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Deepali Chowk metro station

2026-05-06T07:34:16Z

S7singh: Started a biography

{{short description|Metro Station in Delhi, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Delhi Metro logo.svg|50px]] Deepali Chowk
| symbol_location =
| symbol =
| type = {{Delhi Metro Infobox station line|line=Magenta}}
| style = Delhi Metro
| image = Deepali Chowk metro station.jpg
| address = Deepali Chowk, Outer Ring Road, Naharpur Village Road, Sector 3/8, Rohini, Delhi, 110085 / Pitampura, Delhi, 110034
| coordinates =
| line = {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Magenta|croute}}
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double-track]]
| platform = [[Side platform]] {{font color|magenta|Platform 1}} → {{stl|Delhi Metro|}}Train terminates {{font color|magenta|Platform 2}} → {{stl|Delhi Metro|Majlis Park}}
| depth =
| levels = 2
| tracks = 2
| parking =
| bicycle =
| opened = {{start date and age|2026|3|8|df=y}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[overhead catenary]]
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code = {{wikidata|property|P296}}
| status = Operational
| owned = [[Delhi Metro]]
| operator = [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]] (DMRC)
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Delhi Metro|line=Magenta|left=Madhuban Chowk|to-left=Majlis Park|note-mid2=''(extension by 2026)''|header3=Future service|line3=Magenta|left3=Madhuban Chowk|to-left3=Ramakrishna Ashram Marg|right3=Pushpanjali}}
| route_map = {{Delhi Metro Magenta Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Magenta}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Deepali Chowk''' is a metro station on the [[Magenta Line (Delhi Metro)|Magenta Line]] of the [[Delhi Metro]]. This station is part of Phase IV of Delhi Metro. This station was opened for public on 8 March 2026.<ref>{{cite web| title=Delhi Metro's 9.9-km Deepali Chowk–Majlis Park stretch nears launch; big traffic relief on outer ring road | website=The Times of India | date=22 February 2026 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-metros-9-9-km-deepali-chowkmajlis-park-stretch-nears-launch-big-traffic-relief-on-outer-ring-road/amp_etphotostory/128673057.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260227000954/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-metros-9-9-km-deepali-chowkmajlis-park-stretch-nears-launch-big-traffic-relief-on-outer-ring-road/amp_etphotostory/128673057.cms | archive-date=27 February 2026 | url-status=live | access-date=3 March 2026}}</ref>

==Station layout==
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Southbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|Towards → Train terminates here
|-
|'''Platform 2''' '''Northbound'''
|Towards ← [[Majlis Park metro station|Majlis Park]] '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Madhuban Chowk}} '''''Change at the next station for '''{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Red|croute}}'' 

|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Concourse
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street Level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|}

== See also ==

* [[Delhi]]
* [[List of Delhi Metro stations]]
* [[Transport in Delhi]]
* [[Delhi Monorail]]
* [[Delhi Transport Corporation]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Delhi & NCR Metro stations|magenta line=yes}}

[[Category:Delhi Metro stations]]

Aahir Deepak Chaudharyy

2026-05-02T12:52:53Z

S7singh:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox Politician
| name = Deepak Chaudhary
| term_start = 8 February 2025
| constituency = [[Badli, Delhi Assembly constituency|Badli]]
| office = Member of the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor = [[Ajesh Yadav]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}

'''Aahir Deepak Chaudhary''' (born 1985)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Aahir Deepak Chaudharyy(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- BADLI(NORTH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=http://myneta.info/Delhi2025/candidate.php?candidate_id=233 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Delhi]]. He is a member of the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]] from Badli Assembly constituency in North Delhi district. He won the [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-08 |title=Badli, Delhi Assembly Election Results 2025 Highlights: BJP's Aahir Deepak Chaudharyy with 61192 defeats AAP's Ajesh Yadav |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/badli-delhi-assembly-election-results-2025-live-updates-aap-bjp-congress-daelb-2676364-2025-02-08 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-08 |title=Delhi Assembly Election Results 2025: Full list of winners constituency wise |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-elections-results-full-list-of-winner-candidates-and-parties-in-delhi-assembly-polls-2025-9822822/ |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mittal |first=Nidhi |date=8 February 2025 |title=Badli Assembly Election 2025 Results: BJP's Aahir Deepak Chaudharyy defeats AAP's Ajesh Yadav |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/delhi/badli-assembly-election-2025-results-live-updates-party-wise-leading-trailing-candidates-2025-02-07-975109 |access-date=8 February 2025 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Badli Election Result: BJP’s Deepak Chaudharyy Defeats Two-Time AAP MLA Ajesh Yadav">{{cite news |title=Badli Election Result: BJP's Deepak Chaudharyy Defeats Two-Time AAP MLA Ajesh Yadav |url=https://timelinedaily.com/elections/badli-election-result-bjps-deepak-chaudhary-defeats-two-time-aap-mla-ajesh-yadav |access-date=9 February 2025 |publisher=TimelineDaily |date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250209180424/https://timelinedaily.com/elections/badli-election-result-bjps-deepak-chaudhary-defeats-two-time-aap-mla-ajesh-yadav |archive-date=9 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Aahir Deepak Chaudhary is from Badli, North Delhi district. He is the son of Narayan Singh Yadav. He completed his graduation in law at [[Shobhit University (Gangoh)|Sobhit University]] in 2017.<ref name=":0" /> He was also DUSU president and municipal councilor of Samaypur Badli.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

== Career ==
Deepak Chaudhary won from [[Badli, Delhi Assembly constituency|Badli Assembly constituency]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election. He was also DUSU president and former municipal councillor of Samaypur Badli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U055.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250209180126/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U055.htm |archive-date=9 February 2025 |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=results.eci.gov.in |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> He polled 61,192 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Ajesh Yadav]] of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]], by a margin of 15,163 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Badli Election Result 2025: Aahir Deepak Chaudharyy of BJP Wins, Defeats Ajesh Yadav of AAP |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/badli-election-result-2025-live-updates-highlights-winner-leading-mla-margin-9218812.html |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-08 |title=Delhi Election Results 2025: In Badli Seat, BJP Candidate Defeats Two-Time AAP MLA Ajesh Yadav |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!bharat/delhi-election-results-2025-in-badli-seat-bjp-candidate-deepak-chaudhary-looks-poised-to-defeat-two-time-aap-mla-ajesh-yadav-enn25020802391 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Badli Election Results 2025 Highlights: BJP's Aahir Deepak Chaudhary wins against AAP's Ajesh Yadav">{{cite news |date=8 February 2025 |title=Badli Election Results 2025 Highlights: BJP's Aahir Deepak Chaudhary wins against AAP's Ajesh Yadav |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/badli-election-results-2025-highlights-tight-contest-between-bjps-aahir-deepak-chaudhary-and-aaps-ajesh-yadav/articleshow/118048596.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250209180253/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/badli-election-results-2025-highlights-tight-contest-between-bjps-aahir-deepak-chaudhary-and-aaps-ajesh-yadav/articleshow/118048596.cms |archive-date=9 February 2025 |access-date=9 February 2025 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaudharyy, Aahir Deepak}}
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Delhi]]
[[Category:People from Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi MLAs 2025–2030]]

Maadal (band)

2026-04-30T21:07:34Z

S7singh: Created a stub added tags

{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Maadal (band)|timestamp=20260430210734|year=2026|month=April|day=30|substed=yes}}


{{multiple issues|
{{COI|date=May 2017}}
{{notability|Music|date=May 2017}}
{{tone|date=May 2017}}
{{Orphan|date=May 2017}}
}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Maadal
| image =
| image_size =
| landscape = 
| alt =
| caption =
| origin = [[Kolkata]]
| genre = [[Folk music|Folk]], [[Music of Bengal]]
| years_active = 2002 - Present
| label =
| associated_acts =
| website = {{URL|https://web.archive.org/web/20201027235231/http://maadal.org/}}
| current_members = *Sikha Bhattacharya
*Sonia Ghosh (Sen)
*Sarmishtha Chatterjee (Ganguly)
*Tupsi Sarkar
*Sampa Sardar (Biswas)
*Palashpriya Bhattacharya
| past_members =
}}
'''Maadal''' is the first all-female Bengali [[Folk music|folk singer]] group, formed in 2002 in West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-lifeismusic-meet-the-all-women-band-maadal-2103913|title = #LifeIsMusic: Meet the all-women band Maadal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1071007/asp/calcutta/story_8403592.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112214653/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1071007/asp/calcutta/story_8403592.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 12, 2018|title=The Telegraph - Calcutta : Metro|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1080610/jsp/entertainment/story_9387988.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612061251/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080610/jsp/entertainment/story_9387988.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 12, 2008|title=The Telegraph - Calcutta (Kolkata) - Metro - Maiden power|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref name="maadal.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.maadal.org/media.html |title=MAADAL |access-date=2017-05-10 |archive-date=2017-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515095458/http://www.maadal.org/media.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> They showcase both "epar bangla" and "opar bangla".{{Clarify|date=November 2022}} The traditional folk instrument of Bengal, [[maadal]], represents their kind of music.

The word 'maadal' can be broken up into two parts - 'maa' & 'dal' respectively signifying mother and group.

==Singers==
{{unreferenced section|date=April 2024}}
*Sikha Bhattacharya
*Sonia Ghosh (Sen)
*Sarmishtha Chatterjee (Ganguly)
*Tupsi Sarkar
*Sampa Sardar (Biswas)
*Palashpriya Bhattacharya

==Accompanists==
{{unreferenced section|date=April 2024}}
*Shankar Saha -bangladhol, khol, dhol, madol
*Suranjeet Roy - tabla, khanjira
*pankaj das - Percussion
* Suvam kanjilal - Banjo/Mandolin
*Deep Mukherjee - Keyboard
*santanu chakraborty -keyboard

==Album==
*KIYA PHOOL - Released 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/kiya-phool/1161669844|title=Kiya Phool by Maadal on Apple Music|website=[[iTunes]]|date=29 September 2016|publisher=}}</ref>
*PRAN JHARNA<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/pran-jharna/1015780195|title=Pran Jharna by Madaal on Apple Music|website=[[iTunes]]|date=31 March 2012|publisher=}}</ref> (Asha Audio) - released on 2012
*URAPANKHI<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/urapankhi-mw0002343218|title=Urapankhi - Maadal - Songs, Reviews, Credits - AllMusic|website=AllMusic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/urapankhi/1019553381|title=Urapankhi by Maadal on Apple Music|website=[[iTunes]]|date=11 January 2018|publisher=}}</ref> (Asha Audio) - released 2009
*MAYA LAGAI SE (Asha Audio) - released on
*SOUNDARI KAMALA<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/sundori-kamala-mw0002343222|title=Sundori Kamala - Maadal - Songs, Reviews, Credits - AllMusic|website=AllMusic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/sondari-kamola/1019699498|title=Sondari Kamola by Maadal on Apple Music|website=[[iTunes]]|date=11 January 2018|publisher=}}</ref> (Asha Audio)<ref>[https://ashaaudio.net/index.php/artists/maadal/ Asha Audio] {{dead link|date=December 2022}}</ref>- released on 14 September 2006.
*BANDEY JANANI<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/vandey-janani/1130880200|title=Vandey Janani by Maadal on Apple Music|website=[[iTunes]]|date=1 August 2007|publisher=}}</ref> (Cozmik Harmony) - released on 18 January 2005.
*CHIRANTANI (Cozmik Harmony)- released on 10 March 2004.<ref name="apple.com">{{cite web |title=Maadal on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/us/artist/maadal/515353019 |website=Apple Music}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*http://www.maadal.org Official website
*{{YouTube|u=maadalmusic}}

{{Bengali Bands}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maadal}}
[[Category:Bengali music]]
[[Category:Indian musical groups]]
[[Category:Bengali musicians]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 2002]]
[[Category:Indian women musicians]]

Achal Agrawal

2026-04-27T15:09:31Z

S7singh: Adding

{{Short description|Indian data scientist}}

{{Infobox scientist
| name = Achal Agrawal
| image =
| caption =
| birth_place = India
| fields = [[Applied mathematics]], [[Data science]], [[Research integrity]], [[Scientometrics]]
| workplaces = [[India Research Watch]]
| alma_mater = [[Paris-Saclay University]] (Ph.D.)
| known_for = Founder of [[India Research Watch]]
| awards = [[Nature's 10]] (2025)
}}

'''Achal Agrawal''' is an Indian [[data scientist]] and [[research integrity]] advocate.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Naddaf |first=Miryam |date=2025-12-08 |title=This science sleuth revealed a retraction crisis at Indian universities |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-025-03839-2 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=648 |issue=8094 |pages=518–518 |doi=10.1038/d41586-025-03839-2 |issn=1476-4687}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Achal Agrawal Exposes Research Misconduct In India |url=https://letsdatascience.com/news/achal-agrawal-exposes-research-misconduct-in-india-ace8038f}}</ref> He is the founder of [[India Research Watch]] (IRW),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Calls beckon for a research watchdog in India - QS Insights Magazine 34 |url=https://magazine.qs.com/qs-insights-magazine-34/calls-beckon-for-a-research-watchdog-in-india |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=magazine.qs.com |language=en}}</ref> a volunteer-run non-profit organisation established in November 2022 to investigate and raise awareness about [[scientific misconduct]] in India.<ref name=Ravindranath-2025>{{Cite web |last=Ravindranath |first=Prasad |date=2025-12-09 |title=Achal Agrawal, Research-Integrity Sleuth From India, Among 'Nature's 10 People Who Helped Shape Science In 2025' |url=https://sciencechronicle.in/2025/12/09/achal-agrawal-research-integrity-sleuth-from-india-among-natures-10-people-who-helped-shape-science-in-2025/ |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=Science Chronicle |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Agrawal |first=Achal |date=2023-11-16 |title=Alarming rise of scientific misconduct recorded in India {{!}} Data |url=https://www.thehindu.com/data/alarming-rise-of-scientific-misconduct-recorded-in-india-data/article67531607.ece |access-date=2026-03-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-26 |title=Do we really need to worry about hyper-prolific authors? |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/depth/do-we-really-need-worry-about-hyper-prolific-authors |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en}}</ref>
In 2025, he was named to [[Nature's 10]], the journal ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]''{{'}}s annual list of people who shaped science.<ref name="nature">{{Cite journal |last=Naddaf |first=Miryam |title=This science sleuth revealed a retraction crisis at Indian universities |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=648 |page=518 |year=2025 |doi=10.1038/d41586-025-03839-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=中時新聞網 |date=2025-12-10 |title=《自然》十大科學人物 DeepSeek梁文鋒入選 - 兩岸新聞 |url=https://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20251210000730-260303?chdtv |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=中時新聞網 |language=zh-TW}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Andrei |first=Mihai |date=2025-12-08 |title=Ten People Who Shaped Science In 2025 |url=https://www.zmescience.com/science/ten-people-who-shaped-science-in-2025/ |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=ZME Science |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Education ==
Agrawal received a Doctor of Philosophy in applied mathematics from the [[Paris-Saclay University]] in Orsay, France, in 2016.<ref name=Ravindranath-2025/> His doctoral research concerned coordination protocols and resource allocation in wireless communication networks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Achal Agrawal's research works |url=https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Achal-Agrawal-2053827085 |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=ResearchGate}}</ref> He returned to India in 2018 and worked as an academic in data science before founding India Research Watch.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Science journal 'Nature' honours Raipur data scientist Achal Agrawal for exposing academic misconduct |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/nature-names-raipur-data-scientist-achal-agrawal-for-exposing-research-misconduct-prnt/cid/2138366 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260212231026/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/nature-names-raipur-data-scientist-achal-agrawal-for-exposing-research-misconduct-prnt/cid/2138366 |archive-date=2026-02-12 |access-date=2026-03-31 |language=en}}</ref>

== India Research Watch ==
Agrawal founded [[India Research Watch]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Basu |first=Mohana |date=2024-01-22 |title=This Indian watchdog is cleaning up 'mess' in academia—falsification, fabrication & fraud |url=https://theprint.in/ground-reports/this-indian-watchdog-is-cleaning-up-mess-in-academia-falsification-fabrication-fraud/1933904/ |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> in November 2022 after an encounter with a student who had used paraphrasing software to repackage published work, an experience that prompted him to confront what he saw as widespread normalisation of research misconduct in Indian higher education<ref>{{Cite web |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=2026-01-14 |title=Achal Agrawal and the Moral Reawakening of Indian Science |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/achal-agrawal-and-the-moral-reawakening-of-indian-science/ |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=Daily Excelsior |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="the">{{Cite web |title=Penalise 'retraction hotspot' universities, says integrity expert |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/penalise-retraction-hotspot-universities-says-integrity-tsar |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=[[Times Higher Education]] |date=2026-01-15}}</ref>

IRW uses publicly available data, including the [[Retraction Watch]] database, to track retraction trends at Indian institutions. Agrawal's analyses showed that India's retraction rate rose from 0.7 per 1,000 papers in 2014 to a peak of 4.8 in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oransky |first=Ivan |date=2014-01-25 |title=Weekend reads: Trying unsuccessfully to correct the scientific record; drug company funding and research |url=https://retractionwatch.com/2014/01/25/weekend-reads-trying-unsuccessfully-to-correct-the-scientific-record-drug-company-funding-and-research/ |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=Retraction Watch |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk 1 |first=IndraStra Global Editorial |title=Growing Cases of Scientific Misconduct in India Spark Worry Within the Academic Community |url=https://www.indrastra.com/2023/11/growing-cases-of-scientific-misconduct.html |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=IndraStra Global |language=en}}</ref> In 2024, Agrawal and collaborator Moumita Koley at the [[Indian Institute of Science]] flagged concerns that some universities may have been manipulating metrics<ref>{{Cite news |last=Koley |first=Moumita |date=2023-06-14 |title=Explained {{!}} Is the National Institutional Ranking Framework flawed? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/nirf-overreliance-bibliometric-data-flaws/article66965043.ece |access-date=2026-03-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> used in the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF).<ref>{{Citation |last=Agrawal |first=Achal |title=Are the Metrics being Gamed? A Closer Look at the Rise and Fall of Universities in NIRF 2024 Rankings |date=2024-08-20 |url=https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.13350313 |access-date=2026-03-31 |publisher=Zenodo |doi=10.5281/ZENODO.13350313 |last2=Koley |first2=Moumita}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Koley |first=Achal Agrawal, Moumita |date=2024-07-08 |title=NIRF parameters ill-designed & lead to absurd university ratings. Govt must order a review |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/nirf-parameters-ill-designed-lead-to-absurd-university-ratings-govt-must-order-a-review/2164860/ |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> IRW's advocacy is widely credited with contributing to a 2025 policy change by the NIRF to impose penalties<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mallapaty |first=Smriti |date=2025-08-01 |title=India to penalize universities with too many retractions |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-025-02364-6 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=644 |issue=8076 |pages=317–318 |doi=10.1038/d41586-025-02364-6 |issn=1476-4687}}</ref> on higher-education institutions with high numbers of retracted papers<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-08 |title=NIRF ranking 2025: Higher education institutes to be penalised for retracted papers |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nirf-ranking-2025-higher-education-institutes-to-be-penalised-for-retracted-papers-101754643154352.html |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-03 |title=NIRF to introduce negative marking for retracted papers, poor quality research |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/nirf-to-introduce-negative-marking-for-retracted-papers-poor-quality-research/articleshow/124286175.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-03-31 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Agrawal, Achal}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Paris-Saclay University alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Justin Prabhakaran

2026-04-27T00:23:41Z

S7singh: started some article from scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Justin Prabhakaran
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1986|06|10|df=yes}}
| origin = [[Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| instrument =
| genre = [[Film score]]
| occupation = [[Composer|Film composer]]
| years_active = 2014–present
| label =
| associated_acts =
| spouse = Caroline Susannah (m.2022)
| website =
}}
'''Justin Prabhakaran''' (born 10 June 1986) is an Indian [[film score]] and [[soundtrack|soundtrack composer]]. He has scored music mostly for [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] films and also a few Malayalam and Telugu films besides two Hindi films. He made his debut as a film composer in the 2014 Tamil film ''[[Pannaiyarum Padminiyum]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/musicreview/17137.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124104422/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/musicreview/17137.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 January 2013|title=Pannaiyarum Padminiyum Music Review|website=IndiaGlitz|date=10 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/pannaiyarum-padminiyum/pannaiyarum-padminiyum-songs-review.html|title=Pannaiyarum Padminiyum Music Review|website=Behindwoods|date=22 November 2013}}</ref>

==Early life==
Prabhakaran was born in [[Madurai]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Jyothsna|url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-music-director/justin-prabhakaran/an-interview-with-composer-justin-prabhakaran.html |title=Music Director Justin Prabhakaran Interview |website=Behindwoods |accessdate=30 January 2015}}</ref> From childhood, he was interested in music. He was introduced to [[church music]] at an early age and groomed to become a [[keyboard instrument|keyboard]] player. He participated in a TV show and won the award for his own composition. He is proficient in playing keyboard and [[guitar]]. During a film shoot at the [[American College, Madurai]] in 2003–2006, where he studied [[B.Sc.]] [[Zoology]], he happened to meet [[cinematographer]] Gopi Krishna, who advised him to study [[audio engineer|sound engineering]] from [[M.G.R. Government Film and Television Training Institute]], [[Tharamani]], [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite news|first=T. | last=Saravanan|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-rising-musicians/article4878926.ece |title=The RISING musicianship|newspaper=The Hindu|date=4 July 2013|accessdate=1 March 2019}}</ref>

==Career==
While studying at M. G. R. Film & TV Institute, Prabhakaran came up with his new composition for the Tamil thendral (cultural event) every year. He joined music composer on 2010 [[Harris Jayaraj]] as an assistant sound engineer and worked for him almost 10 films including the movies ''[[Nanban (2012 film)|Nanban]]'', ''[[Thuppakki]]'', ''[[7 Aum Arivu]]'', ''[[Ko (film)|Ko]]'', ''[[Maattrraan]]'', ''[[Orange Mittai|Orange]]''. He went on to compose music for more than 55 short films and for many noted films in Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu and Hindi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=justin prabhakaran marriage |url=https://www.bing.com/search?q=justin%20prabhakaran%20marriage&qs=n&form=QBRE&sp=-1&ghc=1&lq=0&pq=justin%20prabhakaran%20marriag&sc=6-26&sk=&cvid=9C7220F0D30841F7A0A0B527578C19A6 |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=Bing |language=en}}</ref>

==Discography==
;As composer
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Language !! Notes
|-
|2014 ||''[[Pannaiyarum Padminiyum]]'' || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015 ||''[[Orange Mittai]]''||
|-
|''[[Kunjiramayanam]]''|| Malayalam || Debut in [[Malayalam cinema]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2016 ||''[[Oru Naal Koothu]]''|| rowspan="7" | Tamil ||
|-
|''[[Raja Manthiri]]'' ||
|-
|''[[Ulkuthu]]''||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017 || ''[[Kaalakkoothu]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Thondan (2017 film)|Thondan]]'' ||
|-
|2018 ||''[[Oru Nalla Naal Paathu Solren]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2019 ||''[[Monster (2019 film)|Monster]]'' ||
|-
|''[[Dear Comrade]]'' || Telugu || Debut in [[Telugu cinema]]
|-
|''[[Dharmaprabhu]]'' || rowspan="6" |Tamil||
|-
|''[[Adutha Saattai]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2020 ||''[[Naadodigal 2]]'' ||
|-
|othaikku othai
|
|-
|''[[Paava Kadhaigal]]'' ||Anthology film. Segment: ''Thangam''
|-
|''[[Navarasa]]'' ||Anthology film. Segment: ''Payasam''
|-
|2021 ||''[[Meenakshi Sundareshwar]]''
|| Hindi || Debut in [[Hindi cinema]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2022 || ''[[Bhamakalapam (2022 film)|Bhamakalapam]]''|| rowspan="2" | Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Radhe Shyam]]'' || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/radhe-shyam-justin-prabhakaran-only-for-south-versions-652685|title = Radhe Shyam: Justin Prabhakaran only for South versions|date = 23 October 2020}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Gatta Kusthi]]''
|Tamil
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2023 || ''[[Pachuvum Athbutha Vilakkum]]''||Malayalam |||
|-
|''[[Raavana Kottam]]''|| rowspan="5" | Tamil ||
|-
|''[[Farhana (film)|Farhana]]'' ||
|-
|''[[Adiyae]]'' ||
|-
|''[[Irugapatru]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="8" |2025
|''[[Ace (film)|Ace]]'' || <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/first-look-and-title-teaser-of-vijay-sethupathis-ace-is-out-article-110214625 | title=First Look and Title Teaser of Vijay Sethupathi's ACE is Out, Fans Are Excited! | date=17 May 2024 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Aap Jaisa Koi (film)|Aap Jaisa Koi]]''
|Hindi
|3 songs and score only
|-
|[[Meghalu Cheppina Prema Katha|''Meghalu Cheppina Prema Katha'']]
|Telugu
|
|-
|''[[Hridayapoorvam]]''|| Malayalam || <ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-05-15 |title=Justin Prabhakaran to compose music for Mohanlal's next with Sathyan Anthikad |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/justin-prabhakaran-to-compose-music-for-mohanlals-next-with-sathyan-anthikad/article68178571.ece |access-date=2024-05-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thanal (2025 film)|Thanal]]''
| rowspan="3" | Tamil
|
|-
| ''[[Thandakaaranyam]]''
|
|-
|[[Sirai (2025 film)|''Sirai'']]
|
|-
|''[[Sarvam Maya]]''|| Malayalam ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2026
|''[[Happy Raj]]''
|Tamil<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2026-03-05 |title=G V Prakash-starrer 'Happy Raj' to hit screens on March 27 |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/g-v-prakash-starrer-happy-raj-to-hit-screens-on-march-27 |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=DT Next |language=en}}</ref>
|
|-
|{{pending film|[[Pranutan Bahl|Coco & Nut]]}} || Hindi<ref>{{cite web |last1=Whittock |first1=Jesse |title=Pranutan Bahl, From Famous Indian Acting Family, Pairs With Rahsaan Noor For Rom-Com ‘Coco & Nut’ |url=https://deadline.com/2024/01/pranutan-bahl-rahsaan-noor-coco-nut-shooting-chicago-1235793860/ |website=Deadline |accessdate=21 September 2024}}</ref>||
|-
|}

;As playback singer
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Song !! Film
|-
| "Pesuren Pesuren" || ''[[Pannaiyarum Padminiyum]]''
|-
| "Azhaipaiya" || ''[[Dear Comrade]]'' (Tamil dubbed version)
|-
| "Kuru Kuru Kannal" ||
''[[Ulkuthu]]''
|-
| "Multiverse of Adiyae" ||
''[[Adiyae]]''
|-
| "Velichandhaan" ||
''[[Irugapatru]]''
|}
;As lyricist
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Song !! Film
|-
| "Enga Ooru Vandi", "Kadhal Vandhaacho", "Aaraaro", "Paaraai" || ''[[Pannaiyarum Padminiyum]]''
|-
| "Theeradhey Asaigal" || ''[[Orange Mittai]]''
|-
| "The Canteen Song" || ''[[Dear Comrade]]'' (Tamil dubbed version)
|-
|"Bambaram" "Cauli Flowerey"
| ''[[Raja Manthiri]]''
|}

'''Indie songs :'''

# Kalyana kacheri ( 2024 )

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=nm5957713}}
* {{Facebook|justinprabhakaranofficial|Justin Prabhakaran}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prabhakaran, Justin}}
[[Category:Tamil musicians]]
[[Category:Tamil film score composers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Madurai]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Malayalam film score composers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Telugu film score composers]]

List of Hoysala temples

2026-04-13T20:05:00Z

S7singh: Created first location initial version.

{{short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
The temples built by the [[Hoysala Empire]] during the period of their ascendancy (1113-1286 C.E.) are included in the table below. These constructions incorporate many of the artistic features usually associated with [[Hoysala architecture]].<ref name="hardy">Hardy(1995), pp317-348</ref><ref name="hoysala">{{Cite web|title=Monuments of Bengaluru circle |url=http://asibengalurucircle.org/monuments.html |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |work=ASI Bengaluru circle |access-date=2012-08-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625060519/http://asibengalurucircle.org/monuments.html |archive-date=2012-06-25 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Location !! District !! Period !! Deity
|-
|[[Lakshmi Devi Temple, Doddagaddavalli|Lakshmidevi]]<ref name="dodda">Foekema (1996), p. 57</ref><ref name="dodda1">Hardy (1995), p. 326</ref>
|Doddagaddavalli
|
|1113
|Lakshmi
|-
|[[Chennakeshava Temple, Belur|Chennakesava]]<ref name="belurchenna">Foekema (1996), p. 47</ref><ref name="belurchenna1">Hardy (1995), p. 325</ref>
|[[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]]
|
|1117
|Vishnu
|-
|[[Hoysaleswara Temple|Hoysaleswara]]<ref name="halebiduhoysala">Foekema (1996), p. 59</ref><ref name="halebiduhoysala12">Hardy (1995), p. 329</ref>
|[[Halebidu]]
|
|1120
|Shiva
|-
|[[Jain temples, Halebidu|Basadi complex]]<ref name="halebiduhoysala12" /><ref name="bastigroup">{{cite web |title=Parsvanatha Basti |url=http://asibengalurucircle.in/parsvanatha-basti-halebid |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118222232/http://asibengalurucircle.in/parsvanatha-basti-halebid |archive-date=18 November 2017 |access-date=17 November 2017 |work=Archaeological Survey of India, Bengaluru Circle |publisher=ASI Bengaluru Circle}}</ref><ref name="santinatha">{{cite web |title=Shantinatha Basti |url=http://asibengalurucircle.in/shantinatha-basti-halebid |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128195429/http://asibengalurucircle.in/shantinatha-basti-halebid |archive-date=28 November 2016 |access-date=15 August 2015 |work=Archaeological Survey of India, Bengaluru Circle |publisher=ASI Bengaluru Circle}}</ref><ref name="adinatha">{{cite web |title=Adinatha Basti |url=http://asibengalurucircle.in/adinatha-basti-halebid |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418145223/http://asibengalurucircle.in/adinatha-basti-halebid |archive-date=18 April 2016 |access-date=15 August 2015 |work=Archaeological Survey of India, Bengaluru Circle |publisher=ASI Bengaluru Circle}}</ref>
|Halebidu
|
|1133, 1196
|[[Parshvanatha]], [[Shantinatha]], [[Rishabhanatha|Adinatha]]
|-
|[[Rameshvara Temple, Koodli|Rameshvara]]<ref name="shanti">Hardy (1995), p. 334</ref><ref name="ramakudli">{{cite web |title=Rameshvara Temple |url=http://asibengalurucircle.org/shimoga-17.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029212127/http://asibengalurucircle.org/shimoga-17.html |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=15 August 2015 |work=Archaeological Survey of India, Bengaluru Circle |publisher=ASI Bengaluru Circle}}</ref>
|[[Koodli]]
|
|12th c.
|Shiva
|-
|[[Brahmeshvara Temple, Kikkeri|Brahmeshwara]]<ref name="shanti" /><ref name="brahma">Foekema (2003), p. 59, p. 72</ref>
|Kikkeri
|
|1171
|Shiva
|-
|[[Bucesvara Temple, Koravangala|Bucheshvara]]<ref name="shanti" /><ref name="kora">Foekema (1996), p. 77</ref>
|Koravangala
|
|1173
|Shiva
|-
|[[Akkana Basadi, Shravanabelagola|Akkana Basadi]]<ref name="akka">Hardy (1995), p. 343</ref><ref name="akkakabasti">Foekema (2003), p. 37</ref>
|[[Shravanabelagola]]
|
|1181
|Parshvanatha
|-
|[[Amrutesvara Temple, Amruthapura|Amruteshwara]]<ref name="amrit">Foekema (1996), p. 37</ref><ref name="amrit1">Hardy (1995), p. 320</ref>
|[[Amruthapura]]
|
|1196
|Shiva
|-
|[[Shantinatha Basadi, Jinanathapura|Shantinatha Basadi]]<ref name="shanti" />
|Jinanathapura
|
|1200
|Shantinatha
|-
|[[Nageshvara-Chennakeshava Temple complex, Mosale|Nageshvara-Chennakeshava]]<ref name="mosal">Foekema (1996), p. 81</ref><ref name="mosal1">Hardy (1995), p. 339</ref>
|Mosale
|
|1200
|Shiva, Vishnu
|-
|[[Veera Narayana Temple, Belavadi|Veeranarayana]]<ref name="bela2">Foekema (1996), p. 53</ref><ref name="basaru13">Hardy (1995), p. 324</ref>
|[[Belavadi]]
|
|1200
|Vishnu
|-
|[[Kedareshwara Temple, Halebidu|Kedareshwara]]<ref name="halebiduhoysala12" /><ref name="halebidukedar2">Foekema (1996), pp. 62–63</ref>
|[[Halebidu]]
|
|1200
|Shiva
|-
|[[Ishvara Temple (Arasikere)|Ishvara (Shiva)]]<ref name="arasi2">Foekema (1996), p. 41</ref><ref name="arachenna13">Hardy (1995), p. 321</ref>
|[[Arsikere]]
|
|1220
|Shiva
|-
|[[Harihareshwara Temple|Harihareshwara]]<ref name="hariandhara2">Hardy (1995), p. 331</ref><ref name="hariandhara12">Cousens (1926), p. 93</ref>
|[[Harihar]]
|
|1224
|Shiva, Vishnu
|-
|[[Mallikarjuna Temple, Basaralu|Mallikarjuna]]<ref name="basaru13">Hardy (1995), p. 324</ref><ref name="basaru2">Foekema (1996), p. 43</ref>
|[[Basaralu]]
|
|1234
|Shiva
|-
|[[Someshvara Temple, Haranhalli|Someshvara]]<ref name="hariandhara2" /><ref name="haranhallisoma2">Foekema (1996), p. 67</ref>
|[[Haranhalli]]
|
|1235
|Shiva
|-
|[[Lakshminarasimha Temple, Haranhalli|Lakshminarasimha]]<ref name="hariandhara2" /><ref name="haranhallisoma2" />
|[[Haranhalli]]
|
|1235
|Vishnu
|-
|[[Panchalingeshwara Temple, Govindanahalli|Panchalingeshwara]]<ref name="govinda">Hardy (1995), p. 328</ref><ref name="panchalinga2">{{cite web |title=Panchalingeshvara Temple |url=http://asibengalurucircle.org/mandya-3.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502190310/http://asibengalurucircle.org/mandya-3.html |archive-date=2 May 2015 |access-date=15 August 2015 |work=Archaeological Survey of India, Bengaluru Circle |publisher=ASI Bengaluru Circle}}</ref>
|Govindanhalli
|
|1238
|Shiva
|-
|[[Lakshmi Narasimha Temple, Nuggehalli|Lakshminarasimha]]<ref name="nuggelak2">Foekema (1996), p. 83</ref><ref name="nuggelak12">Hardy (1995), p. 340</ref>
|[[Nuggehalli]]
|
|1246
|Vishnu
|-
|[[Sadasiva Temple, Nuggehalli|Sadashiva]]<ref name="nuggelak2" /><ref name="nuggelak12" />
|Nuggehalli
|
|1249
|Shiva
|-
|[[Lakshminarayana Temple, Hosaholalu|Lakshminarayana]]<ref name="hosaholalulak2">Foekema (1996), p. 71</ref><ref name="hosaholalulak12">Hardy (1995), p. 332</ref>
|Hosaholalu
|
|1250
|Vishnu
|-
|[[Lakshminarasimha Temple, Javagal|Lakshminarasimha]]<ref name="java2">Foekema (1996), p. 73</ref><ref name="java12">Hardy (1995), p. 333</ref>
|Javagallu
|
|1250
|Vishnu
|-
|[[Chennakeshava Temple, Aralaguppe|Chennakesava]]<ref name="arachenna13">Hardy (1995), p. 321</ref><ref name="arachenna2">Foekema (1996), p. 39</ref>
|[[Aralaguppe]]
|
|1250
|Vishnu
|-
|[[Chennakesava Temple, Somanathapura|Kesava]]<ref name="somachenna2">Foekema (1996), p. 87</ref><ref name="nsomechanne12">Hardy (1995), p. 346</ref>
|[[Somanathapura]]
|
|1268
|Vishnu
|-
|Lakshminarasimha<ref name="batte">Hardy (1995), p317</ref><ref name="ada">Foekema (2003), p37</ref>
|[[Adagur]]
|Hassan
|1100
|[[Vishnu]]
|-
|Kirtinarayana<ref name="kirti">Hardy (1995), p347</ref>
|[[Talakad]]
|Mysore
|1117
|Vishnu
|-
|Chennakeshava<ref name="ane">Collyer (1990), p41</ref>
|[[Anekere]]
|Hassan
|1119
|Vishnu
|-
|Narayanaswamy<ref name="narayana">Hardy (1995), p321</ref><ref name="kannam">Foekema (2003), pp75-76</ref>
|[[Aane Kannambadi]]
|Hassan
|1120
|Vishnu
|-
|Keshava-Ishvara<ref name="marle">Hardy (1995), p338</ref>
|Marle
|Chikkamagalur
|1120
|Vishnu, Shiva
|-
|Chennakeshava<ref name="honnu">Hardy (1995), p331</ref>
|Honnavara
|Hassan
|1149
|Vishnu
|-
|[[Chennakeshava Temple, Hullekere|Chennakeshava]]<ref name="hulle">Hardy (1995), p332</ref><ref name="kere">Foekema (2003), p72</ref>
|Hullekere
|Hassan
|1163
|Vishnu
|-
|Chennakeshava, Rameshvara<ref name="arakere">Sathyan B.N. (1965), p99, Karnataka State gazetteer, Bangalore, Govt. Press</ref>
|Arakere
|Hassan
|12th c.
|Vishnu, Shiva
|-
|Trimrthi Narayana<ref name="trimurti">Hardy (1995), p324</ref>
|Bandalike
|Shimoga
|1200
|Vishnu
|-
|Chatteshvara<ref name="Chatt">Hardy (1995), p326</ref>
|Chachattnahalli
|Hassan
|1200
|[[Shiva]]
|-
|Chennakeshava, Kedareshvara<ref name="nagala">Hardy (1995), p339</ref><ref name="chennatutu">Foekema (2003), p75</ref>
|Nagalapura
|Tumkur
|1200
|Vishnu, Shiva
|-

|[[Yoga Narasimha Temple, Baggavalli|Yoga Narasimha]]
|Baggavalli
|Chikkamagaluru
|12th-13th c.
|Vishnu
|-

|[[Mallikarjuna Temple, Hirenallur|Mallikarjuna]]
|Hirenallur
|Chikkamagaluru
|12th-13th c.
|Shiva
|-
|Chennakeshava<ref name="Chatt"/>
|[[Channarayapatna]]
|Hassan
|12th-13th c.
|Vishnu
|-
|Someshvara<ref name="kabli">Hardy (1995), p334</ref>
|Kabli
|Chikkamagalur
|12th-13th c.
|Shiva
|-
|Chennakeshava<ref name="kirti"/>
|Tandaga
|Tumkur
|12th-13th c.
|Vishnu
|-
|[[Mahalingeshvara Temple, Santebachalli|Mahalingeshwara]]<ref name="linga">Hardy (1995), p343</ref>
|Santebachalli
|Mandya
|12th-13th c.
|Shiva
|-
|Betteshvara<ref name="batte">Hardy (1995), p317</ref> or Keshaveshwara
|Agrahara Beluguli
|Hassan
|1209
|Shiva & Vishnu
|-
|Suryanarayana<ref name="marle">Hardy (1995), p338</ref><ref name="maga">Foekema (2003), p58</ref>
|Magala
|Bellary
|1215
|Vishnu
|-
|[[Moole Shankareshvara Temple, Turuvekere|Moole Shankareshvara]]<ref name="kirti"/><ref name="moole">Foekema (2003), p69,75,76</ref>
|Turuvekere
|Tumkur
|1260
|Shiva
|-
|[[Yoga Madhava Temple, Settikere|Yoga-Madhava]]<ref name="linga">Hardy (1995), p343</ref><ref name="setti">Foekema (2003), p75,76</ref>
|Settikere
|Tumkur
|1261
|Vishnu
|-
|[[Chennakeshava Temple, Turuvekere|Chennakeshava]]<ref name="kirti"/><ref name="chennatutu">Foekema (2003), p75</ref>
|[[Turuvekere]]
|Tumkur
|1263
|Vishnu
|-
|[[Lakshminarasimha Temple, Vignasante|Lakshminarasimha]]<ref name="vigna">Hardy (1995), p348</ref>
|Vignasante
|Tumkur
|1286
|Vishnu
|-
|[[Lakshmi Narasimha Temple, Bhadravati|Laskshmi Narasimha]]<ref name="sankaresh">Hardy (1995), p325</ref><ref name="bhadra">Foekema (2003), p76</ref>
|[[Bhadravathi, Karnataka|Bhadravati]]
|Shimoga
|13th c.
|Vishnu
|-
|Anantha Padmanabha<ref name="sankaresh"/>
|Budnur
|Mandya
|13th c.
|Vishnu
|-
|Kashi Vishveshvara<ref name="sankaresh"/>
|Budnur
|Mandya
|13th c.
|Shiva
|-
|Rameshvara<ref name="rama">Hardy (1995), p342</ref><ref name="bhadra">Foekema (2003), p76</ref>
|Ramanathapura
|Hassan
|13th c.
|Shiva
|-
|}

==References==
'''Citations'''
{{reflist}}
'''Bibliography'''
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hardy|first=Adam|title=Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation : the Karṇāṭa Drāviḍa Tradition, 7th to 13th Centuries|orig-year=1995 |year=1995|publisher=Abhinav|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-7017-312-4}}
* {{cite web|title=Monuments of Bengaluru Circle, Archaeological Survey of India-Various districts of Karnataka |url=http://asibengalurucircle.org/monuments.html |work=Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) |access-date=2012-08-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625060519/http://asibengalurucircle.org/monuments.html |archive-date=2012-06-25 }}
* {{cite book |last=Foekema |first=Gerard |title= Architecture decorated with architecture: Later medieval temples of Karnataka, 1000–1300 AD |orig-year=2003 |year=2003 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd |location= New Delhi |isbn= 81-215-1089-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Collyer |first= Kelleson|title= The Hoysala Artists, Their Identity and Styles|publisher=Directorate of Archaeology and Museums}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Karnataka]]

Mangali (caste)

2026-04-07T12:11:11Z

S7singh: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[Nai (caste)]]

South Sudan

2026-03-28T01:31:53Z

S7singh: slightly refined content per standard format further and added references

{{Short description|Country in East Africa}}
{{About|the sovereign country established in 2011|similarly named topics|Southern Sudan (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect|RoSS|other uses|Ross (disambiguation){{!}}Ross}}
{{Pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Republic of South Sudan
| common_name = South Sudan
| native_name =
| image_flag = Flag of South Sudan.svg
| image_coat = Coat of arms of South Sudan.svg
| symbol_type = Coat of arms
| motto = "Justice, Liberty, Prosperity"
| national_anthem = "[[South Sudan, Oyee!]]"<div style="padding-top:0.5em;" class="center">[[File:South_Sudan_Oyee!_(instrumental).ogg]]</div>
| image_map = South Sudan (orthographic projection) highlighted.svg
| map_caption = {{Legend|#336830|Location of the Republic of South Sudan}}{{Legend|#61E760|[[South Sudanese Civil War|Territory claimed but not controlled]]}}
| capital = [[Juba]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|04|51|N|31|34|E|type:city}}
| largest_city = capital
| official_languages = [[English language|English]]<ref name="engwork">{{cite web |title=The Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, 2011 |url=http://www.goss-online.org/magnoliaPublic/en/home/mainColumnParagraphs/0/content_files/file/FINAL%20TCRSS.doc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://swap.stanford.edu/20110721121619/http://www.goss-online.org/magnoliaPublic/en/home/mainColumnParagraphs/0/content_files/file/FINAL%20TCRSS.doc |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=Government of South Sudan |at=Part One, 6(2) |quote=English shall be the official working language in the Republic of South Sudan, as well as the language of instruction at all levels of education.}}</ref>
| national_languages = {{hlist|[[Dinka language|Dinka]]|[[Nuer language|Nuer]]|[[Bari language|Bari]]|[[Murle language|Murle]]|[[Luo languages|Luo (Anyuak, Acholi, Shilluk, Pari, Jur-Luo, others)]]||[[Ma'di language|Ma'di]]|[[Otuho language|Otuho]]|[[Zande language|Zande]]}} and around 60 other languages{{#tag:ref|The Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, Part One, 6(1): "All indigenous languages of South Sudan are national languages and shall be respected, developed and promoted".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/IMG/pdf/The_Draft_Transitional_Constitution_of_the_ROSS2-2.pdf|title=The Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, 2011|access-date=18 November 2016|publisher=Government of South Sudan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629170732/http://www.sudantribune.com/IMG/pdf/The_Draft_Transitional_Constitution_of_the_ROSS2-2.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>|group=note}}
| languages_type = [[Spoken language]]s<ref name=Ethnologue>[[Ethnologue]]: [https://www.ethnologue.com/country/SS/languages ''Ethnologue Languages of the World – South Sudan''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909150520/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/SS/languages|date=9 September 2018}}, Retrieved 9 September 2018.</ref>
| languages = {{hlist|[[Dinka language|Dinka]]|[[Bari language|Bari]]|[[Juba Arabic]]<ref name=UNICEF>[[UNICEF|United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)]]: [https://www.unicef.org/esaro/UNICEF(2016)LanguageandLearning-SouthSudan-CaseStudy.pdf ''The impact of language policy and practice on children's learning: Evidence from Eastern and Southern Africa 2016''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913183348/https://www.unicef.org/esaro/UNICEF(2016)LanguageandLearning-SouthSudan-CaseStudy.pdf|date=13 September 2017}} (PDF; 672 kB), Pages 1–3, Retrieved 9 September 2018</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Juba Arabic (Árabi Júba): a "less indigenous" language of South Sudan|url=https://iris.unito.it/retrieve/handle/2318/1702685/508881/06%20ManfrediTosco.pdf|last=Manfredi|first=Stefano|journal=Sociolinguistic Studies|year=2018|volume=12|issue=1|pages=209–230|doi=10.1558/sols.35596|hdl=2318/1702685|s2cid=150503108|access-date=15 March 2020|archive-date=5 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505171624/https://iris.unito.it/retrieve/handle/2318/1702685/508881/06%20ManfrediTosco.pdf|url-status=live |issn=1750-8657}}</ref><ref>Manfredi Stefano; Tosco Mauro (2016), [https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01357537/document ''A new state, an old language policy, and a pidgin-creolo: Juba Arabic in South Sudan, Forthcoming: Sociolinguistic Studies 2016''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101013034/https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01357537/document|date=1 November 2018}} (PDF; 1141 kB), Pages 1–18, Retrieved 9 September 2018</ref><ref>Manfredi Stefano; Tosco Mauro (2013), [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01102624/document ''Language uses vs. language policy: South Sudan and Juba Arabic in the post-independence era''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909150639/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01102624/document|date=9 September 2018}} (PDF; 301 kB), Pages 798–802, III Congresso Coordinamento Universitario per la Cooperazione allo Sviluppo, Sep 2013, Turin, Italy. JUNCO, Journal of Universities and International Development Cooperation, 2014, Imagining Cultures of Cooperation – Proceedings of the III CUCS Congress, Turin 19–21 September 2013, Retrieved 9 September 2018</ref>|[[Nuer language|Nuer]]|[[Zande language|Zande]]|[[Jur language|Jur (Luo)]]|[[Murle language|Murle]]|[[Shilluk language|Shilluk]]|[[Languages of South Sudan|various others]]}}
| demonym = [[Demographics of South Sudan|South Sudanese]]
| government_type = Federal [[presidential republic]]
| leader_title1 = [[President of Republic of South Sudan|President]]
| leader_name1 = [[Salva Kiir Mayardit]]
| leader_title2 = [[Vice President of South Sudan|First Vice-President]]
| leader_name2 = [[Riek Machar]]
| leader_title5 =
| leader_name5 =
| leader_title6 =
| leader_name6 =
| legislature = [[National Legislature (South Sudan)|Transitional National Legislature]]
| sovereignty_type = [[History of South Sudan|Independence]]
| sovereignty_note = from [[Sudan]]
| established_event1 = [[Southern Sudan Autonomous Region (1972–1983)|1st autonomous region]]
| established_date1 = 28 February 1972
| established_event2 = [[Southern Sudan Autonomous Region (2005–2011)|2nd autonomous region]]
| established_date2 = 9 July 2005
| established_event3 = [[2011 South Sudanese independence referendum#Results|Declared and recognised]]
| established_date3 = 9 July 2011
| area_km2 = 644329<ref name="CIA Factbook">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=South Sudan|access-date=22 June 2023|year=2023}}</ref>
| area_rank = 41st 
| area_sq_mi = 248777
| percent_water =
| population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 12,703,714<ref name="CIA Factbook"/>
| population_estimate_year = 2024
| population_estimate_rank = 80th
| population_density_km2 = 19
| population_density_sq_mi = 34.52
| population_density_rank = 211th
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $15.160 billion<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025: Edition (South Sudan) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |publisher=October, 14 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_rank = 157th
| GDP_PPP_year = 2025
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $953<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025: Edition (South Sudan) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |publisher=October, 14 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 191st
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $4.980 billion<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025: Edition (South Sudan) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |publisher=October, 14 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
| GDP_nominal_rank = 164th
| GDP_nominal_year = 2025
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $313<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025: Edition (South Sudan) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |publisher=October, 14 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 194th
| Gini = 44.1 
| Gini_year = 2016
| Gini_change = decrease
| Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/|title=Gini Index|publisher=World Bank|access-date=16 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140511044958/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI|archive-date=11 May 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
| Gini_rank =
| HDI = 0.388
| HDI_year = 2023
| HDI_change = increase
| HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2025}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 193rd
| currency = [[South Sudanese pound]]
| currency_code = SSP
| time_zone = [[Central Africa Time|CAT]]
| utc_offset = +2
| drives_on = right<ref>{{cite web|title=Traffic and Road Conditions in Sudan, South|url=https://www.countryreports.org/travel/southsudan/traffic.htm|publisher=Countryreports.org|access-date=21 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121233247/https://www.countryreports.org/travel/southsudan/traffic.htm|archive-date=21 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in South Sudan|+211]]<ref>{{cite press release|title=New country, new number: Country code 211 officially assigned to South Sudan|publisher=International Telecommunication Union|date=14 July 2011|url=http://www.itu.int/net/pressoffice/press_releases/2011/25.aspx|access-date=20 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005151037/http://www.itu.int/net/pressoffice/press_releases/2011/25.aspx|archive-date=5 October 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>
| iso3166code = SS
| cctld = [[.ss]]{{efn|Registered and operational since 2019}}<ref name="iana">{{cite web|url=https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ss.html|title=.ss Domain Delegation Data |publisher=[[ICANN]]|access-date=1 September 2011|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120804004659/http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ss.html|archive-date=4 August 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>
| footnotes = {{notelist}}
| religion = {{ublist|item_style=white-space:nowrap;
|60.5% [[Christianity]]
|32.9% [[Traditional African religions|traditional faiths]]
|6.2% [[Islam in South Sudan|Islam]]
|0.4% [[Religion in South Sudan|others]] / [[Irreligion|none]]
}}
| religion_year = 2020
| religion_ref = <ref name="CIA Factbook"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/south-sudan#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016|title=South Sudan|work=Global Religious Futures|publisher=Pew Research Center|access-date=1 August 2023|archive-date=2 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202113435/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/south-sudan#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| today =
| org_type =
}}

'''South Sudan''' ({{IPAc-en|s|uː|ˈ|d|ɑː|n|,_|-|ˈ|d|æ|n}}), officially the '''Republic of South Sudan''', is a [[landlocked country]] in East Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-12-26 |title=South Sudan joins list of least developed countries, bringing global total to 49 |publisher=UNCTAD |url=https://unctad.org/press-material/south-sudan-joins-list-least-developed-countries-bringing-global-total-49 |access-date=2024-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> It is bordered by [[Sudan]] to the north, [[Ethiopia]] to the east, the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] to the southwest, [[Uganda]] to the south, [[Kenya]] to the southeast and to the west by the [[Central African Republic]]. South Sudan's diverse landscape includes vast plains and plateaus, dry and tropical savannahs, inland floodplains, and forested mountains. The [[Nile|Nile River]] system is the defining physical feature of the country, running south to north across its center, which is dominated by a large swamp known as the [[Sudd]]. South Sudan has an estimated population of just over 12.7 million in 2024. [[Juba]] is the capital and largest city.

