s, [[common crane]]s, [[sarus crane]]s, hares, [[nilgai]], wildcat, common fox, jackal, monitor lizards, various varieties of snakes etc.&lt;ref&gt;[Down by the wetlands, on the wild side, Najafgarh drain, By Vivek Menon, 9 March 1991, Weekend, New Delhi, Indian Express Newspaper]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Najafgarh marsh: &quot;The (Najafgarh) marsh was a favored duck-shoot ground of the British, but was eventually drained out into the Najafgarh Nallah.&quot; [http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/28802/60250107.pdf?sequence=1 Strategy Framework for Delhi beyond the Commonwealth Games 2010] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029222016/http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/28802/60250107.pdf?sequence=1 |date=2013-10-29 }}, BY DANNY CHERIAN, 2004&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/143772/0], [http://birdbase.hokkaido-ies.go.jp/rdb/rdb_en/grusleuc.pdf Siberian crane Grus leucogeranus: Delhi - Najafgarh lake (Najafgarh jheel), undated (Hume and Marshall 1879–1881)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722105257/http://birdbase.hokkaido-ies.go.jp/rdb/rdb_en/grusleuc.pdf |date=22 July 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[Book: A Guide to the Birds of the Delhi Area (1975) by Usha Ganguli, a member of the Delhi Birdwatching Society.], [Birdwatching Articles from 1961-75 from wetlands of Najafgarh lake by Usha Ganguli in &quot;[[Newsletter for Birdwatchers]]&quot; edited by Zafar Futehally]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> Despite more than 215 years of existence and progressive deterioration, the lake was formally recognised as a water body under India's Wetland Rules of 2017 only after a ruling by the [[National Green Tribunal]]. The lake historically covered a much larger area but has been substantially reduced through agricultural expansion and urban encroachment over time. It sits within the Yamuna watershed, which sustains the capital city region of approximately 46 million people. Researchers have identified Najafgarh Jheel as a strong candidate for designation as a wetland of international significance, owing primarily to its notable ornithological diversity and its strategic position within the migratory flyway network of northern India.&lt;ref&gt;Bhanot, C. &amp; Chatterjee, S. (2023). Conservation of Urban Wetland with Potential International Significance: A Case Study on Najafgarh Jheel, Delhi, India. International Journal of Conservation Science, 14(3), 1057–1070. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.36868/IJCS.2023.03.18&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Before the draining of this lake in the 1960s by widening of the Najafgarh Drain by the flood control and irrigation department of Delhi the lake in many years filled up a depression more than {{convert|300|km2|mi2}} in rural Delhi. It had an extremely rich wetland ecosystem forming a refuge for vast quantities of waterbirds and local wildlife. The lake was one of the last habitats of the famed and endangered [[Siberian crane]] which has all but vanished from the Indian subcontinent now. Till before independence many British colonial officers and dignitaries came in large parties for waterfowl hunting every season.&lt;ref&gt;Najafgarh marsh: &quot;The (Najafgarh) marsh was a favored duck-shoot ground of the British, but was eventually drained out into the Najafgarh Nallah.&quot; [http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/28802/60250107.pdf?sequence=1 Strategy Framework for Delhi beyond the Commonwealth Games 2010] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029222016/http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/28802/60250107.pdf?sequence=1 |date=2013-10-29 }}, BY DANNY CHERIAN, 2004&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[A Guide to the Birds of the Delhi Area (1975) by Usha Ganguli, a member of the Delhi Birdwatching Society.]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[Birdwatching Articles from 1961 -70 from Najafgarh lake by Usha Ganguli in &quot;[[Newsletter for Birdwatchers]]&quot; edited by Zafar Futehally]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Issues==<br /> <br /> Development of major housing colonies in the former Najafgarh lake basin: After the complete draining of the lake in the 1960s the former lake basin was converted into farmland first and by now various large scale housing projects occupy the former lake basin, including [[Vikaspuri]], [[Uttam Nagar]], Pappankalan, [[Dwarka, Delhi|Dwarka]] etc., which have shrunk the overall area of the combined wetland area of Najafgrah Drain Brid Sanctuary and Najafgarh Lake.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Bhalswa horseshoe lake]]<br /> * [[Najafgarh]] town, Delhi<br /> * [[Najafgarh drain]], Delhi<br /> * [[Najafgarh drain bird sanctuary]] on the Najafgarh drain<br /> * [[National Zoological Park Delhi]]<br /> * [[Okhla Sanctuary]], bordering Delhi in adjoining [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> * [[Sultanpur National Park]], bordering Delhi in adjoining [[Gurgaon District]], [[Haryana]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> * [http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=59995 'Reviving old ponds way out of water woes']{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, 9 August 2003, The Indian Express<br /> * [http://www.governancenow.com/news/regular-story/action-plans-polluted-areas-delhi-soon Action plans on polluted areas in Delhi soon], GN BUREAU, NEW DELHI, MARCH 17, 2010, Governance Now<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * Delhi Master Plan 2021: [http://www.delhismartcities.com/mpd2021/ Planning Zone-L, West Zone –III of Master Plan of Delhi 2021]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} - Note the ''Najafgarh Lake Area'' shown therein.<br /> * [http://www.ddalandpoolingprojects.com/l-zone/ DRAFT ZONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN PLANNING ZONE- 'L', Overview, Map and Villages in L-Zone.]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}<br /> * [http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/DoIT_Irrigation/irrigation+and+flood+control/extra2/flood+problem+due+to+sahibi+river Flood Problem due to Sahibi River, Department of Irrigation and Flood Control, Government of NCT of Delhi, India.]<br /> * [http://www.green-ensys.org/site/publications/Wastewater%20management%20in%20Najafgarh%20drainage%20basin.pdf WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT IN NAJAFGARH DRAINAGE BASIN – KEY TO WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT IN RIVER YAMUNA], by Asit Nema of Foundation for Greentech Environmental Systems1 and Dr. Lalit Agrawal of Tokyo Engineering Consultants, Japan2<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110814120836/http://delhiplanning.nic.in/PD/2008-09/Writeup/26-42%20%5BFlood%20Control%5D.pdf FLOOD CONTROL - The National Capital Territory of Delhi]<br /> * [http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/article19406.ece 'Part of Najafgarh drain to be covered'], 12 September 2009, The Hindu<br /> * {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110516053619/http://www.haryana-online.com/Fauna/Birds/how_sultanpur_happened.htm How Sultanpur happened: Sultanpur and Najafgarh Jheels - by Peter Jackson]}}, {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110516053542/http://www.haryana-online.com/Fauna/Birds/peter_jackson.htm]}}<br /> * [http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=59995 'Reviving old ponds way out of water woes']{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, 9 August 2003, The Indian Express<br /> * [Book: A Guide to the Birds of the Delhi Area (1975) by Usha Ganguli, a member of the Delhi Birdwatching Society. She includes sections from &quot;The Imperial Gazetteer of India&quot; annual colonial records of British India from Delhi detailing local wildlife and extent of water accumulation in Najafgarh Jheel basin yearly.]<br /> * [Birdwatching Articles from 1961 to 1975 from wetlands of Najafgarh lake by Usha Ganguli in &quot;[[Newsletter for Birdwatchers]]&quot; edited by Zafar Futehally]<br /> * [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&amp;q=cache:-El8dIOzqkwJ:www.greensystems.net/images/Dr.Sharma%2520NCR%2520Planning%2520board%2520proposal.pdf+delhi+airport+najafgarh+drain+birds&amp;hl=en&amp;gl=us&amp;pid=bl&amp;srcid=ADGEESjhbihuGSYs5_rSivXrLO2N2CjqgXEXNVHeteUMUPkv-B3szQww1FL5CFYQveUkenriZow93Jf2W8yFsvlm3noD2YhFeFT0LF3GPr58B1KOBS3nZjH4Cnklte2B4nLtul4jl9QE&amp;sig=AHIEtbR8FogSquJ5O7cDN-fVCq-spjNzZg Proposal for ground water recharge in National Capital Region (NCR) by Dr. S. K. Sharma, Ground water expert], [https://web.archive.org/web/20111110051227/http://www.greensystems.net/images/Dr.Sharma%20NCR%20Planning%20board%20proposal.pdf], [https://web.archive.org/web/20110410050916/http://www.indiawaterportal.org/taxonomy/term/2891]<br /> * [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&amp;q=cache:RabaBQDqo68J:www.wsscc.org/sites/default/files/india_singh_delhis_watery_woes_2006.pdf+bird+count+najafgarh+drain&amp;hl=en&amp;gl=ca&amp;pid=bl&amp;srcid=ADGEESjlgc68wrZgBbj0hEmWVk7HauQdWLh_BVFYvxYGw32kvR4U2mGAyaRPANgdq0RzGq6dzdIsioYliM4z5dvO5ZDY_I6_v1aFeTkZfywGTFbM3pRISW75Q2F_5Jf8aBgwHsZaOXra&amp;sig=AHIEtbQHJIrk1sity8tW--Nbc_11UUCAQg], [https://web.archive.org/web/20110928022355/http://www.wsscc.org/sites/default/files/india_singh_delhis_watery_woes_2006.pdf Delhi's Watery Woes] by Arun Kumar Singh<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110820100406/http://m.pressmart.com/Home.aspx?event=HTDelhi&amp;dt=19082010&amp;page=755_003&amp;mdl= Birds are back at Najafgarh Jheel], 19 08 2010, Delhi Edition, Hindustan Times<br /> * [http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/article66609.ece No more water-logging at airport with new drain in place], New Delhi, 17 December 2009, The Hindu<br /> * [https://archive.today/20130103075233/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Walls-to-be-constructed-around-Najafgarh-drain/Article1-196591.aspx Walls to be constructed around Najafgarh drain], New Delhi, 29 December 2006, Hindustan Times<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070313143310/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=225921 Groundwater to be recharged at Najafgarh, Mungeshwar drains], 10 March 2007, The Indian Express<br /> * [http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/node/235442 Gurgaon polluting Najafgarh drain, draws Minister's ire], by Rajesh Kumar, New Delhi, 27/07/2006, [[The Pioneer (Indian newspaper)|The Pioneer]]<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120425051921/http://m.pressmart.com/Home.aspx?event=HTDelhi&amp;dt=03112011&amp;page=751_007&amp;mdl= Winged visitors are back at Najafgarh Lake], New Delhi, 03/11/2011, Hindustan Times. Also see [https://web.archive.org/web/20120425051943/http://m.pressmart.com/Home.aspx?event=HTDelhi&amp;dt=29102011&amp;page=751_006&amp;mdl=]<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120403121445/http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/Delhi%20Gazeetter%201912.pdf CHAPTER J.- DESCRIPTIVE· pages from the Gazeteers, Delhi, 1912]<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110728104132/http://nidm.gov.in/idmc/Proceedings/Flood/B2%20-%2036.pdf URBAN FLOODING AND ITS MANAGEMENT], 2006. India Disaster Management Congress.IIPA Campus, IP Estate, Near ITO Road, New Delhi. National Institute of Disaster Management, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India<br /> * [http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Delhi.pdf ACTION PLAN, ABATEMENT OF POLLUTION IN CRITICALLY POLLUTED AREA OF NAJAFGARH DRAN BASIN INCLUDING OKHLA, NARAINA, ANAND PARBAT AND WAZIRPUR INDL AREAS, DELHI POLLUTION CONTROL COMMITTEE, 4th Floor, ISBT Building, Kashmere Gate, Delhi-6, March, 2011]<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240117023812/http://force.org.in/BLUE_DELHI_DECLARATION_WHITE_PAPER.pdf BLUE DELHI DECLARATION, White Paper on: Aiming for Sustainability and Self Sufficiency in Delhi Water Management – Evaluating Delhi's Current Water Assets vis a vis their Utilisation]<br /> * [https://www.scribd.com/doc/45314818/Urban-Flooding URBAN FLOODING DEMOGRAPHY AND URBANIZATION by Shashikant Nishant Sharma] sns.sahil[at]gmail[dot]com 11/1/2010, SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, Delhi<br /> * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12674375 Biodegradation of wastewater of Najafgarh drain, Delhi using autochthonous microbial consortia : a laboratory study.] by Sharma G, Mehra NK, Kumar R. Source Limnology Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi-1 10 007, India.<br /> * [http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/search/site/najafgarh%20drain A search for archived News Articles on Najafgarh Drain on the India Envirinmental Portal website]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}<br /> * [http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/news/city-get-its-1st-bird-sanctuary City to get its 1st bird sanctuary], 15/02/2005, [[Asian Age]] (New Delhi)<br /> * [http://www.asianage.com/content/new-camp-jazz-tourism-city-soon New camp to jazz up tourism in city soon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515123838/https://www.asianage.com/content/new-camp-jazz-tourism-city-soon |date=15 May 2023 }}, 19 April 2010, Asian Age (New Delhi)<br /> * [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071001/delhi.htm#10 Delhiites to cool off with aqua sports], New Delhi, 30 September 2007, Tribune News Service, The Tiribune, Chandigarh<br /> * [http://www.indiawaterportal.org/node/17361 Proposal for groundwater recharge in National Capital Region - A report by SK Sharma and Green Systems] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718124433/http://www.indiawaterportal.org/node/17361 |date=18 July 2012 }}, Submitted by samir Nazareth on 22 April 2011, India waterportal - Safe, sustainable water for all<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_forest/Forest/Home/Forests+of+Delhi/Recorded+Forest Recorded Forests (Notified Forest Areas in Delhi)], Forest Department, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi, India<br /> * [http://delhi.gov.in:/wps/wcm/connect/doit_tourism/Tourism/Home/Infrastructure/Tourism+Infrastructure Tourism Infrastructure], Tourism department, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi, India<br /> * [http://delhi.gov.in:/wps/wcm/connect/doit_irrigation/Irrigation+and+Flood+Control/Home/About+Us Irrigation &amp; Flood Control Department], Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi, India<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111126100652/http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/environment/Environment/Home/Achievements Plantation/Greening of Delhi], Department of Environment, Government of NCT of Delhi, India<br /> * [http://www.facebook.com/topic.php?uid=5448197410&amp;topic=7219 facebook Topic: Delhi - Najafgarh Drain Birdwatching Report]<br /> * [http://www.facebook.com/topic.php?uid=121103404605452&amp;topic=35 facebook: Checklist of the Birds of the Najafgarh Jheel Region - Including adjoining areas of Dhansa Barrage and the Najafgarh Drain in Delhi], by Sajit P. Mohanan<br /> * [http://groups.google.com/group/delhibirdpix/search?group=delhibirdpix&amp;q=najafgarh+drain&amp;qt_g=Search+this+group A Search for: Najafgarh drain on the Google group &quot;delhibirdpix&quot;]<br /> * [http://www.indianrealestateforum.com/gurgaon/t-300-sqkm-lake-near-gurgaon-21695.html Discussion: !!!300 SqKm &amp;#91;sic&amp;#93; of Lake near Gurgaon !!! A Total Surprise] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122231105/http://www.indianrealestateforum.com/gurgaon/t-300-sqkm-lake-near-gurgaon-21695.html |date=22 November 2012 }} - Indian Real Estate Forum<br /> * [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/u-turn-haryana-will-identify-najafgarh-lake-as-wetland/articleshow/56382251.cms U-turn: Haryana will identify Najafgarh lake as wetland, TNN, Times of India, 7 January 2017]<br /> <br /> {{coord|28.504|76.944|display=title}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Najafgarh Lake}}<br /> [[Category:Lakes of Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Wetlands of India]]</div>

SBS Khumancha https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=SNDT_College_metro_station&diff=531439 2026-03-19T17:01:18Z

<p>SBS Khumancha: created details</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Pune Metro's Aqua Line metro station}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox station<br /> | name = SNDT College<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | symbol_location = <br /> | symbol = <br /> | type = {{Pune Metro Infobox station line|line=Aqua}}<br /> | style = Pune Metro<br /> | image = Exterior of Nal Stop metro station.jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | address = Pune<br /> | borough = <br /> | country = <br /> | coordinates = {{coord|18.50725|73.82867|format=dms|region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br /> | owned = [[Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited]] (MAHA-METRO)<br /> | operator = [[Pune Metro]]<br /> | line = {{rcb|Pune Metro|Aqua|croute}}<br /> | distance = <br /> | platforms = [[Side platform]]&lt;br/&gt;Platform-1 → [[Ramwadi metro station|Ramwadi]]&lt;br/&gt;Platform-2 → [[Vanaz metro station|Vanaz]]<br /> | tracks = 2<br /> | train_operators = <br /> | connections = <br /> | structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]<br /> | levels = 2<br /> | parking = <br /> | bicycle = <br /> | architectural_style = <br /> | accessible = Yes {{access icon}}<br /> | code = NST<br /> | zone = <br /> | website = <br /> | opened = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2022|03|6}}<br /> | closed = &lt;!-- {{End date|YYYY|MM|DD|df=y}} --&gt;<br /> | electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]<br /> | passengers = <br /> | pass_year = <br /> | pass_rank = <br /> | services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Pune Metro|line=Aqua|left=Ideal Colony|right=Garware College|to-right=Ramwadi}}<br /> | route_map = {{Pune Metro Aqua Line Route}}<br /> | map_state = collapsed<br /> | mapframe = yes<br /> | mapframe-marker = rail<br /> | mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Pune Metro|Aqua}}<br /> | mapframe-zoom = 14<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''SNDT College''' (until Dec. 2025 '''Nal Stop''') is an elevated metro station on the East-West corridor of the [[Aqua Line (Pune Metro)|Aqua Line]] of [[Pune Metro]] in [[Pune]], India. The station was opened on 6 March 2022 as an inauguration of Pune Metro and was the first to be completed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=PM Modi inaugurates Pune Metro line; check routes and ticket prices here<br /> |url=https://zeenews.india.com/railways/breaking-pm-narendra-modi-inaugurates-pune-metro-line-check-routes-ticket-prices-and-other-details-2442614.html|website=Zee News|access-date=8 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; From March 2022 to August 2023, the Aqua Line was operational between Vanaz and Garware College.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Passenger operations on 12 km routes of Pune Metro launched know all about<br /> |url=https://www.urbantransportnews.com/news/passenger-operations-on-12-km-routes-of-pune-metro-launched-know-all-about|website=Urban Transport News|access-date=8 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; The extended section between Garware College to [[Ruby Hall Clinic metro station|Ruby Hall Clinic]] was inaugurated on 1 August 2023. So the metro operated from Vanaz to Ruby Hall Clinic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-07-27 |title=It’s official, PM to open Pune Metro service on two sections on Aug 1 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/prime-minister-modi-to-inaugurate-pune-metro-stretches-on-august-1-including-crucial-civil-court-interchange-station-101690481441750.html |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later the remaining stretch was completed and the line operates till [[Ramwadi metro station|Ramwadi]] from 6 March 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-03-07 |title=Comfortable, convenient &amp; economic: Citizens on Metro launch till Ramwadi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/metro-launch-till-ramwadi-citizens-share-their-experience/articleshow/108280993.cms |access-date=2024-03-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In December 2025, the station was renamed into SNDT College, the [[SNDT Women's University|Women's University]] which is nearby.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.mypunepulse.com/pune-metro-renames-three-stations-after-citizen-campaign-mandai-now-honours-mahatma-phule/ |title=Pune Metro Renames Three Stations After Citizen Campaign; Mandai Now Honours Mahatma Phule |date=2025-12-22 |work=Pune Pulse |access-date=2026-03-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Station layout==<br /> {{stack|{{Routemap<br /> | title = SNDT College track layout<br /> | title-bg = #{{rail color|Pune Metro|Aqua}}<br /> | legend = track<br /> | collapsible = no<br /> | map = vCONTgfa<br /> cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Pune Metro|Ideal Colony}}<br /> *'''P2'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P1'''<br /> cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Pune Metro|Garware College}}<br /> vCONTgfe<br /> | bottom = &lt;div style=&quot;width:23.5em;text-align:center&quot;&gt;Station with two tracks and two side platforms&lt;/div&gt;<br /> }}}}<br /> {|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;&quot; width=50 valign=top|'''G'''<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;&quot; width=100 valign=top|Street level<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;&quot; width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance<br /> |-<br /> |valign=top|'''L1'''<br /> |valign=top|Mezzanine<br /> |valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover&lt;br/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;&quot; width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;&quot; colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;&quot; width=100|&lt;span style=color:#{{rcr|Pune Metro|aqua}}&gt;'''Platform 1'''&lt;br/&gt;'''Eastbound'''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;&quot; width=500|Towards → [[Ramwadi metro station|Ramwadi]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;'''Next Station:''' [[Garware College metro station|Garware College]]&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;span style=color:#{{rcr|Pune Metro|aqua}}&gt;'''Platform 2'''&lt;br/&gt;'''Westbound'''&lt;/span&gt; <br /> |Towards ← [[Vanaz metro station|Vanaz]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;'''Next Station:''' [[Ideal Colony metro station|Ideal Colony]]&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;&quot; colspan=2 align=center|&lt;small&gt;[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;&quot; width=50 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L3'''<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;&quot; width=100|<br /> |style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;&quot; width=500|<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Pune]]<br /> * [[Maharashtra]]<br /> * [[Urban rail transit in India#Rapid transit|Rapid Transit in India]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{Official website}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Pune Metro stations]]<br /> [[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2022]]<br /> {{Pune Metro}}</div>

SBS Khumancha https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poo,_India&diff=478001 2026-03-17T10:56:00Z

<p>SBS Khumancha: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}<br /> {{pp-semi-vandalism|small=yes}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Poo<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = Town<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Himachal Pradesh#India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Himachal Pradesh, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|31.7667|N|78.5833|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Himachal Pradesh]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Kinnaur district|Kinnaur]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = |<br /> | governing_body = [[Nagar Palika]]<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = 2262<br /> | population_total = 1,192<br /> | population_as_of = <br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br /> | demographics1_title2 = Native<br /> | demographics1_info2 = [[Bhoti Kinnauri]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = &lt;!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --&gt;<br /> | postal_code = <br /> | registration_plate = <br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> [[File:Poo Town.jpg|thumb|280px|Poo Town, [[Kinnaur]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], India.]]<br /> [[File:Sakya Muni Buddha Puh Gompa.jpg|thumb|Sakya Muni Buddha Puh Gompa]]<br /> [[File:Ancient Wooden door - Puh Gompa.jpg|thumb|Ancient Wooden door - Puh Gompa]]<br /> {{Tibetan Buddhism}}<br /> '''Poo''', or '''Pooh''', also known as '''Spuwa''' (altitude 2,662 metres or 8,736&amp;nbsp;ft), is a small town in [[Kinnaur district]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], India. The approximate population given within a 7&amp;nbsp;km radius of the town is 1,192.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/11/Poo.html Poo, India Page]. fallingrain.com&lt;/ref&gt; It is roughly 18 km from the [[Line of Actual Control]].<br /> <br /> Poo is 58 km from Powari village along [[National Highway 5 (India)|National Highway 5]] (formerly [[National Highway 22 (India)|NH-22]]. In 2020, construction of a roughly 150 km road between Pooh and [[Chumar]] was approved, to shorten the existing 720 km connection between the border towns.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dutta |first=Amrita Nayak |date=2020-09-15 |title=Modi govt's infra push along China border — 2 new roads, alternate route to Daulat Beg Oldie |url=https://theprint.in/defence/modi-govts-infra-push-along-china-border-2-new-roads-alternate-route-to-daulat-beg-oldie/502013/ |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=ThePrint}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It is known for its natural environment, green fields, apricot orchards, vineyards and almond trees.{{fact|date=May 2017}} Inscriptions suggest that Poo was an important trading center in the early 11th century.<br /> <br /> When [[August Hermann Francke (Tibetologist)|A. H. Francke]] arrived in Poo from the south in July, 1910, it was the first village he found where the language was &quot;entirely Tibetan&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Francke (1914), p. 18.&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> There is an ancient temple, Lotsaba-bai-lha-khang, dedicated to [[Shakyamuni]] or [[Buddha]] and attributed to the translator (or ''Lotsaba''), [[Rinchen Zangpo]] (958–1055).&lt;ref&gt;Francke (1914), p. 20.&lt;/ref&gt; The shrine has wooden columns supporting a high ceiling. It has murals and a painted door from the period of Rinchen Zangpo (10th to 11th century), though they are in a poor state of preservation.&lt;ref&gt;Handa (1987), pp. 108–109.&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> There is a local pre-Buddhist deity, Dablā, who has no dwelling or altar in Poo (although he has a [[devata]] temple devoted to him at [[Kanum]]).&lt;ref&gt;Handa (1987), p. 108.&lt;/ref&gt; His only manifestation is a pole with a small idol set on its upper portion and adorned with yak tail hair and long pieces of coloured cloth.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.himachalhotels.in/pooh.html Kinnaur / Pooh]. himachalhotels.in&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> *Francke, A. H. (1914, 1926). ''Antiquities of Indian Tibet''. Two Volumes. Calcutta. 1972 reprint: S. Chand, New Delhi.<br /> *Handa, O. C. (1987). ''Buddhist Monasteries in Himachal Pradesh''. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi.<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://www.maplandia.com/india/himachal-pradesh/kinnaur/poo/ Map and coordinates of Poo]<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Poo (Town)}}<br /> [[Category:Tourism in Himachal Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Kinnaur district]]<br /> [[Category:Hill stations in Himachal Pradesh]]</div>

SBS Khumancha https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosal_movement&diff=510547 2026-03-17T04:54:43Z

<p>SBS Khumancha: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Movement for proposed separate Kosal state in India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}<br /> The '''Kosal state movement''' is an effort by people of the [[Western Odisha]] region of [[India]] to secede from the state of [[Odisha]].{{when|date=December 2018}}{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} Organizations like Western Odisha Yuva Manch (WOYM), Kosal Youth Coordination Committee (KYCC), Kosal State Coordination Committee (KSCC), Koshal Sena, Koshal Mukti Bahini and Koshal Mukti Morcha are mainly leading this. '''KOSHAL MUKTI SENA (KMS)'''<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Origin of the movement==<br /> The demand for secession from the state of Odisha arose mostly because of the prolonged underdevelopment and backwardness of this region. Pro-separatist groups have repeatedly claimed the state government is not doing enough for the development of undeveloped districts of western Odisha.{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}<br /> <br /> To develop the western Odisha region, the state government has established a [[Western Odisha Development Council]] (WODC).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.wodcorissa.org/ |title=WODC : Western Orissa Development Council |publisher=Wodcorissa.org |date=31 March 2011 |accessdate=13 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220013912/http://www.wodcorissa.org/ |archive-date=20 February 2012 |url-status=usurped}}&lt;/ref&gt; A significant budget is allotted to this council from the total budget of Odisha. But the WODC headquarter is located in the state capital [[Bhubaneswar]] rather than in Western Odisha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://kddf.wordpress.com/2009/12/17/mp-bhakta-das-and-sanjaya-bhoi-points-out-reasons-for-koshal-state-demand-in-parliament/ |title=MP Bhakta Das and Sanjaya Bhoi points out reasons for Koshal state demand in parliament « Koshal Discussion and Development Forum |publisher=Kddf.wordpress.com |date=17 December 2009 |accessdate=13 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Reasons for the campaign==<br /> <br /> ===Poverty===<br /> The incidence of chronic poverty in western Odisha, coupled with government failures to address its rising trends have been the most important factor for the demand for a separate state in Odisha. A majority of the region's population lack the purchasing power to buy sufficient food each day. In the backward districts of Kosal region—[[Boudh district|Boudh]], Sonepur, [[Balangir district|Balangir]] and [[Nuapada district|Nuapada]] more than 60% of people live below the [[poverty line]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.today/20130415014507/http://www.indiatogether.org/2009/dec/pov-starve.htm Starvation deaths continue, as officials demur]&lt;/ref&gt; Recurrent droughts, inadequate irrigation and uneven land distribution have made Kosal a &quot;hunger belt&quot; in Odisha since Independence. The results included large-scale deaths from starvation, child-selling, out-migration and malnourishment.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/rssfeed/bhubaneshwar/Quit-Patnaik-Oppn-on-Balangir-deaths/Article1-512627.aspx |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125135929/http://www.hindustantimes.com/rssfeed/bhubaneshwar/Quit-Patnaik-Oppn-on-Balangir-deaths/Article1-512627.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2013 |title=Quit, Patnaik: Oppn on Balangir deaths |work=Hindustan Times |location=India |date=25 February 2010 |accessdate=13 January 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1820/18200540.htm |title=Hunger and democracy |publisher=Hinduonnet.com |accessdate=13 January 2012 |url-status=usurped |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606125733/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1820/18200540.htm |archivedate=6 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Industrialization and environmental degradation===<br /> Western Odisha also experiences mining and [[environmental degradation]] and tribal displacement. It is reported that farmers from more than eight district depend on water from [[Hirakud]] reservoir. Farmers are angry because industries are using a huge amount of this water, leading to frequent protests.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/node/41004 |title=30,000 farmers demand Hirakud dam water |publisher=India Environment Portal |date=30 December 2007 |accessdate=13 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714175613/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/node/41004/ |archive-date=14 July 2014 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Access to health services===<br /> There are four government medical colleges in this region, which are in [[Sambalpur]], [[Balangir]], Kalahandi and [[Sundergarh]]. The first college was ([[Veer Surendra Sai Institute of Medical Sciences and Research]]) in western Odisha.&lt;ref name=&quot;dailypioneer.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/224361/VSS-College-Hospital-gets-full-autonomy.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923212509/http://www.dailypioneer.com/224361/VSS-College-Hospital-gets-full-autonomy.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 September 2015|title=The Pioneer|date=23 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Later, a medical college at [[Balangir]] named [[Bhima Bhoi Medical College and Hospital]] was started in the year 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url =https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/new-medical-college-inaugurated-in-balangir/article24835462.ece |title = New medical college inaugurated in Balangir |newspaper = The Hindu |date = 31 August 2018 | publisher = The Hindu, 31 August 2018 | accessdate = 2018-08-31 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Also two medical college was established at [[Sundergarh]] and Bhawanipatna.<br /> <br /> ===Language===<br /> The major language of the area is [[Sambalpuri language|Sambalpuri]]. It is variously seen either as a dialect of [[Odia language|Odia]] or as a language in its own right,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis| last = Sahu| first = Gopal Krishna| date = 2002| title = A derivational morphology of Sambalpuri| institution = Sambalpur University| hdl = 10603/187186}}&lt;/ref&gt; and has so far eluded recognition by the state or union governments.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=PTI |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article58221.ece |title=The Hindu : News / National : Requests to include 38 languages in Constitution pending: Govt |publisher=Beta.thehindu.com |date=1 December 2009 |accessdate=13 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130012348/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article58221.ece |archive-date=30 January 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The demand of a separate state is more than three decades old.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}} Lawyer of Supreme Court Shree [[Prem Ram Dubey]] was first person to feel the need of a separate state; he submitted a memorandum to the President of India. Local parties from [[Jharkhand]] claimed inclusion of Sambalpur and Sundergarh District into Jharkhand. Dubey formed the Kosal Sammelani, which urged the state and union government not to enter into any negotiation with any claimant for the transfer of any part of proposed state.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} Dubey asserted that while [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] has only 46,000&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, western Odisha has 75,000 sq.&amp;nbsp;km and a population of one [[crore]], still was not provided statehood. He also published the first newspaper for the region &quot;Kosal Khabar&quot; and constituted the &quot;Kosal Sena&quot;. He wrote the books ''Hame Kosli Hamar Bhasa Kosli'' and &quot;Why Kosal State&quot;.{{when|date=July 2020}} In 'Kosal Khabar' he propounded the solutions to carve a separate state to end the discrimination by coastal people on the [[Kosalites]].{{when|date=July 2020}} {{citation needed|date=July 2020}} He was spearhead in most of the protest programmes. The movement was independently supported by former BJP MLA [[Balgopal Mishra]]. As reported in &quot;The Indian Express&quot; the Odisha PCC president [[Hemananda Biswal]] had strongly opposed the demand for a separate state. Addressing the media, he told in [[Bhubaneswar]] that, &quot;the Congress party is committed to the establishment of the Western Odisha Development Council (WODC) and the Bill in this connection is pending before the legislature&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;indianexpress.com&quot;&gt;[http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19980523/14350634.html Cong flays demand for Kosal state]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Balgopal Mishra reacted to it saying &quot;there is a growing demand for a separate state; it was regrettable that the newly elected MP and some legislators of [[Bolangir district]] had failed to see the writing on the wall&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;indianexpress.com&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Mishra is famous for his &quot;[[Kosal Mukti Rath]]&quot; to generate public opinion in favour of his demand. He generated a lot of public support for a separate state despite stiff opposition from the ruling party. Sapan Mishra of Sambalpur, along with some dedicated youth, chalked out a route map for 'Kosal Mukti Rath' traversing the region, which ultimately made it a mass movement from a class movement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/03/07/stories/2004030703231000.htm |title=BJP legislator spearheads Kosal slogan |location=India |date=7 March 2004 |accessdate=13 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108195124/http://www.hindu.com/2004/03/07/stories/2004030703231000.htm |archive-date=8 November 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later, the &quot;Kosal Rayej Kriyanusthan Committee&quot;, which fought Odisha State Assembly &amp; Lok Sabha Election for the cause, was formed.<br /> <br /> In 2004 the Deputy Prime Minister [[L.K. Advani]] told reporters in Balangir that India could consider the demand for a separate Kosal state only if the Odisha Assembly passed a resolution in this regard, claiming &quot;a consensus is needed in this matter&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/45019/ |title=Kosal state only if Orissa wants: Advani |work=The Indian Express |location=India |date=14 April 2004 |accessdate=13 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===2005-2009===<br /> Various political parties demanded the formation of a new Kosal state composed of the most backward districts of Western Odisha; the call was led by political parties and organisations like [[Kosal Kranti Dal]], [[Koshli Ekta Manch, Kosal Party]], [[Odisha Sanskrutika Samaj]], [[Kosal Rajya Sangharsha Samiti]], [[Veer Surendra Sai Manch]] and [[All Kosal Students Union]] (AKSU).&lt;ref name=&quot;kddf.wordpress.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://kddf.wordpress.com/category/demand-of-koshal-state/ |title=Demand of Koshal state « Koshal Discussion and Development Forum |publisher=Kddf.wordpress.com |accessdate=13 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718101713/http://kddf.wordpress.com/category/demand-of-koshal-state/ |archive-date=18 July 2011 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cnfonline.org/2001/2001v9n82.htm|title=Contemporary News &amp; Features|access-date=4 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725183259/http://www.cnfonline.org/2001/2001v9n82.htm|archive-date=25 July 2011|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://203.197.197.71/presentation/leftnavigation/news/india/rs-10,000-cr-chavan-package-for-vidharba.aspx {{dead link|date=February 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/224821/Kosal-Dal-holds-demo-in-support-of-separate-State.html|title= Kosal Dal holds demo in support of separate State|access-date=4 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928044441/http://www.dailypioneer.com/224821/Kosal-Dal-holds-demo-in-support-of-separate-State.html|archive-date=28 September 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> For the first time, a sitting MP from the [[Indian National Congress]] party (Sambalpur) and former minister Shri [[Amarnath Pradhan]] warned that &quot;If the State Government continued to neglect us then we will not hesitate to demand a separate state&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/article138532.ece|title=Congress MP demands separate W Orissa state|access-date=24 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130012349/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/article138532.ece|archive-date=30 January 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2009, [[Sambalpur University]] Student Union, [[Rajendra College Balangir]] Student Union and Balangir Women's College Union supported demands for a separate state.&lt;ref name=autogenerated1&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.orissadiary.com/Showyournews.asp?id=148 |title=Kosal is our birth right |publisher=Orissadiary.com |date=14 December 2009 |accessdate=13 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100115223824/http://orissadiary.com/Showyournews.asp?id=148 |archive-date=15 January 2010 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;[http://www.dailypioneer.com/223496/Kosal-activists-tear-Orissa-map-students-boycott-classes.html Kosal activists tear Orissa map students boycott classes] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201222439/http://www.dailypioneer.com/223496/Kosal-activists-tear-Orissa-map-students-boycott-classes.html |date=1 February 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition, the bar associations in [[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]] and [[Balangir district|Balangir]] demanded the formation of a separate state.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/article83672.ece|title=Koshal state: Lawyers up the ante|access-date=24 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221164025/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/article83672.ece|archive-date=21 February 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dailypioneer.com/224104/Balangir-Bar-extends-support-for-Kosal-State.html Balangir Bar extends support for Kosal State] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201222444/http://www.dailypioneer.com/224104/Balangir-Bar-extends-support-for-Kosal-State.html |date=1 February 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Frequently, ''[[bandh]]s'' (strikes or acts of civil disobedience) are observed in parts of Western Odisha demanding a separate state. Activists have distributed maps of the proposed Koshal state and torn up the Odisha map as a symbolic declaration of separation from Odisha.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/politics/maps-of-separate-kosala-state-distributed-in-orissa_100291546.html |title=Maps of separate Kosala state distributed in Orissa |publisher=Thaindian.com |date=18 December 2009 |accessdate=13 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016213107/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/politics/maps-of-separate-kosala-state-distributed-in-orissa_100291546.html |archive-date=16 October 2012 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.orissatoday.com/district/Orissa_Burla_turns_another_Osmania_Varsity_161209-32092862360623986238723.html|title=OrissaToday.com|website=www.orissatoday.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 23 December 2009, thousands of members of the [[Kosal Kranti Dal]] (KKD) staged a demonstration near the Odisha assembly building.&lt;ref name=&quot;in.news.yahoo.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/43/20091223/818/tnl-thousands-stage-rally-for-a-separate.html |accessdate=4 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091227053255/http://in.news.yahoo.com/43/20091223/818/tnl-thousands-stage-rally-for-a-separate.html |archivedate=27 December 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;newkerala.com&quot;&gt;[http://www.newkerala.com/news/fullnews-17114.html Thousands stage rally for a separate Kosal state [newkerala.com, United States, 17114&amp;#93;] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402221259/http://www.newkerala.com/news/fullnews-17114.html |date=2 April 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The separatist supporters marched on the main street of the capital city [[Bhubaneswar]]. Later they gathered to hear dozens of leaders speak about the apathy of the state and central governments towards Western Odisha. According to ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]'', the protest [[dharna]] (peaceful sit-in) was led by the KKD's president [[Pramod Kumar Misra]]; other leaders of the party addressed the protestors, exhorting them to launch a mass movement for separate statehood.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://kddf.wordpress.com/2009/12/24/kosal-kranti-dal-stages-protest-for-separate-koshal-state/ |title=Kosal Kranti Dal stages protest for separate Kosal state « Kosal Discussion and Development Forum |publisher=Kddf.wordpress.com |date=24 December 2009 |accessdate=13 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718101704/http://kddf.wordpress.com/2009/12/24/kosal-kranti-dal-stages-protest-for-separate-koshal-state/ |archive-date=18 July 2011 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thestatesman.net/page.news.php?clid=9&amp;theme=&amp;usrsess=1&amp;id=278899 |accessdate=4 February 2011 |title=Thestatesman.net }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mishra said, &quot;We have separate language. Our culture and traditions are different. Our regions are the poorest in India despite having huge mineral and forest wealth. Only a separate state can improve the condition of our people.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;in.news.yahoo.com&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;newkerala.com&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://naxatranews.com/news_view.php?news_id=23382 |accessdate=4 February 2011 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.southasiamail.com/news.php?id=52475 South Asia Mail] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716112204/http://www.southasiamail.com/news.php?id=52475 |date=16 July 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.worldlatestnews.com/nation-india/politics/thousands-stage-rally-for-a-separate-kosal-state-104184 |title=Thousands stage rally for a separate Kosal state &amp;#124; World Latest News – fast and latest news |publisher=World Latest News |date=23 December 2009 |accessdate=13 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430171844/http://www.worldlatestnews.com/nation-india/politics/thousands-stage-rally-for-a-separate-kosal-state-104184 |archive-date=30 April 2012 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://politics.gaeatimes.com/2009/12/23/thousands-stage-rally-for-a-separate-kosal-state-9970/ |title=Thousands stage rally for a separate Kosal state |publisher=Blog.taragana.com |date=23 December 2009 |accessdate=13 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329172909/http://politics.gaeatimes.com/2009/12/23/thousands-stage-rally-for-a-separate-kosal-state-9970/ |archive-date=29 March 2012 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://sify.com/news/thousands-stage-rally-for-a-separate-kosal-state-news-national-jmxn4cagacg.html |title=Thousands stage rally for a separate Kosal state |website=[[Sify]] |date=23 December 2009 |accessdate=13 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003173122/http://www.sify.com/news/thousands-stage-rally-for-a-separate-kosal-state-news-national-jmxn4cagacg.html |archive-date=3 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://onespot.wsj.com/indian-politics/2009/12/23/a/553236912-thousands-stage-rally-for-a/ |accessdate=4 February 2011 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://connect.in.com/telangana/article-orissas-regional-party-demands-for-separate-kosal-state-1900269-7abd71ab87853ab457adef7da4b2b7c4fe07d9d8.html Telangana News : Orissa�s Regional Party Demands For Separate Kosal State] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322191020/http://connect.in.com/telangana/article-orissas-regional-party-demands-for-separate-kosal-state-1900269-7abd71ab87853ab457adef7da4b2b7c4fe07d9d8.html |date=22 March 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 27 December 2009, ''[[The Pioneer (Indian newspaper)|The Pioneer]]'' published an article saying senior BJD leader and Minister [[Ananga Udaya Singh Deo]] was opposed to the creation of a separate state.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tathya.in/2009/story.asp?sno=3623 Tathya.in] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721181605/http://www.tathya.in/2009/story.asp?sno=3623 |date=21 July 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dailypioneer.com/225415/BJD-against-formation-of-Kosal-state.html The Pioneer :: Home : &gt;&gt; BJD against formation of Kosal state] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233711/http://www.dailypioneer.com/225415/BJD-against-formation-of-Kosal-state.html |date=3 March 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Addressing the [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] foundation day in Bhubaneswar, Singh Deo said the demand for a separate state gained momentum because the past Congress governments had neglected their interests. &quot;They had only allotted {{INR|1 crore}} for the region's development. But our BJD Government gave {{INR|50 crore}} for the first time to the [[Western Orissa Development Council|Western Odisha Development Council]] (WODC) and then enhanced it to {{INR|100 crore}}&quot;, he said.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dailypioneer.com/225594/BJD-vice-president-seeks-special-package-for-Western-Orissa.html The Pioneer :: Home : &gt;&gt; BJD vice president seeks special package for Western Orissa] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052442/http://www.dailypioneer.com/225594/BJD-vice-president-seeks-special-package-for-Western-Orissa.html |date=4 March 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===2010===<br /> After this the members of All Kosal Students' union, led by convener Dolamani Pradhan, held a demonstration before the Collectorate in [[Balangir]] town protesting against the anti-Kosal remark by AU Singh Deo, WODC's chairman Prof. Niranjan Panda and Chief Minister of Odisha [[Naveen Patnaik]] and later burning their effigies.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dailypioneer.com/227728/Effigies-of-Naveen-Singh-Deo-burnt-in-Balangir.html The Pioneer :: Home : &gt;&gt; Effigies of Naveen Singh Deo burnt in Balangir] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045247/http://www.dailypioneer.com/227728/Effigies-of-Naveen-Singh-Deo-burnt-in-Balangir.html |date=4 March 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Indo-Asian News Service]] reported that rail services in Odisha were affected on 10 January 2010 when activists of Kosal Kranti Dal blocked the tracks to press their demand for a separate state.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/strike-seeking-separate-kosala-state-hits-rail-services_100301710.html |title=Strike seeking separate Kosala state hits rail services |publisher=Thaindian.com |date=10 January 2010 |accessdate=13 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016213135/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/strike-seeking-separate-kosala-state-hits-rail-services_100301710.html |archive-date=16 October 2012 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hundreds of activists blocked tracks at many places in Western Odisha, including at [[Balangir]], [[Bargarh]], Boinda, [[Rourkela]] and [[Kesinga]]. Similar protests were also reported in Sambalpur and [[Jharsuguda]], where separatists demanded a &quot;separate state any cost&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dailypioneer.com/228444/Kosal-State-at-any-cost-claim-activists.html Kosal State at any cost claim activists] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024109/http://www.dailypioneer.com/228444/Kosal-State-at-any-cost-claim-activists.html |date=4 March 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It was also reported that more than 100 protesters courted arrest at Balangir town and the party leader Pramod Mishra said they will hold more agitations in the coming days.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/43/20100110/836/tbs-strike-seeking-separate-kosala-state.html |accessdate=4 February 2011 |title=Yahoo Search - Web Search }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pramod Mishra also said, &quot;We were forced to merge with Odisha in 1948. What this region has got after 60 years of merger? Only acute poverty and backwardness.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dailypioneer.com/228449/Kosal-activists-stage-rail-roko-in-Balangir-demand-separate-State.html Kosal activists stage rail roko in Balangir demand separate State] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225347/http://www.dailypioneer.com/228449/Kosal-activists-stage-rail-roko-in-Balangir-demand-separate-State.html |date=3 March 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; On Tuesday, 19 January 2010 ''[[The Pioneer (Indian newspaper)|The Pioneer]]'' BBSR edition reported about the allegation of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] State secretary [[Janardan Pati]] that the indifference on the parts of the two main political parties in the State, the BJD and the Congress, over the issue is encouraging the demands for separate states.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dailypioneer.com/230336/CPM-against-separate-States-in-Orissa.html The Pioneer :: Home : &gt;&gt; CPM against separate States in Orissa] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235757/http://www.dailypioneer.com/230336/CPM-against-separate-States-in-Orissa.html |date=3 March 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It was reported that members of the KKD and All Kosal Students' Union held a ''[[Raasta roko]]'' (roadblock) at different places on the Bargarh-Borigumma section of [[National Highway 201 (India)|National Highway 201]] and at Puintala on the Khurda-Balangir section of [[NH-224]] for three hours from 10&amp;nbsp;am to 1&amp;nbsp;pm on 14 February 2010.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dailypioneer.com/236190/Kosal-Dal-holds-Rasta-Roko-seeks-separate-State.html The Pioneer :: Home : &gt;&gt; Kosal Dal holds Rasta Roko seeks separate State] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031942/http://www.dailypioneer.com/236190/Kosal-Dal-holds-Rasta-Roko-seeks-separate-State.html |date=4 March 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Led by the KKD and the Koshal State Coordination Committee (KSCC), it has been decided that 26th day of August every year will be observed as [[Kosal Bandh Day]]. From 2012 until 2015, the same was being observed in the region for demanding of a new separate state. All ten districts take part in the ''bandh''.<br /> <br /> ===2013===<br /> {{quote box|width=30%|align=left|quote=&quot;Now Union Government and Government of Odisha should take immediate steps for creation of separate Kosal state, otherwise stir will intensify.&quot;|source=—Nirmal Das, spokesperson of [[Kosal Kranti Dal]] addressing the Bandh on Monday, 26 August 2013}}<br /> {{quote box|width=30%|align=left|quote=&quot;Mishandling of long pending demand for establishment of a bench of High Court in Western Odisha by the Odisha government is fueling the separate statehood issue.&quot;|source=—[[Sriballav Panigrahi]], former [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] [[Member of Parliament|MP]] of [[Deogarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Deogarh Lok Sabha constituency]].}}<br /> <br /> On 26 August 2013, a 12-hour Kosal Bandh was observed after a call given by the KSCC demanding separate Kosal state. Normal life in Sambalpur was paralysed as rail and road communications, shops and offices remained closed for the day. At a meeting held in Balangir on 10 August 2013, it was decided that there would be a ''bandh'' on 26 August 2013 in Western Odisha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kosal Movement-2013&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://sudhirmishrabolangir.blogspot.in/2013/08/demanding-seperate-kosal-state-there.html | title=Strike over Kosal demand-2013 | publisher=Sudhir Mishra | date=11 August 2013 | accessdate=27 August 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130012348/http://sudhirmishrabolangir.blogspot.in/2013/08/demanding-seperate-kosal-state-there.html | archive-date=30 January 2016 | url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The one-day shutdown evoked large response; shops, businesses and educational institutions remained closed while people took to rallies and staged demonstrations at many places. They also picketed central and state government offices, banks and other financial institutions. Agitators obstructed trains and highways; as result passengers train remained stranded. Both government and private buses remained off the road. Fuel stations, cinema halls, malls and other commercial centres remained closed. KKD, Kosal Raijya Kriyanushtan Committee, Kosal Sena and Kosal Parishad had jointly called for a ''bandh'' in the region.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kosal Movement-2013 on IBN Live&quot;&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/bandh-affects-normal-life-in-sambalpur-634438.html| title=Strike over Kosal demand-2013| publisher=IBN Live| date=26 August 2013| accessdate=27 August 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924042009/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/bandh-affects-normal-life-in-sambalpur-634438.html| archive-date=24 September 2015| url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===2014===<br /> On 26 August 2014, the region led by the KKD conducted their annual ''bandh''. The Kosal coordination committee organized a motor cycle rally from [[Samaleswari Temple|Samaleswari temple]] of [[Bargarh]] town on 24 August 2014 to create awareness among locals regarding the campaign and ordered the ''bandh''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Cycle-rally-push-to-separate-state-demand-in-western-Odisha/articleshow/40857600.cms|title=Cycle rally push to separate state demand in western Odisha - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 August 2014 |access-date=12 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827033623/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Cycle-rally-push-to-separate-state-demand-in-western-Odisha/articleshow/40857600.cms|archive-date=27 August 2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===2015===<br /> The Balangir wing of Koshal State Coordination Committee (KSCC) took out a motorcycle rally in the town on Monday to alert the people to participate in the ''bandh''. Gopalji Panigrahi of Balangir Action Committee said the fight for a state will continue until the demand is fulfilled by the Government of India.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kosal Movement-2015 on The Odisha Sun Times&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://odishasuntimes.com/2015/08/26/12-hr-koshal-bandh-affects-life-in-10-western-odisha-dists | title=Strike over Kosal demand-2015 | work=Odisha Sun Times| date=26 August 2015 | accessdate=27 August 2015 | author=Odisha Sun Times Bureau | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826234137/http://odishasuntimes.com/2015/08/26/12-hr-koshal-bandh-affects-life-in-10-western-odisha-dists/ | archive-date=26 August 2015 | url-status=usurped}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kosal Movement-2015 on The New kIndian Express&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/West-Odisha-Bandh-over-Kosal-State-Today/2014/08/26/article2399084.ece | title=Strike over Kosal demand-2015 | publisher=The New Indian Express | date=26 August 2015 | accessdate=27 August 2015 | author=Express News Service | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130012348/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/West-Odisha-Bandh-over-Kosal-State-Today/2014/08/26/article2399084.ece | archive-date=30 January 2016 | url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===2016===<br /> <br /> {{quote box|width=30%|align=left|quote=<br /> &quot;We oppose the word 'Koshali'. The language of the region is known as 'Sambalpuri'. However, efforts are being made to change the name of the language to 'Koshali' on the pretext of a separate Koshal state. We do not oppose the demand of creation of a separate state but, we cannot accept the change of the name of the language.&quot;|source=—Deepak Panda, joint convener of Hirakhand Samukhya addressing their oppose to the Bandh}}<br /> {{quote box|width=30%|align=left|quote=<br /> &quot;In 1936 and 1948, the political leaders of Odisha merged our land with the State through a conspiracy. We are demanding a separate State as per the provisions of Article 2 and 3 of the Constitution. The only solution to the problems like regional imbalance, discrimination in education, employment, industrialisation and development is formation of a separate State&quot;.|source=—Pramod Kumar Mishra, Koshalbadi leader of Balangir}}<br /> <br /> On 3 March 2016, members of the KKD and people of Western Odisha, led by the Balangir district president Bharat Prusti and general secretary of the All Kosal Students' Union Dolamani Pradhan, protested against the &quot;continuous neglect and exploitation&quot; by the Odisha government and demanded formation of a separate state. The demonstrators tore a map of Odisha and burnt a compact disc containing the song [[Bande Utkala Janani]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dailypioneer.com/328654/Kosal-outfit-tears-Orissa-map-demands-separate-State.html Kosal outfit tears Orissa map, demands separate State] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234828/http://www.dailypioneer.com/328654/Kosal-outfit-tears-Orissa-map-demands-separate-State.html |date=3 March 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The KKD also organised a massive rally and meeting, which was attended by delegates from eleven districts of Western Odisha. The president of KKD Pramod Mishra said the people had gathered to protest against their continuous exploitation by the successive Governments at Bhubaneswar.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}<br /> <br /> The KSCC, composed of representatives of organisations in 10 districts, has called a 12-hour ''bandh'' in Western Odisha on 26 August 2016.&lt;ref name=&quot;OTV News&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://odishatv.in/odisha/body-slider/supporters-opponents-clash-during-koshal-bandh-162803/ | title=OTV News | accessdate=4 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; The vehicular movement was also normal in the Sambalpur town despite the ''bandh'' call. Despite the KSCC's call, many organisations of Sambalpur including Hirakhand Samukhya, Sambalpur District Bar Association, Sambalpuri Bhasha Sanskruti Parishad and Bharati Samaj had asked people not to take part in the ''bandh''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Indian Express 26th August 16&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Mixed-response-to-Koshal-bandh/2016/08/27/article3598977.ece | title=Indian Express 26th August 16 | accessdate=4 September 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828202156/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Mixed-response-to-Koshal-bandh/2016/08/27/article3598977.ece | archive-date=28 August 2016 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The dawn-to-dusk shutdown observed by the KKD evoked a partial response in [[Sundargarh district]], but normal life was disrupted.<br /> <br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Highway-blocked-in-Sundargarh/2016/08/27/article3598981.ece | accessdate=4 September 2016 | title=Highway blocked in Sundargarh | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828202535/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Highway-blocked-in-Sundargarh/2016/08/27/article3598981.ece | archive-date=28 August 2016 | url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Kosalananda Kavya]]<br /> * [[Prem Ram Dubey]]<br /> * [[Kosal Kranti Dal]]<br /> *KOSHAL MUKTI SENA <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br /> <br /> {{Proposed states and territories of India}}<br /> {{Western Orissa}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Kosal movement}}<br /> [[Category:Regionalism in India]]<br /> [[Category:Statehood movements in India]]</div>

SBS Khumancha https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kundavai_Pir%C4%81ttiy%C4%81r&diff=455540 2026-03-13T07:47:20Z