Sudan was occupied by [[History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty|Egypt]] under the [[Muhammad Ali dynasty]] and governed as an [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian condominium]] until Sudanese independence in 1956. Following the [[First Sudanese Civil War]], the [[Southern Sudan Autonomous Region (1972–83)|Southern Sudan Autonomous Region]] was formed in 1972 and lasted until 1983. The [[Second Sudanese Civil War]] broke out in 1983 and ended in 2005 with the [[Comprehensive Peace Agreement]]. Later that year, southern autonomy was restored when an [[Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan]] was formed. South Sudan became an [[Sovereign state|independent state]] on 9 July 2011, following 98.8% support for independence in [[South Sudanese independence referendum, 2011|a January 2011 referendum]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-sJugNxYVA8|title=Broadcast of Declaration of Independence (part 1)|via=YouTube|date=10 July 2011|access-date=2 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721084549/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-sJugNxYVA8|archive-date=21 July 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/user/Laseranthem#p/a/u/0/v5m4JUyBW38|title=Broadcast of Declaration of Independence (part 2)|via=YouTube|date=19 June 2011|access-date=2 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707130327/http://www.youtube.com/user/Laseranthem#p/a/u/0/v5m4JUyBW38|archive-date=7 July 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> It is the [[List of sovereign states by date of formation|most recent sovereign state]] with widespread recognition {{as of|2026|lc=yes}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/which-are-the-youngest-countries-of-the-world.html|title=The World's Youngest Countries|website=WorldAtlas|date=28 May 2018|language=en|access-date=11 March 2020|archive-date=30 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171130235033/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/which-are-the-youngest-countries-of-the-world.html|url-status=live}}</ref> South Sudan descended into [[South Sudanese Civil War|a civil war]] from 2013 to 2020, enduring rampant [[Human rights in South Sudan|human rights abuses]], including forced displacement, ethnic massacres, and [[List of journalists killed in South Sudan|killings of journalists]] by various parties. It has since been governed by a coalition formed by leaders of the former warring factions, [[Salva Kiir Mayardit]] ([[Sudan People's Liberation Movement]] or SPLM) and [[Riek Machar]] ([[Sudan People's Liberation Movement-in-Opposition]] or SPLM-IO).<ref name="power-sharing">{{cite news|title=South Sudan rivals strike power-sharing deal|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-51562367|access-date=28 February 2020|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=22 February 2020|archive-date=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226015108/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-51562367|url-status=live}}</ref> The country continues to recover from the war while experiencing ongoing and systemic [[Ethnic violence in South Sudan|ethnic violence]].<ref name="malak">{{cite web |last=Malak |first=Garang A. |title=Trust issues persist in Juba despite new dawn |website=The East African |date=22 February 2020 |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/ea/Trust-issues-persist-in-South-Sudan/4552908-5464954-format-xhtml-fexisgz/index.html |access-date=20 June 2020 |archive-date=22 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622081027/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/ea/Trust-issues-persist-in-South-Sudan/4552908-5464954-format-xhtml-fexisgz/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

The South Sudanese population is composed mostly of [[Nilotic peoples]] spanning a variety of ethnic, tribal, and linguistic groups. It is demographically among the youngest nations in the world, with roughly half its people under 18 years old.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2018/09/1018671|title='Children's crisis' in South Sudan must be addressed, says top UN official calling for real accountability|date=7 September 2018|access-date=30 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930193622/https://news.un.org/en/story/2018/09/1018671|archive-date=30 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The majority of inhabitants adhere to Christianity or various [[Traditional African religions|traditional indigenous faiths]], with a sizeable [[Muslim]] minority.

South Sudan is a [[Member states of the United Nations|member of the United Nations]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-sudan-un-membership-idUKTRE76D3I120110714|title=South Sudan admitted to U.N. as 193rd member|last=Worsnip|first=Patrick|date=14 July 2011|publisher=[[Reuters]]|access-date=24 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715144119/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/07/14/uk-sudan-un-membership-idUKTRE76D3I120110714|archive-date=15 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=39034&Cr=South+Sudan&Cr1=|title=UN welcomes South Sudan as 193rd Member State|publisher=United Nations News Service|date=14 July 2011|access-date=14 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803100613/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=39034&Cr=South+Sudan&Cr1=|archive-date=3 August 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> [[African Union]],<ref name="au54">{{cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/south-sudan-becomes-african-unions-54th-member-126320433/158563.html|title=South Sudan Becomes African Union's 54th Member|publisher=Voice of America News|date=28 July 2011|access-date=28 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916115846/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/africa/east/South-Sudan-Becomes-African-Unions-54th-Member-126320433.html|archive-date=16 September 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> [[East African Community]],<ref>"South Sudan admitted into EAC", Daily Nation, 2 March 2016, reprinted at nation.co.ke, accessed 4 March 2016</ref> and the [[Intergovernmental Authority on Development]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-11-25/ethiopia-agrees-to-back-somalia-army-operations-igad-says.html|title=Ethiopia Agrees to Back Somalia Army Operations, IGAD Says|work=Bloomberg Businessweek|access-date=25 November 2011|date=25 November 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120729154359/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-11-25/ethiopia-agrees-to-back-somalia-army-operations-igad-says.html|archive-date=29 July 2012}}</ref> It is one of the [[least developed countries]] in the world, ranking the lowest in the [[List of countries by Human Development Index|Human Development Index]] and having the lowest [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|nominal GDP per capita]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=GDP per capita, current prices |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPDPC@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD?year=2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250905201219/https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPDPC@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD?year=2025 |archive-date=5 September 2025 |access-date=29 September 2025 |publisher=IMF}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The name ''Sudan'' is a name given to a [[Sudan (region)|geographical region]] to the south of the [[Sahara]], stretching from Western Africa to eastern Central Africa. The name derives from the [[Arabic]] ''{{transliteration|ar|bilād as-sūdān}}'' ({{lang|ar|بلاد السودان}}), or the "Land of the [[Black people|Blacks]]".<ref>{{cite book |author=International Association for the History of Religions |title=Numen |publisher=EJ Brill |place=Leiden |year=1959 |page=131 |quote=West Africa may be taken as the country stretching from Senegal in the West to the Cameroons in the East; sometimes it has been called the central and western Sudan, the ''Bilad as-Sūdan'', 'Land of the Blacks', of the Arabs}}</ref> The term was first used by [[Arab]] traders, historians and geographers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Empires of the Western Sudan|date=October 2000 |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/wsem/hd_wsem.htm|access-date=2022-12-30|publisher=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]|archive-date=11 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611182559/https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/wsem/hd_wsem.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of South Sudan}}

The Nilotic people of South Sudan—the [[Dinka people|Dinka]], [[Anuak people|Anyuak]], [[Bari people|Bari]], [[Acholi people|Acholi]], [[Nuer people|Nuer]], [[Shilluk people|Shilluk]], [[Kaligi people|Kaligi]] (Arabic Feroghe), and others—first entered South Sudan sometime before the tenth century, coinciding with the fall of [[medieval Nubia]]. From the 15th to the 19th century, tribal migrations, largely from the area of [[Bahr el Ghazal (region of South Sudan)|Bahr el Ghazal]], brought the Anyuak, Dinka, Nuer, and Shilluk to their modern locations in Bahr El Ghazal and the Upper Nile Region, while the Acholi and Bari settled in [[Equatoria]]. The [[Zande people|Zande]], [[Mundu people|Mundu]], [[Avukaya]] and [[Baka people (Congo and South Sudan)|Baka]], who entered South Sudan in the 16th century, established the region's largest state of Equatoria Region.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

Of South Sudan's ethnic groups the Dinka are the largest, the Nuer the second-largest, the Zande the third-largest, and the Bari the fourth-largest. They are found in the [[Maridi]], [[Yambio]], and Tombura districts in the [[tropical rainforest]] belt of [[Western Equatoria]], the Adio of Azande client in [[Yei]], [[Central Equatoria]], and [[Western Bahr el Ghazal]]. In the 18th century, the Avungara [[Sib (anthropology)|sib]] rose to power over the rest of Azande society, a domination that continued into the 20th century.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Helen Chapin Metz|editor-link=Helen Chapin Metz|title=Sudan: A Country Study|chapter-url=http://countrystudies.us/sudan/11.htm|series=Area handbook series|year=1991|publisher=GPO for the Library of Congress|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=978-0-8444-0750-0|chapter=The Turkiyah, 1821–85|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/sudancountrystud00metz_0}}</ref> British policies favouring Christian missionaries, such as the Closed District Ordinance of 1922 (see [[History of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]]), and geographical barriers such as the swamplands along the [[White Nile]] curtailed the spread of Islam to the south, thus allowing the southern tribes to retain much of their political and religious institutions.

British colonial policy in Sudan had a long history of emphasising the development of the Arabised north and largely ignoring the non-Arabised south, which lacked schools, hospitals, roads, bridges, and other basic infrastructure. After Sudan's first independent elections in 1958, the continued neglect of the southern region by the [[Khartoum]] government led to uprisings, revolts, and the longest civil war on the continent.<ref>Matthew LeRiche, Matthew Arnold. South Sudan: from revolution to independence. 2012. Columbia University Press. New York. {{ISBN|978-0-231-70414-4}}</ref><ref>[[Richard Cockett]] Sudan: Darfur and the failure of an African state. 2010. Hobbs the Printers Ltd., Totten, Hampshire. {{ISBN|978-0-300-16273-8}}</ref> People affected by the violence included the Dinka, Nuer, Shilluk, Anyuak, [[Murle people|Murle]], Bari, [[Mundari people|Mundari]], Baka, [[Balanda Bviri]], [[Boya people|Boya]], [[Didinga]], [[Jiye people|Jiye]], [[Kakwa people|Kakwa]], Kaligi, [[Kuku people|Kuku]], [[Lotuka]], Nilotic, [[Toposa people|Toposa]], and Zande.<ref>Matthew LeRiche, Matthew Arnold. South Sudan: from revolution to independence. 2012. Ethnic Groups and Flashpoints. p. xv. Columbia University Press. New York. {{ISBN|978-0-231-70414-4}}</ref>

The Azande/Zande have had good relations with their neighbours, namely the [[Moru people|Moru]], Mundu, [[Pojulu people|Pöjulu]], Avukaya, Baka, and the small groups in Bahr el Ghazal, due to the expansionist policy of their king [[Gbudwe]], in the 18th century. In the 19th century, the Azande fought the French, the [[Belgium|Belgians]] and the [[Muhammad Ahmed|Mahdists]] to maintain their independence. [[Ottoman Egypt]], under the rule of [[Khedive]] [[Isma'il Pasha|Ismail Pasha]], first attempted to control the region in the 1870s, establishing the province of [[Equatoria]] in the southern portion. Egypt's first appointed governor was [[Samuel Baker]], commissioned in 1869, followed by [[Charles George Gordon]] in 1874, and by [[Emin Pasha]] in 1878.<ref name="Levering Lewis 1995">{{cite book|last=Levering Lewis|first=David|title=The Race to Fashoda|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|place=New York|year=1995}}</ref>

The [[Muhammad Ahmed|Mahdist Revolt]] of the 1880s destabilised the nascent province, and Equatoria ceased to exist as an Egyptian outpost in 1889. Important settlements in Equatoria included [[Lado District|Lado]], [[Gondokoro]], [[Dufile]], and [[Wadelai]]. European colonial manoeuvrings in the region came to a head in 1898, when the [[Fashoda Incident]] occurred at present-day [[Kodok]]; Britain and France almost went to war over the region.<ref name="Levering Lewis 1995" /> Britain then treated South Sudan as a distinct entity with a different stage of development than the North. This policy was legalised in 1930 by the announcement of the Southern Policy. In 1946, without consulting Southern opinion, the British administration reversed its Southern Policy and began instead to implement a policy of uniting the North and the South.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=111593646|title=The 1947 Juba Conference|author=Kenneth Okeny|journal=Northeast African Studies|jstor=43660336|year=1991|volume=13|issue=1|pages=39–58|access-date=18 July 2023|archive-date=18 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718204019/https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=111593646|url-status=live}}</ref>

The region has been negatively affected [[South Sudanese wars of independence|by two civil wars]] since Sudanese independence: from 1955 to 1972, the Sudanese government fought the [[Anyanya]] rebel army (Anya-Nya is a term in the [[Madi language (Sudan and Uganda)|Madi]] language which means "snake venom")<ref>Matthew LeRiche, Matthew Arnold. South Sudan: from revolution to independence. 2012. Columbia University Press. New York. p. 16 {{ISBN|978-0-231-70414-4}}</ref> during the [[First Sudanese Civil War]], followed by the [[Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement]] (SPLA/M) in the [[Second Sudanese Civil War]] for over twenty years, from 1983 to 2005. As a result, the country suffered serious neglect, a lack of infrastructure development, and major destruction and displacement. More than 2.5 million people have been killed, and millions more have become [[refugee]]s both within and outside the country.

South Sudan has an estimated population of 12.7 million people in 2024,<ref>{{Citation |title=South Sudan |date=2025-10-01 |work=The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-sudan/#people-and-society |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251004062857/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-sudan/#people-and-society |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 October 2025 |access-date=2025-10-31 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en}}</ref> but, given the lack of a census in several decades, this estimate may be inaccurate. The economy is predominantly rural and relies chiefly on [[subsistence farming]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=A boost for food security in South Sudan as nine ventures bag US$200,000 in WFP-UNDP's IGNITE Food Systems Challenge |publisher=World Food Programme |date=12 May 2022 |url=https://www.wfp.org/news/boost-food-security-south-sudan-nine-ventures-bag-us200000-wfp-undps-ignite-food-systems |archive-date=3 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003030852/https://www.wfp.org/news/boost-food-security-south-sudan-nine-ventures-bag-us200000-wfp-undps-ignite-food-systems |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.unops.org/news-and-stories/stories/roads-to-food-security-in-south-sudan |title=United Nations Office for Project Services website |access-date=9 September 2023 |archive-date=21 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921175912/https://www.unops.org/news-and-stories/stories/roads-to-food-security-in-south-sudan |url-status=live}}</ref> Around 2005, the economy began a transition from this rural dominance, and urban areas within South Sudan have seen extensive development.

===Independence (2011)===
[[File:A South Sudanese girl at independence festivities (5926735716).jpg|thumb|upright|A South Sudanese girl at independence festivities]]

Between 9 and 15 January 2011, as a consequence of the [[Comprehensive Peace Agreement]], the [[2011 South Sudanese independence referendum|South Sudanese independence referendum]] was held to determine whether South Sudan should become an independent country, separate from Sudan. Following that, 98.83% of those who took part in the referendum voted for separation or independence.<ref>{{cite news|work=USA Today|title=Over 99 pct in Southern Sudan vote for secession|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/topstories/2011-01-30-2052877353_x.htm|access-date=30 January 2011|date=30 January 2011|first=Maggie|last=Fick|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202151710/http://www.usatoday.com/news/topstories/2011-01-30-2052877353_x.htm|archive-date=2 February 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> On 23 January 2011, a steering committee on post-independence said the land would be named the Republic of Sudan. Other names considered were [[Azania]], Nile Republic, [[Kingdom of Kush|Kush]] Republic and even Juwama, a [[portmanteau]] for [[Juba (Southern Sudan)|Juba]], [[Wau, Sudan|Wau]] and [[Malakal]], three major cities.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/24/world/africa/24sudan.html|title=Southern Sudan Nears a Decision on One Matter: Its New Name|author=Kron, Josh|date=23 January 2011|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=28 November 2020|archive-date=30 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130051705/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/24/world/africa/24sudan.html?_r=1|url-status=live}}</ref> South Sudan formally became independent from Sudan on 9 July, although certain disputes still remained, including the division of oil revenues, as 75% of all the former Sudan's oil reserves are in South Sudan.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=BBC News|title=South Sudan profile|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14069082|access-date=14 February 2014|date=8 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214043200/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14069082|archive-date=14 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> As of March 2025, the region of [[Abyei]] still remains disputed. A separate referendum was to be held in Abyei on whether they want to join Sudan or South Sudan;<ref>{{cite news|title=99.57% of Southern Sudanese vote yes to independence|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12317927|access-date=30 January 2011|date=30 January 2011|publisher=BBC News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130081322/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12317927|archive-date=30 January 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> however an official referendum was never held.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Crisis in Abyei: South Sudan must act and stop violence between Dinka groups |date=5 March 2024 |publisher=The Conversation |url=https://theconversation.com/crisis-in-abyei-south-sudan-must-act-and-stop-violence-between-dinka-groups-224409 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305122009/https://theconversation.com/crisis-in-abyei-south-sudan-must-act-and-stop-violence-between-dinka-groups-224409 |archive-date=5 March 2024 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Francis |first=Okech |date=3 March 2025 |title="We don't have protection": The worsening crisis in disputed Abyei |publisher=The New Humanitarian |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news-feature/2025/03/03/we-dont-have-protection-worsening-crisis-disputed-abyei |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250306014715/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news-feature/2025/03/03/we-dont-have-protection-worsening-crisis-disputed-abyei |archive-date=6 March 2025 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[South Kordofan conflict]] broke out in June 2011 between the [[Sudan People's Armed Forces|Army of Sudan]] and the SPLA over the [[Nuba Mountains]].

On 9 July 2011, South Sudan became the 54th independent country in Africa<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14089843 South Sudan becomes an independent nation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010213502/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14089843|date=10 October 2018}}, BBC News.</ref> (9 July is now celebrated as [[List of national independence days|Independence Day]], a national holiday<ref>{{Cite web|title=South Sudan|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-sudan/|access-date=7 July 2021|website=CIA World Factbook|archive-date=6 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706110837/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-sudan/|url-status=dead}}</ref>) and since 14 July 2011, South Sudan is the 193rd member of the United Nations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2011/07/381552|title=UN welcomes South Sudan as 193rd Member State|date=14 July 2011|website=UN News|access-date=31 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128123134/https://news.un.org/en/story/2011/07/381552|archive-date=28 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> On 27 July 2011, South Sudan became the 54th country to join the [[African Union]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.au.int/en/content/african-union-welcomes-south-sudan-54th-member-state-union|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812031145/http://www.au.int/en/content/african-union-welcomes-south-sudan-54th-member-state-union|url-status=dead|title=au.int: ''African Union Welcomes South Sudan as the 54th Member State of the Union''|archive-date=12 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=5 January 2011|title=The LRA and Sudan|publisher=[[Al Jazeera English]]|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/peopleandpower/2011/01/20111585750480428.html|url-status=live|access-date=3 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318090401/http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/peopleandpower/2011/01/20111585750480428.html|archive-date=18 March 2015}}</ref> In September 2011, [[Google Maps]] recognised South Sudan as an independent country, after a massive crowdsourcing mapping initiative was launched.<ref>{{Cite web|last=PiersDillonScott|date=17 September 2011|title=Google Maps officially recognises South Sudan as an independent country|url=https://sociable.co/web/google-maps-officially-recognises-south-sudan-as-an-independent-country/|access-date=11 March 2021|website=The Sociable|language=en-US|archive-date=28 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528065049/https://sociable.co/web/google-maps-officially-recognises-south-sudan-as-an-independent-country/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2011 it was reported that South Sudan was at war with at least seven armed groups in 9 of its 10 states, with tens of thousands displaced.<ref name="rebellion">{{cite news|title=South Sudan army kills fighters in clashes|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/04/2011424145446998235.html|publisher=Al Jazeera English|date=24 April 2011|access-date=26 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429090553/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/04/2011424145446998235.html|archive-date=29 April 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> The fighters accuse the government of plotting to stay in power indefinitely, not fairly representing and supporting all tribal groups while neglecting development in rural areas.<ref name="rebellion" /><ref name="AP">{{cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/news/world/africa/articles/2011/06/02/hundreds_of_civilian_casualties_in_s_sudan_battle/|title=Civilians dead in South Sudan battle|agency=Associated Press |newspaper=The Boson Globe |date=2 June 2011|author1=Fick, Maggie|author2=Straziuso, Jason|name-list-style=amp|access-date=3 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203063545/http://www.boston.com/news/world/africa/articles/2011/06/02/hundreds_of_civilian_casualties_in_s_sudan_battle/|archive-date=3 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Lord's Resistance Army]] (LRA) also operates in a wide area that includes South Sudan.

Inter-ethnic warfare in some cases predates the war of independence and is widespread. In December 2011, [[Ethnic violence in South Sudan#Murle-Nuer fighting|tribal clashes]] intensified between the [[Nuer White Army]] of the [[Luo peoples|Lou]] [[Nuer people|Nuer]] and the [[Murle people|Murle]].<ref name="aljazeera2">{{cite news|title=Thousands flee South Sudan tribal conflict|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/01/201212101840599359.html|publisher=[[Al Jazeera English]]|date=3 January 2012|access-date=3 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120102152458/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/01/201212101840599359.html|archive-date=2 January 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> The White Army warned it would wipe out the Murle and would also fight South Sudanese and [[United Nations Mission in South Sudan|UN forces]] sent to the area around [[Pibor]].<ref name="Bloomberg">{{cite news|title=United Nations urges South Sudan to Help Avert Possible Attack|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-12-27/united-nations-urges-south-sudan-to-help-avert-possible-attack.html|publisher=[[Bloomberg Television]]|date=27 December 2011|access-date=3 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214130705/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-12-27/united-nations-urges-south-sudan-to-help-avert-possible-attack.html|archive-date=14 February 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2012, South Sudanese forces seized the [[Heglig]] oil fields in lands claimed by both Sudan and South Sudan in the province of [[South Kordofan]] after [[2012 South Sudan–Sudan border conflict|conflict with Sudanese forces]] in the South Sudanese state of [[Unity (state)|Unity]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17515209|title=Sudan and South Sudan in fierce oil border clashes|publisher=BBC News Africa|date=27 March 2012|access-date=27 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109224240/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17515209|archive-date=9 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> South Sudan withdrew on 20 March, and the Sudanese Army entered Heglig two days later.

===Sudanese Civil War (2013–2020)===
{{See also|South Sudanese Civil War}}
{{further|Ethnic violence in South Sudan}}
[[File:Southern Sudan Civil War.svg|thumb|Military situation in South Sudan on 22 March 2020
{{legend|#ebc0b3|Under control of the Government of South Sudan}}
{{legend|#cae7c4|Under control of the [[Sudan People's Liberation Movement-in-Opposition]]}}
{{legend|blue|Under control of the [[Government of Sudan]]}}]]

On 5 September 2013, an article written by analyst Duop Chak Wuol was published by the US-based South Sudan News Agency (SSNA).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://southsudannewsagency.net/index.php/2013/09/05/the-splm-and-the-rise-of-autocracy-in-south-sudan/|title=The SPLM and the Rise of Autocracy in South Sudan|date=5 September 2013|access-date=26 December 2022|archive-date=29 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329132518/https://ssnanews.com/index.php/2013/09/05/the-splm-and-the-rise-of-autocracy-in-south-sudan/|url-status=live}}</ref> The writer raised critical questions surrounding what he described as the rise of autocracy within the top leadership of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) and warned of monumental repercussions unless the ruling elites restored the founding principles of the party. Duop also berated the ruling party, arguing that the party has replaced its founding principles with "forgotten promises and deceptions". In December 2013, a political power struggle broke out between President Kiir and his former deputy [[Riek Machar]], as the president accused Machar and ten others of attempting a [[2013 South Sudanese coup d'état attempt|coup d'état]].<ref name="Kulish">{{cite news|last=Kulish|first=Nicholas|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/10/world/africa/new-estimate-sharply-raises-death-toll-in-south-sudan.html|title=New Estimate Sharply Raises Death Toll in South Sudan|newspaper=The New York Times|date=9 January 2014|access-date=2 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015153429/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/10/world/africa/new-estimate-sharply-raises-death-toll-in-south-sudan.html|archive-date=15 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Fighting broke out, igniting the [[South Sudanese Civil War]]. Ugandan troops were deployed to fight alongside South Sudanese government forces against the rebels.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-25759650|title=Yoweri Museveni: Uganda troops fighting South Sudan rebels|publisher=BBC News|date=16 January 2014|access-date=21 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006114751/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-25759650|archive-date=6 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The United Nations has peacekeepers in the country as part of the [[United Nations Mission in South Sudan]] (UNMISS). Numerous ceasefires were mediated by the [[Intergovernmental Authority on Development]] (IGAD) between the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) and [[SPLM-IO|SPLM – in opposition]] and were subsequently broken. A peace agreement was signed in Ethiopia under threat of United Nations sanctions for both sides in August 2015.<ref name="South Sudan country profile">{{Cite news|url=http://bbc.com/news/world-africa-14069082|title=South Sudan country profile|publisher=BBC News|date=6 August 2018|access-date=2 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160620123955/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14069082|archive-date=20 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Machar returned to Juba in 2016 and was appointed vice-president.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-36140423|title=South Sudan rebel chief Riek Machar sworn in as vice-president|publisher=BBC News|access-date=30 April 2016|date=26 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429155058/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-36140423|archive-date=29 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Following a second break-out of violence in Juba, Machar was replaced as vice-president<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/07/south-sudan-opposition-replaces-missing-leader-machar-160723144856580.html|title=South Sudan opposition replaces missing leader Machar|date=23 July 2016|publisher=Al Jazeera |access-date=15 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727102427/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/07/south-sudan-opposition-replaces-missing-leader-machar-160723144856580.html|archive-date=27 July 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> and he fled the country<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37116862|title=South Sudan conflict: Sacked VP Riek Machar goes into exile|publisher=BBC News |access-date=19 August 2016|date=18 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818231703/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37116862|archive-date=18 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> as the conflict erupted again. Rebel in-fighting has become a major part of the conflict.<ref name="fp0117">{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/01/02/the-revenge-of-salva-kiir-south-sudan-genocide-ethnic-cleansing/|title=The revenge of Salva Kiir|date=2 January 2017|website=Foreign Policy|access-date=27 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626152337/http://foreignpolicy.com/2017/01/02/the-revenge-of-salva-kiir-south-sudan-genocide-ethnic-cleansing/|archive-date=26 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Rivalry among Dinka factions led by the President and Malong Awan has also led to fighting. In August 2018, another power-sharing agreement came into effect.<ref name="washingtonpost0718">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/south-sudans-warring-leaders-agree-to-share-power-again/2018/07/25/6ca19412-902b-11e8-ae59-01880eac5f1d_story.html|title=South Sudan's warring leaders agree to share power, again|date=25 July 2018|access-date=1 August 2018|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726110843/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/south-sudans-warring-leaders-agree-to-share-power-again/2018/07/25/6ca19412-902b-11e8-ae59-01880eac5f1d_story.html|archive-date=26 July 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

About 400,000 people are estimated to have been killed in the war,<ref>{{cite news|title=Nearly 400,000 'excess deaths' caused by South Sudan war|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/report-400000-excess-deaths-south-sudan-58090309|publisher=ABC News|date=26 September 2018|access-date=7 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008022704/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/report-400000-excess-deaths-south-sudan-58090309|archive-date=8 October 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> including notable atrocities such as the [[2014 Bentiu massacre]].<ref name="Reuters0918">{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southsudan-unrest-toll/study-estimates-190000-people-killed-in-south-sudans-civil-war-idUSKCN1M626R |publisher=Reuters |title=Study estimates 190,000 people killed in South Sudan's civil war |date=26 September 2018 |access-date=26 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926173943/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southsudan-unrest-toll/study-estimates-190000-people-killed-in-south-sudans-civil-war-idUSKCN1M626R |archive-date=26 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Although both men have supporters from across South Sudan's ethnic divides, subsequent fighting has been communal, with rebels targeting members of Kiir's Dinka ethnic group and government soldiers attacking Nuers.<ref name="BBC News">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-25944446|title=South Sudan 'coup leaders' face treason trial|publisher=BBC News|date=29 January 2014|access-date=21 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102093736/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-25944446|archive-date=2 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> More than 4 million people have been displaced, with about 1.8 million of those internally displaced, and about 2.5 million having fled to neighbouring countries, especially Uganda and Sudan.<ref name="WashingtonPost0918">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/a-new-report-estimates-more-than-380000-people-have-died-in-south-sudans-civil-war/2018/09/25/e41fcb84-c0e7-11e8-9f4f-a1b7af255aa5_story.html|title=A new report estimates that more than 380,000 people have died in South Sudan's civil war|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=26 September 2018|access-date=26 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926131126/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/a-new-report-estimates-more-than-380000-people-have-died-in-south-sudans-civil-war/2018/09/25/e41fcb84-c0e7-11e8-9f4f-a1b7af255aa5_story.html|archive-date=26 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 20 February 2020, [[Salva Kiir Mayardit]] and [[Riek Machar]] agreed to a peace deal;<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-51562367|title=South Sudan rivals strike power-sharing deal|date=22 February 2020|publisher=[[BBC News]]|access-date=25 February 2020|archive-date=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226015108/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-51562367|url-status=live}}</ref> further, a [[Cabinet of South Sudan|national unity government]] on 22 February 2020, as Machar was sworn in as the [[Vice President of South Sudan|First Vice-President]] of the country.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mednick|first=Sam|title=After 6 years of war, will peace finally come to South Sudan?|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/2/23/after-6-years-of-war-will-peace-finally-come-to-south-sudan|access-date=2023-02-03|publisher=Al Jazeera |language=en|archive-date=20 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820130930/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/02/6-years-war-peace-finally-south-sudan-200223114919537.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Despite the official cessation of the civil war, violence between armed militia groups at the community level has continued in the country; according to [[Yasmin Sooka]], Chair of the Commission of Human Rights in Sudan, the level of violence "far exceeds the violence between 2013 and 2019".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-19|title=Violence in South Sudan engulfs country, 10 years after independence 'children all have guns' |publisher=UN News|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/02/1085202|access-date=2023-02-03 |language=en|archive-date=3 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203155338/https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/02/1085202|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Admission into the EAC and planned democratic elections (2016–present) ===
South Sudan acceded to the Treaty of the [[East African Community|East Africa Community]] on 15 April 2016 and became a full member on 15 August 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Republic of South Sudan |url=https://www.eac.int/eac-partner-states/south-sudan |access-date=2022-04-08 |publisher=East Africa Community |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604181704/https://www.eac.int/eac-partner-states/south-sudan |url-status=live}}</ref> South Sudan, [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of Congo]] and [[Federal Republic of Somalia]] are the newest members of the [[East African Community]].

The [[2024 South Sudanese general election|first democratic elections in South Sudan since the start of the civil war]] were scheduled for 2023 by the peace agreement that ended the war officially, but the transitional government and opposition agreed in 2022 to move them to late 2024 instead.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-08-04|title=South Sudan again delays its 1st election, until late 2024|url=https://apnews.com/article/middle-east-africa-sudan-south-juba-4f35064ef1173a9e14f6e60f55d36b50|access-date=2023-02-03|publisher=Associated Press|language=en|archive-date=16 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216202810/https://apnews.com/article/middle-east-africa-sudan-south-juba-4f35064ef1173a9e14f6e60f55d36b50|url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2024, Kiir's office announced that the elections would be postponed an additional two years, to December 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2024 |title=South Sudan postpones long-delayed election by two years, presidency says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/south-sudan-postpones-long-delayed-election-by-two-years-presidency-says-2024-09-13/ |access-date=16 September 2024 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref>

===2025–2026 tensions===
In 2025, violence expanded across South Sudan as ceasefire violations and fighting between government forces and opposition groups intensified in [[Jonglei]], [[Unity State|Unity]], and [[Upper Nile (state)|Upper Nile]] states. Aerial bombardments, river based operations, ambushes, and retaliatory attacks were reported. These incidents resulted in civilian casualties, displacement, and the loss of livelihoods.<ref>{{cite web | title=Stakes rise for South Sudan: What's happening, and why it matters | website=UN News | date=2025-11-11 | url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/11/1166333 | access-date=2025-12-22}}</ref>

In early March, [[2025 Nasir clashes|clashes]] between the Army and the rebel [[Nuer White Army]] in the town of [[Nasir, South Sudan|Nasir]] left dozens dead. On 26 March 2025, Vice-President Riek Machar was arrested on orders of President Salva Kiir claiming he had instigated and supported the White Army, despite the White Army denying any ties. The arrest was met by a response from the [[SPLM-IO]] stating such an act violates the ceasefire that ended the South Sudanese civil war in 2020. Machar's arrest was accompanied by the mass sacking of his supporters, and the arrival of a unit from the [[Ugandan armed forces]] invited into the country by Kiir to help fight against the White Army.<ref name="CNN March 30">{{cite web |last1=Princewill |first1=Nimi |title=The world's youngest country fought for decades to govern itself. Now it's on the cusp of another civil war |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/03/29/africa/sudan-peace-deal-cusp-civil-war-intl/index.html |website=[[CNN]] |date=29 March 2025 |access-date=31 March 2025}}</ref>

UN Secretary-General [[Antonio Guterres]] stated that the "peace agreement is in shambles" and South Sudan is on "the edge of a collapse into civil war" while the [[African Union]] has sent a delegation to try to deescalate the conflict.<ref name="CNN March 30"/>

At least 169 people were killed and 50 injured in March 2026 when armed youth from [[Unity State]] attacked [[Abiemnom County]] in the [[Ruweng]] Administrative Area. The attackers burned markets and homes before being driven out by the army, after which local authorities regained control.<ref>{{cite web | title=Nearly 170 killed, 50 injured in armed youth attack on South Sudan county | website=Anadolu Ajansı | date=2026-03-02 | url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/nearly-170-killed-50-injured-in-armed-youth-attack-on-south-sudan-county/3846437 | access-date=2026-03-02}}</ref> The killings form part of a growing surge in violence across South Sudan, where forces aligned with President Salva Kiir are fighting armed groups believed to support opposition leader Riek Machar.<ref>{{cite web | last=Press | first=Associated | title=169 people killed, including women and children, after insurgents raid a village in a remote area of South Sudan | website=PBS News | date=2026-03-02 | url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/169-people-killed-including-women-and-children-after-insurgents-raid-a-village-in-a-remote-area-of-south-sudan | access-date=2026-03-03}}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of South Sudan}}

{{More citations needed section|date=July 2022}}
[[File:South Sudan protected areas.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|Protected areas in South Sudan]]

South Sudan lies between latitudes [[3rd parallel north|3°]] and [[13th parallel north|13°N]], and longitudes [[24th meridian east|24°]] and [[36th meridian east|36°E]]. It is covered in tropical forest, swamps, and grassland. The [[White Nile]] passes through the country, passing by Juba.<ref name="BBC independence" /> The Sudd is formed by the [[White Nile]], known locally as the ''[[Bahr al Jabal (river)|Bahr al Jabal]]'', meaning "Mountain Sea".<ref>e.g. example reference in {{cite web |title=Bahr el Jabal |url=https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Bahr+al+Jabal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205203528/https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Bahr+al+Jabal |archive-date=5 December 2022 |access-date=1 August 2023 |work=The Free Dictionary}}</ref>

South Sudan's protected area of [[Bandingilo National Park]] hosts the second-largest [[wildlife]] migration in the world. Surveys have revealed that [[Boma National Park]], west of the Ethiopian border, as well as the [[Sudd]] wetland and [[Southern National Park]] near the border with Congo, provided habitat for large populations of [[hartebeest]], [[kob]], [[topi]], [[African buffalo|buffalo]], elephants, giraffes, and lions.

South Sudan's forest reserves also provided habitat for [[Bongo (antelope)|bongo]], [[giant forest hog]]s, [[red river hog]]s, forest elephants, [[Common chimpanzee|chimpanzees]], and forest monkeys. Surveys begun in 2005 by [[Wildlife Conservation Society|WCS]] in partnership with the semi-autonomous government of Southern Sudan revealed that significant, though diminished wildlife populations still exist, and that, astonishingly, the huge migration of 1.3 million antelopes in the southeast is substantially intact.

Habitats in the country include grasslands, high-altitude plateaus and escarpments, wooded and grassy savannas, floodplains, and wetlands. Associated wildlife species include the endemic white-eared kob and [[Nile Lechwe]], as well as elephants, giraffes, [[common eland]], [[giant eland]], [[oryx]], lions, [[Lycaon pictus|African wild dogs]], cape buffalo, and topi (locally called tiang). Little is known about the white-eared kob and tiang, both types of [[antelope]], whose migrations were legendary before the civil war. The Boma-Jonglei Landscape region encompasses Boma National Park, broad pasturelands and floodplains, Bandingilo National Park, and the Sudd, a vast area of swamp and seasonally flooded grasslands that includes the Zeraf Wildlife Reserve.

[[File:Судд.jpg|thumb|Settlement on [[Sudd]] flooded grassland]]

Little is known of the fungi of South Sudan. A list of fungi in Sudan was prepared by S. A. J. Tarr and published by the then [[Commonwealth Mycological Institute]] (Kew, Surrey, UK) in 1955. The list, of 383 species in 175 genera, included all fungi observed within the then boundaries of the country. Many of those records relate to what is now South Sudan. Most of the species recorded were associated with diseases of crops. The true number of species of fungi in South Sudan is probably much higher.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}

In 2006, President Kiir announced that his government would do everything possible to protect and propagate South Sudanese fauna and flora, and seek to reduce the effects of wildfires, waste dumping, and water pollution. The environment is threatened by the development of the economy and infrastructure. The country had a 2019 [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 9.45/10, ranking it fourth globally out of 172 countries.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|display-authors=1|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Several [[ecoregion]]s extend across South Sudan: the [[East Sudanian savanna]], [[Northern Congolian forest–savanna mosaic]], [[Saharan flooded grasslands]] (Sudd), [[Sahelian Acacia savanna]], [[East African montane forests]], and the [[Northern Acacia–Commiphora bushlands and thickets]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Burgess|first1=Neil|first2=Jennifer|last2=D'Amico Hales|first3=Emma|last3=Underwood|year=2004|title=Terrestrial Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment|publisher=Island Press|place=Washington, D.C.|isbn=978-1-55963-364-2}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
[[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_SSD_1991–2020.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|South Sudan map of Köppen climate classification]]
{{See also|2024 South Sudan floods}}

South Sudan has a tropical climate, characterised by a rainy season of high humidity and large amounts of rainfall followed by a drier season. The temperature on average is always high with July being the coolest month with average temperatures falling between {{convert|68|and|86|F|C|order=flip}} and March being the warmest month with average temperatures ranging from {{convert|73|to|98|F|C|order=flip}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-Rainfall-Temperature-Sunshine,Juba,Sudan|title=Average weather in Juba, Sudan|work=weather-and-climate.com|access-date=19 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915023106/http://www.weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-Rainfall-Temperature-Sunshine,Juba,Sudan|archive-date=15 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

The most rainfall is seen between May and October, but the rainy season can commence in April and extend until November. On average May is the wettest month. The season is "influenced by the annual shift of the Inter-Tropical Zone"<ref name="factbook" /> and the shift to southerly and southwesterly winds leading to slightly lower temperatures, higher humidity, and more cloud coverage.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/373303|title=Weather: Juba|publisher=BBC|access-date=19 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140213155823/http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/373303|archive-date=13 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

One study has showed that [[Climate change in South Sudan|climate change]] is expected to increase rainfall rates over South Sudan, but there is greater uncertainty about whether the number of rainy days will increase or decrease.<ref name="Misiani2020">{{cite journal |last1=Misiani |first1=Herbert O. |last2=Finney |first2=Declan L. |last3=Segele |first3=Zewdu T. |last4=Marsham |first4=John H. |last5=Tadege |first5=Abebe |last6=Artan |first6=Guleid |last7=Atheru |first7=Zachary |title=Circulation Patterns Associated with Current and Future Rainfall over Ethiopia and South Sudan from a Convection-Permitting Model |journal=Atmosphere |date=12 December 2020 |volume=11 |issue=12 |pages=1352 |doi=10.3390/atmos11121352|doi-access=free |bibcode=2020Atmos..11.1352M }}</ref>

===Wildlife===
{{Main|Wildlife of South Sudan}}

[[File:Fishing in Sudd wetland - by CPWF Basin Focal Project.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Fishing in the [[Sudd|Sudd Wetland]], one of the largest wetlands in the world]]
South Sudan includes the [[Sudd]], one of the world's largest [[wetland]]s.<ref name="Guarak2011">{{cite book|last=Guarak|first=Mawut Achiecque Mach|title=Integration and Fragmentation of the Sudan: An African Renaissance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ggRAkGJvAucC&pg=PA468|access-date=30 July 2011|date=21 February 2011|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=978-1-4567-2355-2|pages=468–}}</ref>
The total area under protection is around {{convert|143000|km2|abbr=on}} spread over 23 protected areas which account for 15% of the South Sudanese territory. The largest protected area is the [[Sudd|Sudd Wetland]], which is an important bird life area covering {{Convert|57000|km2|abbr=on}}. It is also a [[Ramsar Site]] with over 400 bird species, 100 mammal species, and 100 fish species. Many of the protected areas are exploited for illegal hunting and rearing of livestock.<ref name="Guarak2011"/>

South Sudan's protected areas are in the flood plains of the [[Nile River]]. The habitat predominantly comprises grasslands, high-altitude plateaus and escarpments, wooded and grassy savannas, floodplains and wetlands. Some of the other protected areas are the [[Boma National Park]] in the Boma-Jonglei Landscape region, an oil rich area on the eastern border with [[Ethiopia]]; the [[Southern National Park]] bordering [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]; the [[Bandingilo National Park]] (including Mongalla)–{{Convert|8400|km2|abbr=on}}; [[Nimule National Park]]–{{Convert|410|km2|abbr=on}}; and [[Shambe National Park]], an important bird area–{{Convert|620|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Guarak2011"/>

== Government and politics ==
{{Main|Government of South Sudan|Politics of South Sudan}}

=== Government ===
[[File:President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama greet His Excellency Salva Kiir Mayardit, President of the Republic of South Sudan (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Salva Kiir Mayardit]], the first president of South Sudan. His trademark [[Stetson|Stetson hat]] was a gift from United States President [[George W. Bush]].]]
[[File:South Sudan Independence.jpg|thumb|South Sudan's presidential guard on Independence Day, 2011]]

The now defunct [[Southern Sudan Legislative Assembly]] ratified a [[Constitution of South Sudan|transitional constitution]]<ref name="transconstit">{{cite web|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4e269a3e2.html|title=The Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, 2011|access-date=12 July 2011|publisher=Government of South Sudan}}</ref> shortly before independence on 9 July 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/South-Sudan-passes-interim,39457|title=South Sudan passes interim constitution amid concerns over presidential powers|date=8 July 2011|work=[[Sudan Tribune]]|access-date=24 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711141830/http://www.sudantribune.com/South-Sudan-passes-interim,39457|archive-date=11 July 2011}}</ref> The constitution was signed by the [[President of South Sudan]], [[Salva Kiir Mayardit]], on Independence Day and thereby came into force. It is now the supreme law of the land, superseding the Interim Constitution of 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gurtong.brandx.eu/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=1atewJwi6UU=&tabid=341|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720154147/http://gurtong.brandx.eu/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=1atewJwi6UU=&tabid=341|archive-date=20 July 2011|title=The Interim Constitution of Southern Sudan of 2005}}</ref>

The constitution establishes a [[presidential system]] of government headed by a [[President (government title)|president]] who is [[head of state]], [[head of government]], and commander-in-chief of the armed forces. It also establishes the [[National Legislature of South Sudan|National Legislature]] comprising two houses: a directly elected assembly, the [[National Legislative Assembly of South Sudan|National Legislative Assembly]], and a second chamber of representatives of the states, the [[Council of States of South Sudan|Council of States]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Henneberg|first=Ingo|date=2013|title=Das politische System des Südsudan|language=German|trans-title=The Political System of South Sudan|journal=Verfassung und Recht in Übersee / Law and Politics in Africa, Asia and Latin America|volume=46|issue=2|pages=174–196|doi=10.5771/0506-7286-2013-2-174|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305220861|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618125722/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305220861_The_Political_System_of_South_Sudan_2011_p_196|archive-date=18 June 2018|doi-access=free}}</ref>

[[John Garang]], one of the founders of the SPLA/M, was the president of the autonomous government until his death on 30 July 2005. [[Salva Kiir Mayardit]],<ref name="factbook">{{cite web |date=11 July 2011 |title=South Sudan |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-sudan/ |access-date=14 July 2011 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[CIA]] |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706110837/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-sudan/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> his deputy, was sworn in as [[List of Vice Presidents of Sudan|First Vice-President of Sudan]] and [[List of presidents of South Sudan|President of the Government of Southern Sudan]] on 11 August 2005. [[Riek Machar]]<ref name="factbook" /> replaced him as [[List of Vice-Presidents of the Government of South Sudan|Vice-President of the Government]]. Legislative power is vested in the government and the bicameral National Legislature. The constitution also provides for an independent judiciary, the highest organ being the [[Supreme court]].

On 8 May 2021, South Sudan President [[Salva Kiir]] announced a dissolution of Parliament as part of a 2018 peace deal to set up a new legislative body that will number 550 lawmakers.<ref>{{cite news|title=South Sudan president dissolves parliament as part of peace deal|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/9/south-sudan-president-dissolves-parliament-as-part-of-peace-deal|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=9 May 2021|access-date=10 May 2021|archive-date=8 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608194308/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/9/south-sudan-president-dissolves-parliament-as-part-of-peace-deal|url-status=live}}</ref> According to 2023 [[V-Dem Democracy indices]] South Sudan is third lowest ranked [[democracy in Africa|electoral democracy in Africa]].<ref name="vdem_dataset">{{cite web |last=V-Dem Institute |date=2023 |title=The V-Dem Dataset |url=https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/ |access-date=14 October 2023 |archive-date=8 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208183458/https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== National capital project ===
[[File:South Sudan 003.jpg|thumb|A young South Sudanese girl smiling in traditional attire]]
{{Update section|date=September 2025}}

The capital of South Sudan is located at [[Juba]], which is also the state capital of [[Central Equatoria]] and the county seat of the eponymous [[Juba County]], and is the country's largest city. However, due to Juba's poor infrastructure and massive urban growth, as well as its lack of centrality within South Sudan, the South Sudanese Government adopted a resolution in February 2011 to study the creation of a new [[planned city]] to serve as the seat of government.<ref name="rnw">{{cite news|url=http://www.rnw.nl/africa/article/new-capital-city-south-sudan|agency=Radio Netherlands|date=6 February 2011|access-date=24 July 2011|title=New capital city for South Sudan?|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629133501/http://www.rnw.nl/africa/article/new-capital-city-south-sudan|archive-date=29 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="sudtrib">{{cite news|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/South-Sudan-to-establish-a-new,37886|work=Sudan Tribune|date=6 February 2011|title=South Sudan to establish a new capital city and relocate from Juba after independence|access-date=24 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629051336/https://www.sudantribune.com/South-Sudan-to-establish-a-new,37886|archive-date=29 June 2011}}</ref> It was planned that the capital city would be changed to the more centrally located [[Ramciel]].<ref name=BBCprofile>{{cite news|title=South Sudan profile|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14019208|publisher=BBC News|date=5 July 2011|access-date=24 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720232057/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14019208|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> This proposal is functionally similar to construction projects in [[Abuja]], Nigeria; [[Brasília]], Brazil; and [[Canberra]], Australia; among other modern-era planned national capitals. It is unclear how the government will fund the project.

In September 2011, a spokesman for the government said the country's political leaders had accepted a proposal to build a new capital at Ramciel,<ref name="relocate">{{cite news|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/South-Sudan-relocates-its-capital,40027|work=Sudan Tribune|date=3 September 2011|access-date=3 September 2011|title=South Sudan relocates its capital from Juba to Ramciel|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929081441/http://www.sudantribune.com/South-Sudan-relocates-its-capital,40027|archive-date=29 September 2011}}</ref> a place in [[Lakes (state)|Lakes]] state near the borders with Central Equatoria and [[Jonglei]]. Ramciel is considered to be the geographical centre of the country,<ref name="search">{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.ug/News/regional-news/4130-the-search-for-new-nations-capital-in-south-sudan|work=The Independent|date=29 April 2011|title=The search for new nation's capital in South Sudan|first=Mashel|last=Amos|access-date=24 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313041336/http://independent.co.ug/news/regional-news/4130-the-search-for-new-nations-capital-in-south-sudan|archive-date=13 March 2016}}</ref> and the late pro-independence leader [[John Garang]] allegedly had plans to relocate the capital there before his death in 2005. The proposal was supported by the Lakes state government and at least one Ramciel tribal chief.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.gurtong.net/ECM/Editorial/tabid/124/ctl/ArticleView/mid/519/articleId/4879/Lakes-Leaders-Visit-Prospective-South-Sudanese-Capital.aspx|work=Gurtong|date=15 February 2011|access-date=24 July 2011|title=Lakes Leaders Visit Prospective South Sudanese Capital|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328012119/http://www.gurtong.net/ECM/Editorial/tabid/124/ctl/ArticleView/mid/519/articleId/4879/Lakes-Leaders-Visit-Prospective-South-Sudanese-Capital.aspx|archive-date=28 March 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> The design, planning, and construction of the city was supposed to take as many as five years, government ministers said, and the move of national institutions to the new capital was supposed to be implemented in stages.<ref name="relocate" /> As of 2024, the relocation project is stalled.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mesa |first1=Jesus |title=Mystery Surrounds New Capital in World's Youngest Country |url=https://www.newsweek.com/south-sudan-capital-ramciel-satellite-images-megacity-construction-1917829 |website=Newsweek |access-date=15 October 2025 |date=26 June 2024}}</ref>

===Constituent states===
{{Main|States of South Sudan}}

[[File:SouthSudanStatesandAdministrativeAreas.svg|thumb|Administrative areas of South Sudan as of 2020]]

The terms of a peace agreement signed on 22 February 2020, South Sudan is divided into ten states, with two administrative areas and one area with special administrative status.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/02/6-years-war-peace-finally-south-sudan-200223114919537.html|title=After 6 years of war, will peace finally come to South Sudan?|publisher=Al Jazeera |access-date=24 February 2020|archive-date=20 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820130930/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/02/6-years-war-peace-finally-south-sudan-200223114919537.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |author=d e k u e k |user=dekuekd |number=1228596792155000833 |date=15 February 2020 |title=So it has been decided that #SouthSudan shall revert to 10 states plus Abyei, Pibor and Ruweng Administrative Areas.â€Ś |access-date=24 May 2020|archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215082944/https://twitter.com/dekuekd/status/1228596792155000833 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Kafia Kingi]] area is disputed between South Sudan and Sudan and the [[Ilemi Triangle]] is disputed between South Sudan and Kenya.

The states and administrative areas are once again grouped into the three former historical provinces of the Sudan; [[Bahr el Ghazal (region of South Sudan)|Bahr el Ghazal]], [[Equatoria]] and [[Greater Upper Nile]]:

;[[Bahr el Ghazal (region of South Sudan)|Bahr el Ghazal]]
*[[Northern Bahr el Ghazal]]
*[[Western Bahr el Ghazal]]
*[[Lakes (state)|Lakes]]
*[[Warrap (state)|Warrap]]

;[[Equatoria]]
*[[Western Equatoria]]
*[[Central Equatoria]] (containing the national capital city of [[Juba]])
*[[Eastern Equatoria]]

;[[Greater Upper Nile]]
*[[Jonglei]]
*[[Unity (state)|Unity]]
*[[Upper Nile (state)|Upper Nile]]

;Administrative Areas

*[[Greater Pibor Administrative Area]]
*[[Ruweng Administrative Area]] (Rubkotna)

;Special Administrative Status Areas
*[[Abyei|Abyei Special Administrative Area]]

=== Foreign relations ===
{{Main|Foreign relations of South Sudan}}

[[File:Secretary Kerry Meets With South Sudan President Kiir (3).jpg|thumb|US Secretary of State [[John Kerry]] meets with President [[Salva Kiir Mayardit|Salva Kiir]], 26 May 2013.]]

Since independence, relations with [[Sudan]] have been changing. Sudan's President [[Omar al-Bashir]] first announced, in January 2011, that dual citizenship in the North and the South would be allowed,<ref name="BBC independence">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12144675|title=Southern Sudan votes on independence|author=Ross, Will|publisher=BBC News |date=9 January 2011|access-date=2 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110401085955/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12144675|archive-date=1 April 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> but upon the independence of South Sudan he retracted the offer. He has also suggested an EU-style confederation.<ref name="BBC 9 July">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14089843|title=South Sudan becomes an independent nation|publisher=BBC News|date=9 July 2011|access-date=9 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709112842/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14089843|archive-date=9 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Essam Sharaf]], Prime Minister of [[Egypt]] after the [[Egyptian revolution of 2011|2011 Egyptian Revolution]], made his first foreign visit to [[Khartoum]] and [[Juba]] in the lead-up to South Sudan's secession.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2011/1041/eg1.htm|title=AlAhram Weekly – Heading for headwaters|publisher=Weekly.ahram.org.eg|date=6 April 2011|access-date=2 May 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023114713/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2011/1041/eg1.htm|archive-date=23 October 2012}}</ref> Israel quickly recognised South Sudan as an independent country,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lior|first=Ilan|url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/netanyahu-israel-recognizes-south-sudan-as-independent-state-1.372460|title=Netanyahu: Israel recognizes South Sudan as independent state|work=Haaretz|date=10 July 2011|access-date=2 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221180853/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/netanyahu-israel-recognizes-south-sudan-as-independent-state-1.372460|archive-date=21 February 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> and is host to thousands of [[Sudanese refugees in Israel|refugees from South Sudan]], many of whom have finally been granted temporary resident status more than a decade later.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-01-23/ty-article/.premium/israels-supreme-court-rules-sudanese-asylum-seekers-be-granted-temporary-resident-status/0000018d-3733-d32b-adcf-f773bdcf0000|title=After Decade-long Delay, Israel's Supreme Court Rules Sudanese Asylum Seekers Must Be Granted Temporary Resident Status|work=[[Haaretz]]|date=23 January 2024|access-date=9 August 2024|archive-url=https://archive.today/20240123191942/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-01-23/ty-article/.premium/israels-supreme-court-rules-sudanese-asylum-seekers-be-granted-temporary-resident-status/0000018d-3733-d32b-adcf-f773bdcf0000|archive-date=23 January 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> According to American sources, President Obama officially recognised the new state after [[Sudan]], [[Egypt]], Germany and [[Kenya]] were among the first to recognise the country's independence on 8 July 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sudan-usa-obama-idUSTRE76817120110709|title=Obama grants U.S. recognition of South Sudan|publisher=Reuters|first=Matt|last=Spetalnick|date=9 July 2011|access-date=2 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028201754/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sudan-usa-obama-idUSTRE76817120110709|archive-date=28 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>D. H. Johnson, ''The Root Causes of Sudan's Civil Wars''</ref> Several states that participated in the international negotiations concluded with a self-determination referendum were also quick to acknowledge the overwhelming result. The Rationalist process included [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]], [[Egypt]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Libya]], [[Eritrea]], the United Kingdom and [[Norway]].<ref>{{ citation |first=Fernando |last=Prieto |title=Did the US act as a 'defensive-positionalist' power and was it primary moved by local and regional stability concerns when it recognized South Sudan in 2011? |work=Research Study SIS 686 |date=18 November 2014}}</ref>{{efn| See table in [[Foreign relations of South Sudan]] with footnotes for early recognition countries.}}

South Sudan is a member state of the United Nations,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14151390|publisher=BBC News|date=14 July 2011|access-date=14 July 2011|title=UN welcomes South Sudan as 193rd member|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714202229/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14151390|archive-date=14 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[African Union]],<ref name="au54" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.au.int/en/content/peace-and-security-council-african-union-au-its-285th-meeting-held-13-july-2011-was-briefe-1|date=13 July 2011|access-date=15 July 2011|title=The Peace and Security Council of the African Union (AU), at its 285th meeting held on 13 July 2011, was briefed by the Commissioner for Peace and Security on the accession to independence of the Republic of South Sudan|publisher=African Union|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504162230/http://www.au.int/en/content/peace-and-security-council-african-union-au-its-285th-meeting-held-13-july-2011-was-briefe-1|archive-date=4 May 2012}}</ref> the [[East African Community]],<ref name="en.igihe.com" /><ref name="bw1">{{cite web|url=http://www.busiweek.com/11/editorial/editorial/1316-welcome-south-sudan-to-eac|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927010848/http://www.busiweek.com/11/editorial/editorial/1316-welcome-south-sudan-to-eac|archive-date=27 September 2011|work=East African Business Week|title=Welcome South Sudan to EAC!|date=10 July 2011|url-status=usurped|access-date=10 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="sudantribune1">{{cite news|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/South-Sudan-avails-new-foreign,39637|work=Sudan Tribune|title=South Sudan avails new foreign policy, to open 54 embassies|date=25 July 2011|access-date=6 August 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110729051637/https://www.sudantribune.com/South-Sudan-avails-new-foreign,39637|archive-date=29 July 2011}}</ref> and the [[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.menafn.com/qn_news_story.asp?storyid={62d78860-a792-475c-bff9-0722d5d61d3e}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403034148/http://www.menafn.com/qn_news_story.asp?storyid=%7B62d78860-a792-475c-bff9-0722d5d61d3e%7D|archive-date=3 April 2012|work=MENAFN.com|title=COMESA Welcomes New Member|date=31 October 2011|access-date=13 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> South Sudan plans to join the [[Commonwealth of Nations]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://talkofsudan.com/sudan/item/9001-south-sudan-launches-bid-to-join-commonwealth|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712044345/http://talkofsudan.com/sudan/item/9001-south-sudan-launches-bid-to-join-commonwealth|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 July 2011|agency=Gurtong News |work=Talk of Sudan|date=8 July 2011|access-date=9 July 2011|title=South Sudan Launches Bid to Join Commonwealth}}</ref> the [[International Monetary Fund]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2011/pr11145.htm|publisher=International Monetary Fund|title=IMF Receives Membership Application from South Sudan, Seeks Contributions to Technical Assistance Trust Fund to Help New Country|date=20 April 2011|access-date=10 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424085250/http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2011/pr11145.htm|archive-date=24 April 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> [[OPEC Plus|OPEC+]], and the [[World Bank]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://finchannel.com/news_flash/World/90526_World_Bank_Group_Congratulates_People_of_South_Sudan_on_Independence/|work=The Financial|date=9 July 2011|access-date=10 July 2011|title=World Bank Group Congratulates People of South Sudan on Independence|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711063900/http://finchannel.com/news_flash/World/90526_World_Bank_Group_Congratulates_People_of_South_Sudan_on_Independence/|archive-date=11 July 2011}}</ref> Some international trade organisations categorise South Sudan as part of the [[Greater Horn of Africa]].<ref>Maxwell, Daniel, and Ben Watkins. "Humanitarian information systems and emergencies in the Greater Horn of Africa: logical components and logical linkages". ''Disasters'' 27.1 (2003): 72–90.</ref>

Full membership in the [[Arab League]] has been assured, should the country's government choose to seek it,<ref name="sdntribuneArabLg">{{cite news|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/South-Sudan-entitled-to-join-Arab,39193|work=Sudan Tribune|date=12 June 2011|access-date=8 July 2011|title=South Sudan "entitled to join Arab League"|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629062631/https://www.sudantribune.com/South-Sudan-entitled-to-join-Arab,39193|archive-date=29 June 2011}}</ref> though it could also opt for observer status.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2011/1055/re10.htm|work=Al-Ahram|date=7 July 2011|access-date=8 July 2011|title=Hoping for the best|first=Asmaa|last=El-Husseini|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711201000/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2011/1055/re10.htm|archive-date=11 July 2011}}</ref> It was admitted to UNESCO on 3 November 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gossmission.org/goss/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1263&Itemid=1|title=South Sudan is UNESCO's 194th member|publisher=Embassy of the Republic of South Sudan in Washington, D.C.|date=3 November 2011|access-date=1 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129094633/http://www.gossmission.org/goss/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1263&Itemid=1|archive-date=29 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 25 November 2011, it officially joined the [[Intergovernmental Authority on Development]], a regional grouping of East African states.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/investingNews/idAFJOE7AO0A820111125|publisher=Reuters|date=25 November 2011|access-date=25 November 2011|title=East African bloc admits South Sudan as member|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505123658/http://af.reuters.com/article/investingNews/idAFJOE7AO0A820111125|archive-date=5 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The United States supported the 2011 referendum on South Sudan's independence. ''The New York Times'' reported, "South Sudan is in many ways an American creation, carved out of war-torn Sudan in a referendum largely orchestrated by the United States, its fragile institutions nurtured with billions of dollars in American aid."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/04/us/politics/us-is-facing-hard-choices-in-south-sudan.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=3 January 2014|title=U.S. Is Facing Hard Choices in South Sudan|access-date=28 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131143757/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/04/us/politics/us-is-facing-hard-choices-in-south-sudan.html|archive-date=31 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The US government's long-standing sanctions against Sudan were officially removed from applicability to newly independent South Sudan in December 2011, and senior RSS officials participated in a high-level international engagement conference in Washington, D.C., to help connect foreign investors with the RSS and South Sudanese private sector representatives.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2013/204855.htm|title=South Sudan|publisher=U.S. State Department |access-date=21 December 2013|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807201109/https://2009-2017.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2013/204855.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Given the interdependence between some sectors of the economy of the Republic of South Sudan and the Republic of Sudan, certain activities still require OFAC authorisation. Absent a licence, current Sudanese sanction regulations will continue to prohibit US persons from dealing in property and interests that benefit Sudan or the Government of Sudan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://southsudan.usembassy.gov/business/doing-business-in-south-sudan.html|title=Doing Business in South Sudan | Embassy of the United States Juba, South Sudan|publisher=Southsudan.usembassy.gov|access-date=21 December 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101030038/http://southsudan.usembassy.gov/business/doing-business-in-south-sudan.html|archive-date=1 January 2014}}</ref> A 2011 Congressional Research Service report, "The Republic of South Sudan: Opportunities and Challenges for Africa's Newest Country", identifies outstanding political and humanitarian issues as the country forges its future.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/170506.pdf|title=Republic of South Sudan: Opportunities and Challenges for Africa's Newest Country|publisher=Congressional Research Service|author=Dagne, Ted|year=2011|access-date=25 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201101335/https://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/170506.pdf|archive-date=1 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

In July 2019, UN ambassadors of 37 countries, including South Sudan, signed a joint letter to the [[UNHRC]] defending China's treatment of [[Uyghurs]] in the [[Xinjiang]] region.<ref>{{cite news|title=Which Countries Are For or Against China's Xinjiang Policies?|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/which-countries-are-for-or-against-chinas-xinjiang-policies/|work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=15 July 2019|access-date=18 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716160658/https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/which-countries-are-for-or-against-chinas-xinjiang-policies/|archive-date=16 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

The UAE lent South Sudan $12 billion for a period of 20 years. The loan agreement was signed between South Sudan and an Emirati firm owned by Hamad bin Khalifa Al Nahyan, the sources of whose wealth and investments have been suspicions during the failed takeover of Beitar Jerusalem FC. The loan deposit was directed to an Emirati bank account, of which 70% were allocated to infrastructure facilities. As per the agreement, South Sudan was to repay by the means of oil shipments, priced at $10 per barrel less than its market value. Additional oil shipments were agreed in case of decrease in oil prices. The agreement took no account of the Sudan war.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2024 |title=South Sudan's $12 billion loan from UAE sparks public debate |url=https://sudantribune.com/article285051/ |website=Sudan Tribune |access-date=22 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Eltayeb |first=Amgad Fareid |date=1 May 2024 |title=Opinion: How the UAE's mafia-style tactics are hurting both Sudans |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/346345/opinion-how-the-uaes-mafia-style-tactics-are-hurting-both-sudans/ |website=The Africa Report |access-date=22 May 2024 |archive-date=20 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520022311/https://www.theafricareport.com/346345/opinion-how-the-uaes-mafia-style-tactics-are-hurting-both-sudans/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Military ===
{{Main|South Sudan People's Defence Forces}}

A defence paper was initiated in 2007 by then Minister for SPLA Affairs [[Dominic Dim Deng]], and a draft was produced in 2008. It declared that [[Southern Sudan Autonomous Region (2005–2011)|Southern Sudan]] would eventually maintain land, air, and riverine forces.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article27642|title=Juba parliament authorizes establishment of South Sudan air force|date=25 June 2008|work=[[Sudan Tribune]]|access-date=24 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116123534/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article27642|archive-date=16 November 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://aircraft.zurf.info/article/creation-south-sudan-air-force|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110212205613/http://aircraft.zurf.info/article/creation-south-sudan-air-force|archive-date=12 February 2011|title=Creation of the South Sudan Air Force|date=9 January 2011|work=aircraft.zurf.info}}</ref>

{{As of|2015}}, South Sudan has the third highest military spending as a percentage of GDP in the world, behind only Oman and [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=2&series=MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS&country=|title=The World Bank|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428135151/http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=2&series=MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS&country=|archive-date=28 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Human rights ===
{{Main|Human rights in South Sudan}}

Campaigns of atrocities against civilians have been attributed to the SPLA.<ref name="Al Jazeera">{{cite news|title=Sudan: Transcending tribe|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/photo_galleries/africa/201111010324526960.html|publisher=Al Jazeera English|access-date=30 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317113359/http://english.aljazeera.net//photo_galleries/africa/201111010324526960.html|archive-date=17 March 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> In the SPLA/M's attempt to disarm rebellions among the [[Shilluk people|Shilluk]] and [[Murle people|Murle]], they burned scores of villages, raped hundreds of women and girls and killed an untold number of civilians.<ref name="aljazeera">{{cite news|title=Sudan: Transcending tribe|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/photo_galleries/africa/201111010324526960.html|publisher=[[Al Jazeera English]]|access-date=30 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317113359/http://english.aljazeera.net//photo_galleries/africa/201111010324526960.html|archive-date=17 March 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Civilians alleging [[torture]] claim fingernails being torn out, burning plastic bags dripped on children to make their parents hand over weapons, and villagers burned alive in their huts if it was suspected that rebels had spent the night there.<ref name="aljazeera" /> In May 2011, the SPLA allegedly set fire to over 7,000 homes in [[Unity State]].<ref>{{cite news|title=SPLA set fire to over 7,000 homes in Unity says Mayom county official|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/SPLA-set-fire-to-over-7-000-homes,39010|work=[[Sudan Tribune]]|date=24 May 2011|access-date=9 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629084946/https://www.sudantribune.com/SPLA-set-fire-to-over-7-000-homes,39010|archive-date=29 June 2011}}</ref>

The UN reports many of these violations and the frustrated director of one Juba-based international aid agency calls them "human rights abuses off the [[Richter scale]]".<ref name="aljazeera" /> In 2010, the [[CIA]] issued a warning that "over the next five years ... a new mass killing or [[genocide]] is most likely to occur in southern Sudan."<ref name="aljazeera" /> The [[Nuer White Army]] has stated it wished to "[[genocide|wipe out]] the entire [[Murle people|Murle]] tribe on the face of the earth as the only solution to guarantee long-term security of Nuer's cattle"<ref name=Bloomberg /> and activists, including [[Minority Rights Group International]], warned of genocide in [[Jonglei]].<ref name="sudantribune2">{{cite news|title=Activists warn of "genocide" in S.Sudan's Jonglei conflict|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/Activists-warn-of-genocide-in-S,41011|work=[[Sudan Tribune]]|date=16 December 2011|access-date=2 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111229111823/https://www.sudantribune.com/Activists-warn-of-genocide-in-S,41011|archive-date=29 December 2011}}</ref> At the beginning of 2017, genocide was imminent again.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sliding towards genocide|url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/urgent-action-needed-south-sudan-deescalate-violent-conflict|work=D+C, development and cooperation|date=13 January 2017|access-date=27 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228075409/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/urgent-action-needed-south-sudan-deescalate-violent-conflict|archive-date=28 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

Peter Abdul Rahaman Sule, the leader of the key opposition group [[United Democratic Front (Sudan)|United Democratic Forum]], has been under arrest since 3 November 2011 over allegations linking him to the formation of a new rebel group fighting against the government.<ref>{{cite news|title=S. Sudan's opposition leader arrested over rebel links|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/Breaking-News-S-Sudan-s-opposition,40624|work=Sudan Tribune|date=4 November 2011|access-date=17 November 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704181314/http://www.sudantribune.com/Breaking-News-S-Sudan-s-opposition,40624|archive-date=4 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=South Sudan arrests opposition leader turned rebel|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/11/04/175465.html|publisher=AlArabiya|date=4 November 2011|access-date=17 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219001953/http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/11/04/175465.html|archive-date=19 February 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Recruitment of [[child soldier]]s has also been cited as a serious problem in the country.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29762263|title=Child soldiers still being recruited in South Sudan|publisher=BBC News|date=27 October 2014|last1=Burridge|first1=Tom|access-date=21 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010143340/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29762263|archive-date=10 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2014, [[Navi Pillay]], then the [[UN High Commissioner for Human Rights]], stated that more than 9,000 [[child soldiers]] had been fighting in South Sudan's civil war.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-27220244|title=South Sudan sides 'recruit 9,000 children to fight'|publisher=BBC News|date=30 April 2014|access-date=21 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010103854/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-27220244|archive-date=10 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2016, the UN reported that the South Sudan Army was being paid not in money but with a "do what you can and take what you can" policy that allowed them to confiscate cattle and other possessions, and even to rape and murder civilian women as a form of salary.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-35780777|title=South Sudan: Women raped 'as reward for fighters'|date=11 March 2016|publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref name="globalpost">{{cite news|url=http://www.globalpost.com/article/6744906/2016/03/11/s-sudan-lets-fighters-rape-women-place-wages|title=South Sudan lets fighters rape women as payment|publisher=Global Post |access-date=24 May 2016|date=11 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519113950/http://www.globalpost.com/article/6744906/2016/03/11/s-sudan-lets-fighters-rape-women-place-wages|archive-date=19 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The report described all sides but especially the South Sudan government SPLA forces and allied militia making targeted attacks on civilians based on ethnicity, systematically destroying towns and villages.<ref name=OHCHR>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/RegularSessions/Session31/Documents/A-HRC-31-CRP-6_en.doc|title=Assessment mission by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights to improve human rights, accountability, reconciliation and capacity in South Sudan: detailed findings|publisher=UN Office of the High Commissioner and the Secretary-General|date=3 March 2016}}</ref>

[[Amnesty International]] claimed the army suffocated more than 60 people accused of supporting the opposition to death in a shipping container.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2016/03/10/469971475/amnesty-international-says-south-sudan-soldiers-suffocated-60-plus-men-and-boys|title=South Sudan Soldiers Suffocated 60-Plus Men And Boys, Report Says|publisher=NPR|date=10 March 2016|access-date=6 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114040226/https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2016/03/10/469971475/amnesty-international-says-south-sudan-soldiers-suffocated-60-plus-men-and-boys|archive-date=14 November 2017|url-status=live|last1=Beaubien|first1=Jason}}</ref>

On 22 December 2017, at the conclusion of a 12-day visit to the region, the Commission on Human Rights in South Sudan said, "Four years following the start of the current conflict in South Sudan, gross human rights violations continue to be committed in a widespread way by all parties to the conflict, in which civilians are bearing the brunt."<ref name="ohchr.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=22562&LangID=E|title=OHCHR – UN human rights experts call for perpetrators of widespread human rights violations to be brought to justice in South Sudan|publisher=OHCHR |access-date=23 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124071559/http://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=22562&LangID=E|archive-date=24 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The Commission on Human Rights in South Sudan was established by the Human Rights Council in March 2016.<ref name="ohchr.org"/>

[[LGBT rights in South Sudan|Homosexual acts]] are illegal.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/06/13/here-are-the-10-countries-where-homosexuality-may-be-punished-by-death-2/|title=Here are the 10 countries where homosexuality may be punished by death|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=16 June 2016|access-date=31 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111064457/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/06/13/here-are-the-10-countries-where-homosexuality-may-be-punished-by-death-2/|archive-date=11 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Child marriage ====
{{Main|Child marriage in South Sudan}}

In 2010, the [[child marriage]] rate in southern Sudan was 52%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-01 |title=South Sudan |url=https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/learning-resources/child-marriage-atlas/regions-and-countries/south-sudan/ |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=Girls Not Brides |language=en}}</ref>{{efn|Source is from 2010, before South Sudan became an independent country. However, as late as July 2025, these estimates are still used, for instance in this article: www.researchgate.net/publication/395602141_Child_Marriage_and_Its_Legal_and_Cultural_Implications_In_South_Sudan this article. }} It is driven by socioeconomic factors such as poverty and gender inequality.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Madut |first=Kon K. |title=Determinants of Early Marriage and Construction of Gender Roles in South Sudan |journal=SAGE Open |year=2020 |language=en |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=215824402092297 |doi=10.1177/2158244020922974 |s2cid=219478978 |issn=2158-2440|doi-access=free }}</ref> Child marriage in South Sudan is associated with elevated maternal mortality<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNFPA ESARO |url=https://esaro.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Child%20marriage%20mapping_final_digital.pdf |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=UNFPA ESARO |language=en}}</ref> and higher rates of school dropout.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CMI Open Research Archive |url=https://open.cmi.no/cmi-xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/2475439/Girls%2C%20Child%20Marriage%2C%20and%20Education%20in%20Red%20Sea%20State%2C%20Sudan%3A%20Perspectives%20on%20Girls%E2%80%99%20Freedom%20to%20Choose?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=open.cmi.no}}</ref> Economic and legal constraints under [[customary law]] make if difficult for women to get a divorce.<ref>{{Cite web |title=customary law {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/customary-law |access-date=2022-05-11 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=2013-03-07 |title="This Old Man Can Feed Us, You Will Marry Him": Child and Forced Marriage in South Sudan |journal=Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2013/03/07/old-man-can-feed-us-you-will-marry-him/child-and-forced-marriage-south-sudan |language=en |last1=Odhiambo |first1=Agnes }}</ref>

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of South Sudan}}

{{See also|List of companies based in South Sudan}}

[[File:Loka west teak.jpg|thumb|right|Teak logs for export]]

The economy of South Sudan is one of the world's most underdeveloped,<ref name="Economist 2023-12-20">{{Cite news |date=2023-12-20 |title=On safari in the world's most dangerous country |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/interactive/christmas-specials/2023/12/20/on-safari-in-the-worlds-most-dangerous-county |access-date=2024-01-03 |issn=0013-0613 |archive-date=3 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103161027/https://www.economist.com/interactive/christmas-specials/2023/12/20/on-safari-in-the-worlds-most-dangerous-county |url-status=live}}</ref> with South Sudan having little existing infrastructure and the highest maternal mortality<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Sudan |url=https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/economies/south-sudan |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=World Bank Gender Data Portal |language=en}}</ref> and female illiteracy rates in the world {{As of|2011|lc=y}}.<ref name="cnn">{{cite news|title=South Sudanese celebrate the birth of their nation|first1=Nima|last1=Elbagir|first2=Faith|last2=Karimi|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/07/09/sudan.new.nation/index.html|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=9 July 2011|access-date=9 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710164855/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/07/09/sudan.new.nation/index.html|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=GAL Country Profiles South Sudan |url=https://www.uil.unesco.org/sites/default/files/medias/files/2022/11/gal_country_profiles_southsudan.pdf |access-date=31 October 2025 |website=UNESCO}}</ref> South Sudan exports timber to the [[Global marketing|international market]]. The region also contains many [[natural resource]]s such as petroleum, iron ore, copper, [[chromium]] ore, [[zinc]], [[tungsten]], [[mica]], silver, gold, [[diamonds]], [[hardwoods]], [[limestone]] and [[hydropower]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2111.html|title=Natural resources|work=CIA World Factbook|access-date=2 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129052947/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2111.html|archive-date=29 January 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The country's economy, as in many other developing countries, is heavily dependent on agriculture.

=== Oil ===
The oilfields in South Sudan have been significant to the economy since the latter part of the 20th century. In 2023, oil constitutes more than 90% of state revenues.<ref name="Economist 2023-12-20" /> The country has the third-largest [[oil reserves]] in [[Sub-Saharan Africa]].<ref name="oil">"[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southsudan-unrest-china-idUSBRE9BJ0FV20131220 China to evacuate South Sudan oil workers to capital] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924191913/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/20/us-southsudan-unrest-china-idUSBRE9BJ0FV20131220|date=24 September 2015}}". Reuters. 20 December 2013.</ref> However, after South Sudan became an independent nation in July 2011, southern and northern negotiators were not immediately able to reach an agreement on how to split the revenue from these southern oilfields.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/10/world/africa/10sudan.html?_r=1&hp=&adxnnl=1&pagewanted=2&adxnnlx=1310234502-5nvX4GUBg0fK28Wp4PYaEA|title=After Years of Struggle, South Sudan Becomes a New Nation|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=9 July 2011|first=Jeffrey|last=Gettleman|access-date=28 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222195809/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/10/world/africa/10sudan.html?_r=1&hp=&adxnnl=1&pagewanted=2&adxnnlx=1310234502-5nvX4GUBg0fK28Wp4PYaEA|archive-date=22 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Sudan Map Oelgas.png|thumb|upright=1.15|Oil and gas concessions in Sudan – 2004]]

It is estimated that South Sudan has around 4 times the oil deposits of Sudan. The oil revenues, according to the [[Comprehensive Peace Agreement]] (CPA), were split equally for the duration of the agreement period.<ref name="pulitzercenter.org" /> Since South Sudan relies on pipelines, [[oil refinery|refineries]], and [[Port Sudan]]'s facilities in [[Red Sea (state)|Red Sea]] state in Sudan, the agreement stated that the government of Sudan in [[Khartoum]] would receive a 50% share of all oil revenues.<ref name="pulitzercenter.org">{{cite web|first=Rebecca|last=Hamilton|url=http://pulitzercenter.org/articles/southern-sudanese-say-independence-vote-will-improve-life|title=Southern Sudanese Independence: High Hopes, Huge Obstacles|work=Pulitzer Center |date=28 November 2010|access-date=21 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425010705/http://pulitzercenter.org/articles/southern-sudanese-say-independence-vote-will-improve-life|archive-date=25 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="hours">{{cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/southern-sudan-independence-2011-7|website=Business Insider|title=Oil-Rich South Sudan Has Hours To Choose Between North Sudan, China and the U.S|first=Vincent|last=Trivett|date=8 July 2011|access-date=9 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710020507/http://www.businessinsider.com/southern-sudan-independence-2011-7|archive-date=10 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> This arrangement was maintained during the [[Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan|second period of autonomy]] from 2005 to 2011.

In the run up to independence, northern negotiators reportedly pressed for a deal maintaining the 50–50 split of oil revenues, while the South Sudanese were holding out for more favourable terms.<ref name="hours" /> Oil revenues constitute more than 98% of the government of South Sudan's budget according to the southern government's Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning and this has amounted to more than $8 billion in revenue since the signing of the peace agreement.<ref name="pulitzercenter.org" />

After independence, South Sudan objected to Sudan charging US$34 per [[Barrel (unit)|barrel]] to transport oil through the pipeline to the oil terminal at Port Sudan. With production of around 30,000 barrels per day, this was costing over a million dollars per day. In January 2012, South Sudan suspended oil production, causing a dramatic reduction in revenue and food costs to rise by 120%.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/happy-birthday-south-sudan-7912244.html|title=Happy Birthday South Sudan?|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|first=Ros|last=Wynne-Jones|date=7 July 2012|access-date=9 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709013201/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/happy-birthday-south-sudan-7912244.html|archive-date=9 July 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017, [[Nile Drilling & Services]] became South Sudan's first locally-owned and -run petroleum drilling company.

=== Debt ===
In terms of South Sudan's external debt, Sudan and South Sudan maintain a shared debt of approximately US$38 billion, all of which has accumulated throughout the past five decades.<ref>{{cite web|last=Badawi|first=Ahmad|date=3 October 2011|url=http://africanarguments.org/2011/10/03/a-greek-tragedy-is-sudan%E2%80%99s-woe-sudan-should-be-relieved-of-foreign-debt-by-ahmed-badawi/|title=A Greek Tragedy is Sudan's Woe: Sudan Must be Relieved of Foreign Debt Quickly|publisher=African Arguments|access-date=28 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329101159/http://africanarguments.org/2011/10/03/a-greek-tragedy-is-sudan%e2%80%99s-woe-sudan-should-be-relieved-of-foreign-debt-by-ahmed-badawi/|archive-date=29 March 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Though a small portion of this debt is owed to such international institutions as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (approximately US$5.3 billion according to a 2009 report provided by the Bank of Sudan), the bulk of its debt load is actually owed to numerous foreign actors that have provided the nation with financial loans, including the [[Paris Club]] (over US$11 billion) and also non-Paris Club bilateral creditors (over US$13 billion).<ref>{{cite web|last=Leo|first=Benjamin|year=2009|url=http://www.cgdev.org/content/publications/detail/1424644|title=Sudan Debt Dynamics: Status Quo, Southern Secession, Debt Division, and Oil – a Financial Framework for the Future|publisher=Center for Global Development|access-date=28 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512004905/http://www.cgdev.org/content/publications/detail/1424644|archive-date=12 May 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Paris Club refers to an informal group of financial officials from 19 of the world's most influential economies, including such member nations as the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, France and Canada, while non-Paris Club bilateral creditors refers to any entity that does not enjoy permanent/associated status as a Paris Club member.<ref>{{cite web|year=2012|url=http://www.clubdeparis.org/sections/composition/membres-permanents-et/membres-permanents|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628015530/http://www.clubdeparis.org/sections/composition/membres-permanents-et/membres-permanents|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 June 2009|title=Permanent Members|publisher=Paris Club}}</ref> Private bilateral creditors (i.e. private commercial banks and private credit suppliers) account for the majority of the remainder (approximately US$6 billion of the total debt).<ref>{{cite web|last=Ahmed|first=Medani|year=2008|url=http://www.cmi.no/publications/file/3080-external-debts-growth-and-peace-in-the-sudan.pdf|title=External Debts, Growth and Peace in the Sudan|publisher=CHR. Michelsen Institute|access-date=28 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607171151/http://www.cmi.no/publications/file/3080-external-debts-growth-and-peace-in-the-sudan.pdf|archive-date=7 June 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Inflation ===
Inflation, measured by consumer prices, rose to about 45% in 2011 and 2012, before falling to very low levels in 2013 and 2014. It increased sharply in 2015 and peaked at 380% in 2016, followed by a steady decline through 2019. Inflation remained low or negative between 2020 and 2022, before rising again in 2024 to around 90%.<ref>{{cite web | title=Inflation, consumer prices for the Republic of South Sudan | website=FRED | date=2025-12-17 | url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/FPCPITOTLZGSSD | access-date=2026-01-04}}</ref> Inflation was driven by the monetization of the fiscal deficit by the Bank of South Sudan, and fell after the pace of money printing slowed, falling to about 102% the following year. Inflation severely constrained household purchasing power, leaving many families in both urban and rural areas unable to afford even minimum food needs.<ref name=tamtid>{{cite web | last1=Pape | first1=Utz | last2=Dihel | first2=Nora | title=Taming the Tides of High Inflation in South Sudan | website=World Bank Blogs | date=2017-11-28 | url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/africacan/taming-the-tides-of-high-inflation-in-south-sudan | access-date=2026-01-04}}</ref>

=== East African Community membership ===
The presidents of Kenya and Rwanda invited the [[Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan]] to apply for membership to the [[East African Community]] upon the independence of South Sudan in 2011,<ref name="en.igihe.com">{{cite news|url=http://en.igihe.com/spip.php?article455|publisher=IGIHE|title=South Sudan: Big trading potential for EAC|date=8 July 2011|access-date=9 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111173803/http://en.igihe.com/spip.php?article455|archive-date=11 January 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201107090046.html|website=allAfrica|date=8 July 2011|access-date=9 July 2011|title=South Sudan: Rwanda Hopeful of South's Strategic Link to North Africa|first=Magnus|last=Mazimpaka|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711130747/http://allafrica.com/stories/201107090046.html|archive-date=11 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> and South Sudan was reportedly an applicant country as of mid-July 2011.<ref name="en.igihe.com" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.busiweek.com/11/editorial/editorial/1316-welcome-south-sudan-to-eac|work=East African Business Week|title=Welcome South Sudan to EAC!|date=10 July 2011|access-date=10 July 2011|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927010848/http://www.busiweek.com/11/editorial/editorial/1316-welcome-south-sudan-to-eac|archive-date=27 September 2011}}</ref> Analysts suggested that South Sudan's early efforts to integrate infrastructure, including [[rail transport in South Sudan|rail links]] and oil pipelines,<ref>{{cite news|title=South Sudan to link to Kenya oil pipeline|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/sudanNews/idAFLAE63689720110706|access-date=19 October 2011|publisher=Reuters|date=6 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514061706/http://af.reuters.com/article/sudanNews/idAFLAE63689720110706|archive-date=14 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> with systems in Kenya and Uganda indicated intention to pivot away from dependence on [[Sudan]] and toward the EAC.