<p>SBS Khumancha: updated page</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|10th century Indian princess}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=October 2011}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox royalty<br /> | name = Kundavai<br /> | title = Princess of [[Tanjore]]<br /> | image = Ilaiya Piratti Kundavai.png<br /> | caption = Kundavai as portrayed in [[Kalki Krishnamurthy|Kalki's]] [[Ponniyin Selvan]].<br /> | birth_name = Ālvār Sri Parāntakan Sri Kundavai Nachiyar<br /> | birth_date = 945 CE<br /> | birth_place = [[Tirukoilur]], [[Chola Empire]] &lt;br/&gt; (modern-day [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = [[Pazhayarai|Pazhaiyarai]], [[Chola Empire]] &lt;br/&gt; (modern-day [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])<br /> | spouse = [[Vallavaraiyan Vandiyadevan]]<br /> | dynasty = [[Chola]] (by birth) &lt;br/&gt;<br /> [[Bana kingdom|Bana]] (by marriage)<br /> | father = [[Parantaka II]]<br /> | mother = Vanavan Mahadevi<br /> | religion = [[Hinduism]] ([[Shaivism]] sect)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Kundavai Pirattiyar''', commonly known mononymously as '''Kundavai''', was a [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] Indian princess who lived in the tenth century in [[South India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Lalit kalā, Issue 15, page 34&quot;&gt;''Lalit kalā, Issue 15, page 34''&lt;/ref&gt; She was the daughter of [[Parantaka Chola II|Parantaka II]] and Vanavan Mahadevi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Early Chola art, page 183&quot;&gt;''Early Chola art, page 183''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;A Topographical List of Inscriptions in the Tamil Nadu and Kerala States: Thanjavur District, page 180&quot;&gt;''A Topographical List of Inscriptions in the Tamil Nadu and Kerala States: Thanjavur District, page 180''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Worshiping Śiva in medieval India: ritual in an oscillating universe, page 5&quot;&gt;''Worshiping Śiva in medieval India: ritual in an oscillating universe, page 5''&lt;/ref&gt; She was born in [[Tirukoilur]] and was the elder sister of Chola emperor [[Rajaraja I]]. She had title as ''Ilaiyapirātti Kundavai Nachiyar''.<br /> <br /> However, when her husband [[Vallavaraiyan Vandiyadevan]] was crowned king in his hometown [[Bana kingdom]], she did not accept the offer to become queen of the kingdom and remained as the princess of [[Tanjore]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Life ==<br /> Kundavai (also transliterated as Kundhavai or Kunthavai) was born in 945 CE. She was the only daughter of the Chola king [[Parantaka II]] and queen Vanavan Mahadevi. She had an elder brother – [[Aditha Karikala Chola| Aditha Chola II]], and a younger brother – [[Rajaraja I|Raja Raja Chola I]].<br /> <br /> Kundavai married [[Vallavaraiyan Vandiyadevan]], a member of the [[Bana dynasty]], a feudatory of the [[Chola|Cholas]] mentioned in the [[Thanjavur|Tanjore]] inscriptions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; He was also the commander of the Chola infantry that fought in [[Sri Lanka]] in the days of [[Rajaraja I|Rajaraja l]]. The territory under his authority was known as 'Vallavaraiyanadu', and occasionally 'Brahmadesam'.<br /> <br /> Along with her great-aunt [[Sembiyan Mahadevi]], Kundavai brought up her nephew, [[Rajendra Chola I|Rajendra I]], who was the son of [[Rajaraja Chola|Rajaraja I]] and ''Thiripuvana Madeviyar'', princess of [[Kodumbalur]]. Rajendra I spent most of his childhood in [[Pazhayarai|Pazhaiyarai]] with Kundavai and Sembiyan Mahadevi.<br /> <br /> == Life and works ==<br /> [[File:Kundavai Work.jpg|thumb|left|200px|The temple that Kundavai built in memorial of The Great [[Rajaraja I]] at Rajarajapuram (Dhadhapuram)]]<br /> <br /> Kundavai commissioned many temples for [[Tirthankars]], [[Vishnu]] and [[Shiva|Siva]]. She revered many Jain Monks and Vedantic seers .&lt;ref name=&quot;Women in Indian life and society, page 49&quot;&gt;''Women in Indian life and society, page 49''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;South Indian Inscriptions – Vol II-Part 1 (Tanjore temple Inscriptions)&lt;/ref&gt; She features in [[Chola]] inscriptions.&lt;ref name=&quot;Śrīnidhiḥ:perspectives in Indian archaeology, art, and culture, page 364&quot;&gt;''Śrīnidhiḥ: perspectives in Indian archaeology, art, and culture, page 364''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Encyclopaedia of Jainism, page 1000&quot;&gt;''Encyclopaedia of Jainism, page 1000''&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Kundavai jinalaya.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A Jain temple commissioned by Kundavai at [[Tirumalai (Jain complex)]] in [[Tiruvannamalai]].]]<br /> <br /> {{Cquote|''..vessels and ornaments made of gold, silver and pearl and presented to the temples of Kundavai-Vinnagar-Alvar, Iravikulamanikka-Iswara and Kundavai Jinalaya, built by the princess Parantakan Kundavai Pirattiyar, daughter of Ponmaligaittunjiyadevar(Parantaka Sundara Chola).''&lt;ref name=&quot;A topographical list of inscriptions in the Tamil Nadu and Kerala states, Volume 2, page&quot;&gt;''A topographical list of inscriptions in the Tamil Nadu and Kerala states, Volume 2, page 206''&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> She is believed to have built many Jain temples but at least two Jain temples have inscriptions that records to have been built by her, one at [[Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur|Rajarajeswaram]] later known as [[Darasuram]] and the other at [[Tirumalai (Tamil Nadu)|Tirumalai]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Encyclopaedia of Jainism, page 1000&quot;/&gt; She built a hospital after her father named Vinnagar athura salai at [[Thanjavur]] and donated extensive lands for its maintenance.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ancient system of oriental medicine, page 96&quot;&gt;''Ancient system of oriental medicine, page 96''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Great women of India, page 306&quot;/&gt; She made lavish donations to the [[Brihadeeswarar|Brihadeeswarar Temple]] at [[Thanjavur]] during the reign of her younger brother [[Rajaraja Chola I]] and her nephew [[Rajendra Chola I]].<br /> <br /> One of the inscriptions reads:<br /> <br /> {{Cquote|''Records gift of sheep for lamps to the temple of Kundavai-Vinnagar-Alvar by princess Pirantakan-Kundavai-Pirattiyar. Also mentioned is the senapati, Mummudi-Chola Brahmamarayar who was in charge of the management of the temple''&lt;ref name=&quot;A topographical list of inscriptions in the Tamil Nadu and Kerala states, Volume 2, page 206&quot;&gt;''A topographical list of inscriptions in the Tamil Nadu and Kerala states, Volume 2, page 207''&lt;/ref&gt;}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Portrait sculpture in south India, page 34&quot;&gt;''Portrait sculpture in south India, page 34''&lt;/ref&gt; Some of the images or idols set up by princess Kundavai include:&lt;ref name=&quot;Middle Chola temples: Rajaraja I to Kulottunga I (A.D. 985-1070), page 42&quot;&gt;''Middle Chola temples:Rajaraja I to Kulottunga I (A.D. 985–1070), page 42''&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Here is an excerpt from the 29th year of Rajaraja that lists some of her gifts to [[Brihadeeswarar|Brihadeeswarar Temple]]:<br /> <br /> {{Cquote|''Hail! Prosperity! Until the twenty-ninth year (of the reign) of Ko-Rajakesarivarman alias Sri-Rajarajadeva who..-&lt;br /&gt;Arvar Parantakan Kundavaiyar, (who was) the venerable elder sister of the lord Sri-Rajarajadeva and the great queen of Vallavaraiyar Vandyadevar&lt;br /&gt;..gave three thousand five hundred karanju of gold, which was a quarter superior in fineness to the (gold standard called) dandavani, and one thousand five hundred karanju of gold, which was one (degree) inferior in fineness to the dandavani, – altogether, five thousand karanju of gold.''&lt;ref name=&quot;South Indian inscriptions: Volume 2, Parts 1-2&quot;&gt;''South Indian inscriptions: Volume 2, Parts 1–2''&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Cquote|''Hail ! Prosperity! Until the third year (of the reign) of Ko-Parakesarivarman, alias the lord Sri-Rajendra-Soradeva,-&lt;br /&gt;Arvar Parantakan Kundavaiyar, (who was) the venerable elder sister of the lord Sri-Rajarajadeva (and) the great queen of Vallavaraiyar Vandyadevar gave-&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;..One sacred girdle (tiruppattigai), (containing) ninety-seven karanju and a half, four manjadi and nine-tenths of gold. Six hundred and sixty-seven large and small diamonds with smooth edges, set (into it), – including such as had spots, cracks, red dots, black dots, and marks as of burning, – weighed two karanju and a quarter and six-tenths (of a manjadi). Eighty-three large and small rubies, viz., twenty-two halahalam of superior quality, twenty halahalam, twenty smooth rubies, nine bluish rubies, two sattam and ten unpolished rubies, – including such as had cavities, cuts, holes, white specks, flaws, and such as still adhered to the ore, – weighed ten karanju and three-quarters, three manjadi and two-tenths. Two hundred and twelve pearls, strung or sewn on, – including round pearls, roundish pearls, polished pearls, small pearls, nimbolam, ambumudu, (pearls) of brilliant water and of red water, such as had been polished while still adhering to the shall, (and pearls with) lines, stains, red dots, white specks and wrinkles, – weighed eighteen karanju and two manjadi. Altogether, (the girdle) weighed one hundred and twenty-nine karanju and seven-tenths (of a manadi), corresponding to a value of four thousand and five hundred kasu..&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; One ring for the foot of the goddess, (containing) seventy-one karanju and a half and two manjadi of gold. Four hundred and fifty-nine diamonds, set (into it), viz., four hundred and fifty diamonds with smooth edges, and nine small square diamonds with smooth edges, including such as had spots, cracks, red dots, black dots, and marks as of burning, – weighed (one) karanju and a half, three manjadi and nine-tenths. Thirty-nine large and small rubies, viz., ten halahalam of superior quality, eight halahalam, nine smooth rubies, three bluish rubies and nine unpolished rubies, – including such as had cavities, cuts, holes, white speeks, flaws, and such as still adhered to the ore, – weighed three karanju and three-quarters, three manjadi and six-tenths. Altogether, (the ring) weighed seventy-seventy-seven karanju, four manjadi and (one) kunri, corresponding to a value of a five hundred kasu.''&lt;ref name=&quot;South Indian inscriptions: Volume 2, Parts 1-2&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> <br /> Kundavai spent the last days of her life with her nephew [[Rajendra Chola I|Rajendra I]] at the palace in [[Pazhayarai|Pazhaiyarai]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Great women of India, page 306&quot;&gt;''Great women of India, page 306''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Encyclopaedia of Status and Empowerment of Women in India: Status and position of women in ancient, medieval and modern India, page 176&quot;&gt;''Encyclopaedia of Status and Empowerment of Women in India: Status and position of women in ancient, medieval and modern India, page 176''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Middle Chola temples:<br /> Rajaraja I to Kulottunga I (A.D. 985-1070), page 381&quot;&gt;''Middle Chola temples: Rajaraja I to Kulottunga I (A.D. 985–1070), page 381''&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Cquote|''..run-tiru-amudu sëd-arulavaum ăga nellu padin kalam-āga ōrādaikku nellu nūrru irubadin kalamum udaiyār sri-Rājarājadēvarkku mun pirand-arulina sri ālvār sri-Kundavai Pirāttiyār pirand-arulina avitta-tirunālāl tingal oru nāl tiru-vilā elund-arulavu.''&lt;ref name=&quot;Śāṅkaram: recent researches on Indian culture, page 97&quot;&gt;''Śāṅkaram: recent researches on Indian culture, page 97''&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> == Influence ==<br /> Kundavai is celebrated as mentor to [[Rajaraja I]]. Her influence continued into the next generation as she helped rear [[Rajendra Chola I|Rajendra Chola]]. Uniquely for her era, where royal women were used to forge alliances, Kundavai's father allowed her to exercise her free will, whereupon the princess resolved to stay in the Chola kingdom all her life. Esteemed throughout the Chola realm for her taste and learning, Kundavai was requested to look after the daughters of other royal clans, tutoring them in art, music, and literature.<br /> <br /> == In popular culture ==<br /> <br /> * ''[[Ponniyin Selvan]] a 1955 historical fiction novel by [[Kalki Krishnamurthy]]'' revolves around the early days of [[Rajaraja I|Rajaraja]], the mysteries surrounding the assassination of [[Aditya Chola II|Aditha Karikalan]] and the subsequent accession of [[Uttama (Chola dynasty)|Uttama]] to the [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] throne.<br /> *[[S. Varalakshmi]] portrayed Kundavai Pirattiyar in the 1973 movie [[Rajaraja Cholan]] that had [[Sivaji Ganesan]] portray the role of [[Raja Raja Chola]].<br /> *[[Trisha Krishnan]] portrayed Kundavai Pirattiyar in the movies [[Ponniyin Selvan: I]] and [[Ponniyin Selvan: II]].<br /> <br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[Ponniyin Selvan]]<br /> * [[Raja Raja Cholan]]<br /> * [[Ponniyin Selvan: I|Ponniyin Selvan I]]<br /> * [[Ponniyin_Selvan:_II|Ponniyin Selvan II]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * Great women of India By Madhavananda (Swami.), Ramesh Chandra Majumdar<br /> * Lalit kalā, Issue 15, Lalit Kalā Akademi., 1972<br /> * Middle Chola temples: Rajaraja I to Kulottunga I (A.D. 985–1070) By S. R. Balasubrahmanyam, Oriental Press, 1977<br /> * Śrīnidhiḥ: perspectives in Indian archaeology, art, and culture By K. R. Srinivasan, K. V. Raman<br /> * Encyclopaedia of Jainism, Volume 1 By Indo-European Jain Research Foundation<br /> * Portrait sculpture in south India By [[T. G. Aravamuthan]]<br /> * Ancient system of oriental medicine By S.P. Verma<br /> * Worshiping Śiva in medieval India: ritual in an oscillating universe By Richard H. Davis<br /> * Women in Indian life and society By Amitābha Mukhopādhyāẏa<br /> * A Topographical List of Inscriptions in the Tamil Nadu and Kerala States, Volume 7, T. V. Mahalingam, Indian Council of Historical Research, 1985<br /> * Śāṅkaram: recent researches on Indian culture By S. Sankaranarayanan, S. S. Ramachandra Murthy, B. Rajendra Prasad, D. Kiran Kranth Choudary<br /> * South Indian inscriptions: Volume 2, Parts 1–2 By Eugen Hultzsch, India. Archaeological Survey, India. Dept. of Archaeology<br /> * Encyclopaedia of Status and Empowerment of Women in India: Status and position of women in ancient, medieval and modern India By Raj Pruthi, Rameshwari Devi, Romila Pruthi<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Kundavai Pirattiyar}}<br /> [[Category:Chola dynasty]]<br /> [[Category:Indian queens consort]]<br /> [[Category:Year of death missing]]<br /> [[Category:10th-century Hindus]]<br /> [[Category:10th-century Indian women]]<br /> [[Category:10th-century Indian people]]<br /> [[Category:Chola princesses]]</div>

SBS Khumancha https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chitra_Sen&diff=445242 2026-03-12T07:13:39Z

<p>SBS Khumancha: minor changes</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian actress}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Chitra Sen<br /> | image = &lt;!-- just the filename, without the File: or Image: prefix or enclosing [[brackets]] --&gt;<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_name = Chitra Mandal<br /> | birth_date = <br /> | birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], India<br /> | death_date = &lt;!-- {{Death date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} or {{Death-date and age|df=yes|Month DD, YYYY|Month DD, YYYY}} (death date then birth date) --&gt;<br /> | death_place = <br /> | years active = 1951—present<br /> | other_names = <br /> | known_for = <br /> | relatives = [[Riddhi Sen]] (grandson)<br /> | children = [[Kaushik Sen]]<br /> | parents = <br /> | occupation = {{hlist|Actress|dancer}}<br /> | spouse = Shyamal Sen<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Chitra Sen''' is an Indian actress and dancer predominantly known for her work in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]], television and theatre.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-05-03 |title=Chitra Sen Health: অসুস্থ হয়ে হাসপাতালে ভর্তি করানো হয়েছে অভিনেত্রী চিত্রা সেনকে, হাসপাতালেই সময় কাটছে ঋদ্ধি, কৌশিকের |url=https://bengali.timesnownews.com/entertainment/tollywood-veteran-actress-chitra-sen-is-admitted-to-the-hospital-article-109809964 |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=Times Now Khobor |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-05-05 |title=অভিনেত্রীর আড়ালে ঢাকা নৃত্যশিল্পী চিত্রা সেন - chitra-sen-the-dancer-behind-the-actress |url=https://www.thewall.in/entertainment/chitra-sen-the-dancer-behind-the-actress/tid/157721 |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=TheWall |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt; She made her debut in [[Madhu Bose]]'s ''Shesher Kabita'' (1953) based on [[Rabindranath Tagore|Tagore]]'s novel of the [[Shesher Kabita|same name]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=শেষের কবিতা (১৯৫৩) |url=https://banglacinema100.com/movie-details/ZVVGRWNHMDFhWHBrU1ZaS2FrRlpTa01yWVdwM1VUMDk= |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=banglacinema100.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Interview with Chitra Sen&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Interview with Chitra Sen |url=http://calcuttatube.com/chitra-sen-bengali-theatre-and-acting-exclusive-interview/138182/ |publisher=Calcutta Tube |access-date=26 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Family Drama&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Family Drama |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20100614-family-drama-743077-2010-06-14 |access-date=26 June 2012 |newspaper=India Today |date=14 June 1010}}&lt;/ref&gt; She played the female lead in Binoy Banerjee's social drama film ''Ponraksha'' (1954).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=পণরক্ষা (১৯৫৪) |url=https://banglacinema100.com/movie-details/YTJ0YVQwOTNObVI1ZUZjNE5YSXZaWGxWYjNJdmR6MDk= |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=banglacinema100.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; In ''[[Swapnasandhani]]'', she has worked with her son [[Kaushik Sen]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Interview with Chitra Sen&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Year<br /> !Title<br /> !Role<br /> !{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}<br /> |-<br /> |1953<br /> |''Shesher Kabita''<br /> |Surama<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1954<br /> |''Nil Shari''<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nil Shari (1954) |url=https://www.bengalfilmarchive.com/filmography-details.php?t=NjE3 |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=Bengal Film Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''Ponraksha''<br /> |Anu<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ponraksha (1954) |url=https://www.bengalfilmarchive.com/filmography-details.php?t=NjE5 |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=Bengal Film Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |1958<br /> |''Joutuk'' <br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1961<br /> |''[[Komal Gandhar]]'' <br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1959<br /> |''Personal Assistant'' <br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1992<br /> |''[[City of Joy (1992 film)|City of Joy]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1993<br /> |''Kanyadan'' <br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1994<br /> |''[[Unishe April]]'' <br /> |Boya<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1996<br /> |''[[Bhoy (film)|Bhoy]]'' <br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1999<br /> |''Anu'' <br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2000<br /> |''Daaybaddho'' <br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2001<br /> |''Cancer'' <br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2002<br /> |''Haraner Natjamai''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2003<br /> |''Path'' <br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2006<br /> |''Je Jon Thake Majhkhane'' <br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2017<br /> |''[[61 Garpar Lane]]'' <br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2019<br /> |''[[Konttho]]'' <br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Plays==<br /> *Alakanandar Putra Kanya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Return of the leading ladies&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Return of the leading ladies |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081102/jsp/calcutta/story_10050045.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100221081719/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081102/jsp/calcutta/story_10050045.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 February 2010 |access-date=26 June 2012 |newspaper=Telegraph Calcutta |date=2 November 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Jalchabi (with Rangrup theatre group under the direction of Seema Mukhopadhyay)&lt;ref name=&quot;Bengali Theatre Festival&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Bengali Theatre Festival |url=http://timescity.com/delhi/events/bengali-theatre-festival/36836 |publisher=Times City |access-date=26 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Maer Moto (based on a play of Kabita Singh directed by Mohit Chattopadhyay)<br /> *Bhalo Rakkhosher Galpo (with Swapnasandhani)<br /> *Aloka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Return of the leading ladies&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Television ==<br /> * Roilo Ferar Nimontron<br /> * Arakshaniya<br /> * Ranga mathay Chiruni<br /> * [[Subarnalata (TV series)]]<br /> * [[Boyei Gelo]]<br /> * [[Rajjotok]]<br /> * [[Mon Niye Kachakachi]]<br /> * Aaj Aari Kal Bhaab<br /> * Kundo Phooler Mala<br /> * [[Andarmahal]](2017–2019)<br /> * [[Nakshi Kantha]](2018–2020)<br /> * [[Sreemoyee]](2019–2021)<br /> * [[Khorkuto]] (2022)<br /> * Meyebela (2023)<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{IMDb name|0784002}}<br /> <br /> {{Bengali theatre}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Sen, Chitra}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses from Kolkata]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali theatre personalities]]<br /> [[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Indian stage actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Indian television actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali television actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali actresses]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali Hindus]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>

SBS Khumancha https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northern_Bengali_dialects&diff=522523 2026-03-10T17:49:56Z

<p>SBS Khumancha: new redirect</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[North Central Bengali dialects]]<br /> <br /> {{R from merge}}</div>

SBS Khumancha https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Jainism&diff=473170 2026-03-04T21:00:02Z