On 17 September 2011, the ''[[Daily Nation]]'' quoted a South Sudanese MP as saying that while his government was eager to join the EAC, it would likely delay its membership over concerns that its economy was not sufficiently developed to compete with EAC member states and could become a "dumping ground" for Kenyan, Tanzanian, and Ugandan exports.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nation.co.ke/News/africa/South+Sudan+delays+membership+in+regional+bloc++/-/1066/1238078/-/s3w8wbz/-/|work=Daily Nation|first=Machel|last=Amos|title=South Sudan delays membership in regional bloc|date=17 September 2011|access-date=18 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018020405/http://www.nation.co.ke/News/africa/South+Sudan+delays+membership+in+regional+bloc++/-/1066/1238078/-/s3w8wbz/-/|archive-date=18 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> This was contradicted by President [[Salva Kiir]], who announced South Sudan had officially embarked on the application process one month later.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.busiweek.com/11/the-eac-issues/eac-news/1891-south-sudan-readies-for-eac-membership|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021011844/http://www.busiweek.com/11/the-eac-issues/eac-news/1891-south-sudan-readies-for-eac-membership|url-status=usurped|title=South Sudan readies for EAC membership|archive-date=21 October 2011}}</ref> The application was initially deferred by the EAC in December 2012,<ref name=SS2EAC>{{cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/africa/2013-09/10/c_132705919.htm|title=Uganda says South Sudan likely to join EAC in 2014|publisher=Xinhua News Agency|date=9 September 2013|access-date=17 October 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114233621/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/africa/2013-09/10/c_132705919.htm|archive-date=14 November 2013}}</ref> and incidents with Ugandan [[boda-boda]] operators in South Sudan created political tension.<ref name=UQSS2EAC>{{cite news|url=http://www.theafricareport.com/East-Horn-Africa/ugandan-mps-oppose-south-sudan-joining-east-african-community.html|title=Ugandan MPs oppose South Sudan joining East African community|work=The Africa Report|date=7 October 2013|access-date=17 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018075530/http://www.theafricareport.com/East-Horn-Africa/ugandan-mps-oppose-south-sudan-joining-east-african-community.html|archive-date=18 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

In December 2012, Tanzania officially agreed to South Sudan's bid to join the EAC, clearing the way for the world's newest state to become the regional bloc's sixth member.<ref name="Tanzania warms up to South Sudan">{{cite news|url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/Tanzania-warms-up-to-South-Sudan-membership-/-/2558/1639636/-/viwjrjz/-/index.html|title=Tanzania warms up to South Sudan membership|work=The EastAfrican|date=8 December 2012|access-date=21 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201224927/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/Tanzania-warms-up-to-South-Sudan-membership-/-/2558/1639636/-/viwjrjz/-/index.html|archive-date=1 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2013, the EAC set aside $82,000 for the admission process. Starting after the EAC Council of Ministers meeting in August 2013, was projected to take at least four years. At the 14th Ordinary Summit held in Nairobi in 2012, EAC heads of state approved the verification report that was presented by the Council of Ministers, then directed it to start the negotiation process with South Sudan.<ref name="EAC prepares to admit South Sudan">{{cite news|url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/EAC-prepares-to-admit-South-Sudan--/-/2558/1849526/-/ao63gfz/-/index.html|title=EAC prepares to admit South Sudan|work=The EastAfrican|date=11 May 2013|access-date=21 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201224932/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/EAC-prepares-to-admit-South-Sudan--/-/2558/1849526/-/ao63gfz/-/index.html|archive-date=1 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

A team was formed to assess South Sudan's bid; however, in April 2014, the nation requested a delay in the admissions process, presumably due to [[South Sudanese Civil War]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312051231.html|title=allAfrica.com: East Africa: EAC to Decide On South Sudan Admission by April 2014|work=allAfrica.com|access-date=9 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518125004/http://allafrica.com/stories/201312051231.html|archive-date=18 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="observer">{{cite web|title=South Sudan defers EAC admission|url=http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=31578:-south-sudan-defers-eac-admission&catid=34:news&Itemid=114 |work=The Observer |date=5 May 2014 |access-date=11 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512222918/http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=31578:-south-sudan-defers-eac-admission&catid=34:news&Itemid=114|archive-date=12 May 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

South Sudan's Minister of Foreign Affairs, Barnaba Marial Benjamin, claimed publicly in October 2015 that, following unpublished evaluations and meetings of a special technical committee in May, June, August, September and October, the committee has recommended that South Sudan be allowed to join the East African Community.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201511090602.html|title=East Africa: South Sudan's Push to Join EAC Gains Momentum|date=7 November 2015|access-date=14 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117022557/http://allafrica.com/stories/201511090602.html|archive-date=17 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

South Sudan was eventually approved for membership in [[East African Community]] in March 2016,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/business/South-Sudan-admitted-into-EAC/996-3100314-acaobi/index.html|title=South Sudan joins East African regional bloc|website=Daily Nation|access-date=31 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418043232/https://www.nation.co.ke/business/South-Sudan-admitted-into-EAC/996-3100314-acaobi/index.html|archive-date=18 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> and formally acceded with the signature of the treaty in April 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eac.int/news-and-media/statements/20160415/communique-signing-ceremony-treaty-accession-republic-south-sudan-east-african-community|title=COMMUNIQUÉ: SIGNING CEREMONY OF THE TREATY OF ACCESSION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH SUDAN INTO THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY|date=15 April 2016|access-date=15 April 2016|publisher=East African Community|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424032901/http://www.eac.int/news-and-media/statements/20160415/communique-signing-ceremony-treaty-accession-republic-south-sudan-east-african-community|archive-date=24 April 2016}}</ref>

=== South Sudan and the Commonwealth of Nations ===
South Sudan has applied to join the [[Commonwealth of Nations]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gurtong.net/ECM/Editorial/tabid/124/ctl/ArticleView/mid/519/articleId/5418/South-Sudan-Launches-Bid-to-Join-Commonwealth.aspx|title=South Sudan Launches Bid to Join Commonwealth|website=Gurtong.net|date=8 July 2011|access-date=23 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711061322/http://www.gurtong.net/ECM/Editorial/tabid/124/ctl/ArticleView/mid/519/articleId/5418/South-Sudan-Launches-Bid-to-Join-Commonwealth.aspx|archive-date=11 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> considering that South Sudan was part of the [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]], and has two [[republics in the Commonwealth of Nations]], [[Kenya]] and [[Uganda]], as neighbouring countries. There was an interest in joining almost immediately after South Sudan's independence.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Sudan wants to join Commonwealth |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2011/10/29/south-sudan-wants-to-join-commonwealth |access-date=2025-02-07 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

=== Transport ===
{{Main|Transport in South Sudan}}

Road transport is the most common and cheapest means of transport used in the country.

The Nile River provides the major water transport in South Sudan. The White Nile is a navigable [[waterway]] from the [[Lake Albert (Africa)]] to [[Khartoum]] through [[Jebel Aulia Dam]]. Between [[Juba]] and [[Uganda]], the river requires a channel to make it navigable. During part of the year the rivers are navigable up to [[Gambela, Ethiopia]], and [[Wau, South Sudan]].

[[File:Train Sudan towards Wau.jpg|thumb|Passengers atop a train travelling towards [[Wau, South Sudan|Wau]]]]
[[File:SPAF Mi17 helicopters at Juba Airport January 2011.jpg|thumb|Two [[Mil Mi-17]] helicopters at [[Juba Airport]]]]

==== Railway ====
{{Main|Rail transport in South Sudan}}

South Sudan has {{convert|248|km|abbr=on}} of single-track {{RailGauge|3ft6in|lk=on|first=met}} gauge railway line from the Sudanese border to [[Wau, South Sudan|Wau]] terminus. There are proposed extensions from Wau to [[Juba]]. There are also plans to link Juba with the [[Rail transport in Kenya|Kenyan]] and [[Rail transport in Uganda|Ugandan]] railway networks.

==== Air ====
{{Main|List of airports in South Sudan}}

The busiest and most developed airport in South Sudan is [[Juba Airport]], which has regular international connections to [[Asmara International Airport|Asmara]], [[Entebbe International Airport|Entebbe]], [[Jomo Kenyatta International Airport|Nairobi]], [[Cairo International Airport|Cairo]], [[Bole International Airport|Addis Ababa]], and [[Khartoum International Airport|Khartoum]]. Juba Airport was also the home base of [[Feeder Airlines Company]] and [[Southern Star Airlines]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18710&catid=74&Itemid=30|title=South Sudan gets new airline|website=Defenceweb.co.za|date=6 September 2011|access-date=2 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203013753/http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18710&catid=74&Itemid=30|archive-date=3 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

Other international airports include [[Malakal Airport|Malakal]], with international flights to Addis Ababa and Khartoum; [[Wau Airport|Wau]], with weekly service to Khartoum; and [[Rumbek Airport|Rumbek]], also with weekly flights to Khartoum. Southern Sudan Airlines also serves [[Nimule Airport|Nimule]] and [[Akobo Airport|Akobo]], which have unpaved runways. Several smaller airports exist throughout South Sudan, the majority consisting of little more than dirt runways.

On 4 April 2012, plans were unveiled to launch a South Sudanese national airline, primarily for domestic service at first but eventually expanding to international service.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goss-online.org/magnoliaPublic/en/news.html#South%20Sudan%20set%20have%20own%20national%20air%20carrier|title=South Sudan set to have own national air carrier|website=goss-online.org|date=1 May 2013|access-date=2 May 2013|archive-url=https://swap.stanford.edu/20110922121702/http://www.goss-online.org/magnoliaPublic/en/news.html#South%20Sudan%20set%20have%20own%20national%20air%20carrier|archive-date=22 September 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Food insecurity and famine ===
{{Main|Food insecurity and famine in South Sudan}}
[[Food insecurity]] has been a persistent and recurrent crisis in South Sudan since [[2011 South Sudanese independence referendum|independence]] in 2011. Early [[Integrated Food Security Phase Classification|conditions]] fluctuated between stressed<ref>{{cite web | title=South Sudan: Acute Food Insecurity Situation December 2011 and Projection for December 2011 - March 2012 |date=2011-12-09 | website=www.ipcinfo.org | url=https://www.ipcinfo.org/ipc-country-analysis/details-map/en/c/459567/?iso3=SSD | access-date=2025-12-29}}</ref> and crisis levels, with localized emergencies along the Sudan border.<ref>{{cite web | title=South Sudan: Acute Food Insecurity Situation April 2012 and Projection for April-July 2012 | date = 2012-04-20 | website=www.ipcinfo.org | url=https://www.ipcinfo.org/ipc-country-analysis/details-map/en/c/459498/?iso3=SSD | access-date=2025-12-29}}</ref> Although good rainfall and harvests in 2012 brought temporary improvements,<ref>{{cite web | title=South Sudan: Acute Food Insecurity Situation in November 2012 and Projection for November 2012 - March 2013 | date = 2012-11-18 | website=www.ipcinfo.org | url=https://www.ipcinfo.org/ipc-country-analysis/details-map/es/c/1033279/?iso3=SSD | access-date=2025-12-29}}</ref> the [[South Sudanese Civil War|civil war]] that began in December 2013 severely disrupted agriculture, [[Forced displacement|displaced]] millions, and sharply worsened food security.<ref>{{cite web | title=South Sudan Escapes Official Famine, but even Without a Name Hunger still Kills | website=World Vision | date=2017-01-24 | url=https://www.worldvision.org/about-us/media-center/south-sudan-escapes-official-famine-even-without-name-hunger-still-kills | access-date=2025-12-29}}</ref> By 2014 and 2015, about one third of the population faced crisis or emergency levels.<ref>{{cite web | title=South Sudan: Acute Food Insecurity Situation in May 2014 and Projection for June - August 2014 | date = 2014-04-30 | website=www.ipcinfo.org | url=https://www.ipcinfo.org/ipc-country-analysis/details-map/en/c/459577/?iso3=SSD | access-date=2025-12-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=South Sudan: Acute Food Insecurity Situation August-September 2015 and Projections for October - December 2015 and January-March 2016 | date = 2015-09-01 | website=www.ipcinfo.org | url=https://www.ipcinfo.org/ipc-country-analysis/details-map/en/c/459626/?iso3=SSD | access-date=2025-12-30}}</ref>

Conditions deteriorated further in 2016 amid conflict, economic collapse, high food prices, and restricted humanitarian access.<ref>{{cite web | title=South Sudan: Acute Food Insecurity Situation in April 2016 and Projection for May-July 2016 | date=2016-04-01| website=www.ipcinfo.org | url=https://www.ipcinfo.org/ipc-country-analysis/details-map/en/c/459642/?iso3=SSD | access-date=2025-12-30}}</ref> In February 2017, [[famine]] was declared in parts of [[Unity State|Unity]] and [[Northern Bahr el Ghazal]] States.<ref name=famhit>{{cite web|url=https://www.wfp.org/news/news-release/famine-hits-parts-south-sudan|title=Famine Hits Parts Of South Sudan|date=20 February 2017|publisher=World Food Programme}}</ref> Around 4.9 million people required urgent assistance,<ref name=famhit/> and more than one million children were acutely malnourished.<ref>{{cite web | last=Nations | first=United | title=Famine declared in region of South Sudan – UN | publisher=United Nations | url=https://www.un.org/en/academic-impact/famine-declared-region-south-sudan-%E2%80%93-un | access-date=2025-12-30}}</ref> Although expanded humanitarian operations helped contain the famine by mid 2017,<ref>{{cite web | last1=Pape | first1=Utz | last2=Dihel | first2=Nora | title=Taming the Tides of High Inflation in South Sudan | website=World Bank Blogs | date=2017-11-28 | url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/africacan/taming-the-tides-of-high-inflation-in-south-sudan | access-date=2026-01-04}}</ref> severe food insecurity persisted.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-40352926 |title=South Sudan no longer in famine |access-date=21 Jun 2017 |work=BBC News }}</ref>

From 2018 onward, between 5 million and 6 million people were regularly classified in crisis or emergency phases, driven by ongoing insecurity, displacement, economic decline, erratic rainfall, flooding, and pest outbreaks.<ref>{{cite web | title=South Sudan: Acute Food Insecurity Situation in January 2018 and Projections for February-April 2018 and May-July 2018 | date=2018-01-01 | website=www.ipcinfo.org | url=https://www.ipcinfo.org/ipc-country-analysis/details-map/en/c/1110688/?iso3=SSD | access-date=2026-01-04}}</ref> After the civil war, food insecurity remained extremely high, affecting over half the population in some years.<ref>{{cite web | title=South Sudan: PC ACUTE FOOD INSECURITY & ACUTE MALNUTRITION ANALYSIS October 2020 – JULY 2021 | date = 2020-12-18 | website=www.ipcinfo.org | url=https://www.ipcinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/ipcinfo/docs/South_Sudan_TWG_Key_Messages_Oct_2020-July_2021.pdf | access-date=2026-01-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=South Sudan: Acute Food Insecurity and Acute Malnutrition Situation for February - March 2022 and Projections for April - July 2022 | date= 2022-04-09 | website=www.ipcinfo.org | url=https://www.ipcinfo.org/ipc-country-analysis/details-map/en/c/1155527/?iso3=SSD | access-date=2026-01-04}}</ref> Despite periods of modest improvement,<ref>{{cite web | title=South Sudan: Acute Food Insecurity Situation for September - November 2023 and Projections for December 2023 - March 2024 and for April - July 2024| date= 2023-11-06 | website=www.ipcinfo.org | url= https://www.ipcinfo.org/ipc-country-analysis/details-map/en/c/1156667/?iso3=SSD | access-date=2026-01-08}}</ref> renewed conflict, climate shocks, economic deterioration, and the arrival of returnees and [[Refugees of Sudan#South_Sudan|refugees from Sudan]] led to further deterioration in 2024 and 2025, with around 6 million people still facing acute food insecurity.<ref>{{cite web | title=South Sudan: Acute Food Insecurity Situation for September - November 2024 and Projections for December 2024 - March 2025 and for April - July 2025| date= 2024-11-18 | website=www.ipcinfo.org | url= https://www.ipcinfo.org/ipc-country-analysis/details-map/en/c/1158829/?iso3=SSD | access-date=2026-01-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=South Sudan: Acute Food Insecurity Situation for September - November 2025 and Projections for December 2025 - March 2026 and for April - July 2026| date= 2025-11-04 | website=www.ipcinfo.org | url= https://www.ipcinfo.org/ipc-country-analysis/details-map/en/c/1159789/?iso3=SSD | access-date=2026-01-08}}</ref>

=== Water crisis ===
{{Further|Water supply in South Sudan}}
{{See also|Sudanese nomadic conflicts}}
[[File:Campamento de ganado de la tribu Mundari, Terekeka, Sudán del Sur, 2024-01-27, DD 29.jpg|thumb|Cattle camp of the [[Mundari people]] in Central Equatoria]]

The [[water supply in South Sudan]] is faced with numerous challenges. Although the [[White Nile]] runs through the country, water is scarce during the dry season in areas that are not located on the river.

About half the population does not have access to an [[improved water source]], defined as a protected well, standpipe or a handpump within one kilometre. The few existing piped water supply systems are often not well maintained and the water they provide is often not safe to drink. Displaced people returning home put a huge strain on infrastructure, and the government institutions in charge of the sector are weak. Substantial external funding from numerous government agencies and non-governmental organisations is available to improve water supply.

Numerous non-governmental organisations support water supply in Southern Sudan, such as [[Water is Basic]], [[Water for South Sudan]], the Obakki Foundation<ref>{{cite web|url=https://obakkifoundation.org/projects|title=Obakki Foundation|publisher=Obakki Foundation |access-date=2 May 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120004231/https://obakkifoundation.org/projects/|archive-date=20 January 2019}}</ref> and Bridgton-Lake Region Rotary Club<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lakeregionrotary.com|title=Rotary Club of Bridgton Lake-Region|publisher=Lake Region Rotary |access-date=2 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611161653/https://www.lakeregionrotary.com/|archive-date=11 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> from North America.

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of South Sudan}}

{{See also|List of cities in South Sudan}}
[[File:South_Sudan_ethnic_map.svg|thumb|Map of the ethnic groups of South Sudan]]

South Sudan has a population of approximately {{#expr:{{formatnum:{{UN_Population|South Sudan}}|R}}/1e6 round 0}} million{{UN_Population|ref}} and a predominantly rural, subsistence economy. This region has been negatively affected by war for all but 10 of the years since 1956, resulting in serious neglect, lack of infrastructure development, and major destruction and displacement. More than 2 million people have died, and more than 4 million are [[internally displaced person]]s or became [[refugee]]s as a result of the civil war and its impact.

[[File:Children in Yambio, Western Equatoria, South Sudan (28 05 2009).jpg|thumb|Children in Yambio, Western Equatoria, South Sudan]]
[[File:USAID-funded Southern Sudan Interactive Radio Instruction project.jpg|thumb|Rural school children participating in the [[USAID]]-funded Southern Sudan Interactive Radio Instruction project, July 2010]]

=== Population ===
==== 2008 census ====
[[File:South Sudan 034.jpg|thumb|upright|Woman in South Sudan]]
[[File:Kimotong, Sudán del Sur, 2024-01-23, DD 36.jpg|thumb|A village in Kimotong, South Sudan]]
[[File:John Garang Mausoleum Square in Juba.JPG|thumb|John Garang Square in Juba]]

The "Fifth Population and Housing Census of Sudan", for Sudan as a whole, was conducted in April 2008. The census counted the Southern Sudan population at 8.26 million;<ref name="n24">{{cite news|url=http://www.news24.com/World/News/Discontent-over-Sudan-census-20090521|title=Discontent over Sudan census|date=21 May 2009|work=News24.com|access-date=14 July 2011|agency=AFP|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713214109/http://www.news24.com/World/News/Discontent-over-Sudan-census-20090521|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="epro">{{cite news|url=http://www.enoughproject.org/blogs/s-sudan-census-bureau-releases-official-results-amidst-ongoing-census-controversy|title=S. Sudan Census Bureau Releases Official Results Amidst Ongoing Census Controversy|work=!enough The project to end genocide and crimes against humanity|date=8 June 2009|first=Maggie|last=Fick|access-date=3 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717031826/http://www.enoughproject.org/blogs/s-sudan-census-bureau-releases-official-results-amidst-ongoing-census-controversy|archive-date=17 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> however, Southern Sudanese officials rejected the census results of Southern Sudan because "the central bureau of statistics in [[Khartoum]] refused to share the national Sudan raw census data with the southern Sudan centre for census, statistics and evaluation".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article31746|title=South Sudan parliament throws out census results|work=SudanTribune|date=8 July 2009|access-date=3 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712230242/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article31746|archive-date=12 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

In addition, President Kiir "suspected figures were being deflated in some regions and inflated in others, and that made the final tally 'unacceptable'."<ref name="newvis">{{cite news|url=http://www.newsudanvision.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1677:southern-sudanese-officials-decry-unfortunate-announcement-of-census-results&catid=1:sudan-news-stories&Itemid=6|title=South Sudanese officials decry 'unfortunate' announcement of census results|work=The New Sudan Vision|date=10 May 2009|first=Marvis|last=Birungi|access-date=3 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714174659/http://www.newsudanvision.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1677:southern-sudanese-officials-decry-unfortunate-announcement-of-census-results&catid=1:sudan-news-stories&Itemid=6|archive-date=14 July 2011|url-status=usurped}}</ref> He claimed that the Southern Sudanese population actually constituted one-third of that of Sudan, though the census showed it to be only 22%.<ref name="epro" />

Many southern Sudanese were also said to have been uncounted "due to bad weather, poor communication and transport networks, and some areas were unreachable, while many southern Sudanese remained in exile in neighbouring countries, leading to 'unacceptable results', according [to] southern Sudanese authorities."<ref name="newvis" /> The chief American technical adviser for the census in the south said that the census-takers probably reached only 89% of the population.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=103124761|title=Ethnic Divisions Complicate Sudan's Census|publisher=NPR|first=Gwen|last=Thompkins|date=15 April 2009|access-date=6 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109134348/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=103124761|archive-date=9 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== 2009 census ====
In 2009, Sudan initiated a Southern Sudanese census ahead of the [[2011 South Sudanese independence referendum|2011 independence referendum]], which would also include the [[South Sudanese diaspora]]; however, this initiative was criticised for leaving out countries with a high share of the South Sudanese diaspora, rather counting countries where the diaspora share was low.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rnw.nl/africa/article/south-sudan-claims-northern-sudans-census-dishonest|title=South Sudan says Northern Sudan's census dishonest|publisher=Radio Nederland Wereldomroep|date=6 November 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724170053/http://www.rnw.nl/africa/article/south-sudan-claims-northern-sudans-census-dishonest|archive-date=24 July 2011}}</ref>

=== Ethnic groups ===
The major [[ethnic group]]s present in South Sudan are the [[Dinka people|Dinka]] at approximately 40 per cent of the population, the [[Nuer people|Nuer]] at approximately 20 per cent, and the [[Azande]] at approximately 10 per cent, as well as the [[Shilluk people|Shilluk]] and [[Bari people|Bari]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.med.virginia.edu/family-medicine/wp-content/uploads/sites/285/2018/12/Azobou_South-Sudan-Refugee-Crisis-112018.pdf|title=South Sudan Refugee Crisis|website=University of Virginia School of Medicine |language=en|access-date=1 October 2018|archive-date=20 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420002156/https://www.med.virginia.edu/family-medicine/wp-content/uploads/sites/285/2018/12/Azobou_South-Sudan-Refugee-Crisis-112018.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Currently, around 800,000 expatriates from the [[Horn of Africa]] are living in South Sudan.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

=== Diaspora ===
{{Main|South Sudanese diaspora}}

The South Sudanese diaspora consists of citizens of South Sudan residing abroad. The number of South Sudanese outside South Sudan has sharply increased since the beginning of the struggle for independence from [[Sudan]]. Almost one and a half million South Sudanese have left the country as refugees, either permanently or as temporary workforce, leading to the establishment of the South Sudanese diaspora population.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}

The largest communities of the South Sudanese diaspora are located in North America, Western Europe and Oceania. They can be found in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom and Australia. Small communities exist in France, Italy, Germany, Sweden, and New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sveriges flyktingkvot|url=https://www.migrationsverket.se/Om-Migrationsverket/Vart-uppdrag/Sveriges-flyktingkvot.html|access-date=2021-10-19|website=migrationsverket.se|language=sv|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026081521/https://www.migrationsverket.se/Om-Migrationsverket/Vart-uppdrag/Sveriges-flyktingkvot.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Activist Achol Jok Mach has spoken out about growing up and growing up in a diaspora community and the effect on her identity, saying: "I was only ever told, 'You are South Sudanese'... It was only much later that I learned I was [[Dinka people|Dinka]]."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Martell|first=Peter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BAuXDwAAQBAJ&q=Achol+Jok+Mach&pg=PA199|title=First Raise a Flag: How South Sudan Won the Longest War But Lost the Peace|date=15 May 2019|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-005270-6|language=en|access-date=14 March 2021|archive-date=18 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180438/https://books.google.com/books?id=BAuXDwAAQBAJ&q=Achol+Jok+Mach&pg=PA199#v=snippet&q=Achol%20Jok%20Mach&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Largest cities ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:50em"
|-
! colspan=5| Largest cities or towns in South Sudan {{nobold|According to the 2008 Census<ref>{{cite web|title=South Sudan: States, Major Cities & Towns – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts|url=http://citypopulation.de/SouthSudan-Cities.html|website=citypopulation.de|access-date=27 January 2023|archive-date=29 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129153703/http://www.citypopulation.de/SouthSudan-Cities.html|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|-
! Rank
! [[List of cities in South Sudan|Name]]
! [[States of South Sudan|State]]
! Pop.
| rowspan=11 style="text-align: center"| [[File:Juba City.jpg|border|120px|Juba]] [[Juba]] [[File:Wau, Sudan - panoramio.jpg|border|120px|Wau]] [[Wau, South Sudan|Wau]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;"| 1|| style="text-align:left;"| [[Juba]]|| style="text-align:left;"| [[Central Equatoria]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 230,195
|-
| style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;"| 2|| style="text-align:left;"| [[Wau, South Sudan|Wau]]|| style="text-align:left;"| [[Western Bahr el Ghazal]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 118,331
|-
| style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;"| 3|| style="text-align:left;"| [[Malakal]]|| style="text-align:left;"| [[Upper Nile (state)|Upper Nile]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 114,528
|-
| style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;"| 4|| style="text-align:left;"| [[Yambio]]|| style="text-align:left;"| [[Western Equatoria]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 105,881
|-
| style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;"| 5|| style="text-align:left;"| [[Yei, South Sudan|Yei]]|| style="text-align:left;"| [[Central Equatoria]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 69,720
|-
| style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;"| 6|| style="text-align:left;"| [[Renk, South Sudan|Renk]]|| style="text-align:left;"| [[Upper Nile (state)|Upper Nile]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 69,079
|-
| style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;"| 7|| style="text-align:left;"| [[Aweil, South Sudan|Aweil]]|| style="text-align:left;"| [[Northern Bahr el Ghazal]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 59,217
|-
| style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;"| 8|| style="text-align:left;"| [[Maridi]]|| style="text-align:left;"| [[Western Equatoria]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 55,602
|-
| style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;"| 9|| style="text-align:left;"| [[Bentiu]]|| style="text-align:left;"| [[Unity (state)|Unity]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 41,328
|-
| style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;"| 10|| style="text-align:left;"| [[Bor, South Sudan|Bor]]|| style="text-align:left;"| [[Jonglei State|Jonglei]]|| style="text-align:right;"| 25,188
|-
|}

=== Languages ===
{{Main|Languages of South Sudan}}

Seventy languages are spoken in South Sudan, of which 60 are [[indigenous language|indigenou]]s and granted constitutional status as "[[national language]]s" that "shall be respected, developed and promoted".<ref>Part 1, Chapter 1, No. 6 (1)</ref> English is the sole [[official language]],<ref name="engwork" /> being constitutionally enshrined as the "official working language" of government and the "language of instruction at all levels of education".<ref>{{cite web |title=The Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, 2011 |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/IMG/pdf/The_Draft_Transitional_Constitution_of_the_ROSS2-2.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629170732/http://www.sudantribune.com/IMG/pdf/The_Draft_Transitional_Constitution_of_the_ROSS2-2.pdf |archive-date=29 June 2011 |access-date=6 May 2017 |publisher=Government of South Sudan}} Part One, Page 3, No. 6 (1), (2), retrieved 6 May 2017</ref> English had been the principal language of what is now South Sudan since 1972, serving as the common medium for administrative purposes.<ref name="britannica.com">{{Cite web |date=2024-07-06 |title=South Sudan – Religion, Animism, Christianity |website=Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/South-Sudan/Religion |access-date=2024-07-09 |language=en}}</ref> However, few South Sudanese speak it as a first language.<ref name="USAID Language of Instruction">[https://web.archive.org/web/20220217013941/https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00XFMT.pdf Language of Instruction Country Profile South Sudan], [[United States Agency for International Development]]</ref>

The majority of languages spoken in South Sudan are classified within the [[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilo-Saharan Language family]], specifically the subbranches of [[Nilotic languages|Nile Sudanic]] and [[Central Sudanic languages|Central Sudanic]]; most of the remainder are part of the [[Adamawa-Ubangi]] branch of the [[Niger-Congo family]]. The most common languages are [[Nuer language|Nuer]] (4.35 million), [[Bari language|Bari]] (595,000) [[Dinka language|Dinka]] (940,000) or [[Zande language|Zande]] (420,000), which are collectively spoken by approximately 60% of the population;<ref name="USAID Language of Instruction" /> other major indigenous languages include [[Murle language|Murle]], [[Luo languages|Luo]], [[Ma'di language|Ma'di]], and [[Otuho language|Otuho]]. Six indigenous languages are threatened with [[Language death|extinction]], with another 11 declining.<ref name="USAID Language of Instruction" />

[[Arabic]], a [[Semitic languages|Semitic]] language of the [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]] family, is the most widely spoken language.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Voice of a nation: How Juba Arabic helps bridge a factious South Sudan |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2018/1106/Voice-of-a-nation-How-Juba-Arabic-helps-bridge-a-factious-South-Sudan |access-date=2024-07-09 |work=The Christian Science Monitor |issn=0882-7729}}</ref> The most common variety is [[Juba Arabic]], also known as South Sudanese Arabic, a [[creole language]] that serves as the ''[[lingua franca]]'' for local governments, national commerce, and in urban areas.<ref>[https://www.unicef.org/esaro/UNICEF(2016)LanguageandLearning-SouthSudan-CaseStudy.pdf ''The impact of language policy and practice on children's learning: Evidence from Eastern and Southern Africa 2016''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913183348/https://www.unicef.org/esaro/UNICEF(2016)LanguageandLearning-SouthSudan-CaseStudy.pdf|date=13 September 2017}} (PDF; 672 kB), Page. 1, retrieved 20 May 2017</ref> It is spoken by approximately 1.45 million people, of whom only 250,000 speak it natively. [[Sudanese Arabic]], the prevailing dialect in Sudan, has approximately 460,000 speakers, primarily in the northern regions of South Sudan; it has been described as the ''de facto'' language of national identity.<ref name="USAID Language of Instruction" /> Arabic had been recognised as South Sudan's second official language, alongside English, in its 2005 interim constitution,<ref>[http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_SouthernSudan.pdf ''The Interim Constitution of Southern Sudan'', 2005] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170713/http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_SouthernSudan.pdf|date=3 March 2016}} (PDF; 484 kB), Part One, Page. 3–4, No. 6 (1), (2), retrieved 6 May 2017</ref> but has no legal status in the current transitional constitution adopted in 2011.

[[Swahili language|Swahili]], a [[Bantu languages|Bantu language]] spoken primarily in East Africa, has been proposed as a second official language. In 2011, South Sudan's ambassador to [[Kenya]] stated that [[Swahili language|Swahili]] would be introduced in South Sudan with the goal of supplanting Arabic as a ''[[lingua franca]]'', in keeping with the country's orientation toward the [[East African Community]] rather than Sudan and the [[Arab League]].<ref>{{cite news |date=2 August 2011 |title=South Sudanese still in Kenya despite new state |url=http://assistamerica.countrywatch.com/rcountry.aspx?vcountry=89&topic=CBWIR&uid=5271402 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411015341/http://assistamerica.countrywatch.com/rcountry.aspx?vcountry=89 |archive-date=11 April 2015 |access-date=16 September 2013 |agency=Xinhua}}</ref> Following the South Sudan's ascension to the [[East African Community]] in 2019, the government has moved to adopt Swahili into the official curricula at primary school.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2017-07-06 |title=S. Sudan to adopt Swahili as official language, seeks Tanzania's help |url=https://www.africanews.com/2017/07/06/s-sudan-to-adopt-swahili-as-official-language-seeks-tanzania-s-help/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811213026/https://www.africanews.com/2017/07/06/s-sudan-to-adopt-swahili-as-official-language-seeks-tanzania-s-help// |archive-date=11 August 2019 |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=Africanews |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Africanews 2017-07-05">{{cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=5 July 2017 |title=S. Sudan to adopt Swahili as official language, seeks Tanzania's help – Africanews |url=http://www.africanews.com/2017/07/06/s-sudan-to-adopt-swahili-as-official-language-seeks-tanzania-s-help/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008025942/http://www.africanews.com/2017/07/06/s-sudan-to-adopt-swahili-as-official-language-seeks-tanzania-s-help/ |archive-date=8 October 2017 |access-date=7 October 2017}}</ref> Nevertheless, South Sudan submitted an application to join the Arab League as a [[Member states of the Arab League|member state]] on 25 March 2014, which is still pending.<ref>[[Middle East Monitor]]: [https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20140412-south-sudan-and-chad-apply-to-join-the-arab-league ''South Sudan and Chad apply to join the Arab League''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913231309/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20140412-south-sudan-and-chad-apply-to-join-the-arab-league/|date=13 September 2017}}, 12 April 2014, retrieved 3 May 2017</ref> In an interview with the newspaper [[Asharq Al-Awsat]], the Foreign Minister of South Sudan [[Deng Alor Kuol]] said: South Sudan is the closest African country to the [[Arab world]], and we speak a special kind of Arabic known as Juba Arabic.<ref>[[Asharq Al-Awsat]]: [http://english.aawsat.com/ahmedyounis/interviews/foreign-minister-south-sudan-considering-joining-arab-league ''Foreign Minister of South Sudan: We Are Considering Joining the Arab League''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913233152/https://english.aawsat.com/ahmedyounis/interviews/foreign-minister-south-sudan-considering-joining-arab-league|date=13 September 2017}}, 7 June 2016, retrieved 3 May 2017</ref> Sudan supports South Sudan's request to join the Arab League.<ref>[[Sudan Tribune]]: [http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article59689 ''Khartoum supports South Sudan demand to join Arab League''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018103721/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article59689|date=18 October 2017}}, 21 July 2016, retrieved 3 May 2017</ref> Juba Arabic is a [[lingua franca]] in South Sudan.

=== Religion ===
{{Main|Religion in South Sudan}}

{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Religion in South Sudan ([[Association of Religion Data Archives|ARDA]] 2020 est.)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=256c|title=Religions in South Sudan | Arda|website=www.thearda.com|access-date=6 January 2026}}</ref>
| label1 = [[Christianity]]
| value1 = 60.34
| color1 = Blue
| label2 = [[African Traditional Religion|Ethnic Religion]]
| value2 = 32.95
| color2 = Brown
| label3 = [[Islam]]
| value3 = 6.26
| color3 = Green
| label5 = [[Irreligion|None]]
| value5 = .44
| color5 = Black
| label4 = [[Baháʼí]]
| value4 = 0.01
| color4 = Pink
}}

[[File:Yirol Church.jpg|thumb|[[Catholic Church in South Sudan|Holy Cross Cathedral]] in [[Lakes State]]|279x279px]]

South Sudan is predominantly Christian.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hurd|first=Emma|url=http://news.sky.com/story/835953/southern-sudan-votes-to-split-from-north|title=Southern Sudan Votes To Split From North|website=News.sky.com|date=8 February 2011|access-date=21 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031042419/http://news.sky.com/story/835953/southern-sudan-votes-to-split-from-north|archive-date=31 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Other religions include various traditional [[indigenous religion|indigenous belief system]]s, and [[Islam]].<ref>{{cite news|title=South Sudan's Muslims welcome secession|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=169306|newspaper=The Daily Star|date=9 January 2011|access-date=16 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024203009/http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=169306|archive-date=24 October 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=South Sudan profile|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14069082|publisher=BBC News|date=8 July 2011|access-date=9 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708021732/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14069082|archive-date=8 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Exact figures are lacking due to internal displacement from ongoing conflict, large numbers of frequently-migrating pastoralists, and insufficient government resources.<ref>Jacqueline Wilson, [https://web.archive.org/web/20190906131553/https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/2019-07/pw_148-the_religious_landscape_in_south_sudan_challenges_and_opportunities_for_engagement.pdf The Religious Landscape in South Sudan: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR ENGAGEMENT] ''United States Institute of Peace'' (June 2019), '''p. 7.'''</ref><ref name="US St Dept"/> The last [[census|official census]] to take into account religion was in 1956, where a majority of people were classified as adherents of traditional beliefs or [[Christians|Christianity]], while 18% were [[Muslim]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=169306|title=South Sudan's Muslims welcome secession |work=The Daily Star |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]|access-date=15 August 2011|date=8 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024203009/http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=169306|archive-date=24 October 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2012, the [[Pew Research Center]] estimated its population to be 60.5% Christian, 32.9% following folk religions, and 6.2% Muslim.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 December 2012 |title=Global Religious Landscape Table — Percent of Population |publisher=Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life |url=http://features.pewforum.org/grl/population-percentage.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101080244/http://features.pewforum.org/grl/population-percentage.php |archive-date=1 January 2013 |access-date=21 December 2013}}</ref> It maintained the same estimate in 2020.<ref name="US2022">{{Cite web |title=U.S. State Dept 2022 report (citing Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project) |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/south-sudan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821222550/https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/south-sudan |archive-date=21 August 2023 |access-date=9 September 2023}}</ref>

The US State Department reported in 2023 that the South Sudan Council of Churches and the government Bureau of Religious Affairs give the principal Christian denominations as Roman Catholic, Episcopal, Presbyterian, Pentecostal, Sudan Interior, Presbyterian Evangelical, and African Inland Churches. Smaller congregations of Eritrean Orthodox, Ethiopian Orthodox, Coptic Orthodox, Greek Orthodox, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Seventh-day Adventists, and Jehovah's Witnesses are also present.<ref name="US2022"/>

In 2001, the ''[[World Christian Encyclopedia]]'' said that the [[Catholic Church in South Sudan|Catholic Church]] was the largest single [[Christians|Christian]] body in [[Sudan]] since 1995, with the country's 2.7 [[1,000,000|million]] [[Catholic Church|Catholics]] being concentrated in what is today South Sudan.<ref>{{cite book |title=World Christian Encyclopedia |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |editor-last1=Barrett |editor-first1=David |place=Oxford |pages=699–700 |editor-last2=Kurian |editor-first2=George |editor-last3=Johnson |editor-first3=Todd}}</ref> Catholic sources say the denomination made up 52% of the population of Christians in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.catholicsandcultures.org/south-sudan |title=Catholics and Culture website, retrieved 2023-08-08 |date=3 January 2014 |access-date=9 September 2023 |archive-date=21 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821210814/https://www.catholicsandcultures.org/south-sudan |url-status=live}}</ref> The other major denominations are [[Episcopal Church of South Sudan|Episcopal Church]] (3.5 million members)<ref>{{cite web |title=How many Anglicans are there in the Anglican Church in North America? |url=http://www.fwepiscopal.org/downloads/howmanyanglicans.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073614/http://www.fwepiscopal.org/downloads/howmanyanglicans.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=2 May 2013}}</ref> and the [[Presbyterian Church in Sudan|Presbyterian Church]] (one million members in 2012).<ref>{{cite web |date=20 May 2012 |title=Presbyterian Church of the Sudan |url=http://www.oikoumene.org/gr/member-churches/regions/africa/south-sudan/presbyterian-church-of-the-sudan.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120520124842/http://www.oikoumene.org/gr/member-churches/regions/africa/south-sudan/presbyterian-church-of-the-sudan.html |archive-date=20 May 2012 |access-date=21 December 2013}}</ref>

Christianity has grown rapidly in the country over the last two decades. Despite European [[missionary]] activity beginning as early as the mid-19th century, the US [[Library of Congress]] states that "in the early 1990s possibly no more than 10% of southern Sudan's population was [[Christians|Christian]]".<ref>{{cite web |title=Sudan: A Country Study; Ethnicity, Regionalism and Ethnicity |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/sdtoc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110114012212/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/sdtoc.html |archive-date=14 January 2011 |access-date=10 January 2011 |publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress}}</ref> During this same period, official records of [[Sudan]] claimed that one-quarter of the population of present-day South Sudan practised various [[Traditional religions of Africa|traditional religions]] while only 5% were Christians.<ref>{{cite book |title=Geographica. The Complete Illustrated Atlas of the world |year=1999 |page=336}}</ref> Various scholarly sources, as well as the [[United States Department of State|US Department of State]],<ref name="US_State_Dept">{{cite web |title=Sudan |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5424.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802172914/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5424.htm |archive-date=2 August 2018 |access-date=21 December 2013 |publisher=U.S. State Department}}</ref> stated that a majority of southern Sudanese maintained traditional [[Animism|animist]] indigenous beliefs at the start of the 21st century, with Christians remaining a small minority.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kaufmann |first=Eric |author-link=Eric Kaufmann |title=Rethinking ethnicity: majority groups and dominant minorities |publisher=Routledge |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-203-56339-7 |page=45}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Minahan, J. |title=Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: S-Z |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-313-32384-3 |page=1786}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Arnold, G |year=2003 |title=Book Review: Douglas H. Johnson, The Root Causes of Sudan's Civil Wars |journal=African Journal of Political Science |volume=8 |issue=1 |page=147}}</ref>

[[File:Kator church.jpg|thumb|[[St. Theresa Cathedral, Juba|St. Theresa Cathedral in Juba]]]]

As in other countries in sub-Saharan Africa, Christianity is often [[Religious syncretism|blended]] with traditional beliefs.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 March 2011 |title=Sudan : Country Studies |publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/sdtoc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023212053/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/sdtoc.html#sd0065 |archive-date=23 October 2013 |access-date=21 December 2013}}</ref> In 2022, the new Catholic bishop of [[Rumbek]], [[Christian Carlassare]], observed that while more than half the population of South Sudan is Christian, "Christianity is often no more than skin deep" and "hasn't grown roots in the life of the population".<ref>{{Cite web|last=ACN|date=2022-04-04|title=New bishop in South Sudan: "We must get back on our feet and give hope to the people"|url=https://acninternational.org/new-bishop-in-south-sudan-attacked/|access-date=2022-11-15|publisher=ACN International|language=en-US|archive-date=15 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115100946/https://acninternational.org/new-bishop-in-south-sudan-attacked/|url-status=live}}</ref> Many religious organisations function as a source of stability, community, humanitarian aid, and refuge in the absence of government institutions, with Christian and Muslim religious leaders actively involved in peacebuilding and socioeconomic development.<ref name="US St Dept"/>

Indigenous [[Animism|animist]] beliefs remain widespread among the population regardless of religious affiliation. Additionally, each ethnic group has its own traditional belief system, all of which share a concept of a higher spirit or divinity, generally a creator god.<ref name="britannica.com"/> Traditional African cosmology divides the universe between a visible material realm and an invisible heavenly realm, which is populated by spiritual beings that serve as intermediaries or messengers of a higher power; in the case of the [[Nilotic peoples]], these spirits are identified with ancestors. The supreme deity is worshipped through rituals that use music and dance.

Although the internal conflicts that precipitated Sudan's partition have been characterised as between Muslims and Christians, some scholars reject this notion, claiming Muslim and Christian sides sometimes overlapped.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pat |first1=Mr |title=Christians Under Siege |date=2009 |page=105}}</ref> Muslims are relatively well integrated into South Sudanese society and represented in government; Muslim religious leaders are present in all major political ceremonies as well as peace negotiations. Islamic private schools are maintained with little government involvement, while many secondary institutions include Islamic theology in their curricula.<ref name="US St Dept">{{Cite web |title=South Sudan |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/south-sudan/ |access-date=2024-07-09 |publisher=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2011, inaugural [[South Sudanese]] President [[Salva Kiir Mayardit|Salva Kiir]], a Roman Catholic, said that South Sudan would be a nation that respects [[freedom of religion]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sudanradio.org/south-sudan-respect-freedom-religion-says-goss-president|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712011904/http://www.sudanradio.org/south-sudan-respect-freedom-religion-says-goss-president|archive-date=12 July 2011|title=South Sudan To Respect Freedom of Religion Says GOSS President|work=Sudan Radio Service, Sudanradio.org|date=21 February 2011|access-date=9 July 2011}}</ref> The country's transitional constitution provides for separation of religion and state, prohibits religious discrimination, and provides religious groups freedom to worship, assemble, proselytise, own property, receive financial contributions, communicate and publish materials on religious matters, and establish charitable institutions.<ref name="US St Dept" /> Interreligious conflict occurs largely in the context of ethnic and communal conflict; for example, in February 2022, clashes between Dinka clans resulted in the targeting of associated religious buildings and leaders.<ref name="US St Dept" />

=== Education ===
{{Main|Education in South Sudan}}

Unlike the previous educational system of the regional Southern Sudan—which was modelled after the system used in the Republic of Sudan since 1990—the current educational system of the Republic of South Sudan follows the {{nowrap|8 + 4 + 4}} system (similar to Kenya). Primary education consists of eight years, followed by four years of secondary education, and then four years of university instruction.

The primary language at all levels is English, as compared to the Republic of Sudan, where the [[language of instruction]] is [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]]. In 2007, South Sudan adopted English as the [[official language]] of communication. There is a severe shortage of English teachers and English-speaking teachers in the scientific and technical fields.