<p>SBS Khumancha: adjusted details based on references additionally and updated info</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|none}}<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- &quot;none&quot; is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --&gt;<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br /> {{Jainism}}<br /> '''[[Jainism]]''' is an [[ancient India]]n religion belonging to the ''[[Śramaṇa]]'' tradition. Jains trace their history through a lineage of twenty-four ''[[tirthankara]]s'' (ford-makers), revering [[Rishabhanatha]] as the first in the present time-cycle. While tradition considers the dharma eternal, scholarly consensus places its verifiable historical roots in the 9th–8th century BCE, with the last two ''tirthankaras'', [[Parshvanatha]] (c. 9th-8th c. BCE) and [[Mahavira|Mahāvīra]] (c. 6th c. BCE), widely accepted as historical figures. Mahāvīra is viewed by scholars not as a founder, but as a reformer of the pre-existing community established by Parshvanatha.<br /> <br /> Following Mahāvīra's ''[[nirvana]]'' (c. 527 BCE, the start of the [[Vira Nirvana Samvat]] era), Jainism spread across [[India]]. Early epigraphic evidence, like the [[Hathigumpha inscription]], attests to royal patronage under figures like King [[Kharavela]] of [[Kalinga (region)|Kalinga]] (c. 2nd-1st c. BCE). Traditional accounts, primarily from the 12th-century ''[[Parishishtaparvan]]'', describe [[Chandragupta Maurya]] embracing Jainism, while [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan emperor]]s like [[Ashoka]] and [[Samprati]] are mentioned in edicts and Jain texts respectively. Archaeological finds at [[Kankali Tila]] ([[Mathura]]) confirm a thriving community with temples, stupas, and a sophisticated artistic tradition under the [[Kushan Empire|Kushana]]s (c. 1st-3rd c. CE), while inscriptions and temples at [[Udayagiri Caves]] ([[Madhya Pradesh]]) and [[Jain temples of Deogarh|Deogarh]] ([[Uttar Pradesh]]) show continued prosperity under the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]]s (c. 4th-6th c. CE).<br /> <br /> The Classical Age (c. 7th–13th c. CE) saw significant patronage, particularly in the [[Deccan]] under dynasties like the [[Chalukya]]s, [[Rashtrakuta]]s, and [[Western Ganga]]s, leading to the creation of major literary works (''[[Adi Purana]]'') and monuments like the [[Gommateshwara statue]] at [[Shravanabelagola]]. In [[Western India]], the [[Chaulukya]]s were notable patrons, supporting scholars like [[Hemachandra]] and ministers who built the [[Dilwara Temples]]. The gradual schism between the two main sects, ''[[Digambara]]'' and ''[[Śvētāmbara]]'', likely began around the 1st century CE and was solidified by the 5th century CE, primarily over differences in ascetic practices (nudity) and scriptural authority.<br /> <br /> From the 12th century onwards, Jainism faced challenges due to the rise of competing devotional movements like [[Lingayatism]] and persecution during [[Mughal Empire]], leading to the destruction of some temples. However, the community showed resilience, adapting as mercantile classes and influencing rulers like Emperor [[Akbar]], who, advised by the ''Śvetāmbara'' monk [[Hiravijaya]], temporarily banned animal slaughter during ''[[Paryushana]]''. The Modern Period saw interactions with colonial rule, academic recognition spurred by scholars like [[Hermann Jacobi]], monastic revivals led by figures such as [[Acharya Shantisagar]], and the emergence of reform movements.<br /> <br /> ==Foundations: The Indigenous Civilization (Pre-History – 600 BCE)==<br /> ===The Magadhan Context: A Non-Vedic Origin===<br /> [[File:BahubaliBhagwan-1.jpg|thumb|[[Bahubali]], son of [[Rishabhanatha]] (first Jain {{lang|sa|[[tirthankara]]}}), practicing meditation in standing {{lang|sa|[[Kayotsarga]]}} posture. (Photo: [[Gommateshwara statue]], [[Shravanbelagola]])]]<br /> Recent scholarship, notably by Indologists like [[Johannes Bronkhorst]], situates the origins of Jainism within the cultural sphere of &quot;[[Greater Magadha]]&quot; (modern [[Bihar]] and eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]]), distinct from the [[Vedic culture]] of [[western India]].{{sfn|Bronkhorst|2007|pp=6–10}} In this region, concepts such as {{lang|sa|[[karma]]}}, [[Reincarnation|rebirth]] ({{lang|sa|[[samsara]]}}), and {{lang|sa|[[ahimsa]]}} ([[non-violence]]) evolved as indigenous beliefs of the {{lang|sa|[[Śramaṇa]]}} (ascetic) movements before the arrival of Vedic [[Brahmanism]].{{sfn|Samuel|2008|pp=48–51}}{{sfn|Olivelle|1993|p=12}}{{sfn|Jaini|1998|pp=2–3}} Unlike the Vedic tradition, which focused on sacrifices ({{lang|sa|[[yajna]]}}) to appease deities, the {{lang|sa|Śramaṇa}} traditions—including Jainism, [[Buddhism]], and [[Ājīvika]]—emphasized individual effort, austerity ({{lang|sa|tapas}}), and the internal search for liberation ({{lang|sa|[[moksha]]}}).{{sfn|Olivelle|1993|p=12}}{{sfn|Jaini|1998|pp=2–3}}{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=76}}<br /> <br /> The {{lang|sa|[[Atharvaveda]]}} (Book 15) describes a distinct group of ascetics known as the {{lang|sa|Vratyas}}, who existed on the fringes of Vedic society in the [[Magadha]] region.{{sfn|Bhandarkar|1940|p=80}}{{sfn|Chanda|1969|pp=33–38}}{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2024|p=313}} Unlike the Vedic priests, the {{lang|sa|Vratyas}} did not perform fire sacrifices ({{lang|sa|[[agnihotra]]}}) and traveled in groups.{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2024|p=313}} Scholars like [[Ramaprasad Chanda]] and [[D.R. Bhandarkar]] have identified the {{lang|sa|Vratyas}} as the proto-Jain or indigenous {{lang|sa|Śramaṇa}} lineage that predates [[Mahavira]], the 24th {{lang|sa|tirthankara}}.{{sfn|Bhandarkar|1940|p=80}}{{sfn|Chanda|1969|pp=33–38}}{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2024|p=313}} The {{lang|sa|Vratyas}} are described as standing still for long periods in a posture resembling the Jain {{lang|sa|Kayotsarga}} (standing meditation), and their leader is referred to as the {{lang|sa|Ekavratya}} or {{lang|sa|[[Arhant]]}}, terms later central to Jain theology.{{sfn|Bhandarkar|1940|p=80}}{{sfn|Chanda|1969|pp=33–38}} Indologist [[J.C. Heesterman]] suggests that the {{lang|sa|Vratya}} tradition represents the 'pre-classical' roots of the renouncer movements, providing the cultural bridge between the earlier Indus Valley civilization and the later historical Jain {{lang|sa|[[sangha]]}}.{{sfn|Heesterman|1993|pp=168–170}}<br /> <br /> ===Proto-History and Universal Lineage===<br /> [[File:Yogi seal Mohenjodaro EAMd13.jpg|thumb|Triangular prism sealing from [[Indus Valley Civilisation]], depicting a male cult figure seated in a yogic posture on a throne, a bull-like animal, and five characters in the Indus script. From Mohenjo-daro, Mature Harrapean period, c. 2600-1900 BC. [[Ashmolean Museum]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ashmolean Museum |url=https://collections.ashmolean.org/collection/browse-9148/object/32662 |website=collections.ashmolean.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> Jain tradition posits a lineage of 24 {{lang|sa|[[tirthankaras]]}} who guide humanity across cosmic time cycles.{{sfn|Sangave|2001|pp=104, 129}} While scholarly consensus traces verifiable historical roots to the 9th–8th century BCE,{{sfn|Flugel|2012|p=975}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=17}} the narratives of the earlier {{lang|sa|tirthankaras}} contain significant overlaps with Vedic and Epic literature, suggesting deep antiquity.{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=182}}<br /> <br /> Some scholars hypothesize that Jain practices originated in the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] (IVC), pointing to seals depicting figures in meditative postures resembling {{lang|sa|[[kayotsarga]]}} and [[bull]] motifs associated with [[Rishabhanatha]], the first {{lang|sa|tirthankara}}.{{sfn|Larson|1995|p=27}}{{sfn|Beversluis|2000|p=81}}{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=59}}{{sfn|Sangave|2001|p=24–25}}{{sfn|Bilimoria|Prabhu|Sharma|2007|p=315}}{{sfn|Possehl|2002|pp=111–112}} Rishabhanatha is also mentioned in the {{lang|sa|[[Rig Veda]]}} and {{lang|sa|[[Bhagavata Purana]]}} as an [[Avadhuta]] king, [[Rishabha (Hinduism)|Rishabha]], who renounced his kingdom.{{sfn|Jaini|1998|pp=32–33}}{{sfn|Prioreschi|1996|p=205}}{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=88}}{{sfn|Hudson|2008|pp=19–22}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/0200/mw__0259.html Rishabha], Monier Monier-Williams, Sanskrit English Dictionary and Etymology, Oxford University Press, page 226, 3rd column&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|For example: '''ऋषभं''' मा समानानां सपत्नानां विषासहिम् । हन्तारं शत्रूणां कृधि विराजं गोपतिं गवाम् ॥१॥ – Rigveda 10.166.1&lt;ref&gt;[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/ऋग्वेद:_सूक्तं_१०.१६६ ऋग्वेद: सूक्तं १०.१६६], Rigveda, Wikisource&lt;/ref&gt; Other examples of Rishabha appearing in the Vedic literature include verses 6.16.47 of Rigveda, 9.4.14-15 of Atharvaveda, 3.7.5.13 and 4.7.10.1 of Taittiriya Brahmana, etc.{{sfn|Bloomfield|1906|p=293}} }}<br /> <br /> The 20th {{lang|sa|tirthankara}}, [[Munisuvrata]], is traditionally placed as a contemporary of [[Rama]].{{sfn|Kulkarni|1990|pp=12–15}} Jain versions of the epic, such as the {{lang|sa|Paumacariya}}, depict the narrative through a Jain lens, emphasizing non-violence over martial valor.{{sfn|Kulkarni|1990|pp=12–15}}<br /> <br /> The 22nd {{lang|sa|tirthankara}}, [[Neminatha]], is traditionally linked as a cousin of [[Krishna]], sharing the [[Yadava]] lineage of [[Kathiawar|Saurashtra]].{{sfn|Sangave|2001|p=20-11}}{{sfn|Helen|2009|pp=1–266}}{{sfn|Sangave|2001|pp=104, 129}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=37}} Some historians connect him with &quot;{{lang|sa|Ghora Angirasa}}&quot;, a teacher mentioned in the {{lang|sa|Chandogya Upanishad}} who taught Krishna the principle of ahimsa, suggesting a historical interaction between the Jain and Vedic traditions.{{sfn|Sangave|2001|p=20-11}}{{sfn|Helen|2009|pp=1–266}}{{sfn|Sangave|2001|pp=104, 129}}{{sfn|Deo|1956|pp=60–61}}<br /> <br /> ===Parsvanatha: The Historical &quot;First&quot; Teacher===<br /> {{Main|Parsvanatha}}<br /> [[File:Jina Parsvanatha, Western India, Gujarat, 8th century AD, brass - Ethnological Museum, Berlin - DSC01581.JPG|thumb|left|An 8th-century CE brass idol of [[Parshvanatha]]. It depicts the 23rd {{lang|sa|[[tirthankara]]}}, the earliest Jain leader accepted by scholars as a historical figure (c. 9th–8th century BCE), and illustrates the later artistic tradition associated with him.]]<br /> <br /> [[Parshvanatha]] (c. 9th–8th century BCE), the 23rd {{lang|sa|tirthankara}}, is the earliest Jain leader widely accepted by scholars as a historical figure.{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|pp=182–183}}{{sfn|Jaini|1998|p=10}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=30–31}}{{sfn|Sangave|2001|p=103}} Born in [[Varanasi]],{{sfn|Jacobi|1964|p=271}} his historicity establishes Jainism as a distinct pre-Buddhist {{lang|sa|Śramaṇa}} tradition.{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|pp=182–183}}{{sfn|Jaini|1998|p=10}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=30–31}}{{sfn|Sangave|2001|p=103}} Historical analysis suggests his teachings formed the basis for the {{lang|sa|Chaturyama Dharma}} (Four-fold Restraint): non-violence, [[truth]], [[non-stealing]], and [[non-possession]].{{sfn|George|2008|p=319}}{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|2010|p=5}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=30–32}} Traditional accounts place his liberation ({{lang|sa|moksha}}) atop Mount {{lang|sa|Sammeda}} (now {{lang|sa|Sammed [[Shikharji]]}}), which remains a site of paramount importance in Jain pilgrimage.{{sfn|Wiley|2009|p=148}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=221}}<br /> <br /> While specific events like the legendary obstruction by [[Kamath]] during meditation (traditionally associated with [[Ahichchhatra]]) are part of hagiography, the sites themselves gained historical significance.{{sfn|Kapoor|2002|p=17}} Ahichchhatra became a major Jain pilgrimage center with temples commemorating Parshvanatha.{{sfn|Lakshmi Jain|2008|p=64}}<br /> <br /> Evidence for the continuity of his monastic order is suggested by Śvetāmbara texts, such as the [[Upkeśa Gaccha#Monastic Lineage|''Upkeśa Gaccha Pattavali'']] (a monastic genealogy), which details a lineage of teachers that descended from him.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.06227|title=Indian Antiquary: A Journal of Oriental Research, Vol-19, Issue no.-January-December|via=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Maharaja |first=Gyansundar |title=Oswal Porwal Aur Shreemal Jatiyo Ka Sachitra Prachin Itihas |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/034569/15 |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=jainqq.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|After Parshvanatha attained liberation, his disciple Arya Subhadatta became the head of the monks. Arya Subhadatta was succeeded by Arya Haridatta, Arya Samudradatta, [[Kesi (Ganadhara)|Kesi]], [[Swayamprabhasuri]], and [[Ratnaprabhasuri]] and so on.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|p=28}} This monastic order was known as Upkeśa Gaccha. [[Uttaradhyayana]], an ancient Svetambara text, has records of a dialogue between Mahavira's disciple [[Gautama Swami]] and Kesi; Kesi, along with monks of his monastic order, accepted Mahavira as a ''tirthankara'' and merged with his [[Śvetāmbara#The Chaturvidha Sangha|four-fold congregation]] as a result.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1991|p=15}} }}<br /> <br /> ==The Magadhan State &amp; The Great Migration (600 BCE – 200 BCE)==<br /> ===Mahavira and the Buddhist Relation===<br /> {{Main|Mahavira}}<br /> [[File:Mahavir.jpg|thumb|A modern depiction of [[Mahavira]]. As a contemporary of the [[Buddha]], Mahavira is a key historical anchor, recognized by scholars as a reformer of the pre-existing {{lang|sa|Nigantha}} community.]]<br /> <br /> Mahavira (c. 6th century BCE), the 24th {{lang|sa|tirthankara}}, is recognized by scholars as a reformer of the pre-existing community established by Parshvanatha rather than the founder of a new religion.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=19}}{{sfn|Sangave|2001|p=17}} Born in {{lang|sa|Kundagrama}} near [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]], he attained [[omniscience]] ({{lang|sa|[[Kevala Jnana]]}}) after 12 years of asceticism.{{sfn|Jaini|1998|pp=32–33}}{{sfn|Pannalal Jain|2015|p=460}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=25}}{{sfn|Doniger|1999|p=682}}<br /> <br /> As a contemporary of [[Gautama Buddha]], Mahavira's life provides a crucial anchor point for early Indian chronology.{{sfn|Cort|2010|p=136}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=30–31}}{{sfn|Dundas|2003a|p=383}}{{sfn|Keown|Prebish|2013|pp=127–130}} Early Buddhist texts frequently refer to him as {{lang|sa|Nigantha Nataputta}} (&quot;The Bondless Son of the {{lang|sa|Nata}} Clan) and describe his followers, the {{lang|sa|Niganthas}}, as a significant, established ascetic community distinct from the Buddhists.{{sfn|Sangave|2001|p=21}}{{sfn|Walshe|1995|p=91}}{{efn|The Buddha tried ascetic methods found in Jainism, abandoned that path and taught the [[Middle Way]] instead.{{sfn|Collins|2000|p=204}} The Buddha disagreed with the Mahavira's concept of soul or self (''jiva''). Similarly, he found the Jain theory of [[karma]] and rebirths incompatible and inflexible with his own ideas for these.{{sfn|Keown|Prebish|2013|pp=127–130}} }} The two communities were prominent competitors for followers and patronage, particularly among the merchant ({{lang|sa|[[vaishya]]}}) groups.{{sfn|Gombrich|2006|p=59}}{{sfn|Hirakawa|1993|pp=4–7}}{{sfn|Dundas|2003b|pp=ix–xi, 151–162}}{{sfn|Neelis|2010|pp=72–76}} Mahavira also faced rivalry from [[Makkhali Gosala]], the founder of the Ājīvika sect, who is described in Jain texts as an early companion of Mahavira before breaking away to preach [[fatalism]].{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=16}}{{sfn|Basham|1951|pp=34–36}}{{sfn|Hoernle||pp=259-268}} According to {{lang|sa|Svetambara}}, there were eight schisms ({{lang|sa|Nihvana}}) during the time of Mahavira.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=46}} The primary archaeological evidence for the Ājīvikas is the [[Barabar Caves]] in Bihar.{{sfn|Basham|1951|pp=150-155}} These are the oldest rock-cut caves in India, dedicated by Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE.{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2024|p=365}} Their austere design provided a model for later Jain and Buddhist rock-cut monasteries.{{sfn|Huntington|2014|pp=48-49}}<br /> <br /> At age 30, he renounced worldly life and undertook intense ascetic practices for over 12 years before attaining omniscience ({{lang|sa|Kevala Jnana}}).{{sfn|George|2008|p=319}}{{sfn|Jain|Upadhye|2000|p=30}} For the next 30 years, he traveled extensively through the Ganges basin, teaching the path to liberation.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|p=327}} His liberation (''moksha'') is traditionally held to have occurred at [[Pawapuri]] (also in Bihar), an event marking the beginning of the Jain ''[[Vira Nirvana Samvat]]'' calendar era.{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=222}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=22–24}}{{sfn|Melton|Baumann|2010|p=897}} The night of his nirvana are commemorated by Jains as [[Diwali (Jainism)|Diwali]] at the same time that Hindus celebrate it.{{sfn|Melton|Baumann|2010|p=897}}{{sfn|Doniger|1999|pp=549–550}}<br /> <br /> His chief disciple, [[Indrabhuti Gautama]], is said to have attained omniscience the night that Mahavira achieved nirvana from Pawapuri.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|p=39}} Following Mahavira's death, leadership of the Jain community passed to his ''[[ganadhara]]'' (chief disciple) [[Sudharmaswami]] (d. 600 BCE).{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|p=39-40}} He is traditionally regarded as the head of the sangha from whom the entire historical monastic lineage is traced.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|p=39-40}} He was succeeded by [[Jambuswami]] (d. 463 BCE) who is regarded as the last omniscient being by Jain traditions.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|p=39-40}} Traditional Jain accounts also name early kings of the [[Haryanka dynasty]], such as [[Bimbisara]], [[Ajatashatru]] and [[Udayin]], as patrons, though external historical verification for this varies.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|p=41}}<br /> <br /> ===Archaeological Origins: The Lohanipur Torso &amp; Barli===<br /> [[File:Patna Museum Lohanipur torso.jpg|thumb|[[Lohanipur torso]], [[Patna Museum]]]]<br /> The earliest potential Jain monumental sculpture is the [[Lohanipur Torso]], a highly polished, naked male torso discovered near [[Patna]], Bihar.{{sfn|Cort|2010|pp=32-37}}{{sfn|Huntington|2014|p=48}} Its distinctive polish dates it to the [[Mauryan era]] (c. 3rd c. BCE).{{sfn|Cort|2010|pp=32-37}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=56-57}}{{sfn|Balcerowicz|2015|pp=286-287}} The statue's nudity and stiff {{lang|sa|Kayotsarga}} meditation pose are cited by {{lang|sa|Digambara}} scholars as early evidence of the {{lang|sa|Mula Sangh}} (original naked order) existing in Magadha before any schism.{{sfn|Cort|2010|pp=32-37}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=43}}{{sfn|Balcerowicz|2015|pp=286-287}}{{sfn|Huntington|2014|p=48}} Epigraphic evidence also appears early in [[Rajasthan]].{{sfn|Sircar|1971|p=256}} The [[Barli Inscription]], discovered in 1912 and dated to the 2nd or 1st century BCE, is interpreted by some scholars as a Jain dedication, marking the religion's early spread into western India.{{sfn|Sircar|1965|pp=89–90}}{{sfn|Sircar|1971|p=256}}{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|p=152, 249–250}}<br /> <br /> ===The Great Migration (The Sectarian Divide)===<br /> A pivotal, albeit debated, event in Jain history is the Great Migration to the South.{{sfn|Mookerji|1988|pp=39–41, 60–64}}{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007|p=xxviii}}{{sfn|Bentley|1993|pp=44–46}} According to {{lang|sa|Digambara}} tradition, the monk [[Bhadrabahu]] (d. 298 BCE) predicted a 12-year famine in Magadha.{{sfn|Mookerji|1988|pp=39–41, 60–64}}{{sfn|Habib|Jha|2004|p=20}} To preserve the strict rules of the {{lang|sa|Jina Kalpa}} (which included nudity and specific eating rituals), he led a group of 12,000 monks south to [[Shravanabelagola]] ([[Karnataka]]).{{sfn|Mookerji|1988|pp=39–41, 60–64}}{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007|p=xxviii}}{{sfn|Bentley|1993|pp=44–46}} Tradition holds that [[Chandragupta Maurya]] (c. 322–298 BCE), the founder of the [[Mauryan Empire]], abdicated his throne, joined Bhadrabahu as a monk, and ended his life through {{lang|sa|[[Sallekhana]]}} (ritual fasting to death) on [[Chandragiri Hill]].{{sfn|Mookerji|1988|pp=39–41, 60–64}}{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007|p=xxviii}}{{sfn|Bentley|1993|pp=44–46}} Later inscriptions at Shravanabelagola (dating from 600 CE onwards) strongly commemorate this event as the foundation of the southern Jain community.{{sfn|Mookerji|1988|p=40}} The monks who stayed behind in Magadha during the famine were forced to relax their vows (such as wearing white cloth) to survive, leading to the {{lang|sa|Śvetāmbara}} deviation.{{sfn|Jaini|1998|pp=4–5}}<br /> <br /> {{lang|sa|Śvetāmbara}} reject the specific Bhadrabahu-Chandragupta migration narrative as inauthentic or a later fabrication.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=48}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dikshitar |first=V. r Ramachandra |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.530078 |title=Mauryan Polity |date=1932 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; They maintain that the schism was a gradual process caused by doctrinal differences later in the timeline.{{sfn|Cort|2010|p=142}} Some scholars{{which|date=December 2025}} specifically state that the said lore was developed after 600 CE and is inauthentic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jansari |first=Sushma |title=Chandragupta Maurya: The creation of a national hero in India |url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10170898/1/Chandragupta-Maurya.pdf |page=23}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The edicts of Chandragupta's grandson, [[Ashoka]] (c. 273–232 BCE), mention the ''Niganthas'' (Jains) when detailing the duties of his law-authorities (''dhammamahatma''), confirming they were a well-established community.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|p=43}} Ashoka's grandson, [[Samprati]] (c. 224–215 BCE), is described in ''Śvetāmbara'' canonical scriptures as a major patron, or &quot;Jain Ashoka,&quot; who was converted by the monk Suhastin and built thousands of Jain temples from his capital in [[Ujjain]].{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=73}}&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |last=Dundas |first=Paul |date=2013 |title=A Neglected Śvetāmbara Narrative Collection Hemacandrasūri Maladhārin's Upadeśamālāsvopajñavṛtti Part 1 (With an Appendiz on the Funeral of Abhayadevasūri Maladhārin) |url=https://www.soas.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2022-06/A%20Neglected%20%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara%20Narrative%20Collection%2C%20Hemacandras%C5%ABri%20Maladh%C4%81rin%27s%20Upade%C5%9Bam%C4%81l%C4%81svopaj%C3%B1av%E1%B9%9Btti%20Part%201%20file83323.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |last=Costello |first=Corbett L. |date=2023 |title=Crown-Jewel of the Jain Canon: The Kalpa Sūtra in Mūrtipūjaka Jain Scholastic and Spiritual Life |url=https://digital.lib.washington.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/877f6c11-9bfb-42f1-ac3d-a6a94121031c/content |page=289}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cort |first=John E. |date=2010 |title=In Defense of Icons in Three Languages – The Iconophilic Writings of Yaśovijaya |url=https://www.soas.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2022-06/In%20Defence%20of%20Icons%20in%20Three%20Languages%20-%20The%20Iconophilic%20Writings%20of%20Ya%C5%9Bovijaya%20file58528.pdf |page=31|ref=IJJSCort}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The traditional narratives, while not considered the historical cause by most modern scholars, are foundational to each sect's identity and explain their interpretation of the split.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=72}}<br /> * ''Digambara'' Narrative: Recorded in later hagiographies around 10th century CE,{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=47}} this account places the split in the 4th century BCE.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|p=46}} It states that Acharya [[Bhadrabahu]] predicted a famine in [[Magadha]] and led a migration of monks to the South.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|p=46}}{{sfn|Jaini|1998|p=5}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=47}} The monks who remained, led by [[Sthulabhadra]], adopted the &quot;heretical&quot; practice of wearing robes.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|p=46}}{{sfn|Jaini|1998|p=5}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=47}} The monks who returned from the south, having preserved the original practice of nudity, became the ''Digambaras''.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|p=46}}{{sfn|Jaini|1998|p=5}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=47}}<br /> * ''Śvetāmbara'' Narrative: Recorded in earlier texts like the 5th-century ''Avashyak Bhashya'', this account claims the sangha was unified until 82 CE.{{sfn|Hastings|Selbie|1922|p=124}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=47}} It states a monk named [[Sivabhuti]], in an act of pride, rejected his robes and began teaching the &quot;false doctrine&quot; of obligatory nudity, thereby founding the ''Digambara'' line.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=46}}{{sfn|Hastings|Selbie|1922|p=124}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zXEO2qFLqe8C&amp;dq=%22Sivabhuti%22+-wikipedia&amp;pg=PA655 |title=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |date=1905 |publisher=Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain &amp; Ireland |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=India |first=Archaeological Survey of |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pdQbAQAAMAAJ&amp;dq=%22Sivabhuti%22+-wikipedia&amp;pg=RA1-PA177 |title=Annual Report |date=1928 |publisher=Superintendent of Government Printing |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Western Interactions: The Gymnosophists===<br /> The [[Gymnosophists]] Greek accounts from the campaign of [[Alexander the Great]] (326 BCE) provide the earliest Western descriptions of Jain ascetics, whom they termed Gymnosophists (&quot;Naked Philosophers&quot;).{{sfn|Mookerji|1988|p=23–25}}{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=210}} The Greeks encountered a group of these ascetics in [[Taxila]] led by a sage named [[Dandamis]] (or Mandanis).{{sfn|Mookerji|1988|p=23–25}} While Dandamis famously refused to meet Alexander, asserting his spiritual independence from any temporal conqueror, his disciple [[Kalanos]] agreed to accompany the Macedonian army to [[Persia]].{{sfn|Mookerji|1988|p=23–25}} While some scholars debate their sectarian identity, their strict adherence to nudity and public penance align with the {{lang|sa|Digambara}} monastic code.{{sfn|Mookerji|1988|p=23–25}} Kalanos later taught Alexander the philosophy of detachment before voluntarily ending his life by immolation at [[Susa]], an event that deeply impacted Greek Stoic philosophy.{{sfn|McEvilley|2002|pp=220–222}}{{sfn|Olivelle|2011|pp=207–208 with footnotes}}<br /> <br /> ==The Age of Assertion: Art, War &amp; Schism (200 BCE – 200 CE)==<br /> ===Royal Patronage in the East: King Kharavela and Hathigumpha Inscription===<br /> {{Main|Hathigumpha Inscription}}<br /> [[File:Hathigumpha.JPG|thumb|Entrance of the [[Hathigumpha]] monument. The pillared front, steps and other structures were added in 19th and 20th centuries to help conserve the monument.]]<br /> The most definitive epigraphic evidence of early royal patronage comes from the [[Hathigumpha inscription]] at [[Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves]] in [[Odisha]].{{sfn|Sahu|1964|pp=348–350}}{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2024|p=273, 377}}{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1988|p=13}} Dated to the 2nd or 1st century BCE, it details the reign of Emperor [[Kharavela]] of the [[Mahameghavahana dynasty]].{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2024|p=273, 377}}{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1988|p=13}} The inscription notably begins with a variation of the {{lang|sa|[[Navkar Mantra]]}} and records Kharavela recovering a &quot;Kalinga Jina&quot; idol that had been taken by the [[Nanda dynasty]], suggesting Jainism was established in Kalinga as early as the 4th century BCE.{{sfn|Sahu|1964|pp=348–350}}{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2024|p=273, 377}}{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1988|p=13}} The site contains extensive rock-cut monasteries ({{lang|sa|gumphas}}) including the two-storied {{lang|sa|Ranigumpha}} (Queen's Cave), proving that Jainism flourished under state patronage outside the Mauryan sphere.{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2024|p=273, 377}}{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1988|p=13}}<br /> <br /> In [[Odisha]], Jainism continued to flourish after the Kharavela era, particularly under the [[Murunda dynasty]] and later local rulers.{{sfn|Sahu|1964|pp=450-452}} Archaeological evidence includes the later medieval caves at [[Khandagiri]] ([[Cuttack]] district) and the Jain temple complexes at Subai ([[Koraput]] district).{{sfn|Sahu|1964|pp=450-452}}<br /> <br /> ===The Mathura School: Kankali Tila===<br /> {{Main|Kankali Tila}}<br /> [[File:Parsvanatha ayagapata, Mathura circa 15 CE.jpg|thumb|An ''[[Parsvanatha ayagapata|ayagapata]]'' (tablet of homage) depicting [[Parshvanatha]], c. 15 CE, found at [[Kankali Tila]], [[Mathura]]. Such tablets, often featuring ''tirthankaras'' or stupas, were common votive offerings during the [[Kushan Empire|Kushan period]].]]<br /> [[File:Kankali Tila (Samvat 95).jpg|thumb|A [[Kushan Empire|Kushan-era]] sculpture (c. 51 CE) from [[Kankali Tila]] depicting the last four ''tirthankaras''. The detailed iconography and dated inscriptions found at [[Mathura]] demonstrate the standardization and flourishing of Jain art under the Kushanas.]]<br /> [[File:Jain Narrative Relief Panel, mid 2nd century BCE.-1st century CE (18.4 x 61.6 cm) Brooklyn Museum 87.188.5.jpg|thumb|A 1st- to 2nd–century CE water tank relief panel showing two {{lang|sa|[[ardhaphalaka]]}} Jain monks carrying {{lang|sa|colapatta}} cloth on their left hand found in the ruins of Mathura ([[Brooklyn Museum]] 87.188.5).{{sfn|Quintanilla|2007|pp=174–176}} This cloth carrying tradition to cover genitalia by ancient Jain monks in principle resembles the beliefs of the Śvetāmbara.{{sfn|Jaini|2018|pp=42–45}}]]<br /> The most extensive archaeological evidence for early Jainism comes from [[Kankali Tila]] in [[Mathura]] ([[Uttar Pradesh]]).{{sfn|Cort|2010|p=30}} Excavations here have revealed a thriving community from the 2nd century BCE to the [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] period (c. 1st–3rd c. CE).{{sfn|Quintanilla|2007|pp=11–12}}<br /> <br /> Unlike modern Jainism, early devotees at Mathura built [[Stupas]] (relic mounds) and worshipped {{lang|sa|[[Ayagapata]]s}} (votive tablets).{{sfn|Cort|2010|p=30}} Tablets like the Parsvanatha {{lang|sa|Ayagapata}} (c. 15 CE) show the transition from symbol worship to image worship.{{sfn|Das|1980|p=171}}{{sfn|Vyas|1995|p=16}} The vast majority of {{lang|sa|tirthankara}} images found at Mathura are nude, which {{lang|sa|Digambaras}} cite as archaeological proof that the original Jain tradition was &quot;sky-clad&quot; ({{lang|sa|Digambara}}).{{sfn|Jaini|1998|p=7}}{{sfn|Cort|2010|p=25}}{{sfn|Vyas|1995|p=16}}<br /> <br /> However, some relief panels also depict monks holding a small piece of cloth ({{lang|sa|ardhaphalaka}}) to cover their privates.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=49}} Scholars often interpret the {{lang|sa|ardhaphalaka}} monks as a &quot;proto-{{lang|sa|Śvetāmbara}}&quot; stage or a transitional sect.{{sfn|Luders|1961|pp=30–31}} {{lang|sa|Digambara}} tradition views them either as {{lang|sa|Kshullakas}} (junior monks who wear two cloths) or as members of the {{lang|sa|Yapaniya}} sect, a now-extinct group that practiced nudity but held {{lang|sa|Śvetāmbara}}-like doctrinal views.{{sfn|Jaini|2018|pp=28–29}}{{sfn|Quintanilla|2007|pp=174–176}}{{sfn|Jaini|2018|pp=42–45}}<br /> <br /> ==The Age of Logic &amp; The Early South (200 CE – 600 CE)==<br /> Following the formative era, Jainism entered a &quot;Golden Age&quot; of intellectual development and geographical consolidation. This period was defined by the transition from Prakrit to Sanskrit, the systematization of Jain logic to survive inter-religious debates, and the establishment of regional &quot;subsidiaries&quot; to localize the faith in South India.<br /> <br /> ===Epigraphic Spread: South and West===<br /> [[File:Baba Pyra caves.jpg|thumb|[[Bava Pyara caves]] near [[Junagadh]], [[Gujarat]]]]<br /> Epigraphic evidence confirms the traditional narrative of Jainism's spread beyond Magadha.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=45}}<br /> <br /> The [[Pugalur inscriptions]] (c. 2nd c. CE) near [[Karur]], [[Tamil Nadu]], record the construction of a rock shelter for a Jain monk by a [[Chera]] king.{{sfn|Mahadevan|2003|pp=132}}{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2024|pp=1028-30}} Other [[Tamil-Brahmi]] inscriptions at sites like [[Edakkal Caves]] (c. 3rd c. CE) and [[Arachalur Musical Inscription]] (c. 2nd c. CE) attest to a thriving ascetic culture in the Tamil region.{{sfn|Mahadevan|2003|pp=117–119}}{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2024|pp=1028-1030, 1037}}{{sfn|Himanshu Prabha Ray|1986|p=182}}<br /> <br /> Jain tradition, particularly the {{lang|sa|Kalakacharya Katha}} (legends likely compiled 4th-10th c. CE), describes interactions with Saka ([[Indo-Scythian]]) rulers.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=129}}{{sfn|Salomon|1998|pp=142-143, 173-185}}{{efn|The narrative tells of the Jain monk Kalaka seeking Saka help against King Gardabhilla of Ujjain (c. 1st c. BCE), who had abducted Kalaka's sister, a nun. The Sakas are depicted defeating Gardabhilla and establishing rule, initially revering Kalaka.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|pp=50-51}} }} Archaeological confirmation comes from the [[Bava Pyara caves]] and [[Talaja Caves]] in [[Gujarat]] (c. 1st–4th c. CE), which show clear evidence of Jain occupation during the Saka-Kshatrapa period.{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=75}}{{sfn|Hegewald|2019|pp=68-73}} King [[Salivahana]] (late 1st century CE), associated with conflicts against the Sakas, is also mentioned in Jain legends as a patron, though this is historically uncertain.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|p=152}}<br /> <br /> The [[Son Bhandar Caves]] in [[Rajgir]] contain inscriptions from the 3rd–4th century CE by {{lang|sa|Muni Vairadeva}}, confirming the site remained a center for ascetics well into the [[Gupta period]].{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|p=126}}{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2024|p=444}}{{sfn|Asher|1980|pp=29-30}}{{sfn|Michell|2014|p=45}}<br /> <br /> ===The Philosophical Synthesis===<br /> This era produced the &quot;Great {{lang|sa|Acharyas}}&quot; whose works defined Jain metaphysics and logic, transitioning the tradition from Prakrit to Sanskrit.<br /> <br /> [[Umaswati]] (c. 2nd–5th century CE) authored the {{lang|sa|[[Tattvartha Sutra]]}} (&quot;Manifesto on the Nature of Reality&quot;).{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2011|p=vi}}{{sfn|Umāsvāti|1994|p=xi–xiii}}{{sfn|Jaini|1998|p=81}} It systematized Jain ontology and remains the only text accepted as authoritative by both the {{lang|sa|Digambara}} and {{lang|sa|Śvetāmbara}} traditions.{{sfn|Cort|2010|p=122}}{{sfn|Jaini|1998|p=82}}{{Sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007|pp=439–440}}<br /> <br /> [[Samantabhadra (Jain monk)|Samantabhadra]] (c. 150–250 CE), a {{lang|sa|Digambara}} pontiff from the Tamil region during the time of the [[Cholas]], was a poet, logician, and eulogist credited with spreading Jainism in the south.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=48}} His work {{lang|sa|[[Aptamimamsa]]}} defended the rationality of the {{lang|sa|tirthankaras'}} omniscience.{{sfn|Balcerowicz|2015|p=142}}<br /> <br /> [[Siddhasena Divakara]] (c. 5th century CE) formalized the rules of inference in his {{lang|sa|[[Nyayavatara]]}}, equipping Jain monks to debate Buddhist logicians.{{sfn|Long|2013|p=74}}<br /> <br /> ===The Great Schism: Codification of Canons===<br /> The divergence between the sects was institutionalized during this period through conflicting councils and literary formalization.{{sfn|Winternitz|1988|p=417}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=70-73}}<br /> <br /> Fearing the loss of oral {{lang|sa|[[Jain Agamas|agamas]]}}, the {{lang|sa|Śvetāmbara}} tradition convened the [[Second Council of Valabhi]] (c. 453 or 466 CE) in Gujarat under the patronage of the [[Maitraka dynasty]] king [[Dhruvasena I]].{{sfn|Cort|2010|p=136}}{{sfn|Price|2010|pp=104–105}}{{sfn|Fohr|2015|pp=21–22}}{{sfn|Winternitz|1988|pp=415–416}}{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=11}} Presided over by [[Devardhigani Kshamashramana]], this council committed the canon to writing.{{sfn|Cort|2010|p=136}}{{sfn|Price|2010|pp=104–105}}{{sfn|Fohr|2015|pp=21–22}}{{sfn|Winternitz|1988|pp=415–416}}{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=11}}<br /> <br /> Rejecting the Valabhi canon, the {{lang|sa|Digambara}} tradition relies on the {{lang|sa|[[Shatkhandagama]]}}.{{sfn|Winternitz|1988|p=417}}{{sfn|Ram Bhushan Prasad Singh|2008|p=444}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=79-80}} According to tradition, the monk [[Dharasena]] (c. 2nd century CE) summoned monks [[Pushpadanta]] and [[Bhutabali]] to his cave in [[Mount Girnar]] to transmit the remaining fragments of oral knowledge, which they compiled into {{lang|sa|sutra}} form.{{sfn|Jaini|1998|p=50}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=63–65}}<br /> <br /> The split crystallized over five key disagreements: Nudity, the Liberation of Women ({{lang|sa|Stri-mukti}}), the Food of the {{lang|sa|Kevalin}}, Scripture, and Iconography.{{sfn|Jaini|1998|p=5}} A later text summarizing these differences, the {{lang|sa|[[Chaurasi Bol]]}}, was composed by [[Hemraj Pande]] in 1652.{{sfn|Jaini|2018|p=7}}{{sfn|Orsini|Schofield|1981|p=87}}<br /> <br /> ===Metaphysics and the &quot;Bridge&quot; Sects===<br /> As the schism hardened, distinct intellectual identities emerged.{{sfn|Winternitz|1988|p=417}}<br /> <br /> {{lang|sa|Acharya}} [[Kundakunda]] (dates vary, c. 2nd–8th century CE){{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=107–108}}{{sfn|Long|2013|pp=65–66}}{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=48}}{{sfn|Jayandra Soni|2003|pp=25–26}} defined the sect's identity through works like the {{lang|sa|[[Samayasara]]}}, emphasizing the absolute standpoint ({{lang|sa|nischaya naya}}) of the soul's purity.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=107-108}} This lineage was expanded by [[Pujyapada]] (c. 5th–6th century CE), a grammarian and philosopher.{{sfn|Ali|1976|pp=50–52}}{{sfn|Adiga|2006|p=200}}<br /> <br /> A third major sect, the {{lang|sa|[[Yapaniya]]}}, flourished in the Deccan ([[Karnataka]]) from the 5th to the 14th century.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=123}}{{sfn|Pandurangrao Bhimrao Desai|1957|pp=163–164}} Inscriptions from the [[Kadamba dynasty]] (c. 4th–6th century CE) at sites like [[Halasi]] confirm royal grants to this order.{{sfn|Pandurangrao Bhimrao Desai|1957|pp=163–164}}{{sfn|Kamath|2001|pp=36–37}}{{sfn|Adiga|2006|pp=200, 249–252}} They practiced nudity but accepted {{lang|sa|Śvetāmbara}} scriptures and advocated for the spiritual liberation of women.{{sfn|Jaini|2018|p=32}} They eventually merged into the {{lang|sa|Digambara}} tradition, leaving a legacy visible in the specific rituals of Karnataka's Jain temples today.{{sfn|Jaini|2018|pp=22–25}}<br /> <br /> ===Material Culture: Art and Temples===<br /> [[File:Djtradition marhiaji.jpg|thumb|Stela: [[Bhadrabahu]] as the last {{lang|sa|Kevalin}} in {{lang|sa|[[Digambara]]}} tradition]]<br /> Jainism received significant patronage during the [[Gupta Empire]] (c. 4th-6th c. CE), evidenced by a 425 CE inscription at [[Udayagiri Caves]] ([[Madhya Pradesh]]) recording the installation of a {{lang|sa|Parsvanatha}} statue during [[Kumaragupta I]]'s reign.{{sfn|Willis|2009|pp=168–170}}<br /> <br /> The [[Chausa Hoard]] (Bihar, c. 1st–3rd century CE) represents the earliest Jain bronzes.{{sfn|Ghosh|1974|pp=71-72}}{{sfn|Huntington|2014|pp=138–140, 150}} By the 5th century, the [[Akota Hoard]] ([[Gujarat]]) displays distinct {{lang|sa|Śvetāmbara}} iconography (clothed {{lang|sa|tirthankaras}}).{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=95}}{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1959|pp=4–6}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=48}}<br /> <br /> In Western India, early rock-cut activity is evident at the [[Dhank Caves]] in Gujarat (c. 4th–7th century CE).{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|pp=19–20, 98}} The earliest structural [[Jain temples of Deogarh|temple complexes appear at Deogarh]] ([[Uttar Pradesh]]) in the 6th century.{{sfn|Michell|2014|p=50}}{{sfn|Titze|Bruhn|1998|p=102}}<br /> <br /> ==The Imperial Zenith &amp; Bhakti Conflict (600 CE – 1000 CE)==<br /> The period between the 8th and 13th centuries marked the zenith of Jain institutional power.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=112}} No longer just a community of wandering ascetics, Jainism became a religion of royal ministers, colossal monuments, and complex rituals.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=112}} This era saw the rise of the great temple complexes and the integration of &quot;Tantric&quot; elements to compete with medieval Hinduism.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=112}}<br /> <br /> Jainism co-existed with Buddhism and Hinduism in ancient and medieval India. Many of its historic temples were built near Buddhist and Hindu temples in the 1st millennium CE.{{sfn|Pereira|1977|pp=21-24}} The Jain and Hindu communities have often been very close and mutually accepting. Some Hindu temples have included a Jain Tirthankara within its premises in a place of honour.{{sfn|Long|2013|pp=5–6}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author1=Ramesh Chandra Sharma|author2=Pranati Ghosal|title=Jaina Contribution to Varanasi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YoLXAAAAMAAJ |year=2006|publisher=Jnanapravaha|isbn=978-81-246-0341-3|pages=100–103}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly numerous temple complexes feature both Hindu and Jain monuments, with [[Badami cave temples]] and [[Khajuraho]] among some of the most well known.{{Sfn|Michell|2014|p=38-52, 60-61}}&lt;ref&gt;Trudy King et al., Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-1884964046}}, pages 468-470&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Evidence for a widespread Jain community is also found in material culture, such as the [[Hansi hoard]] (Haryana, c. 8th-9th c. CE), which contained numerous Jain bronze images.{{sfn|Handa|2002|pp=12–15}}<br /> <br /> During the subsequent [[Gurjara-Pratihara]] period (c. 8th–11th century CE), Jainism became deeply embedded in the mercantile ethos of Rajasthan.{{sfn|Handa|1984|pp=12–14}} Towns such as [[Osian, Rajasthan|Osian]] became major centers, with the famous Mahavira Temple (built by the Pratihara king [[Vatsaraja]] in 783 CE) serving as the cradle of the [[Oswal]] merchant community.{{sfn|Handa|1984|pp=12–14}} Archaeological evidence from this era, including the [[Vasantgarh Hoard]] (687 CE) and the [[Hansi Hoard]], demonstrates that Jain merchant guilds possessed significant wealth and political influence in the Pratihara feudal structure long before the rise of the [[Chaulukya dynasty]] (c. 950–1300 CE).{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=165}}<br /> <br /> ===The Digambara South: Rashtrakutas and Gangas===<br /> [[File:634 CE Aihole inscription by Ravikirti, Meguti Jain temple.jpg|thumb|634 CE [[Aihole inscription]] by [[Ravikirti]], [[Meguti Jain temple]]]]<br /> Early [[Western Chalukya]] patronage is exemplified by the [[Meguti Jain temple]] at [[Aihole]] (7th c.), whose [[Aihole inscription|inscription]] was composed by the Jain poet [[Ravikirti]] in honor of [[Pulakeshin II]].{{sfn|Chatterjee|1955|p=117}}&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.03149/page/219/mode/1up |title=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Volume XXI |pages=219 |language=English |quote=Pulkesin II patronized the Jaina temple at Aihole, an event immortalized by the poet Ravikirti in an inscription from that place.}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|B. Chaitanya Deva|1989|p=3}}{{sfn|Hampa|2014|pp=30–31}}{{sfn|Munshi|1970|p=412}} Further Chalukya patronage led to the dedication of [[Badami cave temple]] 4, the earliest major Jain rock-cut temple in the Deccan, around the 7th century.{{sfn|Maruti Nandan Prasad Tiwari|1983|pp=15–16}}<br /> <br /> [[Rashtrakuta]] dynasty (c. 8th-10th c.) presided over a golden age for Deccan Jainism.{{sfn|Kamath|2001|p=92}}{{sfn|Settar|1989|p=140}} Many rulers were inclined towards Jainism, supporting scholars like [[Virasena]] and [[Jinasena]] (authors of the ''[[Dhavala]]'' and ''[[Adipurana]]'' respectively) and mathematicians like [[Mahavira (mathematician)|Mahaviracharya]].{{sfn|Nagarajaiah|1999|pp=40-44}} King [[Amoghavarsha I]] was particularly noted for his Jain leanings.{{sfn|Manisha Tiwari|2011|pp=55–72}} [[Kumudendu Muni]], in his writing ''[[Siribhoovalaya]]'', claims to be the spirititual teacher of Amoghavarsha and [[Shivamara II]].{{sfn|Manisha Tiwari|2011|pp=55–72}}{{sfn|Nagarajaiah|1999|p=45}} This patronage culminated architecturally in the excavation of the elaborate Jain caves (Caves 30-34) at the UNESCO site of [[Ellora]], including the famous [[Indra Sabha]].{{sfn|Owen|2012|p=6–10}}{{sfn|Pereira|1977|pp=8–11}} This pattern of adding new Jain excavations to older religious sites is also seen at the [[Nasik Caves]], where new Jain caves were excavated under Rashtrakuta patronage in the 9th century.{{sfn|Qureshi|2010|pp=290–293}} The [[Dharashiv Caves]] in [[Maharashtra]] also belong to this period of Rashtrakuta influence.{{sfn|Qureshi|2010|pp=340–345}}{{sfn|Mirashi|1977|pp=226–228}}<br /> [[File:Shravanabelagola Hillview.jpg|thumb|The [[Gommateshwara statue]] dated 978–993 on [[Vindhyagiri Hill]]]]<br /> <br /> Loyal feudatories of the Rashtrakutas, the [[Western Ganga]]s were staunch patrons, particularly evident in the construction of monuments at [[Shravanabelagola]] and [[Kambadahalli]].{{sfn|Adiga|2006|pp=263–264}} Minister [[Chavundaraya]] commissioned the colossal [[Gommateshwara statue]] (consecrated 981 CE).{{sfn|Adiga|2006|p=256}} The earlier ruler [[Shivamara I]] also built numerous basadis.{{sfn|Adiga|2006|p=255}}<br /> <br /> In the [[Andhra region]], sites like the [[Undavalli Caves]] show a complex history, with scholars suggesting an early Jain or Buddhist foundation (c. 4th-5th c. CE) before their later conversion to Hindu use.{{sfn|Rajan|1981|pp=281–284}}<br /> <br /> ===Flourishing in Southern and Western India===<br /> [[File:N-TN-C166 Rock cut Jain Temple Sittannavasal Pudukkottai.jpg|thumb|''Tirthanakara'' images on walls of [[Sittanavasal Cave]]]]<br /> [[File:Jaina abode Kalugumalai.JPG|thumb|[[Kalugumalai Jain Beds]]]]<br /> Further south, Jainism flourished under [[Pandya]] patronage around the 8th-9th centuries in [[Tamil Nadu]].{{cn|date=October 2025}} This era saw the creation of the renowned Jain murals at [[Sittanavasal Cave]], the extensive rock-cut reliefs at [[Kalugumalai Jain Beds|Kalugumalai]], the numerous inscriptions and reliefs at [[Samanar Hills]] near [[Madurai]], and the Jain temple and paintings at [[Armamalai cave]].{{sfn|Joseph|1997|p=151}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=125–126}} Later sites like [[Thirakoil]] (c. 8th c.) and [[Tirumalai (Tamil Nadu)|Tirumalai]] demonstrate continuity with [[Chola]]-era paintings and large sculptures.{{sfn|Ekambaranathan|1987|p=344}}<br /> <br /> This architectural development was accompanied by other forms of material culture.{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|pp=165–168}} The [[Akota]] and [[Vasantgarh bronze hoards]], with images dating from the 5th to 11th centuries, demonstrate a continuous tradition of metal casting.{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|pp=165–168}} Furthermore, the {{lang|sa|shastra bhandars}} (libraries) of Gujarat from this period preserved the earliest surviving examples of illuminated Jain palm-leaf manuscripts, which are a primary source for the {{lang|sa|Svetambara}} textual and artistic tradition.{{cn|date=October 2025}}<br /> <br /> === Ritual Transformation: Tantra and Goddesses ===<br /> Between the 6th and 10th centuries, Jainism underwent a significant ritual transformation to compete with the rising popularity of Shaiva and Buddhist esoteric traditions.{{sfn|Qvarnstrom|2000|pp=113–120}} While retaining the core vegetarian ethos, Jain monks incorporated {{lang|sa|Mantra-vada}} (the path of spells) and {{lang|sa|[[Yantra]]}} rituals, fundamentally altering the lay practice.{{sfn|Qvarnstrom|2000|pp=113–120}}<br /> <br /> This period saw the elevation of {{lang|sa|Sasanadevis}} (Guardian Goddesses) such as [[Padmāvatī]], [[Ambika (Jainism)|Ambika]], and [[Jwalamalini]].{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|pp=205–210}} The {{lang|sa|Digambara}} text {{lang|sa|Jvalamalini-kalpa}}, composed by Indranandi in 939 CE under Rashtrakuta patronage, codified rituals for worldly goals—such as subduing rivals and curing disease.{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|pp=205–210}}{{sfn|Cort|2010|pp=186-187}} Later, the {{lang|sa|Svetambara}} text {{lang|sa|Bhairava-Padmavati-Kalpa}} (c. 11th century) further systematized the worship of Padmavati, blending Jain ethics with {{lang|sa|Tantric}} methodology.{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|pp=205–210}}{{sfn|Shaw|2006|p=436}} Historian [[Paul Dundas]] notes that this {{lang|sa|Tantricization}} provided a necessary &quot;spiritual safety valve,&quot; allowing the lay community to seek worldly protection within the Jain fold rather than converting to other faiths.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=214}}<br /> <br /> ===The Vedantic Revival and Philosophical Competition===<br /> According to Jain texts, some of the Hindu gods are blood relatives of legendary ''tirthankara''. Neminatha, the 22nd ''tirthankara'' for example is a cousin of Krishna in Jain Puranas and other texts.{{sfn|Long|2013|p=42}} However, Jain scholars such as [[Haribhadra]] also wrote satires about Hindu gods, mocking them with novel outrageous stories where the gods misbehave and act unethically.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=236–237}}{{sfn|Hinnells|1991|pp=145–146}} The Hindu gods are recorded by some Jain writers as persecuting, tempting, afraid of, or serving a legendary Jina before he gains omniscience. In other stories, the Hindu deities such as [[Vishnu]], or [[Rama]] and [[Sita]] come to pay respect to a Jina at a major Jain pilgrimage site such as Mount Satrunjaya and Mount Sammed Shikhar Ji.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=113–115, 222–223, 236–237}} The languid Hindu scholars rewrote the original pre historic stories into their Hindu versions. According to [[Paul Dundas]], these satires were aimed at the Hindu lay householder community, were means to inculcate piety and subvert the actual religious teachings offered by their Jain neighbors.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=236-237}} True to their origins, Buddhist and Hindu scholars engaged in creating similar satire, mythology and parody-filled fiction targeting the Jains and each other.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Naomi Appleton|title=Shared Characters in Jain, Buddhist and Hindu Narrative: Gods, Kings and Other Heroes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3QWcDQAAQBAJ |year=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-05574-7|pages=17–21, 32–35, 61–69, 86–95, 177}}&lt;/ref&gt; The emergence of major philosophical ideas within Hinduism impacted Jainism. According to a 1925 publication by von Glasenapp, around the 8th century CE, [[Adi Shankara]] brought forward the doctrine of [[Advaita]], and either converted Jain temples to Hindu ones or completely destroyed them.{{sfn|Ram Bhushan Prasad Singh|2008|p=81}} The traditions of [[Vaishnavism]] and [[Shaivism]] also began to emerge. This, states von Glasenapp, contributed to a decline of &quot;Jaina church&quot;, particularly in South India.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|p=70}}<br /> <br /> ==The Merchant-State &amp; Marble Age (1000 CE – 1300 CE)==<br /> ===The Rise of Guilds and Western Dominance===<br /> The rapid expansion of Jainism during the Classical Age was driven by a symbiotic relationship between the monastic community ({{lang|sa|Sangha}}) and powerful merchant guilds ({{lang|sa|Srenis}}).{{sfn|Champakalakshmi|1996|pp=206–208, 320–324}} In Western and Southern India, Jain merchants came to dominate trans-regional trade networks, such as the {{lang|sa|Vira Banaju}} and {{lang|sa|Nanadesi}} guilds.{{sfn|Champakalakshmi|1996|pp=206–208, 320–324}} Epigraphic evidence reveals that these guilds frequently levied voluntary taxes (cess) on goods—such as betel leaves, textiles, and precious stones—specifically to fund temple construction and monastic libraries ({{lang|sa|Bhandaras}}).{{sfn|Champakalakshmi|1996|pp=206–208, 320–324}}<br /> <br /> This economic autonomy translated into immense political leverage, giving rise to the era of the &quot;Merchant-Ministers&quot; ({{lang|sa|Mantris}}).{{sfn|Mukund|1999|pp=26–30}} The most prominent examples were the brothers [[Vastupala]] and Tejapala (ministers to the [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghela court]]) and the 13th-century shipping magnate [[Jagadu]] Shah.{{sfn|Mukund|1999|pp=26–30}}{{sfn|V. K. Jain|1990|p=238}} These figures utilized their personal wealth to finance state defenses and public works, effectively establishing Jainism as a state-protected religion without needing a Jain monarch on the throne.{{sfn|Mukund|1999|pp=26–30}} Historian [[Kanakalatha Mukund]] notes that this 'Temple Economy' allowed Jain institutions to act as stabilizing financial hubs during feudal conflicts.{{sfn|Mukund|1999|pp=26–30}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Palitana.jpg|thumb|[[Jain temple]]s on [[Shatrunjaya]] hill near [[Palitana]], [[Gujarat]]]]<br /> In [[Gujarat]] and [[Rajasthan]], this mercantile patronage fueled the &quot;Marble Age,&quot; a period characterized by Maru-Gurjara architecture noted for its intricate carving.{{sfn|Cort|1998|p=144}}{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1995|p=17}} The [[Dilwara Temples]] at [[Mount Abu]] stand as the primary legacy of this era; the complex includes the [[Vimal Vasahi temple]] (c. 1031 CE) commissioned by Minister [[Vimala Shah]], and the [[Luna Vasahi temple]] (c. 1230 CE) built by Vastupala and Tejapala.{{sfn|Titze|Bruhn|1998|p=143}}{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1995|p=17}} Further consolidating this religious infrastructure, the Chaulukya dynasty oversaw the transformation of the [[Shatrunjaya]] hill at [[Palitana]] into a massive &quot;city of temples&quot; and the expansion of the ancient site of [[Girnar]], solidifying the region's status as a primary pilgrimage network ({{lang|sa|tirtha}}).{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|2010|p=450}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=134–135}} This had been noted by the 7th-century Chinese traveler [[Xuanzang]].{{sfn|White|2012|pp=117–18}}<br /> <br /> Other dynasties in the region, such as the [[Shilahara dynasty]] (c. 8th–13th century) which ruled the [[Konkan coast]], also served as key patrons, funding temples throughout [[Maharashtra]].{{sfn|Pandurangrao Bhimrao Desai|1957|pp=13–15}}{{sfn|Altekar|1934|pp=204–207}}<br /> <br /> ===Influence in Central and Eastern India===<br /> [[File:Bawanii Gaja of Barwani.jpg|thumb|[[Rishabhanatha]] monolith at [[Bawangaja]]]]<br /> The influence of the merchant community extended well beyond the west, creating a pan-Indian network of artistic patronage.{{sfn|Jaini|1998|p=282}} In the [[Bundelkhand]] region of Central India, the [[Chandela]] rulers commissioned the Jain temples at [[Khajuraho]] (10th–11th century), which share the distinct architectural style of their Hindu counterparts.{{sfn|Jaini|1998|p=282}}{{sfn|Deva|1990|pp=13–15}}{{sfn|Devangana Desai|1996|pp=200–202}} The site of [[Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh|Deogarh]] also remained a vital center, famous for the erection of numerous {{lang|sa|&quot;Sahastrakuta&quot;}} (thousand-Jina) pillars in the 13th century.{{sfn|Jaini|1998|p=283}}{{sfn|Bruhn|1969|pp=9–12}} Further south in the [[Satpura Range]], the faith's prominence is attested by the 12th-century [[Bawangaja]] monolith, an 84-foot statue of Rishabhanatha carved directly into the mountain.{{sfn|Shukla|Kulshreshtha|2019|p=104}}{{sfn|Bond|Wright|2006|p=507}}{{sfn|Titze|Bruhn|1998|p=102, 130}}{{sfn|Kooij|2018|p=160}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Views of Shikharji on way to Anantnatha Tonk 3.jpg|thumb|[[Shikharji]] mountain where Jain tradition places {{lang|sa|nirvana}} of 20 out of 24 {{lang|sa|tirthankaras}}]]<br /> This architectural patronage reached Eastern India as well.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|2010|p=452}} In modern [[Jharkhand]], the site of [[Shikharji]] saw the construction of a temple housing twenty {{lang|sa|tirthankara}} idols financed by Vastupala, demonstrating the trans-regional reach of the western merchant-ministers.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|2010|p=452}}{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=98}}<br /> <br /> ===Persecution and Resilience===<br /> While the guilds provided economic stability, the community faced religious and military challenges.{{sfn|Settar|1989|pp=73-74}}{{sfn|Sastri|1976|p=220–221, 358}} In the South, the rise of [[Lingayatism]] and the conversion of the [[Hoysala dynasty|Hoysala king]] [[Vishnuvardhana]] (c. 1108 CE) to [[Vaishnavism]] posed significant threats.{{sfn|Settar|1989|pp=73-74}}{{sfn|Sastri|1976|p=220–221, 358}} However, scholars note that his queen, Shantaladevi, and his general, Gangaraja, remained devout Jains, ensuring continued state patronage despite the monarch's personal conversion.{{sfn|Sastri|1976|pp=220–221}}{{sfn|Kamath|2001|p=125}}{{sfn|Settar|1989|pp=73-74}} Gangaraja, under the guidance of his spiritual teacher Subhachandra, launched campaigns to restore Jain temples, and the era even saw female generals like Jakkiyabbe commanding respect.{{sfn|Tukol|1980|p=31}}{{sfn|Sastri|1976|pp=220–221}}{{sfn|Kamath|2001|p=125}}{{sfn|Settar|1989|pp=73-74}} However, sectarian conflict persisted; British-era scholar [[Helmuth von Glasenapp]] notes that during the 11th century, [[Basava]], a minister to the [[Kalachuris of Kalyani|Kalachuri king]] [[Bijjala II]], converted numerous Jains to Lingayatism, with legends describing the destruction or conversion of Jain temples to [[Shaivite]] use.{{sfn|Zydenbos|2006|p=177}}<br /> <br /> Simultaneously, the [[Muslim conquests on the Indian subcontinent|Islamic invasions]] by [[Mahmud Ghazni]] (1001 CE) and [[Mohammad Ghori]] (1175 CE) caused significant disruption, including the destruction of temples and pilgrimage centers.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=124, 145-146}} This existential threat prompted Jain scholars like Jinadatta Suri to reinterpret the doctrine of {{lang|sa|[[Ahimsa]]}} (non-violence), arguing that fighting in self-defense to protect the faith did not constitute a loss of merit.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=162}} Despite these pressures, monastic activity continued in defensible locations, such as the rock-cut caves of [[Mangi-Tungi]] (c. 12th century), which feature a large collection of {{lang|sa|tirthankara}} sculptures.{{sfn|Qureshi|2010|pp=310–312}} Jain monasticism also utilized large natural cave systems, as evidenced by the [[Belum Caves]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]], where archaeological finds confirm a long period of occupation.{{sfn|Jawaharlal|1994|pp=88–92}}<br /> <br /> ==Diplomacy in the Sultanate &amp; Mughal Era (1300 CE – 1650 CE)==<br /> <br /> ===Crisis and Resilience: Gwalior and Ranakpur===<br /> [[File:The Rock-cut Jain monuments of Gwalior (Urvai Group).jpg|thumb|The Rock-cut Jain monuments of [[Gwalior]]]]<br /> The medieval period was marked by a dual strategy of retreat into fortified locations and the construction of grand architectural statements.{{sfn|Titze|Bruhn|1998|p=106}} The [[Gwalior Fort]] became a major center for {{lang|sa|Digambara}} Jainism, housing nearly 100 rock-cut monuments created between the 14th and 15th centuries.{{sfn|Titze|Bruhn|1998|p=106}} Inscriptions credit the [[Tomaras of Gwalior|Tomara kings]] (1440–1453 CE) for these excavations, which include the massive Siddhachal and [[Gopachal rock-cut Jain monuments|Gopachal]] colossi.{{sfn|Titze|Bruhn|1998|p=106}} While the [[Siddhachal caves]] were completed by 1473 CE, many of these statues were defaced around 1527 on the orders of the [[Mughal emperor]] [[Babur]].{{sfn|Titze|Bruhn|1998|p=101–102, 108}}{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|2010|p=535}}{{sfn|Ring|Watson|Schellinger|2012|p=314}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Chaumukha Jain temple at Ranakpur in Aravalli range near Udaipur Rajasthan India.jpg|thumb|Chaumukha Jain Temple at [[Ranakpur]] in Aravalli range near [[Udaipur]], [[Rajasthan]]]]<br /> In Rajasthan, the community responded to political instability by building the fortress-like [[Ranakpur Jain Temple]] in the [[Aravalli range]].{{sfn|Sehdev Kumar|2001|pp=96–98}} Built in the 15th century under the patronage of [[Dharna Shah]], a wealthy Jain minister, this temple reflects a continuation of the Western Indian style.{{sfn|Sehdev Kumar|2001|pp=96–98}} It features a complex {{lang|sa|Chaumukha}} (four-faced) plan and is renowned for its hall of 1,444 carved pillars, of which no two are identical.{{sfn|Sehdev Kumar|2001|pp=96–98}}<br /> <br /> === Institutional Survival: The {{lang|sa|Bhattaraka}} Tradition ===<br /> During the medieval period, particularly from the 14th century onwards, the {{lang|sa|Digambara}} tradition developed a specialized clerical class known as the {{lang|sa|[[Bhattaraka]]s}}.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=123–125}} Unlike the traditional naked monks ({{lang|sa|Munis}}) who were bound by strict vows of homelessness and non-possession, {{lang|sa|Bhattarakas}} were pontiffs who wore orange robes, resided in permanent monasteries ({{lang|sa|Mathas}}), and managed the community's temporal assets.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=123–125}}<br /> <br /> The {{lang|sa|Bhattarakas}} served as the 'Institutional Shield' for the community during the [[Delhi Sultanate]] and Mughal eras.{{sfn|Johrapurkar|1958|pp=12–15}} Because naked ascetics could not legally sign treaties or hold land titles, the {{lang|sa|Bhattarakas}} acted as the legal heads of the religion, negotiating with rulers to protect temples and managing the vast Jain {{lang|sa|Bhandaras}} (libraries).{{sfn|Johrapurkar|1958|pp=12–15}} The seats of the {{lang|sa|Bhattarakas}}, such as at Shravanabelagola, [[Moodabidri]], and Delhi, became centers of literary preservation, ensuring the survival of ancient texts like the {{lang|sa|Shatkhandagama}} and the {{lang|sa|Dhavala}} commentaries.{{sfn|Johrapurkar|1958|pp=12–15}}<br /> <br /> ===Competition and Persecution===<br /> Jainism faced persecution during Lingayat movements in Telugu and Kannada speaking territories like [[Wodeyar]] of Mysore and Ummatur (1399–1610), Nayaks of Keladi (1550–1763).{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|p=71}} In 1683, they stamped the [[lingam]] symbol in the main temple complex of Jains in [[Halebidu]]. Digambaras were forced to perform Shaiva rites.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|p=72}}<br /> <br /> After the 12th century, the temples, pilgrimage and ''Digambara'' tradition of Jainism suffered persecution during the Muslim rule, with the exception of [[Akbar]] whose respect for [[Hiravijaya]] and support for Jainism led to a temporary ban on animal killing during the Jain religious festival of [[Paryushana]].{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=145-146, 124, 220-221}} Akbar (1542{{nsndns}}1605), influenced by the Śvetāmbara monk Hiravijaya, ordered the release of caged birds and banned the killing of animals during the Jain festival of Paryushana.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=146}} Following the reign of Akbar, the community navigated a more volatile political landscape.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=146-149, 220-221}} While Jains faced periods of persecution in the 16th century, their scholars actively engaged in inter-religious dialogue.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=146-149, 220-221}}{{sfn|Dundas|1999|pp=37-38}} The Jain monk Hiravijaya Suri debated religious ideas with Mughal scholars, asserting that while [[Islam]] and Jainism differed, the Jain principle of {{lang|sa|Ahimsa}} (compassion) could complement imperial governance.{{sfn|Truschke|2016|pp=35–37}} Jain texts from this period continue to praise Akbar for his religious tolerance and the issuance of decrees protecting Jain pilgrimage sites.{{sfn|Truschke|2016|pp=35–37}}<br /> <br /> ===Financial Diplomacy and the Merchant-State===<br /> Following the reign of Akbar, the community navigated a more volatile political landscape by leveraging the immense economic power of its lay merchants ({{lang|sa|Sravakas}}).{{sfn|Bayly|1983|p=389–390}} This period saw the rise of &quot;Financial Diplomacy,&quot; where Jain merchants acted as bankers to the empire, securing religious protection in exchange for economic stability.{{sfn|Makrand Mehta|1991|p=67}}<br /> <br /> A noted general and minister, [[Bhamashah]] (1547–1600) was a close aide to [[Maharana Pratap]] of [[Mewar]].{{sfn|G. N. Sharma|1962|p=112}}{{sfn|Sharma|Mathur|1989|p=62}} The financial support provided by him—famously liquidating his private fortune—helped Maharana Pratap to restore his army and reclaim much of his lost territory, establishing the Jain ethos of philanthropic patriotism.{{sfn|G. N. Sharma|1962|pp=114, 120–125}}<br /> <br /> Based in [[Surat]], [[Virji Vora]] (c. 1590–1670) was described as the wealthiest merchant of his time, holding a monopoly on the spice trade.{{sfn|Makrand Mehta|1991|p=70}} He frequently financed the British [[East India Company]] and Mughal governors, acting as a stabilizing economic force in Western India.{{sfn|Makrand Mehta|1991|p=70}}<br /> <br /> The first {{lang|sa|Nagarsheth}} (City Merchant Chief) of Ahmedabad, [[Shantidas Jhaveri]] (c. 1580–1659) was a jeweler to the Mughal court.{{sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=142}} He utilized his influence with Emperor [[Shah Jahan]] to secure imperial decrees ({{lang|sa|firmans}}) that restored the Chintamani Parsvanath temple and granted Jains control over the pilgrimage site of [[Palitana]].{{sfn|Commissariat|1957|p=142}}<br /> <br /> Migrating from Rajasthan to Patna, [[Hiranand Sahu]] laid the foundation for the banking dynasty that would later become known as the House of [[Jagat Seth]], which eventually controlled the imperial mints and treasury of Bengal.{{sfn|Little|1967|p=18}}<br /> <br /> ==The Reformation &amp; Pre-Modern Identity (1650 CE – 1850 CE)==<br /> <br /> ===The Internal Reformation: Iconoclasm and Purism===<br /> By the mid-17th century, the Jain civilization underwent a period of intense internal scrutiny, leading to movements that challenged established ritualism.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=249–253}} In the {{lang|sa|Śvetāmbara}} tradition, a scripturalist movement initiated by the 15th-century scribe [[Lonka Shah]] crystallized into the {{lang|sa|[[Sthanakvasi]]}} sect (c. 1653 CE).{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=249–253}} This group rejected idol worship entirely, arguing that temple rituals were later accretions not found in the original {{lang|sa|Agamas}}.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=249–253}} This reformist trend continued with the founding of the {{lang|sa|[[Śvetāmbara Terapanth]]}} sect (c. 1760 CE) by [[Acharya Bhikshu]], who established a strict hierarchical monastic order focused on ascetic discipline rather than temple management.{{sfn|Flugel|2006|pp=319–320}}<br /> <br /> Parallel to this, the {{lang|sa|Digambara}} community in North India saw the rise of the {{lang|sa|Adhyatma}} (Spiritual) movement in [[Jaipur]], led by the layman scholar [[Pandit Todarmal]] (1719–1766).{{sfn|Jaini|1998|pp=312–313}} Leading a revolt against the {{lang|sa|Bhattarakas}} (land-owning clerics) whom he accused of corruption and lax conduct, Todarmal advocated for a return to doctrine and direct soul-realization.{{sfn|Jaini|1998|pp=312–313}} His magnum opus, {{lang|sa|Mokshamarga Prakashak}} (Illuminator of the Path to Liberation), remains a foundational text for modern {{lang|sa|Digambara}} theology, emphasizing education over ritual prowess.{{sfn|Jaini|1998|pp=312–313}}<br /> <br /> ===Crisis and Diplomacy in the Late Mughal Era===<br /> In the [[Punjab region]], the community built strategic alliances with the rising Sikh power.{{sfn|Sangat Singh|2001|p=88}} [[Diwan Todar Mal]] (distinct from the Jaipur scholar [[Pandit Todarmal]]) was an {{lang|sa|[[Oswal]] Śvetāmbara}} Jain who served as the {{lang|sa|[[Dewan]]}} in the court of Wazir Khan, the Mughal Governor of [[Sirhind]].{{sfn|Sangat Singh|2001|p=88}} He is revered in [[Sikh history]] for his act of defiance and devotion in 1704 CE following the execution of the [[Sahibzada]]s (the young sons of [[Guru Gobind Singh]]) and the death of [[Mata Gujri]].{{sfn|Sangat Singh|2001|p=88}}<br /> <br /> According to tradition, authorities refused to provide land for their cremation unless Todar Mal covered the required ground with gold coins ({{lang|sa|ashrafis}}) placed vertically.{{sfn|Dilgeer|1997|p=192}} He paid this exorbitant price—often cited as the costliest land purchase in history—to perform the last rites.{{sfn|Dilgeer|1997|p=192}} While modern historians note that Todar Mal may have died prior to this event and the act was likely performed by his descendants, the legend remains a potent symbol of Jain-Sikh solidarity.{{sfn|Dilgeer|1997|p=192}} His family eventually lost their status and wealth due to the wrath of Wazir Khan, but their residence ({{lang|sa|haveli}}) was famously spared destruction by [[Banda Singh Bahadur]] and later Sikh rulers out of respect for his sacrifice.{{sfn|Dilgeer|1997|p=192}}<br /> <br /> ===The Financial Zenith: The House of Jagat Seth===<br /> In the 18th century, the political power of the Jain merchant class peaked with the House of [[Jagat Seth]] (Marwari-Oswal bankers) in Bengal.{{sfn|Dalrymple|2019|pp=74–75, 78–80}} The title Jagat Seth ('Banker of the World') was conferred by the Mughal Emperor, signifying their dominance over the imperial treasury.{{sfn|Dalrymple|2019|pp=74–75, 78–80}}<br /> <br /> Historian [[William Dalrymple]] notes that this Jain family controlled the minting of coins and held capital reserves that exceeded those of the [[Bank of England]] at the time.{{sfn|Dalrymple|2019|pp=74–75, 78–80}} Their financial support was pivotal in the rise of the British [[East India Company]].{{sfn|Little|1967|pp=8–12}} The Jagat Seths, alienated by the policies of the [[Nawab of Bengal]], financed the forces of [[Robert Clive]] before the [[Battle of Plassey]] (1757), effectively facilitating the transition from Mughal to [[British rule]] in Eastern India.{{sfn|Dalrymple|2019|pp=120–122}}{{sfn|Little|1967|pp=8–12}}{{sfn|Makrand Mehta|1991|pp=137–139}}<br /> <br /> ==Modern Renaissance &amp; Law (1850 CE – 1947 CE)==<br /> ===Colonial Encounter and the Merchant Princes===<br /> [[File:Acharya Shantisagar.jpg|thumb|Image of [[Shantisagar]], a {{lang|sa|Digambara}} Jain monk]]<br /> The British colonial rule era, according to von Glasenapp in 1925, allowed Jains to pursue their religion without persecutions they had faced before.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|pp=83-84}} Further, the British government promoted trade, which allowed members of the Jain community to pursue their traditional economic activity.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|pp=83-84}} According to von Glasenapp, Jain businessmen and Jainism thrived during this period, and they used their financial success during the British Raj to rebuild Jain temples.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|pp=83-84}} For example, the Dharmanatha temple was built in Ahmedabad (Gujarat) in 1848.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1925|pp=83-84}}<br /> <br /> This era saw the rise of merchant princes like [[Premchand Roychand]] (1831–1906), the &quot;Cotton King&quot; of Bombay, who founded the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] and financed the [[University of Mumbai]]'s [[Rajabai Clock Tower]].{{sfn|Dwivedi|2006|pp=35–42}} Similarly, in Central India, [[Seth Hukamchand]] (1874–1959) utilized his industrial wealth to construct the Kanch Mandir in Indore and sponsor the publication of ancient scripture.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|2010|p=535}}<br /> <br /> The British census reported a drop in Jain population between 1891 and 1921, from 1.417 million to 1.179 million.{{sfn|Kelting|2001|pp=13–14}}{{sfn|Brown|Foot|2016|pp=2–4}} This may be from the Jain conversions to Hinduism and causes such as famines and epidemics.{{sfn|Kelting|2001|pp=13–14}}{{sfn|Brown|Foot|2016|pp=2–4}} [[M. Whitney Kelting]] in 2001 states, in contrast, that in Gujarat and Maharashtra, British merchants actually took over the trades that Jains traditionally engaged in.{{sfn|Kelting|2001|pp=13–14}} This was in part responsible for major Jain community migrations during the British colonial era.{{sfn|Kelting|2001|pp=13–14}}<br /> <br /> The British colonial government in India, as well as Indian princely states, passed laws that made monks roaming naked in streets a crime, one that led to arrest.{{sfn|Flugel|2006|pp=348–349}} This law particularly impacted the {{lang|sa|Digambara}} tradition monks.{{sfn|Flugel|2006|pp=348–349}} The {{lang|sa|Akhil Bharatiya Digambara Jaina Samaj}} opposed this law, and argued that it interfered with the religious rights of {{lang|sa|Digambaras}}. [[Digambara monk]] [[Shantisagar]] entered Bombay (now Mumbai) in 1927, but was forced to cover his body.{{sfn|Flugel|2006|pp=348–349}} He then led an India-wide tour as the naked monk with his followers, to various {{lang|sa|Digambara}} sacred sites, and he was welcomed by kings of the Maharashtra provinces.{{sfn|Flugel|2006|pp=348–349}}{{sfn|Carrithers|Humphrey|1991|pp=200–202}} Shantisagar fasted to oppose the restrictions imposed on {{lang|sa|Digambara}} monks by [[British Raj]] and demanded their discontinuance.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=56}} The colonial-era laws that banned naked monks were abolished only after India gained independence.{{sfn|Flugel|2006|pp=359–360}}<br /> <br /> ===Academic Recognition===<br /> [[British Raj|British era]] Christian invaders wrote about Jainism, but typically stereotyping it as &quot;a coldly austere religion of pure asceticism, with no 'heart', preoccupied only with not harming microorganisms&quot;.{{sfn|Long|2013|pp=99–100}} The discussion emphasized the ascetic extremes, rather than the values.{{sfn|Long|2013|pp=99–100}} They criticized the Jain theories on non-violence stating that this value is essentially equal to &quot;doing nothing&quot;, because it entails not &quot;hurting&quot; other beings, but does not demand the &quot;positive ethic of helping someone suffering&quot;.{{sfn|Long|2013|pp=99–100}} According to [[Jeffery D. Long]], these missionary writings were a distortion of Jain theology because Jainism does teach, value and has a historic record of charity, and compassion is an essential value in Jainism for spiritual development.{{sfn|Long|2013|pp=99–100}}<br /> <br /> Some Christian writers critiqued Jainism for its cosmology, with extraordinary time scales and cyclic time periods.{{sfn|Long|2013|p=180}} However, Long states, the genesis theories in Christianity and other religions suffer from equivalent issues and they present the world to have been created few thousand years ago, in a short period of time.{{sfn|Long|2013|p=180}} Similarly, historic Christian writers critiqued the lack of &quot;saving grace&quot; in Jainism.{{sfn|Long|2013|p=180}} For example, Sinclair Stevenson wrote in 1915 that the &quot;heart of Jainism was empty because it lacked the saving grace of Jesus&quot;.{{sfn|Long|2013|p=180}}<br /> <br /> ===Industrialization and Nation Building===<br /> As the independence movement gained momentum, prominent Jain families pivoted from trade to heavy industry and institution building.{{sfn|Piramal|1999|pp=165–170}} [[Walchand Hirachand]] (1882–1953) pioneered India's indigenous shipping ([[Scindia Steam]]), aviation ([[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]), and automobile ([[Premier Automobiles Limited]]) sectors, challenging British commercial monopolies.{{sfn|Piramal|1999|pp=165–170}} In Ahmedabad, the [[Sarabhai family|Sarabhai]] and [[Lalbhai]] families, led by [[Ambalal Sarabhai]] and [[Kasturbhai Lalbhai]], played a dual role: they modernized the textile industry while financing national institutions like the [[Indian Institute of Management]] (IIM) and the [[Physical Research Laboratory]] (PRL).{{sfn|Tripathi|2004|pp=280–285}} [[Sahu Shanti Prasad Jain]] (1911–1977) expanded into media, acquiring [[The Times of India]] group and establishing the [[Bharatiya Jnanpith]] to promote Indian literature.{{sfn|Tripathi|2004|p=290}} These figures marked a shift in community philanthropy from traditional charity to building the secular infrastructure of modern India.{{sfn|Tripathi|2004|pp=280–285}}<br /> <br /> ===Monastic Revivals and Reform Movements===<br /> [[File:Srimad Rajcandra.jpg|thumb|[[Shrimad Rajchandra]], Jain monk and spiritual teacher of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in [[Lotus position]]]]<br /> [[Shrimad Rajchandra]] was inspired by works of [[Kundakunda]] and [[Digambara]] mystical tradition. Nominally belonging to the Digambara tradition, his followers sometimes consider his teaching as a new path of Jainism, neither [[Śvetāmbara]] nor [[Digambara]], and revere him as a saint.{{sfn|Prakash Chand Jain|2011|p=7,9}} His path is sometimes referred as ''Raj Bhakta Marg'', ''Kavipanth'', or ''Shrimadiya'', which has mostly lay followers as was Rajchandra himself.&lt;ref&gt;Salter, Emma (2002) ''Raj Bhakta Marg: the path of devotion to Srimad Rajcandra. A Jain community in the twenty first century.'' Doctoral thesis, University of Wales.&lt;/ref&gt; His teachings influenced [[Kanji Swami]], [[Dada Bhagwan]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/7438/1/Present_Lord_2003.pdf|title=Present Lord: Simandhara Svami and the Akram Vijnan Movement|last=Flügel|first=Peter|work=The Intimate Other: Love Divine in the Indic Religions|publisher=Orient Longman|year=2005|isbn=9788125028017|editor-last=King|editor-first=Anna S.|location=New Delhi|pages=194–243|editor-last2=Brockington|editor-first2=John}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Rakesh Jhaveri]], [[Saubhagyabhai|Saubhagbhai]], [[Lalluji Muni|Lalluji Maharaj]] (Laghuraj Swami), Atmanandji and several other religious figures. Some of them established temples and institutions in his dedication and to spread his teachings. Such temples often house his pictures and images based on photographs taken in a studio in various meditation postures just a month before his death.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jainpedia&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Rājacandra | website=Jainpedia|first=Jérôme|last=Petit| date=2016 | url=http://www.jainpedia.org/themes/people/studying-jainism/rajacandra.html | access-date=9 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shrimad Rajchandra's teachings have been popular in the Jain diaspora communities; mostly in [[Jainism in Africa|East Africa]], the [[Jainism in the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]] and [[Jainism in the United States|North America]].{{cn|date=October 2025}} Bauer notes that &quot;[in] recent years there has been a convergence of the Kanji Swami Panth and the Shrimad Rajcandra movement, part of trend toward a more eucumenical and less sectarian Jainism among educated, mobile Jains living overseas.&quot;{{sfn|Bauer|2004|p=465}} A special cover featuring him and [[Rabindranath Tagore]] was published by the [[India Post]] on occasion of [[Gandhi Jayanti]] in 2002.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Shrimad Rajchandra Archives | website=Indian Stamp Ghar | date=6 April 2014 | url=http://www.indianstampghar.com/tag/shrimad-rajchandra/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108183533/http://www.indianstampghar.com/tag/shrimad-rajchandra/ | url-status=usurped | archive-date=8 January 2017 | access-date=8 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{lang|sa|Kshullak}} [[Ganeshprasad Varni]] (1874–1961) was a foundational figure of the modern {{lang|sa|Digambara}} intellectual revival.{{sfn|Prakash Chand Jain|2011|pp=108–110}} He established several institutions for advanced learning, most notably the {{lang|sa|Syadvad Mahavidyalaya}} at Varanasi in 1905, which reintroduced traditional Jain logic and philosophy into the modern university curriculum.{{sfn|Prakash Chand Jain|2011|pp=108–110}} His efforts, along with those of other reformers, were instrumental in standardizing Jain education in the post-independence era.{{sfn|Cort|2001a|p=229}}<br /> <br /> ==Post-Independence &amp; Global Diaspora (1947 CE – Present)==<br /> Following the independence of India in 1947, the Jain community transitioned from navigating colonial legal frameworks to establishing a distinct identity within a secular democracy and expanding as a global diaspora. This period is characterized by legal institutionalization, professional scaling of philanthropic networks, and the universalization of Jain ethics. Some of the other prominent monks of modern era include [[Gyansagar]] and [[Acharya Vidyasagar]], [[Tarun Sagar]] and [[Vidyananda]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/religion/story/20021125-aggressive-movement-to-revive-jainism-sweeps-central-india-794269-2002-11-25 |title=Aggressive movement to revive Jainism sweeps central India |first=Neeraj |last=Mishra |newspaper=[[India Today]] |date=25 November 2002 |access-date=24 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925025751/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/religion/story/20021125-aggressive-movement-to-revive-jainism-sweeps-central-india-794269-2002-11-25 |archive-date=25 September 2018 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Legal Identity and Constitutional Recognition===<br /> The post-independence era began with a complex legal negotiation regarding Jain identity within the new Indian state.{{sfn|Long|2013|pp=65–67}}{{sfn|Wiley|2009|pp=138–140}} Under [[Article 25]] of the [[Constitution of India]], Jains were historically grouped with Hindus for personal law purposes, a classification that scholars note created a &quot;legal invisibility&quot; for the distinct religious tradition.{{sfn|Long|2013|pp=65–67}}{{sfn|Wiley|2009|pp=138–140}} This led to a multi-decade political campaign for recognition as a distinct religious minority.{{sfn|Flugel|2012|p=975}}{{sfn|Long|2013|pp=70–72}} Scholarly analysis of the movement highlights that the eventual notification of Jains as a [[National Minority]] in 2014 was not merely a symbolic victory but a strategic acquisition of rights to manage educational institutions and religious trusts independently of state-led &quot;Hindu&quot; boards.{{sfn|Flugel|2012|p=975}}{{sfn|Long|2013|pp=70–72}}<br /> <br /> ===Global Diaspora and the &quot;{{lang|sa|Samanvaya}}&quot; Model===<br /> A significant wave of migration starting in the 1960s established robust Jain communities in the United Kingdom, North America, and East Africa.{{sfn|Vallely|2002|pp=12–15}} Sociological studies of these communities observe a strategic shift from the rigid sectarianism of the Indian heartland to a &quot;Non-Sectarian&quot; ({{lang|sa|Samanvaya}}) model.{{sfn|Long|2013|pp=182–184}}{{sfn|Banks|1991|pp=240–245}} This model prioritized community cohesion over {{lang|sa|Digambara}} or {{lang|sa|Śvētāmbara}} distinctions to sustain institutional growth in a foreign context.{{sfn|Long|2013|pp=182–184}}{{sfn|Banks|1991|pp=240–245}} The construction of monumental marble temples abroad, most notably the Jain Centre in [[Leicester]], serves as a primary legacy of this era, acting as a cultural anchor for the second and third generations of the diaspora.{{sfn|Flugel|2012|pp=978–980}}<br /> <br /> ===Modern Institutional Reform and Digitization===<br /> The late 20th century saw the professionalization of Jain mercantile influence through international networking bodies.{{sfn|Cort|2001a|pp=188–192}} These organizations applied modern corporate governance and venture capital models to traditional community philanthropy, focusing on economic empowerment and social mobility.{{sfn|Cort|2001a|pp=188–192}} Parallel to this economic scaling, the community initiated a massive technological project to preserve the &quot;Version Control&quot; of its literary heritage.{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|pp=19–20}}{{sfn|Wiley|2009|pp=145–147}} Scholarly accounts of the &quot;National Mission for Manuscripts&quot; and private initiatives detail the digitization of thousands of palm-leaf and paper documents from ancient {{lang|sa|Bhandaras}}, ensuring the survival of the Jain canon in the digital era.{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|pp=19–20}}{{sfn|Wiley|2009|pp=145–147}}<br /> <br /> ===Environmental Ethics and Contemporary Pluralism===<br /> In the 21st century, Jainism has pivoted toward a global dialogue on ecology and bioethics.{{sfn|Chapple|2002|pp=117–120}}{{sfn|Vallely|2002|pp=192–195}} Scholars of religion have identified the ancient doctrine of {{lang|sa|Parasparopagraho Jivanam}} (interdependence) as a foundational framework for modern &quot;Green Jainism,&quot; which promotes sustainability and animal rights as modern iterations of {{lang|sa|Ahimsa}}.{{sfn|Chapple|2002|pp=117–120}}{{sfn|Vallely|2002|pp=192–195}} Furthermore, the doctrine of {{lang|sa|Anekantavada}} (non-absolutism) is increasingly cited in academic circles as a sophisticated philosophical tool for conflict resolution and pluralism.{{sfn|Sethia|2004|pp=123–125}} Contemporary research also explores the intersections between Jain cosmology and modern physics, positioning the tradition's metaphysics as relevant to current scientific and ethical debates.{{sfn|Long|2013|pp=204–206}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|History|Religion<br /> }}<br /> * [[Jain cosmology]]<br /> * [[Timeline of Jainism]]<br /> * [[History of Buddhism]]<br /> * [[History of Hinduism]]<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> {{Reflist|group=note}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> ===Citations===<br /> {{reflist|20em}}<br /> <br /> ===Sources===<br /> {{Refbegin|30em}}<br /> * {{citation |last=Adiga |first=Malini |author-link=Malini Adiga |title=The Making of Southern Karnataka: Society, Polity and Culture in the early medieval period, AD 400–1030 |year=2006 |publisher=Orient Longman |location=Chennai |isbn= 81-250-2912-5 }}<br /> * {{citation |last=Ali |first=B. 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K. |author-link=T.K. Tukol |title=Compendium of Jainism |year=1980 |publisher=Karnataka University }}<br /> * {{citation |last=Umāsvāti |first= Umaswami |title=That which is (Translator: Nathmal Tatia) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rw4RwN9Q1kC |year=1994 |publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield |isbn=978-0-06-068985-8 }}<br /> * {{citation |last=Vallely |first=Anne |title=Guardians of the Transcendent: An Ethnography of a Jain Ascetic Community |year=2002 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-0-8020-8415-6 }}<br /> * {{citation |last=von Glasenapp |first=Helmuth |author-link=Helmuth von Glasenapp |others=Shridhar B. Shrotri (trans.) |title=Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation |trans-title=Der Jainismus: Eine Indische Erlosungsreligion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WzEzXDk0v6sC |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] (Reprinted: 1999) |year=1925 |location=[[Delhi]] |isbn=81-208-1376-6 }}<br /> * {{citation |last=von Stietencron |first=Heinrich |author-link=Heinrich von Stietencron |title=Hindu Myth, Hindu History, Religion, Art, and Politics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VFAVpGyo1X0C |year=2005 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-7824-122-7 }}<br /> * {{citation |editor-last=Vyas |editor-first=Dr. R. T. |author-link=R.T. Vyas |url={{Google books|fETebHcHKogC|plainurl=yes}} |title=Studies in Jaina Art and Iconography and Allied Subjects |publisher=The Director, Oriental Institute, on behalf of the Registrar, M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara |year=1995 |isbn=81-7017-316-7 }}<br /> * {{citation |last=Walshe |first=Maurice |title=The Long Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Digha Nikaya |year=1995 |publisher=Wisdom Publications |isbn=978-0-86171-103-1 }}<br /> * {{citation |last=White |first=David Gordon |title=The Alchemical Body: Siddha Traditions in Medieval India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pQuqAAAAQBAJ |year=2012 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-14934-9 |language=en}}<br /> * {{citation |last=Wiley |first=Kristi L. |title=The A to Z of Jainism |url={{Google books|cIhCCwAAQBAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |date=2009 |orig-year=1949 |volume=38 |publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]] |isbn=978-0-8108-6337-8 }}<br /> * {{citation |last=Willis |first=Michael |title=The Archaeology of Hindu Ritual: temples and the establishment of the gods |date=2009 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-51874-1 }}<br /> * {{citation |last=Winternitz |first=Maurice |author-link=Moriz Winternitz |title=A History of Indian Literature: Buddhist literature and Jaina literature |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lgz1eMhu0JsC |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |year=1988 |orig-year=1983 |volume=II |isbn=81-208-0265-9 }}<br /> * {{citation |last=Zimmer |first=Heinrich |author-link=Heinrich Zimmer |title=Philosophies Of India |date=1953 |orig-year=April 1952 |editor-first=Joseph |editor-last=Campbell |editor-link=Joseph Campbell |publisher=[[Routledge]] &amp; Kegan Paul Ltd |location=[[London]] |url=https://archive.org/details/Philosophy.of.India.by.Heinrich.Zimmer |isbn=978-81-208-0739-6 }}<br /> * {{citation |last=Zydenbos |first=Robert J. |title=Jainism and the Definition of Religion |year=2006 }}<br /> {{Refend}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{commons category}}<br /> <br /> {{Jain history}}<br /> {{Jain Caves in India}}<br /> {{Jainism topics}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:History of Jainism| ]]<br /> [[Category:History of religion by religion]]</div>

SBS Khumancha https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nagarame_Nanni&diff=519861 2026-03-04T09:10:19Z

<p>SBS Khumancha: Starting</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|1967 Malayalam film by A. Vincent}}<br /> {{No plot|date=December 2022}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Nagarame Nanni<br /> | image = <br /> <br /> | caption = Nagarame Nandi (നഗരമേ നന്ദി)<br /> | director = [[A. Vincent]]<br /> | producer = Shobhana Parameswaran Nair<br /> | writer = [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]<br /> | narrator = <br /> | starring = [[Prem Nazir]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Usha Nandhini]]&lt;br /&gt;[[K. P. Ummer]]&lt;br /&gt;[[P. J. Antony]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Sukumari]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Adoor Bhasi]]<br /> | music = [[K. Raghavan]]<br /> | cinematography = A. Venkat<br /> | editing = <br /> | studio = Roopavani<br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|1967|10|05|df=y}}<br /> | runtime = <br /> | country = India<br /> | language = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> '''''Nagarame Nanni''''' is a 1967 [[Malayalam language]] [[film]], written by [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]] and directed by [[A. Vincent]].&lt;ref&gt;[[C. S. Venkiteswaran]] (27 February 2015). [http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/guiding-light-of-malayalam-cinema/article6936773.ece &quot;Guiding light of Malayalam cinema&quot;]. ''The Hindu''. Retrieved 12 December 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; The film stars [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Prem Nazir]], [[Usha Nandhini]] and [[K. P. Ummer]] among others. The film tells the story of a family that migrates from a village to the city of [[Madras]] in search of a better life. The theme was about the lure of the city and how the dreams of villagers are shattered by its inexorable logic of greed. The plot is similar to the 1964 film ''[[Birds of Exile]]'' (Turkish original title: Gurbet Kuşları) by [[Halit Refiğ]].&lt;ref name=Vijayakumar/&gt; [[K. Balachander]]'s Tamil film ''[[Pattina Pravesam]]'' (1977) was based on all these three films.&lt;ref name=Vijayakumar/&gt;<br /> <br /> Film expert B. Vijayakumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' described the film as &quot;one of the best social movies produced in Malayalam.&quot;&lt;ref name=Vijayakumar&gt;B. Vijayakumar (22 February 2010). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110704173608/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/02/22/stories/2010022250860400.htm &quot;NAGARAME NANNI 1967&quot;]. ''The Hindu''. Retrieved 28 May 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> * [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] as Raghavan<br /> * [[Prem Nazir]] as Madhavankutty<br /> * [[Ushanandini]] as Bharathi<br /> * [[P. J. Antony]] as Anandan Pillai<br /> * [[K. P. Ummer]] as Captain Das<br /> * [[Sukumari]] as Mrs. Mudaliar<br /> * Bharathi Menon as Madhavankutty's mother<br /> * [[Jyothi Lakshmi]] as Kunhilakshmi, Madhavankutty's sister<br /> * [[Adoor Bhasi]]<br /> * [[Nilambur Balan]]<br /> * Dhaamu<br /> * Pariyanampatta Kunjunni Namboothirippad<br /> * Nambiar<br /> * Venu<br /> * Kuttan Pilla<br /> * Edasseri<br /> * Maniyan<br /> * Shankar Menon<br /> * Solaman<br /> * Prabhakaran<br /> * Santha Devi<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> {{empty section|date=February 2025}}<br /> == References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1967 films]]<br /> [[Category:1967 Malayalam-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1967 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by A. Vincent]]<br /> [[Category:Indian remakes of foreign films]]<br /> [[Category:Films based on Turkish novels]]<br /> <br /> {{1960s-Malayalam-film-stub}}</div>

SBS Khumancha https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahakaal_(1994_film)&diff=514707 2026-03-03T23:38:25Z

<p>SBS Khumancha: New</p> <hr /> <div>{{About|the 1994 film|the 2008 film|Mahakaal (2008 film){{!}}''Mahakaal'' (2008 film)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Mahakaal<br /> | image = Mahakaal (1994) poster.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = {{Plainlist|<br /> * [[Shyam Ramsay]]<br /> * [[Tulsi Ramsay]]<br /> }}<br /> | producer = {{Plainlist|<br /> * Gangu Ramsay<br /> * Chander Ramsay<br /> }}<br /> | writer = Y.V. Tyagi<br /> | starring = {{Plainlist|<br /> * Karan Shah<br /> * [[Archana Puran Singh]]<br /> * [[Reema Lagoo]]<br /> * [[Johnny Lever]]<br /> * [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]]<br /> }}<br /> | music = [[Anand–Milind]]<br /> | cinematography = Gangu Ramsay<br /> | editing = {{Plainlist|<br /> * Vikas Daripkar<br /> * Shyam Gupte<br /> }}<br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|df=y|1994|2|11}}<br /> | runtime = 131 minutes&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/mahakaal-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zmde4nzi|title=Mahakaal|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> | budget = {{INR}}0.4 crore&lt;ref name=BO&gt;{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3176|title=Mahakaal - Movie|website=[[Box Office India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | gross = {{INR}}1.88 crore&lt;ref name=BO/&gt;<br /> }}<br /> '''''Mahakaal''''', also known as '''''Mahakaal: The Monster''''', is a 1994 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[horror film]] directed by [[Shyam Ramsay]] and [[Tulsi Ramsay]], known as the [[Ramsay Brothers]]. The film borrows numerous elements from the 1984 American film ''[[A Nightmare on Elm Street]]'' and [[A Nightmare on Elm Street (franchise)|its sequels]], including its antagonist, Shakaal—who, like ''Elm Street''{{'}}s [[Freddy Krueger]], is a razor-gloved killer who can murder people through their dreams.<br /> <br /> Blending elements of [[mysticism]], [[black magic]] and [[slapstick comedy]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://musicboxtheatre.com/films-and-events/a-nightmare-on-elm-street-mahakaal|title=A Nightmare on Elm Street &amp; Mahakaal|website=[[Music Box Theatre]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Mahakaal'' is the second [[Bollywood]] film derived from ''A Nightmare on Elm Street'', following 1989's ''[[Khooni Murda]]'', which was produced by [[Mohan Bhakri]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Tombs 1998&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Tombs|first=Pete|author-link=Pete Tombs|date=1998|title=Mondo Macabro: Weird &amp; Wonderful Cinema Around the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k2jpAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA93|publisher=[[St. Martin's Griffin]]|isbn=978-0312187484}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Glaser 2022&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Glaser|first=Ed|date=2022|title=How the World Remade Hollywood: Global Interpretations of 65 Iconic Films|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=otljEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA154|publisher=[[McFarland &amp; Company]]|page=154|isbn=978-1476684031}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Mahakaal'' was also the last horror film produced by Shyam and Tulsi Ramsay.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tombs 1998&quot; /&gt; It was a moderate commercial success upon its theatrical release on 11 February 1994.&lt;ref name=BO/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> A college student, Seema, has a nightmare that a horrible looking man wearing steel claw gloves and attacks her. She wakes up to find that she has real wounds on her arm. Later her friend Anita too has the same nightmare and finds real wounds on her arm.<br /> <br /> Anita tells her parents about her nightmare. Her father, who is a policeman, refuses to believe it. Later, Seema is attacked again in her dream and she dies of the wounds. Her boyfriend is put in police lockup where he sees the horrible man who makes snakes appear by magic. The boyfriend dies of snake-bite. Later, Anita and her mother catch Anita's father taking out a metal clawed glove from his drawer, so he is forced to reveal the secret that an evil magician Shakaal had been kidnapping children and sacrificing them to increase his evil powers.<br /> <br /> Seven years ago, Shakaal had killed Anita's sister too. Finally, Shakaal kidnaps Anita. As her father knows Shakaal's place, he arrives with Anita's boyfriend and they manage to kill him and save Anita.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mahakaal - Movie - Box Office India|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3176|access-date=20 December 2021|website=boxofficeindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> * Karan Shah as Prakash<br /> * [[Archana Puran Singh]] as Anita<br /> * [[Reema Lagoo]] as Anita's mother<br /> * [[Johnny Lever]] as Canteen &amp; Hotel Manager<br /> * [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]] as Anita's father<br /> * Mahaveer Bhullar as Shakaal <br /> * [[Dinesh Kaushik]] as Randheer<br /> * [[Kunika]] as Seema<br /> * [[Mayur Verma]] as Param<br /> * Baby Swetha as Mohini (Anita's Sister)<br /> * Sunil Dhawan as College Principal<br /> * Asha Patel as Cabaret Dancer<br /> * [[Narender Nath]] as Pujari<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> {{Tracklist<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | title1 = Chal Chal Meri Jaan Chal Zara<br /> | extra1 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Sadhna Sargam]], [[Sudesh Bhosle]]<br /> | length1 =<br /> <br /> | title2 = Main Khush Naseeb<br /> | extra2 = [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Anuradha Paudwal]]<br /> | length2 =<br /> <br /> | title3 = Janejaan Bahon Mein Aaja<br /> | extra3 = [[Sapna Mukherjee]]<br /> | length3 =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Reception==<br /> ===Box office===<br /> ''Mahakaal'' was a moderate commercial success especially in small cities,towns and villages but not in Big cities.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tombs 1998&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Glaser 2022&quot; /&gt; Its lackluster box office performance has been attributed to an oversaturation of horror films in the Indian market by the end of the 1980s,&lt;ref name=&quot;Tombs 1998&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Glaser 2022&quot; /&gt; as well as to the [[Television in India#History|economic and social reforms]] that had expanded the number of television channels available in India, allowing viewers the ability to watch such films as the American original, ''A Nightmare on Elm Street'' at home.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glaser 2022&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Critical response===<br /> In 1997, British author [[Pete Tombs]] wrote that ''Mahakaal'' &quot;was well made, very atmospheric and took few liberties with the original story.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tombs 1998&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title|id=0260155|title=Mahakaal}}<br /> * [http://10kbullets.com/reviews/b/bollywood-horror-collection-volume-3-mahakaal-tahkhana/ Mahakaal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924210654/http://10kbullets.com/reviews/b/bollywood-horror-collection-volume-3-mahakaal-tahkhana/ |date=24 September 2009 }}<br /> <br /> {{Shyam Ramsay}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1994 horror films]]<br /> [[Category:1994 films]]<br /> [[Category:Films about child death]]<br /> [[Category:Films about witchcraft]]<br /> [[Category:Films about human sacrifice]]<br /> [[Category:Indian supernatural horror films]]<br /> [[Category:1994 Hindi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1990s serial killer films]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Anand–Milind]]<br /> [[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi remakes of English films]]<br /> [[Category:A Nightmare on Elm Street (franchise)]]<br /> [[Category:Indian horror film remakes]]<br /> [[Category:Indian slasher films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Shyam Ramsay]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Tulsi Ramsay]]</div>