On 1 October 2019, the South Sudan Library Foundation opened South Sudan's first public library, the Juba Public Peace Library in Gudele 2.<ref name="www.thechristiantimes.net">{{cite web|url=http://www.thechristiantimes.net/index.php/s-sudan/19-education/2434-first-public-library-opens-in-south-sudan-advocates-for-peace|title=The Christian Times – First public library opens in South Sudan, advocates for peace|website=The Christian Times |access-date=7 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107132917/http://www.thechristiantimes.net/index.php/s-sudan/19-education/2434-first-public-library-opens-in-south-sudan-advocates-for-peace|archive-date=7 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="med.virginia.edu">{{cite web|url=https://audioboom.com/posts/7327847-instilling-a-culture-of-reading-south-sudan-looks-forward-to-new-public-library|title=Instilling a culture of reading; South Sudan looks forward to new public library|website=Audioboom|language=en|access-date=7 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107132914/https://audioboom.com/posts/7327847-instilling-a-culture-of-reading-south-sudan-looks-forward-to-new-public-library|archive-date=7 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The library currently employs a staff of over 40 volunteers and maintains a collection of over 13,000 books.<ref name="med.virginia.edu" /> The South Sudan Library Foundation was co-founded by Yawusa Kintha and Kevin Lenahan.<ref name="www.thechristiantimes.net" /><ref name="med.virginia.edu" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sydney.edu.au/business/news-and-events/news/2019/02/07/mba-student-establishes-ngo-to-improve-literacy-in-south-sudan.html|title=MBA student establishes NGO to improve literacy in South Sudan|publisher=The University of Sydney|language=en-AU|access-date=11 November 2019|archive-date=28 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628041123/https://www.sydney.edu.au/business/news-and-events/news/2019/02/07/mba-student-establishes-ngo-to-improve-literacy-in-south-sudan.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Humanitarian situation ===
In [[Pibor County]] located in the [[Jonglei]] State, in December 2011 and January 2012, [[Cattle raiding|cattle raids]] led to border clashes that eventually resulted in widespread [[Sudanese nomadic conflicts|ethnic violence]], with thousands of deaths and tens of thousands of South Sudanese being displaced, and hundreds of [[Médecins Sans Frontières]] staff went missing. The government declared the area a disaster zone and took control from local authorities.<ref>{{cite news|last=Meldrum|first=Andrew|title=South Sudan News: Ethnic clashes must be solved in the long term|url=http://web1.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/africa/120105/south-sudan-news-ethnic-clashes-must-be-solved-long-term|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205004734/http://web1.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/africa/120105/south-sudan-news-ethnic-clashes-must-be-solved-long-term|archive-date=5 February 2012|access-date=6 January 2012|newspaper=GlobalPost|date=6 January 2012}}</ref>

[[Violence against women]] is common in the country, and South Sudan's laws and policies have been criticised as inadequate in offering protection.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/fileadmin/docs/facts-figures/south-sudan/womens-security/HSBA-women-security-law.pdf|title=Women's Security and the Law in South Sudan|access-date=24 August 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115725/http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/fileadmin/docs/facts-figures/south-sudan/womens-security/HSBA-women-security-law.pdf|archive-date=26 August 2014}}</ref><ref>Inter-Agency Standing Committee (2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150114234102/http://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2014/5/humanitarian-crisis-in-south-sudan Humanitarian Crisis in South Sudan Gender Alert 2: May 2014.] United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN Women)</ref>

As of December 2017, an estimated 42% of the South Sudanese population was facing severe security conditions, with most of the affected being young people and children.<ref name=D+C>{{cite news |title=Collateral Damage|url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/south-sudan-many-orphaned-children-have-care-their-younger-siblings|author=Parach Mach|work=D+C, development and cooperation |date=4 April 2018 |access-date=6 May 2018}}</ref>

According to the United Nations, 8.3 million people were in need of humanitarian aid in South Sudan as of January 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=South Sudan Humanitarian Needs Overview 2021 (January 2021) – South Sudan|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/south-sudan/south-sudan-humanitarian-needs-overview-2021-january-2021|access-date=2021-10-12|website=ReliefWeb|date=26 January 2021 |language=en|archive-date=27 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027182328/https://reliefweb.int/report/south-sudan/south-sudan-humanitarian-needs-overview-2021-january-2021|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2025, 7.7 million people, or 57% of the population, faced acute food insecurity, with [[#2025–2026 tensions|conflict]] as the main driver,<ref name=disdis/> next to escalating insecurity that displaced large numbers of people, together with recurrent flooding that continued to undermine livelihoods and agricultural production.<ref name=acufoo>{{cite web | title=South Sudan:IPC Acute Food Insecurity and Malnutrition Snapshot September 2025 – July 2026 | url=https://reliefweb.int/attachments/9cec28a0-c56c-48ce-8797-46a06be3a579/IPC_South_Sudan_Acute_Food_Insecurity_Malnutrition_Sept2025_July2026_Snapshot.pdf | date= 4 November 2025|access-date=2025-12-26}}</ref> [[Malnutrition]] also worsened, with 2.3 million children at risk of acute malnutrition, amid access constraints, health service disruptions, and a [[Sudanese cholera epidemic (2024–present)|cholera outbreak]] affecting [[Upper Nile State|Upper Nile]] and [[Unity State|Unity]] states.<ref name=disdis>{{cite web | title=Conflict, displacement and disease drive food insecurity and malnutrition to alarming levels in parts of South Sudan | website=UNICEF, for every child | date=2025-06-12 | url=https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/conflict-displacement-and-disease-drive-food-insecurity-and-malnutrition-alarming | access-date=2025-12-22}}</ref>

==== Health ====
{{Main|Health in South Sudan}}

South Sudan is acknowledged to have some of the worst health indicators in the world.<ref name="health">{{cite news|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article1616|title=Southern Sudan has unique combination of worst diseases in the world — Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan|work=Sudan Tribune|access-date=21 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408090727/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article1616|archive-date=8 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Moszynski |first1=P. |title=Conference plans rebuilding of Southern Sudan's health services |doi=10.1136/bmj.331.7510.179 |journal=BMJ |volume=331 |issue=7510 |page=179 |year=2005 |pmc=1179754}}</ref><ref name=SSMJ>{{cite journal|title=South Sudan Household Survey|date=December 2007|url=http://www.southernsudanmedicaljournal.com/assets/files/misc/SHHS.pdf|journal=South Sudan Medical Journal|access-date=20 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612082122/http://www.southernsudanmedicaljournal.com/assets/files/misc/SHHS.pdf|archive-date=12 June 2011|url-status=usurped}}</ref> The under-five [[infant mortality]] rate is 135.3 per 1,000, whilst [[maternal mortality]] is the highest in the world at 2,053.9 per 100,000 live births.<ref name=SSMJ /> In 2004, there were only three surgeons serving in southern Sudan, with three proper hospitals, and in some areas there was just one doctor for every 500,000 people.<ref name="health" />

The epidemiology of [[HIV/AIDS]] in the South Sudan is poorly documented but the prevalence is believed around 3.1%.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hakim|first=James|date=August 2009|url=http://www.southernsudanmedicaljournal.com/archive/2009-08/untitled-resource.html|title=HIV/AIDS: an update on Epidemiology, Prevention and Treatment|work=South Sudan Medical Journal|access-date=20 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110312032025/http://www.southernsudanmedicaljournal.com/archive/2009-08/untitled-resource.html|archive-date=12 March 2011|url-status=usurped}}</ref> According to a 2013 study, South Sudan "probably has the highest [[malaria]] burden in [[Sub-Saharan Africa|sub-Saharan]] Africa".<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Malaria control in South Sudan, 2006–2013: strategies, progress and challenges|journal=Malaria Journal|volume=12|article-number=374|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-12-374|pmid=24160336|pmc=3816306|year=2013|last1=Pasquale|first1=Harriet|last2=Jarvese|first2=Martina|last3=Julla|first3=Ahmed|last4=Doggale|first4=Constantino|last5=Sebit|first5=Bakhit|last6=Lual|first6=Mark Y.|last7=Baba|first7=Samson P.|last8=Chanda|first8=Emmanuel |doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Refugees ===
{{Main|Refugees of South Sudan}}

[[File:The scale of the problem Jamam refugee camp from the air (6972523516).jpg|thumb|Jamam refugee camp]]
As a result of [[South Sudanese Civil War|the war]] that erupted in December 2013, more than 2.3 million people, one in every five people in South Sudan, were forced to flee their homes,. This included about 1.66 million [[internally displaced]] people (IDPs), an estimated 53.4% of whom were children, and nearly 644,900 refugees in neighbouring countries. Some 185,000 IDPs sought refuge in UN Protection of Civilians sites, while around 90% remained outside these locations, either on the move or sheltering elsewhere.<ref name="reliefweb">{{cite web|title=2016 South Sudan Humanitarian Needs Overview|publisher=[[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]]|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/south-sudan/2016-south-sudan-humanitarian-needs-overview|date=5 January 2016|access-date=27 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227235414/https://reliefweb.int/report/south-sudan/2016-south-sudan-humanitarian-needs-overview|archive-date=27 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In response, UNHCR stepped up its engagement through an inter-agency collaborative approach under the leadership of the Humanitarian Coordinator, and working with the [[International Organization for Migration]]. In early February 2013, UNHCR started distributing relief items outside the UN base in Malakal, South Sudan, which was expected to reach 10,000 people.<ref name="UNHCR Regional Update" />

As of February 2014, South Sudan was host to over 230,000 [[refugee]]s, with the vast majority, over 209,000, having arrived recently from Sudan, because of the [[War in Darfur]]. Other African countries that contribute the most refugees to South Sudan are the Central African Republic, Ethiopia, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.<ref name="UNHCR Regional Update">{{cite web|url=http://data.unhcr.org/SouthSudan/download.php?id=832|title=South Sudan Emergency Situation-Regional Update|publisher=UNHCR|date=2 February 2014|access-date=14 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222140349/http://data.unhcr.org/SouthSudan/download.php?id=832|archive-date=22 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

By January 2025, more than one million people had fled the 2023 [[Sudanese civil war (2023–present)|war in Sudan]] for South Sudan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Sudan hits record one million new arrivals from Sudan crisis |url=https://www.unhcr.org/africa/news/press-releases/south-sudan-hits-record-one-million-new-arrivals-sudan-crisis |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=UNHCR Africa}}</ref> By November 2025, the continued arrivals, alongside returning South Sudanese nationals, placed additional pressure on already strained markets, services, and natural resources, while a prolonged economic crisis sharply reduced household purchasing power. These conditions were further aggravated by disease outbreaks, limited access to health care, and inadequate [[WASH|water, sanitation, and hygiene]] services.<ref name=acufoo/>

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of South Sudan}}

{{See also|Tourism in South Sudan}}
[[File:South Sudan 012.jpg|thumb|[[Scarification|Scarified]] woman, South Sudan, 2011]]

Due to the many years of civil war, South Sudan's culture is heavily influenced by its neighbours. Many South Sudanese fled to Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda where they interacted with the nationals and learned their languages and culture. Most of those who remained in Sudan until or after independence partially assimilated to Sudanese culture and speak [[Juba Arabic]] or [[Sudanese Arabic]].

Most South Sudanese value knowing one's tribal origin, its traditional culture and [[dialect]] even while in exile and [[diaspora]]. Although the common languages spoken are Juba Arabic and English, [[Swahili language|Swahili]] might be introduced to the population to improve the country's relations with its East African neighbours.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Africanews {{!}} S. Sudan to adopt Swahili as official language, seeks Tanzania's help |url=https://www.africanews.com/amp/2017/07/06/s-sudan-to-adopt-swahili-as-official-language-seeks-tanzania-s-help/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250501050349/https://www.africanews.com/amp/2017/07/06/s-sudan-to-adopt-swahili-as-official-language-seeks-tanzania-s-help/ |archive-date=2025-05-01 |access-date=2026-03-28 |website=Africanews |language=en}}</ref>

=== Music ===
Many music artists from South Sudan use English, Swahili, Juba Arabic, their native African language or a mix of all. Popular artists like Barbz, [[Yaba Angelosi]], De Peace Child sing [[Afro-beat]], R&B, and [[Zouk (musical movement)|Zouk]]; [[Dynamq]] is popular for his [[reggae]] releases; and Emmanuel Kembe who sings [[Folk music|folk]], reggae and Afro-beat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Sudan's Music Identity by Mawa Minga |url=https://www.andariya.com/post/south-sudan-s-music-identity |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=Andariya |date=30 May 2022 |archive-date=23 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123211640/https://www.andariya.com/post/south-sudan-s-music-identity |url-status=live}}</ref> Also hip hop artists like [[Emmanuel Jal]], FTG Metro, Flizzame and Dugga Mulla (of FMG). Emmanuel being one of the South Sudaneses music artists who have broken through on an international level<ref>{{cite web|url=http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/view/page.basic/artist/content.artist/emmanuel_jal/en_US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027025559/http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/view/page.basic/artist/content.artist/emmanuel_jal/en_US|archive-date=27 October 2009|title=Emmanuel Jal: National Geographic World Music|access-date=21 December 2013}}</ref> with his unique form of [[Hip hop music|hip hop]] and a positive message in his lyrics.<ref>{{cite news|last=Stevenson|first=Jane|url=http://www.torontosun.com/2012/08/08/emmanuel-jal-uses-music-as-therapy|title=Emmanuel Jal uses music as therapy | Music | Entertainment|newspaper=Toronto Sun|date=8 August 2012|access-date=21 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101183859/http://www.torontosun.com/2012/08/08/emmanuel-jal-uses-music-as-therapy|archive-date=1 November 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Jal, a former [[child soldier]] turned musician, received good airplay and album reviews in the UK<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/g9zf/|title=Music — Review of Emmanuel Jal — Warchild|publisher=BBC|date=1 January 1970|access-date=21 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010131912/http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/g9zf|archive-date=10 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> and has also been sought out for the lecture circuit with major talks at popular talkfests like [[TED (conference)|TED]].<ref>{{cite web|author=((TEDGlobal 2009))|url=https://www.ted.com/talks/emmanuel_jal_the_music_of_a_war_child|title=Emmanuel Jal: The music of a war child | Video on|date=7 August 2009 |publisher=[[TED (conference)|TED]] |access-date=21 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818162134/http://www.ted.com/talks/emmanuel_jal_the_music_of_a_war_child.html|archive-date=18 August 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Media{{anchor|Media freedom}} ===
{{Main|Media of South Sudan}}

While former Information Minister [[Barnaba Marial Benjamin]] vowed that South Sudan will respect [[freedom of the press]] and allow journalists unrestricted access in the country, the chief editor of [[Juba]] newspaper ''[[The Citizen (South Sudan)|The Citizen]]'' claimed that in the absence of a formal freedom of the press law, he and his staff have faced abuse at the hands of security forces. This alleged fettering of media freedom was attributed in an [[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] report to the difficulty [[SPLM]] has faced in reforming itself as a legitimate government after years of leading a rebellion against the Sudanese government. ''The Citizen'' is South Sudan's largest newspaper, but poor infrastructure and poverty have kept its staff relatively small and limited the efficiency of both its reporting and its circulation outside of Juba, with no dedicated news bureaus in outlying states and newspapers often taking several days to reach states like [[Northern Bahr el Ghazal]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/spotlight/southsudanindependence/2011/07/201171211357184117.html|publisher=Al Jazeera English|date=12 July 2011|access-date=12 July 2011|title=South Sudan journalists facing intimidation|first=Gregg|last=Carlstrom|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713130342/http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/spotlight/southsudanindependence/2011/07/201171211357184117.html|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2020, ''South Sudan Friendship Press'' was established as the country's first dedicated online news website.<ref>{{cite web|title=South Sudan Friendship Press|url=https://www.s-sfp.com/ |language=en|access-date=8 May 2020|archive-date=9 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609180846/https://www.s-sfp.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>
''Nile citizens'' is laid out as the nation's committed web-based news site.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nilecitizens.com/category/nile-news-upades/south-sudan/ |title=South Sudan Nile Citizens |date=5 December 2023 |access-date=19 August 2023 |archive-date=19 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819112036/https://nilecitizens.com/category/nile-news-upades/south-sudan/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Censorship ====
On 1 November 2011, South Sudan's National Security Services (NSS) arrested the editor of a private Juba-based daily, ''Destiny'', and suspended its activities indefinitely. This was in response to an opinion article by columnist Dengdit Ayok, entitled "Let Me Say So", which criticised the president for allowing his daughter to marry an Ethiopian national, and accused him of "staining his patriotism". An official letter accused the newspaper of breaking "the media code of conduct and professional ethics", and of publishing "illicit news" that was defamatory, inciting, and invading the privacy of personalities. The [[Committee to Protect Journalists]] had voiced concerns over media freedoms in South Sudan in September.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cpj.org/2011/11/south-sudan-security-detains-two-journalists.php|publisher=Committee to Protect Journalists|date=7 November 2011|access-date=8 November 2011|title=South Sudan security detains two journalists|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108005137/http://www.cpj.org/2011/11/south-sudan-security-detains-two-journalists.php|archive-date=8 November 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> The NSS released the journalists without charge after having held them for 18 days.<ref name="Sudan Tribune 2011-11-18" />

In 2015, Salva Kiir threatened to kill journalists who reported "against the country".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-34008089|title=South Sudan journalist Peter Moi shot dead|publisher=bbcnews.com|access-date=3 September 2015|date=20 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822232154/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-34008089|archive-date=22 August 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Work conditions have become terrible for journalists, and many have left the country, such as documentarian Ochan Hannington.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/south-sudanese-filmmaker-ochan-hannington-speaks-about-his-dangerous-work-and-why-he-loves|title=Risking my life|first=Ochan|last=Hannington|date=31 October 2015|publisher=D+C, development and cooperation|access-date=21 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122182556/http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/south-sudanese-filmmaker-ochan-hannington-speaks-about-his-dangerous-work-and-why-he-loves|archive-date=22 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2015, after journalist Peter Moi was killed in a targeted attack, being the seventh journalist killed during the year, South Sudanese journalists held a 24-hour news blackout.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/World/2015/Aug-21/312136-south-sudan-media-blackout-after-reporter-shot-dead.ashx|title=South Sudan media blackout after reporter shot dead|newspaper=Daily Star |access-date=3 September 2015|date=21 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825035239/http://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/World/2015/Aug-21/312136-south-sudan-media-blackout-after-reporter-shot-dead.ashx|archive-date=25 August 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

In August 2017, a 26-year-old American journalist, Christopher Allen, was killed in [[Kaya, South Sudan|Kaya]], [[Yei River State]], during fighting between government and opposition forces. Christopher Allen was a freelance journalist who had worked for several US news outlets. He had been reportedly embedded with the opposition forces in South Sudan for a week before he was killed.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.southsudan.biz/2017/08/27/us-journalist-killed-in-yei-river/|title=US journalist killed in Yei River|website=southsudan.biz|access-date=19 September 2017|date=27 August 2017|archive-date=26 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226225839/http://www.southsudan.biz/2017/08/27/us-journalist-killed-in-yei-river/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The same month, President Salva Kiir said the millions of civilians fleeing South Sudan were being driven by the propaganda from social media users conspiring against his government.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.southsudan.biz/2017/08/28/south-sudan-president-downplays-refugee-crisis-blames-social-media/|title=South Sudan president downplays refugee crisis, blames social media|website=southsudan.biz|access-date=19 September 2017|date=28 August 2017|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126100548/http://www.southsudan.biz/2017/08/28/south-sudan-president-downplays-refugee-crisis-blames-social-media/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Just a month prior in July 2017, access to major news websites and popular blogs including [[Sudan Tribune]] and Radio Tamazuj<ref>[https://radiotamazuj.org/en Radio Tamazuj]</ref> had been blocked by the government without formal notice.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dw.com/en/south-sudan-blocks-access-to-independent-websites/a-39786961|title=South Sudan blocks access to independent websites|publisher=Deutsche Welle |access-date=19 September 2017|date=21 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909044730/http://www.dw.com/en/south-sudan-blocks-access-to-independent-websites/a-39786961|archive-date=9 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2020, access to [[Sudans Post]], a local news website, was blocked by the government following the publication of an article deemed defamatory by the NSS.<ref>{{Cite book |date=23 December 2020 |title=World Report 2021: Rights Trends in South Sudan |chapter=South Sudan: Events of 2020 |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2021/country-chapters/south-sudan |access-date=16 June 2021 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |language=en |archive-date=16 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616131220/https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2021/country-chapters/south-sudan |url-status=live}}</ref> Two months later, Qurium Media Foundation, a Swedish non-profit organisation, announced that it has deployed a mirror for the website to circumvent the government blocking.<ref>{{Cite web|title="Sudans Post" gets blocked after receiving personal threats from NSS – transcript revealed – Qurium Media Foundation|url=https://www.qurium.org/alerts/blocked-sudans-post-received-threats-for-achai-wiir-related-articles/|access-date=16 June 2021|language=en-GB|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195455/https://www.qurium.org/alerts/blocked-sudans-post-received-threats-for-achai-wiir-related-articles/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Sports ===
{{Main|Sport in South Sudan}}

[[File:Luol Deng Wizards.jpg|right|thumb|South Sudanese-born basketball player [[Luol Deng]]]]

Many traditional and modern games and sports are popular in South Sudan, particularly wrestling and mock battles. The traditional sports were mainly played after the harvest seasons to celebrate the harvests and finish the farming seasons. During the matches, they smeared themselves with [[ochre]] – perhaps to enhance the grip or heighten their perception. The matches attracted large numbers of spectators who sang, played drums and danced in support of their favourite wrestlers. Though these were perceived as competition, they were primarily for entertainment.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sudan in Pictures|last=DiPiazza|first=Francesca|year=2006|publisher=21st-century Books|isbn=978-0-8225-2678-0|page=54|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jaLr4YpUHGUC&pg=PA54|access-date=14 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202093506/https://books.google.com/books?id=jaLr4YpUHGUC&pg=PA54|archive-date=2 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Association football]] is also becoming popular in South Sudan, and there are many initiatives by the Government of South Sudan and other partners to promote the sport and improve the level of play. One of these initiatives is South Sudan Youth Sports Association (SSYSA). SSYSA is already holding football clinics in Konyokonyo and Muniki areas of Juba in which young boys are coached. In recognition of these efforts with youth football, the country recently hosted the [[Council for East and Central Africa Football Associations|CECAFA]] youth football competitions. Barely a month earlier, it had also hosted the larger East African Schools Sports tournaments.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Atem |first=James |date=2022-08-24 |title=After 4 years in absentia, S. Sudan returns to EAC school sports games |url=https://www.eyeradio.org/after-4-years-in-absentia-s-sudan-returns-to-eac-school-sports-games/ |access-date=2026-03-28 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The [[South Sudan national football team|South Sudan national association football team]] joined the [[Confederation of African Football]] in February 2012 and became a full [[FIFA]] member in May 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/18210048|title=South Sudan joins Fifa 10 months after independence|publisher=BBC News|date=25 May 2012|access-date=27 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527120415/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/18210048|archive-date=27 May 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> The team played its first match against [[Tusker FC]] of the [[Kenyan Premier League]] on 10 July 2011 in Juba as part of independence celebrations,<ref name="sports" /> scoring early but losing 1–3 to the more experienced team.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sknvibes.com/news/newsdetails.cfm/33538|website=SKNVibes|date=10 July 2011|access-date=10 July 2011|title=S. Sudan team kicks off to a good start, then collapses|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927115839/http://www.sknvibes.com/news/newsdetails.cfm/33538|archive-date=27 September 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Famous South Sudanese footballers are [[Machop Chol]], [[James Moga]], [[Richard Justin]], [[Athir Thomas]], [[Goma Genaro Awad]], [[Khamis Leyano]], [[Khamis Martin]], William Afani Clicks and [[Roy Gulwak]].

The South Sudanese can boast links to top basketball players. [[Luol Deng]] was a [[National Basketball Association]] star in the United States; at the international level, he represented [[Great Britain national basketball team|Great Britain]]. Other leading international basketball players from South Sudan include [[Manute Bol]], [[Kueth Duany]], [[Deng Gai]], [[Ater Majok]], [[Wenyen Gabriel]], and [[Thon Maker]]. The [[South Sudan national basketball team]] played its first match against the [[Uganda national basketball team]] on 10 July 2011 in Juba.<ref name="sports">{{cite news|url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/basketball/worlds-newest-nation-set-to-step-into-sporting-arena/451201|title=World's Newest Nation Set to Step into Sporting Arena|newspaper=The Jakarta Globe|date=6 July 2011|access-date=21 December 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927093457/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/basketball/worlds-newest-nation-set-to-step-into-sporting-arena/451201|archive-date=27 September 2012}}</ref> The nation made their debut at the [[FIBA Basketball World Cup]] in [[2023 FIBA Basketball World Cup|2023]]. The also made their [[AfroBasket]] debut in [[FIBA AfroBasket 2021|2021]] finishing 7th.

One athlete from South Sudan, [[Guor Marial]], competed in the [[2012 Summer Olympics]]. Due to South Sudan not yet having an official Olympics organisation, and Marial not yet possessing American citizenship, he, along with three athletes from the former [[Netherlands Antilles]], competed under the banner of [[Independent Olympic Athletes at the 2012 Summer Olympics|Independent Olympic Athletes]].

On 2 August at the 128th IOC Session, South Sudan was granted full recognition of its [[South Sudan National Olympic Committee|National Olympic Committee]]. [[South Sudan at the 2016 Summer Olympics|South Sudan competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics]] with three athletes in track and field. No medals were won during this Olympics.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rio2016.com/en/south-sudan|title=South Sudan|website=Rio 2016|access-date=18 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125235855/https://www.rio2016.com/en/south-sudan|archive-date=25 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Outline of South Sudan]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist
|refs =
<ref name="Sudan Tribune 2011-11-18">{{cite news|title=South Sudan releases two journalists without charges|newspaper=[[Sudan Tribune]]|date=18 November 2011|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/South-Sudan-releases-two,40769|access-date=2 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111229115124/https://www.sudantribune.com/South-Sudan-releases-two,40769|archive-date=29 December 2011}}</ref>
}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{Country study}} – [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/sdtoc.html Sudan] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120630181108/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/sdtoc.html |date=30 June 2012}}
*Walter C. Soderlund, E. Donald Briggs, ''The Independence of South Sudan: The Role of Mass Media in the Responsibility to Prevent'', Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2014. pp. $38.99 (paper), {{ISBN|978-1-77112-117-0}}
* Mohamed Omer Beshir: ''The Southern Sudan. Background to Conflict''. C. Hurst & Co., London 1968.
*{{cite book|last=Biel|first=Melha Rout|title=South Sudan after the Comprehensive Peace Agreement|year=2007|publisher=Netzbandt Verlag|location=Jena|isbn=978-3-937884-01-1}}
*{{cite book|last1=Daly|first1=M. W.|last2=Rolandsen|first2=Øystein H.|title=A History of South Sudan: From Slavery to Independence|date=2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK|isbn=978-0-521-11631-2|oclc=921821890}}
*{{cite book|last=Tvedt|first=Terje|title=South Sudan. An Annotated Bibliography. (2 vols)|year=2004|publisher=IB Tauris|location=London/New York|isbn=978-1-86064-987-5|edition=2nd}}
*{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12107760|title=Profile: Southern Sudan leader Salva Kiir|date=5 January 2011|publisher=[[BBC News]]|access-date=24 July 2011|archive-date=20 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720231355/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12107760|url-status=live}}
*{{cite web|date=June 2009|title=No One to Intervene: Gaps in Civilian Protection in Southern Sudan|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]|location=New York|url=http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/documents/HRW_GapsCivlianProtection_SouthernSudan.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001005138/http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/documents/HRW_GapsCivlianProtection_SouthernSudan.pdf|archive-date=1 October 2011}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{sister project links||d=Q958|c=Category:South Sudan|n=Category:South Sudan|b=no|v=no|voy=South Sudan|m=no|mw=no|s=no|q=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
* [https://twitter.com/southsudangov?lang=en Government of South Sudan]
* [https://www.southsudanembassyusa.org/ Government of South Sudan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220043020/https://www.southsudanembassyusa.org/ |date=20 February 2021 }} – USA and UN Mission
* [https://embrss.org.uk/ Government of South Sudan] – UK Mission
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20260118125100/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-sudan/ South Sudan]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14069082 South Sudan profile] from the [[BBC News]].
* {{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Sudan |volume=26 |last=Cana |first=Frank Richardson |pages=9–19 |short=1}}
* [http://sudanproject.ryanspencerreed.com/gallery/ Photographer's Account of South Sudan – "The Cost of Silence: A Traveling Exhibition"]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101020011532/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2010/11/southern-sudan/teague-text "Sudan's Shaky Peace"], ''[[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]]'', November 2010.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101017153604/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2010/11/southern-sudan/steinmetz-photography Photo gallery] by [[George Steinmetz]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140419170725/http://www.hnkcnews.com/2014/04/19/un-outrage-at-south-sudan-attack/ UN Outrage at South Sudan Attack]

{{Coord|8|N|30|E|display=title}}

{{South Sudan topics}}
{{Countries of Africa}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=September 2025}}

[[Category:2011 establishments in South Sudan]]
[[Category:Countries and territories where English is an official language]]
[[Category:Countries in Africa]]
[[Category:Countries in Central Africa]]
[[Category:Countries in East Africa]]
[[Category:East African Community]]
[[Category:Federal republics]]
[[Category:Landlocked countries]]
[[Category:Least developed countries]]
[[Category:Member states of the African Union]]
[[Category:Member states of the United Nations]]
[[Category:South Sudan| ]] 
[[Category:States and territories established in 2011]]

Mahabharat (1988 TV series)

2026-03-26T07:07:33Z

S7singh: expanded content

{{short description|1988 TV series by B. R. Chopra based on Mahabharata}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Mahabharat (1988) title logo screenshot.jpg
| caption =
| genre = Epic
| creator = [[B. R. Chopra]]
| based_on = ''[[Mahabharata]]'' by Veda Vyasa
| developer =
| writer = [[Pandit Narendra Sharma]] [[Rahi Masoom Raza]]
| director = B. R. Chopra [[Ravi Chopra]]
| creative_director = Yashwant Mahilwar
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| narrator = [[Harish Bhimani]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 94
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = D.H. Vengurlekar
| producer = B. R. Chopra
| cinematography = Dharam Chopra
| editor = Shailendra Doke Birpal Singh
| screenplay = [[Rahi Masoom Raza]]
| runtime = 40-45 minutes
| first_aired = {{Start date|1988|10|02|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|1990|06|24|df=yes}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=31 years of Mahabharat on Doordarshan: Interesting facts about one of most popular TV shows ever |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/31-years-of-mahabharat-on-doordarshan-know-interesting-facts-about-one-of-most-popular-tv-shows-ever/1724556/ |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref>
| related = [[Mahabharat Katha]]
| network = [[DD National]]
| composer = [[Raj Kamal]]
| company = B.R. Films
}}

'''''Mahabharat''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language epic television series based on the ancient [[Sanskrit epic]] Sanatan Hindu Dharma spiritual, devotional religious scripture ''[[Mahabharata]]''. The original airing consisted of a total of 94 episodes<ref name=":0">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1488935/BR-Chopra |title=B.R. Chopra (Indian filmmaker) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2012-08-10}}</ref> and were broadcast from 2 October 1988 to 24 June 1990 on [[Doordarshan]].<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{cite book |last=McLain |first=Karline |title=India's immortal comic books: gods, kings, and other heroes |year=2009 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-22052-3 |page=46 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/iconic-devotional-series-mahabharat-to-be-re-telecast-beginning-saturday-at-12-and-7-pm/articleshow/74852492.cms|title=Iconic devotional series 'Mahabharat' to be re-telecast beginning Saturday at 12 and 7 PM|website=The Times of India}}</ref> It was produced by [[B. R. Chopra]] and directed by his son, [[Ravi Chopra]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/tv/on-br-chopras-birth-anniversary-heres-looking-back-at-how-his-greatest-creation-mahabharat-came-into-being|title=Remembering BR Chopra: The Story Behind His Iconic 'Mahabharat'|website=The Quint|date=22 April 2016}}</ref> The music was composed by [[Raj Kamal]]. The script was written by [[Pandit Narendra Sharma]], based on the epic composed by Maharishi Veda Vyasa. The dialogues were penned by Rahi Masoom Raza. Costumes for the series were provided by [[Maganlal Dresswala]].<ref name="tri">{{cite news |title=Behind the scenes: Dress designers to actors & deities |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030420/spectrum/main5.htm |newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date= 20 April 2003 |access-date=2 June 2013}}</ref> The serial claims to have used the Critical Edition of [[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute]] as its basic source with [[Vishnu Sitaram Sukthankar]] and Shripad Krishna Belwalkar as its primary editor.

Each episode is 40–46 minutes long and begins with a title song that consisted of lyrical content and two verses from the [[Bhagavad Gita]].<ref name=titlesong>{{citation |title=Title Song Lyrics from the TV Series Mahabharat |url=http://www.talkativeman.com/title-song-from-the-tv-series-mahabharat-hindu-epic/ |date=21 September 2013 |access-date=1 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318094225/http://www.talkativeman.com/title-song-from-the-tv-series-mahabharat-hindu-epic/ |archive-date=18 March 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The title song was sung and the verses rendered by singer [[Mahendra Kapoor]]. The title song is followed by a narration by Indian voice-artist [[Harish Bhimani]] as a personification of Time, detailing the current circumstances and highlighting the spiritual significance of the content of the episodes.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/31-years-of-mahabharat-on-doordarshan-know-interesting-facts-about-one-of-most-popular-tv-shows-ever/1724556/|title=31 years of Mahabharat on Doordarshan: Interesting facts about one of most popular TV shows ever|website=The Financial Express}}</ref>

''[[Mahabharat Katha]]'', another part of the serial was aired on 1997 which covers all the untold stories about Karna's marriage with Padmavati, Arjuna's marriage with [[Chitrāngadā]] and [[Ulupi]], and stories about [[Ghatotkacha]], [[Barbarika]], [[Vrishaketu]], [[Babruvahana]], conspiracies of Viprachitti, [[Ashvamedha|Ashwamedha Yajna]], Dushala's story and aftermath of the [[Kurukshetra War]], which are not covered in the original series.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}

==Premise==

The series covers the story of epic [[Mahabharata]] with [[Krishna]], [[Pandavas]], [[Kauravas]] being the main focus of the epic.

The show begins with Emperor [[Bharata (Mahabharata)|Bharata]] giving more importance to 'Capacity' than to 'Birth'. He shows the birth of [[Bhishma]] and his oath, birth of Pandu, [[Dhritarashtra]] and Vidura and birth of Pandavas and Kauravas. The story then focuses on the childhood of Lord Krishna.

Elsewhere, [[Dronacharya]] teaches Pandavas and Kauravas warfare, and after completion asks them to defeat his enemy king Drupada as payment for services or ''Guru Dakshina''. Pandavas do so and give half of Drupad's kingdom to Drona. Dhritarashtra makes Yudhishthira ( the eldest son of Pandu) the crown prince of Hastinapur. Shakuni (the maternal uncle of the Kauravas) and Duryodhana the eldest of the Kauravas hatch a plan to burn Pandavas and Kunti alive, but they survive and go into hiding, letting the rumour spread that they died in the fire. Duryodhana is made crown prince of Hastinapur.

Arjuna the best fighter among the Pandavas wins the hand of Draupadi in her [[swayamvara]]. Later, [[Yudhishthir]]a is made the king of Indraprastha and Pandavas conduct ''Rajsuya Yagna'' where Draupadi insults [[Duryodhana]]. Later Duryodhana has his revenge by first defeating Yudhisthira in a rigged game of dice, in which Yudhisthira stakes his kingdom, his brothers and Draupadi and loses all, Duryodhana tries to disrobe Draupadi in front of the whole court, but she is saved by lord Krishna, then the Pandavas along with Draupadi are sent to an exile of 12 years and 1 year of living in anonymity. After the period of exile is over Duryodhana argues that the Pandavas violated the condition of anonymity in their last year of exile, therefore they must spend another 12 years in exile followed by another year of exile in anonymity. This conflict begins to sow the seed for the Mahabharata War.

Arjuna and Subhadra's son Abhimanyu marries Uttara. Krishna tries to make peace between both parties. [[Indra]] in the disguise of a Brahmin took Karna's armor and earrings. Kunti's sorrow on the corpse of Karna reveals Karna's true identity of being the eldest Pandava.

Before Mahabharata War, Shri Krishna enlightens Arjuna about the "[[Bhagavad Gita]]" and shows his ''Virata Swaroopa'' to Arjuna. The latter shows the deaths of Bhishma, Drona, Karna, Abhimanyu, Shalya, Shakuni, Jayadrata, Ghatotkacha, 100 Kauravas, 5 sons of Draupadi and many other warriors in the war leading to the victory of Pandavas over Kauravas. Only 5 Pandavas, Satyaki, Yuyutsu, Krishna, Ashwatthama, Kritavarma and Kripacharya survive. Gandhari holds Krishna responsible for her sons' death and curses that his family will also get destroyed. The show ends with Yudhishthir's ''Rajyabhishek'' and Bhishma's death.

== Cast ==
===Main===
{{Div col}}
* [[Nitish Bharadwaj]] as [[Krishna in the Mahabharata|Krishna]], eighth avatar of [[Vishnu]], Devaki-Vasudev's eighth son, foster son of Nand and Yashoda, Balrama and Subhadra's brother, Pandavas' cousin.
**Kewal Shah as adolescent [[Krishna]]
* [[Pankaj Dheer]] as [[Karna]], son of [[Kunti]] and [[Surya]] Dev, Adhiratha-Radha's foster son, King of [[Anga]], Pandavas' Eldest Brother.
** Harendra Paintal as young [[Karna]]
* [[Mukesh Khanna]] as [[Bhishma]], Shantanu-Ganga's eighth son, eighth [[Vasu]], [[Satyavati]]'s step-son, elder half-brother of [[Chitrāngada|Chitrangada]] and [[Vichitravirya]], paternal uncle of [[Dhritrashtra]], [[Pandu]], and [[Vidur]], paternal granduncle of the [[Kauravas]] and the [[Pandavas]]
** [[Daboo Malik|Krish Malik]] as adolescent [[Bhishma]]
* [[Gajendra Chauhan]] as [[Yudhishthira]], first Pandava, son of Kunti and [[Yama]], second eldest son of Kuru Clan, King of [[Indraprastha]] and later [[Hastinapura]], husband of Draupadi, father of [[Prativindhya]], Kauravas' Elder Cousin
** Sonu as young [[Yudhishthira]]
* [[Praveen Kumar Sobti|Praveen Kumar]] as [[Bhima]], second Pandava, son of Kunti and [[Vayu]], [[Yuvaraja|Yuvraj]] (crown prince) of [[Indraprastha]] and later [[Hastinapura]], husband of Draupadi and [[Hidimbi]], father of [[Ghatotkacha]], [[Sutasoma]], Duryodhana's Younger Cousin
** Mallik as young [[Bhima]]
* [[Arjun (Firoz Khan)|
Firoz Khan]] as [[Arjuna]], third Pandava, son of Kunti and Indra, husband of [[Draupadi]], [[Ulupi]], [[Chitrāngadā]] and [[Subhadra]], brother-in-law of [[Balaram]] and [[Krishna]], father of [[Abhimanyu]], [[Babruvahana]], [[Iravan]] and [[Shrutakarma]], Duryodhan's Younger cousin
** Ankur Javeri as young [[Arjuna]]
* [[Roopa Ganguly]] as [[Draupadi]], wife of the Pandavas, also called Panchali and Yagyaseni, younger daughter of [[Drupada]], Princess of [[Panchala]], sister of Dhrishtadhyumna and Shikhandi, mother of [[Upapandavas]]
* [[Puneet Issar]] as [[Duryodhana]], eldest son of Gandhari and Dhritarashtra, elder brother of 99 Kauravas, husband of Bhanumati, Yudhishthira's younger cousin, Elder Cousin of other 4 Pandavas, Lakshmanaa's Father, Crown prince of Hastinapura, Karna's best friend
**Amit Shukla as young [[Duryodhana]]
* Sameer Chitre as [[Nakula]], fourth Pandava, son of Madri and [[Ashvins|Ashwini Kumara]], husband of Draupadi, father of [[Shatanika]]
* Sanjeev Chitre as [[Sahadeva]], fifth Pandav, son of Madri and [[Ashvins|Ashwini Kumara]], husband of Draupadi and father of [[Shrutasena]]
* [[Vinod Kapoor]] as [[Dushasana]], second son of Gandhari and Dhritarashtra, Duryodhan's younger brother
** Kaushal Shah as young [[Dushasana]]
* [[Gufi Paintal]] as [[Shakuni]], Gandhari's brother, later King of [[Gandhara]], maternal uncle of Duryodhana and his 99 brothers
* [[Girija Shankar]] as [[Dhritrashtra]], [[Vichitravirya]]'s son from Ambika (eldest), later king of [[Hastinapura]], father of Kauravas
* Renuka Israni as [[Gandhari (Mahabharata)|Gandhari]], wife of Dhritrashtra, Queen of [[Hastinapura]], mother of Kauravas, princess of [[Gandhara]], sister of Shakuni
* [[Nazneen]] as [[Kunti]], Pandu's first wife, mother of Karna, Yudhisthira, Bhim and Arjuna, daughter of [[Shurasena]], Vasudeva's sister, Yadava princess, foster daughter of [[Kunti-Bhoja]]
* [[Virendra Razdan]] as [[Vidura]], the [[prime minister]] of Hastinapur, son of Ambika's head maid Parishrami, fathered by [[Vyasa]], half-brother to the kings [[Dhritarashtra]] and [[Pandu]] of [[Hastinapura]], uncle of [[Pandavas]] and [[Kauravas]]
* [[Surendra Pal]] as [[Drona]], [[Kauravas]] and [[Pandavas]]' guru, Ashwatthama's father
* [[Dharmesh Tiwari]] as [[Kripa]], family teacher, brother of [[Kripi]], [[Ashwatthama]]'s maternal uncle
* [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] as [[Ashwatthama]], son of [[Dronacharya]]
**Ayush Shah as young [[Ashwatthama]]
{{div col end}}

===Recurring===
* [[Harish Bhimani]] as Time (Samaya), Narrator
* Sagar Salunke as [[Balarama]], Krishna's elder brother
** [[Chetan Hansraj]] as adolescent [[Balarama]]
* Aloka Mukherjee as [[Subhadra]], Arjuna's fourth wife, Abhimanyu's mother, Vasudev's and Rohini's daughter, Krishna-Balaram's younger sister, Yadava princess
* [[Raj Babbar]] as [[Bharata (Mahabharata)|Bharata]], paternal ancestor of the [[Kauravas]] and [[Pandavas]], son of King [[Dushyanta]] and [[Shakuntala]]
* [[Rishabh Shukla]] as [[Shantanu]], descendant of King Bharata, husband of [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]] and [[Satyavati]], father of [[Bhishma]], [[Chitrāngada|Chitrangada]] and [[Vichitravirya]], paternal grandfather of [[Dhritarashtra]] and [[Pandu]], paternal great-grandfather of the [[Kauravas]] and the [[Pandavas]]
* [[Kiran Juneja]] as [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]], Shantanu's first wife, [[Bhishma]]'s mother, the [[holy river]] of [[Hindus]]
* [[Debashree Roy]] as [[Satyavati]], King Shantanu's second wife; [[Vyasa]], [[Chitrāngada|Chitrangada]], and [[Vichitravirya]]'s mother, [[Bhishma]]'s step-mother, paternal grandmother of [[Dhritarashtra]], [[Pandu]], and [[Vidur]], paternal great-grandmother of the [[Kauravas]] and the [[Pandavas]]
* [[Rajesh Vivek]] as [[Vyasa]], son of [[Parashara]] and [[Satyavati]], father of [[Dhritarashtra]], [[Pandu]] and [[Vidura]], partial incarnation of [[Vishnu]], author of [[Mahabharata]]
* [[Sudesh Berry]] as [[Vichitravirya]], Shantanu-Satyavati's second son after [[Chitrāngada|Chitrangada]], Bhisma's step brother, husband of [[Ambika (Mahabharata)|Ambika]] and [[Ambalika]], father of [[Dhritarashtra]] and [[Pandu]], paternal grandfather of the [[Kauravas]] and the [[Pandavas]]
* Jahnavi as [[Amba (Mahabharata)|Amba]] (Shikhandini), the first princess of [[Kingdom of Kashi|Kashi]], [[Shikhandi]] (reincarnated by Yaksha)
* Meena Chakrabarty as [[Ambika (Mahabharata)|Ambika]], second princess of [[Kingdom of Kashi|Kashi]], [[Vichitravirya]]'s first queen, mother of [[Dhritarashtra]], paternal grandmother of the [[Kauravas]]
* Menaka Babbar as [[Ambalika]], third princess of [[Kingdom of Kashi|Kashi]], [[Vichitravirya]]'s second queen, mother of [[Pandu]], paternal grandmother of the [[Pandavas]]
* Paintal as [[Sudama]] / [[Shikhandi]]
* Tarakesh Chauhan as [[Pandu]], [[Vichitravirya]]'s son from Ambalika (the youngest wife), King of [[Hastinapur]], husband of [[Kunti]] and [[Madri]], father of [[Pandavas]]
* [[Roma Manek]] as [[Madri]], Pandu's second wife, [[Madra]] princess, mother of Nakula and Sahadeva
* Asha Singh as [[Characters in the Mahabharata#Kripi|Kripi]], sister of Kripacharya, wife of Dronacharya and mother of Ashwathama
* Kamlesh Maan as [[Characters in the Mahabharata#Sulabha|Devi Sulabha]], [[Vidur]]a's wife
* [[Lalit Mohan Tiwari]] as [[Sanjaya]], Dhritarashtra's advisor and also his [[chariot]]eer
* Kapil Kumar as [[Shalya]], Madri's elder brother, King of [[Madra]]
* Shahla Khan as [[Hidimbi]], Hidimb's sister, Bheem's wife, Kunti's daughter-in-law and Ghatotkacha's mother
* Razak Khan as [[Ghatotkacha]], son of [[Bhima]] and [[Hidimbi]]
* Mayur Verma (Master Mayur) as [[Abhimanyu]], son of [[Arjuna|Arjun]] and [[Subhadra]], husband of [[Uttara (Mahabharata)|Uttara]], father of [[Parikshit]]
* [[Varsha Usgaonkar]] as [[Uttarā (Mahabharata)|Uttara]], Abhimanyu's wife, [[Matsya Kingdom|Matsya]] princess, mother of [[Parikshit]]
* Dinesh Anand as [[Vikarna]], son of Gandhari and Dhritarashtra, Duyodhan's younger brother
* Paramjeet Chima as Dashraj, [[Satyavati]]'s father
* [[Om Katare]] as [[Adhiratha]], charioteer, [[Karna]]'s foster father
* Saroj Sharma as [[Radha (Mahābhārata)|Radha]], [[Adhiratha]]'s wife, [[Karna]]'s foster mother
* Ramlal Gupta as [[Ugrasena]], King of [[Mathura]], [[Surasena]], father of Kansa and Devaki
* [[Goga Kapoor]] as [[Kamsa|Kansa]], son of Ugrasena, elder brother of Devaki, maternal uncle of [[Krishna]] and [[Balarama]]
* Vishnu Sharma as [[Vasudeva|Vasudev]], son of [[Shurasena]], brother of [[Kunti]], prince of [[Vrishni]] tribe, father of Balarama, Krishna, and Subhadra, maternal uncle of the [[Pandavas]]
* Kshama Raj as [[Rohini (wife of Vasudeva)|Rohini]], Vasudeva's elder wife, mother of Balarama
* [[Sheela Sharma]] as [[Devaki]], Vasudeva's younger wife, younger sister of Kansa, daughter of Ugrasena, mother of Krishna and Subhadra
* [[Rasik Dave]] as [[Nanda (Hinduism)|Nanda]], chief of [[Gokul]], foster father of Krishna
* Manju Vyas as [[Yashoda]], Nand's wife, foster mother of Krishna
* Channa Ruparel as [[Rukmini]], [[Krishna]]'s chief wife
* Parijat as Maharani [[Radha]], [[Krishna]]'s consort
*[[Sumeet Raghavan]] as adolescent [[Sudama]]
* Ajay Sinha as [[Akrura|Akroor]], Chief of the [[Vrishni]]
* Bashir Khan as [[Satyaki]]
* [[Ashok Banthia]] as [[Kritavarma]]
* Pradeep Sharma as Panchalaraj [[Drupada]], Draupadi's father, King of [[Panchala]] and Rishi [[Durvasa]]
* [[Arun Bakshi]] as [[Dhrishtadyumna]], Draupadi's elder brother, Prince of [[Panchala]]
* [[Kanwarjit Paintal]] as [[Shikhandi]], Drupad's elder son and also as adult [[Sudama]]
* Ashok Sharma as [[Virata]], King of [[Matsya Kingdom|Matsya]]
* Chandni Sharma as [[Sudeshna]], Queen of [[Matsya Kingdom|Matsya]]
* [[Sameer Rajda]] as [[Uttara (Mahabharata)|Uttar]], crown prince of [[Matsya Kingdom|Matsya]]
* [[Sharat Saxena]] as [[Kichaka]], Army General of [[Matsya Kingdom|Matsya]]
* [[Deep Dhillon]] as [[Jayadratha]], [[Dushala]]'s husband, Kauravas' brother-in-law, King of [[Sindhu Kingdom|Sindhu]]
* Vikrant Mathur as Subala, [[Shakuni]]'s and [[Gandhari (Mahabharata)|Gandhari]]'s father, King of [[Gandhara]]
* [[Shavinder Mahal]] as [[Parashurama]] and [[Shiva]]
* [[Satish Kaul]] as [[Indra]]
* [[Gopi Krishna (dancer)|Gopi Krishna]] as [[Chitrasena (Mahabharata)|Chitrasena]]
* Rakesh Bidua as Kashya, King of [[Kingdom of Kashi|Kashi]]
* Rana Jung Bahadur as [[Jarasandha]], King of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]], father-in-law of [[Kamsa]]
* Karunakar Pathak as [[Shishupala]], King of [[Chedi Kingdom|Chedi]], a maternal cousin of [[Krishna]] and [[Balarama]]
* Pawan Shukla as Shalva Kumar, Prince of [[Salwa Kingdom|Salwa]], Princess [[Amba (Mahabharata)|Amba]]'s lover
* Prem Sagar as [[Kanva]]
* [[Pankaj Berry]] as [[Kindama]], a sage who cursed [[Pandu]]
* Mini Singh as [[Kindama]]'s wife
* [[Mulraj Rajda]] as King Shantanu's Royal Guru and Gandharva Mukhiya