SBS Khumancha https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayaal_Kadhayezhuthukayanu&diff=488499 2026-03-03T21:17:11Z

<p>SBS Khumancha: Done!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Ayaal Kadhayezhuthukayanu<br /> | image = Ayal Kadha Ezhuthukayanu.jpg<br /> | caption = <br /> | director = [[Kamal (director)|Kamal]]<br /> | producer = P. A. Latheef&lt;br /&gt;Vindhyan<br /> | writer = '''Story''':&lt;br/&gt;[[Siddique (director)|Siddique]]&lt;br/&gt;'''Screenplay''' &amp; '''Dialogues''':&lt;br/&gt;[[Sreenivasan]]<br /> | narrator = <br /> | starring = [[Mohanlal]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Sreenivasan]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Kausalya (actress)|Nandini]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]]<br /> | music = [[Raveendran]](Songs)&lt;br /&gt;C. Rajamani {{small|(Score)}}<br /> | cinematography = [[P. Sukumar]]<br /> | editing = [[K. Rajagopal (film editor)|K. Rajagopal]]<br /> | studio = Kalinga Vision<br /> | distributor = [[Swargachitra Appachan|Swargachitra Release]]<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=y|1998|12|23}}<br /> | runtime = <br /> | country = India<br /> | language = [[Malayalam]]<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Ayaal Kadhayezhuthukayanu''''' ({{Translation|He is writing the story}}) is a 1998 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[black comedy film]] directed by [[Kamal (director)|Kamal]] and written by [[Sreenivasan]] based on a story by [[Siddique (director)|Siddique]]. The plot follows the travails of an eccentric and wasted [[Pulp magazine|pulp fiction]] writer, Sagar Kottapuram ([[Mohanlal]]), and his friend Ramakrishnan (Sreenivasan), who are dragged into a lawsuit by a vengeful [[Tahsildar]], S. Priyadarshini ([[Kausalya (actress)|Nandini]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Neelima |date=21 May 2020 |title=7 underrated Mohanlal films and where you can watch them online |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/7-underrated-mohanlal-films-and-where-you-can-watch-them-online-124988 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 March 2020 |title=Lockdown giving you a tough time? These Mohanlal-Sreenivasan movies will surely brighten your day |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/lockdown-giving-you-a-tough-time-these-mohanlal-sreenivasan-movies-will-surely-brighten-your-day/photostory/74914580.cms?picid=74914589 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film features songs composed by [[Raveendran]] and background score by C. Rajamani.<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> Ramakrishnan, a newly appointed [[Tahsildar]] in the city, comes to take charge but is blocked by the incumbent Tahsildar, S. Priyadarshini. Priyadarshini is a strict and rude officer and is much hated by the staff and associates in the Taluk Office. So they readily offer to help Ramakrishnan arrange a house next to Priyadarshini's house for him to stay in the interim. Meanwhile, Sagar Kottapuram, an eccentric and popular [[Pulp magazine|pulp fiction]] novelist and a friend of Ramakrishnan, comes to stay with him. But he mistakenly enters Priyadarshini's house, completely drunk, and sleeps in her bed. When Priyadarshini comes home, she mistakes him to be a thief and calls the police, who arrest him. But the local Sub Inspector of Police, being a fan of Sagar's novels, lets him off his charges. That night, Sagar gets into a fight with Priyadarshini and vows to get her off her Tahsildar post within 24 hours. The next day Ramakrishnan himself assumes charge as Tahsildar according to Sagar's instruction. When Priyadarshini comes and sees this, she locks him inside the office room. Sagar finds out about this when he calls Ramakrishnan. He informs the press about the Tahsildar being locked inside the room by the former Tahsildar. The press rushes to the scene; the [[District magistrate|District Collector]] also arrives and suspends Priyadarshini. Ramakrishnan and Sagar celebrate their victory.<br /> <br /> The next day Priyadarshini comes to their house and apologizes. She also invites them for breakfast. During breakfast, Priyadarshini becomes hysterical and tries to kill herself using the table knife. Sagar and Ramakrishnan try to hold her back, but her maid Thresiamma mistaking them to be molesting Priyadarshini, screams and runs out of the house. They get arrested for rape attempt. Mammachen, the owner of '&lt;nowiki/&gt;''Manchadi'&lt;nowiki/&gt;'' magazine gets them out on bail. Sagar wants to take revenge but is calmed down by Mammachen and Ramakrishnan. He decides to write a novel titled '&lt;nowiki/&gt;''Oru Gazetted Yakshi''' portraying the life of a corrupt and seditious Municipal Commissioner with an appearance matching Priyadarshini's to take vengeance against her. After many indirect abuses through the novel, the rape case is heard at the court where Priyadarshini's advocate, K.G. Nambiar reveals that Priyadarshini and Sagar were previously engaged but not married, and that Sagar tried to rape her in revenge for this. But neither knew the truth until then. Sagar then writes his own story in the novel. Years back he had been working in [[United Arab Emirates]] and his marriage was arranged with a girl named Priya by his sister, Padmini. But he never gets to see her photograph. When he comes home for the wedding, he hears that she eloped with her lover the day before the wedding. This leaves Sagar heartbroken and he never returns for work and becomes an alcoholic.<br /> <br /> Jithu, Priya's cousin, comes to see him, and he reveals that they studied together in a boarding school in [[Ooty]]. &quot;Once during their start of vacation, at the farewell party, Priya had accidentally got drunk and become unconscious on their way home. They deboard the bus and while at a hotel, he had got her showered and removed her wet clothes while covering her with a blanket. Priya, after waking up, mistakenly thought that Jithu had violated her and had become mentally disturbed. He also reveals that after she eloped before the wedding, she had come to him and tried to kill him but got transferred to a mental asylum.&quot;<br /> <br /> Sagar tries to see Priyadarshini but finds out that she's been admitted to a mental asylum. Feeling guilty that he's responsible for her present situation, Sagar asks the doctor and her relatives’ permission to help her heal. They fake a wedding arrangement hoping that would bring her back to normal. On the day after the wedding, when Priya wakes up, she still feels that her life is only haunted by her previous incident with Jithu. She finally accepts that the thoughts of her being violated were made by her mind and acknowledges her love for Sagar.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> * [[Mohanlal]] as Vidyasagar/ Sagar Kottappuram, a popular [[Pulp magazine|pulp fiction]] novelist<br /> * [[Sreenivasan]] as Ramakrishnan, Sagar's Friend<br /> * [[Kausalya (actress)|Nandini]] as S. Priyadarshini / Priya Menon<br /> * [[Krishna (Malayalam actor)|Krishna]] as Jithu, Priya's cousin and Ex-Boyfriend<br /> * [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as Manchadi Mammachan<br /> * [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Adv. K. G. Nambiar<br /> * [[Nedumudi Venu]] as Psychiatrist Dr. Subhash<br /> * [[Srividya]] as Padmini, Sagar's Sister<br /> * [[Devan (actor)|Devan]] as Mohanan, Sagar's Brother-in-Law <br /> * [[Jagadish]] as Sainuddin, Sagar's Friend <br /> * [[T. P. Madhavan]] as S.I. Babu<br /> * [[Augustine (actor)|Augustine]] as Roy, Manchadi Magazine's Editor<br /> * [[Sreejaya Nair]] as Shobha, Jithu's Wife<br /> * [[Kulappulli Leela]] as Thresiamma, Priya's House Servant <br /> * P.A Latheef as Adv. Gopinathan<br /> * Vijayan Peringode as Sagar's Uncle <br /> *[[James (Malayalam actor)|James]] as Ramakrishnan's driver<br /> * [[Antony Perumbavoor]] as Storekeeper at Petrol Station <br /> * Salu Kuttanad as Sagar's co-passenger and helper<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> [[Soundarya]] was first approached for the role of Priyadarshani, however, they couldn't finalize on the dates which led to her dropping out of the project.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Siddique 32 {{!}} Charithram Enniloode 2203 {{!}} Safari TV | date=14 September 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y2FaCRYkcYw |language=en |access-date=2022-11-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Then they approached [[Manju Warrier]] for the role. However, she turned it down due to her marriage with [[Dileep]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rediff On The NeT, Movies: Gossip from the southern film industry |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/jan/06ss.htm#06mam1 |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=www.rediff.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Ayaal Kadhayezhuthukayanu<br /> | type = Soundtrack<br /> | artist = [[Raveendran]]<br /> | cover =<br /> | alt =<br /> | released = 1998<br /> | recorded =<br /> | venue =<br /> | studio =<br /> | genre = [[Popular music]]<br /> | length =<br /> | label = Sargam Speed Audios&lt;br /&gt;[[Satyam Audios]]<br /> | producer =<br /> | prev_title =<br /> | prev_year =<br /> | next_title =<br /> | next_year =<br /> }}<br /> The film score was composed by Rajamani while the songs of this film were written by [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]] and composed by maestro [[Raveendran]]. The song ''Etho Nidrathan'' by [[K. J. Yesudas]] become highly popular and won him the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Singer|Kerala State Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer]].<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! No. !! Song !! Singer(s) !! [[Raga]]<br /> |-<br /> | 1<br /> | &quot;Maane&quot;<br /> | [[K. J. Yesudas]]<br /> | [[Abheri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2<br /> | &quot;Aakasha Thamara&quot;<br /> | K. J. Yesudas, [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[K. S. Chithra]]<br /> | [[Yamunakalyani]]<br /> |-<br /> | 3<br /> | &quot;Marathaka Raavin&quot;<br /> | K. J. Yesudas<br /> | [[Natabhairavi]]<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | 4<br /> | &quot;Etho Nidrathan&quot;<br /> | K. J. Yesudas<br /> | [[Mohanam]]<br /> |-<br /> | 5<br /> | &quot;Kuppivala&quot;<br /> | [[M. G. Sreekumar]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]<br /> | Mohanam<br /> |-<br /> | 6<br /> | &quot;Etho Nidrathan&quot;<br /> | K. J. Yesudas, Sujatha Mohan<br /> | Mohanam<br /> |-<br /> | 7<br /> | &quot;Thinkaloru&quot;<br /> | K. S. Chithra<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Release==<br /> The film released on 23 December 1998 and was a commercial success. A critic from ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote &quot;A weak storyline that drags through the first half is held alive by some witty dialogues and some very good acting by Kausalya.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:80/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/A0538EBC9CFB77E565256940004D0E18?OpenDocument |title=City/Entertainment - Deccan Herald |website=www.cscsarchive.org:80 |access-date=30 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214152015/http://www.cscsarchive.org:80/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/A0538EBC9CFB77E565256940004D0E18?OpenDocument |archive-date=14 February 2008 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; In a 2021 interview with [[Safari TV]], [[Siddique (director)|Siddique]] stated that the film had a great opening however could not continue its success and turned out to be an average grosser at the box office.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Film completed 100 days in Eranakulam kavitha, Thiruvananthapuram Kalabhavan and kodungaloor mughal theatres respectively&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 March 2020 |title=Ayaal Kadha ezhuthukayaanu 100 days poster|url=https://scontent.fcok4-1.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t1.6435-9/120170271_990600248127558_1448796165835569233_n.jpg?_nc_cat=109&amp;ccb=1-7&amp;_nc_sid=5f2048&amp;_nc_ohc=0IHkl7lJ-ngQ7kNvgGLZtQZ&amp;_nc_ht=scontent.fcok4-1.fna&amp;oh=00_AYASCBgpyNxFyvrBNHfjUERGVJYCjLdphRXXgIHGCec2gw&amp;oe=668BD981 |website=[[Facebook]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title|0273098}}<br /> <br /> {{Kamal (director)}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1998 films]]<br /> [[Category:1998 Malayalam-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Raveendran]]<br /> [[Category:1998 romantic comedy-drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Dubai]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Kannur]]<br /> [[Category:Films with screenplays by Sreenivasan]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Kamal (director)]]</div>

SBS Khumancha https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matinee_(2012_film)&diff=516836 2026-03-03T20:49:03Z

<p>SBS Khumancha: Stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Short description|2012 Malayalam-language film by Aneesh Upasana}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Matinee<br /> | image = Matinee (2012 film).jpeg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster <br /> | director = [[Aneesh Upasana]]<br /> | producer = AOPL Entertainment<br /> | writer = Anil Narayanan<br /> | starring = [[Maqbool Salmaan]]&lt;br&gt;[[Mythili]]<br /> | music = [[Gopi Sundar]]<br /> | cinematography = Pappinu<br /> | editing = Nikhil Venu<br /> | studio = AOPL Entertainment<br /> | distributor = AOPL Entertainment Release<br /> | runtime = 114 minutes<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=y|2012|12|13}}<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Malayalam<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> '''''Matinee''''' is a 2012 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[drama film]] directed by Aneesh Upasana and starring [[Maqbool Salmaan]] and [[Mythili]] in the lead roles. The film marks the directorial debut of still photographer Aneesh Upasana while [[Mammootty]]'s nephew [[Maqbool Salmaan]] plays his first lead role. The story is about two person's journey to filmdom and how their life changes on one Friday's [[wikt:matinée|matinée]] show.<br /> <br /> The film's lead role is played by Maqbool Salmaan who had earlier appeared in a short role in A. K. Saajan's ''[[Asuravithu (2012 film)|Asuravithu]]''. Maqbool is the nephew of noted actor [[Mammootty]]. He is the son of Ibrahimkutty, the younger brother of Mammootty who had been a popular star in the miniscreen. The film is produced by AOPL Entertainment which also launched Mammootty's son [[Dulquer Salmaan]] earlier the year through ''[[Second Show]]''.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20121128201456/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/88588.html &quot;AOPL presents Maqbool Salman&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Matinee'' released on 13 December to positive reviews from critics and audiences. The film was appreciated for its realistic approach and the performances by lead actors.<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> The plot of this film revolves around two people who come from different backgrounds but are united by fate. Najeeb is a youngster from an orthodox background who wishes to be a film star while Savithri is a motherless girl from an economically backward family who lands up in the film industry to escape her abusive father. The duo get a chance to be the lead pair in a film that appears to be an ordinary love story but turns out to be an [[adult film]] when it releases. The pair, subsequently, is ostracised from society. The duo eventually gets together and moves into the city to find the person responsible for the situation, who but turns out to have been caught in the blind by the actions of the director and producers of the film himself. Repenting and regretful of his hand in causing their predicament, he helps them find an apartment as well as finding them roles in the film industry, which mainly comes in the shape of some item song slots which Savithri fills, out of desperation as they need a certain income to maintain themselves in the city. These songs, and herself as a result become successful, turning her into a much sought after [[X rated]] movie phenom, which also comes with its share of controversy from moral pundits, while pushing her into her spiral of depression, which is in direct contrast to Najeeb who meanwhile have become unable to land a movie role, much less a lead, the first step toward his aspiration as a megastar. During one moment, Savithri bursts out, disillusioned by the state of cinema industry that they had heretofore seen with rose tinted lenses, now showing its ugly teeth, spitting them out, after using her for its success of sleaze fest films, and she passes out after ingesting a bottle of liquor, in the bathroom. Najeeb, starts falling in love with Savithri. Najeeb, later out of frustration seeing what his life has become, attempts suicide. Savithri soon thereafter bears Najeeb's daughter, staying within the cinema industry as an extra, after he had become paralysed waist down, caring for him for the rest of their life, peacefully married.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> {{colbegin}}<br /> * [[Maqbool Salmaan]] as Najeeb<br /> * [[Mythili]] as Savithri<br /> * [[Lena (actress)|Lena]] as Gayathri<br /> * [[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as Moosahaji<br /> * [[Dinesh Prabhakar]] as Selvan<br /> * [[Valsala Menon]] as Savithri's Grandmother<br /> * [[Sasi Kalinga]] as Gopi<br /> * Kiran Raj as SI (actor)<br /> * Soja Jolly as Nabeesa<br /> * [[Fathima Babu]] as Fathima<br /> * [[Anjali Aneesh]]<br /> * [[Vishnu Unnikrishnan]] as Bappu<br /> * Nitha Promy as Latha<br /> {{colend}}<br /> <br /> ==Music==<br /> The film features songs composed by [[Ratheesh Vegha]] and [[Bollywood]] composer [[Anand Raj Anand]]. Anand composed the song &quot;Ayalathe Veetile&quot; written by Vinukrishnan, an [[item number]] featuring Mythili.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-mythili-sizzles-in-matinee/20121123.htm &quot;Malayalam actress Mythili sizzles in Matinee&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt; The song was a profound success and hit 4.5 lakh views on [[YouTube]] in just two weeks of its release.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.indiablooms.com/BollywoodDetailsPage/2012/bollywoodDetails271112f.php &quot;Music of Malayalam film Matinee was released by Universal Music - a leading music company&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130003534/http://www.indiablooms.com/BollywoodDetailsPage/2012/bollywoodDetails271112f.php |date=30 November 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Gireesh Puthenchery]]'s son [[Dinanath Puthenchery]] has penned the lyrics for two of the songs in the movie. Actress [[Kavya Madhavan]] has lent her voice to the song &quot;Maunamayi Manassil&quot; which was also well received among music critics.<br /> <br /> {{tracklist<br /> | headline =<br /> | extra_column = Artist(s)<br /> | total_length =<br /> | title1 = Ayalathe Veettile<br /> | extra1 = Resmi Sateesh<br /> | length1 = 3:58<br /> | title2 = Malabarin thalamai<br /> | extra2 = Thulasi<br /> | length2 = 3:50<br /> | title3 = Maunamayi manassil<br /> | extra3 = [[Kavya Madhavan]]<br /> | length3 = 3:54<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Release==<br /> The film's release was delayed by several weeks with a decision from the Kerala Film Exhibitors Association, who resisted the release of the film in their theatres. It was widely reported that an unofficial ban from the exhibitors came in the wake of AOPL-owned Carnival Cinemas, [[Angamaly]] not participating in a theatre strike organised by the Association. But AOPL maintained that the ban was based on a technical error as AOPL Entertainment is a separate private limited company and Carnival belongs to another company though both have some common investors. The ban was lifted after a discussion between AOPL and the Association and the film released on 13 December 2012.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20121210224359/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/88853.html &quot;Matinee may be delayed&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Reception==<br /> The film opened to mostly positive reviews from critics. Paresh C. Palicha of [[Rediff.com]] rated the film {{rating|3|5}} and said that the film &quot;tackles a dark subject with much conviction.&quot; He concluded the review saying, &quot;''Matinee'' shows that there are many interesting avenues to explore if you want to tell the story of the film industry other than lampooning the superstars, Sreenivasan style.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-matinee-is-interesting/20121214.htm &quot;Review: Matinee is an interesting film&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt; Dalton L. of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' rated the film {{rating|3|5}} while appreciating the performances by the lead, editing, cinematography and music. The critic stated: &quot;One occasionally stumbles upon a rotten canvas with strokes of a genius or a great canvas tarnished by splashes of awkwardness. ''Matinee'' is neither of the extremes; it simply appears to have been created either by two different painters or one with opposing moods / sensibilities.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=A drama with split personality|author=Dalton L.|page=2|date=17 December 2012|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|location=[[Kozhikode]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Rating the film {{rating|3|5}}, Veeyen of Nowrunning.com said, &quot;''Matinee'' is a dark parable that splendidly traces the ever changing contours of human lives. It reaffirms that the human power of endurance is immense and that as individuals we wobble along alleys of hope, fear, distress, anger and regret before turning around and walking down the hope street all over again.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/11314/malayalam/matinee/4022/review.htm |title=&quot;Matinee Review&quot; |access-date=17 December 2012 |archive-date=18 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121218200621/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/11314/malayalam/matinee/4022/review.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[IBN Live]] rated the film {{rating|6|10}} and said that the film &quot;stands out for its realistic approach.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20121221111016/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/matinee-review-this-malayalam-film-stands-out-for-its-realistic-approach/310720-71-212.html &quot;'Matinee' Review: This Malayalam film stands out for its realistic approach&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Controversies==<br /> The film courted considerable controversy with the [[item number]] by Mythili.&lt;ref name=contro/&gt; Another row originated when anti-tobacco activists turned against the film, thanks to the [[movie posters]] portraying Mythili with a lit [[cigarette]] and a bottle of [[Alcoholic beverage|booze]]. Activists of the Ernakulam district Anti-tobacco Council protested against the film and blackened several posters of the movie in the city. They also filed a petition before the police and the district collector against the movie posters. &quot;When youngsters have slowly started quitting and keeping away from cigarettes, this movie has come up with posters of its actor with a cigarette. The movie-makers have failed to put up a statutory warning too. This certainly affects the awareness created by Kerala Voluntary Health Services and other anti-tobacco organisations,&quot; said K. S. Dilip Kumar, secretary of the Ernakulam district Anti-tobacco Council.&lt;ref name=contro&gt;{{cite news|title=Row over Maithili's Matinee show|author=Kiran Tom Sajan|page=3|date=17 December 2012|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|location=[[Kochi, India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A case was registered by the Health Department against Mythili and the producers of the film on 19 December.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=മൈഥിലിക്കെതിരെ കേസെടുത്തു|trans-title=Case registered against Mythili|date=19 December 2012|newspaper=[[Deshabhimani]]|url=http://www.deshabhimani.com/newscontent.php?id=240959|accessdate=19 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Category:2012 films]]<br /> [[Category:2012 Malayalam-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2012 romance films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian romance films]]<br /> [[Category:Films about films]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Anand Raj Anand]]<br /> [[Category:2012 directorial debut films]]</div>

SBS Khumancha https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yamuna_Srinidhi&diff=546038 2026-03-03T08:48:19Z

<p>SBS Khumancha: creating first entry needs work - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian dancer, choreographer}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Yamuna Srinidhi<br /> | image = <br /> | birth_date = <br /> | birth_place = [[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]] <br /> | occupation = Dancer, Choreographer and Actress<br /> | years_active = 2013 – present<br /> | known_for = ''Ashwini Nakshatra''<br /> | spouse = Srinidhi<br /> | children = 2 <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Yamuna Srinidhi''' is an Indian [[Bharatanatyam]] dancer, choreographer and actress who works in [[Kannada]] films and serials. She is also a social worker and NCC volunteer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/8-fascinating-facts-about-birthday-super-mom-yamuna-srinidhi-aka-gauri-of-kamali|title=8 Fascinating Facts About Birthday Super Mom Yamuna Srinidhi Aka Gauri Of Kamali|website=Zee5.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/i-love-to-work-on-both-the-small-and-silver-screen-says-yamuna-srinidhi/articleshow/80570033.cms|title=I love to work on both the small and silver screen, says Yamuna Srinidhi|website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Yamuna Srinidhi, initially an [[Bharatanatyam]] dancer, has undergone her Bharathanatyam training from various Bharathanatyam gurus for various styles and has taught dance to almost 700 students in USA. After leading a life in USA for 15 years as a Classical Bharathanatyam dancer, choreographer and a cultural torchbearer, Yamuna moved back to India in 2012. Later she started her acting career through the Kannada serial ''Ashwini Nakshatra''. She has acted in more than 20 movies with the leading actors of Kannada industry. She has also acted in more than 10 serials.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> Yamuna is married and has a son and daughter.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/actress-yamuna-srinidhi-spends-time-with-her-children-on-the-sets-of-kamali/articleshow/69427494.cms|title=Actress Yamuna Srinidhi spends time with her children on the sets of Kamali|website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/actress-yamuna-srinidhis-daughter-accompanies-her-to-the-sets-of-manasaare-see-pics/articleshow/80226294.cms|title=Actress Yamuna Srinidhi's daughter accompanies her to the sets of Manasaare: see pics|website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/i-value-each-and-every-minute-i-spend-with-my-kids-says-kannada-actress-yamuna/articleshow/69289425.cms|title=I value each and every minute I spend with my kids, says Kannada actress Yamuna|website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Other works==<br /> In 2019, Yamuna canvassed for BJP candidate [[Pratap Simha]] at Ganesh Nagar in N.R. Constituency in Bengaluru.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://starofmysore.com/television-actress-yamuna-srinidhi-canvasses-for-bjp-in-city/|title=Television Actress Yamuna Srinidhi Canvasses For BJP In City|website=Star Of Mysore}}&lt;/ref&gt; and also she was appointed as cultural ambassador for Navika Kannada Convention.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://citytoday.news/vidushi-yamuna-srinidhi-to-be-cultural-ambassador-of-navika-kannada-convention/|title=Vidhushi Yamuna Srinidhi to be cultural ambassador of Navika Kannada Convention|website=citytoday.news|archive-date=26 September 2021|access-date=26 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926135242/https://citytoday.news/vidushi-yamuna-srinidhi-to-be-cultural-ambassador-of-navika-kannada-convention/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; She teaches dance to the financially under privileged kids in the rural areas. She has won the Karnataka Women Achiever's Award in 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://starofmysore.com/city-dancer-yamuna-srinidhi-bags-karnataka-women-achievers-award/|title=City Dancer Yamuna Srinidhi Bags Karnataka Women Achiever's Award|website=Star Of Mysore}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2019, she spread awareness regarding the breast cancer issues.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/actress-yamuna-srinidhi-spreads-awareness-on-breast-cancer/articleshow/71662301.cms|title=Actress Yamuna Srinidhi spreads awareness on breast cancer|website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2021, She registered for the donation of her eyesight&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/tv/news/kannada-actress-yamuna-shrinidhi-pledges-to-donate-her-eyes/articleshow/85623564.cms|title=ನೇತ್ರದಾನಕ್ಕೆ ನೋಂದಣಿ ಮಾಡಿಸಿ ಮಾನವೀಯತೆ ಮೆರೆದ ಕನ್ನಡ ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿ ನಟಿ ಯಮುನಾ ಶ್ರೀನಿಧಿ!|website=Vijay Karnataka|language=kn}}&lt;/ref&gt; and she also distributed ration kits to the needy employees of Mysuru Zoo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/yamuna-srinidhi-does-her-bit-for-the-employees-of-mysuru-zoo/articleshow/83832749.cms|title=Yamuna Srinidhi does her bit for the employees of Mysuru Zoo|website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Television==<br /> ;Serials<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Serials<br /> ! Role<br /> ! Channel<br /> ! Language <br /> |-<br /> |2013–2015||''Ashwini Nakshatra''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/yamuna-srinidhi-is-excited-about-ashwini-nakshatras-rerun/articleshow/75249517.cms|title=Yamuna Srinidhi is excited about Ashwini Nakshatra's rerun|website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/ashwini-nakshatra-fetched-me-immense-popularity-yamuna-srinidhi/articleshow/75248454.cms|title=Ashwini Nakshatra fetched me immense popularity: Yamuna Srinidhi|website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;||Abhinaya||[[Colors Kannada|ETV Kannada]]||rowspan=&quot;13&quot;|[[Kannada]] <br /> |-<br /> |2014–2017||''Amruthavarshini''|| ||[[Star Suvarna]]<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=3|2015–2016||''Ondooralli Raja Rani''|| ||[[Zee Kannada]]<br /> |-<br /> |''Madhumagalu''|| ||rowspan=3|[[Udaya TV]]<br /> |-<br /> |''Sakshi''|| <br /> |-<br /> |2016–2018||''Aaramane''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/playing-dancer-on-the-small-screen-yamuna-srinidhi/articleshow/56167046.cms|title=Playing dancer on the small screen: Yamuna Srinidhi|website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/yamuna-srinidhi-gets-nostalgic-about-aramane-rerun/articleshow/75447506.cms|title=Yamuna Srinidhi gets nostalgic about Aramane rerun|website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;||<br /> |-<br /> |2017–2019||''[[Triveni Sangama (TV series)|Triveni Sangama]]''|| ||rowspan=2|[[Star Suvarna]]<br /> |-<br /> |2018–2020||''Eradu Kanasu''|| <br /> |-<br /> |2018||''Nagakannike''|| ||[[Colors Kannada]]<br /> |-<br /> |2018–2020||''[[Kamali (TV series)|Kamali]]''||Gouri/Saroja/Mangalamma||[[Zee Kannada]]<br /> |-<br /> |2018–2019||''Manasa Sarovara''|| ||rowspan=2|[[Udaya TV]]<br /> |-<br /> |2020–2021||''[[Manasaare (TV series)|Manasaare]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/actress-yamuna-shrinidhi-bags-a-meaty-role-in-manasaare/articleshow/77196430.cms|title=Actress Yamuna Shrinidhi bags a meaty role in Manasaare|website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/yamuna-shrinidhi-excited-about-her-appearance-on-manasaare/articleshow/77217677.cms|title=Yamuna Shrinidhi excited about her appearance on Manasaare|website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;||Kausalya and Vasuki<br /> |-<br /> |2021–2022||''[[Kanyakumari (TV series)|Kanyakumari]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Portraying lower middle-class mother is challenging: Yamuna Srinidhi|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/portraying-lower-middle-class-mother-is-challenging-yamuna-srinidhi/articleshow/84783689.cms|website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;||Dhanalakshmi||[[Colors Kannada]]<br /> |-<br /> |2023–2024||''[[Anu Ane Nenu]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Kannada actress Yamuna Srinidhi forays into Telugu TV industry, set to make her debut with 'Anu Ane Nenu'|work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/kannada-actress-yamuna-srinidhi-forays-into-telugu-tv-industry-set-to-make-her-debut-with-anu-ane-nenu/articleshow/97715574.cms}}&lt;/ref&gt;|| ||[[Gemini TV]]||[[Telugu (language)|Telugu]]<br /> |-<br /> |2024||''[[Bigg Boss Kannada season 11|Bigg Boss Kannada 11]]''||{{nowrap|Contestant (20th Place)}}||rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Colors Kannada]]||rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Kannada]]<br /> |-<br /> |2025-2026||''[[Yajamana]]''||Sumithra||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ;Reality Shows<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Serials<br /> ! Role<br /> ! Channel<br /> |-<br /> |2019||''Dance Samara''||Judge||[[DD Chandana]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ;Web Series<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Serials<br /> ! Role<br /> |-<br /> |2019||''Raktha Chandana''|| <br /> |-<br /> |2021||''Hakuna Matata''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/exclusive-yamuna-shrinidhi-to-play-a-strict-investigation-officer-in-her-web-series-debut/articleshow/86421426.cms|title=Exclusive - Yamuna Shrinidhi to play a strict Investigation officer in a new web series|website=Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;||Anjumala<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Film<br /> ! Language<br /> |-<br /> |2014||''[[Dil Rangeela]]''||rowspan=10|[[Kannada]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2015||''[[Melody (2015 film)|Melody]]''<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Buguri (film)|Buguri]]''<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Ranna (film)|Ranna]]''<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |2016||''[[Nan Love Track]]''<br /> |-<br /> |''Kathe Chitrakathe Nirdeshana Puttanna''<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Shivalinga (2016 film)|Shivalinga]]''<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Chakravyuha (2016 film)|Chakravyuha]]''<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Golisoda]]''<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Jaguar (2016 film)|Jaguar]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/yamuna-srinidhi-joins-jaguar/articleshow/53927366.cms|title=Danseuse Yamuna Srinidhi joins the cast of Jaguar|website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Jaguar (2016 film)|Jaguar]]''||[[Telugu (language)|Telugu]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2017||''Preethi Prema''||rowspan=6|[[Kannada]]<br /> |-<br /> |''Chalagaara''<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Tarak (film)|Tarak]]''<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Tiger Galli]]''<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;10&quot; |2018||''[[3 Gante 30 Dina 30 Second]]''<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Prema Baraha]]''<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Sollividava]]''||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Rajaratha]]''||rowspan=6|[[Kannada]]<br /> |-<br /> |''Asathoma Sadgamaya''<br /> |-<br /> |''Bicycle Boys''<br /> |-<br /> |''May 1st''<br /> |-<br /> |''Galli Bakery''<br /> |-<br /> |''Karshanam''<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Devadas (2018 film)|Devadas]]''||[[Telugu (language)|Telugu]] <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |2019||''[[Birbal Trilogy]]''|| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; |[[Kannada]]<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Face 2 Face (2019 Indian film)|Face 2 Face]]''<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Missing Boy]]''<br /> |-<br /> |''Randhawa''<br /> |-<br /> |''Manasinata''<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Odeya (film)|Odeya]]''<br /> |-<br /> |2021||''[[Yuvarathnaa]]''<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2022||''[[Bairagee]]''<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Love 360]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/yamuna-srinidhi-continues-to-balance-between-television-and-films/articleshow/86547902.cms|title=Yamuna Srinidhi continues to balance between television and films|website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''September 13''<br /> |-<br /> |2023||''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side B]]''<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2025||''Ah!''<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Rippan Swamy]]''<br /> |-<br /> |{{TBA}}||''Kranthi''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/tv/news/kamali-serial-fame-yamuna-srinidhi-debut-to-tollywood-with-kranthi-movie/articleshow/80451908.cms|title=ತೆಲುಗು ಚಿತ್ರರಂಗಕ್ಕೆ ಕಾಲಿಟ್ಟ 'ಕಮಲಿ', 'ಮನಸಾರೆ' ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿಗಳ ನಟಿ ಯಮುನಾ ಶ್ರೀನಿಧಿ|website=Vijay Karnataka|language=kn}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/yamuna-srinidhi-heads-to-tollywood-with-kranthi/articleshow/80434260.cms|title=Yamuna Srinidhi heads to Tollywood with Kranthi|website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;||[[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{URL|http://www.yamunasrinidhi.com/index.html|Yamuna Srinidhi}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Srinidhi, Yamuna}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Kannada actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Kannada television]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>

SBS Khumancha https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ring_Ring_(2025_film)&diff=530509 2026-03-03T02:24:15Z

<p>SBS Khumancha: created page</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | image = Ring Ring (2025 film).jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = Shakthivel<br /> | writer = Shakthivel<br /> | producer = {{ubl |Jegan Narayanan |Shakthivel}}<br /> | starring = {{Plainlist|<br /> *[[Vivek Prasanna]]<br /> *[[Sakshi Agarwal]]<br /> *[[Daniel Annie Pope]]<br /> *Praveen Raj<br /> *[[Arjunan (actor)|Arjunan]]<br /> *Swayam Siddha<br /> *Sahana<br /> *Jamuna<br /> }}<br /> | cinematography = Prasad<br /> | editing = PK<br /> | music = Vasanth<br /> | studio = {{ubl |Diya Cine Creations |Rule Breakers Productions}}<br /> | distributor = Darwin Pictures<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|1|31}}<br /> | runtime = 121 minutes&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ring Ring |url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwMzA1MTEyMDI0MDAwNjI= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250202074519/https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwMzA1MTEyMDI0MDAwNjI= |archive-date=2 February 2025 |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=[[Central Board of Film Certification]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Ring Ring''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy drama]] film written, directed, and co-produced by Shakthivel along with Jegan Narayanan under Diya Cine Creations and Rule Breakers Productions banners. The film has an ensemble cast including [[Vivek Prasanna]], [[Sakshi Agarwal]], [[Daniel Annie Pope]], Praveen Raj, [[Arjunan (actor)|Arjunan]], Swayam Siddha, Sahana and Jamuna.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=30 November 2024 |title=Director Shakthivel's next titled Ring Ring |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Nov/30/director-shakthivels-next-titled-ring-ring |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126082340/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Nov/30/director-shakthivels-next-titled-ring-ring |archive-date=26 January 2025 |access-date=26 January 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=4 January 2025 |title=Sakshi Agarwal ties the knot with long-time beau Navneet |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/04/sakshi-agarwal-ties-the-knot-with-long-time-beau-navneet |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126082341/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/04/sakshi-agarwal-ties-the-knot-with-long-time-beau-navneet |archive-date=26 January 2025 |access-date=26 January 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was theatrically released on 31 January 2025.<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> Four childhood friends with their respective partners get together for a birthday celebration. As the evening progresses they decide to play a dare game. Where they keep their respective phones on the table, the messages or calls that come in to be shared by all. But what begins on a light hearted note goes awry when secrets come tumbling out of closets, hidden desires are exposed, betrayal and infidelity makes its play and friendship is challenged.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> * [[Vivek Prasanna]] as Thyagu<br /> * [[Sakshi Agarwal]] as Pooja<br /> * [[Daniel Annie Pope]] as Kathir<br /> * Praveen Raj as Shiva<br /> * [[Arjunan (actor)|Arjunan]] as Sundar<br /> * Swayam Siddha as Shailaja<br /> * Sahana<br /> * Jamuna<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> The film is produced by Jegan Narayanan and Shakthivel under Diya Cine Creations and Rule Breakers Productions&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 December 2024 |title='ரிங் ரிங்' படத்துக்கு பிரம்மாண்ட வீடு செட் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1341716-huge-house-set-for-movie-ring-ring.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126082752/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1341716-huge-house-set-for-movie-ring-ring.html |archive-date=26 January 2025 |access-date=26 January 2025 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt; while the technical teams consists of cinematographer Prasad, music composer Vasanth, art director Dinesh, editor PK, and lyricist P Hariharan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 December 2024 |title=Ring Ring clears censorship formalities |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Dec/06/ring-ring-clears-censorship-formalities |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126082341/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Dec/06/ring-ring-clears-censorship-formalities |archive-date=26 January 2025 |access-date=26 January 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Principal photography]] entirely took place in a huge set erected in [[East Coast Road]], Chennai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=B |first=Jayabhuvaneshwari |date=19 January 2025 |title=Ring Ring trailer: A phone-sharing game takes a chaotic turn, impacting relationships |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/19/ring-ring-trailer-a-phone-sharing-game-takes-a-chaotic-turn-impacting-relationships |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126082340/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/19/ring-ring-trailer-a-phone-sharing-game-takes-a-chaotic-turn-impacting-relationships |archive-date=26 January 2025 |access-date=26 January 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Release and reception ==<br /> ''Ring Ring'' was released in theatres on 31 January 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 January 2025 |title=Vivek Prasanna's Ring Ring gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/26/vivek-prasannas-ring-ring-gets-a-release-date |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126075440/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/26/vivek-prasannas-ring-ring-gets-a-release-date |archive-date=26 January 2025 |access-date=26 January 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abhinav Subramanian of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film two out of five stars and wrote, &quot;''Ring Ring'' wants to be an intimate chamber drama about relationships and secrets. But like its trapped dinner guests, it never finds a way to make the evening worthwhile&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Abhinav |date=31 January 2025 |title=Ring Ring Movie Review : A birthday party where everyone gets exposed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/ring-ring/movie-review/117788410.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250201025930/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/ring-ring/movie-review/117788410.cms |archive-date=1 February 2025 |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akshay Kumar of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated the film one-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote, &quot;''Ring Ring'', in short, is made without being aware of the opportunities the premise offers&quot;, noting its similarities to the Italian film ''[[Perfect Strangers (2016 film)|Perfect Strangers]]'' (2016).&lt;ref name=&quot;C&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=31 January 2025 |title=Ring Ring Movie Review: This comedy-drama fails to leverage the strengths of its premise |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2025/Jan/31/ring-ring-movie-review-this-comedy-drama-fails-to-leverage-the-strengths-of-its-premise |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250201030338/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2025/Jan/31/ring-ring-movie-review-this-comedy-drama-fails-to-leverage-the-strengths-of-its-premise |archive-date=1 February 2025 |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2025 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:2025 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2025 comedy-drama films]]<br /> [[Category:2025 films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian remakes of Italian films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language comedy-drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>

SBS Khumancha https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=ITI_Limited&diff=503603 2026-02-28T08:31:20Z

<p>SBS Khumancha: Stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian telephone company (founded 1948)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox company<br /> | name = ITI Limited<br /> | logo = ITI Limited logo.svg<br /> | logo_size = 150px<br /> | caption = <br /> | trading_name = &lt;!-- d/b/a/, doing business as - if different from legal name above --&gt;<br /> | native_name = आई टी आई लिमिटेड<br /> | romanized = <br /> | former type = <br /> | former_name = Indian Telephone Industries Limited (1948–1994)<br /> | type = [[Public sector undertakings in India|Central Public Sector Undertaking]]<br /> | traded_as = {{BSE|523610}}&lt;br /&gt;{{NSE|ITI}}<br /> | industry = {{unbulleted list|class=nowrap|[[Telecommunications equipment|Telecom equipment]]|[[Networking equipment]]|[[3D printing]]}}<br /> | genre = &lt;!-- Only used with media and publishing companies --&gt;<br /> | fate = <br /> | predecessor = <br /> | successor = <br /> | foundation = 12 October 1948 (Corporate Status: 25 January 1950)<br /> | founder = <br /> | defunct = &lt;!-- {{End date|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD}} --&gt;<br /> | location_city = [[Bengaluru]]<br /> | location_country = India<br /> | locations = 6 manufacturing units in India &lt;br /&gt; <br /> *[[Bangalore (1948)]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.itiltd.in/bangalore.php|title=ITI Limited|website=Itiltd.in|access-date=23 July 2022|archive-date=23 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723204108/https://www.itiltd.in/bangalore.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Srinagar* (1969) *ITI Skill Development Center]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.itiltd.in/srinagar.php|title=ITI Limited|website=Itiltd.in|access-date=23 July 2022|archive-date=8 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208202725/https://www.itiltd.in/srinagar.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Naini (1971)]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.itiltd.in/naini.php|title=ITI Limited|website=Itiltd.in|access-date=23 July 2022|archive-date=23 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723204105/https://www.itiltd.in/naini.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Raebareli]] (1973)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.itiltd.in/raebareli.php|title=ITI Limited|website=Itiltd.in|access-date=23 July 2022|archive-date=23 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723204110/https://www.itiltd.in/raebareli.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Palakkad (1976)]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.itiltd.in/palakkad.php|title=ITI Limited|website=Itiltd.in|access-date=23 July 2022|archive-date=23 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723204109/https://www.itiltd.in/palakkad.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Mankapur (1983)]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.itiltd.in/mankapur.php|title=ITI Limited|website=Itiltd.in|access-date=23 July 2022|archive-date=23 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723204105/https://www.itiltd.in/mankapur.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | area_served = <br /> | key_people = *Shri [[Jyotiraditya Scindia]] ([[Ministry of Communications (India)|Union Minister for Communications]])<br /> *Shri [[Rajesh Rai]] &lt;br /&gt;{{small|(Chairman &amp; Managing Director)}}<br /> *Shri Rajeev Srivastava &lt;br /&gt;{{small|(Director Finance)}}<br /> *Smt S Jeyanthi &lt;br /&gt;{{small|(Director Production)}}<br /> *Shri Ramana Babu &lt;br /&gt;{{small|(Director Marketing)}}<br /> | products = <br /> | production = <br /> | services = <br /> | revenue = {{INRConvert|1860.73|c}} (2022) &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.itiltd.in/Investor%20information/2022/Audited_Financial_Results_31032022.pdf|title=Audited Financial Results (Standalone and Consolidated) for the Quarter and Year Ended 31st March 2022|website=Itiltd.in|access-date=23 July 2022|archive-date=12 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712045020/https://www.itiltd.in/Investor%20information/2022/Audited_Financial_Results_31032022.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | net_income = {{INRConvert|121.06 |c}} (2022) &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;<br /> | assets = {{increase}}{{INRConvert|9576.95|c}} (2022) &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;<br /> | equity = {{increase}}{{INRConvert|2620.47|c}} (2022) &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;<br /> | owner = [[Department of Telecommunications]], [[Ministry of Communications (India)|Ministry of Communications]], [[Government of India]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.itiltd.in/Investor%20information/Annual%20report%202018-2019.pdf|title=69th annual Report 2018-19|website=Itiltd.in|access-date=23 July 2022|archive-date=8 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208180633/https://www.itiltd.in/Investor%20information/Annual%20report%202018-2019.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | num_employees = 1368 (1 April 2025) <br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.itiltd.in/about.php|title=ITI Limited|website=Itiltd.in|access-date=23 July 2022|archive-date=23 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723204104/https://www.itiltd.in/about.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | parent = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''ITI Limited''', earlier known as '''Indian Telephone Industries Limited''', is a [[Public sector undertakings in India|central public sector undertaking]] in India. It is under the [[ownership]] of [[Department of Telecommunications]], [[Ministry of Communications (India)|Ministry of Communications]], [[Government of India]].<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> It was founded in 1948 as a departmental factory, incorporated as a public company in 1950 and today has six manufacturing facilities at Bangalore, Naini, Mankapur, Raebareli, Palakkad and Srinagar which produce a range of switching, transmission, access and subscriber premises equipment.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-86875870.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103023818/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-86875870.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 November 2012|title= Article: ITI to develop IP phones. (Internet).(Indian Telephone Industries) |date=1 May 2002|work= India Telecom |access-date=9 February 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is headquartered at [[Bangalore]]. It has multi-locational electronic assembly and mechanical manufacturing facilities, countrywide marketing and customer support centers and in-house R&amp;D for absorption of technology, indigenous development of products for in-house manufacturing. It produces [[GSM]] mobile equipment at its [[Mankapur]] and [[Raebareli]] facilities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/03/02/stories/2006030203620400.htm|title= ITI bags order from Alcatel |date=2 March 2006|work=BusinessLine|access-date=9 February 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; These two facilities supply more than nine million lines per annum to both domestic as well as foreign markets. The [[Palakkad]] unit is responsible for data handling with assembly and personalization of smart cards and electronic manufacturing facilities for PCB's, HDPE Pipe, Smart Energy Meters, Micro PC under Smart City Mission etc. It also produces Information and Communication Technology (ICT) equipments such as network management systems, encryption and networking for internet connectivity, and secure communications networks and equipment for the defence. The company has 1368 employees {{As of|2022|October|alt=as on}} 1 April 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.itiltd.in/about|title=ITI Limited|website=Itiltd.in|access-date=23 July 2022|archive-date=8 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208190852/https://www.itiltd.in/about|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 1 October 2020, ITI Limited signed a contract with Defence to implement ₹7,796&amp;nbsp;crore ASCON Phase-IV project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 October 2020 |title=ITI signs contract for Army's ₹7,796-crore ASCON Phase IV project |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/iti-signs-contract-for-armys-7796-crore-ascon-phase-iv-project/article32749938.ece |access-date=1 August 2022 |website=Business Line |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Sources==<br /> *{{cite news|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page1.asp?relid=11622|title=Revival of Indian Telephone Industries at Bangalore|date=25 August 2005|work=Press Information Bureau Government of India|access-date=9 February 2010}}<br /> <br /> {{Ministry of Communications (India)}}<br /> {{Electronics industry in India}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Telecommunications companies of India]]<br /> [[Category:Companies based in Bengaluru]]<br /> [[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1948]]<br /> [[Category:Economy of Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Government-owned companies of India]]<br /> [[Category:Manufacturing plants in Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Indian companies established in 1948]]<br /> [[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]<br /> [[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]<br /> [[Category:1948 establishments in India]]</div>

SBS Khumancha https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aalong&diff=483998 2026-02-26T07:14:30Z

<p>SBS Khumancha: Stub!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|First king and founder of Khuman dynasty}}{{Infobox royalty<br /> | name = Aarong<br /> | title = Founder of the [[Khuman dynasty]]<br /> | reign = est. 174–220 CE<br /> | reign-type = Monarchy<br /> | successor = [[Tumaba]]<br /> | spouse = Chinphuren Leitanglen Chinkhubi<br /> | issue = [[Tumaba]]<br /> | full name = Aarong Khuman Ningthou<br /> | father = Singtangpung Tapung Singminnapa<br /> | mother = Shanthong Punemba Chanu<br /> | religion = [[Sanamahism]]<br /> | dynasty = [[Khuman dynasty]]<br /> }}<br /> {{Khuman Kingdom}}<br /> {{Meitei people}}<br /> '''Aalong''' ({{Langx|mni|ꯑꯥꯔꯣꯡ|Aarong|label=[[Modern Meitei]]}}) was the first king and the founder of the [[Khuman dynasty|independent Khuman dynasty]].{{Sfnp|Khelchandra Singh|1980|p=1-7}}{{Sfnp|Kullachandra Sharma|1998|p=1-13}} He ruled from 174 CE to 220 CE.{{Sfnp|Ibobi|1998|p=32}}<br /> <br /> He was the elder brother of King [[Pamingnaba]], the first king and founder of the [[Luwang dynasty]].{{Sfnp|Khelchandra Singh|1980|p=1-7}}{{Sfnp|Kullachandra Sharma|1998|p=1-13}} They both were the sons of King Singdangbung Tabung Singminnaba; and the grandsons of [[Poireiton]].{{Sfnp|Khelchandra Singh|1980|p=1-7}}{{Sfnp|Kullachandra Sharma|1998|p=1-13}}<br /> <br /> He was the contemporary of Meitei King [[Khuyoi Tompok]].{{Sfnp|Ibobi|1998|p=32}}<br /> <br /> == Early life and lineage ==<br /> {{Main|List of Khuman and Luwang common ancestral monarchs}}<br /> Aalong belonged to the [[List of Khuman and Luwang common ancestral monarchs|Khuman–Luwang]] ancestral lineage, which traces its origin to [[Poireiton]], a cultural hero in [[Meitei mythology]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Parratt |first=Saroj Nalini |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Religion_of_Manipur/WEQqAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;bsq=Poireiton+cultural+hero&amp;dq=Poireiton+cultural+hero&amp;printsec=frontcover |title=The Religion of Manipur: Beliefs, Rituals, and Historical Development |date=1980 |publisher=Firma KLM |isbn=978-0-8364-0594-1 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Folk_lore/50BLAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;bsq=Poireiton+cultural+hero&amp;dq=Poireiton+cultural+hero&amp;printsec=frontcover |title=Folk-lore |date=1991 |publisher=Indian Publications |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and also the eighth king of undivided [[List of Khuman and Luwang common ancestral monarchs|Khuman-Luwang]] undivided lineage.{{Sfnp|Khelchandra Singh|1980|p=1-7}}{{Sfnp|Kullachandra Sharma|1998|p=1-13}}<br /> <br /> The Khuman-Luwang common lineage had nine rulers, in which Singdangbung Tabung Singminnaba was its last ruler. His two sons—Aarong and Pamingnaba—split the lineage into [[Khuman dynasty]] and [[Luwang dynasty]] respectively.{{Sfnp|Khelchandra Singh|1980|p=1-7}}{{Sfnp|Kullachandra Sharma|1998|p=1-13}}<br /> <br /> == Cultural and historical significance ==<br /> {{Main|Meitei confederacy|Mangang Luwang Khuman}}<br /> The [[Khuman dynasty]] emerged as one of the three main political powers in early [[Manipur]], with the [[Ningthouja dynasty]] and [[Luwang dynasty]]. Each dynasty represented a major clan of the [[Meitei confederacy]].<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[Khumanlol]]<br /> * [[Poireiton Khunthok]]<br /> * [[Yek Salai]]<br /> * [[Meitei people]]<br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> * {{Cite book |last=Khelchandra Singh |first=Ningthoukhongjam |author-link=Ningthoukhongjam Khelchandra |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466994 |title=Khuman Kangleirol |date=1980 |publisher=Digital Library of India |language=mni }}<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Ibobi |first=Laikhuram |author-link= |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465221 |title=Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron |date=1998 |publisher=Digital Library of India |language=mni}}<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Kullachandra Sharma |first=B. |author-link=Bachaspatimayum Jayantakumar Sharma |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466468 |title=Khuman Ningthourol Lambuba |date=1998 |publisher=Digital Library of India |language=mni}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Khuman kings]]<br /> [[Category:2nd-century Indian monarchs]]</div>

SBS Khumancha https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ponda_taluka&diff=465966 2026-02-25T15:05:44Z

<p>SBS Khumancha: refine details for clarity</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> |name = Ponda<br /> |native_name = <br /> |settlement_type = [[Tehsil|Taluka]] (sub-district)<br /> |image_map = Administrative map of Goa.png<br /> |map_caption = Location of Ponda in Goa<br /> |coordinates = {{coord|15.40|N|74.02|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> |subdivision_type = Country<br /> |subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> |subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]<br /> |subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|District]]<br /> |subdivision_name1 = [[Goa]]<br /> |subdivision_name2 = [[north Goa district|north Goa]]<br /> |seat_type = Headquarters<br /> |seat =[[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]]<br /> |parts_type = Settlements<br /> |parts_style = para<br /> |p1 =<br /> |leader_title = <br /> |leader_name = na<br /> |leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituency]]<br /> |leader_name1 = [[North Goa]]<br /> |area_total_km2 = <br /> |population_total = 165830<br /> |population_as_of = 2011<br /> |population_footnotes = <br /> |population_density_km2 = auto<br /> |population_urban = <br /> |demographics_type1 = Demographics<br /> |demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy&amp;nbsp;rate]]<br /> |blank_name_sec1 = Rain<br /> |blank_info_sec1 = na<br /> |website = <br /> |footnotes = <br /> |leader_title2 =<br /> [[Vidhan Sabha|Assembly constituency]]<br /> |leader_name2 = <br /> |leader_title3 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]<br /> |leader_name3 = na<br /> |demographics1_info1 = na<br /> |demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio 8/9<br /> |demographics1_info2 = na<br /> | registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#Goa|GA]]-05<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 4034XX <br /> }}<br /> '''Ponda''' '''''[[Tehsil|taluka]]''''' is a subdivision of the district of [[north Goa district|north Goa]], in the [[India|Indian]] state of [[Goa]]. Its administrative headquarters is the township of [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news<br /> | author = TNN<br /> | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Ponda-taluka-in-S-Goa-soon/articleshow/45916913.cms<br /> | title = Ponda taluka in North Goa soon<br /> | date = 17 January 2015 <br /> | work = [[The Times of India]]<br /> | publisher = [[The Times Group]]<br /> | location = [[Panaji]]<br /> | access-date = 10 December 2019<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Location==<br /> Located in central Goa, it hosts many educational institutes and manufacturing industries. The [[Belagavi|Belgaum]]-[[Panaji|Panjim]] [[highway]] passes through this taluka.<br /> <br /> Ponda lies in the [[North Goa]] district. Ponda taluka is known as the home for many prominent temples in Goa. The name of the ''taluka'' (sub-district) is the same as the main town or city, which is also [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]].<br /> <br /> ==''Antruz Mahal''==<br /> Ponda taluka has also been known as ''Antruz Mahal'', which the official NIC site says is &quot;because of the concentration of culture, music, drama and poetry also houses the temples of Lord Mangesh (Shiva), Lord Nagesh, Lord Ganapati, Lord Ramnath and the Goddesses Mhalasa and Shantdurga&quot; It has been called the &quot;Hindu heart of Goa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Government of Goa {{!}} Ponda|url=https://www.goa.gov.in/places/ponda/,%20https://www.goa.gov.in/places/ponda/|access-date=2020-10-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Temples, a mosque==<br /> Ponda taluka is famous for five important temples (including [[Shri Mangues]] and [[Shri Mahalsa]], lying between [[Mardol, Goa|Mardol]] and [[Priol]] villages) situated around the town of Ponda and within the taluka, the largest mosque in Goa. Ponda is an important transport hub.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIC&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Capital==<br /> The capital of this ''subdistrict'' of Ponda, also called Ponda (town or city), lies 28&amp;nbsp;km south east of the state-capital [[Panaji]] or [[Panjim]]. It is some 17&amp;nbsp;km north-east of [[Margao]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NIC&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> In 1791, Ponda was taken over by the Portuguese, then ruling Goa, from the Raja of Sonda. It was annexed to what was then Goa along with the sub-districts of [[Quepem]], [[Canacona]] and [[Sanguem]]. Its main town was built up during Portuguese rule, first as an administrative and court centre, and later a commercial centre.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIC&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Part of Kavle==<br /> Ponda town was earlier part of Kavle village. Lying along the [[Panjim]]-[[Margao]] inland highway the avoids the Mandovi river, it is also a link between Goa and neighbouring [[Karnataka]] state, via the [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]]-[[Belgaum]] highway (NH4A).&lt;ref name=&quot;NIC&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Ponda today==<br /> [[Goa College of Engineering]] is located in [[Farmaguddi]] village, in Ponda ''taluka'', on the outskirts of Ponda town. Ponda taluka serves as the gateway to Goa's wildlife sanctuaries -- [[Bondla]] and the [[Mahavir Wildlife Sanctuary]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NIC&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Demographics ==<br /> At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], Ponda had a population of 165,830 with sex ratio of 940 females to 1000 males. Ponda Taluka has an average literacy rate of 89.21%, higher than the national average of 74.04%: male literacy is 93.56% and female literacy is 84.58%. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 1.16% and 16.64% of the population respectively. 62.50% of the population lives in urban areas.&lt;ref name=&quot;districtcensus&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – North Goa |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/368/download/1120/DH_2011_3001_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH_GOA.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Languages===<br /> <br /> Konkani and Marathi are among the most spoken languages in Ponda Taluka.<br /> <br /> {{Pie chart<br /> |thumb = left <br /> |caption = Languages of Ponda Taluka (2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;langs&quot;/&gt;<br /> |label1 = [[Konkani language|Konkani]] |value1 = 69.05 |color1 = salmon<br /> |label2 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value2 = 10.66 |color2 = red<br /> |label3 = [[Hindi]] |value3 = 8.43 |color3 = orange<br /> |label4 = [[Kannada]] |value4 = 3.52 |color4 = darkslateblue<br /> |label5 = [[Urdu]] |value5 = 2.32 |color5 = green<br /> |label6 = [[Malayalam]] |value6 = 1.15 |color6 = cornflowerblue<br /> |label7 = Others |value7 = 4.87 |color7 = grey<br /> }}<br /> <br /> At the time of 2011 Census of India, 69.05% of the population of Ponda Taluka spoke [[Konkani language|Konkani]], 10.66% [[Marathi language|Marathi]], 8.43% [[Hindi]], 3.52% [[Kannada]], 2.32% [[Urdu]] and 1.15% [[Malayalam]] as their first language.&lt;ref name=&quot;langs&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Goa |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10202/download/13314/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-3000.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Religion===<br /> {{bar box<br /> | title = Religion in Ponda Taluka (2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;Religion&quot;/&gt;<br /> | titlebar = #Fcd116<br /> | left1 = Religion<br /> | right1 = Percent<br /> | float = right<br /> | bars = <br /> {{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Goa|Hinduism]]|darkorange|83.64}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[Christianity in Goa|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|8.45}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|7.56}}<br /> {{bar percent|Others|black|0.35}}<br /> | caption = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[Hinduism]] is followed by the majority of population of Ponda Taluka. [[Christians]] and [[Muslims]] form significant minorities. At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]] 83.64% of the population of the Taluka followed Hinduism, 8.45% Christianity, 7.56% Islam and 0.35% of the population followed other religions or did not state religion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Religion&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Goa |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11372/download/14485/DDW30C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==List of towns, including census towns, in Ponda ''taluka''==<br /> * [[Bandora, Goa|Bandora]] (Census Town)<br /> * [[Borim]] (Census Town)<br /> * [[Khandola|Candola]] (Census Town)<br /> * [[Curti, Goa|Curti]] (Census Town)<br /> * [[Madkai|Marcaim]] (Census Town)<br /> * [[Orgao]] (Census Town)<br /> * [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]] (Municipal Council)<br /> * [[Priol]] (Census Town)<br /> * Quela (Census Town)<br /> * [[Usgao]] (Census Town)<br /> <br /> ==List of villages in Ponda ''taluka''==<br /> * [[Adcolna]] <br /> * [[Betora (Bethora)]]<br /> * [[Betqui (Betki)]]<br /> * [[Boma (Ponda)|Boma]]<br /> * [[Khandepar|Candepar(Khandepar)]]<br /> * [[Codar]]<br /> * [[Conxem]]<br /> * [[Cuncoliem]]<br /> * [[Cundaim (Kundaim)]]<br /> * [[Durbhat]]<br /> * [[Gangem]]<br /> * [[Nirancal]]<br /> * [[Ponchavadi (Panchvadi)]]<br /> * [[Querim |Querim (Keri)]]<br /> * [[Savoi-Verem]]<br /> * [[Shiroda, Goa|Siroda (Shiroda)]] <br /> * [[Telaulim (Talaulim)]]<br /> * [[Tivrem]]<br /> * [[Vadi, Ponda|Vadi]]<br /> * [[Vagurbem]]<br /> * [[Velinga|Velinga (Veling)]]<br /> * [[Volvoi]]<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Ponda, Goa]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://www.indiastudychannel.com/india/cities/Taluks-624-Ponda.aspx Cities and villages in Ponda Taluk]<br /> <br /> {{Goa topics}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Talukas of Goa]]<br /> [[Category:Geography of North Goa district]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{goa-geo-stub}}</div>