===Episodic appearance===
* [[Ashalata Wabgaonkar]] as [[Shakuntala]], Bharata's mother, King [[Dushyanta]]'s wife
* Vikas Prasad as [[Ekalavya]]
* Randhir Singh as [[Hidimba|Hidimb]] and [[Putana]]
* Sabrina as [[Putana]] (cameo)
* [[Dara Singh]] as [[Hanuman]] (cameo)
* [[Raj Kishore]] as Rajpurohit of Panchal Kingdom (cameo)
* [[Dinesh Kaushik]] as [[Rukmi]]
* Bashir Khan (not the one who played [[Satyaki]]) as Parashar, father of Vyasa, Commander of Hastinapura
*Vinod Raut as [[Purochana]], architect of Laksagriha in Varnavata

==Episodes==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Episode No. !! Summary !! Air date
|-
| 1 || Introduction of the [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru]] dynasty, [[Bharata (Mahabharata)|Bharata]] and [[Shantanu]], Shantanu and [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]]'s marriage || 2 October 1988
|-
| 2 || [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]] kills her six cursed sons, [[Bhishma]]'s birth, Ganga and Bhishma leave Shantanu || 9 October 1988
|-
| 3 || Ganga returns Bhishma to Shantanu || 16 October 1988
|-
| 4 || Shantanu and [[Satyavati]]'s marriage, Bhishma's vow of celibacy & Bhishma's wishful death boon, [[Vichitravirya]]'s birth || 23 October 1988
|-
| 5 || [[Amba (Mahabharata)|Amba]], [[Ambika (Mahabharata)|Ambika]] and [[Ambalika]]'s Introduction, Bhishma abducts the three princesses, Bhishma releases Amba while Ambika and Ambalika marry Vichitravirya || 30 October 1988
|-
| 6 || Birth of [[Pandu]], [[Dhritarashtra]] and [[Vidura]], Pandu becomes the temporary king || 6 November 1988
|-
| 7 || [[Kunti]]'s introduction, [[Karna]]'s birth and abandonment, Kunti and [[Madri]] marry Pandu, Dhritarashtra marries [[Gandhari (Mahabharata)|Gandhari]] || 13 November 1988
|-
| 8 || [[Adhiratha]] and [[Radha (Mahābhārata)|Radha]]'s story, [[Kindama]] curses Pandu || 20 November 1988
|-
| 9 || Dhritarashtra's coronation, Pandu, Kunti and Madri renounce the throne, birth of the [[Pandava]]s || 27 November 1988
|-
| 10 || [[Kamsa]]'s cousin [[Devaki]] marries [[Vasudeva]] and a voice warns Kamsa of his doom || 4 December 1988
|-
| 11 || Birth of [[Balarama]] and [[Krishna]] || 11 December 1988
|-
| 12 || [[Nanda (Hinduism)|Nanda]] and [[Yashoda]] adopt Krishna and [[Putana]]'s Death || 18 December 1988
|-
| 13 || Yashoda witnesses the universe in Krishna's mouth and Krishna gets caught stealing butter || 25 December 1988
|-
| 14 || Krishna's no-butter promise to Yashoda and the defeat of [[Kaliya|Kaliya Nag]] || 1 January 1989
|-
| 15 || [[Radha]]'s relationship with Krishna, protest against Kamsa, Devakasur and Trulambasur's death by Krishna || 8 January 1989
|-
| 16 || Kamsa invites Krishna and Balarama to [[Mathura]] || 15 January 1989
|-
| 17 || Krishna kills Kamsa and his assistants; Krishna releases his birth parents and [[Ugrasena]] || 22 January 1989
|-
| 18 || Pandu and Madri's death, Kunti and her sons return to [[Hastinapur]]a || 29 January 1989
|-
| 19 || Satyavati, Ambika and Ambalika quit the kingdom and stay with [[Vyasa]] || 5 February 1989
|-
| 20 || Karna grows up; The enmity between the Pandavas and [[Kaurava]]s begin, [[Duryodhana]] poisons [[Bhima]] and Bhima gains the strength of 1000 Elephants || 12 February 1989
|-
| 21 || [[Sudama]] reunites with Krishna, [[Drona]]charya arrives at Hastinapur and becomes the royal teacher || 19 February 1989
|-
| 22 || Shastra Pooja begins, Drona rejects Karna, [[Arjuna]] becomes Drona's favourite student || 26 February 1989
|-
| 23 || Karna's education under [[Parashurama]], Story of [[Ekalavya]] || 5 March 1989
|-
| 24 || The great weaponry test begins, Karna enters the arena || 12 March 1989
|-
| 25 || Karna is crowned as the king of [[Anga]], and Drona asks the Pandavas and Kauravas to capture [[Drupada]] as revenge || 19 March 1989
|-
| 26 || Krishna obtains the [[Sudarshana Chakra]] from Parashurama, [[Jarasandha]]'s birth and Krishna moves to his new kingdom in [[Dwarka|Dwaraka]] || 26 March 1989
|-
| 27 || [[Yudhishthira]] is crowned as the Crown Prince. [[Rukmini]] of [[Vidarbha]] is Being Forced to Marry [[Shishupala]] || 2 April 1989
|-
| 28 || Krishna Rescues Rukmini and marries her || 9 April 1989
|-
| 29 || The Lac-Palace is built in [[Barnava|Varnavata]] by [[Purochana]] as a murder plot on the Pandavas by Duryodhana and [[Shakuni]] || 16 April 1989
|-
| 30 || Tunneling in the Lac-Palace Begins, The Lac-Palace catches fire || 23 April 1989
|-
| 31 || Escape from the Lac-Palace, Purochana's death || 30 April 1989
|-
| 32 || [[Hidimba]]'s death and Bhima's marriage with demoness [[Hidimbi]], [[Ghatotkacha]]'s birth || 7 May 1989
|-
| 33 || The Pandavas and Kunti move to [[Ekachakra]] and Bhima kills [[Bakasura]] || 14 May 1989
|-
| 34 || [[Dhrishtadyumna]] & [[Draupadi]]'s Birth and Draupadi's [[Svayamvara|Swayamvar]] || 21 May 1989
|-
| 35 || Arjuna wins Draupadi and later she becomes the wife of the 5 Pandavas || 28 May 1989
|-
| 36 || Pandavas Leave from [[Panchala Kingdom (Mahabharata)|Panchala Kingdom]] to Hastinapur || 4 June 1989
|-
| 37 || Pandavas arrive at Hastinapur and Partition of the kingdom || 11 June 1989
|-
| 38 || Pandavas Get [[Khandavprastha]], Balarama agrees to teach Mace fighting to Duryodhana || 18 June 1989
|-
| 39 || Coronation of Yudhishthira, Khandavprastha Becomes [[Indraprastha]] || 25 June 1989
|-
| 40 || Balarama talks about his sister [[Subhadra]]'s marriage, Arjuna elopes with Subhadra || 2 July 1989
|-
| 41 || Arjuna marries Subhadra, Jarasandha's story || 9 July 1989
|-
| 42 || Bheema kills Jarasandha, [[Rajasuya]] Yajna begins, Shishupala's story || 16 July 1989
|-
| 43 || Rajasuya Yajna, Shishupala's death || 23 July 1989
|-
| 44 || Vyasa predicts war between Pandavas and Kauravas, Draupadi laughs at Duryodhana || 30 July 1989
|-
| 45 || Pandavas are invited to Hastinapur to gamble with Shakuni || 6 August 1989
|-
| 46 || Yudhishthir loses everything in the gambling game || 13 August 1989
|-
| 47 || Draupadi's disrobing, Krishna saves Draupadi || 20 August 1989
|-
| 48 || Dhritarashtra returns the losses incurred by Pandavas || 27 August 1989
|-
| 49 || Re-match between Pandavas and Shakuni || 3 September 1989
|-
| 50 || 12 years of exile begins || 10 September 1989
|-
| 51 || [[Chitrasena (Mahabharata)|Chitrasena]] and the [[Gandharva]]s imprison Duryodhana || 17 September 1989
|-
| 52 || Arjuna gets the [[Pashupatastra]] from [[Shiva]], Karna conquers the world || 24 September 1989
|-
| 53 || Krishna saves Draupadi and Pandavas from [[Durvasa]]'s curse using the [[Akshaya Patra|Akshaya-patra]], Bheema meets his son Ghatotkacha and brother [[Hanuman]], Arjuna visits his celestial father Indra and learns dance and music from Chitrasena || 1 October 1989
|-
| 54 || [[Urvashi]] curses Arjuna, [[Abhimanyu]]'s birth, [[Jayadratha]]'s defeat || 8 October 1989
|-
| 55 || Story of the poisoned lake and the [[Yaksha]]'s Questions to Yudhishthira, Abhimanyu is Grown-up || 15 October 1989
|-
| 56 || Pandavas' 1 year of incognito beings in [[Matsya Kingdom|Matsya Desh]] || 22 October 1989
|-
| 57 || Story of Parashurama curses Karna || 29 October 1989
|-
| 58 || [[Keechaka]] harasses Draupadi and is killed by Bheema || 5 November 1989
|-
| 59 || Kauravas Attack Matsya kingdom to expose the Pandavas || 12 November 1989
|-
| 60 || [[Uttara (Mahabharata)|Uttar]] and Arjuna fight in the war and clothes for [[Uttarā (Mahabharata)|Uttaraa]]'s dolls || 19 November 1989
|-
| 61 || Abhimanyu and Uttaraa's marriage and Pandavas decide to send a messenger to Hastinapur to prevent war || 26 November 1989
|-
| 62 || Dhritarashtra does not agree and sends [[Sanjaya]] || 3 December 1989
|-
| 63 || Duryodhana and Arjuna meet Krishna at Dwaraka, Duryodhana gets the Narayani Army from Krishna, and Krishna agrees to become charioteer of Arjuna || 10 December 1989
|-
| 64 || Krishna Goes to Hastinapur as a messenger of peace || 17 December 1989
|-
| 65 || Duryodhana tries to capture Krishna but Krishna shows his [[Vishvarupa|Virata form]], Karna gives away his holy armour and earrings to Indra || 24 December 1989
|-
| 66 || Krishna reveals Karna his true identity || 31 December 1989
|-
| 67 || Kunti reunites with Karna || 7 January 1990
|-
| 68 || Sanjaya gets divine eyesight from Vyasa to witness the war || 14 January 1990
|-
| 69 || Duryodhan Tricks [[Shalya]] to join the Kaurava army || 21 January 1990
|-
| 70 || [[Shikhandi]]'s Story of Rebirth || 28 January 1990
|-
| 71 || Rules of the war are laid out, The battle will take place in [[Kurukshetra]] || 4 February 1990
|-
| 72 || War begins and Arjuna Drops His weapons out of grief, Krishna teaches him the [[Bhagavad Gita]] || 11 February 1990
|-
| 73 || Bhagavad Gita teaching continues || 18 February 1990
|-
| 74 || Bhagavad Gita teaching continues and Krishna shows his [[Vishvarupa]] form, Arjuna is ready to fight again || 25 February 1990
|-
| 75 || Yudhishthira gets his blessings from his elders, [[Yuyutsu]] changes sides and war begins, Abhimanyu faces Bhishma || 4 March 1990
|-
| 76 || Uttar dies, Arjuna faces Bhishma and Day 2 begins || 11 March 1990
|-
| 77 || 3rd day is over, 4th day begins, Bhima is surrounded, 10 Kaurava brothers are killed, Krishna takes out his Sudarshan Chakra to kill Bhishma, but Arjuna stops him || 18 March 1990
|-
| 78 || 9th Day is over and 16 Kaurava brothers are dead, Bhishma tells Pandavas how to take him out of the war || 25 March 1990
|-
| 79 || Arjuna shoots arrows at Bhishma, Bhishma's bed of arrows is created, Bhishma still survives || 1 April 1990
|-
| 80 || Karna enters the battlefield, Drona tries to capture Yudhishthira but is unsuccessful, Shantanu appears in Bhishma's dream || 8 April 1990
|-
| 81 || [[Chakravyuha]] formation Planned, Duryodhana Promises [[Susharma]] || 15 April 1990
|-
| 82 || Abhimanyu's murder; Uttaraa becomes pregnant || 22 April 1990
|-
| 83 || Arjuna Vows to Kill Jayadratha and the Story About Jayadratha's Curse || 29 April 1990
|-
| 84 || Arjuna Breaks the Kamalavyuha formation to attack Jayadratha || 6 May 1990
|-
| 85 || Krishna covers the Sun with his Sudarshana Chakra, Arjuna kills Jayadratha || 13 May 1990
|-
| 86 || Ghatotkacha enters battle; Karna kills Ghatotkacha by using his Shakti Astra || 20 May 1990
|-
| 87 || Virata and Drupada are killed by Drona, and Drona is killed by Dhrishtadyuma || 27 May 1990
|-
| 88 || Bheema kills [[Dushasana]], Draupadi washes her hair with Dushasana's blood, Karna and Arjuna battle || 3 June 1990
|-
| 89 || Karna killed by Arjuna || 10 June 1990
|-
| 90 || Shakuni and Shalya die, Duryodhana and the Pandavas learn about Karna's truth, Yudhishthira's curse on all womankind, Gandhari curses Krishna and his Yadava dynasty, Duryodhana's body gets protection shield by Gandhari's magic || 17 June 1990
|-
| 91 || Balarama arrives, Bhima and Duryodhana's duel, Duryodhana is fatally wounded, Balarama scolds Bhima but Krishna calms him down || 24 June 1990
|-
| 92 || Duryodhana Dies, War ends, [[Ashwatthama]], [[Kripa]] and [[Kritavarma]] attack Pandava camp and Ashwathama kill the sons of the Draupadi ([[Upapandavas]]) and Drishtadyumna, Ashwatthama tries to kill Uttaraa's unborn son, Krishna curses Ashwatthama, [[Parikshit]]'s birth || 1 July 1990
|-
| 93 || Dhritarashtra and Vidura's discussion about [[Dharma]], Pandavas return to Hastinapur, Dhritarashtra Tries to kill Bhima || 8 July 1990
|-
| 94 || Dhritarashtra, Kunti and Gandhari quit the kingdom. Yudhisthira becomes King of Hastinapur, and Bhishma dies || 15 July 1990
|}

==Production==
===Development===
According to production team member Kishore Malhotra, the total cost of producing the series was {{INRConvert| 9|c|year=1988}}.<ref>'' Mahabharat Ki Mahabharat: The Making of B.R. Chopra's "Mahabharat"''</ref> According to Director [[Ravi Chopra|Ravichopra]] each episode was made up of ₹6.5 lakh to ₹7 lakh. Casting for the series began in 1986 and shooting started off in mid-1988.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Mahabharat actor Puneet Issar: BR Chopra wanted me to play Bheem, I chose Duryodhan|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/mahabharat-actor-puneet-issar-br-chopra-wanted-me-to-play-bheem-i-chose-duryodhan-1671740-2020-04-27|website=India Today}}</ref> Show was shot mostly at Mumbai's Film City, and the grand battle of ''Kurukshetra'' was shot in Rajasthan, with thousands of extras to fill the screen.<ref name=":5" />

The series was initially submitted to the channel for 104 episodes which was later shortened to 94 episodes.<ref name=":6" />

===Casting===
15,000 people applied to play different roles in the Mahabharat TV series. The casting team led by [[Gufi Paintal]] shortlisted them and called around 1,500 for video screen tests<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|date=2019-10-02|title=31 years of Mahabharat on Doordarshan: Interesting facts about one of most popular TV shows ever|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/31-years-of-mahabharat-on-doordarshan-know-interesting-facts-about-one-of-most-popular-tv-shows-ever/1724556/|access-date=2020-07-24|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref> Almost all actors in the series were newcomers, barring [[Raj Babbar]] who played King Bharat, [[Debashree Roy]] who played Satyavati.<ref>{{Cite web|title=B.R. Chopra's serial 'Mahabharat' promises to be another bonanza 31101988|url=http://m.indiatoday.in/story/b.r.-chopras-serial-mahabharat-promises-to-be-another-bonanza/1/329897.html|access-date=2017-04-08|website=m.indiatoday.in}}</ref> [[Nitish Bharadwaj]] was chosen by B.R. Chopra, Ravi Chopra, Pandit Narendra Sharma and Rahi Masoom Raza, to play the central role of [[Krishna]], at the age of 23.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/mahabharat-nitish-bharadwaj-refused-to-play-krishna-dodged-br-chopra-to-avoid-screen-test/story-m4vUm8SeWSe1gAIbb0v1oL.html|title=Nitish Bharadwaj refused to play Krishna in Mahabharat|date=29 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/janmashtami-2017-actor-nitish-bharadwaj-recollects-his-days-from-the-mahabharat/story-4QN6MWDOS51wUeMVvjKRjP.html|title=Janmashtami 2017: Actor Nitish Bharadwaj recollects his days from the Mahabharat|date=14 August 2017}}</ref> Initially, he was chosen for playing [[Vidura]]. But [[Virendra Razdan]] was cast for it as [[B. R. Chopra|B.R.Chopra]] considered Bharadwaj young to play the role.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/mahabharat-nitish-bharadwaj-refused-to-play-krishna-dodged-br-chopra-to-avoid-screen-test/story-m4vUm8SeWSe1gAIbb0v1oL.html|title=Mahabharat: Nitish Bharadwaj refused to play Krishna, dodged BR Chopra to avoid screen test|website=Hindustan Times|date=29 March 2020}}</ref> Then Bharadwaj was offered to play [[Nakula|Nakul]] and [[Sahadeva|Sahadev]], but he rejected and wanted to play [[Abhimanyu]]. Days later, he was called and finalized to play Krishna.<ref name=":2" /> Firoz Khan was chosen to portray the character of [[Arjuna]] (which he later adopted as his screen name, to not become confused with [[Feroz Khan (actor)|a more popular actor of the same name]]) despite being rejected in auditions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/mahabharats-arjun-gets-blacklisted/article3834854.ece|title=Mahabharat's Arjun gets blacklisted!|first=Madhur|last=Tankha|date=29 August 2012|access-date=6 October 2018|work=The Hindu}}</ref> Asian games gold medalist [[Praveen Kumar Sobti|Praveen Kumar]] was selected to portray [[Bhima]] after Chopra was looking for someone "who could look the robust historical character".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/lsquoBheemrsquo-waiting-for-a-special-role/article16350038.ece|title='Bheem' waiting for a special role|date=12 January 2009|access-date=6 October 2018|work=The Hindu}}</ref> Around six actresses were shortlisted for the role of [[Draupadi]], including [[Juhi Chawla]], who opted out of the show as she had bagged a film. [[Ramya Krishnan]] and [[Roopa Ganguly]] were the final names, and at last [[Roopa Ganguly]] was chosen, as her Hindi was good.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Juhi Chawla turned down Draupadi in Mahabharat. Then Roopa Ganguly got the role|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/tuesday-trivia-not-roopa-ganguly-but-juhi-chawla-was-the-first-choice-to-play-draupadi-in-mahabharat-1671956-2020-04-28|website=India Today}}</ref> [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] and [[Chunky Pandey]] were signed for the role of [[Abhimanyu]], but they opted out when they bagged films. Later, Master Mayur played the role.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/actors-talk-about-what-went-into-making-mahabharat-in-1988/story-W5i1GX9wqpY25Pijoa1NaI.html|title=Actors talk about what went into making Mahabharat in 1988|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=6 May 2016}}</ref> [[Mukesh Khanna]] who wished to play role of Arjun was initially offered the role of Duryodhan. But later he was signed for Dhronacharya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Puneet Issar on playing Duryodhan in Mahabharat: 'My body turned black and blue after climax fight scene with Bheem'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/puneet-issar-on-playing-duryodhan-in-mahabharat-my-body-turned-black-and-blue-after-climax-fight-scene-with-bheem/story-clVOooyjbmBmQV6mDxaz9K.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=7 May 2020}}</ref> When Vijayendra Ghadge dropped his role of Bhisma, Khanna got the role of [[Bhishma]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-mukesh-khanna-the-reruns-of-ramayan-and-mahabharat-will-help-people-like-sonakshi-sinha-who-dont-know-anything-about-mythology/photostory/74977826.cms?picid=74977940|title=Exclusive – Mukesh Khanna: The reruns of Ramayan and Mahabharat will help people like Sonakshi Sinha, who don't know anything about mythology|website=The Times of India|date=4 April 2020}}</ref> [[Puneet Issar]] was offered to play the role of Bheem but was cast as Duryodhan on his wish.<ref name=":3" /> The casting director of the show, Gufi Paintal was offered role of Shakuni by the makers of Mahabharat.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-06|title=Mahabharat's Shakuni Mama aka Gufi Paintal remembers the show: 'Golden age of television'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/mahabharat-s-shakuni-mama-aka-gufi-paintal-remembers-the-show-golden-age-of-television/story-mMO8sCCmwsihwyDAZrkWSN.html|access-date=2020-07-29|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
Mahabharat's music was composed by [[Raj Kamal]] and lyrics were penned by [[Pandit Narendra Sharma]] and Bhring Tupkari. Some songs were taken from works of devotional writers like [[Surdas]], [[Raskhan]] etc. Apart from main songs there are also several short couplets, which covered the summary of each episode. All of these verses were sung by [[Mahendra Kapoor]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-31|title=These singers gives their voice for Mahabharata|url=https://english.newstracklive.com/news/mahabharat-br-chopra-legendary-singers-worked-in-epic-tv-show-doordarshan-sc90-nu904-ta294-1096454-1.html|access-date=2020-07-22|website=News Track|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-02|title=जानिए, महाभारत के प्रसिद्ध गीतों को किन-किन गायकों ने दी थी आवाज|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/zee-hindustan/glamour-gadgets/know-which-singers-gave-voice-to-famous-songs-of-mahabharata/690035|access-date=2020-07-22|website=Zee Hindustan}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ath Shree Mahabharat Katha (Opening Theme)
| extra1 = [[Mahendra Kapoor]]
| length1 = 04:12
| title2 = Bharat Ki Yeh Kahaani (Ending Theme)
| extra2 = [[Mahendra Kapoor]]
| length2 = 05:21
| title3 = Beet Gaye Din Par Din Beet Gaye
| extra3 = [[Raj Kamal]]
| length3 = 05:23
| title4 = Govind Gokul Aayo
| extra4 = [[Raj Kamal]]
| length4 = 04:49
| title5 = Jagiye Brijraj Kunwar
| extra5 = [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
| length5 = 04:10
| title6 = [[Main Naahin Maakhan Khaayo]]
| extra6 = [[Nitin Mukesh]]
| length6 = 05:20
| title7 = Maiya Mohi Dau Bahut Khijayo
| extra7 = [[Nitin Mukesh]]
| length7 = 04:00
| title8 = Shyam ne Murli Madhur
| extra8 = [[Suresh Wadkar]]
| length8 = 05:42
| title9 = Mor Pakha Seer Upar Rakhiyo
| extra9 = [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
| length9 = 04:16
| title10 = Mohan Ke Mukh Par Bansari
| extra10 = [[Raj Kamal]] and [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
| length10 = 07:01
| title11 = Binati Suniye Nath Hamari
| extra11 = [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| length11 = 04:51
| title12 = Beti Chali Paraye Desh
| extra12 = [[Raj Kamal]]
| length12 = 07:05
| title13 = Kripa Krishna Ki
| extra13 = [[Raj Kamal]]
| length13 = 07:01
| title14 = Main Boondan Bheeji Saari
| extra14 = [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| length14 = 04:30
| title15 = Pranay Ke Pratham Prahar Ki Baat
| extra15 = [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
| length15 = 05:20
| title16 = Samay Bada Balwaan
| extra16 = [[Raj Kamal]]
| length16 = 05:17
| title17 = Jhanak Jhanak Baaje Payaliya
| extra17 = [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| length17 = 04:51
| title18 = Manwa Madhur Madhur Kachu Bol
| extra18 = [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| length18 = 04:04
| title19 = Naino Ke Darpan mein
| extra19 = [[Roopa Ganguly]]
| length19 = 03:27
| title20 = Sabso Onchi Prem Sagai
| extra20 = [[Raj Kamal]]
| length20 = 05:44
| title21 = Yeh Dharma Yudh Hain
| extra21 = [[Raj Kamal]]
| length21 = 10:30
| title22 = Hey Priyatame
| extra22 = [[Raj Kamal]]
| length22 = 06:16
| all_writing =
| all_music = [[Raj Kamal]]
| total_length =
}}

==Broadcast==
In India the series was originally broadcast on [[DD National]]. It was shown in the United Kingdom by the [[BBC]],<ref>{{cite web |title=BBC Genome:Mahabarat – transmission times |url=http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/search/0/20?adv=0&q=Mahabharat&media=all&yf=1923&yt=2009&mf=1&mt=12&tf=00%3A00&tt=00%3A00#search |access-date=2015-10-01}}</ref> where it achieved audience figures of 5 million.<ref>{{cite web |date=29 April 2008 |title=Epic Hindi Language Series Mahabharat Launches Exclusively on Rogers OMNI Television Channels in Ontario and British Columbia |url=http://www.omnimb.ca/info/press/p_20050809.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080429193553/http://www.omnimb.ca/info/press/p_20050809.shtml |archive-date=29 April 2008 |access-date=10 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Jones |first=Mark |date=7 June 2013 |title=The Returned: how British TV viewers came to lose their fear of subtitles |url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2013/jun/07/british-television-subititles |access-date=10 March 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> It was also the first programme broadcast on [[BBC Two]] after its 1991 revamp, but it had also been shown late at night on [[BBC One]] the previous year.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}

The show was again telecast on [[DD Bharati]] from 28 March 2020, on [[DD Retro]] from 13 April 2020, on [[Colors TV]] from 4 May 2020 as well as [[Star Bharat]] during the [[COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in India|lockdown due to coronavirus]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/on-public-demand-ramayan--mahabharat-makes-comeback-during-lockdown/1782399|title=On public demand, ''Ramayan'' & ''Mahabharat'' makes comeback during lockdown|website=Outlook India|access-date=2020-03-27}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mahabharat to air on Colors|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/mahabharat-to-air-on-colors-80194|last=Service|first=Tribune News|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en|access-date=2020-05-04}}</ref>

==Reception==
Ganguly was applauded for her performance in the Vastraharan sequence in which Draupadi is disrobed.<ref name="TNH">{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/entertainment/television/article/roopa-ganguly-cried-half-an-hour-after-draupadi-cheer-haran-scene-in-mahabharata/288479|title=Mahabharat: चीर हरण सीन के बाद आधे घंटे तक रोई थीं 'द्रौपदी' रूपा गांगुली, पहनी थीं 250 मीटर लंबी साड़ी|date=11 April 2020|website=timesnowhindi.com|language=hi|access-date=20 April 2020}}</ref> [[Ravi Chopra]] later disclosed that she was originally weeping while enacting in the Vastraharan sequence and the crew members had to console her later to make her stop.<ref name="TNH" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/entertainment/story-mahabharat-roopa-ganguly-cried-for-half-an-hour-after-draupadi-cheer-haran-scene-3156116.html|title=Mahabharat: चीर हरण सीन के बाद द्रौपदी का किरदार निभाने वालीं रूपा गांगुली आधे घंटे तक रोती रही थीं|date=17 April 2020|website=livehindustan.com|language=hi|access-date=20 April 2020}}</ref> The sequence is often claimed to be the most climactic one of the series.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/actors-talk-about-what-went-into-making-mahabharat-in-1988/story-W5i1GX9wqpY25Pijoa1NaI.html|title=Actors talk about what went into making Mahabharat in 1988|website=Hindustan Times|date=5 May 2016|access-date=2019-05-07}}</ref> For the sequence [[Ravi Chopra|Chopra]] recreated the visual effect of the Vastraharan sequence of [[Babubhai Mistry]]'s ''[[Mahabharat (1965 film)|Mahabharat]]'' (1965) starring [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] as [[Draupadi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/mahabharat-3272|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509020043/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/mahabharat-3272|url-status=live|archive-date=9 May 2019|title=Mahabharat (1965) – Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|website=Cinestaan|access-date=2019-05-09}}</ref> His visual effects won more favour than that of the 1965 film and has still been considered by a part of critics to be the most brilliant in line.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/why-the-new-mahabharat-is-an-epic-fail-1114011.html|title=Why the new Mahabharat is an epic fail|date=2013-09-17|website=Firstpost|language=en|access-date=2019-05-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/2016/04/22/on-br-chopras-birth-anniversary-heres-looking-back-at-how-his-greatest-creation-mahabharat-came-into-being|title=Happy B'day BR Chopra: The Story Behind His Iconic 'Mahabharat'|date=2016-04-22|website=The Quint|language=en|access-date=2019-05-06}}</ref> of the most successful television series in Indian television history.<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 20, 2020|first=Shweta|last=Keshri|title=Monday Masala: BR Chopra's Mahabharat is the baap of all masala entertainers|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/monday-masala-br-chopra-s-mahabharat-is-the-baap-of-masala-entertainers-1668902-2020-04-20|access-date=2020-08-05|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> In common with the "[[Ramayan (1986 TV series)|Ramayana]]" serial, the broadcasting of a Mahabharat episode was associated with the simultaneous emptying of streets in the cities and people leaving work early to watch it.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/retelling-of-mahabharata-on-television-over-the-years-epic-television/article7770181.ece|title=Epic television|first=Lavanya|last=Mohan|date=16 October 2015|access-date=6 October 2018|work=The Hindu}}</ref> Along with general audience many big names from Hindi film industry like [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Jeetendra]], [[Hema Malini]] and [[Dharmendra]] also praised the show.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Watch: Yesteryear superstars Rajesh Khanna, Dharmendra, Hema Malini talk about BR Chopra's Mahabharat in this old video |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/watch-yesteryear-superstars-rajesh-khanna-dharmendra-hema-malini-talk-about-br-chopras-mahabharat-in-this-old-video/articleshow/75700630.cms|access-date=2020-07-29|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

During its rerun in [[COVID-19 lockdown in India]], it became the second most watched Indian TV show after [[Ramayan (1987 TV series)|''Ramayan'']] (1987).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/dd-emerges-as-most-watched-channel-ramayana-mahabharata-among-favourites-11586423915023.html|title=DD emerges as most watched channel; Ramayana, Mahabharata among favourites|website=Live Mint|date=9 April 2020}}</ref> In week 13, it garnered 145.8 million impressions with both morning and evening slots combined on [[DD Bharati]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/ramayan-shaktimaan-byomkesh-bakshi-make-dd-national-most-watched-channel-across-genres/398610/|title=Reruns of 1980-90s classics Ramayan, Shaktimaan, Byomkesh make DD most-watched channel|website=[[ThePrint]]|date=9 April 2020}}</ref> After ''Ramayan'' ended, ''Mahabharat'' became the most watched TV show until its end.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Mahabharat becomes the most-watched show. Doordarshan witnesses major dip in ratings|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/mahabharat-becomes-the-most-watched-show-doordarshan-witnesses-major-dip-in-ratings-1680680-2020-05-22|website=India Today}}</ref> The series ended with 22.9 million viewership.<ref name=":4" />

==Home media==
The series was uploaded onto the website "Rajshri.com" along with its dubbed Tamil version.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/mahabharat-on-the-net/article3231819.ece|title=Mahabharat on the net|date=22 December 2006|access-date=6 October 2018|work=The Hindu}}</ref> Home video of the Bengali-dubbed version of this series has been released by Heart Video.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/mahabharat-now-in-bengali/article2912867.ece|title=Mahabharat now in Bengali|date=20 February 2012|access-date=6 October 2018|work=The Hindu}}</ref> In 2019, [[Pen India Limited|Pen India Ltd]] bought the rights of the show and uploaded all the episodes on its devotional YouTube channel ''Pen Bhakti'' including its spin-off series ''[[Mahabharat Katha]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=After TV, BR Chopra's Mahabharat to be Available on YouTube As Well|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/after-tv-br-chopras-mahabharat-to-be-available-on-youtube-as-well-2560587.html|access-date=2020-07-29|website=News18|date=April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mahabharat (महाभारत) B. R. Chopra All Episodes with English Subtitles, Pen Bhakti|url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLa6CHPhFNfadNcnVZRXa6csHL5sFdkwmV|access-date=2022-12-24|website=youtube|date=September 2019}}</ref>

==Legacy==
''Mahabharat'' along with ''[[Ramayan (1987 TV series)|Ramayan]]'' (1987), became one of the most successful television series based on an epic in Indian television history.

Many actors became popular through their appearances in this series.

* [[Nitish Bharadwaj]] became famous as [[Lord Krishna]] and later he also played lead role in Chopra's another mythological show [[Vishnu Puran (TV series)|Vishnu Puran]] as well as Chopra's RAMAYAN.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Sunday Tribune – Spectrum – Television|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000123/spectrum/tv.htm|access-date=2020-06-21|website=The Tribune}}</ref>
* [[Roopa Ganguly]], who played [[Draupadi]], went on to become a successful actress in Bengali cinema.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/bishwanath-ghosh-gajendra-chauhans-appointment-as-ftii-chairman/article7460395.ece|title=Ideology vs. stature|first=Bishwanath|last=Ghosh|date=25 July 2015|access-date=6 October 2018|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/no-childs-play/article7181850.ece|title=No child's play|first=Madhur|last=Tankha|date=8 May 2015|access-date=6 October 2018|work=The Hindu}}</ref>
* [[Pankaj Dheer]] received immense popularity after playing [[Karna]]. His pictures are used in textbooks as reference to Karna and the actor also revealed that his statues are worshipped in temples in [[Karnal]] and Bastar.<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 27, 2020|title=Did you know Mahabharat's Karna, Pankaj Dheer's statue is worshipped in temples in Karnal and Bastar?|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/did-you-know-mahabharat-s-karna-pankaj-dheer-s-statue-is-worshipped-in-temples-in-karnal-and-bastar-1682514-2020-05-27|access-date=2020-06-21|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Arjun (Firoz Khan)|Firoz Khan]] changed his name to "Arjun" professionally after finding success with the role of [[Arjuna|Arjun]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-27|title=Mahabharat's Arjun Firoz Khan Says Changing His Name Gave Him Everything He'd Dreamed of|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/mahabharats-arjun-firoz-khan-says-changing-his-name-gave-him-everything-hed-dreamed-of-2594135.html|access-date=2020-06-21|website=News18}}</ref>
* [[Mukesh Khanna]] shot to fame as [[Bhishma]] and named his production company after his character.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-23 |title=Mukesh Khanna on his struggle before Mahabharat: 'People labelled me as a flop actor, I was deeply disappointed' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/mukesh-khanna-on-his-struggle-before-mahabharat-people-labelled-me-as-a-flop-actor-i-was-deeply-disappointed/story-pzaA8FtSwcAM0m0VjdKWNL.html |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/mahabharat/0-6-3331/}}
* {{IMDb title|0158417}}

{{B. R. Chopra}}
{{Works based on the Mahabharata |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Television series based on the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:DD National original programming]]
[[Category:1988 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:1990 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:1980s Indian television series]]
[[Category:Television shows based on poems]]

Entertainment (2014 film)

2026-03-24T15:13:53Z

S7singh: cleaned up article as per guidelines additionally and added references

{{short description|Film by Sajid-Farhad}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{distinguish|Entertainment (2015 film)}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Entertainment
| image = Its Entertainment.jpg
| alt = Entertainment
| director = [[Sajid-Farhad]]
| producer = Ramesh S. Taurani
| writer = Sajid-Farhad
| story = [[K. Subhash]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Akshay Kumar]]
* [[Tamannaah Bhatia]]
* [[Mithun Chakraborty]]
* [[Sonu Sood]]
* [[Krushna Abhishek]]
* [[Johnny Lever]]
* [[Prakash Raj]]}}
| music = [[Sachin–Jigar]]
| cinematography = Manoj Soni
| editing = Steven H. Bernard
| studio = [[Tips Industries]]
| distributor = [[Pen Studios]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|08|08}}
| runtime = 145 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|88 crore}}<ref name="budget" />
| gross = {{INR|115.93 crore}}<ref name="boc" />
}}

'''''Entertainment''''' is a 2014 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action comedy film|comedy film]] written and directed by screenwriter duo [[Sajid-Farhad]] and produced by Ramesh S. Taurani under the [[Tips Industries Limited]] banner. Based on an original story by [[K. Subash]], the film stars Junior: The Wonder Dog as the titular protagonist and [[Akshay Kumar]], along with [[Tamannaah Bhatia]], [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Sonu Sood]], [[Krushna Abhishek]], [[Johnny Lever]] and [[Prakash Raj]]. The film's music was composed by [[Sachin–Jigar]], with cinematography by Manoj Soni and editing by Steven H. Bernard.<ref name="budget">{{Cite web |title=Entertainment – Movie – Box Office India |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2288 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119094407/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2288 |archive-date=19 November 2016 |access-date=19 November 2016}}</ref>

''Entertainment'' was released theatrically worldwide on 8 August 2014. The film received mixed reviews and grossed ₹115.93 crore at the box office against a budget of ₹88 crore, falling short of breaking even.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sehgal |first=Geety |date=22 August 2014 |title=Tamannaah, a television serial actress, in It's Entertainment and a VJ in Humshakals |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/tamannaah-a-television-serial-actress-in-its-entertainment-and-a-vj-in-humshakals/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516022000/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/tamannaah-a-television-serial-actress-in-its-entertainment-and-a-vj-in-humshakals/ |archive-date=16 May 2015 |access-date=16 May 2015 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film begins with Akhil Lokhande getting paid for an advertisement, but a fight ensues when he is not given the full amount he was promised. This pattern of underpayment and resulting fights continues through several other assignments. Each fight ends when Akhil receives a phone call, prompting him to leave. He then arrives on a shoot where Saakshi is filming her television series. After her shoot, they go for a walk in the park, observing other couples. At the end of their walk, Akhil proposes to Saakshi.

Akhil and Saakshi visit her father's house, where her father insists that Akhil must become rich, (become a crorepati) before he can marry Saakshi. Determined, Akhil visits his film-obsessed friend Jugnu's shop and informs him that he is going to visit his father in the hospital due to chest pain. However, Akhil's father, Mr Lokhande, is actually faking his illness and enjoying the hospital's luxury services. Akhil arrives just in time to witness this and goes to confront Mr Lokhande, who reveals that Akhil is adopted. He explains that Akhil's real father was not ready for a child, so Akhil's mother left, only to be killed in a train crash. Akhil survived, and Mr Lokhande adopted him to claim compensation from the railway officers. In a fit of rage, Akhil beats up Mr Lokhande.

Back at his house, Akhil opens a chest containing love letters from his real father to his mother, along with a locket with their pictures. He discovers that his father is Pannalal Johri, a billionaire in Bangkok. Just then, the news on television announces Pannalal Johri's death and that his 30 billion fortune will go to anyone who can prove they are related to him. Upon arriving at his father's house in Bangkok, Pannalal Johri's lawyer informs Akhil that the dog named "Entertainment" is the heir to Johri's property. Akhil tells Jugnu, and they plot to kill Entertainment by having Akhil become the dog's caretaker, but they fail.

Saakshi and her father visit Akhil at the mansion and learn that Entertainment is the heir, leading Saakshi's father to declare that she will never marry Akhil. At this time, two brothers, Karan and Arjun Johri, second cousins of Johri, escape from jail. They plan to kill Akhil, believing the dog will die soon, thus inheriting the fortune themselves. While Akhil attempts to kill Entertainment, Karan and Arjun try to kill Akhil by drowning him in a thinly iced lake. Both brothers hit the ground simultaneously, causing Akhil to nearly fall in, but Entertainment saves him and falls into the lake instead. Despite Akhil's efforts, he fails to save Entertainment, but the dog survives.

Akhil realises his mistake, befriends Entertainment, and leaves the mansion. Karan and Arjun illegally acquire the property from Entertainment using their legal connections. Akhil learns of this and vows to retrieve the property for Entertainment. His strategy is to divide and conquer the brothers. He gets a job as a servant at the mansion, now owned by Karan and Arjun, and tries to split the brothers by introducing Saakshi, who pretends to love each brother separately. The scheme fails.

Akhil then creates a false impression of Entertainment's ghost, causing the brothers to quarrel and accuse each other of disguising as the dog. Akhil's friends secretly tape their conversation, but the CD drops accidentally, and Karan and Arjun realise Akhil's plan. Entertainment runs with the CD, and Karan, Arjun, and their gang chase the dog, Akhil, and his friends. Akhil manages to defeat them. Later, Karan shoots at Akhil, but Entertainment takes the bullet. Akhil, enraged, beats up Karan and Arjun.

Entertainment is taken to the hospital but cannot be revived. In a fit of anger, Akhil punches Entertainment, inadvertently saving him. Karan and Arjun apologise to Entertainment, who forgives them. Saakshi's father consents to Akhil and Saakshi's marriage, while Entertainment marries a female dog in the same ceremony. The film concludes with Mr and Mrs Johri living happily with Mr and Mrs Entertainment and their children, delivering a social message: ''Love your pets, and they will entertain you all your life.''