SBS Khumancha https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nandura&diff=520388 2026-02-24T21:23:46Z

<p>SBS Khumancha: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement <br /> | name =Nandura (नांदुरा) (نندورا)<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = mr<br /> | other_name =<br /> | settlement_type = City<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Maharashtra<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|20|50|00|N|76|27|35|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flagicon|IND}} [[India]]<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_type3 =<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Buldhana]]<br /> | subdivision_name3 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes =<br /> | elevation_m = 262<br /> | population_total = 135000 &lt;ref&gt;[census 2011] [http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-maharashtra.php?cityid=2740403000]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | population_as_of = 2011 <br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number]]<br /> | postal_code = 443404<br /> | area_code = +91-07265 <br /> | area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|Telephone code]]<br /> | website = [https://buldhana.nic.in/en/public-utility/city-council-nandura/]<br /> |<br /> }}<br /> '''Nandura''' (नांदुरा) is a city in [[Buldhana district]] in [[Maharashtra]] state. Nandura is the headquarters of Nandura taluka. Nandura is situated on the [[National Highway 6 (India)|National Highway No. 6]] and the Mumbai-Howrah railway line. The municipality of Nandura was established during the [[British Raj]] in 1931.Banaits were the main leaders at ancient times.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Gazetteers Department - Buldhana |url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/BULDHANA/places_Nandura.html |accessdate=17 March 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; The place is major supplier of milk products to all nearby area.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> According to 'Mahagovind Sutant' a Buddhist novel, Nandura was established in ancient time. It was capital of '[[Asmaka|Assak]]' kingdom (one of the 16 ancient kingdoms (Mahajanpad) in ancient India (2600 B.C.). Nandura was called as 'Potan' at that time.<br /> <br /> According to Ain-e-Akbari, Nandura was an integral part of Gulshan-e-Berar in the Medieval era, beginning in the Khilji dynasty until the Mughal era. Various links to Peshwas, Peshwe or [[Peshwa]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Peshwa]]&lt;/ref&gt; are also found in the history of Nandura. Nawab Amirullah Khan was one of the [[Nawabs]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Nawab]]&lt;/ref&gt; in the late 1800 AD history of Nandura. It relates to [[Nizams]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Nizam of Hyderabad]]&lt;/ref&gt; of [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Hyderabad Deccan railway station]]&lt;/ref&gt; also known as Dakkan. Nandura was under jurisdiction of [[Akola]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Akola]]&lt;/ref&gt; district. After August 1905, it became the part of Buldhana district. <br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> [[File: River Dnyanganga.jpg|thumb|River Dnyanganga at Nandura]] <br /> Nandura was a twin city; Nandura Budruk (Greater Nandura) is separated from the original village of the same name, Nandura Khurd (Little Nandura) by the [[Dnyanganga River]], though the village is officially considered as the part of Nandura itself.actually Nandura get extended by another 5 small villages named as Ahamadpur, Mahamadpur, Peth, Khudavantpur, New Jigaon and Kolamba. It has become bigger city with Jigaon Project as one of the bigger dam so around 20 villages which are affected by this project totally depend upon this city and making it as bigger trade hub. City get expanded towards Nimgaon in North,Wadi in west,Aamsari in east and Kolamba in South. <br /> <br /> It connected by Rail network Mumbai-Kolkata and Nation Highway NH6 which is also Asian Highway AH46 it is 6 lane Asian Highway. Nandura has a 105 feet tall statue of Lord Hanuman biggest Hanuman statue in the world , this hanuman statue is noted in LIMCA BOOK OF WORLD RECORD and a historical place named Ambadevigad about 1000 year ancient.<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> {{As of|2011}} India census,&lt;ref name=&quot;2011cen&quot;/&gt; Nandura had a population of nearly 37469. The gender ratio of males to females was 51:49. Nandura had a literacy rate of 69%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 76%, and female literacy is 62%. A total of 14% of the population were under 6 years of age.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Year<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Male<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Female<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total Population<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Change<br /> ! colspan=&quot;8&quot; |Religion (%)<br /> |-<br /> !Hindu<br /> !Muslim<br /> !Christian<br /> !Sikhs<br /> !Buddhist<br /> !Jain<br /> !Other religions and persuasions<br /> !Religion not stated<br /> |-<br /> |2001&lt;ref&gt;[https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/21494/download/24626/PC01_C01_27.xls Census India 2001].&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |19100<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |18369<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |37469<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | - <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |63.663<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |28.143<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |0.125<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |0.035<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |7.126<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |0.859<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |0.024<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |0.024<br /> |-<br /> |2011&lt;ref name=&quot;2011cen&quot;&gt;[https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS Census India 2011].&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |22848<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |21571<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |44419<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |0.185<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |60.891<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |30.696<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |0.063<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |0.023<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |7.413<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |0.795<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |0.047<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |0.072<br /> |} <br /> {{Graph:Chart<br /> | width=400<br /> | height=150<br /> | xAxisTitle=Year<br /> | yAxisFormat = %<br /> | showSymbols = <br /> |colors = orange,green,blue,red,pink,grey,purple,black<br /> | yAxisTitle=Religion<br /> | legend=<br /> | y1Title=Hindu<br /> | y2Title=Muslim<br /> | y3Title=Christian<br /> | y4Title=Sikhs<br /> | y5Title=Buddhist<br /> | y6Title=Jain<br /> | y7Title=Other<br /> | y8Title=Religion not stated<br /> | x=2001,2011<br /> | type = line<br /> | y1=0.63663,0.60891<br /> | y2=0.28143,0.30696<br /> | y3=0.00125,0.00063<br /> | y4=0.00035,0.00023<br /> | y5=0.07126,0.07413<br /> | y6=0.00859,0.00795<br /> | y7=0.00024,0.00047<br /> | y8=0.00024,0.00072<br /> }}<br /> ==Transport==<br /> Nandura is situated on [[National Highway 6 (India)|national highway number 6]] i.e. [[Hazira|Hajira]]-[[Dhule]]-[[Kolkata]] National Highway. It is also a railway station of [[Central Railway (India)|Central Railway]] on the [[Howrah-Nagpur-Mumbai line]].<br /> <br /> ==Economy==<br /> Nandura has oil mills, dal mills, and a joining and pressing industry along with handlooms. In older days, Nandura was known for cotton products like ropes, handmade cotton dhoti, and saris, etc. Nandura's milk products like Khava are famous for its quality and taste and is transported daily to several adjoining districts.<br /> <br /> Nandura also acts an important trade center in the region. Prominent goods traded include wheat, jowar, soyabean, pulses, cotton, onion, chili, lemon and several vegetables like Brinjal.<br /> <br /> ==Nandura tehsil==<br /> Nandura [[tehsil]] is part of Malkapur Sub-Division of Buldhana district, along with [[Motala]] and [[Malkapur, Buldhana|Malkapur]] tehsils.<br /> It has its borders with [[Malkapur, Buldhana|Malkapur]] tehsil in the west, [[Jalgaon Jamod]] tehsil in the north, [[Khamgaon]] and [[Shegaon]] tehsils in the east, and [[Khamgaon]] and [[Motala, Buldhana|Motala]] tehsils in the south. Nandura tehsil has an area of 462 square km and consisting of 103 villages with a population of around 1,98,000.<br /> <br /> Some of these villages are Chandur Biswa, [[Wadner, Buldana|Wadner]], Naigaon, Kumbekhal, Nimgaon, Rampur, Narayanpur, Takli ([[Wachpal]]), [[Jigaon]], Palsoda, Patonda, Mamulwadi, Higana Gavhad, Mominabad, Sawargaon, Sirsodi, Yerali, Belad (Sabe), Alampur, Narakhed, Pimpalkhuta Dhande, Rasulpur, Amboda, Amsari, Wadali, Dighi, Khumgaon, Dahigaon, Matoda, sonaj, Danora, Kati, Dahivadi, Potali, Medhali, Wadi, Lonwadi, Malegaon Gond, Wasadi, Khadatgaon, Mahalundi, Jawala Bazar, Takarkhed, Fuli, Khaira, and Shemba, Pimpri Adhao, Kokalwadi, Dighi Wadgaon, Vitali, Nimbola&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://buldhana.nic.in./htmldocs/Attachment/Sangrampur.htm |title=Buldhana district website |access-date=30 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927021330/http://buldhana.nic.in/htmldocs/Attachment/Sangrampur.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Hanuman statue==<br /> {{unreferenced section|date=July 2025}}<br /> [[File:105 feet Hanuman statue located at Nandura Maharashtra.jpg|thumb|285x285px|105 Feet High Hanuman-Murti, Nandura]]<br /> The 105-feet statue of [[Lord Hanuman]] is the main tourist attraction in the town . It is one of the highest Hanuman statues in India. Fourth along with Hanuman Murti located in Shahjahanpur, Uttar Pradesh. It is also mentioned in Limca Book of Records. It is situated on the [[National Highway (India)|national highway]] no. 6. Lord Hanuman is the son of Pawan (Air) and Anjani (the woman of highly spiritual native). Lord Hanuman is called Pawansut (Son of Air) and Anjaniputra (Son of Anjani).&lt;br /&gt;<br /> About Murti :<br /> *Height:105&amp;nbsp;ft.<br /> *Chest girth:70&amp;nbsp;ft.<br /> *Base:30&amp;nbsp;ft.<br /> *Tail:70&amp;nbsp;ft.<br /> *Arm:25&amp;nbsp;ft.<br /> *Mace 30&amp;nbsp;ft.<br /> *Sole 34&amp;nbsp;ft.<br /> *Nail of sole:15&amp;nbsp;ft.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=105 Feet Big Hanuman Statue, Shri Balaji Mandir, Nandura, Buldhana Dist. MH |url=https://www.facebook.com/narendrasadhu03/photos/a.968262529898945/968267356565129/?type=3&amp;theater |website=www.facebook.com |accessdate=17 August 2018 |language=en |date=May 18, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{Commons category}}<br /> <br /> {{Geographic Location<br /> |Centre = Nandura<br /> |North = [[Purna River (tributary of Tapti)|Purna River]], [[Manegaon, Maharashtra|Manegaon]], [[Jalgaon Jamod]]<br /> |Northeast = <br /> |East = [[Jalamb]], [[Shegaon]]<br /> |Southeast = [[Khamgaon]]<br /> |South = Pimpalgaon Raja<br /> |Southwest = [[Motala, Buldhana|Motala]]<br /> |West = [[Malkapur, Buldhana]]<br /> |Northwest = <br /> }}<br /> {{Buldhana district}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Buldhana district]]</div>

SBS Khumancha https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kapi_(raga)&diff=470260 2026-02-23T18:10:23Z

<p>SBS Khumancha: formatting fix</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Janya raga of Carnatic music}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox ragam<br /> | name = Kapi<br /> | synonym =<br /> | image_name =<br /> | image_alt =<br /> | mela =<br /> | chakra =<br /> | type =<br /> | arohanam = {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|N3|S'}}<br /> | avarohanam = {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|N2|P|M1|G2|R2|S}}<br /> | jeeva =<br /> | chhaya =<br /> | nyasa =<br /> | vishesha =<br /> | equivalent = [[Pilu (raga)|Pilu]]<br /> | similar =<br /> }}<br /> {{Carnatic}}<br /> '''Kāpi''' is a popular [[rāga]] in [[Carnatic music]], the classical music of [[South India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Music in South India |url=https://archive.org/details/musicinsouthindi00visw |url-access=registration |last=Viswanathan |first=T. |author2=Matthew Harp Allen |year=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press US |isbn=978-0-19-514591-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/musicinsouthindi00visw/page/44 44–51] }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Kāpi'' is a [[janya]] rāgam of ''[[Kharaharapriya]]'' with a meandering vakra scale. Typically performed at slow and medium speeds, it is capable of inducing moods of devotion, pathos and sadness in the listeners. ''Kāpi'' is different from the [[Hindustani music|Hindustani]] [[Rāga|raag]] and [[thaat]] ''[[Kafi (raga)|Kafi]].'' The equivalent raag in Hindustani is [[Pilu (raga)|Pilu]].<br /> <br /> ==Structure and Lakshana==<br /> <br /> Kāpi is an '''audava-vakra sampoorna''' rāgam with an ascending pentatonic scale and a descending scale with seven notes, but not in a descending order. Use of [[Kakali Nishadam]] and [[Anthara Gandharam]] make it a [[Bhashanga Raagam]].<br /> <br /> *[[Arohana|{{IAST|ārohaṇa}}]] : {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|N3|S'|foot=yes}}<br /> *[[Avarohana|{{IAST|avarohaṇa}}]] : {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|N2|P|M1|G2|R2|S|foot=yes}}<br /> <br /> The presence of different ''nishāda'' swarās (N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and N&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) lends a distinctive quality to Kāpi, along with the fact that it uses a set of vakra swarās (N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; D&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;).<br /> <br /> There is also a mild presence of shuddha daivatham (D&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;) that renders an invaluable feeling of devotion to the raagam. This, and the presence of [[Anthara Gandharam]] (G&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) makes it difficult to pinpoint the exact nature of the avarohana of the raagam.<br /> <br /> In the song Jagadhodharana composed by Sangeeta Pitamaha Sri Purandara Dasa, the note Suddha Dhaivatham (Dha1) also occurs as a foreign note(anya swara)<br /> <br /> Kapi ragam gives the feeling Devotion, Sentiment and happiness<br /> <br /> ==Compositions==<br /> <br /> Some of the popular compositions in Kāpi are:<br /> <br /> * ''Jagadoddhārana Adisidaleshode'', ''Bannisi gopi''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KPbukrZQdSI | title=&quot;Jagadodharana&quot;| website=[[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; - [[Purandaradasa]]<br /> * ''Mee Valla Gunadosha Memi, Anyayamu Seyakura, Intha Sowkhya, Rama Raghukula Jalanidhi, Edi Nee Bahubala, Nithya Roopa, Ennalu Nee Trova and Rama Pahi Megha Shyama'' - [[Thyagaraja]]<br /> * ''Venkatachalapate Ninu Nammiti and Veera Hanumathe(also sung in Kanada)'' - [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]] **<br /> * ''Viharamanasa Rame'', ''Smarasi Pura'', ''Sree Madhavamanu'' and ''Namasudhamayi'' - [[Swathi Thirunal]]<br /> * ''Enna thavam seydanai Yashoda, Eesananbar, Sodhanai Sumaikku'' - [[Papanasam Sivan]]<br /> * ''Bhaja maadhavam anisham'' - [[Mysore Vasudevacharya]]<br /> * ''Maya Gopabala'' - [[K C Kesava Pillai]]<br /> * ''Jaanaki ramana dasaratha nandana'' - Vanamaamalai Jeeyar Swami<br /> * ''Javo Mat Thum'' (Upaakhyanam) - [[Swathi Thirunal]]<br /> * ''Chinnanchiru Kiliye (First two stanzas)'' - [[Subramanya Bharathi]]<br /> * ''Kurai Ondrum Illai'' (''Two'' ''charanam'' ''verses'') - [[Chakravarti Rajagopalachari]]<br /> * ''Karthikeyanai'' - [[Mayuram Viswanatha Sastri]]<br /> * ''Aravinda Padamalar'' - [[Ambujam Krishna]]<br /> * ''Charanamule Nammiti'' - [[Kancherla Gopanna|Bhadrachala Ramadasu]]<br /> * ''Kanaka Simham'' - [[Kalyani Varadarajan]]<br /> * ''Kanna Vaa Manivanna Vaa'' (''First two verses'') - [[Ambujam Krishna]]<br /> * ''Nee mattume en nenjil nirkirai'' - [[Perumal Murugan]] and [[K Arun Prakash]]<br /> * ''Vaddani Nenatiga(Javali) and Samayamide Gadura(Javali)'' by [[Poochi Srinivasa Iyengar]]<br /> * ''Parulana Mata(Javali)'' by [[Dharmapuri Subbarayar]]<br /> * ''Bayarani Baliche(Javali)'' by Thirupathi Narayanaswamy<br /> <br /> &lt;nowiki&gt;**&lt;/nowiki&gt; Kāpi of Muthuswami Dikshitar is quite different from the traditional Kāpi and often cited as karNATaka Kāpi<br /> <br /> The Moorchana of Kāpi as per Venkatamakhin is S R2 G2 M1 P D2 N2 S/ N2 D2 P M1 G2 G2 R2 S<br /> <br /> == Film Songs ==<br /> === Language:[[Tamil language|Tamil]] ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !style=&quot;background:#D2691E&quot; |Song<br /> !style=&quot;background:#D2691E&quot; |Movie<br /> !style=&quot;background:#D2691E&quot; |Composer<br /> !style=&quot;background:#D2691E&quot; |Singer<br /> |-<br /> |Dhianame Nee<br /> |[[Ashok Kumar (film)|Ashok Kumar]]<br /> |Alathur V. Subramanyam<br /> |[[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar]]<br /> |-<br /> |Chinnanciru kiliye Kannammaa<br /> (Ragamalika:Kapi, Maand, Vasantha)<br /> |[[Manamagal]]<br /> |[[Subramania Bharathi]], [[C. R. Subburaman]]<br /> |[[M. L. Vasanthakumari]], V. N. Sundharam<br /> |-<br /> |Neela Vanna Kannaa Vaadaa<br /> (Ragamalika:Kapi, Yamunakalyani)<br /> |[[Mangaiyar Thilakam]]<br /> |[[Susarla Dakshinamurthi]]<br /> |[[R. Balasaraswathi Devi]]<br /> |-<br /> |Poovagi Kayagi<br /> |[[Annai (1962 film)|Annai]]<br /> |[[R. Sudarsanam]]<br /> |[[P. Bhanumathi]]<br /> |-<br /> |Sentamizh Thenmozhiyaal<br /> |[[Maalaiyitta Mangai]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;6&quot;|[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]<br /> |[[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]]<br /> |-<br /> |Paatondru<br /> |[[Pasamalar]]<br /> |[[K. Jamuna Rani]]<br /> |-<br /> |Madhura Nagaril<br /> |[[Paar Magaley Paar]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[P. B. Sreenivas]], [[P. Susheela]]<br /> |-<br /> |Senthur Murugan(Raga Pilu)<br /> |[[Santhi (1965 film)|Santhi]]<br /> |-<br /> |Kadhal Siragai<br /> |[[Palum Pazhamum]]<br /> |rowspan=3|[[P. Susheela]]<br /> |-<br /> |Avan Porukku Ponan<br /> |[[Vazhkai Vazhvatharke]]<br /> |-<br /> |Kaalamithu Kaalamithu<br /> |[[Chitthi]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[M. S. Viswanathan]]<br /> |-<br /> |Thamizhil Athuoru<br /> |[[Sange Muzhangu]]<br /> |[[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[P. Susheela]]<br /> |-<br /> |Nilavu Vandhu Vaanathaiye<br /> |Thirudi<br /> |[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]<br /> |-<br /> |Poomazhai Thoovi<br /> |[[Ninaithadhai Mudippavan]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[T. M. Soundararajan]]<br /> |-<br /> |Naan Paadidum Kavithaiyin <br /> |Samayalkaaran<br /> |-<br /> |Un Kannil Near<br /> |[[Vietnam Veedu]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[K. V. Mahadevan]]<br /> |-<br /> |Malargaliley Pala<br /> |rowspan=2|[[Thirumal Perumai]]<br /> |-<br /> |Hari Hari Gokula<br /> |[[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[T. L. Maharajan|Master Maharajan]], [[P. Susheela]]<br /> |-<br /> |Antha Sivagami<br /> |[[Pattanathil Bhootham]]<br /> |R. Govardhanam<br /> |[[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[P. Susheela]]<br /> |-<br /> |Madhurai Arasaalum<br /> |[[Thirumalai Thenkumari]]<br /> |[[Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan]]<br /> |[[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]], [[L. R. Eswari]], M. R. Vijaya <br /> |-<br /> |Ye Paadal Ondru<br /> |[[Priya (1978 film)|Priya]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;17&quot; |[[Ilaiyaraaja]]<br /> |[[K. J. Yesudas]], [[S. Janaki]]<br /> |-<br /> |Sangathil Padatha <br /> |[[Auto Raja (1982 film)|Auto Raja]]<br /> |[[Ilaiyaraaja]], [[S. Janaki]]<br /> |-<br /> |Kanne Kalaimaane<br /> |[[Moondram Pirai]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|[[K. J. Yesudas]]<br /> |-<br /> |Thanni Thotti<br /> |[[Sindhu Bhairavi (film)|Sindhu Bhairavi]]<br /> |-<br /> |Chinna Chinna Roja Poove<br /> |[[Poovizhi Vasalile]]<br /> |-<br /> |Maathavam Yaen<br /> |[[Raja Rishi]]<br /> |[[S. Janaki]], [[Malaysia Vasudevan]]<br /> |-<br /> |Chinna Chinna Vanna Kuyil<br /> |[[Mouna Ragam]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|[[S. Janaki]]<br /> |-<br /> |Thaayum Naane<br /> |[[Enkeyo Ketta Kural]]<br /> |-<br /> |Thenthoongum Poove<br /> |[[Kodai Mazhai]]<br /> |-<br /> |Chinna Thayaval(Charukesi traces too)<br /> |[[Thalapathi]]<br /> |-<br /> |Saami Kitta Solli<br /> |[[Aavarampoo]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]<br /> |-<br /> |Maalai Soodum Vaelai<br /> |[[Naan Mahaan Alla (1984 film)|Naan Mahaan Alla]]<br /> |-<br /> |Neethana Neethana<br /> |[[Thalattu Padava]]<br /> |[[Arunmozhi]], [[S. Janaki]]<br /> |-<br /> |Goondru Gongura<br /> |[[Chinnavar]]<br /> |[[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[K.S. Chitra]]<br /> |-<br /> |Sembaruthi Poovu<br /> |[[Chembaruthi]]<br /> |[[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[K.S. Chitra]], [[P. Bhanumathi|Bhanumathi]]<br /> |-<br /> |Alaiodu Alaiyaga<br /> |[[Gundello Godari|Maranthen Mannithen]]<br /> |[[Bhavatharini]]<br /> |-<br /> |Unna Nenachu<br /> |[[Psycho (2020 film)|Psycho]]<br /> |[[Sid Sriram]]<br /> |-<br /> |Muthu Muthu Therottam(Raga Pilu)<br /> |[[Aani Ver]]<br /> |[[Shankar–Ganesh]]<br /> |[[Vani Jairam]]<br /> |-<br /> |Ammamma Saranam<br /> |[[Sattam]]<br /> |rowspan=2|[[Gangai Amaran]]<br /> |[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Vani Jairam]]<br /> |-<br /> |Anandham Indru<br /> |[[Mannukketha Ponnu]]<br /> |[[K. J. Yesudas]], [[Vani Jairam]]<br /> |-<br /> |Chinna Chinna Kanavugale Kanna<br /> |[[Thuraimugam]]<br /> |[[Adithyan]]<br /> |[[K. S. Chithra]]<br /> |- <br /> |Kaadhal Rojave (Humming in Desh ragam)<br /> |[[Roja (film)|Roja]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;12&quot;|[[A. R. Rahman]]<br /> |[[S.P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Sujatha Mohan]](Humming only)<br /> |-<br /> |En Mel Vizhunda<br /> |[[May Maadham]]<br /> |[[P. Jayachandran]], [[K.S. Chitra]]<br /> |-<br /> |Erani Kuradhani<br /> |[[Kaadhalan]]<br /> |[[S.P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]<br /> |-<br /> |July Matham<br /> |[[Pudhiya Mugam]]<br /> |[[S.P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Annupamaa]]<br /> |-<br /> |Anbae Idhu<br /> (Ragam Charukesi touches also)<br /> |[[Rhythm (2000 film)|Rhythm]]<br /> |[[Sadhana Sargam]]<br /> |-<br /> |Kuchi Kuchi<br /> |[[Bombay (1995 film)|Bombay]]<br /> |[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Swarnalatha]], [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]<br /> |-<br /> |Pachai Kiligal<br /> |[[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]]<br /> |[[K. J. Yesudas]], Nirmala Seshadri<br /> |-<br /> |Oru Poiyavadhu<br /> |rowspan=2|[[Jodi (1999 film)|Jodi]]<br /> |[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]](ver 1), [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], [[Sujatha Mohan]](ver 2)<br /> |-<br /> |Velli Malarae<br /> |[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]]<br /> |-<br /> |Naalai Ulagam<br /> |[[Love Birds (1996 film)|Love Birds]]<br /> |[[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]<br /> |-<br /> |Kadhali Nee Enna Seivai<br /> |[[Rangeela (1995 film)|Rangeela]]<br /> |[[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]<br /> |-<br /> |Vaaji Vaaji<br /> |[[Sivaji: The Boss]]<br /> |[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Madhushree]]<br /> |-<br /> |Aalanguyil Koovum Rayyil<br /> |[[Parthiban Kanavu (2003 film)|Parthiban Kanavu]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]<br /> |[[Harini (singer)|Harini]]<br /> |-<br /> |Thachhiko Thachhiko<br /> |[[Ponniyin Selvan (2005 film)|Ponniyin Selvan]]<br /> |[[Anuradha Sriram]], [[Mathangi Jagdish|Mathangi]]<br /> |-<br /> |Vizhiyum Vizhiyum<br /> |[[Sadhurangam (2011 film)|Sadhurangam]]<br /> |[[Madhu Balakrishnan]], [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]<br /> |-<br /> |Aasai Aasai(Pallavi and anupallavi only)<br /> |[[Dhool]]<br /> |[[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]<br /> |-<br /> |Kaadhal Vandhadhum<br /> |[[Poovellam Un Vasam]]<br /> |[[K. J. Yesudas]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]<br /> |-<br /> |Desingh Raja Thaan<br /> |[[Thavasi]]<br /> |[[S.P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]<br /> |-<br /> |Boomiyea Boomiyea<br /> |[[Sengottai (film)|Sengottai]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]<br /> |-<br /> |Thai Masi<br /> |[[Vasanthakala Paravai]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;7&quot;|[[Deva (composer)|Deva]]<br /> |-<br /> |Angam Unathu Angam<br /> |[[Pudhu Manithan]]<br /> |[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]<br /> |-<br /> |Chinna Ponnuthaan<br /> |[[Vaigasi Poranthachu]]<br /> |[[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[K. S. Chithra]]<br /> |-<br /> |Karuppu Nila<br /> |[[En Aasai Machan]]<br /> |[[K. S. Chithra]]<br /> |-<br /> |Karupputhan Enakku <br /> |[[Vetri Kodi Kattu]]<br /> |[[Anuradha Sriram]]<br /> |-<br /> |Chinna Roja<br /> |[[Oruvan (1999 film)|Oruvan]]<br /> |[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]<br /> |-<br /> |Yeno Yeno<br /> |[[Appu (2000 film)|Appu]]<br /> |[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]], [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]<br /> |-<br /> |Ravivarman(Charanam only)<br /> |[[Vasanthi (1988 film)|Vasanthi]]<br /> |[[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]]<br /> |[[K.J. Yesudas]], [[K. S. Chithra]](humming only)<br /> |-<br /> |Andhinera Thendral Kaatru<br /> |[[Inaindha Kaigal]]<br /> |[[Manoj–Gyan|Gyan Varma]]<br /> |[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Jayachandran]]<br /> |-<br /> |Minnal Oru Kodi<br /> |[[V. I. P. (1997 film)|V. I. P.]]<br /> |[[Ranjit Barot]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[K.S. Chitra]]<br /> |-<br /> |En Kannadi Thoppukkulle<br /> |[[Malabar Police]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;5&quot;|[[S. A. Rajkumar]]<br /> |-<br /> |Pallangkuzhiyin<br /> |[[Aanandham]]<br /> |[[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]<br /> |-<br /> |Karisai Kaattu Pennae<br /> |[[Raja (2002 film)|Raja]]<br /> |[[K. S. Chitra]], [[Manikka Vinayagam]]<br /> |-<br /> |Idhu Nee Irukkum Nenjamadi<br /> |[[Krishna (1996 Tamil film)|Krishna]]<br /> |[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]<br /> |-<br /> |Chinna Chinna Kannukulle<br /> |[[Kamarasu]]<br /> |[[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[K.S. Chitra]]<br /> |-<br /> |Ithu Kuzhanthai<br /> |[[Oru Thalai Ragam]]<br /> |[[T. Rajendar]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]<br /> |-<br /> |Vannam Konda(Ragam Pilu)<br /> |[[Sigaram]]<br /> |[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]<br /> |-<br /> |Enna Azhagu<br /> |[[Love Today (1997 film)|Love Today]]<br /> |rowspan=4|Shiva<br /> |-<br /> |Nee Malaraa Malaraa<br /> |[[Arputham]]<br /> |rowspan=2|[[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[K.S. Chitra]]<br /> |-<br /> |Antha Vaanukku(M), Naan Thai Yenndru(F)<br /> |[[Poomagal Oorvalam]]<br /> |-<br /> |Sollathan Ninaikiren<br /> |[[Priyamaina Neeku|Kadhal Sugamanathu]]<br /> | [[K.S. Chitra]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]](Pathos)<br /> |-<br /> |Poonkuruvi Paadadi<br /> |[[Sundara Kandam]]<br /> |Deepak<br /> |[[S. Janaki]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]<br /> |-<br /> |Mukundha Mukundha<br /> |[[Dasavathaaram]]<br /> |[[Himesh Reshammiya]]<br /> |[[Sadhana Sargam]]<br /> |-<br /> |Kannukkulle kadhala<br /> |[[Thamizh]]<br /> |rowspan=3|[[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]]<br /> |[[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Swarnalatha]]<br /> |-<br /> |Thozha Thozha Kanavu Thozha<br /> |[[Pandavar Bhoomi]]<br /> |[[Chitra Sivaraman]], [[Yugendran]]<br /> |-<br /> |Nachendru Ichondru<br /> |[[Attahasam]]<br /> |[[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], [[Ujjayinee Roy|Ujaini]]<br /> |-<br /> |Thuli Thuliyaai Kottum Mazhai<br /> |[[Paarvai Ondre Podhume]]<br /> |[[Bharani (composer)|Bharani]]<br /> |[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Swarnalatha]]<br /> |-<br /> |Urugudhe Maragudhe<br /> |[[Veyil (2006 film)|Veyil]]<br /> |rowspan=2|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]<br /> |[[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]<br /> |-<br /> |Unn Perai Sollum<br /> |[[Angadi Theru]]<br /> |[[Naresh Iyer]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Haricharan]]<br /> |-<br /> |Ragasiya Kanavugal<br /> |[[Bheemaa]]<br /> |rowspan=2|[[Harris Jayaraj]]<br /> |[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Madhushree]]<br /> |-<br /> |Asku Laska<br /> |[[Nanban (2012 film)|Nanban]]<br /> |[[Vijay Prakash]], [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]], [[SuVi]]<br /> |-<br /> |Kalasala Kalasala<br /> |[[Osthe]]<br /> |[[S. Thaman]]<br /> |Solar Sai, [[L R Eswari]], T Rajendar<br /> |-<br /> |Kannum Kannumthan<br /> |[[Thirupaachi]]<br /> |rowspan=2|[[Mani Sharma]]<br /> |[[Harish Raghavendra]], [[Uma Ramanan]], [[Premji Amaren]]<br /> |-<br /> |Malligai Malligai<br /> |[[Arasu (2003 film)|Arasu]]<br /> |[[Vijay Yesudas]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]<br /> |-<br /> |Mazhaye Mazhaye<br /> |[[June R]]<br /> |[[Sharreth]]<br /> |[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]<br /> |-<br /> |Chellame Chellam<br /> |[[Album (2002 film)|Album]]<br /> |[[Karthik Raja]]<br /> |[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]<br /> |-<br /> |Jalsa Panungada<br /> |[[Chennai 600028]]<br /> |rowspan=3|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]<br /> |[[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Premji Amaran]], [[Haricharan]], [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]<br /> |-<br /> |Vennmegam Pennaga(Gourimanohari touches also)<br /> |[[Yaaradi Nee Mohini]]<br /> |[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]<br /> |-<br /> |Kan Pesum Varthaigal<br /> |[[7G Rainbow Colony]]<br /> |[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]<br /> |-<br /> |Ore Oru Kanpaarvai<br /> |[[Nedunalvaadai]]<br /> |[[Jose Franklin]]<br /> |[[Yazin Nizar]], Purnima Krishnan<br /> |-<br /> |Onnavitta Yaarum Yenakilla<br /> |[[Seemaraja]]<br /> |rowspan=2|[[D. Imman]]<br /> |[[Sean Roldan]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]<br /> |-<br /> |Paakaathey Paakaathey<br /> |[[Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam]]<br /> |[[Vijay Yesudas]], [[Pooja Vaidyanath]]<br /> |-<br /> |Kodi Aruvi<br /> |[[Mehandi Circus]]<br /> |[[Sean Roldan]]<br /> |[[Pradeep Kumar (musician)|Pradeep Kumar]], Nithyashree<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Language:[[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !style=&quot;background:#D2691E&quot; |Song<br /> !style=&quot;background:#D2691E&quot; |Movie<br /> !style=&quot;background:#D2691E&quot; |Composer<br /> !style=&quot;background:#D2691E&quot; |Singer<br /> |-<br /> |Thumbi vaa thumbakudathil<br /> |[[Olangal]]<br /> |[[Ilaiyaraaja]]<br /> |[[S. Janaki]]<br /> |-<br /> |Varamanjaladiya<br /> |[[Pranayavarnangal]]<br /> |[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]<br /> |[[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]<br /> |-<br /> |Mounasarovaram<br /> |[[Savidham]]<br /> |[[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]]<br /> |[[K.S. Chithra]]<br /> |-<br /> |Etrayo janmamay<br /> |[[Summer in Bethlehem]]<br /> |[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]<br /> |[[Srinivas]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]<br /> |-<br /> |Kandu kandu kandilla<br /> |[[Ishtam (2001 Malayalam film)|Ishtam]]<br /> |[[Mohan Sithara]]<br /> |[[K. J. Yesudas]]<br /> |-<br /> |Karimizhikuruviye<br /> |[[Meesa Madhavan]]<br /> |[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]<br /> |[[V. Devanand]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]<br /> |-<br /> |Innale ente nenjile<br /> |[[Balettan]]<br /> |[[M. Jayachandran]]<br /> |[[K. J. Yesudas]]<br /> |-<br /> |Ente khalbile<br /> |[[Classmates (2006 film)|Classmates]]<br /> |[[Alex Paul]]<br /> |[[Vineeth Sreenivasan]]<br /> |-<br /> |Muttathe mulle chole<br /> |[[Mayavi]]<br /> |[[Alex Paul]]<br /> |[[K. J. Yesudas]]<br /> |-<br /> |Ishtamalle ishtamalle<br /> |[[Chocolate]]<br /> |[[Alex Paul]]<br /> |[[Shahabaz Aman]]<br /> |-<br /> |Anuraga vilochananayi<br /> |[[Neelathamara (2009 film)|Neelathamara]]<br /> |[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]<br /> |[[Shreekumar Vakkiyil]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Telugu Film Songs ===<br /> <br /> === Language : [[Telugu Language|Telugu]] ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !style=&quot;background:#f4a860&quot; |Song<br /> !style=&quot;background:#c2e7ff&quot; |Movie<br /> !style=&quot;background:#c2e7a3&quot; |Composer<br /> !style=&quot;background:#00ffff&quot; |Singers<br /> |-<br /> |Evarura, Neevevarura<br /> |[[Aggi Ramudu]]<br /> |[[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] <br /> |[[P. Bhanumathi]] <br /> |-<br /> |Nadumekkade neeku navalamani<br /> |Kodallostunnaru Jagratta(1980 film)<br /> |[[Satyam (composer)]] <br /> |[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Songs listed below are composed in Raga [[Pilu (raga)]] which is Hindustani equivalent to Raga Kapi (raga)<br /> <br /> === Language : [[Telugu Language|Telugu]] ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !style=&quot;background:#f4a860&quot; |Song<br /> !style=&quot;background:#c2e7ff&quot; |Movie<br /> !style=&quot;background:#c2e7a3&quot; |Composer<br /> !style=&quot;background:#00ffff&quot; |Singers<br /> |-<br /> |O Sukumara<br /> |[[Sita Rama Kalyanam (1961 film)]]<br /> |[[Gali Penchala Narasimha Rao]] <br /> |[[Ghantasala (musician)]] &amp; [[P. Susheela]]<br /> |-<br /> |Vaddura Kannayya<br /> |[[Ardhangi]]<br /> |[[Master Venu]] <br /> |[[jikki]] <br /> |-<br /> |Gopala Nanda Gopala <br /> |[[Sri Venkateswara Mahatyam]]<br /> |[[Pendyala (composer)]] <br /> |[[Santha Kumari]] <br /> |-<br /> |Konte choopulenduku lera<br /> |[[Srimanthudu (1971 film)]]<br /> |[[T. Chalapathi Rao]]<br /> |[[P. Susheela]]<br /> |-<br /> |Naluguru Navverura<br /> |[[Vichitra Kutumbam]]<br /> |[[T. V. Raju]]<br /> |[[P. Susheela]]<br /> |-<br /> |Pilichina Biguvatara<br /> |[[Malliswari (1951 film)]]<br /> |[[S. Rajeswara Rao]] <br /> |[[P. Bhanumathi]] <br /> |-<br /> |Andaala Bommatho<br /> |[[Amarasilpi Jakkanna]]<br /> |[[S. Rajeswara Rao]] <br /> |[[P. Susheela]] <br /> |-<br /> |Yemivvagalanu Danara<br /> |[[Vasantha Sena (1967 film)]]<br /> |[[S. Rajeswara Rao]] <br /> |[[P. Susheela]] <br /> |-<br /> |Rasakreeda Ika<br /> |[[Sangeeta Lakshmi]]<br /> |[[S. Rajeswara Rao]] <br /> |[[P. Susheela]] &amp; [[S. Janaki]]<br /> |-<br /> |Navarasa Suma Maalika<br /> |[[Meghasandesam]]<br /> |[[Ramesh Naidu]] <br /> |[[K. J. Yesudas]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Songs listed below are composed in Raga [[Pilu (raga)|Pilu]] which is the Hindustani equivalent of Raga Kapi.<br /> <br /> === Language : [[Hindi]] ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !style=&quot;background:#f4a860&quot; |Song<br /> !style=&quot;background:#c2e7ff&quot; |Movie<br /> !style=&quot;background:#c2e7a3&quot; |Composer<br /> !style=&quot;background:#00ffff&quot; |Singers<br /> |-<br /> |Dhadakate Dil Ki Tamanna<br /> |Shama (1961film)<br /> |[[Ghulam Mohammed (composer)]]<br /> |[[Suraiya]]<br /> |-<br /> |Ab Ke Baras Bhejo Bhaiya Ko Babul<br /> |[[Bandini (film)]]<br /> |[[S. D. Burman]]<br /> |[[Asha Bhosle]]<br /> |-<br /> |Allah Megh De, Pani De Chaaya De Ra Rama Megh De<br /> |[[Guide (film)]]<br /> |[[S. D. Burman]]<br /> |[[S. D. Burman]]<br /> |-<br /> |Kali Ghata Chhaye Mora Jiya Tarasaye<br /> |[[Sujata (1959 film)]]<br /> |[[S. D. Burman]]<br /> |[[Geeta Dutt]]<br /> |-<br /> |Nadiya Kinare Harayee Aayee Kangna<br /> |[[Abhimaan (1973 film)]]<br /> |[[S. D. Burman]]<br /> |[[Lata Mangeshkar]]<br /> |-<br /> |Ishq Par Zor Nahin<br /> |[[Ishq Par Zor Nahin]]<br /> |[[S. D. Burman]]<br /> |[[Lata Mangeshkar]]<br /> |-<br /> |Tere Bin Soone Nayan Hamare<br /> |[[Meri Surat Teri Ankhen]]<br /> |[[S. D. Burman]]<br /> |[[Lata Mangeshkar]] &amp; [[Mohammed Rafi]]<br /> |-<br /> |Kahe Gumana Kare<br /> |[[Tansen (film)]]<br /> |[[Khemchand Prakash]]<br /> |[[K. L. Saigal]]<br /> |-<br /> |Prabhuji<br /> | Hospital (1943 film)<br /> |[[Kamal Dasgupta]]<br /> |[[Kanan Devi]]<br /> |-<br /> |Zindagi Khwab Hai<br /> | [[Jagte Raho]]<br /> |[[Anil Biswas (composer)]]<br /> |[[Mukesh (singer)]]<br /> |-<br /> |Aaj ki Raat Badi Shokh Badi Natkhat Hai<br /> |[[Nai Umar Ki Nai Fasal]]<br /> |[[Roshan (music director)]]<br /> |[[Mohammed Rafi]]<br /> |-<br /> |Baharon Ne Mera Chaman Loot Kar<br /> |[[Devar]]<br /> |[[Roshan (music director)]]<br /> |[[Mukesh (singer)]]<br /> |-<br /> |Maine Shayad Tumhen, Pahle Bhi Kahin Dekha Hai<br /> |[[Barsaat Ki Raat]]<br /> |[[Roshan (music director)]]<br /> |[[Mohammed Rafi]]<br /> |-<br /> |Vikal Mora Manva, Tum Bin Hai<br /> |[[Mamta (1966 film)]]<br /> |[[Roshan (music director)]]<br /> |[[Lata Mangeshkar]]<br /> |-<br /> |Apni Kaho Kuchh Meri Suno, Kya Dil Ka Lagana Bhul Gaye<br /> |[[Parchhain]]<br /> |[[C. Ramchandra]]<br /> |[[Lata Mangeshkar]] &amp; [[Talat Mahmood]]<br /> |-<br /> |Dheere Se Aaja Ri Akhiyan Mein Nindiya Men<br /> |[[Albela (1951 film)]]<br /> |[[C. Ramchandra]]<br /> |[[Lata Mangeshkar]] <br /> |-<br /> |Naina Kahe Ko Lagaye<br /> |Joru Ka Bhai<br /> |[[Jaidev]]<br /> |[[Asha Bhosle]] <br /> |-<br /> |Chandan Ka Palna Resham Ki Dori<br /> |[[Shabaab (film)]]<br /> |[[Naushad]]<br /> |[[Hemant Kumar]]<br /> |-<br /> |Dhoondho Dhoondho Re Saajna<br /> |[[Gunga Jumna]]<br /> |[[Naushad]]<br /> |[[Lata Mangeshkar]] <br /> |-<br /> |Hai Hai Rasiya Tu Bada Bedardi<br /> |[[Dil Diya Dard Liya]]<br /> |[[Naushad]]<br /> |[[Asha Bhosle]] <br /> |-<br /> |Jhule Mein Pavan Ki Ayi Bahar<br /> |[[Baiju Bawra (film)]]<br /> |[[Naushad]]<br /> |[[Lata Mangeshkar]] &amp; [[Mohammed Rafi]]<br /> |-<br /> |Mera Pyar Bhi Tu Hai Yeh Bahar Bhi Tu Hai<br /> |[[Saathi (1968 film)]]<br /> |[[Naushad]]<br /> |[[Lata Mangeshkar]] &amp; [[Mukesh (singer)]]<br /> |-<br /> |More Sainya Ji Utarenge Paar Nadiya Dhire Baho<br /> |[[Uran Khatola (film)]]<br /> |[[Naushad]]<br /> |[[Lata Mangeshkar]] &amp; Chorus<br /> |-<br /> |Na Manu Na Manu Dagabjaaz Tori Batiya Na Manu Re<br /> |[[Gunga Jumna]]<br /> |[[Naushad]]<br /> |[[Lata Mangeshkar]]<br /> |-<br /> | Pyari Dulhaniya<br /> |[[Mother India]]<br /> |[[Naushad]]<br /> |[[Shamshad Begum]]<br /> |-<br /> |Paa Laagoon Kar Jori Re<br /> |[[Aap Ki Sewa Mein]]<br /> |[[Datta Davjekar]]<br /> |[[Lata Mangeshkar]] <br /> |-<br /> |Mat Maro Shyam Pichkari<br /> |Durgesh Nandani<br /> |[[Hemant Kumar]]<br /> |[[Lata Mangeshkar]]<br /> |-<br /> |Na Jao Saiyan Chhuda Ke Baiyan<br /> |[[Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam]]<br /> |[[Hemant Kumar]]<br /> |[[Geeta Dutt]] <br /> |-<br /> |Badi Der Bhai Kab Loge Khabar<br /> |[[Basant Bahar (film)]]<br /> |[[Shankar–Jaikishan]]<br /> |[[Mohammed Rafi]] <br /> |-<br /> |Banwari Re Jeene Ka Sahara<br /> |[[Ek Phool Char Kante]]<br /> |[[Shankar–Jaikishan]]<br /> |[[Lata Mangeshkar]] <br /> |-<br /> |Din Sara Guzara Tore Angana<br /> |[[Junglee (1961 film)]]<br /> |[[Shankar–Jaikishan]] <br /> |[[Lata Mangeshkar]] &amp; [[Mohammed Rafi]]<br /> |-<br /> |Din Sara Guzara Tore Angana<br /> |[[New Delhi (1956 film)]]<br /> |[[Shankar–Jaikishan]] <br /> |[[Lata Mangeshkar]]<br /> |-<br /> |Sur Na Saje Kya Gaon Main<br /> |[[Basant Bahar (film)]]<br /> |[[Shankar–Jaikishan]] <br /> |[[Manna Dey]]<br /> |-<br /> |Maine Rang Li Aaj Chunariya Sajana Tore Rang Me<br /> |[[Dulhan Ek Raat Ki]]<br /> |[[Madan Mohan (composer)]] <br /> |[[Lata Mangeshkar]]<br /> |-<br /> |Jaiye Aap Kahan Jayenge<br /> |[[Mere Sanam]]<br /> |[[O. P. Nayyar]] <br /> |[[Asha Bhosle]]<br /> |-<br /> |Kabhi Aar Kabhi Paar<br /> |[[Aar Paar]]<br /> |[[O. P. Nayyar]] <br /> |[[Shamshad Begum]] <br /> |-<br /> |Kaisa Jadoo Balama Tune<br /> |[[12 O'Clock (film)]]<br /> |[[O. P. Nayyar]] <br /> |[[Geeta Dutt]] <br /> |-<br /> |Main Soya Ankhian Meeche<br /> |[[Phagun (1958 film)]]<br /> |[[O. P. Nayyar]] <br /> |[[Asha Bhosle]] &amp; [[Mohammed Rafi]]<br /> |-<br /> |Main Soya Ankhian Meeche<br /> |[[Phagun (1958 film)]]<br /> |[[O. P. Nayyar]] <br /> |[[Asha Bhosle]] &amp; [[Mohammed Rafi]]<br /> |-<br /> |Ai Meri Johara Zabeen, Tujhe Maaloom Nahin<br /> |[[Waqt (1965 film)]]<br /> |[[Ravi (composer)]]<br /> |[[Manna Dey]]<br /> |-<br /> |Na Jhatko Zulf Se Pani<br /> |[[Shehnai (1964 film)]]<br /> |[[Ravi (composer)]]<br /> |[[Mohammed Rafi]]<br /> |-<br /> |More Kaanha Jo Aaye Palat Ke<br /> |[[Sardari Begum]]<br /> |[[Vanraj Bhatia]]<br /> |[[Arati Ankalikar-Tikekar]]<br /> |-<br /> |Tere Pyar Ka<br /> |[[Dhool Ka Phool]]<br /> |[[Datta Naik]]<br /> |[[Lata Mangeshkar]] &amp; [[Mahendra Kapoor]]<br /> |-<br /> |Chura Liya Hai Tumne Jo Dil Ko<br /> |[[Yaadon Ki Baaraat]]<br /> |[[R. D. Burman]]<br /> |[[Mohammed Rafi]] &amp; [[Asha Bhosle]]<br /> |-<br /> |Tu Jo Mere Sur Men<br /> |[[Chitchor]]<br /> |[[Ravindra Jain]]<br /> |[[K. J. Yesudas]]<br /> |-<br /> |De De Pyar De<br /> |[[Sharaabi]]<br /> |[[Bappi Lahiri]]<br /> |[[Kishore Kumar]] <br /> |-<br /> |Mainu Ishq Da Lag Gaya Rog<br /> |[[Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin]]<br /> |[[Nadeem–Shravan]]<br /> |[[Anuradha Paudwal]] <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Private Album==<br /> <br /> === Language : [[Telugu Language|Telugu]] ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !style=&quot;background:#f4a860&quot; |Song<br /> !style=&quot;background:#c2e7ff&quot; |Movie<br /> !style=&quot;background:#c2e7a3&quot; |Composer<br /> !style=&quot;background:#00ffff&quot; |Singers<br /> |-<br /> |Ramate Yamuna Pulinavane<br /> |[[Private Album]]<br /> |[[Jayadeva]]<br /> |[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]<br /> |[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{notelist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Portal|India|Music}}<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Melakarta ragas|state=collapsed}}<br /> {{Janya|state=collapsed}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Kapi}}<br /> [[Category:Janya ragas]]</div>

SBS Khumancha https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_Coast_Express&diff=498072 2026-02-21T17:29:52Z

<p>SBS Khumancha: starting new info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Train in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox rail service<br /> | name = East Coast Express<br /> | image = Howrah Hatia Express.jpg<br /> | caption = East Coast Express train board with the old train numbers<br /> | type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]<br /> | locale = [[Telangana]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Odisha]] &amp; [[West Bengal]]<br /> | first = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1957|08|01}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-east-coast-express-18046/435/2257/1913|title=18046/East Coast Express (PT) - Charlapalli to Kolkata SER/South Eastern Zone - Railway Enquiry|first=Anubad|last=Chakraborty|website=indiarailinfo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> | last =<br /> | operator = [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]<br /> | ridership =<br /> | start = [[Charlapalli railway station|Charlapalli]] (CHZ)<br /> | stops = 56<br /> | end = [[Shalimar railway station|Kolkata Shalimar]] (SHM)<br /> | distance = {{convert|1566|km|0|abbr=on}}<br /> | journeytime = 31 hrs 10 mins<br /> | frequency = Daily<br /> | class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, AC 3 Tier Economy, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved<br /> | seating = Yes<br /> | sleeping = Yes<br /> | autorack =<br /> | catering = E-catering only <br /> | observation = Large windows <br /> | entertainment = <br /> | baggage = Available <br /> | otherfacilities = Below the seats <br /> | stock = [[LHB coach]]<br /> | gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}<br /> | el = <br /> | trainnumber = 18045 / 18046<br /> | speed = {{convert|51|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts. <br /> }}<br /> The 18045 / 18046 '''East Coast Express''' is a daily train that runs between [[Charlapalli railway station|Charlapalli]] ([[Hyderabad]]) and [[Shalimar railway station|Shalimar]] ([[Kolkata]]). Earlier this train's terminating stations were [[Hyderabad Deccan]] and [[Howrah]]. From 2022 the terminal has been shifted from Howrah to Shalimar And on the other end from June 2025 Train Terminal has been shifted from Hyderabad Deccan to Charlapalli for decongesting the existing stations and to provide better service between Hyderabad and Kolkata. It is being operated with train numbers 18045/46 on a daily basis.<br /> <br /> ==Train composition==<br /> This train has 7 Sleeper Coaches, 5 3AC-Tier Coaches, 2 2AC-Tier Coaches, 2 3AC Economy Coaches, 2 General, 1 SLR Coach, 1 EOG Coach &amp; 2 High Capacity Parcel Van making a total of 22 coaches.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pran |title=18045/East Coast Express (PT) - Kolkata Shalimar to Hyderabad Deccan Nampally SER/South Eastern Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-east-coast-express-18045/434/1913/834 |access-date=2022-05-03 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> ==Locomotive==<br /> The train is hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Lallaguda|Lallaguda]]-based [[WAP-7]] locomotive from [[Charlapalli railway station | Charlapalli ]] to [[Vijayawada]]. It reverses there and gets another [[WAP-4]] of [[Electric Loco Shed, Vijayawada|Vijayawada loco shed]] and hauls it up to [[Visakhapatnam]]. It again reverses there a gets a WAP-4 from [[Santragachi Junction railway station|Santragachi loco shed]] or a WAP-7 from [[Electric Loco Shed, Visakhapatnam|Visakhapatnam Electric Shed]] to haul the train up to [[Howrah]].<br /> <br /> ==Route==<br /> 18045 – East Coast Express – SHALIMAR (KOLKATA )to CHARLAPALLI (HYDERABAD)<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Station name !! Station code<br /> |-<br /> | {{stnlnk|Shalimar}} || SHM<br /> |-<br /> | {{stnlnk|Mecheda}} || MCA<br /> |-<br /> | {{stnlnk|Panskura Junction}} || PKU<br /> |-<br /> | {{stnlnk|Kharagpur Junction}} || KGP<br /> |-<br /> | {{stnlnk|Belda}} || BLDA<br /> |-<br /> | {{stnlnk|Jaleswar}} || JER<br /> |-<br /> | {{stnlnk|Basta}} || BTS<br /> |-<br /> | {{stnlnk|Rupsa Junction}} || ROP<br /> |-<br /> | {{stnlnk|Balasore}} || BLS<br /> |-<br /> | {{stnlnk|Soro}} || SORO<br /> |-<br /> | {{stnlnk|Markona}} || MKO<br /> |-<br /> | {{stnlnk|Bhadrakh}} || BHC<br /> |-<br /> | {{stnlnk|Baitarani Road}} || BTV<br /> |-<br /> | {{stnlnk|Korai Halt}} || KRIH<br /> |-<br /> | {{stnlnk|Jajpur Keonjhar Road}} || JJKR<br /> |-<br /> | {{stnlnk|Dhanmandal}} || DNM<br /> |-<br /> | {{stnlnk|Cuttack}} || CTC<br /> |-<br /> | {{stnlnk|Barang}} || BRAG<br /> |-<br /> | {{stnlnk|Bhubaneswar}} || BBS<br /> |-<br /> | {{stnlnk|Khurda Road}} || KUR<br /> |-<br /> | {{stnlnk|Nirakarpur}} || NKP<br /> |-<br /> | {{stnlnk|Kalupara Ghat}} || KAPG<br /> |-<br /> | {{stnlnk|Balugan}} || BALU<br /> |-<br /> | {{stnlnk|Chilka}} || CLKA<br /> |-<br /> | {{stnlnk|Khallikot}} || KIT<br /> |-<br /> | {{stnlnk|Chatrapur}} || CAP<br /> |-<br /> | {{stnlnk|Brahmapur}} || BAM<br /> |-<br /> | {{stnlnk|Ichchapuram}} || IPM<br /> |-<br /> | {{stnlnk|Sompeta}} || SPT<br /> |-<br /> | {{stnlnk|Palasa}} || PSA<br /> |-<br /> | {{stnlnk|Naupada}} || NWP<br /> |-<br /> | {{stnlnk|Srikakulam Road}} || CHE<br /> |-<br /> | {{stnlnk|Chipurupalle}} || CPP<br /> |-<br /> | {{stnlnk|Vizianagaram}} || VZM<br /> |-<br /> | {{stnlnk|Kothavalasa}} || KTV<br /> |-<br /> | {{stnlnk|Simhachalam}} || SCM<br /> |-<br /> | {{stnlnk|Visakhapatnam}} || VSKP<br /> |-<br /> | {{stnlnk|Duvvada}} || DVD<br /> |-<br /> | {{stnlnk|Anakapalle}} || AKP<br /> |-<br /> | {{stnlnk|Elamanchili}} || YLM<br /> |-<br /> | {{stnlnk|Tuni|Andhra Pradesh}} || TUNI<br /> |-<br /> | {{stnlnk|Annavaram}} || ANV<br /> |-<br /> | {{stnlnk|Pithapuram}} || PAP<br /> |-<br /> | {{stnlnk|Samalkot}} || SLO<br /> |-<br /> | {{stnlnk|Dwarapudi}} || DWP<br /> |-<br /> | {{stnlnk|Rajahmundry}} || RJY<br /> |-<br /> | {{stnlnk|Nidadavolu}} || NDD<br /> |-<br /> | {{stnlnk|Tadepalligudem}} || TDD<br /> |-<br /> | {{stnlnk|Eluru}} || EE<br /> |-<br /> | {{stnlnk|Vijayawada}} || BZA<br /> |-<br /> | {{stnlnk|Khammam}} || KMT<br /> |-<br /> | {{stnlnk|Mahbubabad}} || MABD<br /> |-<br /> | {{stnlnk|Warangal}} || WL<br /> |-<br /> | {{stnlnk|Kazipet}} || KZJ<br /> |-<br /> | {{stnlnk|Jangaon}} || ZN<br /> |-<br /> | {{stnlnk|Aler}} || ALER<br /> |-<br /> | {{stnlnk|Bhongir}} || BG<br /> |-<br /> | {{stnlnk|Charlapalli}} || CHZ<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *{{cite web|url=http://indianrail.gov.in |title=Welcome to Indian Railway Passenger reservation Enquiry |publisher=indianrail.gov.in |accessdate=2014-05-30 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140601030217/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ |archivedate=1 June 2014 |df=dmy }}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:East Coast Express}}<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Howrah]]<br /> [[Category:Transport in Hyderabad, India]]<br /> [[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Odisha]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Telangana]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Railway services introduced in 1957]]<br /> [[Category:Express trains in India]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-express-train-stub}}</div>

SBS Khumancha https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peth_Pimpalgaon,_Palam&diff=525295 2026-02-21T10:19:57Z