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Akshay Kumar]] as Akhil Lokhande / Akhil Johari, Pannalal's biological son and Mr Lokhande's adoptive son
* [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] as Saakshi
* [[Mithun Chakraborty]] as Saakshi's father
* [[Sonu Sood]] as Arjun Singh Johari, Pannalal's nephew
* [[Krushna Abhishek]] as Jugnu
* [[Johnny Lever]] as Habibullah Sheikh, Pannalal's lawyer
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Karan Singh Johari, Pannalal's nephew
* [[Golden Retriever]] Junior the Wonder Dog as Entertainment Dog<ref>{{cite web |title=It's Entertainment: Dogs in films that we have loved |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/its-entertainment-dogs-in-films-that-we-have-loved/articleshow/38548417.cms |website=The Times of India |date=18 July 2014}}</ref>
}}

=== Cameo appearance ===
{{cast listing|
* [[Dalip Tahil]] as Pannalal Johari, Akhil's biological father
* [[Riteish Deshmukh]] as TV host
* [[Shreyas Talpade]] as cricketer
* [[Remo D'Souza]] as a choreographer
* [[Vrajesh Hirjee]] as wannabe groom
* [[Darshan Jariwala]] as Mr Lokhande, Akhil's adoptive father
* [[Hiten Tejwani]] as the show actor
* [[Sajid-Farhad]] as commentators
* [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]] as Akhil's sidekick
* [[Kashmera Shah]] as Jugnu's bride
}}

== Production ==
In February 2013, Ramesh S. Taurani announced a film starring [[Akshay Kumar]] and directed by [[Sajid-Farhad]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bollywood Hungama News Network |date=8 February 2013 |title=Akshay's next to be directed by Sajid-Farhad |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1711235/Akshays-next-to-be-directed-by-Sajid-Farhad |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231215359/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1711235/Akshays-next-to-be-directed-by-Sajid-Farhad |archive-date=31 December 2014 |access-date=31 December 2014 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] was confirmed as female lead in the following month.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Press Trust of India |author-link=Press Trust of India |date=6 March 2013 |title=Tamannaah to do a 'masala' entertainer with Akshay Kumar |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tamannaah-to-do-a-masala-entertainer-with-akshay-kumar/377032-8-66.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309203020/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tamannaah-to-do-a-masala-entertainer-with-akshay-kumar/377032-8-66.html |archive-date=9 March 2013 |access-date=31 December 2014 |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]}}</ref> In April, Taurani confirmed that [[Sonu Sood]] and [[Prakash Raj]] will be playing the antagonists, with [[Johnny Lever]] in key role.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bollywood Hungama News Network |date=23 April 2013 |title=Akshay Kumar to battle Sonu Sood and Prakash Raj in Ramesh Taurani's next |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/akshay-kumar-to-battle-sonu-sood-and-prakash-raj-in-ramesh-tauranis-next/1106546/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141231153540/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/akshay-kumar-to-battle-sonu-sood-and-prakash-raj-in-ramesh-tauranis-next/1106546/ |archive-date=31 December 2014 |access-date=31 December 2014 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |publisher=[[Indian Express Limited]] |location=New Delhi}}</ref> The film was tentatively titled ''Entertainment''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sahgal |first=Geety |date=5 May 2013 |title=Akshay Kumar's next tentatively titled 'Entertainment' |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/akshay-kumars-next-tentatively-titled-entertainment/1110578/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141231153608/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/akshay-kumars-next-tentatively-titled-entertainment/1110578/ |archive-date=31 December 2014 |access-date=31 December 2014 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |publisher=[[Indian Express Limited]] |location=Mumbai}}</ref> In an interview, Sajid-Farhad said that Kumar had motivated them to start their directing career and they had prepared the script for their directorial venture a long time ago.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Indo-Asian News Service |author-link=Indo-Asian News Service |date=17 June 2013 |title=Akshay Kumar is our godfather, says Sajid-Farhad |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/akshay-kumar-is-our-godfather-says-sajidfarhad/399518-8-66.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622132809/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/akshay-kumar-is-our-godfather-says-sajidfarhad/399518-8-66.html |archive-date=22 June 2013 |access-date=31 December 2014 |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |location=Mumbai}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bollywood Hungama News Network |date=17 April 2013 |title=Akshay Kumar, Tamannaah Bhatia start shooting for Sajid-Farhan's film from July 1 |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/akshay-kumar-tamannaah-bhatia-start-shooting-for-sajidfarhans-film-from-july-1/1103740/0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140524131824/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/akshay-kumar-tamannaah-bhatia-start-shooting-for-sajidfarhans-film-from-july-1/1103740/0 |archive-date=24 May 2014 |access-date=31 December 2014 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |publisher=[[Indian Express Limited]] |location=Mumbai}}</ref> Shooting started on 3 June 2013 in Mumbai, where the mahurat shot was filmed.<ref>{{Cite news |last=KBR |first=Upala |date=5 June 2013 |title=All the best: Rohit Shetty |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-all-the-best-rohit-shetty-1843935 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924092007/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-all-the-best-rohit-shetty-1843935 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=31 December 2014 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |publisher=Diligent Media Corporation}}</ref> Television actor [[Hiten Tejwani]] also made a special appearance as a TV presenter.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Press Trust of India |author-link=Press Trust of India |date=30 June 2013 |title=Hiten Tejwani to do film with Akshay Kumar |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/television/hiten-tejwani-to-do-film-with-akshay-kumar-612583 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424213242/http://movies.ndtv.com/television/hiten-tejwani-to-do-film-with-akshay-kumar-612583 |archive-date=24 April 2016 |access-date=31 December 2014 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |location=Mumbai}}</ref> An audition was conducted in Bangkok for the role of the dog, Entertainment. A [[Golden Retriever]] named Wonder Dog was chosen from a total of 50 dogs to play the role.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Garima |date=10 June 2013 |title=Akshay Kumar to work with a dog in Ramesh Taurani's next |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Akshay-Kumar-to-work-with-a-dog-in-Ramesh-Tauranis-next/articleshow/20507200.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412212640/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Akshay-Kumar-to-work-with-a-dog-in-Ramesh-Tauranis-next/articleshow/20507200.cms |archive-date=12 April 2020 |access-date=31 December 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=[[The Times Group]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 June 2014 |title=It's Entertainment / Slurpy kiss |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/its-entertainment-slurpy-kiss/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508212035/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/its-entertainment-slurpy-kiss/ |archive-date=8 May 2016 |access-date=1 January 2015 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |publisher=[[Indian Express Limited]] |location=Mumbai}}</ref> In June 2013, the producers, directors and Kumar discussed about shooting locations. Kumar expressed his wish to shoot the film in [[Bangkok]], where he had worked as a waiter and trained in martial arts. The finalised locations included Baanpradhana Bungalow in Ongkuruk, Asiatique Mall, Ancient City, Bangkok University and Ongkuruk Railway Station.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Das |first=Anirban |date=19 June 2013 |title=Akshay Kumar returns to Bangkok |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-returns-to-bangkok/article1-1078795.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231193402/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-returns-to-bangkok/article1-1078795.aspx |archive-date=31 December 2014 |access-date=31 December 2014 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |publisher=[[HT Media]] |location=Mumbai}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kulkarni |first=Onkar |date=22 June 2013 |title=Akshay Kumar's It's Entertainment travels from India to Bangkok |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/akshay-kumars-its-entertainment-travels-from-india-to-bangkok/1131611/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220233024/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/akshay-kumars-its-entertainment-travels-from-india-to-bangkok/1131611 |archive-date=20 December 2014 |access-date=31 December 2014 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |publisher=[[Indian Express Limited]] |location=Mumbai}}</ref>

On 1 July, shooting started in Bangkok for a three-month-long schedule, during which 80% of the film was shot.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Indo-Asian News Service |author-link=Indo-Asian News Service |date=22 October 2013 |title=Akshay-Tamannah's 'It's Entertainment' to have an item number |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/akshaytamannahs-its-entertainment-to-have-an-item-number/429782-8-66.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131025204018/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/akshaytamannahs-its-entertainment-to-have-an-item-number/429782-8-66.html |archive-date=25 October 2013 |access-date=28 December 2014 |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]}}</ref> The remaining 10% of the film was shot in Mumbai, with one song in [[Goa]] during late 2013. The shooting was wrapped up in April 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Times News Network |date=11 April 2014 |title=Tamannaah wraps up shooting for Akshay Kumar's film |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Tamannaah-wraps-up-shooting-for-Akshay-Kumars-film/movie-review/33624459.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910143117/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Tamannaah-wraps-up-shooting-for-Akshay-Kumars-film/movie-review/33624459.cms |archive-date=10 September 2015 |access-date=28 December 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=[[The Times Group]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=R Kanabar |first=Ankita |date=18 April 2013 |title=Akshay, Abhishek, Riteish confirmed for Housefull 3 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/akshay-abhishek-riteish-confirmed-for-housefull-3/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521215609/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/akshay-abhishek-riteish-confirmed-for-housefull-3/ |archive-date=21 May 2014 |access-date=1 January 2015 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |publisher=[[Indian Express Limited]] |location=Mumbai}}</ref> A few songs and an [[item number]] were shot in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Indo-Asian News Service |author-link=Indo-Asian News Service |date=23 October 2013 |title=A promotional song in Akshay Kumar's next |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/a-promotional-song-in-akshay-kumar-s-next/article1-1138967.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520140903/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/a-promotional-song-in-akshay-kumar-s-next/article1-1138967.aspx |archive-date=20 May 2014 |access-date=1 January 2015 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |publisher=[[HT Media]] |location=New Delhi}}</ref> During the film's censoring process, the Indian Censor Board objected to the name Abdullah for Johnny Lever's character, citing its sacred nature and frequent mispronunciations in the film, which could offend religious sentiments. Consequently, Sajid-Farhad changed the character's name to Habibullah a week before the film's release. The Board also objected to a joke involving the word HIV, leading to its removal from the film. Additionally, Kumar's character using a trident was objected to, resulting in the removal of the scene.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 August 2014 |title=Censor Board objects to Johnny Lever's character name in Entertainment |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/entertainment-akshay-kumar-johnny-lever-censor-slams-bollywood-203170-2014-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810070318/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/entertainment-akshay-kumar-johnny-lever-censor-slams-bollywood/1/375961.html |archive-date=10 August 2014 |access-date=10 August 2014 |work=[[India Today]] |url-status=live |publisher=[[Living Media]]}}</ref>

== Music ==

{{Infobox album
| name = Entertainment
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Sachin–Jigar]]
| released = 2014
| length = {{Duration|m=19|s=13}}
| label = [[Tips Industries Limited]]
| producer = Ramesh S. Taurani
| prev_title = [[Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania]]
| prev_year = 2014
| next_title = [[Bey Yaar]]
| next_year = 2014
}}

The soundtrack is composed by [[Sachin–Jigar]], with their new A&R platform White Noise Productions, including only the duo at that point, composing the background score. This marked the first time the duo worked with Kumar. The song "Teri Mahima Aprampar" was lifted from the duo's composition of a song "Rowdy Fellows" for the Telugu film ''[[D for Dopidi]]''. Kumar also sang one of the tracks of the film. The [[YouTube]] link of the making of the song was uploaded on [[Twitter]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Indo-Asian News Service |author-link=Indo-Asian News Service |date=26 July 2014 |title=After Salman Khan, Akshay Kumar sings for his film |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/After-Salman-Khan-Akshay-Kumar-sings-for-his-film/articleshow/39051724.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819005238/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/After-Salman-Khan-Akshay-Kumar-sings-for-his-film/articleshow/39051724.cms |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=28 December 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=[[The Times Group]]}}</ref>

The party single "Johnny Johnny" was released first. Based on a nursery rhyme, the song featured Kumar lip-synching to a female voice. The directors said about the song "...in a small subtle way, we are showing our support for women empowerment".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Indo-Asian News Service |author-link=Indo-Asian News Service |date=7 July 2014 |title=Akshay Kumar lip-syncs to woman's voice for It's Entertainment |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/akshay-kumar-lip-syncs-to-womans-voice-johnny-johnny-its-entertainment-199581-2014-07-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119072904/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/akshay-kumar-lip-syncs-to-womans-voice-johnny-johnny-its-entertainment-199581-2014-07-07 |archive-date=19 November 2023 |access-date=1 January 2015 |work=[[India Today]] |publisher=[[Living Media]]}}</ref> Sunitra Pacheco of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' said that it had "all the ingredients to become a new party anthem".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pacheco |first=Sunitra |date=11 June 2014 |title=Watch: Akshay Kumar hit the dance floor in 'Johnny Johnny' song from 'It's Entertainment' |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/watch-akshay-kumar-hit-the-dance-floor-in-johnny-johnny-song-from-its-entertainment/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212063338/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/watch-akshay-kumar-hit-the-dance-floor-in-johnny-johnny-song-from-its-entertainment/ |archive-date=12 February 2015 |access-date=1 January 2015 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |publisher=[[Indian Express Limited]]}}</ref> In a review for [[Rediff.com]] Joginder Tuteja said that the film's music "is entertaining, providing good fun at a frantic pace." He called "Veerey Di Wedding" "an infectious number" and praised Mika's voice. About the song "Johnny Johnny", he said, "it has addictive beats that get you hooked at the first listening" and praised the lyrics and singers. He added that the song "will be played for many months, till the next New Year party at least."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tuteja |first=Joginder |date=3 August 2014 |title=Review: It's Entertainment's music is well, entertaining! |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-its-entertainments-music-is-well-entertaining/20140803.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101195347/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-its-entertainments-music-is-well-entertaining/20140803.htm |archive-date=1 January 2015 |access-date=1 January 2015 |publisher=[[Rediff.com]] |location=Mumbai}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref>

{{Track listing
|headline=Track Listing
|extra_column= Artist(s)
|title1=Johnny Johnny
|extra1= [[Jigar Saraiya]], [[Priya Saraiya|Priya Panchal]] & Madhav Krishna
|lyrics1= [[Mayur Puri]]
|length1=3:38
|title2=Tera Naam Doon
|extra2= [[Atif Aslam]] & [[Shalmali Kholgade]]
|lyrics2= [[Priya Saraiya]]
|length2= 4:44
|title3=Veerey Di Wedding
|extra3= [[Mika Singh]]
|lyrics3= Mayur Puri
|length3= 3:34
|title4=Teri Mahima Aprampar
|extra4= [[Udit Narayan]], [[Sachin–Jigar]] & [[Anushka Manchanda]]
|lyrics4= Ashish Pandit
|length4= 3:45
|title5=Nahi Woh Saamne
|extra5= Atif Aslam
|lyrics5= [[Priya Saraiya]]
|length5=1:48
|title6=Veerey Di Wedding (Remix)
|extra6= Mika Singh
|lyrics6= Mayur Puri
|length6=3:37
|title7=Johnny Johnny (Remix)
|extra7= Mika Singh
|lyrics7= Mayur Puri
|length7=3:38
}}

== Marketing ==
Previously titled ''It's Entertainment'', the teaser trailer for the film was unveiled on 14 May 2014, with the theatrical trailer following on 19 May.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 May 2014 |title=First Look: Akshay Kumar, Tamannaah Romance In It's Entertainment |url=http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/first-look-akshay-kumar-tamannaah-romance-in-its-entertainment-148176.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140515021655/http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/first-look-akshay-kumar-tamannaah-romance-in-its-entertainment-148176.html |archive-date=15 May 2014 |access-date=28 December 2014 |publisher=[[Times Internet]] ([[The Times Group]])}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=19 May 2014 |title=Trailer out: Akshay Kumar on all fours in It's Entertainment |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/its-entertainment-akshay-kumar-trailer-tamannaah-bhatia-193598-2014-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520060600/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/its-entertainment-akshay-kumar-trailer-tamannaah-bhatia/1/362617.html |archive-date=20 May 2014 |access-date=28 December 2014 |work=[[India Today]] |publisher=[[Living Media]] |url-status=live |location=New Delhi}}</ref> Politician and animal rights activist [[Maneka Gandhi]] was the chief guest at the trailer launch ceremony.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Maniar |first=Parag |date=16 May 2014 |title=Canine presence tempts Maneka to launch Akshay's trailer |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Canine-presence-tempts-Maneka-to-launch-Akshays-trailer/articleshow/35167028.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119072938/https://gum.criteo.com/syncframe?origin=publishertag&topUrl=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |archive-date=19 November 2023 |access-date=28 December 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=[[The Times Group]]}}</ref> Initially, the producers intended to title the film ''Entertainment'', but this was already registered for another upcoming film by [[Amole Gupte]]. However, in July 2014, Gupte donated the title to Sajid-Farhad as a friendly gesture.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 July 2014 |title=Akshay Kumar starrer 'It's Entertainment' undergoes title change |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/akshay-kumar-starrer-its-entertainment-undergoes-title-change/15442185 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228170332/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/akshay-kumar-starrer-its-entertainment-undergoes-title-change/15442185 |archive-date=28 December 2014 |access-date=28 December 2014 |work=[[Mid-Day]]}}</ref> Akshay Kumar decided that the credit for the dog Junior should appear before his own.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 July 2014 |title=Junior- the wonder dog to have his name appear before Akshay Kumar in 'It's Entertainment' |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/junior-the-wonder-dog-to-have-his-name-appear-before-akshay-kumar-in-its-entertainment/488026-8-66.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726155418/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/junior-the-wonder-dog-to-have-his-name-appear-before-akshay-kumar-in-its-entertainment/488026-8-66.html |archive-date=26 July 2014 |access-date=28 December 2014 |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |location=New Delhi}}</ref> Some fraudsters released a poster of the film and falsely invited people to attend the music launch at Birla Matoshree. Producer Taurani issued a warning about these fraudulent posters.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Maniar |first=Parag |date=15 June 2014 |title=It's Entertainment: Makers warn about fraudsters |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Its-Entertainment-Makers-warn-about-fraudsters/articleshow/36549480.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806170157/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Its-Entertainment-Makers-warn-about-fraudsters/articleshow/36549480.cms |archive-date=6 August 2014 |access-date=28 December 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=[[The Times Group]]}}</ref> The film's satellite rights were sold to [[Zee TV]] for approximately ₹100 crore.<ref>{{Cite news |last=KBR |first=Upala |date=15 January 2014 |title=Akshay Kumar follows Salman Khan as his next film 'It's Entertainment' fetches Rs 100 crore |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-akshay-kumar-follows-salman-khan-as-his-next-film-its-entertainment-fetches-rs100-crore-1951013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231185000/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-akshay-kumar-follows-salman-khan-as-his-next-film-its-entertainment-fetches-rs100-crore-1951013 |archive-date=31 December 2014 |access-date=31 December 2014 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |publisher=Diligent Media Corporation}}</ref>

== Release ==
''Entertainment'' was theatrically released worldwide on 2850 screens on 8 August 2014.<ref name="budget" />

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
The film received mixed reviews from critics.

Meena Iyer of ''[[The Times of India]]'' praised the film's humour, Kumar's performance and his chemistry with Junior, especially in comic scenes. She stated that though the dog was not a good actor yet "his eyes can melt your heart." She said that the directors could have kept the film "tight".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Iyer |first=Meena |date=8 August 2014 |title=Entertainment |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-review/Entertainment/movie-review/39875295.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140929040144/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-review/Entertainment/movie-review/39875295.cms |archive-date=29 September 2014 |access-date=8 August 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=[[The Times Group]]}}{{Rating|3|5}}</ref> Mihir Fadnavis of ''[[Firstpost]]'' called it a "sheer genius" and said that it was Kumar's funniest film since ''Hera Pheri''. He wrote that the film satirised all of the Sajid-Farhad films and took "potshots at everything that is wrong with desi cinema and television." He also appreciated the scene transitions and called it "technically great."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fadnavis |first=Mihir |date=10 August 2014 |title=Entertainment review: It is Akshay Kumar's funniest film since Hera Pheri |url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/entertainment-review-it-is-akshay-kumars-funniest-film-since-hera-pheri-1655673.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106082536/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/entertainment-review-it-is-akshay-kumars-funniest-film-since-hera-pheri-1655673.html |archive-date=6 January 2015 |access-date=28 December 2014 |work=[[Firstpost]] |publisher=[[Network 18]]}}</ref> ''[[Hindustan Times]]''{{'s}} Sweta Kaushal criticised the screenplay, Kumar and Prakash Raj's acting. She said that Bhatia "[did not] have much to do" and Chakraborty did not have much screenspace. However, she praised Abhishek's comedy and said that it was the "[only] bright spark in the film." She concluded her review by saying that the film was neither a "great piece of art" nor entertaining.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kaushal |first=Sweta |date=8 August 2014 |title=Movie review: Akshay Kumar's Entertainment is a film you can totally miss |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-entertainment-fails-to-entertain/article1-1249700.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228114415/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-entertainment-fails-to-entertain/article1-1249700.aspx |archive-date=28 December 2014 |access-date=28 December 2014 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |publisher=[[HT Media]] |location=New Delhi}}{{rating|1|5}}</ref>

Prior to the film's release, ''Hindustan Times'' published an article titled ''Four reasons why you shouldn't waste your time on Entertainment'' and criticised the film's story, songs and dialogues.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kaushal |first=Sweta |date=7 August 2014 |title=Four reasons why you shouldn't waste your time on Entertainment |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/four-reasons-why-you-shouldn-t-waste-your-time-on-entertainment/article1-1249231.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228114407/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/four-reasons-why-you-shouldn-t-waste-your-time-on-entertainment/article1-1249231.aspx |archive-date=28 December 2014 |access-date=28 December 2014 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |publisher=[[HT Media]] |location=New Delhi}}</ref> Shubha Shetty-Saha of ''[[Mid-Day]]'' wrote "''Entertainment'' pleasantly surprises with its delightful absurdity and sure gets you roaring with laughter at several points." She called it a child friendly film and appreciated the dialogues and the performance given by the actors. However, Saha stated that the pace of the film's second half was slowed down by the excessive melodrama.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shetty-Saha |first=Shubha |date=8 August 2014 |title=Movie Review: 'Entertainment' |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/movie-review-entertainment/15515188 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228112957/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/movie-review-entertainment/15515188 |archive-date=28 December 2014 |access-date=28 December 2014 |work=[[Mid-Day]]}}{{Rating|3.5|5}}</ref> Shubhra Gupta of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "[Entertainment] is the film which misses the point entirely : it is dull and loud, with a brow so lowered that it reaches the floor." She also criticised the film's story and dialogues.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |date=8 August 2014 |title='Entertainment' movie review: Akshay Kumar's film is dull and loud |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/entertainment-movie-review-akshay-kumars-film-is-dull-and-loud/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209034756/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/entertainment-movie-review-akshay-kumars-film-is-dull-and-loud/ |archive-date=9 December 2014 |access-date=28 December 2014 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |publisher=[[Indian Express Limited]] |location=New Delhi}}{{Rating|1|5}}</ref> Rohit Khilnani of ''[[India Today]]'' appreciated Kumar, Bhatia and Lever's performance and wrote that the rest of the cast was wasted. He criticised the plot and called it "senseless and full of loopholes."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khilnani |first=Rohit |date=8 August 2014 |title=Movie review: It's called Entertainment but only if that was enough! |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/movie-review-entertainment-akshay-kuamr-tamannash-bhatia-sajid-farhad-203257-2014-08-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228122327/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/movie-review-entertainment-akshay-kuamr-tamannash-bhatia--sajid-farhad/1/376078.html |archive-date=28 December 2014 |access-date=28 December 2014 |work=[[India Today]] |publisher=[[Living Media]]}}{{Rating|1|5}}</ref>

Sukanya Verma of [[Rediff.com]] wrote "''Entertainment'' is unapologetically filmi in its trappings, treatment, thought." She further wrote that the film was "mostly a garrulous, occasionally comical farce that intermittently serves as reminder that in the search of "entertainment, entertainment, entertainment" one can always rely on the delightfully loony Johnny Lever."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |date=8 August 2014 |title=Review: Entertainment is a comical farce |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-entertainment-is-a-comical-farce/20140808.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228103446/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-entertainment-is-a-comical-farce/20140808.htm |archive-date=28 December 2014 |access-date=28 December 2014 |publisher=[[Rediff.com]] |location=Mumbai}}{{rating|2|5}}</ref> Gayatri Sankar of [[Zee News]] called Kumar's acting one of the best comic performances he had given so far. She also appreciated the film's screenplay, cinematography, dialogues and the actor's portrayal of their respective characters. She wrote that a few of the songs could have been removed and the directors had succeeded in giving the message of treating "animals with respect and love".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sankar |first=Gayatri |date=8 August 2014 |title='Entertainment' review: Simple lighthearted comedy, total paisa vasool |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/entertainment-review-simple-lighthearted-comedy-total-paisa-vasool_159736.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809094303/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/entertainment-review-simple-lighthearted-comedy-total-paisa-vasool_159736.html |archive-date=9 August 2014 |access-date=8 August 2014 |publisher=[[Zee News]]}}{{rating|4|5}}</ref> Writing for [[CNN-IBN]], [[Rajeev Masand]] termed the film's humour repetitive and lazy. He criticised the film's story but appreciated Lever's performance by calling him "the single saving grace in this overcooked, misguided comedy".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Masand |first=Rajeev |author-link=Rajeev Masand |date=9 August 2014 |title='Entertainment' review: The humour isn't just slapstick , it's also repetitive and lazy |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/entertainment-review-the-humour-isnt-just-slapstick--its-also-repetitive-and-lazy/491077-47-84.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811171938/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/entertainment-review-the-humour-isnt-just-slapstick--its-also-repetitive-and-lazy/491077-47-84.html |archive-date=11 August 2014 |access-date=28 December 2014 |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]}}{{rating|0.5|5}}</ref> In his review for [[Bollywood Hungama]], critic [[Taran Adarsh]] praised the humorous writing and the comedic acting talents of the actors. He called the film "a joy ride that lives up to its title."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |author-link=Taran Adarsh |date=7 August 2014 |title=Entertainment (2014) : Hindi movie critic review by Taran Adarsh |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/600589 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015020248/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/600589 |archive-date=15 October 2013 |access-date=7 August 2014 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}{{Rating|3.5|5}}</ref> However, ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'' called it a commercial failure and Tamannaah Bhatia's third disaster in a row.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rakshit |first=Nayandeep |date=16 August 2014 |title=Akshay Kumar's 'Entertainment' fails to weave magic at the box office |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-akshay-kumar-s-entertainment-fails-to-weave-magic-at-the-box-office-2011191 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227172101/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-akshay-kumar-s-entertainment-fails-to-weave-magic-at-the-box-office-2011191 |archive-date=27 December 2014 |access-date=27 December 2014 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |publisher=Diligent Media Corporation |location=Mumbai}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
''Entertainment'' earned approximately ₹11 crore on its first day at the box office and grossed ₹56.50 crore in its first week.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Box Office India Trade Network |date=8 August 2014 |title=Entertainment First Day Business Early Estimate |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/entertainmentfirstdaybusinessearlyestimate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227153257/http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/entertainmentfirstdaybusinessearlyestimate |archive-date=27 December 2014 |access-date=27 December 2014 |publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 August 2014 |title='Entertainment' box office collections hit Rs 60 cr, Akshay Kumar continues to cruise |url=http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/entertainment-box-office-collections-hit-rs-60-cr-akshay-kumar-continues-to-cruise/1279770 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227153052/http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/entertainment-box-office-collections-hit-rs-60-cr-akshay-kumar-continues-to-cruise/1279770 |archive-date=27 December 2014 |access-date=27 December 2014 |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |publisher=[[Indian Express Limited]] |location=Mumbai}}</ref> The film collected a total of ₹115.93 crore during its theatrical run.<ref name="boc">{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=5 January 2024 |title=Entertainment Box Office Collection |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/entertainment/box-office/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803053256/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/boxoffice/id/600589 |archive-date=3 August 2016 |access-date=1 June 2024 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|2978626}}
* {{BH movie|entertainment}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 action comedy films]]
[[Category:2014 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Films set in Thailand]]
[[Category:Films set in India]]
[[Category:Indian slapstick comedy films]]
[[Category:Films about dogs]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bangkok]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:2014 comedy films]]
[[Category:Films about pets]]
[[Category:Films directed by Farhad Samji]]
[[Category:Tips Industries films]]
[[Category:Pen Studios films]]

Kargil

2026-03-16T22:04:44Z

S7singh: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Short description|Town in India, Ladakh, Kashmir region}}
{{About|the municipality in India, Ladakh, Kashmir region|its namesake district|Kargil district|the film|Kargil (film)|the war fought near Kargil|Kargil War}}
{{Distinguish|Cargill}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kargil
| official_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Town and municipality
| image_skyline = TOURIST FECILITATION CENTRE KARGIL.jpg
| image_caption = Tourist Facilitation Centre at Bemathang, Kargil, Ladakh.
| nickname =
| image_map1 = Kashmir region. LOC 2003626427 - showing sub-regions administered by different countries.jpg
| map_caption1 = Kargil in the [[Ladakh]] region of the [[Indian-administered Kashmir]] (in [[tan (color)|tan]])
| image_map =
| map_caption = Location of Kargil
| coordinates = {{coord|34.5594|76.1256 |format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Administrating country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union territory]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Ladakh|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of subdistricts in India|Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Ladakh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kargil district|Kargil]]
| subdivision_name3 = Kargil
| established_title = 
| established_date = 1 July 1979
| government_type = [[Municipality]]
| governing_body = [[Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Kargil]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 2.14
| area_footnotes = <ref name="City">{{cite web|url=https://citypopulation.de/en/india/ladakh/kargil/0140801000__kargil/|title=Kargil|work=Citypopulation.de|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 2676
| population_total = 16,338
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Pop">{{cite report|url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s341ae36ecb9b3eee609d05b90c14222fb/uploads/2018/09/2018091067.pdf|title=District Census Handbook: Kargil|work=Directorate of Census Operations|year=2011|pages=22–23}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Others
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 194103
| registration_plate = LA 01
| website = {{url|https://kargil.nic.in/}}
| blank1_name_sec2 = {{nowrap|[[Official languages]]}}<ref name="Lang">{{cite news|url=https://www.newsonair.gov.in/president-murmu-promulgates-ladakh-official-languages-regulation-2025/|title=President Murmu promulgates Ladakh Official Languages Regulation 2025|date=4 June 2025|access-date=1 June 2025|work=[[All India Radio]]}}</ref>
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[English language|English]], [[Hindu]], [[Ladakhi language|Ladakhi]], [[Purgi language|Purigi]], [[Urdu]]
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
}}
'''Kargil''' ({{IPA|en|ˈkɑrɡɪl|lang}} {{respell|KAR|ghil}}, {{IPA|hi|kaːɾɡɪl|lang}}) or '''Kargyil'''{{sfnp|Cunningham, Ladak|1854|p=148}}<ref>{{cite book |first=Melissa R. |last=Kerin |date=2015 |title=Art and Devotion at a Buddhist Temple in the Indian Himalaya |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-01309-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xrPdCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA206 |at=p. 206, note 53}}</ref> is a [[city]] in Indian-administered [[Ladakh]] in the disputed [[Kashmir]] region.<ref name=tertiary-kashmir> The application of the term "administered" to the various regions of [[Kashmir]] and a mention of the Kashmir dispute is supported by the [[WP:TERTIARY|tertiary sources]] (a) through (e), reflecting [[WP:DUE|due weight]] in the coverage. Although "controlled" and "held" are also applied neutrally to the names of the disputants or to the regions administered by them, as evidenced in sources (h) through (i) below, "held" is also considered politicized usage, as is the term "occupied," (see (j) below). 
(a) {{citation|title=Kashmir, region Indian subcontinent|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent |accessdate=15 August 2019}} (subscription required) Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent ... has been the subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, the last two being part of a territory called the Northern Areas. Administered by India are the southern and southeastern portions, which constitute the state of Jammu and Kashmir but are slated to be split into two union territories."; (b) {{citation|last1=Pletcher|first1=Kenneth|title=Aksai Chin, Plateau Region, Asia|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Aksai-Chin |accessdate=16 August 2019}} (subscription required) Quote: "Aksai Chin, Chinese (Pinyin) Aksayqin, portion of the Kashmir region, at the northernmost extent of the Indian subcontinent in south-central Asia. It constitutes nearly all the territory of the Chinese-administered sector of Kashmir that is claimed by India to be part of the Ladakh area of Jammu and Kashmir state."; (c) {{citation|chapter=Kashmir|title=Encyclopedia Americana|publisher=Scholastic Library Publishing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_cWAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA328|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7172-0139-6|page=328}} C. E Bosworth, University of Manchester Quote: "KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered partlv by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947"; (d) {{citation|last1=Osmańczyk|first1=Edmund Jan|title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1191|year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-93922-5|pages=1191–}} Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China." (e) {{citation|last=Talbot|first=Ian|title=A History of Modern South Asia: Politics, States, Diasporas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eNg_CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28|year=2016|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-19694-8|pages=28–29}} Quote: "We move from a disputed international border to a dotted line on the map that represents a military border not recognized in international law. The line of control separates the Indian and Pakistani administered areas of the former Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir."; (f) {{citation|last=Skutsch|first=Carl|editor-last=Ciment|editor-first=James|title=Encyclopedia of Conflicts Since World War II|edition=2nd|year=2015|orig-year=2007|isbn=978-0-7656-8005-1|chapter=China: Border War with India, 1962|location=London and New York|publisher=Routledge|page=573|quote=The situation between the two nations was complicated by the 1957–1959 uprising by Tibetans against Chinese rule. Refugees poured across the Indian border, and the Indian public was outraged. Any compromise with China on the border issue became impossible. Similarly, China was offended that India had given political asylum to the Dalai Lama when he fled across the border in March 1959. In late 1959, there were shots fired between border patrols operating along both the ill-defined McMahon Line and in the Aksai Chin.}} (g) {{citation|last=Clary|first=Christopher|title=The Difficult Politics of Peace: Rivalry in Modern South Asia|date=30 March 2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press|location = Oxford and New York|isbn=9780197638408|page=109|quote=Territorial Dispute: The situation along the Sino-Indian frontier continued to worsen. In late July (1959), an Indian reconnaissance patrol was blocked, "apprehended," and eventually expelled after three weeks in custody at the hands of a larger Chinese force near Khurnak Fort in Aksai Chin. ... Circumstances worsened further in October 1959, when a major class at Kongka Pass in eastern Ladakh led to nine dead and ten captured Indian border personnel, making it by far the most serious Sino-Indian class since India's independence.}} (h) {{citation|last=Bose|first=Sumantra|title=Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ACMe9WBdNAC&pg=PA294|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-02855-5|pages=294, 291, 293}} Quote: "J&K: Jammu and Kashmir. The former princely state that is the subject of the Kashmir dispute. Besides IJK (Indian-controlled Jammu and Kashmir. The larger and more populous part of the former princely state. It has a population of slightly over 10 million, and comprises three regions: Kashmir Valley, Jammu, and Ladakh.) and AJK ('Azad" (Free) Jammu and Kashmir. The more populous part of Pakistani-controlled J&K, with a population of approximately 2.5 million.), it includes the sparsely populated "Northern Areas" of Gilgit and Baltistan, remote mountainous regions which are directly administered, unlike AJK, by the Pakistani central authorities, and some high-altitude uninhabitable tracts under Chinese control." (i) {{citation|last=Fisher|first=Michael H.|title=An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA166|year=2018|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-11162-2|page=166}} Quote: "Kashmir’s identity remains hotly disputed with a UN-supervised “Line of Control” still separating Pakistani-held Azad (“Free”) Kashmir from Indian-held Kashmir."; (j) {{citation|last=Snedden|first=Christopher|title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5amKCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-1-84904-621-3|page=10}} Quote:"Some politicised terms also are used to describe parts of J&K. These terms include the words 'occupied' and 'held'."
</ref> It is the joint capital of Ladakh, an Indian-administered [[union territory]], and the headquarters of the [[Kargil district]]. It is the second-largest urban centre in Ladakh after [[Leh]].<ref name=":0" /> Kargil is located {{Convert|204|km|mi}} east of [[Srinagar]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], and {{Convert|234|km|mi}} to the west of Leh. It is on the bank of the [[Suru River (Indus)|Suru River]] near its confluence with the [[Wakha Rong]] River, the latter providing the most accessible route to Leh.{{sfnp|Rizvi, Ladakh: Crossroads of High Asia|1996|pp=19–20}}

==Etymology==
The [[Ladakh Chronicles]] spell the name of Kargil as {{bo|w=dkar skyil|s=kar kyil}}.<ref>{{cite book |last=Francke |first=August Hermann |author-link=A. H. Francke |title=Antiquities of Indian Tibet, Part 2 |publisher=Superintendent Government Printing |location=Calcutta |year=1926 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.24327 |via=archive.org |page=128}}
</ref> The word can be interpreted as meaning a bright or wholesome expanse.<ref>[https://www.thlib.org/reference/dictionaries/tibetan-dictionary/translate.php THL Tibetan to English Translation Tool], The Tibetan & Himalayan Library. Term: "dkar skyil".</ref> Modern newspapers are said to spell the name as {{bo|w=dkar `khyil|s=kar khyil|l=}}.<ref>{{citation |first=Dan
|last=Martin |title=The Emergence of Bon and the Tibetan Polemical Tradition |publisher=Indiana University |year=1991 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vucKAAAAYAAJ |at=p. 280, note 128}}; See also {{citation |last=Gyeltsen |first=Jamyang |script-title=bo:དགོན་རབས་ཀུན་གསལ་ཉི་སྣང་།|title=dgon rabs kun gsal nyi snang / |publisher=Library of Tibetan Works and Archives |year=2020 |page=xx |isbn=9789390752270 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5NBBEAAAQBAJ&pg=PR20}}</ref> It can also be interpreted as a bright or wholesome mountainous amphitheatre.<ref>[https://www.thlib.org/reference/dictionaries/tibetan-dictionary/translate.php THL Tibetan to English Translation Tool], The Tibetan & Himalayan Library. Term: "dkar 'khyil".</ref> This phrase occurs often in Tibetan literature.

The Kargil basin does give the feel of an expanse surrounded by low-pitched mountains, with the low Khurbathang plateau at the southeastern corner. This is in sharp contrast to the deep gorges that give access to the valley.{{sfnp|Rizvi, Ladakh: Crossroads of High Asia|1996|pp=19–20}}<ref>[https://www.google.com/maps/place/Kargil+194103/@34.6942477,76.0590282,6187a,35y,163.8h,64.43t/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x38e323b1c052debb:0xa73f2023eb4fccae!8m2!3d34.5538522!4d76.1348944 View of the Kargil valley from the north], Google Maps, retrieved 17 January 2023.</ref>

The people of Kargil, however, relate the name to ''Khar'' (fort) and ''rkil'' (centre) and interpret it as a central place among many forts. Radhika Gupta has opined that it is a fitting description for a place that is equidistant from Srinagar, Leh and [[Skardu]].{{sfnp|Radhika Gupta, Allegiance and Alienation|2013|p=49}}

==Location==
[[File:Kargil.map.gif|thumb|Location of Kargil with respect to Kashmir, Baltistan and Leh]]

Kargil is located at the confluence of multiple river valleys:
* the [[Suru River (Indus)|Suru River]] valley to the north and south,
* the [[Wakha Rong]] valley to the southeast leading to [[Leh]], and
* the Sod Valley to the east leading to the Indus Valley near [[Batalik]].
In addition, at a short distance to the north, the [[Dras River]] valley{{efn|The Dras River is also referred to as [[Shingo River]] by some authors. The latter flows from Pakistan-administered Baltistan and joins the Dras River a few miles upstream from Kargil. Both the names are used for the combined river.}} branches off from the Suru valley leading to the [[Zoji La]] pass in the west and [[Kashmir Valley]] beyond. Further north along the Suru valley, one reaches the Indus valley, leading to Skardu. Thus, Kargil is located at a key junction of routes between Kashmir, Ladakh and [[Baltistan]].

The normal trade route between Leh and Skardu also ran via Kargil, using the Wakha Rong and Suru valleys. Even though both the towns are on the bank of the Indus River, the latter's narrow gorge between [[Marol, Baltistan|Marol]] and [[Dah, Ladakh|Dah]] was not easily traversable prior to the modern period.{{sfnp|Rizvi, Ladakh: Crossroads of High Asia|1996|pp=19–20}}<ref>{{citation |title=Lost kingdoms of the gold-digging ants (Review of ''L'or des fourmis: La découverte de l'Eldorado grec au Tibet'' by Michel Peissel) |first1=Janet |last1=Rizvi |first2=G. M. |last2=Kakpori |journal=India International Centre Quarterly |date=Summer 1988 |volume=15 |number=2 |pages=131–147 |jstor=23002056}}</ref>

After the [[Partition of India]] and the [[First Kashmir War]], Baltistan came under the control of Pakistan. The [[Line of Control]] (LoC) with [[Pakistan-administered Kashmir]] is roughly {{convert|11|km}} to the north of Kargil. The peak known as Point 13620, which overlooks the Kargil town and the [[National Highway 1 (India)|Srinagar–Leh Highway]], remained in Pakistani control at the end of this conflict. During the [[Indo-Pakistan War of 1971]], Indian forces pushed the Line of Control north of the ridgeline, ensuring Kargil's security. A key village called [[Hunderman]] came under Indian control as a result of this push.<ref>{{citation |last=Krishna Rao |first=K. V. |title=Prepare or Perish: A Study of National Security |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G7xPaJomYsEC&pg=PA221 |year=1991 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-81-7212-001-6 |page=221}}</ref><ref>Naseer Ganai, [https://www.outlookindia.com/culture-society/unlocking-history-hunderman-s-transformation-from-rock-dwellings-to-a-museum-village-weekender_story-327383 Unlocking History: Hunderman's Transformation From Rock Dwellings To A Museum Village], Outlook, 7 February 2024.</ref>

==History==
The Sod Valley had a strong fort called Sod Pasari ({{bo|w=sod pa sa ri}}, now known as Pasar Khar) by the 16th or 17th century. It controlled "Lower Purig", including the Sod Valley, the lower portion of Wakha Rong and, likely the Kargil basin itself.{{sfnp|Francke, A History of Western Tibet|1907|p=103}}<ref name="Devers">{{citation |first=Quentin |last=Devers |title=Buddhism before the First Diffusion? The case of Tangol, Dras, Phikhar and Sani-Tarungtse in Purig and Zanskar (Ladakh) |journal=Études Mongoles & Sibériennes, Centrasiatiques & Tibétaines |volume=51 |year=2020 |issue=51 |doi=10.4000/emscat.4226 |s2cid=230579183 |doi-access=free }}</ref> By the 18th or 19h century, it also had a sub-branch at Pashkum{{efn|Alternative spellings: '''Pashkyum''' and '''Paskyum'''.}} ({{bo|w=pas kyum}}) southeast of Kargil town in the Wakha Rong valley.<ref name="Devers"/>

=== Dogra period ===
[[File:Sodh Khar (Fort) Kargil.jpg|thumb|Ruins of the old fort at Sod]]

During [[Zorawar Singh (Dogra general)|Zorawar Singh]]'s [[Dogra invasion of Ladakh|invasion of Ladakh]] in 1834, the Dogras attacked both the forts Sod Pasari and Pashkum, and destroyed them.{{sfnp|Cunningham, Ladak|1854|pp=334–335}}{{sfnp|Francke, Antiquities of Indian Tibet, Part 2|1926|pp=128–129}} Afterwards, Zorawar Singh built a fort at Kargil,{{sfnp|Cunningham, Ladak|1854|pp=281–282}} and stationed a Kardar (administrator), with the charge of the Kargil region as well as Drass. In 1838, the people of the region revolted against the Dogras and killed the kardar as well as entire garrison stationed at Kargil.{{sfnp|Charak, General Zorawar Singh|1983|p=43}}{{sfnp|Handa, Buddhist Western Himalaya|2001|p=191}}

In 1840, after another rebellion in Ladakh, Zorawar Singh deposed the [[Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh|Gyalpo]] of Ladakh and annexed the kingdom. He also decided [[Dogra invasion of Baltistan|to invade Baltistan]] which had assisted the Gyalpo in rebellion.{{sfnp|Charak, General Zorawar Singh|1983|p=45}} On the way to Baltistan, he made a detour to Sod, routed the rebels and annexed the whole of Purig. He appointed kardars for Dras and Suru.{{sfnp|Charak, General Zorawar Singh|1983|p=50}}{{efn|These two were probably in addition to a Kardar at Kargil. As noted by Cunningham, three garrison forts at the three locations were present when the British came to the scene.{{sfnp|Cunningham, Ladak|1854|pp=281–282}}}}

After Zorawar Singh's [[Dogra–Tibetan war|death in Tibet]], there was another rebellion in Ladakh and Purig with the support of the Tibetan forces. But Dogras sent fresh forces under Wazir Lakhpat, who beat back the Tibetans and reestablished ''status quo ante''. On returning, the Wazir garrisoned the Kargil fort and took all the Rajas of the region as prisoners.{{sfnp|Charak, General Zorawar Singh|1983|p=111}}

[[Alexander Cunningham]] described the Kargil fort in 1854 as a square of about sixty yards on the left bank of the Suru River immediately above its junction with Wakha Rong. It was able to defend the bridge over the Suru River and completely command the Kashmir–Ladakh road.{{sfnp|Cunningham, Ladak|1854|p=282}}

In 1854, there were three ''ilaqas'' (subdistricts) in the present day Kargil district, at Kargil, Dras and Zanskar respectively. They were headed by civil officers called ''Thanadars''.{{sfnp|Cunningham, Ladak|1854|p=274}} During the reign of [[Pratap Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Pratap Singh]], a ''wazarat'' (district) was established for all the frontier regions (including Gilgit), and Kargil was made a ''tehsil'' of the wazarat. Sometime later, Gilgit was separated, and Kargil, Skardu and Leh made up the Ladakh ''wazarat''. The district headquarters shifted between the three locations each year.{{sfn|Aggarwal, Beyond Lines of Control|2004|p=35}}

=== Importance to central Asian trade route ===
In historical times, Ladakh was a busy entrepôt for [[Silk Road|Silk Route trade]] between Central and South Asia. Both Leh and Kargil benefitted from the trade between South and Central Asia as posts and halting places on the caravan routes from Srinagar to Leh, and on to Central Asia until the mid-20th century. During the [[British Raj|colonial period]], the significance of this trade route in Kargil town manifested in the form of a [[Caravanserai|serai]], a rest-house, and post and telegraph offices. The small wooden shops and large emporiums of Kargil's small bazaar offered matches, kerosine oil, several varieties of sugar and tea, cotton cloth from Bombay and Manchester, and cheap glass and tinsel ornaments.<ref name=":0" />

=== Independent India ===
[[File:KargilWarMemorial2.JPG|thumb|upright=0.75|Kargil War Memorial]]

The [[First Kashmir War]] (1947–48) concluded with a ceasefire line that divided the Ladakh ''wazarat'', putting roughly the Kargil and Leh ''tehsils'' on the Indian side, and the Skardu ''tehsil'' on the Pakistan side. The two Indian ''tehsils'' were soon promoted to districts and Ladakh was named a division, on a par with the [[Jammu Division|Jammu]] and [[Kashmir Division|Kashmir]] divisions in the Indian state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. Pakistan renamed the Skardu ''tehsil'' [[Baltistan]] and divided it into further districts.