<p>SBS Khumancha: created details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Village in Palam taluka of Parbhani district, Maharashtra, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Peth Pimpalgaon<br /> | native_name = {{small|{{lang|mr|पेठ पिंपळगाव}}}}<br /> | settlement_type = Village<br /> | pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_label = Peth Pimpalgaon<br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|18.977801|N|76.964051|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = State<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = District<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Parbhani]]<br /> | subdivision_type3 = Taluka<br /> | subdivision_name3 = [[Palam, Parbhani|Palam]]<br /> | government_type = [[Gram panchayat]]<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | population_total = 3158&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web<br /> |title = Peth Pimpalgaon Population – Parbhani, Maharashtra<br /> |url = https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/547129-peth-pimpalgaon-maharashtra.html<br /> |website = Census2011.co.in<br /> |access-date = 19 February 2026<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | website = {{URL|https://parbhani.gov.in/}}<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br /> | demographics_type2 = Literacy<br /> | demographics2_title1 = Total<br /> | demographics2_info1 = 72.46%&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot;/&gt;<br /> | demographics2_title2 = Male<br /> | demographics2_info2 = 82.58%&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot;/&gt;<br /> | demographics2_title3 = Female<br /> | demographics2_info3 = 61.78%&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot;/&gt;<br /> | timezone1 = IST<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = PIN<br /> | postal_code = 431720<br /> | registration_plate = MH-22<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Peth Pimpalgaon''' is a small village in [[Palam, Parbhani|Palam]] taluka of [[Parbhani]] district, Maharashtra, India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Village List {{!}} Parbhani {{!}} India |url=https://parbhani.gov.in/en/village_list/ |website=परभणी {{!}} संतांची भूमी {{!}} India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Peth pimpalgaon |url=https://e-grampanchayat.in/council/maharashtra/parbhani/palam/peth-pimpalgaon/ |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=My Digital Grampanchayat |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Farming is the main work here, and crops like cotton, soybean, tur, and wheat are commonly grown.<br /> <br /> People speak [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and celebrate festivals like Diwali, Holi, and Ganesh Chaturthi together.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Parbhani district]]<br /> <br /> {{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}</div>

SBS Khumancha https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nushrratt_Bharuccha&diff=455019 2026-02-20T02:29:48Z

<p>SBS Khumancha: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian actress (born 1985)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Nushrratt Bharuccha<br /> | birth_name = Nushrat Bharucha<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1985|05|17}}<br /> | image = Nushrratt Bharuccha at IWM Buzz Digital Awards 2023.jpg<br /> | caption = Bharuccha in 2024<br /> | birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], India<br /> | alma_mater = [[Jai Hind College]]<br /> | occupation = Actress<br /> | yearsactive = 2002–present<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Nushrratt Bharuccha''' (born '''Nushrat Bharucha''';&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/hindi/nushrat-bharucha-changes-her-name-to-nushrratt-bharuccha/videoshow/76711740.cms |title=Nushrat Bharucha changes her name to 'Nushrratt Bharuccha'? |date=30 June 2020 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |quote=Nushrat has altered the spelling of her name from Nushrat Bharucha to Nushrratt Bharuccha, by adding extra 'r', 't', and 'c' to her existing name. |access-date=18 June 2023 |archive-date=26 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426203601/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/hindi/nushrat-bharucha-changes-her-name-to-nushrratt-bharuccha/videoshow/76711740.cms |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 17 May 1985&lt;ref name=&quot;HBNB&quot; /&gt;) is an Indian actress who mainly works in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] films. After working in television, she made her film debut with ''Jai Santoshi Maa'' (2006). She gained recognition for her roles in ''[[Love Sex Aur Dhokha]]'' (2010) and ''[[Pyaar Ka Punchnama]]'' (2011). Bharuccha's career progressed with starring roles in the comedies ''[[Pyaar Ka Punchnama 2]]'' (2015), ''[[Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety]]'' (2018), and ''[[Dream Girl (2019 film)|Dream Girl]]'' (2019). She has since starred in ''[[Chhorii]]'' (2021), ''[[Janhit Mein Jaari]]'' (2022) and ''[[Ram Setu (film)|Ram Setu]]'' (2022).<br /> <br /> == Early life ==<br /> Bharuccha was born on 17 May 1985&lt;ref name=&quot;HBNB&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dedhia |first=Sonil |date=20 May 2021 |title=I'll remember this birthday for lifetime: Nushrat Bharucha |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/i-ll-remember-this-birthday-for-lifetime-nushrat-bharucha/story-F94NEArtk5Is6DKONGjVTK_amp.html |access-date=21 January 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |archive-date=20 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520013214/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/i-ll-remember-this-birthday-for-lifetime-nushrat-bharucha/story-F94NEArtk5Is6DKONGjVTK_amp.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Videos: Nushrat Bharucha's birthday house party with mom and pet cat Snowbell is all things cute |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/videos-nushrat-bharuchas-birthday-house-party-with-mom-and-pet-cat-snowbell-is-all-things-cute/articleshow/75786629.cms |work=The Times of India |date=17 May 2020 |access-date=29 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nushrratt Bharuccha birthday: When she played a girl with superpowers in YRF TV show Seven |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/nushrratt-bharuccha-birthday-when-she-played-a-girl-with-superpowers-in-tv-show-seven-7306241/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914183858/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/nushrratt-bharuccha-birthday-when-she-played-a-girl-with-superpowers-in-tv-show-seven-7306241/ |archive-date=14 September 2021 |access-date=24 January 2022 |website=The Indian Express |date=17 May 2021 |language=en |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; in a [[Dawoodi Bohra]] family of [[Mumbai]]. She is the only child of Tanvir Bharucha, a businessman and Tasneem Bharucha, a housewife.&lt;ref name=&quot;Society: Why we work&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/5jOHGgIibrVolXCt4wxzdL/Society-Why-we-work.html |title=Society: Why we work |first=Dhamini |last=Ratnam |date=23 August 2014 |work=Mint |access-date=20 March 2020 |archive-date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430204718/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/5jOHGgIibrVolXCt4wxzdL/Society-Why-we-work.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=नुशरत भरूचा ने जी टीवी के सीरियल से की थी करियर की शुरुआत, आज हैं बॉलीवुड की टॉप एक्ट्रेस में से एक |url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/nushrat-bharucha-started-her-career-with-zee-tv-serial-is-one-of-the-top-actresses-of-bollywood-today-1400420 |access-date=10 November 2020 |work=ABP News |date=17 May 2020 |language=hi |archive-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111021806/https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/nushrat-bharucha-started-her-career-with-zee-tv-serial-is-one-of-the-top-actresses-of-bollywood-today-1400420 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; She graduated with a degree in Fine Arts from [[Jai Hind College]] in [[Mumbai]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.india-today.com/itoday/20000619/cover2.html Top 10 Colleges of India]''India Today'', June 2000. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034438/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/20000619/cover2.html |date=24 September 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> ===Early career and struggles (2002–2014)===<br /> Bharuccha made her acting debut with a minor role in the 2002 television series ''[[Kittie Party]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/nushrat-bharucha-started-her-career-with-zee-tv-serial-is-one-of-the-top-actresses-of-bollywood-today-1400420 |title=Nushrat Bharucha started her career with Zee Tv seriel |website=ABP Live |date=17 May 2020 |access-date=10 November 2020 |archive-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111021806/https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/nushrat-bharucha-started-her-career-with-zee-tv-serial-is-one-of-the-top-actresses-of-bollywood-today-1400420 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; She got her first [[Hindi cinema|Hindi film]] with ''Jai Santoshi Maa'' (2006) and did the music video &quot;Zindagi Kahin Gum Hai&quot; by [[Zubeen Garg]] in 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Listen to Zindagi Kahin Gum Hai Song by Zubeen Garg on Gaana.com |url=https://gaana.com/song/zindagi-kahin-gum-hai-1 |language=en |access-date=15 November 2021 |archive-date=15 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115105740/https://gaana.com/song/zindagi-kahin-gum-hai-1 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; She had a cameo in ''[[Kal Kissne Dekha]]'' (2009) and did the [[Telugu cinema|Telugu film]] ''[[Taj Mahal (2010 film)|Taj Mahal]]'' (2010).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/shruti.html |title=Shruti interview – Telugu Cinema interview – Telugu film actress |website=idlebrain.com |access-date=18 June 2023 |archive-date=20 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620235701/http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/shruti.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her final television role occurred in ''[[Seven (TV series)|Seven]]'' as Drishika Kashyap.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 May 2021 |title=Nushrratt Bharuccha birthday: When she played a girl with superpowers in TV show Seven |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/nushrratt-bharuccha-birthday-when-she-played-a-girl-with-superpowers-in-tv-show-seven-7306241/ |access-date=17 May 2021 |archive-date=14 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914183858/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/nushrratt-bharuccha-birthday-when-she-played-a-girl-with-superpowers-in-tv-show-seven-7306241/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Bharuccha had her first leading role in Hindi films with [[Dibakar Banerjee]] and [[Ekta Kapoor]]'s anthology ''[[Love Sex Aur Dhokha]]'' (2010), that did moderately well.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=102 |title=Love Sex Aur Dhokha |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=16 October 2019 |archive-date=5 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705214203/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=102 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; She next starred opposite [[Kartik Aaryan]] in [[Luv Ranjan]]'s directorials ''[[Pyaar Ka Punchnama]]'' (2011) and ''[[Akaash Vani]]'' (2013), both of which were superhits. Her next movie was ''[[Darr @ the Mall]]'' (2014) with [[Jimmy Sheirgill]].<br /> <br /> ===Breakthrough and further career (2015–present)===<br /> Bharuccha rose to success by appearing with Aaryan for the third time in Ranjan's ''[[Pyaar Ka Punchnama 2]]'' (2015). The film turned out to be her first commercial hit, earning over {{INR}}88 crore worldwide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pyaar Ka Punchnama 2 – Movie – Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3083 |access-date=4 November 2023 |website=Box Office India}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, her other release ''[[Meeruthiya Gangsters]]'' (2015) and the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Valeba Raja]]'' (2016) underperformed.<br /> <br /> In 2018, she received wider attention after portraying a grey shaded character opposite [[Kartik Aaryan|Aaryan]] and [[Sunny Singh (actor)|Sunny Singh]] in [[Luv Ranjan]] and [[Bhushan Kumar]]'s [[Romantic comedy|rom-com]] ''[[Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sonu-ke-titu-ki-sweety-trailer-kartik-aaryan-nusrat-bharucha-sunny-singh-watch-video-4991212/ |title=Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety trailer: Get ready to ROFL with this bromance vs romance fare |access-date=20 December 2017 |work=The Indian Express |date=20 December 2017 |archive-date=20 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220234403/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sonu-ke-titu-ki-sweety-trailer-kartik-aaryan-nusrat-bharucha-sunny-singh-watch-video-4991212/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/sonu-ke-titu-ki-sweety-review-5074807/ |title=Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety movie review: The Nushrat Bharucha and Kartik Aaryan starrer provides some laughs |date=24 February 2018 |access-date=23 February 2018 |archive-date=23 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223040917/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/sonu-ke-titu-ki-sweety-review-5074807/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It proved to be a surprise blockbuster at the box-office, earning {{INR}}150 crores worldwide. She retained this widespread success with Kapoor, Bhushan Kumar and [[Raaj Shaandilyaa]]'s {{INR}}200 crores-grossing comedy ''[[Dream Girl (2019 film)|Dream Girl]]'' (2019), where she played [[Ayushmann Khurrana]]'s love interest.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://hindustantimes.com/bollywood/dream-girl-box-office-collection-day-4-ayushmann-khurrana-starrer-declared-a-hit-his-fastest-film-to-cross-rs-50-crore/story-Ur4gYV5Tyeea5PfyNhfP1K_amp.html |title=Dream Girl box office collection day 4: Ayushmann Khurrana starrer declared a hit, his fastest film to cross Rs 50 crore |date=17 September 2019 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=17 September 2019 |archive-date=8 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108223127/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/dream-girl-box-office-collection-day-4-ayushmann-khurrana-starrer-declared-a-hit-his-fastest-film-to-cross-rs-50-crore/story-Ur4gYV5Tyeea5PfyNhfP1K_amp.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Both ''[[Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety]]'' and ''Dream Girl'' entered the [[100 Crore Club]] in India and rank among her highest grossing releases.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Feel blessed being part of 'Dream Girl': Nushrat Bharucha |url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/feel-blessed-being-part-of-dream-girl-nushrat-bharucha-2172049.html |language=en |access-date=6 June 2022 |archive-date=28 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928220324/https://zeenews.india.com/people/feel-blessed-being-part-of-dream-girl-nushrat-bharucha-2172049.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Nushrat Bharucha at Lokmat Most Stylish Awards 2019 (14) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Bharuccha in 2019]]<br /> <br /> Bharuccha performed an item number in 2019, &quot;Peeyo Datt Ke&quot; alongside [[Sidharth Malhotra]] in the [[Milap Zaveri]] and Bhushan Kumar's romantic thriller ''[[Marjaavaan]]'' which was sung by [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=28 June 2019 |title='Marjaavaan': Nushrat Bharucha and Sidharth Malhotra Shoot for a Yo Yo Honey Singh song titled 'Peeyu Datke' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/marjaavaan-nushrat-bharucha-and-sidharth-malhotra-shoot-for-a-yo-yo-honey-singh-song-titled-peeyu-datke/articleshow/69984685.cms |access-date=28 June 2019 |archive-date=30 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630020417/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/marjaavaan-nushrat-bharucha-and-sidharth-malhotra-shoot-for-a-yo-yo-honey-singh-song-titled-peeyu-datke/articleshow/69984685.cms |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; She starred in two music videos, [[Atif Aslam]]'s &quot;Baarishein&quot; and [[Guru Randhawa]]'s &quot;Ishq Tera&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Baarishein: Atif Aslam-Nushrat Bharucha capture the essence of love and pangs of separation this Valentine's Day, Watch |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-baarishein-atif-aslam-nushrat-bharucha-capture-the-essence-of-love-and-pangs-of-separation-this-valentine-s-day-watch-2719657 |access-date=15 November 2021 |website=DNA India |language=en |archive-date=15 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115105739/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-baarishein-atif-aslam-nushrat-bharucha-capture-the-essence-of-love-and-pangs-of-separation-this-valentine-s-day-watch-2719657 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 September 2019 |title=Nushrat Bharucha romances Guru Randhawa in his latest single Ishq Tera, watch video |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/nushrat-bharucha-romances-guru-randhawa-in-his-latest-single-ishq-tera-watch-video/story-2ZqJeBg7Op1tcWqsuk625I.html |access-date=15 November 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=15 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115105738/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/nushrat-bharucha-romances-guru-randhawa-in-his-latest-single-ishq-tera-watch-video/story-2ZqJeBg7Op1tcWqsuk625I.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]] that led long closure of theatres, Bharuccha's next sports film ''[[Chhalaang]]'' (2020) directed by [[Hansal Mehta]] and produced by Bhushan Kumar and [[Ajay Devgn]], was directly released on [[Over-the-top media service|OTT platform]] [[Amazon Prime Video]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Hansal Mehta's next: 'Turram Khan' with Rajkummar Rao and Nushrat Bharucha |url=https://scroll.in/reel/893823/hansal-mehtas-next-turram-khan-with-rajkummar-rao-and-nushrat-bharucha |access-date=9 November 2020 |work=Scroll.in |date=10 September 2018 |archive-date=29 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229070829/https://scroll.in/reel/893823/hansal-mehtas-next-turram-khan-with-rajkummar-rao-and-nushrat-bharucha |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |date=1 November 2020 |title=3 Indian movie premieres to catch on Amazon Prime Video in November |url=https://www.gqindia.com/binge-watch/collection/3-indian-movie-premieres-to-catch-on-amazon-prime-video-in-november-2020/ |access-date=9 November 2020 |website=GQ India |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt; She played [[Rajkummar Rao]]'s ladylove in the film that met with mixed reviews.<br /> <br /> In 2021, she headlined [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]]'s music video &quot;Saiyaan Ji&quot; and featured in two OTT films.&lt;ref name=&quot;SaiyaanJi&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=27 January 2021 |title=Watch New Hindi Trending Song Music Video – 'Saiyaan Ji' Sung By Yo Yo Honey Singh and Neha Kakkar featuring Nushrratt Bharuccha |language=en |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/watch-new-hindi-trending-song-music-video-saiyaan-ji-sung-by-yo-yo-honey-singh-featuring-neha-kakkar/videoshow/80477526.cms |access-date=27 January 2021 |archive-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127082948/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/watch-new-hindi-trending-song-music-video-saiyaan-ji-sung-by-yo-yo-honey-singh-featuring-neha-kakkar/videoshow/80477526.cms |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Firstly she was seen in [[Karan Johar]] and Raj Mehta's [[Netflix]] anthology film ''[[Ajeeb Daastaans]]'' and then in Vishal Furia and Bhushan Kumar's Amazon Prime horror film ''[[Chhorii]]'', both of which earned her critical praise for her acting.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Karan Johar unveils teaser of Netflix anthology Ajeeb Daastaans which is set to premiere on April 16 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/karan-johar-unveils-teaser-of-netflix-anthology-ajeeb-daastaans-which-is-set-to-premiere-on-april-16/ |date=19 March 2021 |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=19 March 2021 |archive-date=19 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319113008/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/karan-johar-unveils-teaser-of-netflix-anthology-ajeeb-daastaans-which-is-set-to-premiere-on-april-16/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/nushrratt-bharuccha-starts-dubbing-next-chhori/ |title=Nushrratt Bharuccha starts dubbing for her next Chhori |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=8 June 2021 |access-date=9 June 2021 |archive-date=8 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608180625/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/nushrratt-bharuccha-starts-dubbing-next-chhori/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Chhorii'' marked her first film as a solo female-centric character.<br /> <br /> The following year, Bharuccha appeared firstly in the [[love triangle]] ''[[Hurdang]]'' (2022) alongside [[Sunny Kaushal]] and [[Vijay Varma]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Sunny Kaushal, Nushrat Bharucha and Vijay Varma to feature in 'Hurdang'; deets inside |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/190619/sunny-kaushal-nushrat-bharucha-and-vijay-varma-to-feature-in-hurdang.html |access-date=9 November 2020 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=19 June 2019 |language=en |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109200629/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/190619/sunny-kaushal-nushrat-bharucha-and-vijay-varma-to-feature-in-hurdang.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; A huge box office failure, it was directed by Nikhil Nagesh Tiwari and produced by Bhushan Kumar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nushrat-bharucha-to-romance-sunny-kaushal-in-hurdang-34453.html |title=Nushrat Bharucha to romance Sunny Kaushal in Hurdang |first=Raghuvendra |last=Singh |date=19 June 2019 |website=Filmfare |access-date=21 June 2019 |archive-date=21 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621022437/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nushrat-bharucha-to-romance-sunny-kaushal-in-hurdang-34453.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; That year, she also earned critical praise for appearing in the female-centric social comedy ''[[Janhit Mein Jaari]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nushrratt-bharuccha-to-headline-comedy-janhit-mein-jaari/article36625882.ece |title=Nushrratt Bharuccha to headline comedy 'Janhit Mein Jaari' |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=23 September 2021 |access-date=8 December 2021 |archive-date=8 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208145553/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nushrratt-bharuccha-to-headline-comedy-janhit-mein-jaari/article36625882.ece |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=17 December 2021 |title=It's a wrap for Nushrratt Bharuccha and team of Janhit Mein Jaari |work=Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/wrap-nushrratt-bharuccha-team-janhit-mein-jaari/ |access-date=17 December 2021 |archive-date=17 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217090714/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/wrap-nushrratt-bharuccha-team-janhit-mein-jaari/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> She featured in the historical drama ''[[Ram Setu (film)|Ram Setu]]'' with [[Akshay Kumar]] and [[Jacqueline Fernandez]], which released on [[Diwali]] 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Kanyal |first=Jyoti |date=18 March 2021 |title=Akshay Kumar says Jai Shri Ram on Ram Setu mahurat puja day in Ayodhya |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/akshay-kumar-says-jai-shri-ram-on-ram-setu-mahurat-puja-day-in-ayodhya-1780760-2021-03-18 |access-date=18 March 2021 |archive-date=18 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318105557/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/akshay-kumar-says-jai-shri-ram-on-ram-setu-mahurat-puja-day-in-ayodhya-1780760-2021-03-18 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; This will be followed by ''Chhorii 2'', a sequel to ''Chhorii''. She also teamed up with Akshay Kumar, [[Diana Penty]] and [[Emraan Hashmi]] in Johar and Mehta's 2023 comedy ''[[Selfiee]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=Nushrratt Bharuccha, Diana Penty join 'Selfiee' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nushrratt-bharuccha-diana-penty-join-selfiee/article65248829.ece |access-date=23 March 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=22 March 2022 |language=en-IN |archive-date=23 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323050455/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nushrratt-bharuccha-diana-penty-join-selfiee/article65248829.ece |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2023, Bharuccha had a cameo in the [[Ranbir Kapoor]], [[Shraddha Kapoor]] starrer ''[[Tu Jhoothi Main Makkaar|Tu Jhoothi Main Makkar]]''.<br /> <br /> ==Personal life and media image==<br /> [[File:Nushrat Bharucha on the sets of India’s Next Superstars.jpg|thumb|upright|Bharuccha in 2018]]<br /> In June 2020, Bharuccha changed the spelling of her name to Nushrratt Bharuccha, due to [[Numerology|numerological reasons]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=3 November 2020 |title=Find out why Nushrratt Bharuccha changed the spelling of her name |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/find-out-why-nushrratt-bharuccha-changed-the-spelling-of-her-name/articleshow/79019731.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209210614/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/find-out-why-nushrratt-bharuccha-changed-the-spelling-of-her-name/articleshow/79019731.cms |archive-date=9 December 2021 |access-date=8 December 2021 |work=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bharuccha has a keen interest in writing, mainly poems.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/nushrat-bharucha-has-overcome-initial-apprehensions-and-is-ready-to-share-her-poems-with-the-world-now/articleshow/75087104.cms |title=Actress Nushrat Bharucha is ready to share her poems with the world! |work=Mumbai Mirror|access-date=28 November 2020|archive-date=10 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610203658/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/nushrat-bharucha-has-overcome-initial-apprehensions-and-is-ready-to-share-her-poems-with-the-world-now/articleshow/75087104.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Bharuccha has appeared on [[Times of India|''Times''{{'}} 50 Most Desirable Woman]] list various times. She ranked 29th in 2018, 34th in 2019 and 34th in 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.businessworld.in/article/Disha-Patani-tops-The-Times-50-Most-Desirable-Women-2019-list/29-08-2020-314286/ |title=Disha Patani Tops The Times 50 Most Desirable Women 2019 List |publisher=BW businessworld|access-date=29 August 2020|archive-date=21 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321234730/https://www.businessworld.in/article/Disha-Patani-tops-The-Times-50-Most-Desirable-Women-2019-list/29-08-2020-314286/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/fashion/buzz/rhea-chakraborty-tops-the-times-50-most-desirable-women-2020-list/articleshow/83338122.cms |title=Rhea Chakraborty tops The Times 50 Most Desirable Women 2020 list |newspaper=Times of India|access-date= 8 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; She is a celebrity endorser for brands and products including [[Cadbury]] and [[Emami|BoroPlus]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/nushrratt-bharuccha-roped-brand-ambassador-boroplus/ |title=Nushrratt Bharuccha roped in as the new brand ambassador of BoroPlus |work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=18 November 2021|archive-date=16 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116122040/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/bollywood/nushrratt-bharuccha-roped-brand-ambassador-boroplus/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Bharuccha and her mother speak vociferously against the custom of [[female genital mutilation]], the latter had undergone it as a child.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/static/fgm-indias-dark-secret/ |title=INDIA'S DARK SECRET |work=Hindustan Times|access-date=18 June 2023|archive-date=21 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221231555/https://www.hindustantimes.com/static/fgm-indias-dark-secret/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2023, during her visit to [[Tel Aviv, Israel]] to promote her film at a film festival, Nushrat got stuck in the [[2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel|Hamas-led attack on Israel]]. She was rescued and brought home to India by the help of Indian embassy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Nushrratt Bharuccha stranded in Israel amid Hamas attack, her team says 'unable to connect' with actor: Report |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/nushrratt-bharuccha-stranded-in-israel-amid-hamas-attack-101696735597685.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=8 October 2023 |access-date=28 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Actor Nushrratt Bharuccha, stranded in Israel, reaches India. Watch video |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/actor-nushrratt-bharuccha-stranded-in-israel-coming-back-home-thanks-to-indian-embassy/articleshow/104254853.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=9 October 2023 |access-date=28 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> ===Film===<br /> *''All films are in Hindi unless otherwise noted.''<br /> {{pending films key}}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot;<br /> |+ List of film credits<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Title<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Role<br /> ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | Notes<br /> ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | {{refh}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2006<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Jai Santoshi Maa'' <br /> | Mahima<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2009<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Kal Kissne Dekha]]'' <br /> | Ria<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2010<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Taj Mahal (2010 film)|Taj Mahal]]''<br /> | Shruthi<br /> | [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film; credited as Shruthi<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Love Sex Aur Dhokha]]'' <br /> | Shruti Dhaiya<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2011<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Pyaar Ka Punchnama]]'' <br /> | Neha<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2013<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Akaash Vani]]'' <br /> | Vani Mehra<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2014<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Darr @ the Mall]]'' <br /> | Ahana Manchanda<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2015<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Meeruthiya Gangsters]]'' <br /> | Mansi<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Pyaar Ka Punchnama 2]]'' <br /> | Ruchika &quot;Chiku&quot; Khanna<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2016<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Valeba Raja]]'' <br /> | Sweety<br /> | [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2018<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety]]''<br /> | Sweety Sharma<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/subah-subah-kartik-nushrat-sunny-head-to-rishikesh-in-new-sonu-ke-titu-ki-sweety-song/story-fmugTLy0nPofwtC82iEdxH.html |title=Kartik, Nushrat, Sunny head to Rishikesh for new Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety song |access-date=13 January 2018 |work=Hindustan Times |date=3 January 2018 |archive-date=12 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112134931/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/subah-subah-kartik-nushrat-sunny-head-to-rishikesh-in-new-sonu-ke-titu-ki-sweety-song/story-fmugTLy0nPofwtC82iEdxH.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2019<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Dream Girl (2019 film)|Dream Girl]]''<br /> | Mahi Rajput<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Marjaavaan]]''<br /> | Herself <br /> | Special appearance in song {{no wrap|&quot;Peeyu Datt Ke&quot;}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2020<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Jai Mummy Di]]''<br /> | Young Laali Khanna<br /> | Cameo<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Chhalaang]]''<br /> | Neelima Mehra<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2021<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; |''[[Ajeeb Daastaans]]''<br /> | Meenal<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Chhorii]]''<br /> | Sakshi Devi<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/nushrratt-bharuccha-starts-dubbing-next-chhori/ |title=Nushrratt Bharuccha starts dubbing for her next Chhori |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=8 June 2021|access-date=12 June 2021|archive-date=9 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609062824/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/nushrratt-bharuccha-starts-dubbing-next-chhori/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2022<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Hurdang]]''<br /> | Jhulan Yadav<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Janhit Mein Jaari]]''<br /> | Manokamna &quot;Mannu&quot; Tripathi<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 May 2022 |title=Nushrratt Bharuccha starrer Janhit Mein Jaari gets a release date: 'Ab yeh andar ki baat nahi hai' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/nushrratt-bharuccha-starrer-janhit-mein-jaari-gets-a-release-date-poster-7897733/ |access-date=3 June 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=5 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505011845/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/nushrratt-bharuccha-starrer-janhit-mein-jaari-gets-a-release-date-poster-7897733/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Ram Setu (film)|Ram Setu]]''<br /> | Gayatri<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2023<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Selfiee]]''<br /> | Minty<br /> | <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=21 March 2022 |title=Nushrratt Bharuccha and Diana Penty join Akshay Kumar and Emraan Hashmi in Selfiee, see the announcement |work=Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/nushrratt-bharuccha-diana-penty-join-akshay-kumar-emraan-hashmi-selfiee-see-announcement/ |access-date=21 March 2021 |archive-date=21 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321104305/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/nushrratt-bharuccha-diana-penty-join-akshay-kumar-emraan-hashmi-selfiee-see-announcement/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Tu Jhoothi Main Makkaar]]'' <br /> | Anya<br /> | Cameo<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Chatrapathi (2023 film)|Chatrapathi]]''<br /> | Sapna<br /> | <br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;economictimes.2023.04.17&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Akelli]]''<br /> | Jyoti<br /> | <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=7 October 2022 |title=Nushrratt Bharuccha announces her drama thriller Akelli; film set in Iraq |work=Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/nushrratt-bharuccha-announces-drama-thriller-akelli-film-set-iraq/|access-date=7 October 2022|archive-date=7 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007050751/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/nushrratt-bharuccha-announces-drama-thriller-akelli-film-set-iraq/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2025<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Chhorii 2]]''<br /> | Sakshi Devi<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=30 November 2022 |title=Nushrratt Bharuccha starts filming for 'Chhorii 2', Soha Ali Khan joins cast |work=Press Trust of India |url=https://www.ptinews.com/news/entertainment/nushrratt-bharuccha-starts-filming-for-chhorii-2-soha-ali-khan-joins-cast-/468049.html|access-date=1 December 2022|archive-date=1 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201021312/https://www.ptinews.com/news/entertainment/nushrratt-bharuccha-starts-filming-for-chhorii-2-soha-ali-khan-joins-cast-/468049.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Sagar |first1=Aditya |date=9 January 2025 |title=Chhorii 2 OTT Release Details: Where to watch Nushrratt Bharuccha &amp; Soha Ali Khan's horror film |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/binge/chhorii-2-ott-release-details-where-to-watch-nushrratt-bharuccha-horror-film-650142.html |work=Indiatimes |access-date=12 February 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Ufff Yeh Siyapaa]]''<br /> | Pushpa<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Khan |first=Lubna |date=23 August 2025 |title=Nushrratt Bharuccha's Ufff Yeh Siyapaa First Look: Mrunal Thakur Asks 'Kaun Hai Yeh Ladki?'|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/nushrratt-bharuccha-ufff-yeh-siyapaa-first-look-in-retro-avatar-aa-ws-l-9523146.html |work=News 18 |access-date=23 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Television===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot;<br /> |+ List of television credits<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Title<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Role<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Network<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{refh}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2002<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Kittie Party]]''<br /> | Chiku<br /> | [[Zee TV]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Kittie-Party-Flashback-How-the-cast-looks-like-now/photostory/54264906.cms |title=Kittie Party Flashback: How the cast looks like now |date=10 September 2016 |website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=19 August 2019 |archive-date=1 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901082336/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Kittie-Party-Flashback-How-the-cast-looks-like-now/photostory/54264906.cms |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2010<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Seven (TV series)|Seven]]''<br /> | Drishika Kashyap<br /> | [[Sony Entertainment Television]]<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Music video appearances===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable sortable plainrowheaders&quot;<br /> |+ List of music video appearances credits<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Title<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Singer(s)<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{refh}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2007<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Zindagi Kahin Gum Hai&quot;<br /> | [[Zubeen Garg]]<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2019<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;[[Baarishein]]&quot;<br /> | [[Atif Aslam]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1718845/atif-aslam-collaborate-nushrat-barucha-next |title=Atif Aslam to collaborate with Nushrat Barucha in his next|access-date=25 May 2018 |website=The Express Tribune |date=25 May 2018 |archive-date=21 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721070319/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1718845/atif-aslam-collaborate-nushrat-barucha-next|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Ishq Tera&quot;<br /> | [[Guru Randhawa]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2021<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Saiyaan Ji&quot;<br /> | [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]], [[Neha Kakkar]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 January 2021 |title=Neha Kakkar, Yo Yo Honey Singh release new song Saiyaan Ji, featuring Nushrratt Bharuccha |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/neha-kakkar-yo-yo-honey-singh-release-new-song-saiyaan-ji-featuring-nushrratt-bharuccha-9244331.html|access-date=27 January 2021 |website=Firstpost|archive-date=5 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405145326/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/neha-kakkar-yo-yo-honey-singh-release-new-song-saiyaan-ji-featuring-nushrratt-bharuccha-9244331.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2023<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Savage&quot;<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2024<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Rooh&quot;<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Accolades ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ List of awards and nominations received by Bharuccha<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Award<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Category<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Film<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Result<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{refh}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2011<br /> | [[Screen Awards]]<br /> | Best Ensemble Cast<br /> | ''[[Love Sex Aur Dhokha]]''<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-17th-annual-star-screen-awards-2011/ |title=Nominations for 17th Annual Star Screen Awards 2011 |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=3 January 2011|access-date=4 August 2020|archive-date=11 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511141049/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-17th-annual-star-screen-awards-2011/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2012<br /> | [[Zee Cine Awards]]<br /> | [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female|Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female]]<br /> | ''[[Pyaar Ka Punchnama]]''<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.zeecineawards.com/timeline/2012/winners/ |title=The 13th Zee Cine Awards 2012 Viewers Choice Awards Nominees &amp; Winners |work=Zee Cine Awards |access-date=21 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517014825/https://www.zeecineawards.com/timeline/2012/winners/ |archive-date=17 May 2020 |agency=Zee Entertainment Enterprises}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2015<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]]<br /> | Most Entertaining Actor in a Comedy Role – Female<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |''[[Pyaar Ka Punchnama 2]]''<br /> | {{won}} <br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Raya |title=Big Star Entertainment Awards 2015: Salman, Deepika Are Big Winners |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/big-star-entertainment-awards-2015-salman-deepika-are-big-winners-1254786 |publisher=NDTV |date=14 December 2015 |access-date=2 July 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306122038/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/big-star-entertainment-awards-2015-salman-deepika-are-big-winners-1254786 |archive-date=6 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Most Entertaining Ensemble Cast<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2016<br /> | [[Screen Awards]]<br /> | Best Ensemble Cast<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Winners of the 22nd Annual Star Screen Awards |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/9544 |website=Bollywood Hungama|access-date = 22 January 2016 |first=Bollywood |last=Hungama|archive-date = 30 March 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160330050107/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/9544|url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2021<br /> | [[Busan International Film Festival]]<br /> | Best Actress <br /> | ''[[Ajeeb Daastaans]]''<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Nushrratt Bharuccha earns Best Actress nomination at Asian Contents Awards by Busan International Film Festival |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/nushrratt-bharuccha-earns-best-actress-nomination-at-asian-contents-awards-by-busan-international-film-festival20210929184715/ |access-date=18 February 2022 |work=ANI News |date=29 September 2021 |language=en |archive-date=18 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218072511/https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/nushrratt-bharuccha-earns-best-actress-nomination-at-asian-contents-awards-by-busan-international-film-festival20210929184715/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2022<br /> | [[Lokmat Stylish Awards]]<br /> | Most Stylish Performer of the Year<br /> | {{N/A}}<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/lokmat-most-stylish-awards-winners-from-abhishek-bachchan-shraddha-kapoor-ananya-panday-to-genelia-and-riteish-deshmukh/articleshow/94575882.cms |title=Lokmat Most Stylish Awards Winners: From Abhishek Bachchan, Shraddha Kapoor to Genelia and Riteish Deshmukh |date=1 October 2022 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=28 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |-<br /> |[[Iconic Gold Awards]]<br /> |Best Actress- Critics<br /> | ''[[Chhorii]]''<br /> |{{won}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2022 Filmfare OTT Awards|Filmfare OTT Awards]]<br /> | Best Actor in a Web Original Film – Female<br /> | ''[[Chhorii]]''<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-danube-properties-filmfare-ott-awards-2022_-56102.html |title=Nominations announced for Danube Properties Filmfare OTT Awards 2022 |date=21 December 2022|access-date=21 December 2022 |website=FILMFARE |language=en|archive-date=20 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220120543/https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-danube-properties-filmfare-ott-awards-2022_-56102.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2023<br /> | [[Bollywood Hungama Style Icons]]<br /> | Most Stylish Haute Stepper<br /> | {{N/A}}<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Check out the complete list of winners of the Bollywood Hungama Style Icon Awards |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/style-icons/winners.php |work=Bollywood Hungama |language=en|access-date=14 April 2023|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414204216/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/style-icons/winners.php|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2023<br /> | [[Lokmat Stylish Awards]]<br /> | Most Stylish Trendsetter – Female<br /> | {{N/A}}<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | 2024<br /> | [[Bollywood Hungama Style Icons]]<br /> | Most Stylish Magnetic Star of the Year <br /> | {{N/A}}<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Complete list of winners of Bollywood Hungama Style Icon Awards 2024|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/style-icons/winners.php|work=Bollywood Hungama|language=en|access-date=3 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist|refs=<br /> <br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;economictimes.2023.04.17&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/nushrratt-bharuccha-set-for-her-1st-pan-india-film-to-star-in-hindi-remake-of-ss-rajamoulis-chatrapathi/articleshow/99558046.cms |title=Nushrratt Bharuccha set for her 1st pan-India film, to star in Hindi remake of SS Rajamouli's 'Chatrapathi' |date=17 April 2023 |newspaper=The Economic Times |via=The Times of India |access-date=18 June 2023 |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430065925/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/nushrratt-bharuccha-set-for-her-1st-pan-india-film-to-star-in-hindi-remake-of-ss-rajamoulis-chatrapathi/articleshow/99558046.cms |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb name}}<br /> * {{Bollywood Hungama person}}<br /> {{Subject bar<br /> |commons = yes<br /> |commons-search = Category:Nushrratt Bharuccha<br /> |d = yes<br /> |d-search = (Q7070357)<br /> |portal1 = Biography<br /> |portal2 = Bollywood<br /> |portal3 = Films<br /> }}<br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Bharucha, Nushrat}}<br /> [[Category:Indian television actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Gujarati actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Dawoodi Bohra people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Ismailis]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]<br /> [[Category:1985 births]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]<br /> [[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Jai Hind College alumni]]</div>

SBS Khumancha https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bharuch&diff=447815 2026-02-09T05:21:45Z

<p>SBS Khumancha: cleanup</p> <hr /> <div>{{About|the municipality in India|its namesake district|Bharuch district}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}<br /> {{multiple issues|<br /> {{More citations needed|date=May 2008}}<br /> {{cleanup|reason=duplication, excessive bolded phrases|date=December 2012}}<br /> {{Copy edit|date=November 2025}}<br /> }}<br /> &lt;!-- See [[Bharatpedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details --&gt;<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Bharuch<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | settlement_type = City<br /> | image_skyline = BrSwamitemple.JPG<br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = BAPS Sri Svaminarayana Mandiram, Bharuch<br /> | nicknames = Peanut City, City of Fertilizers, Chemical Capital of India<br /> | image_map = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Gujarat#India3<br /> | pushpin_relief = 1<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = <br /> | coordinates = {{coord|21.712|N|72.993|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = India<br /> | subdivision_type1 = State<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Bharuch district|Bharuch]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = 23/12/2022<br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = Municipality<br /> | governing_body = Bharuch Municipality<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = 43.80<br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = 15<br /> | population_total = 169007<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_metro = 223647<br /> | population_demonym = Bharuchi<br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 392001, 392002, 392010, 392011, 392012, 392015<br /> | area_code_type = Telephone code<br /> | area_code = 02642<br /> | registration_plate = GJ16<br /> | website = https://bharuch.gujarat.gov.in/<br /> | footnotes = <br /> | official_name = <br /> }}<br /> '''Bharuch''' ({{audio|Bharuch.ogg|listen}}) is a city at the mouth of the [[Narmada|Narmada River]] in [[Gujarat]] in the [[western India|western part]] of India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Manzo |first1=Andrea |last2=Zazzaro |first2=Chiara |last3=Falco |first3=Diana Joyce De |title=Stories of Globalisation: The Red Sea and the Persian Gulf from Late Prehistory to Early Modernity: Selected Papers of Red Sea Project VII |date=26 November 2018 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |isbn=978-90-04-36232-1 |page=386 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bharuch is the administrative headquarters of [[Bharuch District]].<br /> <br /> The city of Bharuch and its surroundings have been settled since times of antiquity. It was a ship building centre and [[sea port]] in the [[compass|pre-compass]] coastal trading routes for trading with the Occident and the East, perhaps as far back as the days of earliest trade connections. The route made use of the regular and predictable [[monsoon]] winds or relied on [[galley]]s. Many goods from the Far East and Far West (the famed [[Spice trade|Spices]] and [[Silk Road|Silk]] trade) were shipped there during the annual monsoon winds, making it a terminus for several key land-sea [[trade routes]]. Bharuch was known to the Greeks, the [[Parthian Empire]], in the [[Roman Empire]], the Chinese, and in other Western and Eastern centres of civilisation through the end of the European [[Middle Ages]] and other the middle ages of the world.&lt;ref name=&quot;Per&quot;&gt;[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dep&quot;&gt;[http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/periplus/map/periplus_map.html Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]. Depts.washington.edu. Retrieved on 28 July 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Bharuch has been the home to the Gujarati Bhargava Brahmana community for ages.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} District Court Bharuch - Gujarat {{!}} India |url=https://bharuch.dcourts.gov.in/about-department/history/#:~:text=Bharuch%20is%20the%20home%20to,public%20Trusts%20in%20the%20city. |access-date=2025-03-07 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The community traces its lineage to [[Bhrigu]] and [[Parashurama]], who is the sixth avatara of [[Vishnu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Munśī|first=Dhanaprasād Candālāl|title=Bhārgava brāhmaṇo-no itihās (History of the Bhargava Brahmins)|publisher=Navlakhī Printing Press, Kālbādevī|year=1929|isbn=|location=Mumbai|pages=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Bhargava community still administers a large number of public trusts in the city. However the present day Bhargava Brahmanas have migrated to [[Mumbai]], [[Surat]], [[Vadodara]], [[Ahmedabad]] and other countries such as France, Britain, Australia and New Zealand.<br /> <br /> Being close to one of the biggest industrial areas including [[Ankleshwar|Ankleshvara]] GIDC, it is at times referred to as the chemical capital of India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bharuch-Ankleshwar - The Chemical capital of India |url=https://portfolio.cept.ac.in/2022/S/fp/group-4-up4000-4-spring-2022/sustainable-twin-cities-an-industrial-hub-of-gujarat-spring-2022-pup21280}}&lt;/ref&gt; The city has chemical plants, textile mills, long staple cotton, dairy products and much more. Gujarat's biggest liquid cargo terminal is situated 50&amp;nbsp;km to the west of Bharuch, in Dahej.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Dahej Port, Gujarat|url=https://www.adaniports.com/Ports-and-Terminals/Dahej-Port|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729114954/https://www.adaniports.com/Ports-and-Terminals/Dahej-Port |archive-date=29 July 2019 |access-date=5 January 2021|website=Dahej Port, Gujarat}}&lt;/ref&gt; It also houses many multinational companies, such as [[Videocon]], [[BASF]], [[ONGC Petro-Additions]], [[Reliance Industries]], [[Adani Ports &amp; SEZ]], [[Gujarat Narmada Valley Fertilisers &amp; Chemicals]], [[MRF (company)|MRF]] Tires, [[Yokohama Off-Highway Tires]], [[Jubilant FoodWorks|Jubilant]], Aditya Birla [[Hindalco Industries]], [[Gujarat Fluorochemicals Limited]], [[ISGEC]] Hitachi, [[UPL (company)]], [[Gujarat Alkalies and Chemicals Limited]], [[Deepak Nitrite]], [[Torrent Pharmaceuticals]], [[Petronet LNG]], [[Godrej &amp; Boyce]], [[Piramal Group]], [[Pidilite Industries]], [[SRF Limited]], Safari Equipments&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.safariequipments.co.in/ |title=Home |website=safariequipments.co.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Welspun Maxsteel Ltd]].{{citation needed|date=August 2012}} The industrial estate of Vilayata houses the companies of Aditya Birla [[Grasim]], [[Kansai Nerolac Paints]] etc., Jhagadia houses DCM Sriram Chemicals,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.dcmshriram.com/about-us |title=About Us |website=dcmshriram.com/ |access-date=10 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Saint-Gobain]] India Ltd., [[PepsiCo]] India Holdings Ltd. among others. Because of the distinctive colour of its soil (which is also ideal for cotton cultivation), Bharuch is sometimes referred to as 'Kanam Pradesham' (black-soil land).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bharuch - Kanam Pradesham |url=https://bharuch.nic.in/economy/#:~:text=Bharuch%20is%20a%20shopping%20centre,'%20(black%20soil%20land).}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{citation needed|date=August 2012}} Bharuch is also nicknamed as 'Peanut City' for its salty peanuts, locally known as 'Khari Singh'.&lt;ref name='&quot;Peanut City&quot;, &quot;Khari Sing&quot;'&gt;{{cite web |title=Bharuch Special Peanuts |url=http://www.kheteshwar.com/product/bharuch-special-peanuts/ |website=kheteshwar.com |publisher=SHREE KHETESHWAR SWEETS |access-date=7 January 2022 |archive-date=7 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107145025/http://www.kheteshwar.com/product/bharuch-special-peanuts/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Etymology==<br /> Bharuch was known as Bhrigukaccha (IAST: ''bhṛgukaccha'') in Sanskrit. According to the [[Markandeya Purana]] (5.3.181-182), the great seer Bhrigu received a boon from the god [[Shiva]] and his consort, enabling him to create a great [[Tirtha (Hinduism)|Tirtha]] (major pilgrimage site and centre of spiritual endeavour of sages). He founded it on the back of the giant turtle which is an [[avatar]] of the god Vishnu. The text uses the Sanskrit word ''kacchapa'' denoting turtle. Hence, the splendid holy place was named after both the sage and the turtle: Bhrigu-kaccha. <br /> <br /> Some sources also refer to it as {{transliteration|sa|Bharukaccha }}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Majumdar |first=M. R. |author-link= |date=1960 |title=Historical and Cultural Chronology of Gujarat |url= |location=[[Vadodara]], India |publisher=[[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]] |page=26 |isbn=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> To the ancient Greeks, it was known as Barygaza ({{langx|grc|Βαρύγαζα}})&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%95%CF%81%CF%85%CE%B8%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%82_%CE%98%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AC%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82|title=Περίπλους της Ερυθράς Θαλάσσης - Βικιθήκη|website=el.wikisource.org|access-date=7 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; (meaning &quot;deep-treasure&quot;), Bargosa,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/15A3*.html#ref116<br /> |title=LacusCurtius. Strabo's Geography — Book XV Chapter 1|pages=39‑73|website=penelope.uchicago.edu|access-date=7 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; and later the Romans adopted the Greek name of this port in Latin as Barigaza as the Latin name of this city.{{efn|The name is also sometimes given as '''Parocco'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |last=Neill |first=Stephen |author-mask=Neill |title=A History of Christianity in India |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4VPgB__GQC&amp;pg=PA73 73]}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> The name in modern Indian languages (Gujarati, Hindi) is Bharuch (IAST: ''bharūc''). During the colonial era, it was spelled Broach.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> ===BCE era===<br /> [[File:Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg|thumb|250px|right| A map showing the ancient western trade routes serviced by this ancient and historical port. The gateway city of Bhrigukaccha is named on the map as Barigaza on the [[Gulf of Khambhat]]. The inhospitable mountains and deserts to the north of the [[Arabian Sea|Erythraean Sea]] underscore its importance in trade with ancient [[Axum]], [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]], [[Pre-Islamic Arabia|Arabia]] and the sea-land trade routes via the [[Mesopotamia]]n plains with [[Ancient Greece]] and [[Ancient Rome]].]]<br /> <br /> During the Prarga–Maurya period in Gujarat, King Pradyota Mahavira of the [[Pradyota dynasty]] of Ujjain ruled over Bharutkutchha in 550 BCE. He was a contemporary of [[Gautama Buddha]]. The ''[[Theragatha]]'', part of the ''[[Pali Canon]]'' written down in Sri Lanka in the 1st century BCE, mentions Vaddha Thera and Malitavamba Thera of Bharukaccha, as contemporaries of the [[Buddha]], while the [[Therigatha]] of the same canon mentions Vaddhamta Theri of Bharukaccha. The ancient [[Sri Lanka]]n chronicle, the ''[[Dipavamsa]]'', mentions that the legendary king [[Vijaya of Sri Lanka|Vijaya]] stopped at Bharutkutchha for three months in 500 BCE.&lt;ref&gt;Herman Odenberg, ''The Dipavamsa'', New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, 2001. (first printed Berlin 1879)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Excavations near the banks of the [[Narmada River]] in Bharuch have revealed many archaeological and architectural wonders, mostly temples. Later Bharuch was part of the [[Maurya]]n Empire (322 BCE–185 BCE), the [[Western Satraps]], the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]]s and the [[Gurjara-Pratihara]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;Malabari 1998 2&quot;&gt;{{cite book<br /> | last =Malabari<br /> | first =Behramji Merwanji<br /> |author2=Krishnalal M. Jhaveri<br /> | title =Gujarat and the Gujaratis: Pictures of Men and Manners Taken from Life<br /> | year =1998<br /> | publisher=Asian Educational Services<br /> | isbn =81-206-0651-5<br /> | page =2<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; It was known to the Greeks and Romans as ''Barygaza'', and had a settlement of Greek and Roman traders.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2017-03-11 |title=Zac O'Yeah on modern-day Bharuch that used to be the ancient port town of Barygaza |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/gateway-to-the-world/article17440934.ece |access-date=2025-03-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; As one southern terminus of the [[Kamboja-Dvaravati Route]], it is mentioned extensively as a major trading partner of the Roman and Greek worlds, in the 1st century [[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]. One of the [[Periplus|Periploi]] describes numerous Greek buildings and fortifications in the area, although mistakenly attributing them to early [[Ancient Greece|Greeks]] who never reached this far south in the Indian Subcontinent, noting that they ruled only lands to the west of the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom|Indo-Greeks]] controlled the western and northern regions, as well as the circulation of Indo-Greek coinage in the region:<br /> :&quot;The metropolis of this country is [[Minnagara]], from which much cotton cloth is brought down to Barygaza. In these places there remain even to the present time signs of the visit of Greeks, such as ancient shrines, walls of forts and great wells.&quot; Periplus, Chapter. 41<br /> :&quot;To the present day ancient Drachmae are current in Barygaza, coming from this country, bearing inscriptions in [[Greek language|Greek]] letters, and the devices of those who reigned after [[Alexander the Great|Alexander III of Macedonia]], [[Apollodotus I]] and [[Menander I]].&quot; Periplus Chapter. 47&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Internet History Sourcebooks |url=https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/ancient/periplus.asp |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=sourcebooks.fordham.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Maitraka era (470 CE–788 CE) and Rashtrakuta era (788 CE–942 CE) ===<br /> According to historical accounts, the Pratihara Empire with the capital at [[Bhinmal]] (or Srimal) was established by the [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Prathiharas]]. The kingdom of Bharuch was created by this empire.{{clarify|date=April 2025}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Malabari 1998 2&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Brotsch int ryck vanden Grooten Mogol en Indien - Peeters Jacob - 1690.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|&quot;Bharuch&quot;, by Peeters Jacob, 1690 CE]]<br /> <br /> === Nawabs of Bharuch and the Maratha Empire ===<br /> The Nawabs of Bharuch ruled this region of Gujarat, and in 1685, they came under the [[suzerainty]] of the [[Maratha Empire]], governed by the [[Peshwa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;IPD&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=A Collection of Treaties, Engagements, and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring Countries |date=1892 |publisher=[[Indian Political Department]] |language=en |quote=Broach was conquered by the Mahrattas in 1685, from which time the Nawabs of Broach continued to hold their territories as subordinates of the Peshwa.}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1736, the Royal House of Bharuch became sovereign, ruling the region independently.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Visaria |first1=Pravin |last2=Visaria |first2=Leela |last3=Jain |first3=Anrudh |title=Contraceptive Use and Fertility in India: A Case Study of Gujarat |date=3 November 1995 |publisher=[[Sage Publishing]]|isbn=978-0-8039-9253-5 |page=64}}&lt;/ref&gt; During this era, Bhaurch was known for its cotton production, which caused the [[East India Company]] to set its eyes on the area.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yājñika&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Yājñika |first1=Acyuta |last2=Sheth |first2=Suchitra |title=The Shaping of Modern Gujarat: Plurality, Hindutva, and Beyond |date=2005 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-400038-8 |page=63 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1771, Bhaurch was attacked by the British and on 18 November 1772, it was placed under [[Company rule in India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Yājñika&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sen&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Sen |first1=Sailendra Nath |title=Anglo-Maratha relations during the administration of Warren Hastings 1772-1785 |date=1994 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7154-578-0 |page=3 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ruling family of Bhaurch was granted a hereditary pension by the British government.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=[[Stanley Reed (British politician)|Stanley Reed]] |title=The Indian Year Book 1938-39 |date=1939 |publisher=Bennett, Coleman &amp; Co. |page=1216}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Geography and climate==<br /> Bharuch is located at {{Coord|21.7|N|72.97|E|}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/09/Bharuch.html|title=Bharuch|website=fallingrain.com|access-date=7 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has an average elevation of 15&amp;nbsp;metres (49&amp;nbsp;feet). Bharuch is a port city situated on the banks of the [[Narmada River]]. The damming of the Narmada led to the closure of the original port facilities, the nearest port is now in [[Dahej]]. The Bharuch district is surrounded by Vadodara (North), Narmada (East) and Surat (South) districts. To the west is the [[Gulf of Khambhat]].<br /> <br /> Bharuch has a [[tropical savanna climate]] (under [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen's Climate classification]]), moderated strongly by the Arabian Sea. The summer begins in early March and lasts until June. April and May are the hottest months, with average maximum temperature being {{convert|40|C|F}}. [[Monsoon]] begins in late June and the district receives about {{convert|800|mm|in}} of rain by the end of September, with the average maximum being {{convert|32|C|F}} during those months. October and November see the retreat of the monsoon and a brief return of high temperatures until late November. Winter starts in December and ends in late February, with average temperatures of around {{convert|23|C|F}}.<br /> <br /> Heavy monsoon rain often brings flooding to the Narmada basin area. Baruch has witnessed major floods in the past, though flooding has been largely controlled since the damming of the Narmada.<br /> <br /> ==Economy, commerce and industry==<br /> [[Image:peanutjar.jpg|thumb|right|[[Peanut|Salty peanuts]]]]<br /> [[File:CottonPlant.JPG|thumb|right|[[Cotton]]]]<br /> [[File:Bandhej.JPG|thumb|[[Bandhani|Bandhni]]]]<br /> <br /> Bharuch has always been prosperous because of its location on the Narmada River. Although water tends to be scarce in Gujarat, water availability in Bharuch has historically been reliable, allowing agriculture and related commercial activities to flourished. Bharuch is also a central stopping point for many villages surrounding its boundaries: people from smaller settlements often come to Bharuch for shopping or major purchases. In recent years, many retiring expatriates have returned to Bharuch and built new houses, giving the local economy a boost.<br /> <br /> Traditionally, Bharuch has been the centre of the peanut-processing and marketing industry, with a well-established brand name across India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bharuch - Peanut processing and marketing hub |url=https://bharuch.nic.in/district-profile/#:~:text=Traditionally%2C%20Bharuch%20has%20been%20the,for%20this%20traditional%20art%20form.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Almost none of the peanuts are grown locally, but the best crops from neighbouring regions are brought here for processing. Bharuch is also the home of the [[Bandhani|Bandhni]] method of clothing design and is well known for this traditional art form.<br /> <br /> At present, this heavily industrialised area is renowned for its textile mills, chemical plants, long-staple cotton, dairy products, and more. Gujarat's biggest liquid cargo terminal is situated here. It also houses many reputed multinational companies such as Videocon, BASF, Reliance, Welspun Stahl, etc. Bharuch is a shopping centre noted for its salty peanuts. Because of the distinctive colour of its soil, which is ideal for cotton cultivation, Bharuch is sometimes referred to as 'Kanam Pradesh' (black-soil land).<br /> <br /> Over the past 60 years, a major part of the population has moved to countries such as the UK, USA, the African nations, and parts of Europe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.vahoravoice.co.uk/about/|title=About|accessdate=7 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; This migration continues to boost the local economy, as people return for vacations and spend their earnings locally.<br /> <br /> ===Trade===<br /> Bharuch was a major [[sea port|seaport]] in the important pre-[[compass]] [[trade|coastal trading]] routes to points west, perhaps as far back as the days of the Pharaohs, which utilised the regular and predictable [[monsoon]] winds or [[galley]]s. Many goods from the Far East were trans-shipped here during the annual monsoon winds, making Bharuch a terminus for several key land-sea [[trade routes]]. Bharuch was known to the Greeks, the [[Persian Empire]]s, the [[Rome|Roman Republic and Empire]], and other Western centres of civilisation through the end of the European [[Middle Ages]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Per&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dep&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> In the 1st century AD, Bharuch port has been mentioned as Barigaza. Bharuch, then a prosperous and powerful port, remained an important part of Gujarat until the 16th century. Arab traders entered Gujarat via Bharuch. British, Dutch (&quot;Valandas&quot;), and others recognised Bharuch's importance and established premises and local staff here. At the end of the 17th century, the city was plundered twice, but resurged quickly, giving rise to the proverb, &quot;Bhangyu Bhangyu Toye Bharuch&quot;.<br /> <br /> As a trading depot, the limitations of coastal shipping made Bharuch a regular terminus alongside several mixed trade routes of the famed spice and silk trade between East and West.<br /> <br /> The [[Narmada River]]'s inland access to central and northern India, combined with Bharuch's sheltered position on the [[Gulf of Khambhat]] during an era of coastal sea travel, allowed the city to grew and prosper as a transshipment centre and shipbuilding port. Until modern times, [[water transport]] was the most effective means of moving goods, and Bharuch offered sheltered waters in an era without weather forecasting or compasses, when navigating was limited to coastal routes. The east–west course of the Narmada gave access to inland empires at its upper reaches, including caravan routes to the [[Ganges]] valley and the plains of [[Delhi]].<br /> <br /> Between 1500 and 1700, Bharuch was a major [[textile]]-manufacturing hub. The city was famous for its [[Bafta cloth|bafta]], a textile valued in the West and Southeast Asian markets. Bafta cloth was among the leading textile products exported to Europe and other parts of the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.gov.ignca.66267/66267_djvu.txt|title=Surat in the seventeenth century|year=1978}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Present industrial city ===<br /> Modern Bharuch is one of the most heavily industrialised areas, not only in Gujarat but in India as a whole, with many large chemical plants producing [[fertiliser]]s, [[paint]]s, [[dye]]s, cotton, textiles, and dairy products.<br /> <br /> Bharuch also has Gujarat's biggest liquid [[cargo terminal]]. A very large fertiliser and chemical company, [[GNFC]] Ltd., has been located in [[Narmadanagar]] (a suburb of Bharuch) since 1976.<br /> <br /> Large Indian and multinational companies, such as the Torrent Group, [[PepsiCo]] International, Guardian Corporation, Hitachi, Heubach Colors, Zydus Cadila, Cadila Health Care, Survival Technologies, [[Videocon]], [[CLP Group|China Light and Power]], [[BASF]], [[Reliance Industries|Reliance]], [[Tata Group]], [[Aditya Birla Group]], Welspun Stahl, [[Aventis]], Gulbrandsen Technologies, [[Wockhardt]], [[Rallis]], [[Pfizer]], [[Ciba Specialty Chemicals|Ciba]], L&amp;T, [[Bayer]], [[Glenmark Pharmaceuticals|Glenmark]], UPL, [[Lupin Limited|Lupin]], J B Chemicals, Gujarat Fluorochemicals, [[NTPC Limited|NTPC]], [[ONGC]], [[GAIL]], OPaL SOlvay, Breeze Intermediates For Flavor &amp; Fragrance Intermediates, Alliance Tyre Group, Fireminich, Astra Specialty Compounds, Dahej and GPEC, have set up manufacturing units in and around Bharuch and [[Ankleshwar]].<br /> <br /> Petronet LNG Ltd, one of the fastest-growing companies in the Indian energy sector, has established the country's first LNG receiving and regasification terminal at Dahej. Dahej is now considered one of the fastest-growing industrial areas, with companies such as ONGC, GNFC, Alliance Tyre Group, ABG Shipyard, First carbon, Indofil, Birla copper, Adani, Reliance.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.petronetlng.com/ |title=Petronet LNG Limited |publisher=Petronetlng.com |date=30 September 2012 |access-date=8 November 2012 |archive-date=18 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918230332/http://www.petronetlng.com/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> As of the 2011 India census,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&amp;state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&amp;state5=999|archive-date=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bharuch had a population of 148,391. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Bharuch has an average literacy rate of 97.06%, much higher than the national average of 74%, with male literacy at 98.5% and female literacy at 95.5%. About 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.<br /> <br /> ==Culture==<br /> &lt;!-- [[WP:NFCC]] violation: [[File:Balvantrai-Thakor.jpg|thumb|150px|Balwantray Thakore]] --&gt;<br /> <br /> As Bharuch is a renowned [[Tirtha (Hinduism)|tirtha]], also known as Bhrigu Tirtha in many of the [[Hindu]] [[Puranas]], it hosts a large number of [[Hindu temple|temples]] along the riverside. There are also a number of [[mosque]]s in the city, many of them built during the medieval era, and the most famous is the ''Jamia Masjid Bharuch,'' built in 1644 during reign of [[Shah Jahan]].&lt;ref&gt;From the book Bhruch Shaher No Itihaas in Gujarati&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Notable people ==<br /> Mythological figures related to Bharuch include [[Bhrigu]] Rishi, [[Shukra]], [[Chyavana]], [[Chandra]], [[Dattatreya]], [[Durvasa]], [[Vamana]], [[Mahabali]], [[Jamadagni]] and [[Parshurama]], and the first mystic who self-immolated himself in Athens, [[Zarmanochegas]]. Notable historical figures include King [[Nahapana]].<br /> <br /> '''Notable people from recent times include:'''<br /> &lt;!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their OWN article on the English Bharatpedia ♦♦♦---&gt;<br /> * [[Godrej family]], including [[Ardeshir Godrej]] and [[Pirojsha Burjorji Godrej]], co-founders of the [[Godrej Group]]<br /> * [[Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi]] (1887–1971), Indian independence movement activist, politician, writer and educationist<br /> * [[Feroze Gandhi]] (1912–1960), Indian politician and journalist, husband of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi<br /> * [[Ahmed Patel]] (1949–2020), senior leader of the Indian National Congress<br /> * [[Cyrus Broacha]] (born 1971), Indian television personality, ancestors were from Bharuch<br /> * [[Omkarnath Thakur]] (1897–1967), Indian educator, musicologist, and Hindustani classical singer<br /> * [[Premchand Roychand]] (1831–1906), Indian businessman and merchant, founder of the Bombay Stock Exchange<br /> * [[Tribhuvandas Luhar]] (1908–1991), Gujarati writer<br /> * [[Shapurji Broacha]] (1845–1920), Indian industrialist and philanthropist, sheriff of Bombay during George V's coronation in India<br /> * [[Ibrahim Ali Patel]], politician<br /> &lt;!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their OWN article on the English Bharatpedia ♦♦♦---&gt;<br /> Broacha and [[Bharucha]] are common surnames among Parsis and [[Dawoodi Bohra]]s originally from Bharuch.<br /> <br /> ==Places of interest==<br /> <br /> ===Bharuch City===<br /> *'''Bhrigu Rishi Temple'''. The temple of Bhrigu Rishi, one of the famous and sacred temples of Gujarat, is situated on the eastern side of the city in Dandia Bazar area on the banks of the [[holy river]] Narmada. This temple, visited by many pilgrims, has great religious importance to the people of Bharuch. Bharuch, which was originally called 'Bhrigukachchha', derived its name from this temple. The temple was built in honour of the great saint Maharishi Bhrigu, who was able to attain sainthood by reaching the perfect balance between wisdom and activity. It was here that Bhrigu Rishi wrote the first Indian Astrological work, the [[Bhrigu Samhita]]. He is said to have documented five million horoscopes, recording the fate of every being in the universe.&lt;ref name=IGG155&gt;{{cite book|last=Desai|first=Anjali|title=India Guide Gujarat|year=2007|publisher=India Guide Publications|isbn=978-0-9789517-0-2|page=155}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *'''Nav Nathas.''' There are nine [[Swayambhu]] (self-manifested) [https://anubhav.blog/index.php/2024/03/07/shivalingas-or-shivling-the-sacred-symbol-of-lord-shiva/ Shivalingas] located at different places in old Bharuch city. These Shivalingas are known as the Nav Naths in Bharuch. They are Kamnath, Jwalnath, Somnath, Bhimnath, Gangnath, Bhootnath, Pingalnath, Siddhnath and Kashi Vishwanath. These nine shivlingas are said to have existed since time immemorial. It was because of these shivlingas that Bhrigu Rishi chose Bharuch for his ashram.<br /> *Temples are found throughout the city, and each holds its own religious significance. The '''Swaminarayan Temple''' in Dandia Bazar area of city is 175 years old and hosts a palette of colour on its walls. '''Narmada Mata Temple''', also in Dandia Bazar, is 150 years old and dedicated to Goddess Narmada. The Vaishnav Haveli enshrines an idol of Bal Krishna said to have come from [[Mathura]] in 1725. Behind the old Civil Hospital, the Khodiyar Mata Temple overlooks the low-lying area of Furja and offers one of the best views of sunset in the city.&lt;ref name=IGG155 /&gt;<br /> *'''Gurudwara Chadar Saheb'''. In the 15th century, Guru [[Nanak Dev]], the first [[Sikh]] Guru, visited Bharuch. It is believed that when a boatman refused to take him across the Narmadda, he crosses the river over on a cloth sheet, or chadar. The [[Gurudwara]] was later constructed in Kasak area, on the site where he landed in Bharuch.&lt;ref name=IGG155 /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Surrounding area===<br /> *Shuklatirth is situated at a distance of about {{convert|abbr=on|12|km|1}} east of Bharuch is a host of many old temples. The most famous of them is Shukleshwar Mahadev Temple. Legend says that Shiva was pleased with the devout Chanakya and guided him to salvation. He instructed Chanakya to start his journey in a black boat at the mouth of the Narmada dress in black and accompanied by a black cow. The place where black would transform into white would mark the location of his liberation. The transformation occurred in Shuklatirth. Shiva stayed with Chanakya at this site in the form of a linga. It is believed that this temple houses that same linga, and that by praying here all sins are purged and desires fulfilled. The Omkarnath Vishnu Mandir has a tall white idol of Vishnu said to have emerged from the Narmada. This idol is made up of sand (it is a self manifested idol), but it appears as if it is made from marble.&lt;ref&gt;Anjali Desai, ''India Guide Gujarat'', India Guide Publications, 2007, page 159, {{ISBN|978-0-9789517-0-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Kabirvad is the island of Banyan trees. Kabirvad is an island on the river Narmada at a distance of about {{convert|abbr=on|16|km|0}} east of Bharuch city. The main attraction here is a gigantic banyan tree covering an area of more than 2.5 acres. According to legend, it is at this place that saint Kabirdas meditated and the tree grew from a meswak stick (used for brushing the teeth) that was thrown here by the saint. A single tree has over years proliferated into a tree with several trunks and spread in over 2.5 acres of land. Other added attractions here are the lotus shaped marble temple, Kabir museum and boat ride on Narmada river.&lt;ref&gt;Anjali Desai, ''India Guide Gujarat'', India Guide Publications, 2007, page 160, {{ISBN|978-0-9789517-0-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Other places of interest====<br /> *[[Stambheshwar Mahadev]] – Kavi Kamboi ({{convert|45|km|0|abbr=off}} from Bharuch) at the estuary of the [[Mahi River]]. This Shivalinga is flooded at high tides; not during low tides.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.stambheshwarmahadev.org/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=17 October 2011 |archive-date=20 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120170323/http://www.stambheshwarmahadev.org/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Bharucha]]<br /> *[[Ankleshwar]]<br /> *[[Bafta cloth]]<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{Notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{Commons category|Bharuch}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * {{cite book|title=ભૃગુતીર્થ ભરૂચ (Gujarati: Bhrigu Tirtha Bharuch)|publisher=Office of Information Commissioner|location=Bharuch}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Patel|first=Natvar|title=ગુજરાત ના પ્રવાસધામો (Gujarati:Tourist Places in Gujarat)|year=2010|publisher=Darshita Prakashan|isbn=978-81-907517-0-4}}<br /> * {{cite book|title=Bharuch Heritage. Monuments and Remains of a Glorious Port Town (bilingual, English and Gujarati)|publisher= Brochure published by the French Embassy in India and Alliance Française d'Ahmedabad, Content: Michaël Rakotozonia and Sara Keller, Baroda, 2014.}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Rakotozonia, Michaël|title=Bharuch, the Pearl of the Indian Western coastline. How this port-town made the wealth of the greatest empires that ruled overNorthern India in the Early History.|publisher= Conference at the Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit Gandhinagar 2014, to be published in post conference volume.}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Keller, Sara|title=Bharuch. The City Fortress|year=2015|publisher=in: Keller, Pearson (ed), Port Towns of Gujarat, Darshak Itihas Nidhi Post conference volume, Primus, 2015 |isbn=978-93-84082-16-1}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Keller, Sara|title=Bharuch Fort: An introduction to the identity of a leading port of the Indian coastline during the pre Sultanate Period|publisher=in: Ports of the Indian Ocean (Proceedings of the colloquium organised in Kolkata in 2011 by MeDIan), 17 pp.}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{EB1911 poster|Broach (city)}}<br /> * [[:gu:ભરૂચ]]<br /> * [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]]<br /> * [[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Bharuch| ]]<br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Bharuch district]]<br /> [[Category:Gulf of Khambhat]]<br /> [[Category:Port cities and towns in India]]</div>

SBS Khumancha https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jordan_Sandhu&diff=506552 2026-02-07T23:07:41Z

<p>SBS Khumancha: Done</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian actor and singer (born 1994)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Jordan Sandhu<br /> | image = <br /> | alt = &lt;!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --&gt;<br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_name = Jasminder Singh Sandhu<br /> | birth_date = <br /> | birth_place = <br /> | death_date = &lt;!-- {{Death date and age|df=y|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (DEATH date then BIRTH date) --&gt;<br /> | death_place = <br /> | spouse = {{marriage|Jaspreet Kaur|2022}}<br /> | occupation = Actor, singer<br /> | years_active = 2014–present<br /> | known_for = <br /> | notable_works = Handsome Jatta, Teeje Week<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Jasminder Singh Sandhu''' known professionally as '''Jordan Sandhu''' is an Indian singer and actor from Punjab. He started his career in 2014 with the song ''Brand'', written by Kumar Sunny, composed by Desi Crew, and released under the Fine Tone label.<br /> <br /> Jordan Sandhu is best known for his singles ''Teeje Week'', ''Muchh Rakhi Aa'', and ''Handsome Jatta'' from [[Ashke]]. He is also recognized for his frequent collaborations with lyricist Sharanjeet Singh Chohalla Wala.<br /> <br /> He made his acting debut in ''Subedar Joginder Singh'', which was released in 2018.<br /> <br /> In 2016, he won the '''Punjabi Music Best Debut Vocalist (Male) Award''' at the PTC Punjabi Music Awards.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Jordan-Sandhu|title=Jordan Sandhu: Movies, Photos, Videos, News &amp; Biography {{!}} eTimes|website=The Times of India|access-date=29 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> He married Jaspreet Kaur in January 2022.<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> 'Sandhu started his career with the song Brand, which was released under the record label Fine Tone in 2014. He later gained recognition with the song Much Phut Gabruu, released under the record label [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] in 2015. He won the Best Debut Vocalist (male) Award at the [[PTC Punjabi]] Music Awards.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.yespunjab.com/punjabi-music/item/92845-winners-of-ptc-punjabi-music-awards-2016-held-at-jalandhar-complete-list|title=Winners of PTC Punjabi Music Awards 2016 held at Jalandhar – Complete List|last=Newsdesk|access-date=29 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529025939/http://www.yespunjab.com/punjabi-music/item/92845-winners-of-ptc-punjabi-music-awards-2016-held-at-jalandhar-complete-list|archive-date=29 May 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2016, he released songs like Sardar Bandey and Muchh Rakhi Aa, followed by Birthday and others in 2017. In 2018, he released Teeje Week, Hero, and Handsome Jatta from ''[[Ashke]]'' his first film soundtrack.<br /> <br /> ==Discography==<br /> ===Extended Plays===<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> ! Title<br /> ! EP details<br /> !Lyrics<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''High Five''<br /> |<br /> * Released: 2022<br /> * Music: Desi Crew<br /> * Label: [[Times Music|Speed Records]]<br /> * Format: [[Music download|Digital download]], [[Streaming media|streaming]]<br /> |Kaptaan&lt;br&gt;Arjan Virk&lt;br&gt;Narinder Bath&lt;br&gt;Bunty Bains<br /> |-<br /> <br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''Fame''<br /> |<br /> * Released: 12 July 2022<br /> * Music: Snappy, Mxrci, Jashan Inder<br /> * Label: Jordan Sandhu<br /> * Format: [[Music download|Digital download]], [[Streaming media|streaming]]<br /> |Rav Hanjra,<br /> Kabal Saroopwali,<br /> <br /> Kahlon,<br /> <br /> Mandeep Mavi<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Singles discography ==<br /> === As lead artist ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Song<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Year<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Music <br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Peak chart position<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Lyrics <br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Label<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Album <br /> |-<br /> ![[UK Asian Music Chart|UK Asian]]<br /> !UK Punjabi<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Muchh Phut Gabrhu''<br /> | 2015 <br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Desi Crew<br /> |—<br /> |—<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Bunty Bains|| [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] || {{won}} Best Debut vocalist Award<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Bebe Di Pasand''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | 2016 <br /> | 12&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Asian Music Chart Top 40 {{!}} Official Charts Company |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-music-chart/20160304/asian/ |access-date=2022-12-19 |website=www.officialcharts.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | || rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | Speed Records || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Kismat Di Maari''<br /> |<br /> |—<br /> |Romeo Randhawa<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Sardar Bandey'' {{Small|(with [[Manni Sandhu]])}}<br /> |[[Manni Sandhu]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |Simran Dhadeyan||Welcome To The Future<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Chhad Na Jaavin''<br /> |Anu Manu <br /> |—<br /> |—<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Bunty Bains|| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Muchh Rakhi Aa''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Desi Crw<br /> |<br /> | || [[White Hill Studios|White Hill Music]]<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Vichhdi Marjaani''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;8&quot; | 2017 <br /> | <br /> | || Mp4 Records <br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Ambersar Waala''<br /> | —<br /> |—|| Speed Records <br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Daaru Pee Ke Roye Ni''<br /> |Wazir Patar<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |Deepa Bilaspuria|| [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Bandh Karke Sheeshe Car De''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Jassi X<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | rowspan=&quot;11&quot; |Bunty Bains || Bunty Bains Productions <br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Birthday''<br /> | —<br /> |—|| [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Draamebaaziyan''<br /> | <br /> | || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Bunty Bains Productions <br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Ik Mastaana''<br /> |The Boss<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Mohali Waliye''<br /> |Jassi X<br /> |<br /> | || Brand B <br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Teeje Week''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | 2018 <br /> |The Boss<br /> |7&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Asian Music Chart Top 40 {{!}} Official Charts Company |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-music-chart/20180504/asian/ |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=www.officialcharts.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | || [[White Hill Studios|White Hill Music]]<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Bang Bang''<br /> |Jay K <br /> |<br /> | || Humble Music <br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Naa Sajna Da''<br /> |Desi Crew<br /> |<br /> | || Mp4 Records <br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Handsome Jatta''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Davvy Singh <br /> |<br /> | || Rhythm Boyz Entertainment || [[Ashke]] soundtrack<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Kaake Da Vyah''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2019 <br /> |—<br /> |—<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[White Hill Studios|White Hill Music]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;13&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Gabhru Nu Tarsengi''<br /> |The Boss <br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Jattiye Ni''<br /> |Jassi X<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |Arjan Virk|| Saga Music<br /> <br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot; |Botal Free<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |2020<br /> |The Boss<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |Kaptaan <br /> |[[White Hill Studios|White Hill Music]]<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot; |Bewafa Coka<br /> |Jassi X<br /> |—<br /> |—<br /> |Bunty Bains <br /> |Once More Music <br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot; |Defend <br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Snappy <br /> |<br /> |<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Rav Hanjra<br /> |Jordan Sandhu<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot; |About Me <br /> |<br /> |<br /> |B Major<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Info'' {{Small|(with Gurlez Akhtar)}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Saga Music <br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Jatt Naal Yaari''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;8&quot; |2021<br /> |The Kidd<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Arjan Virk<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Do Vaari Jatt''<br /> |Desi Crew<br /> |—<br /> |—<br /> |Bang Music <br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Jyada Jachdi'' ft. Gurlez Akhtar<br /> |Abhijit Baidwan<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |Nawab<br /> |Jordan Sandhu<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Jis Din Da Shad Gayi''<br /> |Jassi X<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |Amar Virk<br /> |Jordan Sandhu<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Munda Sardaran Da''<br /> |Flamme<br /> |—<br /> |—<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Shree Brar<br /> |Jordan Sandhu<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Qatal'' {{Small|(featuring Shree Brar)}}<br /> |Avvy Sra<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |Humble Music<br /> |[[Warning (2021 film)|Warning]] soundtrack<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Russi Nu Manna Laina'' {{Small|(featuring Shree Brar)}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Desi Crew<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |White Hill Music<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Chann Chann''<br /> |—<br /> |—<br /> |Arjan Virk<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Speed Records<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''High Five EP''<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Black Effect''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |2022<br /> |25&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Asian Music Chart Top 40 {{!}} Official Charts Company |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-music-chart/20220415/asian/ |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=www.officialcharts.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |Kaptaan<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot; |Shehar Vichon Geda<br /> |35&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Asian Music Chart Top 40 {{!}} Official Charts Company |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-music-chart/20220401/asian/ |access-date=2023-01-05 |website=www.officialcharts.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |Rav Hanjra<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot; |Gal Ni Bani<br /> |Abijit Baidwan<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |Gill Madhupuria<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Jordan Sandhu<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot; |Positivity<br /> |Starboy X<br /> |<br /> |—<br /> |Mani Longia<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot; |Freestyle<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Mxrci<br /> |16&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Asian Music Chart Top 40 {{!}} Official Charts Company |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-music-chart/20220722/asian/ |access-date=2023-01-12 |website=www.officialcharts.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |10&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Official Punjabi Music Chart Top 20 {{!}} Official Charts Company |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/punjabi-chart/20220814/punjabi/ |access-date=2023-01-12 |website=www.officialcharts.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |Rav Hanjra<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Fame EP<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;|Balcony<br /> |40<br /> |—<br /> |Kabal Saroopwali<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === As featured artist ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Title<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Music<br /> !Lyrics<br /> ! Label<br /> ! Album<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot; |Jodhpur {{Small|([[Dilpreet Dhillon]] featuring Jordan Sandhu)}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2021<br /> |Desi Crew<br /> |Narinder Batth<br /> |[[Times Music|Speed Records]]<br /> |Next Chapter<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot; |Sheesha {{Small|(Pari Pandher featuring Jordan Sandhu)}}<br /> |Chet Singh<br /> |Bunty Bains<br /> |Brand B<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Filmography ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+Key<br /> | style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC;&quot; | {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}<br /> | Denotes films that have not yet been released<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Film<br /> ! Role<br /> ! Notes<br /> ! Language <br /> |-<br /> | 2018 || ''[[Subedar Joginder Singh (film)|Subedar Joginder Singh]]'' || Bant Singh || || Punjabi<br /> |-<br /> | 2019 || ''Kaake Da Viyah'' || || || Punjabi<br /> |- with Prab Grewal<br /> | 2019 || ''[[Kala Shah Kala]]'' ||Jaggi<br /> | with [[Binnu Dhillon]] and [[Sargun Mehta]] || Punjabi<br /> |-<br /> | 2019 || ''Gidarh Singhi'' || Bittu<br /> | with [[Rubina Bajwa]] || Punjabi<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb name|9607558}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Sandhu, Jordan}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors from Punjab, India]]<br /> [[Category:1994 births]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]</div>

SBS Khumancha https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Garhpehra&diff=499966 2026-02-06T13:49:49Z

<p>SBS Khumancha: starting post</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Village in Madhya Pradesh, India}}<br /> {{Unreliable sources|date=March 2024}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | native_name = Garhpehra <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | settlement_type = Village/Fort<br /> | official_name = Garhpehra <br /> | image_skyline = Old remains of Garh Pehra.jpg<br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | map_alt = Sagar <br /> | pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3<br /> | pushpin_relief = yes<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = Sagar <br /> | coordinates = {{coord|23|54|55|N|78|43|50|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = State<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = District<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Sagar district|Sagar]]}}<br /> '''Garhpehra''' is a village in [[Sagar District]] in the Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. There is a fort called Garhpehra Fort. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Blog post |url=http://ww25.historydarshan.com/2019/09/blog-post_88.html?subid1=20240308-1345-1806-a0c5-b70729a6ea5e |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=ww25.historydarshan.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.navbharatgold.com/we-the-people/people-believe-the-gadphera-fort-of-bundelkhand-to-be-haunted-a-dancer-had-died/story/94946339.cms|title=Gadpahra Fort Story: उस नर्तकी की आत्मा को मुक्ति क्यों नहीं मिली?|first=अमित प्रभु|last=मिश्रा|date=19 October 2022|website=Navbharat Gold}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/460874-gadpahra-muhal-madhya-pradesh.html|title=Gadpahra Muhal Village Population - Sagar - Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|website=www.census2011.co.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Garhpahra.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Garhpahra, India|website=www.fallingrain.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Shish mahal sagar mp.jpg|thumb|Sheesh Mahal Garhpehra Sagar]]<br /> <br /> Garhpahra is also called Purana Sagar which was the capital of Dangi state.{{fact|date=May 2025}} It is situated about 10 km from Sagar.<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> Gorakhshah Singh Dangi sacrificed 7 horses and established Garhpahra fort, which had 360 ''mouzas''. Nihal Singh, Legal Dev, and Uday Shah were its rulers. The inscription of 1747 is present of Maharajkumar Singh Dangi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://sagar.nic.in/tourist-place/%e0%a4%97%e0%a5%9d%e0%a4%aa%e0%a4%b9%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%be-%e0%a4%ae%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%a6%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%b0/|title=गढ़पहरा मंदिर &amp;#124; जिला सागर, मध्यप्रदेश शासन &amp;#124; भारत}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/sagar-news/know-the-unknown-mystery-of-garh-pehra-fort-sagar-5053804|title=गढ़ पहरा पहाड़ पर आज भी गूंजती है ‘गई रात अब पहर थोड़े’ गाने की गूंज, ये है रहस्य &amp;#124; Know the Unknown mystery of Garh Pehra fort Sagar|date=5 September 2019|website=Patrika News}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Fort and Temple==<br /> [[File:Old remains - Garh Pehra.jpg|thumb|Old_remains_-_Garh_Pehra]]<br /> <br /> Even today the remains of the fort are present here, a palace by the name of Sheesh Mahal is also situated here, beautiful carved walls, doors and rooms can be seen in it.<br /> Madhya Pradesh Archeology Department has preserved this. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.travelwithpreeti.in/2021/07/garhpahra-fort-and-temple-sagar.html|title=सागर का गढ़पहरा किला और मंदिर - Garhpahra Fort and Temple Sagar|date=5 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> There is also a temple dedicated to Lord [[Hanuman]] where thousands of devotees come to visit every day.&lt;ref&gt;[https://sagar.nic.in/tourist-place/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%9D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0/ Tourist place of Sagar|Garhpehra]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Location==<br /> Garhpehra is well connected with Roads. Nearby major city is [[Saugor|Sagar]] 10 km away from here, it's located on [[Jhansi]] Sagar Road, [[Sagar railway station]] is nearby railway station from Garhpehra.{{fact|date=May 2025}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Forts in Madhya Pradesh}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Forts in Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Tourist attractions in Sagar district]]<br /> [[Category:Sagar, Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Sagar district]]<br /> <br /> {{Sagar-geo-stub}}</div>

SBS Khumancha https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bihar_Hitaishi_District_Central_Library,_Patna_City&diff=491548 2026-02-05T04:55:26Z

<p>SBS Khumancha: New!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Hatnote|&quot;Bihar Hitaishi Pustakalaya&quot; redirects here. }}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{infobox library<br /> | library_name = Bihar Hitaishi District Central Library<br /> | items_collected = Books, newspaper, periodicals, digital media<br /> | num_employees = <br /> | director = Mahendra Arora<br /> | budget = <br /> | members = <br /> | pop_served = 45000<br /> | annual_circulation = <br /> | req_to_access = open to anyone with a genuine need to use the collection <br /> | legal_deposit = <br /> | criteria = <br /> | collection_size = <br /> | num_branches = <br /> | library_logo = <br /> | branch_of = <br /> | coordinates = <br /> | location = Guru Gobind Path, Mangal Talab, [[Patna City, Bihar]]<br /> | ref_legal_mandate = <br /> | established = {{ start date and age|1883}}<br /> | scope = <br /> | type = [[Public Library|Public]]<br /> | country = India<br /> | image = Bihar Hitaishi District Central Library.jpg<br /> | caption = Library entrance<br /> | website = {{url|http://biharhitaishilibrary.blogspot.com|biharhitaishilibrary}}<br /> }}<br /> '''Bihar Hitaishi District Central Library''', [[Patna City, Bihar]], India formerly Bihar Hitaishi Pustakalaya is a central government recognized district level library located in Mangal Talab area of Patna City.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=24 November 2018|title=बिहार हितैषी पुस्तकालय का होगा विकास|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/patna/1226516&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjHnqycobDqAhVGzjgGHZLYBRgQFjAFegQIARAB&amp;usg=AOvVaw1ujjnQv756zfV6un7GGjeI|access-date=|website=prabhatkhabar.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=23 November 2018|title=बिहार हितैषी पुस्तकालय मे विधायक नन्द किशोर यादव|url=http://www.nandkishoreyadav.com/%25E0%25A4%25AC%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25B9%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0-%25E0%25A4%25B9%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A5%2588%25E0%25A4%25B7%25E0%25A5%2580-%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A5%2581%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A4%25AF-%25E0%25A4%25AE/&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjHnqycobDqAhVGzjgGHZLYBRgQFjAKegQIBxAB&amp;usg=AOvVaw0tXB6uxuz5fQj4Nj75Mcr4|access-date=|website=nandkishoreyadav.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=23 November 2018|title=MLA Nand Kishore yadav at बिहार हितैषी पुस्तकालय, पटना सिटी|url=https://twitter.com/nkishoreyadav/status/1065913249122512896%3Flang%3Den&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjHnqycobDqAhVGzjgGHZLYBRgQFjAJegQICBAB&amp;usg=AOvVaw0pQoofqp30LTC3kk5SE8Dn|access-date=|website=twitter.com/nkishoreyadav}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=19 February 2017|title=बिहार हितैषी पुस्तकालय के चुने गए पदाधिकारी|url=https://m.livehindustan.com/news/patna/article1-news-brief-711196.amp.html&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjE1K7CpbDqAhXDzjgGHQQMBTo4ChAWMAB6BAgCEAI&amp;usg=AOvVaw0SobaJFSUGWzy15Jao3dKx|access-date=|website=livehindustan.com|language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=19 March 2015|title=पुस्तकालय मे होगा तालाबंदी का विरोध|url=https://m.jagran.com/lite/bihar/patna-city-12178788.html&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiQ58HUxbHqAhUdxzgGHV2ZBskQFjATegQIBhAB&amp;usg=AOvVaw0xqE8bXRbPjuEBbRyZ7xTS&amp;ampcf=1|access-date=|website=jagran.com}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=24 November 2018|title=पुस्तकालय का होगा विकास|url=https://duta.in/news/2018/11/24/patna-%25E0%25A4%25AC%25E0%25A4%25B9%25E0%25A4%25B0-%25E0%25A4%25B9%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25B7-%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A4%25AF-%25E0%25A4%2595-%25E0%25A4%25B9%25E0%25A4%2597-%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25B8-%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25B0-6ffaabfe-ef9d-11e8-bdfd-12bd80de570f1600635.html%26ved%3D2ahUKEwiQ58HUxbHqAhUdxzgGHV2ZBskQFjAUegQIBxAB%26usg%3DAOvVaw3y-9oCaqiPvoyB4GKx2avU%26ampcf%3D1|access-date=|website=duta.in|archive-date=2 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202183648/https://duta.in/news/2018/11/24/patna-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B7-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%97-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0-6ffaabfe-ef9d-11e8-bdfd-12bd80de570f1600635.html%26ved%3D2ahUKEwiQ58HUxbHqAhUdxzgGHV2ZBskQFjAUegQIBxAB%26usg%3DAOvVaw3y-9oCaqiPvoyB4GKx2avU%26ampcf%3D1|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=19 October 2019|title=पुस्तकालय मे एक दिवसीय कार्यक्रम|url=https://www.newscity.co.in/2019/10/19/sikshabid-hitaishi/&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjT3eCdx7HqAhWMwjgGHRjGCao4ChAWMAl6BAgBEAE&amp;usg=AOvVaw3C2Ifd2bTLyOnG_OOAFhv9|access-date=|website=newscity.co.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> <br /> The library is situated near the Mangal Talab in Patna City. The Bihar Hitaishi Library was established as far back as 1880 now this library is functioning as the District Library of Patna. The library has its own building. Its stock consists of 10,344 books in general section and 5,100 books in Mobile library section.<br /> <br /> The library subscribes to 14 daily newspapers and 1 magazines. It has 499 members on the roll. The membership fee is Rs. 500 which is admission fee and Rs. 20 is charged as monthly subscription.<br /> <br /> == Computer Literacy Program ==<br /> Library had started a computer literacy Program for its members with the help of [[Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation]] in 2014. In this program members are educated to gain DCA level knowledge in computers, It is free for library members.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=7 November 2014|title=Bihar hitaishi library had started computer literacy program for its members.|url=http://biharhitaishilibrary.blogspot.com/?m=0|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705213026/http://biharhitaishilibrary.blogspot.com/?m=0 |archive-date=5 July 2020 |access-date=|website=biharhitaishilibrary.blogspot.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=14 August 2013|title=Bill Gates foundation to upgrade two libraries in patna|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Bill-Gates-Foundation-to-upgrade-2-Patna-libraries/articleshow/21812678.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613023245/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Bill-Gates-Foundation-to-upgrade-2-Patna-libraries/articleshow/21812678.cms|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 June 2017|access-date=|website=timesofindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=24 July 2014|title=Gates opens up for library to go digital|url=https://m.telegraphindia.com/states/bihar/gates-open-up-for-library-to-go-digital/cid/159721%26ved%3D2ahUKEwjjyI2KwrHqAhXyyzgGHfTBCR44ChAWMAJ6BAgHEAE%26usg%3DAOvVaw3OE8wtqQZ62ZiBAaG8nVQf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703000000/https://m.telegraphindia.com/states/bihar/gates-open-up-for-library-to-go-digital/cid/159721%26ved%3D2ahUKEwjjyI2KwrHqAhXyyzgGHfTBCR44ChAWMAJ6BAgHEAE%26usg%3DAOvVaw3OE8wtqQZ62ZiBAaG8nVQf|archive-date=3 July 2020|access-date=|website=telegraphindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A memento of recognition was awarded by [[Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation]] at India Public Libraries Conference 2015 to Librarian Mr. Vivek Kumar Sinha on the behalf of Bihar Hitaishi District Central Library.<br /> <br /> ==Gallery==<br /> &lt;gallery mode=packed heights=180&gt;<br /> File:Library computer lab.jpg|Computer lab<br /> File:Director Mahendra arora.jpg|Shri Mahendra Arora, director<br /> File:Vivek kumar sinha at IPLC 2015.jpg|Ms. Pilar Pacheco &amp; Mr. Vivek Kumar Sinha at IPLC 2015<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{coord missing|Bihar}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Libraries in Patna]]<br /> [[Category:Buildings and structures in Patna]]<br /> [[Category:Government buildings completed in 1883]]<br /> [[Category:1883 establishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:Libraries established in 1883]]</div>

SBS Khumancha https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rayagada_railway_station&diff=530076 2026-02-03T09:56:45Z

<p>SBS Khumancha: created details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Railway station in Odisha, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox station<br /> | name = Rayagada &lt;!-- Please do not add any Indic script in this infobox, as per Wikipedia:INDICSCRIPT policy --&gt;<br /> | type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] [[junction station]]<br /> <br /> | style = Indian Railways<br /> | image = Rayagada Railway Station.jpg<br /> | image_caption = Rayagada railway station<br /> | address = Rayagada, Odisha<br /> | country = India<br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|19.1759|N|83.4106|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}<br /> | elevation = {{convert|207|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}<br /> | line = [[Jharsuguda–Vizianagaram line]]<br /> | other = <br /> | structure = Standard (on-ground station)<br /> | platform = 5<br /> | tracks = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]<br /> | parking = Available<br /> | opened = 1931<br /> | closed = <br /> | rebuilt = <br /> | electrified = Yes<br /> | accessible = <br /> | code = {{Indian railway code<br /> | code = RGDA<br /> | zone = [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]]<br /> | division = [[Rayagada railway division|Rayagada]]<br /> }}<br /> | owned = <br /> | operator = <br /> | status = Functioning<br /> | former = <br /> | passengers = <br /> | pass_year = <br /> | pass_percent = <br /> | pass_system = <br /> | map_type = India Odisha#India<br /> | map_dot_label = <br /> | map_caption = Location in Odisha##Location in India<br /> | services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways<br /> |line=East Coast Railway zone|left=Ladda|right=Singapuram Road|type=[[Jharsuguda–Vizianagaram line|Vizianagaram–Raipur branch line]]<br /> <br /> |line2=East Coast Railway zone|right2=Singapuram Road|type2=[[Rayagada–Koraput branch line]]}}<br /> }}<br /> '''Rayagada railway station''' (Station Code:- '''RGDA''') serves [[Rayagada district]] in the Indian state of [[Odisha]]. It belongs to [[Visakhapatnam railway division]] of East Coast Railway and is located in southern Odisha. 58 trains arrive and depart from this station. This station has a direct route to more than 15 states and also well connected to all the metropolitan ities of India. The station is located at the heart of the city and now it has the longest platform in [[Odisha]] (Platform No :- 3 measuring 910m), ranked 6th in the country. {{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> The {{convert|79|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} Vizianagaram–Parvatipuram line was opened in 1908–09 and an extension to Salur was built in 1913. The Parvatipuram–Raipur line was completed in December 1931.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&amp;id=0,1|title=Major Events in the Formation of S.E. Railway|publisher=South Eastern Railway|access-date=2012-11-10|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401151628/http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&amp;id=0%2C1|archive-date=1 April 2013|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Koraput–Rayagada Rail Link Project was completed on 31 December 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.processregister.com/Koraput-Rayagada_Rail_Link/Project/pid14848.htm |title = Koraput–Rayagada Rail Link Project| publisher= Process Register| access-date = 2012-11-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Amenities==<br /> Rayagada railway station has a double-bedded non-AC retiring room and a six-bedded dormitory.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://ali-ali4u.blogspot.in/2008/07/east-coast-railway-amenities-at.html |title = East Coast Railway Amenities at Stations (as in 2008)| access-date = 13 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Trains==<br /> Some important train that origins/terminates :<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Train no. !! Train name !! Train type !! Arrivals !! Arrival time !! Departures !! Departure time<br /> |-<br /> | 18301 || Sambalpur–Rayagada Intercity Express || [[Express trains in India|Express]] || Daily || 13:00 || Daily || 14:15<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ List of the trains running from Rayagada railway station :-<br /> ! Train number !! Train name<br /> |-<br /> | 12844<br /> | Ahmedabad–Puri Express<br /> |-<br /> | 12843<br /> | Puri–Ahmedabad Express<br /> |-<br /> | 17481<br /> | Bilaspur–Tirupati Express<br /> |-<br /> | 13352<br /> | Alleppey–Dhanbad Express<br /> |-<br /> | 13351<br /> | Dhanbad–Alappuzha Express<br /> |-<br /> | 18448<br /> | Jagdalpur–Bhubaneswar Hirakhand Express<br /> |-<br /> | 18447<br /> | Bhubaneswar–Jagdalpur Hirakhand Express<br /> |-<br /> | 12835<br /> | Hatia–Yesvantpur Express<br /> |-<br /> | 18005<br /> | Howrah Jn–Jagdalpur Samaleshwari Express<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | 18006<br /> | Jagdalpur–Howrah Jn Samaleshwari Express<br /> |-<br /> | 18517<br /> | Korba–Visakhapatnam Express<br /> |-<br /> | 18310<br /> | Nanded–Sambalpur Nagawali Express<br /> |-<br /> | 12807<br /> | Visakhapatnam–H Nizamuddin Samta Express<br /> |-<br /> | 12808<br /> | H Nizamuddin–Visakhapatnam Samta Express<br /> |-<br /> | 12836<br /> | Yesvantpur–Hatia Express<br /> |-<br /> | 12889<br /> | Tatanagar–Yesvantpur Express<br /> |-<br /> | 12890<br /> | Yesvantpur–Tatanagar Express<br /> |-<br /> | 17482<br /> | Tirupati–Bilaspur Express<br /> |-<br /> | 18107<br /> | Rourkela – Jagdalpur Intercity Express<br /> |-<br /> | 18108<br /> | Jagdalpur – Rourkela Intercity Express<br /> |-<br /> | 18189<br /> | Tatanagar–Alappuzha Express<br /> |-<br /> | 18309<br /> | Sambalpur–Nanded Express<br /> |-<br /> | 18518<br /> | Visakhapatnam–Korba Express<br /> |-<br /> | 12375<br /> | Chennai–Asansol Express<br /> |-<br /> | 12376<br /> | Asansol–Chennai Express<br /> |-<br /> | 18211<br /> | Durg–Jagdalpur Express<br /> |-<br /> | 18212<br /> | Jagdalpur–Durg Express<br /> |-<br /> | 20837<br /> | Bhubaneswar–Junagarh Road SF Express<br /> |-<br /> | 20838<br /> | Junagarh Road–Bhubaneswar SF Express<br /> |-<br /> | 22847<br /> | Visakhapatnam–Lokmanya Tilak Super Fast Express<br /> |-<br /> | 22848<br /> | Lokmanya Tilak–Visakhapatnam Super Fast Express<br /> |-<br /> | 57271<br /> | Vijayawada Jn–Rayagada Passenger<br /> |-<br /> | 57272<br /> | Rayagada–Vijayawada Jn Passenger<br /> |-<br /> | 18638<br /> | Yesvantpur–Hatia Weekly Express<br /> |-<br /> | 18574<br /> | Bhagat Ki Kothi–Visakhapatnam Weekly Express<br /> |-<br /> | 19454<br /> | Puri–Gandhidham Weekly Express<br /> |-<br /> | 58301<br /> | Sambalpur–Koraput Passenger (unreserved)<br /> <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Railway stations in Odisha}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1931]]<br /> [[Category:Railway stations in Rayagada district]]<br /> [[Category:Waltair railway division]]</div>

SBS Khumancha https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Devi_Prasad_Bagrodia&diff=496478 2026-01-15T23:23:55Z

<p>SBS Khumancha: starting new bio</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian writer, social worker and tea planter}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox writer <br /> | name = Devi Prasad Bagrodia<br /> | image = Devi_Prasad_Bagrodia_at_his_office.jpg<br /> | image_size = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | pseudonym = <br /> | birth_name = <br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1939|11|8|df=y}}&lt;!-- {{Birth date and age|df=yes|Year|Month|Day}} --&gt;<br /> | birth_place = <br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | resting_place = <br /> | occupation = Writer, Tea Planter<br /> | language = [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[English language|English]]<br /> | nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]<br /> | ethnicity = <br /> | citizenship = <br /> | education = <br /> | alma_mater = DHSK College, Dibrugarh<br /> | period = <br /> | genre = <br /> | subject = <br /> | movement = <br /> | notableworks = <br /> | spouse = <br /> | partner = <br /> | children = <br /> | relatives = <br /> | influences = <br /> | influenced = <br /> | awards = <br /> | signature = <br /> | signature_alt = <br /> | website = <br /> | portaldisp = <br /> }}<br /> '''Devi Prasad Bagrodia''', is a noted writer, social worker&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=dec0311/city06 | title=Award for Ramen Barua, Tilmizur Rahman | date=2 December 2011 | newspaper=Assam Tribune | accessdate=19 July 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and tea planter&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.sentinelassam.com/state1/story.php?sec=2&amp;subsec=2&amp;id=138881&amp;dtP=2012-12-15&amp;ppr=1 |title=The Sentinel |website=www.sentinelassam.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924101208/http://www.sentinelassam.com/state1/story.php?sec=2&amp;subsec=2&amp;id=138881&amp;dtP=2012-12-15&amp;ppr=1 |archive-date=2015-09-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; based in [[Dibrugarh]] in [[Assam]], [[India]].<br /> <br /> ==Biography==<br /> <br /> ===Early life===<br /> Devi Prasad Bagrodia was born to Shew Bhagovan Bagrodia of the [[Bhekulajuan]] village of [[Tengakhat]] in the [[Dibrugarh district]] in [[Assam]] on 8 November 1939. He was groomed in a total Assamese rural set-up in his village.<br /> <br /> ===Education===<br /> Devi Prasad Bagrodia finished matriculation from Tengakhat HE School in Assamese medium. He studied ISc and then studied up to BA at DHS Kanoi College at Dibrugarh.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=may2114/state05 |title= The Assam Tribune Online|website=www.assamtribune.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521194935/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=may2114%2Fstate05 |archive-date=2014-05-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Career===<br /> <br /> ==Published works==<br /> Devi Prasad Bagrodia is the author of several books; mostly translations of famous works of Assamese authors. He translated the complete work of [[Jyoti Prasad Agarwala]] into Hindi in the form of two books{{snd}}''Jyoti Sudha'' in 1991 and ''Jyoti Prabha'' in 1995. The latter was released by Dr [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]], the Vice President of India. These works showcasing the [[Assamese literature]] and culture were well received by national-level scholars. He has also completed translations of [[Borgeet]]s composed by Mahapurush [[Sankardev]] and [[Madhavdev]], along with having translated ''[[Gunamala]]'', a [[transcreatio]]n of [[Bhagavata Purana]] in [[Assamese language]] by Mahapurush Sankardev into Hindi. Bagrodia's literary work include the Hindi translation of Dr [[Nagen Saikia]]'s ''Mit-Bhash'', ''Chah Gasar Kalam'', ''Sukhor Prithivi'', ''Mirabai'', and ''Agastha Yatra''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=may2114/state05 |title= The Assam Tribune Online|website=www.assamtribune.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521194935/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=may2114%2Fstate05 |archive-date=2014-05-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He also published a book titled ''Tha Agarwala Family of Tezpur'' written by Bibekananda Agarwala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iZYXAQAAIAAJ | title=The Agarwala family of Tezpur: A vignette of the early generations| last1=Agarwala| first1=Bibekananda| year=1998}}&lt;/ref&gt; His other publications include ''You and Me on a Journey to Light'' by Candraprasāda Śaikīẏā Ananda Bormudoi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9vsoQwAACAAJ | title=You and Me on a Journey to Light| last1=Śaikīẏā| first1=Candraprasāda| year=2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Awards==<br /> Bagrodia is a recipient of the Central Hindi Directorate's award of &quot;translator of remarkable standard&quot; in 1999 under the Union [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)]], &quot;Fulchand Khandelwar Samhati Award&quot; in 2002 and &quot;Meera Samman&quot; by the Meera Smruti Sansthan of Chittorgarh, Rajasthan in 2011, and a few others.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=may2114/state05 |title= The Assam Tribune Online|website=www.assamtribune.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521194935/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=may2114%2Fstate05 |archive-date=2014-05-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Gallery==<br /> &lt;gallery&gt;<br /> File:Devi Prasad Bagrodia photograph.jpg|Devi Prasad Bagrodia<br /> File:Devi Prasad Bagrodia and dignitaries during release of his book 'Jyoti Prabha'.jpg|Devi Prasad Bagrodia (1st from Right) and dignitaries during release of his book 'Jyoti Prabha'<br /> File:Devi Prasad Bagrodia with President (former) Dr Shankar Dayal Sharma.jpg|Devi Prasad Bagrodia (2nd from Right) with former President of India [[Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma]] during release of his book 'Jyoti Prabha'<br /> &lt;!-- Deleted image removed: File:Jyoti Sudha by Devi Prasad Bagrodia.jpg|Jyoti Sudha --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Deleted image removed: File:Jyoti Prabha by Devi Prasad Bagrodia.jpg|Jyoti Prabha --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Deleted image removed: File:Gunamala in Hindi.jpg|Gunamala in Hindi --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Deleted image removed: File:Chah Gasar Kalam.jpg|Chah Gasar Kalam --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Deleted image removed: File:Meera Bai (in Assamese).jpg|Meera Bai (in Assamese) --&gt;<br /> File:Mita_Bhash.jpg|Mita Bhash<br /> &lt;!-- Deleted image removed: File:Mrityu Bijoyini Kanaklata.jpg|Mrityu Bijoyini Kanaklata --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Deleted image removed: File:Sukhor Prithibi by Devi Prasad Bagrodia.jpg|Sukhor Prithibi --&gt;<br /> File:Anup Jalota releasing Devi Prasad Bagrodia's Hindi translation of Borgeets.jpg|Anup Jalota releasing Devi Prasad Bagrodia's Hindi translation of Borgeets<br /> <br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Bagrodia, Devi Prasad}}<br /> [[Category:1939 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Writers from Assam]]<br /> [[Category:Owners of plantations in India]]</div>

SBS Khumancha https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nevel_Gracias&diff=521734 2026-01-14T18:56:22Z

<p>SBS Khumancha: created a article</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian Catholic priest and playwright (1964–2022)}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Nevel Gracias<br /> | othername = Fr. Nevel Gracias <br /> | image = Fr. Nevel Gracias (cropped).jpg<br /> | caption = Gracias during a ''[[tiatr]]'' production, 2013<br /> | birth_name = Nevel Lourdes Sacramento Gracias<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date|1964|2|11|df=y}}<br /> | education = [[St. Xavier's High School, Velim, Goa|St. Xavier's High School]] ([[S.S.C]]) <br /> | alma_mater = [[Rachol Seminary]] (1991)<br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|2022|5|13|1964|2|11|df=y}}<br /> | death_place = [[Porvorim, Goa]], India<br /> | burial_place = St. Francis Xavier Church cemetery, Velim, Goa, India<br /> | birth_place = [[Velim, Goa]], India<br /> | years_active = 1976–2022<br /> | occupation = {{hlist|Actor|singer|composer|director|playwright|editor|catholic priest}}<br /> | module = {{Infobox Christian leader<br /> | embed = yes<br /> | type = Priest<br /> | church = [[Roman Catholic Church]]<br /> | other_post = {{plainlist|<br /> * [[Spiritual director]] of the [[Legion of Mary]] of [[Loutolim]] [[Curia]]<br /> * Parochial administrator of the Parish of [[Chaudi]], [[Canacona]] (1999–2000)<br /> * Spiritual director of the Legion of Mary of Canacona Curia <br /> * [[Dean (Christianity)|Dean]] of Canacona [[deanery]] (2004–2006)<br /> * Assistant director of Lar de Santa Terezinha (2007–2009)<br /> * Assistant director of the Diocesan Catechetical Center<br /> * Director of [[Lay apostolate]]}}<br /> | ordination = 30 April 1991<br /> | ordained_by = [[Raul Nicolau Gonçalves]]<br /> | rank = Diocesan priest}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Nevel Lourdes Sacramento Gracias''' (11 February 1964 – 13 May 2022) was an Indian [[Catholic priest]], playwright, actor, singer, composer, director, and [[literary editor]] who primarily worked on the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]], best known for his [[lenten]] ''[[tiatr]]s''. He was regarded as a [[one-man show]] and served in the general council of the [[Tiatr Academy of Goa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tribute to Fr Nevel Gracias |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/%EF%BB%BFtribute-to-fr-nevel-gracias/83976.html |access-date=2022-10-13 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pires |first=Mario |title=Remembering Fr Nevel: A prolific writer, dramatist |url=https://www.gomantaktimes.com/my-goa/art-culture/remembering-fr-nevel-a-prolific-writer-dramatist |access-date=2022-10-13 |website=Gomantak Times |date=16 May 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=%22Nevel+Gracias%22 |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art &amp; Culture |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> ===Priesthood===<br /> Gracias was described as a diligent [[altar server]] who aspired to be a priest. He joined at [[Rachol Seminary]] in June 1984. Through his years at the seminary his love for ''[[tiatr]]s'' and volleyball persisted. He was ordained as a priest on 30 April 1991 at St Francis Xavier's Church in [[Velim, Goa|Velim]] by then, Archbishop Emeritus [[Raul Nicolau Gonçalves]]. He served as an [[assistant priest|assistant]] to [[parish priest]] at the [[parishes]] of [[Taleigao]] and [[Piedade, Goa|Piedade]] in [[Divar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; <br /> <br /> In 1996, he was appointed as an assistant parish priest of [[Loutolim]] and later went on to be the [[Spiritual director]] of the [[Legion of Mary]] of Loutolim [[Curia]]. Gracias was assigned as the Parochial administrator of the Parish of [[Chaudi]] in [[Canacona]] in 1999. He was then made the Spiritual director of the Legion of Mary of Canacona Curia, within a year of his service he was appointed as the parish priest. In 2004 he was assigned as the [[Dean (Christianity)|Dean]] of Canacona [[deanery]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=A Tribute to Fr. Nevel Gracias |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/A-Tribute-to-Fr-Nevel-Gracias/189598 |access-date=2022-10-13 |website=oHeraldo}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2006, Gracias was appointed as the parish priest of Our Lady of Lourdes Church, Utorda but within a year, he was summoned back due to his health issues. In 2007, he was promoted to Assistant director of Lar de Santa Terezinha, two years later in 2009 he was appointed as an Assistant director of the Diocesan Catechetical Center and then later as a Director of [[Lay apostolate]], where he was an editor for religious [[bi-monthly]] booklets, ''Jivitacho Prokas'' and ''Daily Flash'', that included daily reflections on the word of God. Gracias also served in the parishes of [[Tivim]], [[Panjim]] and [[Caranzalem]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2014, Gracias was then assigned to St. Diogo Parish in [[Guirim]]-[[Sangolda]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Transfer of priests announced |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/The-Sunday-Roundtable/transfer-of-priests-announced/65007 |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=oHeraldo}}&lt;/ref&gt; but due to his declining health he was summoned back in 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archbishop announces appointments of parish priests |website=The Navhind Times |date=13 May 2018 |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2018/05/13/goanews/archbishop-announces-appointments-of-parish-priests/ |access-date=2022-10-15 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was then sent to a [[Clergy house|clergy home]] ({{langx|pt|Lar Dos Sacerdotes}}), at Casa Urbina in [[Porvorim]] and resided there till his death.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===''Tiatrs''===<br /> [[File:Fr Nevel Gracias performing at Maim Tuka Khoim Sodum?.jpg|thumb|From left; Felcy, Tari, Chitra, Gracias and Comedian Michael performing at ''Maim Tuka Khoim Sodum? tiatr'' in September 2013]]<br /> Gracias had a keen interest for ''[[tiatr]]s'' since the young age of 9. He didn't have a smooth start at his initial career on the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] stage but would keep up a positive zeal. He wrote the script for his first ''tiatr'', ''&quot;Ek rukachim tin follam&quot;'' at the age of 12 in 1976, it didn't help him succeed as he had to face many hardships but it didn't let his love for ''tiatrs'' die down. He took part at a local seniors auditions that were selecting casts and singers for a village ''tiatr''. He went on to perform many [[traditional songs]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 3, 2013 |title=In the name of the father |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/in-the-name-of-the-father/articleshow/20838246.cms |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lenten reflection and introspection during Lent |url=https://www.thegoan.net//lenten-reflection-and-introspection-during-lent/3065.html |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Unfortunately young Gracias couldn't secure a spot for himself at the auditions and was never told why he was rejected. This didn't let him down, on the contrary he continued with his work, showcasing ''tiatrs'' in a distinguished and unique perspective. Gracias initially chose the Konkani stage as a medium to spread the word of God. He didn't intend to start out his ''tiatrs'' based on lenten or having religious concepts, instead his initial ''tiatrs'' storylines were based on family values, women's liberation, patriotism, and social life.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Fernandes |first1=Paul |last2=Esteves |first2=Pio |date=February 19, 2015 |title=Religious tiatr traces its roots back to the 1960s |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/religious-tiatr-traces-its-roots-back-to-the-1960s/articleshow/46292164.cms |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Since 1997 Gracias started with his lenten [[Play (theatre)|plays]] that drew mass attention mainly at the village church squares during the 43 days [[lenten]] season. He presented all of these ''tiatrs'' under the &quot;''Vell’lekar Nirmiti&quot;'' banner and shared little of his profits to charity. Prior to his death, he told [[Times of India]] that &quot;the ''tiatr'' medium is more impactful than preaching&quot;, as it helps convey a strong message to mass audiences since it's a visual form of art, it's more effective.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Konkani play on life of St Francis Xavier - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/konkani/konkani-play-on-life-of-st-francis-xavier/articleshow/43981447.cms |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=The Times of India |date=October 2014 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lenten tiatrs: Solemn messages through entertainment |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Voice-Of-Tiatr/Lenten-tiatrs-Solemn-messages-through-entertainment/127400 |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=oHeraldo}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In a career span of more than 45 years as a [[dramatist]], Gracias has written and staged about 47 tiatrs and 24 lenten plays. His last show, &quot;''Tim Dogaim Ek Zatolim''&quot; was staged just before the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], two years later in 2022, the same production was rescheduled in villages and completed 25 shows. &quot;''Mhaka Nitoll Kor''&quot;, his [[silver jubilee]] show was scheduled in the next lent season in 2023 which included noted tiatrist, [[Prince Jacob]] in a stiff role.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> On 6 January 2009, Gracias was nominated as the council member of [[Tiatr Academy of Goa]]. He was a [[Screenplay|script]] judge at the [[Kala Academy]]'s 42nd tiatr ‘A’ group competition. He was also a regular contributor in writing for articles, ''Vauraddeancho Ixtt'', ''Dor Mhoineachi Rotti'', ''Gulab'' and ''Renovacao''. Until his death in 2022, Gracias has composed over 300 songs that were featured in his lenten plays. He has also published a book, ''Goychem Kantar (Konknni Kantaram)'', which includes 354 songs of various categories, lyrics were written by Gracias and music done by Nolvert Cota.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 5, 2016 |title=Chotrai: Kala Academy's group 'A' tiatr competition awards on Thursday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/chotrai-kala-academys-group-a-tiatr-competition-awards-on-thursday/articleshow/54684286.cms |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='Dista Toxem Nasta' tops tiatr contest |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/%E2%80%98Dista-Toxem-Nasta%E2%80%99-tops-tiatr-contest/107117 |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=oHeraldo}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> Nevel Lourdes Sacramento Gracias was born on 11 February 1964 in the [[Ward (electoral subdivision)|ward]] of [[Naik-Caiero, Silvas and Ubdando|Naik-Caiero]] in the village of [[Velim, Goa]]. He completed his primary and high school education at [[St. Xavier's High School (Velim)|St. Francis Xavier High School, Velim]]. He later graduated from Damodar College of Commerce, [[Margao]]. Gracias had one of his leg below the knee amputated due to diabetes in 2006 and was bedridden at [[Goa Medical College]] in [[Bambolim]], however ensured that his [[lenten]] ''[[tiatr]]s'' saw the light of the day.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fr Nevil turns 50 today |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/The-Sunday-Roundtable/fr-nevil-turns-50-today/61639 |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=oHeraldo}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Awards==<br /> In July 2013, Gracias was awarded the &quot;''Gulab Award''&quot; as the Best director for his work in &quot;''Taka Khursar Mar''&quot; in the ''[[tiatr]]'' category.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 21, 2013 |title='Meet on Monday to discuss GTP for south Goa' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/meet-on-monday-to-discuss-gtp-for-south-goa/articleshow/21210568.cms |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The same year he was the recipient of &quot;''Maria Afonso Konknni Puroskar''&quot; for his contributions in the ''[[Romi Konkani]] language''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Margao: Gulab award conferred on Manohar Parrikar |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=180621 |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Thomas Stephens Konknni Kendr |url=https://www.tskk.org/award_disp.php?id=6# |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=www.tskk.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> In 2020, Gracias was awarded the &quot;''Gulab Award''&quot; as the Gulab writer of the year.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fr. Freddy J Da Costa Memorial 'GULAB AWARDS 2020'conducted |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Fr-Freddy-J-Da-Costa-Memorial-%E2%80%98GULAB-AWARDS-2020%E2%80%99conducted/177562 |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=oHeraldo}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2021, he was awarded the &quot;''[[Dalgado Konkani Academy]] Award''&quot; for the year 2020 in the cultural category.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=TAKE A BOW DALGADO AWARD WINNERS! |url=https://www.goanobserver.in/2021/04/02/letter-to-the-editor-for-issue-dated-april-03-2021/dalgado-2020/ |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=Goan Observer |date=2 April 2021 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Death==<br /> Gracias ailing to his health died in his sleep from an apparent [[heart attack]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cause for concern among tiatrists! |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/cause-for-concern-among-tiatrists/97813.html |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; at the clergy home, Casa Urbina in [[Porvorim]], aged 58.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |author=Marcus Mergulhao|date=May 14, 2022 |title=Goa: 'One-man show' Fr Nevel Gracias passes away at 58 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/one-man-show-fr-nevel-gracias-passes-away-at-58/articleshow/91550471.cms |access-date=2022-10-13 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Reactions===<br /> [[Mario Menezes]], a ''[[tiatr]]'' director expressed his condolences via a social media post and wrote that he was sad and shocked to hear the news of Gracias's sudden demise and further stated that he was a great priest, actor, singer, composer, writer and director, a great friend and advisor. Rupesh Jogle, who played the role as an acting director while Gracias was bedridden said that one of Gracias's special traits was that he would work with a small troupe of 8 artists and get them do everything from biblical scenes, songs and regular roles. He also states that Gracias managed the tiatr so well that none of his cast felt any burden while working with him.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Selected stage works==<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year <br /> ! Title<br /> ! Role<br /> ! Ref<br /> |-<br /> | 1976<br /> | ''Ek Rukachim Tin Follam''<br /> | Writer<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2011<br /> | ''Mhojea Somia Ani Mhojea Deva''<br /> |Director &amp; Actor<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 18, 2011 |first1=Pio |last1=Esteves |title=Theme to help ponder on one's faith |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/theme-to-help-ponder-on-ones-faith/articleshow/8009348.cms |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2013<br /> |''Taka Khursar Mar''<br /> | Writer, Director &amp; Actor <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=One Part Catholic, Three Parts Fun: The Making of the Goan Tiatr |url=http://natgeotraveller.in/one-part-catholic-three-parts-fun-the-making-of-goas-raucous-tiatr/ |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=National Geographic Traveler India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2014<br /> | ''Dhorm Porgottnnar Za''<br /> | Writer &amp; Director<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tiatr.in/tiart/dhorm-porgottnnar-za/|title=Dhorm Porgottnnar Za – Tiatr}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2015<br /> |''Devachem Tem Devak Diyat''<br /> |Director <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 3, 2015 |first=Marcus |last=Mergulhao |title='There's a difference between Lenten tiatrs &amp; tiatrs during Lent' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/theres-a-difference-between-lenten-tiatrs-tiatrs-during-lent/articleshow/46788551.cms |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | <br /> |''Amche Ghorabe Kosbeleat?''<br /> | <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> | ''Dev Kallzant Asa''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | <br /> |''Futtleli Boxi''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |''Hanv Taka Vollkhoch Nam''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |''Hi Porza Onttanim Vakhanntta''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |''Hi Tuji Avoi''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |''Hi vatt khursachi''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |''Ho Amcho Bhavart''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> | ''Khursachem Zoit''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |''Koxtt Ani Sontos''<br /> | <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> | ''Maim Tuka Khoim Sodum?''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |''Mhaka Tan Laglea''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |''Mhojea Mogant Ravat''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |''Mon’xa, Tum Dhull''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> | ''Oniticheo Sanklleo Moddat''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |''Padri Mogan Poddla…''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> | ''Patki Bhagevont''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |''Tallnent Poddunk Dium Naka''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> | ''Tim Dogaim Ek Zatolim''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |''To Amche Pasot Mela''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |''Tuji Khuxi Zaum''<br /> |Director <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fr. Gracias, known for Lenten tiatrs, no more |website=The Navhind Times |date=14 May 2022 |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2022/05/14/goanews/fr-gracias-known-for-lenten-tiatrs-no-more/ |access-date=2022-10-15 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> | ''Tuji Xokti Dhi''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |''Tumche Khatir Roddat''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |''Voch… Anik Patok Korum Naka''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://tiatr.in/tiatrist/fr-nevel-gracias/ Nevel Gracias at Tiatr.in]<br /> * [http://goanchurches.info/priests/fr-nevel-lourdes-sacramento-gracias/ Nevel Gracias at Goan Churches] <br /> * [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=6m-sMb2vx3k&amp;feature=youtu.be Funeral service of Fr. Nevel Gracias]<br /> * [http://stdiogoschurch.in/?s=Nevel+Gracias+#.Y00ibeHhVPw Nevel Gracias at St. Diogo Church, Guirim]<br /> * [https://www.artandculture.goa.gov.in/general-council-1 General Council of Establishment in 2009]<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Gracias, Nevel}}<br /> [[Category:1964 births]]<br /> [[Category:2022 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian Roman Catholic priests]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian Roman Catholic priests]]<br /> [[Category:Indian dramatists and playwrights]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male actors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian theatre directors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian producers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male singers]]<br /> [[Category:People from South Goa district]]<br /> [[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Goa]]<br /> [[Category:Tiatrists]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian composers]]</div>

SBS Khumancha https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Aa&diff=546645 2026-01-10T22:42:45Z

<p>SBS Khumancha: creating some pg w/ infobox - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Letter &quot;Śa&quot; in Indic scripts}}<br /> {{Infobox Indic letter |letname = Śa <br /> |bengcp = 09B6 |bengimg = Bengali Letter Sha.svg <br /> |tibtcp = 0F64 |tibtimg = Tibetan Sha.svg <br /> |tamlcp = 0BB6 <br /> |thaicp = 0E28 <br /> |mlymcp = 0D36 <br /> |sinhcp = 0DC1 <br /> |brahcp = 11030 |ashokaimg = Brahmi sh.svg<br /> |devacp = 0936 |devaimg = Devanagari श 2.svg<br /> | hbchar = ש<br /> | grchar = Σ (Ϲ), Ϛ<br /> | lachar = S (ſ), ẞ, Ʃ, Š<br /> | cychar = С, Ш, Щ<br /> |ipa = ʃ |iast = ś |iscii = D5 <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Śa''' or '''Sha''' is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Śa is derived from the early &quot;[[Ashoka]]&quot; Brahmi letter [[Image:Brahmi sh.svg|13px|ng]] after having gone through the [[Gupta script|Gupta]] letter [[File:Gupta allahabad sh.svg|13px]].<br /> <br /> ==Āryabhaṭa numeration==<br /> {{further|Āryabhaṭa numeration}}<br /> [[Aryabhata]] used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the [[Greek numerals]], even after the invention of [[Indian numerals]]. The values of the different forms of श are:&lt;ref name=&quot;Ifrah&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Ifrah|first=Georges|title=The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer|year=2000|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|location=New York|isbn=0-471-39340-1|pages=447–450}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> *श {{IPA|hi|ʃə|}} = 70 (७०)<br /> *शि {{IPA|hi|ʃɪ|}} = 7,000 (७ ०००)<br /> *शु {{IPA|hi|ʃʊ|}} = 700,000 (७ ०० ०००)<br /> *शृ {{IPA|hi|ʃri|}} = 70,000,000 (७ ०० ०० ०००)<br /> *शॢ {{IPA|hi|ʃlə|}} = 7{{e|9}} (७×१०&lt;sup&gt;९&lt;/sup&gt;)<br /> *शे {{IPA|hi|ʃe|}} = 7{{e|11}} (७×१०&lt;sup&gt;११&lt;/sup&gt;)<br /> *शै {{IPA|hi|ʃɛː|}} = 7{{e|13}} (७×१०&lt;sup&gt;१३&lt;/sup&gt;)<br /> *शो {{IPA|hi|ʃoː|}} = 7{{e|15}} (७×१०&lt;sup&gt;१५&lt;/sup&gt;)<br /> *शौ {{IPA|hi|ʃɔː|}} = 7{{e|17}} (७×१०&lt;sup&gt;१७&lt;/sup&gt;)<br /> <br /> ==Historic Sha==<br /> There are three different general early historic scripts - [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]] and its variants, [[Kharosthi|Kharoṣṭhī]], and [[Tocharian alphabet|Tocharian]], the so-called ''slanting Brahmi''. Sha as found in standard [[Brahmi]], [[Image:Brahmi sh.svg|13px|Sha]] was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta [[Image:Gupta allahabad sh.svg|13px|Sha]]. The Tocharian Sha [[Image:Tocharian letter sha.gif|18px|Sha]] had an alternate [[Tocharian alphabet#Script|Fremdzeichen]] form, [[Image:Tocharian letter shà.gif|18px|Sha]]. The third form of sha, in Kharoshthi ([[file:Буква SHА (незалежний знак). Письмо кхароштхі. Kharoshthi letter SHA.svg|15px|Sha]]) was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.<br /> <br /> ===Brahmi Sha===<br /> The Brahmi letter [[Image:Brahmi sh.svg|13px|Sha]], Sha, is [[Brahmi script#origin|probably derived]] from the Aramaic [[Shin (letter)|Shin]] [[File:Shin.svg|13px]], and is thus related to the modern Latin [[S]] and Greek [[Sigma]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Buhler&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Bühler |first1=Georg |title=On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet |url=https://archive.org/details/onoriginofindian00bhuoft/page/n3/mode/2up |website=archive.org |year=1898 |publisher=Karl J. Trübner |access-date=10 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Sha can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.&lt;ref&gt;[[:File:Brahmi script consonants according to James Prinsep March 1838.jpg|Evolutionary chart]], Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [https://archive.org/stream/journalofasiatic775asia#page/n101]&lt;/ref&gt; As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the [[Edicts of Ashoka]] and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+Brahmi Sha historic forms<br /> |-<br /> !Ashoka&lt;br /&gt;([[Brahmi script#Early Brahmi or &quot;Ashokan Brahmi&quot; (3rd–1st century BCE)|3rd-1st c. BCE]]) !! Girnar&lt;br /&gt;(~150 BCE) !! Kushana&lt;br /&gt;([[Brahmi script#Middle Brahmi or &quot;Kushana Brahmi&quot; (1st–3rd centuries CE)|~150-250 CE]]) !! Gujarat&lt;br /&gt;(~250 CE) !! Gupta&lt;br /&gt;([[Gupta script|~350 CE]])<br /> |-<br /> | [[File:Brahmi sh.svg|37px]] || No sample&lt;!--[[Image:Gupta girnar sh.svg|37px]]--&gt; || [[Image:Gupta ashoka sh.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta gujarat sh.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta allahabad sh.svg|37px]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Tocharian Sha===<br /> The Tocharian letter [[Image:Tocharian letter sha.gif|25px|Sha]] is derived from the Brahmi [[Image:Brahmi sh.svg|13px|Sha]], and has an alternate Fremdzeichen form [[Image:Tocharian letter shà.gif|25px|Shä]] used in conjuncts and as an alternate representation of Shä.<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+Tocharian Sha with vowel marks<br /> |-<br /> ! Sha !! Shā !! Shi !! Shī !! Shu !! Shū !! Shr !! Shr̄ !! She !! Shai !! Sho !! Shau !! Shä !! Fremdzeichen<br /> |-<br /> | [[File:Tocharian letter sha.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter shaa.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter shi.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter shii.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter shu.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter shuu.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter shr.gif|37px]] || &lt;!--[[File:Tocharian letter shrr.gif|37px]]--&gt; || [[File:Tocharian letter she.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter shai.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter sho.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter shau.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter shä.gif|37px]] || [[Image:Tocharian letter shà.gif|37px]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Kharoṣṭhī Sha===<br /> The Kharoṣṭhī letter [[file:Буква SHА (незалежний знак). Письмо кхароштхі. Kharoshthi letter SHA.svg|15px|Sha]] is generally accepted as being derived from the Aramaic [[Shin (letter)|Shin]] [[File:Shin.svg|13px]], and is thus related to [[S]] and [[Sigma]], in addition to the Brahmi Sha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Buhler&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Devanagari Śa==<br /> {{multiple image<br /> | header = Devanagari Sha<br /> | image1 = Devanagari श 2.svg<br /> | width1 = 80<br /> | image2 = Devanagari श 3.svg<br /> | width2 = 80<br /> | width3 = 100<br /> | footer = Different presentations of Devanagari letter श.<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Devanagari abugida sidebar}}<br /> '''Śa''' ('''श''' / '''{{lang|mr|श}}''') is a consonant of the [[Devanagari]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi sh.svg|13px|ka]], after having gone through the [[Gupta script|Gupta]] letter [[File:Gupta allahabad sh.svg|13px]]. Letters that derive from it are the [[Gujarati script|Gujarati]] letter '''શ''', and the [[Modi alphabet|Modi]] letter 𑘫.<br /> <br /> The letter has several alternate forms. The most common form found in modern typography has a full horizontal headline, with a &quot;2&quot;-shape loop directly touching or even overlapping the headline at its top. Its tail may or may not touch the following vertical stem. A second form has a headline only over the vertical stem. A third form is found more commonly in traditional Marathi-language typography and has a full horizontal headline, and a &quot;2&quot;-shape without loop that is lowered slightly and connected to the headline with a small ascender at its top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Mangas Afonso |first1=Héctor |title=Regional forms of Devanagari (Survey Report) |url=https://www.typotheque.com/articles/regional-forms-of-devanagari-survey-report |website=Typotheque |publisher=typotheque.com |access-date=2 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Devanagari-using Languages===<br /> In all languages, श is pronounced as {{IPA|hi|ʃə|}} or {{IPAblink|ʃ}} when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Devanagari श with vowel marks<br /> |-<br /> ! Śa !! Śā !! Śi !! Śī !! Śu !! Śū !! Śr !! Śr̄ !! Śl !! Śl̄ !! Śe !! Śai !! Śo !! Śau !! Ś<br /> |-style=&quot;font-size: 150%;&quot;<br /> |श<br /> |शा<br /> |शि<br /> |शी<br /> |शु<br /> |शू<br /> |शृ<br /> |शॄ<br /> |शॢ<br /> |शॣ<br /> |शे<br /> |शै<br /> |शो<br /> |शौ<br /> |श्<br /> |}<br /> &lt;!--Certain words that have been borrowed from [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Arabic]] implement the [[nukta]] to more properly approximate the original word. It is then transliterated as a ''&lt;letter&gt;''.<br /> *[[wikt:#Hindi|]] = ''&lt;tranliteration&gt;'' {{IPA|hi|&lt;pronunciation&gt;|}} &quot;&lt;word&gt;&quot;--&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Conjuncts with श===<br /> [[File:Devanagari Sha half form.svg|thumb|right|100px|Half form of Śa.]]<br /> [[File:Devanagari Ribbon Sha half form.svg|thumb|right|100px|Half form of Ribbon Śa.]]<br /> Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a &quot;half form&quot;. Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. Śa is unique in having an alternate form found only in conjuncts, sometimes called &quot;Ribbon Śa&quot;, that appears as both a half form in horizontal conjuncts and as an element in vertical conjuncts. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with [[Marathi language|Marathi]] in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks.&lt;ref name=&quot;KNAB&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Pall |first1=Peeter |title=Microsoft Word - kblhi2 |url=https://www.eki.ee/knab/lat/kblhi2.pdf |website=Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed |publisher=Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed |access-date=19 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Ligature conjuncts of श====<br /> True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include [[Na (Indic)#Devanagari Na|Na]] and the [[Ra (Indic)#Devanagari Repha|Repha]] and [[Ra (Indic)#Devanagari Rakar|Rakar]] forms of Ra. [[Nepali language|Nepali]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] texts use the &quot;eyelash&quot; Ra half form [[Image:Devanagari Eyelash Ra.svg|15px|Ra]] for an initial &quot;R&quot; instead of repha.<br /> * Repha र্ (r) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature rʃa: {{ref|note|note}}<br /> [[File:Devanagari Conjunct RSha.svg|100px]]<br /> * Eyelash र্ (r) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature rʃa:<br /> [[File:Devanagari Conjunct Eyelash RSha.svg|125px]]<br /> * श্ (ʃ) + न (na) gives the ligature ʃna:<br /> [[File:Devanagari Conjunct ShNa.svg|100px]]<br /> * श্ (ʃ) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature ʃra:<br /> [[File:Devanagari Conjunct ShRa.svg|100px]]<br /> <br /> ====Stacked conjuncts of श====<br /> Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.<br /> * छ্ (cʰ) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature cʰʃa:<br /> [[File:Devanagari Conjunct ChSha.svg|100px]]<br /> * ढ্ (ḍʱ) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature ḍʱʃa:<br /> [[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdhSha.svg|100px]]<br /> * ड্ (ḍ) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature ḍʃa:<br /> [[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdSha.svg|100px]]<br /> * द্ (d) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature dʃa:<br /> [[File:Devanagari Conjunct DSha.svg|100px]]<br /> * ज্ (j) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature jʃa:<br /> [[File:Devanagari Conjunct JSha.svg|100px]]<br /> * ङ্ (ŋ) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature ŋʃa:<br /> [[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgSha.svg|100px]]<br /> * श্ (ʃ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature ʃba:<br /> [[File:Devanagari Conjunct ShBa.svg|100px]]<br /> * श্ (ʃ) + च (ca) gives the ligature ʃca:<br /> [[File:Devanagari Conjunct ShCa.svg|100px]]<br /> * श্ (ʃ) + ज (ja) gives the ligature ʃja:<br /> [[File:Devanagari Conjunct ShJa.svg|100px]]<br /> * श্ (ʃ) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ʃjña:<br /> [[File:Devanagari Conjunct ShJNya.svg|100px]]<br /> * श্ (ʃ) + ल (la) gives the ligature ʃla:<br /> [[File:Devanagari Conjunct ShLa.svg|100px]]<br /> * श্ (ʃ) + ळ (ḷa) gives the ligature ʃḷa:<br /> [[File:Devanagari Conjunct ShLla.svg|100px]]<br /> * श্ (ʃ) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ʃña:<br /> [[File:Devanagari Conjunct ShNya.svg|100px]]<br /> * श্ (ʃ) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature ʃʃa:<br /> [[File:Devanagari Conjunct ShSha.svg|100px]]<br /> * श্ (ʃ) + व (va) gives the ligature ʃva:<br /> [[File:Devanagari Conjunct ShVa.svg|100px]]<br /> * ठ্ (ṭʰ) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature ṭʰʃa:<br /> [[File:Devanagari Conjunct TthSha.svg|100px]]<br /> * ट্ (ṭ) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature ṭʃa:<br /> [[File:Devanagari Conjunct TtSha.svg|100px]]<br /> <br /> ==Bengali Sha==<br /> The Bengali script শ is derived from the [[Siddhaṃ]] [[Image:Siddham sh.svg|13px]], and is marked by the lack of a horizontal head line, unlike the reduced head line of its Devanagari counterpart, श. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter শ will sometimes be transliterated as &quot;sho&quot; instead of &quot;sha&quot;. Adding okar, the &quot;o&quot; vowel mark, gives a reading of /ʃo/.<br /> Like all Indic consonants, শ can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent &quot;a&quot;.<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Bengali শ with vowel marks<br /> |-<br /> ! sha !! shā !! shi !! shī !! shu !! shū !! shr !! shr̄ !! she !! shai !! sho !! shau !! sh<br /> |-style=&quot;font-size: 150%;&quot;<br /> |শ<br /> |শা<br /> |শি<br /> |শী<br /> |শু<br /> |শূ<br /> |শৃ<br /> |শৄ<br /> |শে<br /> |শৈ<br /> |শো<br /> |শৌ<br /> |শ্<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===শ in Bengali-using languages===<br /> শ is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali]] and [[Assamese alphabet|Assamese]]. &lt;!--It is also used with a nukta, ়, for foreign borrowings of //.--&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Conjuncts with শ===<br /> Bengali শ exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with a tendency towards stacked ligatures.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Bengali Alphabet|url=http://tesseractindic.googlecode.com/files/wb069conjuncts.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928021705/http://tesseractindic.googlecode.com/files/wb069conjuncts.pdf|archive-date=2013-09-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Other conjuncts of শ====<br /> * র্ (r) + শ (ʃa) gives the ligature rʃa, with the [[Ra (Indic)#Bengali Repha|repha]] prefix:<br /> [[File:Bengali Conjunct Rsha.svg |100px]]<br /> * র্ (r) + শ্ (ʃ) + ব (va) gives the ligature rʃva, with the repha prefix and va phala suffix:<br /> [[File:Bengali Conjunct Rshva.svg |100px]]<br /> * র্ (r) + শ্ (ʃ) + য (ya) gives the ligature rʃya, with the ya phala suffix:<br /> [[File:Bengali Conjunct Rshya.svg |100px]]<br /> * শ্ (ʃ) + চ (ca) gives the ligature ʃca:<br /> [[File:Bengali Conjunct SHca.svg |100px]]<br /> * শ্ (ʃ) + ছ (cʰa) gives the ligature ʃcʰa:<br /> [[File:Bengali Conjunct SHcha.svg |100px]]<br /> * শ্ (ʃ) + ল (la) gives the ligature ʃla:<br /> [[File:Bengali Conjunct SHla.svg |100px]]<br /> * শ্ (ʃ) + ম (ma) gives the ligature ʃma:<br /> [[File:Bengali Conjunct SHma.svg |100px]]<br /> * শ্ (ʃ) + ন (na) gives the ligature ʃna:<br /> [[File:Bengali Conjunct SHna.svg |100px]]<br /> * শ্ (ʃ) + র (ra) gives the ligature ʃra, with the [[ra phala]] suffix:<br /> [[File:Bengali Conjunct SHra.svg |100px]]<br /> * শ্ (ʃ) + ব (va) gives the ligature ʃva, with the va phala suffix:<br /> [[File:Bengali Conjunct SHva.svg |100px]]<br /> * শ্ (ʃ) + য (ya) gives the ligature ʃya, with the ya phala suffix:<br /> [[File:Bengali Conjunct SHya.svg |100px]]<br /> <br /> ==Gujarati Śa==<br /> [[File:Gujarati letter Sha.svg|thumb|right|100px|Gujarati Śa.]]<br /> '''Śa''' ('''શ''') is the thirtieth consonant of the [[Gujarati script|Gujarati]] [[abugida]]. It is derived from the Devanagari Śa [[Image:Devanagari श.svg|13px|Sha]] with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi sh.svg|13px|Sha]].<br /> <br /> ===Gujarati-using Languages===<br /> The Gujarati script is used to write the [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]] languages. In both languages, શ is pronounced as {{IPA|gu|ʃə|}} or {{IPAblink|ʃ}} when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:<br /> {| class=wikitable style=&quot;width: 40em;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;width:6%;&quot;| Śa !! style=&quot;width:7%;&quot;| Śā !! style=&quot;width:6.5%;&quot;| Śi !! style=&quot;width:7%;&quot;| Śī !! style=&quot;width:4.5%;&quot;| Śu !! style=&quot;width:5%;&quot;| Śū !! style=&quot;width:4.5%;&quot;| Śr !! style=&quot;width:5%;&quot;| Śl !! style=&quot;width:5%;&quot;| Śr̄ !! style=&quot;width:5%;&quot;| Śl̄ !! style=&quot;width:4.5%;&quot;| Śĕ !! style=&quot;width:4.5%;&quot;| Śe !! style=&quot;width:5%;&quot;| Śai !! style=&quot;width:7%;&quot;| Śŏ !! style=&quot;width:7%;&quot;| Śo !! style=&quot;width:6%;&quot;| Śau !! style=&quot;width:7%;&quot;| Ś<br /> |- align=&quot;center&quot;<br /> | colspan=17 |[[File:Gujarati Sha Matras.svg|750px]]<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=17 |Gujarati Śa syllables, with vowel marks in red.<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Conjuncts with શ===<br /> [[File:Gujarati letter Sha half form.svg|thumb|right|100px|Half form of Śa.]]<br /> Gujarati શ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. Most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a &quot;half form&quot;. A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari.<br /> True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include [[Na (Indic)#Gujarati Na|Na]] and the [[Ra (Indic)#Gujarati Repha|Repha]] and [[Ra (Indic)#Gujarati Rakar|Rakar]] forms of Ra.<br /> * ર્ (r) + શ (ʃa) gives the ligature RŚa:<br /> [[File:Gujarati conjunct RSha.svg|100px]]<br /> * શ્ (ʃ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ŚRa:<br /> [[File:Gujarati conjunct ShRa.svg|100px]]<br /> * શ્ (ʃ) + ચ (ca) gives the ligature ŚCa:<br /> [[File:Gujarati conjunct ShCa.svg|100px]]<br /> * શ્ (ʃ) + ન (na) gives the ligature ŚNa:<br /> [[File:Gujarati conjunct ShNa.svg|100px]]<br /> * શ્ (ʃ) + લ (la) gives the ligature ŚLa:<br /> [[File:Gujarati conjunct ShLa.svg|100px]]<br /> * શ્ (ʃ) + વ (va) gives the ligature ŚVa:<br /> [[File:Gujarati conjunct ShVa.svg|100px]]<br /> <br /> ==Telugu Śa==<br /> {{multiple image<br /> | width = 100px<br /> | image1 = Telugu letter Sha.svg<br /> | alt1 = Telugu Śa<br /> | image2 = Telugu subjoined Sha.svg<br /> | alt2 = Telugu subjoined Śa<br /> | footer = Telugu independent and subjoined Śa.<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Śa''' ('''శ''') is a consonant of the [[Telugu script|Telugu]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi sh.svg|13px|Ś]]. It is closely related to the [[Kannada script|Kannada]] letter '''ಶ'''. Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras.<br /> Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of [[Ṣa (Indic)#Telugu Ṣa|Ṣa]] (borrowed from [[Kannada script|Kannada]]) in the KṢa conjunct.<br /> <br /> ==Malayalam Śa==<br /> [[File:Malayalam letter Sha.svg|thumb|100px|Malayalam letter Śa]]<br /> '''Śa''' ('''ശ''') is a consonant of the [[Malayalam script|Malayalam]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi sh.svg|13px|Ś]], via the [[Grantha script|Grantha]] letter [[Image:Grantha letter Sha.svg|x15px|Śa]] ''Sha''. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel &quot;a&quot;, and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.<br /> [[File:Malayalam Sha matras.svg|thumb|center|550px|Malayalam Sha matras: Sha, Shā, Shi, Shī, Shu, Shū, Shr̥, Shr̥̄, Shl̥, Shl̥̄, She, Shē, Shai, Sho, Shō, Shau, and Sh.]]<br /> <br /> ===Conjuncts of ശ===<br /> As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit [[candrakkala]] mark to suppress the inherent &quot;a&quot; vowel, or a special consonant form called a &quot;chillu&quot; letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent &quot;a&quot; vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, ''put̪iya lipi'', may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in ''paḻaya lipi'', due to [[Malayalam script#Orthography reform|changes]] undertaken in the 1970s by the [[Government of Kerala]].<br /> * ശ് (ʃ) + ന (na) gives the ligature ʃna:<br /> [[File:Malayalam conjunct ShNa.svg]]<br /> * ശ് (ʃ) + മ (ma) gives the ligature ʃma:<br /> [[File:Malayalam conjunct ShMa.svg]]<br /> * ശ് (ʃ) + ശ (ʃa) gives the ligature ʃʃa:<br /> [[File:Malayalam conjunct ShSha.svg]]<br /> <br /> ==Odia Śa==<br /> {{multiple image<br /> | width = 100px<br /> | image1 = Odia letter Sha.svg<br /> | alt1 = Odia independent letter Śa<br /> | image2 = Odia subjoined Sha.svg<br /> | alt2 = Odia subjoined letter Śa<br /> | footer = Odia independent and subjoined letter Śa.<br /> }}<br /> '''Śa''' ('''ଶ''') is a consonant of the [[Odia script|Odia]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi sh.svg|13px|Ś]], via the [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]] letter [[Image:Siddham sh.svg|x15px|Śa]] ''Sha''. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel &quot;a&quot;, and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.<br /> {| class=wikitable<br /> |+ Odia Sha with vowel matras<br /> |-<br /> ! Śa !! Śā !! Śi !! Śī !! Śu !! Śū !! Śr̥ !! Śr̥̄ !! Śl̥ !! Śl̥̄ !! Śe !! Śai !! Śo !! Śau !! Ś<br /> |-<br /> | {{big|ଶ}} || {{big|ଶା}} || {{big|ଶି}} || {{big|ଶୀ}} || {{big|ଶୁ}} || {{big|ଶୂ}} || {{big|ଶୃ}} || {{big|ଶୄ}} || {{big|ଶୢ}} || {{big|ଶୣ}} || {{big|ଶେ}} || {{big|ଶୈ}} || {{big|ଶୋ}} || {{big|ଶୌ}} || {{big|ଶ୍}}<br /> |}<br /> As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. ଶ generates conjuncts only by subjoining and does not form ligatures, although the subjoined form of [[Cha (Indic)#Odia Cha|Cha]] used with Sha is irregular:<br /> * ଶ୍ (ś) + ଛ (cha) gives the ligature ścha:<br /> [[File:Odia conjunct ShCha.svg]]<br /> <br /> ==Kaithi Śa==<br /> {{multiple image<br /> | width = 100px<br /> | image1 = Kaithi Sha.svg<br /> | alt1 = Kaithi consonant Śa<br /> | image2 = Kaithi Sha half form.svg<br /> | alt2 = Kaithi half-form letter Śa<br /> | footer = Kaithi consonant and half-form Śa.<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Śa''' ('''𑂬''') is a consonant of the [[Kaithi script|Kaithi]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi sh.svg|13px|Ś]], via the [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]] letter [[Image:Siddham sh.svg|x15px|Śa]] ''Sha''. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel &quot;a&quot;, and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable<br /> |+ Kaithi Sha with vowel matras<br /> |-<br /> ! Sha !! Shā !! Shi !! Shī !! Shu !! Shū !! She !! Shai !! Sho !! Shau !! Sh<br /> |-<br /> | {{big|𑂬}} || {{big|𑂬𑂰}} || {{big|𑂬𑂱}} || {{big|𑂬𑂲}} || {{big|𑂬𑂳}} || {{big|𑂬𑂴}} || {{big|𑂬𑂵}} || {{big|𑂬𑂶}} || {{big|𑂬𑂷}} || {{big|𑂬𑂸}} || {{big|𑂬𑂹}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Conjuncts of 𑂬 ===<br /> As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a [[half form]] of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit [[virama]]. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjuncts of ''ra'' are indicated with a ''repha'' or ''rakar'' mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.<br /> <br /> * 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂬 (ʃa) gives the ligature rʃa:<br /> [[File:Kaithi conjunct RSha.svg|100px]]<br /> <br /> ==Tirhuta Śa==<br /> [[File:TIRHUTA LETTER SHA.svg|thumb|right|100px|Tirhuta consonant Śa]]<br /> <br /> '''Śa''' ('''𑒬''') is a consonant of the [[Tirhuta script|Tirhuta]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi sh.svg|13px|Ś]], via the [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]] letter [[Image:Siddham sh.svg|x15px|Śa]] ''Sha''. Like in other Indic scripts, Tirhuta consonants have the inherent vowel &quot;a&quot;, and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent sylables with another vowel or no vowel at all.<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable<br /> |+ Tirhuta Śa with vowel matras<br /> |-<br /> ! Śa !! Śā !! Śi !! Śī !! Śu !! Śū !! Śṛ !! Śṝ !! Śḷ !! Śḹ !! Śē !! Śe !! Śai !! Śō !! Śo !! Śau !! Ś<br /> |-<br /> | {{big|𑒬}}<br /> | {{big|𑒬𑒰}}<br /> | {{big|𑒬𑒱}}<br /> | {{big|𑒬𑒲}}<br /> | {{big|𑒬𑒳}}<br /> | {{big|𑒬𑒴}}<br /> | {{big|𑒬𑒵}}<br /> | {{big|𑒬𑒶}}<br /> | {{big|𑒬𑒷}}<br /> | {{big|𑒬𑒸}}<br /> | {{big|𑒬𑒹}}<br /> | {{big|𑒬𑒺}}<br /> | {{big|𑒬𑒻}}<br /> | {{big|𑒬𑒼}}<br /> | {{big|𑒬𑒽}}<br /> | {{big|𑒬𑒾}}<br /> | {{big|𑒬𑓂}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Conjuncts of 𑒬 ===<br /> As is common in Indic scripts, Tirhuta joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using an explicit [[virama]]. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjuncts of ''ra'' are indicated with a ''repha'' or ''rakar'' mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, other consonants take unique combining forms when in conjunct with other letters, and there are several vertical conjuncts and true ligatures that can be found in Tirhuta writing.<br /> <br /> * 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒬 (ʃa) gives the ligature rʃa:<br /> [[file:Tirhuta conjunct RSha.svg]]<br /> * 𑒬୍ (ʃ) + 𑒔 (ca) gives the ligature ʃca:<br /> [[file:Tirhuta conjunct ShCa.svg]]<br /> * 𑒬୍ (ʃ) + 𑒕 (cʰa) gives the ligature ʃcʰa:<br /> [[file:Tirhuta conjunct ShCha.svg]]<br /> * 𑒬୍ (ʃ) + 𑒪 (la) gives the ligature ʃla:<br /> [[file:Tirhuta conjunct ShLa.svg]]<br /> * 𑒬୍ (ʃ) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature ʃra:<br /> [[file:Tirhuta conjunct ShRa.svg]]<br /> * 𑒬 (ʃ) + 𑒅 (u) gives the ligature ʃu:<br /> [[file:Tirhuta conjunct Shu.svg]]<br /> * 𑒬୍ (ʃ) + 𑒫 (va) gives the ligature ʃva:<br /> [[file:Tirhuta conjunct ShVa.svg]]<br /> * 𑒬୍ (ʃ) + 𑒨 (ya) gives the ligature ʃya:<br /> [[file:Tirhuta conjunct ShYa.svg]]<br /> * 𑒞୍ (t) + 𑒬 (ʃa) gives the ligature tʃa:<br /> [[file:Tirhuta conjunct TSha.svg]]<br /> &lt;!--Insert new scripts above<br /> ==Gurmukhi==<br /> ==Tamil==<br /> ==Kannada==<br /> ==Sinhala==<br /> ==Thai==<br /> ==Lao==<br /> ==Tibetan==<br /> ==Burmese==<br /> ==Khmer==<br /> ==Philippine ==<br /> ===Baybayin (Telugu)===<br /> ===Hanunoo===<br /> ===Buhid===<br /> ==Tagbanwa==<br /> ==Lontara==<br /> ==Balinese==<br /> ==Sundanese==<br /> ==Limbu==<br /> ==Tai Le==<br /> ==New Tai Lue==<br /> ==Lepcha==<br /> ==Saurashtra==<br /> ==Rejang==<br /> ==Cham==<br /> ==Tai Viet==<br /> ===Low===<br /> ===High===<br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Comparison of Śa==<br /> The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Śa, are related as well.<br /> {{Indic glyph |letname = Śa<br /> |devacp = 0936 |devaimg = Devanagari श.svg<br /> |bengcp = 09B6 |bengimg = Bengali Letter Sha.svg<br /> |tamlcp = 0BB6 <br /> |telucp = 0C36 <br /> |oryacp = 0B36 <br /> |kndacp = 0CB6 <br /> |mlymcp = 0D36 <br /> |gujrcp = 0AB6 <br /> |gurucp = 0A36 <br /> <br /> |brahcp = 11030 |ashokaimg = Brahmi sh.svg<br /> |kushanaimg = Gupta ashoka sh.svg<br /> |guptaimg = Gupta allahabad sh.svg<br /> |kharcp = 10A2D <br /> |siddcp = 115AB |siddimg = Siddham sh.svg<br /> |grancp = 11336 <br /> |tibtcp = 0F64 |tibtimg = Tibetan Sha.svg<br /> |phagcp = A85A <br /> |zanbcp = 11A2E <br /> |newacp = 11431 <br /> |bhkscp = 11C2B <br /> |shrdcp = 111AF <br /> |mymrcp = 1050 <br /> |lanacp = 1A46 <br /> |khmrcp = 179D <br /> |thaicp = 0E28 <br /> |laoocp = 0EA8 <br /> |sinhcp = 0DC1 <br /> |kalicp = A90F <br /> |diakcp = 1192A <br /> |saurcp = A8AF <br /> |modicp = 1162B <br /> |nandcp = 119CB <br /> |soyocp = 11A7F <br /> |kthiimg = Kaithi Sha.svg | kthicp = 110AC <br /> |tirhcp = 114AC <br /> |lepccp = 1C21 <br /> |limbcp = 1919 <br /> |mteicp = AAE9 <br /> |marccp = 11C8C <br /> |takrcp = 116A7 <br /> |dogrcp = 11827 <br /> |sindcp = 112DC <br /> |balicp = 1B30 <br /> |javacp = A9AF <br /> |sundcp = 1BAF<br /> |gonmcp = 11D29 <br /> |tochimg = Tocharian letter sha.gif |toch2img = Tocharian letter shà.gif<br /> |kawiimg = Aksara Kawi sha.svg<br /> | armiimg = Shin.svg<br /> | plavaimg = Pallava Sha.svg <br /> | ranjimg = Ranjana sh.svg<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Character encodings of Śa==<br /> Most Indic scripts are encoded in the [[Unicode Standard]], and as such the letter Śa in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Śa from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as [[ISCII]].<br /> {{Indic encoding |= Śa<br /> |devacp = 0936 |devaimg = Devanagari श.svg<br /> |bengcp = 09B6 |bengimg = Bengali Letter Sha.svg<br /> |tamlcp = 0BB6 <br /> |telucp = 0C36 <br /> |oryacp = 0B36 <br /> |kndacp = 0CB6 <br /> |mlymcp = 0D36 <br /> |gujrcp = 0AB6 <br /> |gurucp = 0A36 <br /> |iscii = D5 <br /> <br /> |brahcp = 11030 |ashokaimg = Brahmi sh.svg<br /> |kushanaimg = Gupta ashoka sh.svg<br /> |guptaimg = Gupta allahabad sh.svg<br /> |kharcp = 10A2D <br /> |siddcp = 115AB |siddimg = Siddham sh.svg<br /> |grancp = 11336 <br /> |tibtcp = 0F64 |tibtimg = Tibetan Sha.svg<br /> |tibtaltcp = 0FB4 <br /> |phagcp = A85A <br /> |zanbcp = 11A2E <br /> |newacp = 11431 <br /> |bhkscp = 11C2B <br /> |shrdcp = 111AF <br /> |mymrcp = 1050 <br /> |lanacp = 1A46 <br /> |khmrcp = 179D <br /> |thaicp = 0E28 <br /> |laoocp = 0EA8 <br /> |sinhcp = 0DC1 <br /> |kalicp = A90F <br /> |diakcp = 1192A <br /> |saurcp = A8AF <br /> |modicp = 1162B <br /> |nandcp = 119CB <br /> |soyocp = 11A7F <br /> |kthiimg = Kaithi Sha.svg | kthicp = 110AC <br /> |tirhcp = 114AC <br /> |lepccp = 1C21 <br /> |limbcp = 1919 <br /> |mteicp = AAE9 <br /> |marccp = 11C8C <br /> |takrcp = 116A7 <br /> |dogrcp = 11827 <br /> |sindcp = 112DC <br /> |balicp = 1B30 <br /> |javacp = A9AF <br /> |gonmcp = 11D29 <br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> ::{{note|note|note}} Conjuncts are identified by [[IAST]] transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript &quot;h&quot; to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + [[Ha (Indic)|Ha]], and the use of the IPA &quot;ŋ&quot; and &quot;ʃ&quot; instead of the less dinstinctive &quot;ṅ&quot; and &quot;ś&quot;.<br /> {{Devanagari_abugida}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Sha (Indic)}}<br /> [[Category:Indic letters]]</div>

SBS Khumancha https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gopika_Anil&diff=500931 2026-01-10T06:26:27Z

<p>SBS Khumancha: starting new details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Indian name|Gopika|Anil}}<br /> {{Short description|Indian actress}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Gopika Anil<br /> | image = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_name = <br /> | birth_place = [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]], Kerala, India<br /> | birth_date = <br /> | alma_mater = <br /> | occupation = {{hlist|Actor|[[Ayurveda#Practice|Ayurvedic practitioner]]}}<br /> | years_active = 2002–present<br /> | spouse = {{Marriage|[[Govind Padmasoorya]]|2024}}<br /> | known_for = ''[[Kabani (TV series)|Kabani]]'' &lt;br/&gt; ''[[Santhwanam (TV series)|Santhwanam]]''<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Gopika Anil''' is an Indian actress who appears in [[Malayalam]] films and television. She is best known for her role as '''Kabani''' in [[Zee Keralam]]'s drama series ''[[Kabani (TV series)|Kabani]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Kabani completes 300 episodes, actress Gopika Anil thanks the team |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/kabani-completes-300-episodes-actress-gopika-anil-thanks-the-team/articleshow/74896657.cms |website=The Times of India |date=30 March 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and '''Anjali''' in [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]'s popular drama serial ''[[Santhwanam (TV series)|Santhwanam]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/santhwanam-couple-sajin-and-gopika-showcases-culinary-skills-watch/articleshow/80132007.cms |title=Santhwanam couple Sajin and Gopika showcases culinary skills; watch |website=The Times of India|date=6 January 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life ==<br /> Gopika was born on 26 April&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-04-27|title=Keerthana Anil pens down an adorable note on sister Gopika's birthday, see post| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/keerthana-anil-pens-down-an-adorable-note-on-sister-gopikas-birthday-see-post/articleshow/82272846.cms<br /> |access-date=2021-04-27 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; in [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]]. After completing her education at Chinmaya Vidyalaya and at St. Joseph's School in Kozhikode, she completed her [[Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery| Bachelor's degree in Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery]] (BAMS) from SDM College in Karnataka. Her younger sister, Keerthana, is also a television actress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-09-03|title=Real life siblings Gopika and Keerthana look classy in their Onam special photoshoot; watch BTS video| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/real-life-siblings-gopika-and-keerthana-look-classy-in-their-onam-special-photoshoot-watch-bts-video/articleshow/77915318.cms<br /> |access-date=2020-09-03 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Personal life ==<br /> Gopika got engaged to the actor and television presenter [[Govind Padmasoorya]] on 22 October 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-10-22 |title=Govind Padmasoorya gets engaged to Gopika Anil, see photos |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/govind-padmasoorya-gets-engaged-to-gopika-anil-see-photos-8995081/ |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; They got married on 28 January 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=A Cinematic Wedding Journey: The Unconventional Love Story of Govind Padmasoorya and Gopika Anil |url=https://celtalks.com/blog/2024/01/28/a-cinematic-wedding-journey-the-unconventional-love-story-of-govind-padmasoorya-and-gopika-anil/ |access-date=28 January 2024 |work=Celtalks |date=28 January 2024 |archive-date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128060643/https://celtalks.com/blog/2024/01/28/a-cinematic-wedding-journey-the-unconventional-love-story-of-govind-padmasoorya-and-gopika-anil/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Gopika started her career as a child artist in ''[[Shivam (2002 film)|Shivam]]'' and ''[[Balettan]]'' in 2004 with her sister Keerthana.<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> === Films ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;background:#f5f5f5;&quot;<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE;&quot;<br /> ! Year !! Film !! Role !! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notes !! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} <br /> |-<br /> | 2002 || ''[[Shivam (2002 film)|Shivam]]'' || Bhadran's daughter || Movie debut ||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/four-interesting-facts-about-gopika-anil-a-k-a-zee-keralams-kabani-we-bet-you-didnt-know |title=Four Interesting Facts About Gopika Anil A.k.a Zee Keralam's Kabani We Bet You Didn't Know |date=7 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | 2003 || ''[[Balettan]]'' || Balan's elder daughter || ||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/spice-entertainment/malayalam-top-rated-santhwanam-serial-actress-gopika-anil-shared-her-screen-experiences-on-facebook-qit0oa |script-title=ml:'ബാലേട്ടന്റെ' മകള്‍ ഇപ്പോള്‍ ഡോക്റാണ്, ലൈവില്‍ വന്ന് സാന്ത്വനത്തിലെ ഗോപിക |language=ml |trans-title='Balettan's daughter is a doctor now, Gopika from Santhwanam on live |website=asianetnews}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2|2004 || ''[[Mayilattam (film)|Mayilattam]]'' || Young Mythili || ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/actress-gopika-anil-it-is-surprising-that-men-are-watching-tv-serials-especially-santhwanam-more/articleshow/81086119.cms |first=Radhika |last=Nair |date=18 February 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Actress Gopika Anil: It is surprising that men are watching TV serials especially Santhwanam more}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Akale]]'' || Henna Fredy || ||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-01-28 |title=Govind Padmasoorya and Gopika Anil tie the knot in traditional ceremony. Watch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/govind-padmasoorya-and-gopika-anil-tie-the-knot-in-traditional-ceremony-watch-9131772/ |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2012||''[[Bhoomiyude Avakashikal]]'' || Rosy || ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/interview/283309/#storycontent|title=ഇവിടെ എന്ത് മാറ്റം?|language=ml|newspaper=[[Mathrubhumi]]|date=30 June 2012|accessdate=30 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630120040/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/interview/283309/#storycontent|archive-date=30 June 2012|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2014 || ''[[Vasanthathinte Kanal Vazhikalil]]'' || Mathangi || ||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/samuthirakani-surabhi-starrer-vasanthathinte-kanal-vazhikalil-set-to-release-soon-online/articleshow/78290095.cms | title=കേരളത്തിന്‍റെ വിപ്ലവചരിത്രം; 'വസന്തത്തിന്‍റെ കനല്‍വഴികളിൽ' ഓൺലൈൻ റിലീസിന് | access-date=19 January 2024 | archive-date=19 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119114437/https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/samuthirakani-surabhi-starrer-vasanthathinte-kanal-vazhikalil-set-to-release-soon-online/articleshow/78290095.cms | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2018 || ''[[Mattancherry]]'' || Sameera || ||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite interview |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/interview/balettan-movie-child-artist-gopika-mattancherry-movie-mohanlal-bijumenon-gopikaanil-1.1966528 |script-title=ml:അന്ന് ബാലേട്ടനില്‍ മോഹൻലാലിന്റെ മകൾ, ക് ടറാണ്, നായികയും |language=ml |trans-title=Mohanlal's daughter in Balettan is a doctor and heroine now |first=Gopika |last=Anil |interviewer=Anushree Madhavan |website=Mathrubhumi |date=26 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2025 || ''[[Sumathi Valavu]]'' || Meenakshi || ||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=2025-02-13 |title=Arjun Ashokan-starrer Sumathi Valavu gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Feb/13/arjun-ashokan-starrer-sumathi-valavu-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Television===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;background:#f5f5f5;&quot;<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE;&quot;<br /> ! Year !! Film !! Role !! Channel !! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notes !! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} <br /> |-<br /> |2002 || ''Mangalyam'' ||rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Child Artist|| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] || ||&lt;ref name=n&gt;{{cite web |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/celebrity-news/mohanlal-starrer-balettan-movie-child-artists-gopika-and-keerthana-latest-instagram-pics-goes-viral/articleshow/75532713.cms |title='ബാലേട്ടന്‍റെ' മക്കളായി മനം കവർന്ന 'ക്യൂട്ട് സിസ്റ്റേഴ്സ്' ഇവിടെയുണ്ട് ! |work=Malayalam. Samayam}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2005||''Chitta''||[[Surya TV]]||<br /> |-<br /> |2006||''Unniyarcha ''||Kunji|| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Asianet|| ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/kabani-has-given-me-the-strength-to-handle-stress-in-life-gopika-anil/articleshow/69200674.cms |first=Arya |last=UR |date=6 May 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Kabani has given me the strength to handle stress in real life- Gopika Anil}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2008–2009 || ''Ammathottil'' || Young Seemanthini || ||&lt;ref name=n/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2019–2020 || ''[[Kabani (TV series)|Kabani]]'' || Kabani || [[Zee Keralam]] || ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/watch-this-throwback-video-of-kabani-actress-gopika-anil-is-too-cute-to-be-missed/articleshow/75321942.cms |title=Watch: This throwback video of Kabani actress Gopika Anil is too cute to be missed |date=23 April 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2020–2024|| ''[[Santhwanam (TV series)|Santhwanam]]'' || Anjali Shivaramakrishnan (Anju)|| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Asianet ||||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/celebrity-news/santhwanam-serial-fame-gopikas-viral-pics/articleshow/78572944.cms |title=അഞ്ജലി അല്ല ഡോക്ടർ ഗോപിക; ഹരിയെ സ്വന്തമാക്കാൻ ഒരുങ്ങുന്ന അഞ്ജലിയുടെ വിശേഷങ്ങൾ! |website=malayalam.samayam.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | 2021–2023|| ''[[Start Music Aaradhyam Paadum]]'' || Contestant || ||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/santhwanam-actors-to-have-a-blast-in-start-music-watch-teaser/articleshow/87488132.cms |title=Santhwanam actors to have a blast in 'Start Music'; watch teaser – Times of India |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=14 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Other Works===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;background:#f5f5f5;&quot;<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE;&quot;<br /> ! Year !! Film !! Role !! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notes !! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} <br /> |-<br /> | 2022 || ''Girls'' || Stephy ||Web series ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/tv/news/malayalam/new-web-series-girls-grabs-attention-rebecca-santhosh-is-the-star-of-the-premiere-episode/articleshow/93803002.cms|title=New web series 'Girls' grabs attention; Rebecca Santhosh is the star of the premiere episode|work=The Times of India|date=26 August 2022|access-date=27 August 2022|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2023||''Thudakkam Mangalyam''||Revathi||Web series||<br /> |-<br /> |2024||''Pennine Ishtayo''||Veena||Short film||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[https://m3db.com/gopika-anil Gopika Anil]<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Anil, Gopika}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses from Kozhikode]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]<br /> [[Category:Indian television actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Child actresses in Malayalam cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Indian child actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>

SBS Khumancha https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Govind_Singh_Dotasra&diff=454416 2026-01-06T19:46:46Z

<p>SBS Khumancha: expanded content</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian politician (born 1964)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Govind Singh Dotasra<br /> | image = Govind Singh Dotasra.png<br /> | caption = <br /> | imagesize = 250px<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|10|1|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Laxmangarh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]<br /> | residence = [[Sikar, Rajasthan]]<br /> | office1 = [[Rajasthan Pradesh Congress Committee|President, Rajasthan Pradesh Congress Committee]]<br /> | term_start1 = 15 July 2020<br /> | term_end1 = <br /> | predecessor1 = [[Sachin Pilot]]<br /> | office2 = [[Third Ashok Gehlot ministry|Minister of State for Primary &amp; Secondary Education]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Government of Rajasthan]]<br /> | term_start2 = 28 December 2018<br /> | term_end2 = 20 November 2021<br /> | predecessor2 = [[Vasudev Devnani]]<br /> | successor2 = [[Bulaki Das Kalla]] <br /> | office3 = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | constituency3 = [[Lachhmangarh Assembly constituency|Lachhmangarh]]<br /> | term_start3 = 8 December 2008<br /> | term_end3 = <br /> | predecessor3 = [[Parasram Mordiya]]<br /> | office4 = [[Laxmangarh|Pradhan&lt;br /&gt;Laxmangarh]]<br /> | term_start4 = 2005<br /> | term_end4 = 2008<br /> | party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> | children = 2<br /> | country = India<br /> | profession = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], [[Politician]], [[Lawyer]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Govind Singh Dotasra''' (born 1 October 1964) is an Indian politician. He is the president of [[Rajasthan Pradesh Congress Committee]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.ndtv.com/people/govind-singh-dotasara-appointed-as-rajasthan-congress-chief-2262770 | title=Govind Singh Dotasra Appointed as Rajasthan Congress Chief | publisher=ndtv.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was appointed Minister of State for primary and secondary education (Independent Charge), Tourism and Devasthan in 2018 [[Government of Rajasthan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rajasthan-portfolios-allocated-cm-ashok-gehlot-gets-finance-home-sachin-pilot-pwd-rural-development-5512668/ | title=Govind Singh Dotasra Education Minister | publisher=indianexpress.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later on 20 November 2021 he resigned from his ministry post respecting Party's one man one post policy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/rajasthan-congress-chief-govind-dotasra-resigns-as-minister-ahead-of-cabinet-expansion/videoshow/87816477.cms | title=Govind Singh Dotasra Resigns as Minister | publisher=economictimes.indiatimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is a member of 15th [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] and a former chief whip of the [[Indian National Congress]] party in that Assembly.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Govt-blacklists-pharma-company-over-wrongful-labeling/articleshow/38945033.cms | title=Govind Singh Dotasra Whip INC | publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/rajasthan/oppn-cong-stages-walkout-over-minister-s-presence-in-rajasthan-assembly_947579.html | title=Opposition Walkout from assembly: Govind Singh Dotasra, Whip INC | publisher=zeenews.india.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is representing the [[Lachhmangarh Assembly constituency|Lachhmangarh constituency]] of Sikar district of Rajasthan since 2008 and has been a member of the INC since 1981.<br /> <br /> Dotasra was appointed chairman of the media and communication committee ahead of the 2018 Rajasthan polls on 5 October 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/rahul-forms-9-committees-to-manage-rajasthan-polls-118100500061_1.html | title=Lakshmangarh legislator Govind Singh Dotasra will helm the media and coordination committee | publisher=business-standard.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; He served as vice president of [[Rajasthan Pradesh Congress Committee]] from 2014 to 2020 and president of District Congress Committee, Sikar, for 7 years (July 2011 to May 2018).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Cong-forms-131-memberPCC-tries-to-please-all/articleshow/45324415.cms | title=Govind Singh Dotasra appointed as VP of PCC | publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> Dotasra was born to Mohan Singh Dotasra and Rupi Devi on 1 October 1964 in the village of Kripa Ram Ji ki Dhani, Sutod, Laxmangarh in [[Sikar District]] of [[Rajasthan]]. His father was a government teacher. His schooling took place in the native village, and after that, he did [[B.Com.]], [[Bachelor of Education|B.Ed.]], and [[Bachelor of Laws|LL.B.]] degrees at the [[University of Rajasthan]]. On 4 March 1984, he married Sunita Devi, a teacher. They have two sons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://rajassembly.nic.in/MembersPage.asp?DivNo=51 | title=Member Bio-Data of 15th Legislative assembly: Govind Singh Dotasra | publisher=rajassembly.nic.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myneta.info/rj2008/candidate.php?candidate_id=289|title=GOVIND SINGH DOTASRA(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- Lachmangarh(Sikar) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|last=ADR|website=myneta.info|access-date=2017-11-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; After graduation, he started practicing law in the Sikar Court.<br /> <br /> == Political career ==<br /> Dotasra was elected as Pradhan of the Laxmangarh Panchayat Samiti in 2005.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.rajsec.rajasthan.gov.in/PS_Publication_2005.pdf | title=PANCHAYAT SAMITI WISE DETAILS OF ELECTED PRADHANS (Page 89): Govind Singh Dotasra | publisher=www.rajsec.rajasthan.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2008, he contested the [[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]] for the first time and won the seat of Laxmangarh by a close margin of 34 votes against independent candidate Dinesh Joshi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan Assembly Election Results in 2008 |url=https://www.elections.in/rajasthan/assembly-constituencies/2008-election-results.html |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=Elections in India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He defeated former union minister of state and 3-time MP [[Subhash Maharia]] by a margin of 10,723 votes in the [[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]. In this election, his party Congress, had lost 160+ seats in the state.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/RajAE_2013_stat_report.pdf | title=Rajasthan Assembly Elections 2013 data(page 56) | publisher=www.eci.nic.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is also a member of the Public Accounts Committee of Rajasthan Assembly 2015–16.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://rajassembly.nic.in/CommtMembersList.asp?CommtCode=1 | title=Public accounts committee, Rajasthan (2015-16): Govind Singh Dotasra | publisher=rasjassembly.nic.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the Assembly, Dotasra has in particular raised issues related to farmers and weaker sections of society.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url= http://rajasthanpatrika.patrika.com/story/rajasthan/shekhawati-in-vidhansabha-2225046.html | title=Govind Singh Dotasra in Vidhansabha | publisher= rajasthanpatrika.patrika.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He won the [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]] - his third win of the Laxmangarh seat - with a margin of 22052 votes, which was the highest in Sikar district.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2018/rajasthan/lachmangarh-election-result-s20a033/ | title=Lachmangarh | publisher=News18 | access-date=19 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He won the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election]] - his fourth win from the Laxmangarh Seat - by a margin of 18,970 votes; he defeated BJP candidate Subhash Maharia.<br /> <br /> ==Controversies==<br /> <br /> ===Alleged Nepotism in RAS-2018 Recruitment===<br /> In July 2021, Govind Singh Dotasra faced allegations of nepotism after several of his relatives reportedly scored among the highest marks in the interview stage of the [[Rajasthan Administrative Service|Rajasthan Administrative Services (RAS)]] 2018 examination.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |author=Devendra Pratap Singh Shekhawat |date=2021-10-08 |title=Rajasthan: Cheating, Paper Leaks in Govt Exams Put Aspirants' Lives at Stake |work=The Wire |url=https://livewire.thewire.in/livewire/rajasthan-cheating-paper-leaks-in-govt-exams-put-aspirants-lives-at-stake/ |access-date=2025-08-03 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; These included his daughter-in-law, Pratibha Poonia, and her siblings, Gaurav Poonia and Prabha Poonia, all of whom reportedly received 80 out of 100 marks in the interview round, despite scoring less than 50 in the written exam.&lt;ref name=&quot;aajtak&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Govind Singh Dotasra accused of favoritism in RAS selection |url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/rajasthan/story/rajasthan-education-minister-govind-singh-dotasara-relative-ras-selection-controversy-bjp-clash-ntc-1294864-2021-07-21 |publisher=Aaj Tak |date=21 July 2021 |access-date=3 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Opposition leaders, including [[Gulab Chand Kataria]], demanded an investigation and accused Dotasra of using his political influence to manipulate results.&lt;ref name=&quot;toi-ras&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=RAS marks for Dotasra's kin: Kataria seeks probe |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/ras-marks-for-dotasras-kin-kataria-seeks-probe/articleshow/84660818.cms |publisher=Times of India |date=23 July 2021 |access-date=3 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Dotasra denied the allegations, stating that the selection process was merit-based and transparent. He claimed that several other candidates also received similar interview scores and that none of his immediate family members were directly selected.&lt;ref name=&quot;indianexpress-ras&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Rajasthan Cong chief denies wrongdoing in RAS selection of relatives |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bjp-cries-foul-over-selection-of-rajasthan-cong-chiefs-relatives-in-ras-exams-7416232/ |publisher=Indian Express |date=23 July 2021 |access-date=3 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===REET 2021 Paper Leak Investigation===<br /> In late 2021, a paper leak scandal surrounding the Rajasthan Eligibility Examination for Teachers (REET) 2021 led to political uproar. While Dotasra was no longer the Education Minister at the time of the investigation, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)]] demanded a probe into his possible involvement, citing administrative responsibility.&lt;ref name=&quot;ht-reet&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Will quit politics if found involved in REET exam leak: Govind Singh Dotasra |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/jaipur-news/will-quit-politics-if-found-involved-in-reet-exam-leak-cong-leader-dotasra-101644253018034.html |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=6 February 2022 |access-date=3 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In October 2023, the [[Enforcement Directorate|Enforcement Directorate (ED)]] conducted raids at properties linked to Dotasra and his relatives in connection with a broader money laundering investigation related to paper leaks. Dotasra called the raids politically motivated and reiterated that he had no role in the incident.&lt;ref name=&quot;ndtv-ed&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Will change my name if evidence found: Govind Singh Dotasra on ED raid |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/will-change-my-name-if-evidence-is-found-indicating-my-involvement-in-paper-leak-case-govind-singh-dotasara-4517546 |publisher=NDTV |date=26 October 2023 |access-date=3 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Rajasthan Legislative Assembly results==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Govind Singh Dotasra – Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election Results<br /> |-<br /> ! SI No. !! Year !! Assembly !! Constituency !! Margin !! Party !! Post<br /> |-<br /> | 1 || 2008 || 13th || rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[Lachhmangarh Assembly constituency|Lachhmangarh]] || 34 || rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | {{flagicon image|Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg}}[[Indian National Congress|INC]] || <br /> |-<br /> | 2 || 2013 || 14th || 10,723 || '''[[Rajasthan Pradesh Congress Committee|Chief Whip, Congress Legislative Party (CLP)]]'''<br /> |-<br /> | 3 || 2018 || 15th || 22,052 || '''[[Third Ashok Gehlot ministry|Minister of State]]'''<br /> |-<br /> | 4 || 2023 || 16th || 18,970 || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Other Activity==<br /> Dotasra represented [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] in 24th [[Commonwealth Parliamentary Association]] (CPA) Seminar from 27 May – 1 June 2013 in Singapore.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://localmla.com/rajasthan/gobind-singh-dotasra/| title=Govind Singh Dotasra Foreign Visit | publisher= localmla.com }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dotasra participated in 16th and 17th All India Whips' Conference in Goa and Visakhapatnam.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Dotasra, Govind Singh}}<br /> [[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2008–2013]]<br /> [[Category:People from Sikar district]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:1964 births]]<br /> [[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2013–2018]]<br /> [[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2018–2023]]<br /> [[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]<br /> [[Category:Presidents of Rajasthan Pradesh Congress Committee]]<br /> [[Category:University of Rajasthan alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Indian lawyers]]</div>

SBS Khumancha https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=S._Kalyanasundaram&diff=531235 2026-01-05T20:00:16Z

<p>SBS Khumancha: created entry</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}<br /> '''S. Kalyanasundaram''' is an [[Indian politician]] from [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] who is serving as the [[Members of Rajya Sabha|Member of Rajya Sabha]] from 30 June 2022.He is DMK District Secretary for Thanjavur North.He is Chairman Kumbakonam Mutual Benefit Fund Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=List of Sitting Members of Rajya Sabha |url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/Members/TermsWise?term=1 |website=Rajya Sabha}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=S KALYANASUNDARAM : Bio, Political life, Family &amp; Top stories |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/candidates/s-kalyanasundaram |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Personal life ==<br /> He was born on 24 June 1940 in [[Kumbakonam]], [[Tamil Nadu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=எம்.பி ஆகும் 82 வயது கல்யாணசுந்தரம்: 2 ஏக்கர் நிலம் தானம் கொடுத்த குடும்ப வாரிசு |url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/tamilnadu/life-history-of-dmk-rajya-shaba-candidate-kalyanasundaram-454178/ |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=Tamil}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:1940 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> <br /> {{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}<br /> {{DMK-politician-stub}}</div>

SBS Khumancha