At the end of [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], the two nations signed the [[Simla Agreement]], converting the former ceasefire line with some adjustments into a [[Line of Control]], and promising not to engage in armed conflict with respect to that boundary.<ref>{{cite book |first=Pervaiz Iqbal |last=Cheema |title=The Armed Forces of Pakistan |publisher=Allen & Unwin |year=2003 |isbn=1-86508-119-1}} Pg 4</ref>
[[File:Rangdum_village_of_Zanskar_in_Kargil.jpg|thumb|Rangdum village of Kargil enroute Zanskar from Kargil town.]]
In 1999, the area saw infiltration by Pakistani forces, leading to the [[Kargil War]]. Fighting occurred along a 160 km long stretch of [[ridge]]s overlooking the only road linking Srinagar and Leh.<ref name="Globalsecurity">{{cite web| url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/kargil-99.htm|title=1999 Kargil Conflict|publisher=GlobalSecurity.org| access-date=2009-05-20}}</ref> The military outposts on the ridges above the highway were generally around 5,000 m (16,400 ft) high, with a few as high as 5,485 m (17,995 ft). After several months of fighting and diplomatic activity, the Pakistani forces were forced to withdraw to their side of the Line of Control by their Prime minister [[Nawaz Sharif]] after he visited the [[United States]].<ref name="Summary">{{cite web|url=http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/research/kargil/war_in_kargil.pdf |title=War in Kargil – The CCC's summary on the war |access-date=2009-05-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327120658/http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/research/kargil/war_in_kargil.pdf |archive-date=27 March 2009 }}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Kargil_Town_Panorama.jpg|thumb|Kargil town along the [[Suru River (Indus)|Suru river]] valley]]

Kargil has an average elevation of 2,676 m (8,780 ft), and is situated along the banks of the Suru River. The town of Kargil is located {{convert|205|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Srinagar,<ref>[http://kargil.nic.in/profile/profile.htm Profile of Kargil District] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090518031923/http://kargil.nic.in/profile/profile.htm |date=18 May 2009 }} Official website of Kargil District</ref> facing [[Gilgit-Baltistan]] across the [[Line of Control|LoC]]. Like other areas in the [[Himalayas]], Kargil has a temperate climate. Summers are hot with cool nights, while winters are long and chilly with temperatures often dropping below −20 °C (−4 °F).<ref>{{cite web| url=http://kargil.nic.in/profile/climate.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410042319/http://kargil.nic.in/profile/climate.htm |archive-date=10 April 2009|title=Climate & Soil conditions|work=Official website of Kargil District| access-date=2009-05-20}}</ref>
==Demographics==
As per the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]], Kargil had a population of 16,338 individuals, an increase from the population of 10,657 recorded in the 2001 census.<ref name="City"/><ref name="Pop"/> The population increased almost ten times from the [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] when 1,681 persons were recorded. The proportion of urban population in the Kargil district concomitantly increased from 3.7% to 11.6%.{{efn|During the same period, the population of the Kargil district tripled from 45,064 to 140,802.}}<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |author1=Altaf Hussain |author2=Susanne Schmidt |author3=Marcus Nüsser |date=2023 |title=Dynamics of Mountain Urbanisation: Evidence from the Trans-Himalayan Town of Kargil, Ladakh, India |journal=Land |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=920 |doi=10.3390/land12040920 |bibcode=2023Land...12..920H |doi-access= free|issn=2073-445X}}</ref> As of 2011, the population consisted of 10,082 males and 6,256 females. Majority (70%) of the population belonged to [[Scheduled Tribes]]. The town had a literacy rate of 83.6%.<ref name="City"/><ref name="Pop"/>
[[File:Old_man_yarning.jpg|thumb|An old man of Kargil in traditional attire.]]
[[Islam]] is the largest religion followed by over 77% of the adherents, followed by [[Hinduism]] adhered to by 19.2% of the population. [[Sikhism]] (2.2%), [[Buddhism]] (0.5%) and [[Christianity]] (0.4%) are other minor religions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/jammu-kashmir/kargil/kargil/kargil-mc-population.html|title=Kargil City Population|work=Census India|access-date=22 September 2020|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031133242/https://www.censusindia2011.com/jammu-kashmir/kargil/kargil/kargil-mc-population.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[English language|English]], [[Hindi]], [[Ladakhi language|Ladakhi]], [[Purgi language|Purgi]], and [[Urdu]] are declared official languages in the territory.<ref name="Lang"/> Other spoken languages include [[Balti language|Balti]], [[Shina language|Shina]], [[Zanskari language|Zanskari]], and other [[Dardic language]]s.<ref name="Kargil"/>

==Transportation==
[[File:National Highway 1D India.JPG|thumb|[[National highways of India|National highway]] [[National Highway 1 (India)|NH 1]] connects Srinagar and Leh via Kargil]]

Kargil is located on [[National highways of India|national highway]] [[National Highway 1 (India)|NH 1]] connecting Srinagar to Leh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/linkimages/9-6774713323.pdf|title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways|work=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]], [[Government of India]]|access-date=2 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816023220/http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/linkimages/9-6774713323.pdf|archive-date=16 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[National Highway 301 (India)|NH 301]] extends from the junction with NH 1 in Kargil and extends to [[Zanskar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2012/E_1527_2013_007.pdf|title=Notification from Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|work=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]], [[Government of India]]|date=4 August 2012|access-date=2 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713133325/http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2012/E_1527_2013_007.pdf|archive-date=13 July 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> The highways connecting Kargil to Srinagar and Zanskar are often blocked by snow from during winter.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://voiceofladakh.in/2025/04/key-roads-in-kargil-closed-due-to-heavy-snowfall-traffic-advisory-issued/|title=Key Roads in Kargil Closed Due to Heavy Snowfall, Traffic Advisory Issued|date=20 April 2025|work=Voice of Ladakh|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://risingkashmir.com/srinagar-leh-and-kargil-zanskar-highways-closed-amid-heavy-snowfall/|title=Srinagar-Leh and Kargil-Zanskar highways closed amid heavy snowfall|work=Rising Kashmir|date=1 March 2025|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> NH 1 from Kargil to Dras and Leh also experiences temporary blockages due to adverse weather.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/front-page-2/sgr-leh-nh-closed-3/|title=Sgr-Leh NH closed|work=Greater Kashmir|date=19 April 2025|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/kashmir/srinagar-leh-highway-opens-partially-to-restore-supply-of-goods-for-ladakh/|title=Srinagar-Leh Highway opens partially to restore supply of goods for Ladakh|work=Greater Kashmir|date=31 March 2025|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> Government operated buses provide local connectivity, and also connect Kargil with other towns.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/bus-service-from-kargil-to-jammu-started-by-j-k-govt/story-URDlhxMsHhLA5IytF8M3rN.html|title=Bus service from Kargil to Jammu started by J&K govt|date=4 July 2013|access-date=1 June 2025|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/renewables/first-batch-of-4-e-buses-flagged-off-in-kargil/articleshow/101453924.cms?from=mdr|title=First batch of e-buses rolled out in Kargil|date=3 July 2023|access-date=1 June 2025|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref><ref name="Kargil">{{cite web|url=https://kargil.nic.in/how-to-reach/|title=How to reach|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> The [[Skardu–Kargil Road|Kargil-Skardu road]] earlier linked Kargil to Skardu in Gilgit-Baltistan in Pakistan-administered Kashmir. It has been closed since the Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/moving-on-the-kargilskardu-road/29212|title=Moving on the Kargil-Skardu road|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=24 April 2007|access-date=22 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ipcs.org/article/india/the-kargil-skardu-route-implications-of-its-opening-3614.html|title=The Kargil-Skardu Route: Implications of its Opening by Zainab Akhter|work=IPCS|access-date=22 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idsa.in/resources/parliament/PresentstatusofKargiltoSkarduRoad|title= Present status of Kargil to Skardu Road|work= Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses|date=29 March 2012|access-date=22 April 2013}}</ref>
[[File:Kargil airport overview.jpg|thumb|View of Kargil airport from Choskore La.]]
[[Kargil Airport]] was built in 1996 for civilian operations.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Kargil Airport To Be Expanded|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=107082|work=[[Press Information Bureau]]|date= 21 July 2014|access-date=29 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Regulator asks SpiceJet to start flights to Kargil|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/R3AuwRTD08VXFJywxVoVvJ/Regulator-asks-SpiceJet-to-start-flights-to-Kargil.html|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Live Mint]]|date= 27 September 2012|access-date=29 July 2019}}</ref> The operational control was later transferred to the [[Indian Air Force]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Kargil to be a major Indian Air Force base|url= http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/kargil-to-be-a-major-indian-air-force-base_734785.html |work=[[Zee News]]|date= 29 January 2018|access-date=29 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ministry of defence to run Kargil airport|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/75094/ministry-of-defence-to-run-kargil-airport|newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date= 29 December 2002|access-date=29 July 2019}}</ref> The air force operates seasonal flights that carry cargo and transport civilians during the winter.<ref>{{cite news|title= J&K starts air courier service for Kargil|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/packaging/jk-starts-air-courier-service-for-kargil/articleshow/2637165.cms|work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=20 December 2007|access-date=29 July 2019}}</ref> The nearest major airports are the [[Leh Airport]] with regular domestic flights and the [[Srinagar International Airport]].<ref name="Kargil" /> [[Srinagar railway station]] is the nearest railway station from the town, and has limited railway services.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/srinagar-kashmir-sina/7026|title=Srinagar railway station|work=Indiarailinfo|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> The nearest major railhead is the [[Jammu Tawi railway station]] located about {{cvt|440|km}} from the town.<ref name="Kargil" />

==Media and communications==
State owned public broadcaster [[All India Radio]] operates an [[Amplitude modulation|AM]] radio station at Kargil.<ref>{{cite web|title=How one Ladakhi Woman Kept Kargil's AIR Station Running, Despite Enemy Shelling!|work=The Better India|date=26 July 2020 |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/233771/ladakh-kargil-diwas-hero-all-india-radio-tsering-angmo-shunu-bravery-india-nor41/|access-date=7 October 2020}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Purigpa]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)]]

{{Clear}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{citation |last=Aggarwal |first=Ravina |title=Beyond Lines of Control: Performance and Politics on the Disputed Borders of Ladakh, India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2k3mgWCitj0C |year=2004 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=0-8223-3414-3 |ref={{sfnref|Aggarwal, Beyond Lines of Control|2004}}}}
* {{citation |last=Charak |first=Sukhdev Singh |title=General Zorawar Singh |publisher=Publications Division, Government of India |year=1983 |url=https://archive.org/details/GENERALZORAWARSINGH |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Charak, General Zorawar Singh|1983}}}}
* {{citation |last=Cunningham |first=Alexander |title=Ladak: Physical, Statistical, Historical |publisher=Wm. H. Allen and Co |location=London |year=1854 |url=https://archive.org/details/ladakphysicalsta00cunnrich |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Cunningham, Ladak|1854}}}}
* {{citation |last=Francke |first=Rev. A. H. |author-link=A. H. Francke |title=A History of Western Tibet |publisher=S. W. Partridge & Co |date=1907 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofwestern00ahfr/page/n6 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Francke, A History of Western Tibet|1907}}}}
* {{cite book |first=Radhika |last=Gupta |chapter=Allegiance and Alienation: Border Dynamics in Kargil |editor=David N. Gellner |title=Borderland Lives in Northern South Asia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I5raAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA47 |year=2013 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-7730-6 |pages=47–71 |ref={{sfnref|Radhika Gupta, Allegiance and Alienation|2013}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Francke |first=August Hermann |author-link=A. H. Francke |title=Antiquities of Indian Tibet, Part 2 |publisher=Superintendent Government Printing |location=Calcutta |year=1926 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.24327 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Francke, Antiquities of Indian Tibet, Part 2|1926}}}}
* {{citation |last1=Handa |first1=O. C. |title=Buddhist Western Himalaya: A politico-religious history |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R4VuovXa5YUC&pg=PA197 |year=2001 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-124-5 |ref={{sfnref|Handa, Buddhist Western Himalaya|2001}}}}
* {{citation |last=Huttenback |first=Robert A. |title=Gulab Singh and the Creation of the Dogra State of Jammu, Kashmir, and Ladakh |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=20 |number=4 |year=1961 |pages=477–488 |doi=10.2307/2049956 |jstor=2049956 |s2cid=162144034 |url=https://pahar.in/mountains/Books%20and%20Articles/Indian%20Subcontinent/1961%20Gulab%20Singh%20and%20Creation%20of%20Dogra%20State%20of%20Jammu%20Kashmir%20and%20Ladakh%20by%20Huttenback%20from%20J%20Asian%20Studies%20v20%20s.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Huttenback, Gulab Singh and the Creation of the Dogra State|1961}} |access-date=22 November 2016 |archive-date=23 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123065805/http://pahar.in/mountains/Books%20and%20Articles/Indian%20Subcontinent/1961%20Gulab%20Singh%20and%20Creation%20of%20Dogra%20State%20of%20Jammu%20Kashmir%20and%20Ladakh%20by%20Huttenback%20from%20J%20Asian%20Studies%20v20%20s.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* {{citation |last=Karim |first=Maj Gen Afsir |title=Kashmir The Troubled Frontiers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lf2jAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT30 |date=2013 |publisher=Lancer Publishers LLC |isbn=978-1-935501-76-3 |pages=30– |ref={{sfnref|Karim, Kashmir The Troubled Frontiers|2013}}}}
* {{citation |title=Gulab Singh |first=K. M. |last=Panikkar |author-link=K. M. Panikkar |publisher=Martin Hopkinson Ltd |year=1930 |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/gulabsingh179218031570mbp |ref={{sfnref|Panikkar, Gulab Singh|1930}}}}
* {{citation |last=Rizvi |first=Janet |title=Ladakh: Crossroads of High Asia |year=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |edition=Second |isbn=978-0-19-564016-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/ladakhcrossroads0000rizv |via=archive.org |url-access=registration |ref={{sfnref|Rizvi, Ladakh: Crossroads of High Asia|1996}}}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2006/10/21/ed.htm#4 |first=Javed |last=Hussain |title=Kargil: what might have happened |work=Dawn |date=2006-10-21 |access-date=2009-05-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202060619/http://www.dawn.com/2006/10/21/ed.htm |archive-date=2 December 2008}}
* {{citation |author1=Yukiyasu Osada |author2=Gavin Allwright |author3=Atsushi Kanamaru |year=2000 |title=Mapping the Tibetan World |publication-date=2004 |publisher=Kotan Publishing |location=Tokyo |isbn=0-9701716-0-9 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780970171603 }}
* {{citation|author=Paul Beersmans |title=Jammu and Kashmir State 1998 |publisher=Belgian Association for Solidarity with Jammu and Kashmir |date=13 June 1998 |url=http://www.basjak.org/JKS1998.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006202146/http://www.basjak.org/JKS1998.htm |archive-date= 6 October 2007 |url-status=dead }}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Kargil}}
* [https://kargil.nic.in/ Kargil Official Website]

{{Ladakh}}
{{Kargil district}}
{{Municipalities of Ladakh}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Kargil| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Kargil district]]
[[Category:Hill stations in Ladakh]]
[[Category:Indian union territory capitals]]
[[Category:Geography of Ladakh]]

MasterChef India

2026-03-14T22:02:52Z

S7singh: Created a info w/ infobox.

{{Short description|Indian competitive cooking game show franchise}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox media franchise
| title = MasterChef India
| otherlabel5 = No.of Seasons
| years = 2010 – present
| otherdata7 =
| otherlabel7 =
| otherdata6 = [[Star India]] {{small|(2010–2020)}} [[Sun TV Network]] {{small|(2021)}} [[Culver Max Entertainment|Sony Pictures Networks]] {{small|(2023–present)}}
| otherlabel6 = Original network
| otherdata5 = 10
| otherdata4 = 3
| otherlabel4 = No.of Versions
| tv = {{plainlist|
* ''[[MasterChef India – Hindi]]''
* ''[[MasterChef India – Tamil]]''
* ''[[MasterChef India – Telugu]]''
}}
| website = {{URL|https://endemolshineindia.in/key-shows/masterchef/}}
| otherdata3 = ''[[MasterChef Australia]]''
| otherlabel3 = Based on
| otherdata2 = Colosceum Media [[Endemol#Endemol India|Endemol Shine India]] Innovative Film Academy
| otherlabel2 = Produced by
| otherdata1 = {{hlist|[[Hindi]]|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]}}
| otherlabel1 = Languages
| direct-to-video =
}}

'''''MasterChef India''''' is an Indian competitive cooking [[game show]] franchise based on the Australian show ''[[MasterChef Australia]]'', which itself is based on the original British television show ''[[MasterChef (British TV series)|MasterChef]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Endemol Shine Group's MasterChef returns to India|url=https://www.endemolshinegroup.com/endemol-shine-groups-masterchef-returns-to-india/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025203955/https://www.endemolshinegroup.com/endemol-shine-groups-masterchef-returns-to-india/|archive-date=25 October 2019|access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref> ''MasterChef India – Hindi'' (Season 1–4) and ''Junior Masterchef Swaad Ke Ustaad'' were produced by Colosceum Media.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/masterchef-india-4-minu-bids-adieu-to-the-show-316995/ | title=MasterChef India 4: Minu bids adieu to the show! | newspaper=Latest News, Breaking News, Live News, Top News Headlines, Viral Video, Cricket Live, Sports, Entertainment, Business, Health, Lifestyle and Utility News | India.com | date=14 March 2015 | last1=Desk | first1=India.com Entertainment }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2013/08/star-plus-brings-kids-to-the-battle-ground-in-junior-masterchef | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130809054839/https://bestmediainfo.com/2013/08/star-plus-brings-kids-to-the-battle-ground-in-junior-masterchef | website= BestMediaInfo | last1=Bureau | first1=BestMediaInfo | title=Star Plus brings kids to the battle ground in Junior MasterChef | orig-date=6 August 2013 | archive-date=9 August 2013|access-date=20 January 2023}}</ref> [[Endemol Shine Group|Endemol Shine India]] has been producing ''MasterChef India – Hindi'' since season 5 onwards through [[Star India]] and [[Sun TV Network]] with Innovative Film Academy co-producing it for other language versions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Star Plus & Endemol Shine India back with Season 6 of Master Chef India|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/amp/industry-briefing-news/star-plus-endemol-shine-india-back-with-season-6-of-master-chef-india-101595.html|access-date=18 August 2021|website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=India's Sun TV orders four localised versions of culinary format MasterChef|url=https://www.c21media.net/news/indias-sun-tv-orders-four-localised-versions-of-culinary-format-masterchef/|access-date=18 August 2021|website=C21media|language=en-us}}</ref> [[Sony Pictures Networks]] have purchased the rights of the franchise and has been producing the show in all the three languages since then. The show has since been premiered on [[SonyLIV]].

It was originally started in [[Hindi]] language and has been extended to three languages spoken in the Indian sub-continent, including [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Vijay Sethupathi to host 'MasterChef Tamil'|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vijay-sethupathi-to-host-masterchef-tamil/article34534013.ece|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606051507/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vijay-sethupathi-to-host-masterchef-tamil/article34534013.ece|archive-date=6 June 2021|website=The Hindu|date=11 May 2021 }}</ref>

== Overview ==
There are three versions in production. It was first made in Hindi-language in 2010. In 2010, [[Star India]] got the rights for producing ''MasterChef'' in Hindi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=On the sets MasterChef India|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/on-the-sets-masterchef-india/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210403181620/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/on-the-sets-masterchef-india/|archive-date=3 April 2021|website=The Indian Express|date=3 May 2013 }}</ref> In early-2021, Endemol Shine India decided to expand the show in other Indian languages.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 August 2021|title=India Cooks Up Four New Versions of MasterChef|url=https://www.banijay.com/india-cooks-up-four-new-versions-of-masterchef/|access-date=21 August 2021|website=Banijay Group - We are Banijay|language=en}}</ref> [[Sun TV Network]] brought the rights of the show for Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam and Kannada-language versions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India's Sun TV orders four localised versions of culinary format MasterChef|url=https://www.c21media.net/news/indias-sun-tv-orders-four-localised-versions-of-culinary-format-masterchef/|access-date=18 August 2021|website=C21media|language=en-us}}</ref> In 2022, [[Sony Pictures Networks]] earned the rights for ''Master Chef India'' in Hindi, Tamil, and Telugu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MasterChef India’s Tamil and Telugu versions to stream on SonyLIV |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/masterchef-indias-tamil-and-telugu-versions-to-stream-on-sonyliv/cid/1974614 |access-date=26 October 2023 |website=The Telegraph (India)}}</ref>

== History ==
=== Creation ===
MasterChef India is a Hindi language adaptation of the Australian show ''[[MasterChef Australia]]'', which itself is based on the original British ''[[MasterChef (British TV series)|MasterChef]]''. The first season of ''[[MasterChef India – Hindi]]'' was aired on [[StarPlus]] and hosted by [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Kunal Kapur]] and Ajay Chopra.

It continued for eight seasons and [[Vikas Khanna]], [[Sanjeev Kapoor]], [[Chef Jolly]], [[Ranveer Brar]], [[Zorawar Kalra]], [[Vineet Bhatia]], [[Garima Arora]] and [[Pooja Dhingra]] also participated as judges in different seasons.

''[[MasterChef India – Hindi]]'' is currently airing on [[Sony Entertainment Television]] since the seventh season.

=== Expansion ===
In early 2021, the show expanded into [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Kannada]] and [[Malayalam]] through [[Sun TV Network]]. The south regional versions are telecasted by [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]], [[Gemini TV]], [[Udaya TV]] and [[Surya TV]]. The first season of [[MasterChef India – Tamil (TV series)|''MasterChef India – Tamil'']] was launched on 7 August 2021,<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 July 2021|title=MasterChef Tamil to go on air from August on SUN TV; Actor Vijay Sethupathi to host|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/masterchef-tamil-go-air-august-sun-tv-actor-vijay-sethupathi-host-809819|access-date=18 August 2021|website=PINKVILLA|language=en|archive-date=13 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713020704/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/masterchef-tamil-go-air-august-sun-tv-actor-vijay-sethupathi-host-809819|url-status=dead}}</ref> while the first season of [[MasterChef India – Telugu (TV series)|''MasterChef India – Telugu'']] was premiered on 27 August 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=It's official! Tamannaah Bhatia-hosted MasterChef Telugu to premiere on Aug 27; here's how netizens reacted - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/its-official-tamannaah-bhatia-hosted-masterchef-telugu-to-premiere-on-aug-27-heres-how-netizens-reacted/articleshow/85362637.cms|access-date=18 August 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> [[Vijay Sethupathi]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 May 2021|title=Vijay Sethupathi set to host MasterChef Tamil|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/vijay-sethupathi-set-to-host-masterchef-tamil/articleshow/82732522.cms|access-date=13 July 2021|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Tamannaah Bhatia]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 June 2021|title=Tamannaah makes TV debut as MasterChef Telugu presenter|url=https://deccan.news/tamannaah-makes-tv-debut-as-masterchef-telugu-presenter/|access-date=18 August 2021|website=Deccan News|language=en-US}}</ref> are the hosts of Tamil and Telugu versions respectively. The Hindi version never had a host in any of its seasons.

== Versions ==
: {{color box|#90EE90}} Currently airing – 1
: {{color box|#E0B0FF}} Upcoming for airing – 0
: {{color box|#fff2a5}} Recently concluded – 2
: {{color box|#FFA500}} No longer airing – 0

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size: 85%; line-height:20px; width:80%;"
! rowspan="2" | Language
! rowspan="2" | Show
! rowspan="2" | Season
! rowspan="2" | Year
! rowspan="2" | Host
! colspan="3" | Judges
! rowspan="2" | Primary Network
! rowspan="2" | Online VOD
! rowspan="2" | Premiere
! rowspan="2" | Finale
! rowspan="2" | Episodes
! rowspan="2" | Contestants
/Pairs(S9)
! rowspan="2" | MasterChef House Location
! rowspan="2" | Prize Money
! rowspan="2" | Winner
! rowspan="2" | Runner Up
|-
! 1
! 2
! 3
|-
| rowspan="13" style="background:;" |'''[[Hindi]]''' '''(हिन्दी)'''
| rowspan="9" style="background:#90EE90;" |''[[MasterChef India – Hindi]]''
| '''1'''
| 2010
| rowspan="8" | ''None''
| [[Akshay Kumar]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Kunal Kapur]]
| rowspan="2" | Ajay Chopra
| rowspan="6" | [[StarPlus]]
| rowspan="5" | None
| 16 October 2010
| 25 December 2010
| 21
| 12
| rowspan="9" | [[Mumbai]]
| rowspan="4" | {{INRConvert|1|c}}
| style="background:pink;" | [[Pankaj Bhadouria]]
| style="background:lightblue;" | Jayanandan Bhaskar
|-
| '''2'''
| 2011–2012
| rowspan="8" | [[Vikas Khanna]]
| 22 October 2011
| 1 January 2012
| 22
| 12
| style="background:pink;" | [[Shipra Khanna]]
| style="background:pink;" | Salma Shazia Fathima
|-
| '''3'''
| 2013
| rowspan="2" | [[Sanjeev Kapoor]]
| 11 March 2013
| 9 June 2013
| 70
| 12
| style="background:lightblue;" | [[Ripudaman Handa]]
| style="background:lightblue;" | Navneet Rastogi
|-
| '''[[MasterChef India – Hindi (season 4)|4]]'''
| 2015
| [[Ranveer Brar]]
| 26 January 2015
| 12 April 2015
| 67
| 16
| style="background:pink;" | Nikita Gandhi
| style="background:pink;" | Neha Deepak Shah
|-
| '''[[MasterChef India – Hindi (season 5)|5]]'''
| 2016
| [[Kunal Kapur]]
| [[Zorawar Kalra]]
| 1 October 2016
| 25 December 2016
| 26
| 16
|{{INRConvert|50|l}}
| style="background:pink;" | Kirti Bhoutika
| style="background:pink;" | Ashima Arora
|-
| '''[[MasterChef India – Hindi (season 6)|6]]'''
| 2019–2020
| rowspan="4" | [[Ranveer Brar]]
| [[Vineet Bhatia]]
| [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| 7 December 2019
| 1 March 2020
| 25
| 15
| rowspan="3" |{{INRConvert|25|l}}
| style="background:lightblue;" | Abinas Nayak
| style="background:pink;" | Oindrila Bala
|-
| '''[[MasterChef India – Hindi (season 7)|7]]'''
| rowspan="2" | 2023
| [[Garima Arora]]
| [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
| [https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzufeTFnhupyCo5DujdWsag0zX68axl8W YouTube]
| 2 January 2023
|31 March 2023
|65
|16
|style="background:lightblue;" |Nayanjyoti Saikia
|style="background:pink;" |Santa Sarmah
|-
| '''[[MasterChef India – Hindi (season 8)|8]]'''
| [[Pooja Dhingra]]
| colspan="2" |[[SonyLIV]]
|16 October 2023
|8 December 2023
|40
|12
|bgcolor=lightblue|Mohammed Ashiq
|Bgcolor=pink|Nambie Marak
|-
|[[MasterChef India – Hindi season 9|'''9''']]
|2026
|Paritosh Tripathi
|[[Kunal Kapur]]
|[[Sony Entertainment Television]]
|[[SonyLIV]]
|5 January 2026
|6 March 2026
|45
|12
| {{INRConvert|20|l}}
|bgcolor=lightblue|Ajinkya and Vikram Gandhe
|Bgcolor=pink|Chandana and Saisri Rachakonda
|-
! colspan="17" |
|-
| ''[[Junior Masterchef Swaad Ke Ustaad]]''
| [[Junior Masterchef Swaad Ke Ustaad|'''1''']]
| 2013
| ''None''
| [[Vikas Khanna]]
| [[Kunal Kapur]]
| [[Chef Jolly]]
| [[StarPlus]]
| None
| 17 August 2013
| 2 November 2013
| 22
| 10
| [[Mumbai]]
| {{INRConvert|25|l}}
| style="background:lightblue;" |Sarthak Bhardwaj
| style="background:pink;" |Harshika Doshi
|-
! colspan="17" |
|-
|style="background:#fff2a5;"|[[Celebrity MasterChef (Hindi TV series)|''Celebrity MasterChef (Hindi TV series)'']]
|1
|2025
| [[Farah Khan]]
|[[Vikas Khanna]]
|[[Ranveer Brar]]
|[[Farah Khan]]
|[[Sony Entertainment Television]]
|[[SonyLIV]]
|27 January 2025
|11 April 2025
|55
|12
|[[Mumbai]]
|{{INRConvert|20|l}}
|style="background:lightblue;" |[[Gaurav Khanna]]
|style="background:pink;" |[[Nikki Tamboli]]
|-
| colspan="18" |
|-
| rowspan="2" style="background: #fff2a5;" |'''[[Tamil language|Tamil]]''' '''(தமிழ்)'''
| rowspan="2" | ''[[MasterChef India – Tamil]]''
|[[MasterChef India – Tamil (season 1)|'''1''']]
|2021
|[[Vijay Sethupathi]]
----Shali Nivekas
| rowspan="2" |Koushik S
|Aarthi Sampath
|Harish Rao
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|[[Sun NXT]]
|7 August 2021
|14 November 2021
|30
|14
|[[Bengaluru]]
|{{INRConvert|25|l}}
|style="background:pink;" |[[Devaki Vijayaraman]]
|style="background:pink;" |Nithya Franklyn
|-
|[[MasterChef India – Tamil (season 2)|'''2''']]
|2024
|''None''
|Shreeya Adka
|[[Rakesh Raghunathan]]
| colspan="2" |[[SonyLIV]]
|22 April 2024
|7 June 2024
|50
|12
|[[Mumbai]]
|{{INRConvert|10|l}}
|style="background:lightblue;" |Akash Muralidharan
|style="background:pink;" |Zarina Banu
----Vani Sundar
|-
! colspan="18" |
|-
| rowspan="2" style="background: #fff2a5;" |'''[[Telugu language|Telugu]]''' '''(తెలుగు)'''
| rowspan="2" |''[[MasterChef India – Telugu]]''
|[[MasterChef India – Telugu (season 1)|'''1''']]
|2021
|[[Tamannaah Bhatia]]
----[[Anasuya Bharadwaj]]
|Mahesh Padala
| rowspan="2" |[[Sanjay Thumma]]
| rowspan="2" |Chalapathi Rao
|[[Gemini TV]]
|[[Sun NXT]]
|27 August 2021
|27 November 2021
|28
|14
|[[Bengaluru]]
| rowspan="2" |{{INRConvert|25|l}}
|style="background:pink;" |K. Krishna Tejasvi
|style="background:pink;" |G. D. Anusha
|-
|[[MasterChef India – Telugu season 2|'''2''']]
|2024
|''None''
|[[Nikitha Umesh]]
| colspan="2" |[[SonyLIV]]
|22 April 2024
|7 June 2024
|35
|12
|[[Mumbai]]
|style="background:lightblue;" |Mahaboob Vin Basha
|style="background:lightblue;" |Shyam Gopisetti
|}
{{Color box|pink|border=darkgray}} Female Winner {{Color box|lightblue|border=darkgray}} Male Winner

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{MasterChef}}

[[Category:MasterChef India]]
[[Category:Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:Indian television series based on British television series]]
[[Category:Endemol Shine Group franchises]]

Imran Nazir Khan

2026-03-14T11:50:02Z

S7singh: started basic stub needs work

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Imran Nazir Khan
| image = Imran_Nazir_Khan_In_Dashing_look.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kashmir]], India
| education =
| years active = 2019–present
| occupation = Actor
| known_for =
}}

'''Imran Nazir Khan''' is an Indian actor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gathbandhan fame Imran Nazir Khan: After facing some tough times finally I'm making my dream come true – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/gathbandhan-fame-imran-nazir-khan-after-facing-some-tough-times-finally-im-making-my-dream-come-true/articleshow/95167833.cms |access-date=2023-01-04 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Maddam Sir actor Imran Nazir Khan on the first time he celebrated Diwali in Mumbai, says "we would celebrate it in Kashmir too" – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/maddam-sir-actor-imran-nazir-khan-on-the-first-time-he-celebrated-diwali-in-mumbai-says-we-would-celebrate-it-in-kashmir-too/articleshow/94972047.cms |access-date=2023-01-04 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Shraddha Murder Case: Who is Imran Nazir? Actor who claimed Aftab Poonawala was a drug addict |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/shraddha-murder-case-who-is-imran-nazir-actor-who-claimed-aftab-poonawala-was-a-drug-addict |access-date=2023-01-04 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> He is best known for playing character ''Rahul'' in [[Hamari Bahu Silk|Humari Bahu Silk]] and as ''Brogon'' in [[State of Siege: 26/11]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-31 |title=जम्मू कश्मीर से निकलकर सपनों की नगरी में इमरान नाजिर खान ने कैसे बनाई पहचान? जानिए |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/kashmiri-actor-imran-nazir-khan-grabbing-eyeballs-know-about-his-life-4290166.html |access-date=2023-01-04 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Gathbandhan' actor Imran Nazir Khan spills beans on his upcoming song with Kaveri Priyam, read on |url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/gathbandhan-actor-imran-nazir-khan-spills-beans-on-his-upcoming-song-with-kaveri-priyam-read-on-2553151.html |access-date=2023-01-04 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-16 |title=सिद्धांत वीर सूर्यवंशी के निधन से डर गए हैं इमरान नाजिर खान के माता-पिता, जिम में जाने से किया मना |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/tv-imran-nazir-khan-parents-advice-him-not-workout-after-siddhaant-vir-surryavanshi-death-pr-4906005.html |access-date=2023-01-04 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2022-12-20 |title=कास्टिंग काउच पर छलका इस टीवी एक्टर का दर्द, रणवीर सिंह-आयुष्मान खुराना का किया जिक्र |url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/television/maddam-sir-actor-imran-nazir-khan-shared-his-experience-on-casting-couch-mentioned-ayushmann-khurrana-ranveer-singh-name-2286674 |access-date=2023-01-04 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Khan was born in [[Kupwara|Kupwara, Kashmir]].{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

== Career ==
Khan made his acting debut in the year 2019 with the TV series [[Abhay (TV series)|Abhay]] playing role as DJ Yoko. In the same year he acted as Director Ganesh in TV series [[Gathbandhan]], as Rahul in [[Hamari Bahu Silk|Humari Bahu Silk]] and as Firdous in [[Aladdin – Naam Toh Suna Hoga|Aladdin]]. In 2020, Khan played as Brogon in the film [[State of Siege: 26/11]].
He acted in TV series Pratiksha in the year 2021.
In 2023, he played character Timmi in Tv Serial [[Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain]]. In the same year He played lead character Rajveer Singhania in web series [[Devil Se Shaadi]] and He played lead Character Acp Kabir Chauhan in TV Series [[Main Hoon Aparajita]]

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Movie/TV Series
! scope="col" |Character
! scope="col" |refs.
|-
| rowspan="4" |''2019''
|[[Abhay (TV series)|Abhay]]
|DJ Yoko
|
|-
|[[Gathbandhan]]
|Director Ganesh
|
|-
|[[Hamari Bahu Silk|Humari Bahu Silk]]
|Rahul
|
|-
|[[Aladdin – Naam Toh Suna Hoga|Aladdin]]
|Firdous
|
|-
|2020
|[[State of Siege: 26/11]]
|Brogon
|
|-
|2021
|Pratiksha
|589
|
|-
|2023
|[[Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain!|BhabiJi Ghar Par Hain]]
|Timmy
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-20 |title=Makers Of Sitcom Bhabi Ji Ghar Par Hai All Set To Introduce This Fresh Twist |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/television/makers-of-sitcom-bhabi-ji-ghar-par-hai-all-set-to-introduce-this-fresh-twist-7592731.html |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|[[Main Hoon Aparajita]]
|A.C.P Kabir Chauhan
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-20 |title= Imran Nazir roped in Shweta Tiwari starrer 'Main Hoon Aparajita |url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/imran-nazir-roped-in-shweta-tiwari-starrer-main-hoon-aparajita_196857?mode=amp |access-date=2023-05-22 |website=indianforums|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|[[Devil Se shaadi]]
|Rajveer Singhania
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-01 |title= Imran Nazir Khan is once again impressing audience with his charismatic character in Devil Se Shaadi |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/meet-the-devil-558465 |access-date=2023-11-01 |website= tribune india|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|[[Shadi Mein Syapa]]
|Ronit
|
|-
|2025
|[[Meri Bhavya Life]]
|Samay Jaiswal
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Imran Nazir}}
[[Category:Indian actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Sadhvi Prem Baisa

2026-03-11T19:53:43Z

S7singh: new some pg added tags...

{{Short description|Indian religious storyteller and sadhvi (2000–2026)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Baisa.jpeg
| caption = Baisa in 2026
| birth_name = Prem Baisa
| birth_date = {{birth year|2000}}
| birth_place = [[Rajasthan]], India
| death_date = {{death date and given age|2026|01|28|26|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Jodhpur]], Rajasthan, India
| occupation = Religious storyteller (kathavachak), sadhvi
| name = Sadhvi Prem Baisa
}}

'''Sadhvi Prem Baisa''' (2000 – 28 January 2026) was an Indian religious storyteller and [[Sadhu|sadhvi]] from western Rajasthan. She was known for her Bhagwat Katha programs and bhajan singing in rural areas. Baisa gained national attention in July 2025 due to a viral video scandal involving allegations of misconduct, which she denied as a blackmail attempt. She died under
[[asthma]] attack [[Jodhpur]] in January 2026, with a purported suicide note appearing on her social media hours after her death.

== Early life ==
Prem Baisa was born in 2000 in [[Pareu, Balotra]], Rajasthan, to Viramnath and Amru Baisa.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Sadhvi Prem Baisa: कौन थीं साध्वी प्रेम बाईसा? कथावाचक के रूप में मिली पहचान, जोधपुर के आश्रम में हुआ निधन|url=https://hindi.news24online.com/state/who-is-sadhvi-prem-baisa-death-reason-viral-instagram-post-of-sadhvi-prem-baisa-death-mystery/1485169/|website=News24 Hindi|access-date=29 January 2026|language=hi|first=Aman|last=Maheshwari}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=कौन हैं साध्वी प्रेम बाईसा, मथुरा में धीरेंद्र शास्त्री की सनातन पदयात्रा में हुईं शामिल|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttar-pradesh/mathura/who-is-sadhvi-prem-baisa-who-participated-in-dhirendra-shastri-sanatan-hindu-ekta-padyatra-in-mathura/articleshow/125317118.cms|website=Navbharat Times|access-date=29 January 2026|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Instagram post, injection, viral video: Rajasthan's Sadhvi Prem Baisa 'suspicious death' triggers protest|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/instagram-post-injection-viral-video-rajasthans-sadhvi-prem-baisa-suspicious-death-triggers-protest/amp_articleshow/127768422.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=29 January 2026|issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Her mother Amru Baisa died when Prem was just 5 years old.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/rajasthan/barmer-sadhvi-prem-baisa-life-story-from-truck-driver-daughter-to-sanyasini-local18-10122557.html|title=5 साल में खोई मां, 12 साल में की पहली कथा…साध्वी प्रेम बाईसा की मौत बनी पहेली, ट्रक ड्राइवर की बेटी बनी साध्वी|last=Dubey|first=Jagriti|date=30 January 2026|url-status=live|work=News 18|language=hi}}</ref>

From a young age, she showed an inclination toward spirituality and devotion, influenced by her family's religious environment. At age 10, she took [[Sannyasa|sanyas]]. She was the disciple of her father Veermanath (also known as Veerampuri Maharaj or Virmanath).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Latestly |first=Team |date=29 January 2026 |title=Sadhvi Prem Baisa Found Dead in Jodhpur Months After Viral Video Case, Suicide Note Raises Fresh Questions {{!}} 📰 LatestLY |url=https://www.latestly.com/india/news/sadhvi-prem-baisa-found-dead-in-jodhpur-months-after-viral-video-case-suicide-note-raises-fresh-questions-7293261.html |access-date=29 January 2026 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Latestly |first=Team |date=18 July 2025 |title=Sadhvi Prem Baisa Viral Video With Veerampuri Maharaj Controversy: Female Saint Vows To Undergo 'Agni Pariksha', Calls 'Obscene' Clip Conspiracy To Defame 'Sanatan Sanskriti' {{!}} 📰 LatestLY |url=https://www.latestly.com/india/news/sadhvi-prem-baisa-viral-video-with-veerampuri-maharaj-controversy-female-saint-vows-to-undergo-agni-pariksha-calls-obscene-clip-conspiracy-to-defame-sanatan-sanskriti-7004293.html |access-date=29 January 2026 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Latestly |first=Team |date=15 July 2025 |title=Sadhvi Prem Baisa Viral Video With Veerampuri Maharaj Controversy: Female Saint Says 'Obscene' Clip Was Edited With Blackmail Intent {{!}} 📰 LatestLY |url=https://www.latestly.com/socially/india/news/sadhvi-prem-baisa-viral-video-with-veerampuri-maharaj-controversy-female-saint-says-obscene-clip-was-edited-with-blackmail-intent-6996402.html |access-date=29 January 2026 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Baisa was recognised as a "bal sadhvi" (young ascetic) and conducted storytelling sessions and [[bhajan]] singing in districts such as [[Barmer district|Barmer]], [[Jodhpur]], and surrounding areas in western Rajasthan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who Was Sadhvi Prem Baisa? Mystery Deepens Over Spiritual Leader’s Suspicious Death in Rajasthan|url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/who-was-sadhvi-prem-baisa-mystery-deepens-over-spiritual-leaders-suspicious-death-in-rajasthan-167082/|website=The Sunday Guardian|date=29 January 2026|access-date=29 January 2026|language=en|first=Nisha|last=Srivastava}}</ref><ref name=":3" />[[File:Prem Baisa.jpg|thumb|Baisa during a katha ]]

Her programs focused on morality, family values, spirituality, and Hindu teachings, attracting large crowds of devotees. In December 2024, [[Ramdev]] attended the inauguration of the ''Sadhvi Prem Baisa Sadhna Kuti Ashram'' in Jodhpur.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sadhvi Prem Baisa: कौन थीं साध्वी प्रेम बाईसा, श्रीमद् भागवत कथा वाचक के रूप में मिली थी पहचान|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/religion/sadhvi-prem-baisa-death-gained-recognition-as-a-narrator-of-the-shrimad-bhagwat-katha|website=Prabhat Khabar|date=29 January 2026|access-date=29 January 2026|language=hi}}</ref>

In November 2025, Baisa joined Dhirendra Shastri in his ''Sanatan Hindu Ekta Padyatra''.<ref name=":4" />

== Viral video controversy ==
In mid-July 2025, a video clip allegedly showing Baisa in an "obscene" or compromising situation with a man went viral on social media. The clip was claimed to depict her "misbehaving" leading to widespread outrage and debates on religious sanctity.<ref name=":0" />

Baisa issued video statements denying the allegations, claiming the clip was doctored for blackmail purposes. She explained that the original footage was from 2021, showing her hugging her father (Veermanath) during a period of depression, and had been manipulated by removing other people present.<ref name=":2" />

She alleged that blackmailers, including former ashram staff, demanded ₹20 lakh to suppress it. When she refused, they released the edited video to defame her and "Sanatan Sanskriti" ([[Hindu culture]]). Baisa vowed to undergo ''[[Agnipravesham|Agni Pariksha]]'' (a symbolic trial by fire from Hindu mythology) to prove her innocence.<ref name=":2" />

She had filed an FIR with Jodhpur's Boranada police in 2022, leading to the arrest of suspects, including a former staff member, on 20 July 2025. The accused were later released on bail. The scandal resulted in the cancellation of her Bhagwat Katha programs and significant professional repercussions.<ref name=":2" />

== Death ==
On 28 January 2026, Baisa was found in a critical condition at her ashram in Jodhpur and was rushed to Preksha Hospital, where she was declared dead on arrival. Police initially treated the case as a suspicious death, with reports indicating she had suffered from a fever and collapsed after receiving an injection at the ashram.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sadhvi Prem Baisa Death : राजस्थान की चर्चित साध्वी प्रेम बाईसा की संदिग्ध हालत में मौत, हनुमान बेनीवाल ने की जांच की मांग |url=https://www.patrika.com/jodhpur-news/rajasthan-famous-spiritual-leader-prem-baisa-died-under-suspicious-circumstances-hanuman-beniwal-demanded-an-investigation-20301494 |access-date=29 January 2026 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref>

Approximately four hours after her death, a purported suicide note appeared on her Instagram account, linking her emotional distress to the 2025 blackmail and defamation case.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=हर्ष |first=अरुण |date=29 January 2026 |title=App साध्वी प्रेम बाईसा की संदिग्ध मौत के बाद सामने आया इंस्टा पोस्ट, 'दुनिया को अलविदा... न्याय की मांग' |url=https://rajasthan.ndtv.in/rajasthan-news/rajasthan-sadhvi-prem-baisa-died-under-suspicious-circumstances-in-jodhpur-a-suicide-note-posted-on-instagram-10902951 |url-status=live |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

The note referenced her previous requests for "Agni Pariksha" and stated, "I wrote letters to many saintly figures, requesting permission for the trial by fire, but what nature destined was not to be. I bid farewell to the world forever. Justice will be served either in my lifetime or after my death."<ref name=":1" />

Based on the final medical and forensic reports released on 14 February 2026, the cause of Sadhvi Prem Baisa’s death was respiratory failure caused by a severe [[asthma]] attack.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/rajasthan/jodhpur/sadhvi-prem-baisa-jodhpur-death-case-update-read-fsl-report-and-cause-of-death/articleshow/128331682.cms|title=Sadhvi Prem Baisa: न जहर, न साजिश, फिर कैसे हुई साध्वी प्रेम बाईसा की मौत? FSL रिपोर्ट में चौंकाने वाला खुलासा|website=Navbharat Times|language=hi|access-date=14 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2026 |title=Sadhvi Prem Baisa Death Case: FSL Report After 11 Days Reveals Major Twist in Sadhvi Prem Baisa's Death Case |url=https://www.patrika.com/en/jodhpur-news/sadhvi-prem-baisa-death-case-fsl-report-after-11-days-reveals-major-twist-in-sadhvi-prem-baisas-death-case-20347157 |access-date=14 February 2026 |website=Patrika News |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Prem Baisa}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baisa, Sadhvi Prem}}
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:2026 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Barmer district]]
[[Category:Ascetics]]
[[Category:Women from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:21st-century Hindu religious leaders]]

Ziddi (2013 film)

2026-03-07T18:05:46Z

S7singh: new basic data v1...

{{Short description|2013 Indian film by R.Anantha Raju}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ziddi
| image = Ziddi (2013 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = R. Anantha Raju
| producer = Vijay Surana
| writer = M. Sindhuraj
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Puthiya Mukham]]'' (2009) by [[Diphan]]}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Prajwal Devraj]]
*[[Aindrita Ray]]
*[[Thilak Shekar]]
*[[Aishwarya Nag]]
}}
| music = Giridhar Diwan
| cinematography = Niranjan Babu
| editing = Sanjeeva Reddy
| studio = Om Shanthivijay Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|03|22}}
| runtime = 140 Minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Ziddi''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[masala film]] written by M. Sindhuraj and directed by R. Anantha Raju and produced by Vijay Surana. It stars [[Prajwal Devraj]], [[Aindrita Ray]], [[Thilak Shekar]] and [[Aishwarya Nag]] in lead roles. The film is a remake of 2009 [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Puthiya Mukham]]''.

== Plot ==
Krishnakumar is a resident of [[Theerthahalli]]. Along with his studies, he pursues a career as a percussionist and teaches the [[mridangam]] to local students. He is in love with Sridevi, who is the daughter of Krishna's family friend where their relationship is supported by both families. Kichu moves on to the city of [[Bangalore]] to enroll at an engineering college. Sudhi is a senior student and the youngest of two gangster brothers Mahi and Giri, and also pursues a [[real estate]] business and crimes associated with it. In all his endeavours on the campus, Sudhi is supported by his brothers. Sahana, [[Sub-Inspector|SI]] Shivaram's daughter joins the engineering college. Sudhi is in love with her and to win her love plays the gentleman role, concealing and temporarily stopping all his [[illegal activities]]. Krishna wins the heart of the everyone in the college. Sudhi suspects that Sahana is attracted to Krishna, so he moves fast and sends his brothers with an official proposal to Sahana's family.

They accept the proposal and force the reluctant Sahana to agree to it. However, she stipulates a condition: there will be no marriage immediately. Sudhi has to wait for four years for the marriage; she will have her freedom for these four years. The freedom of Sahana and the way she exercises it makes Sudhi jealous and suspicious. Sudhi wants to scare Krishna out of the college. He arranges an attack on him at the college hostel and assaults him; as a result, Krishna is severely wounded and apparently receives a blow on his head, where he appears to turn mad and attacks his own friend who tried to rescue him and is admitted to a hospital and a doctor reveals that Krishna is suffering from a [[flashback (psychology)|flashback phenomenon]]. When Krishna was young, he had witnessed the death of his younger brother, who was hit by a bus and traumatic incidents like this will turn him violent. Sridevi's family disapproves of the marriage following this. His own family does not want him to go to college anymore, but his father supports him, urges him to go back and achieve something in life.

Krishna arrives at the college where he thrashes Sudhi and his friends and warns him. Sudhi's brothers turn in for help. Krishna sends Sudhi's eldest brother to the hospital, mortally wounded. He is put in the [[intensive care unit|ICU]] for observation and is reportedly in a [[coma]]. Shivarama (who is in cahoots with Mahi and Giri) arrests Krishna and takes him to the police station. Krishna learns that he is going to be transported to the [[prison|sub-jail]] where his execution is planned. Krishna turns violent and storms the police station. He is hit by a policeman from behind and apparently falls unconscious, but it is only a ruse, where he is rushed to the hospital. Krishna escapes from the cops. Sudhi kidnaps Sahana and a final showdown ensues at an [[construction site|abandoned construction site]] where a heated argument and [[combat|close-combat]] ensues which leads to Sudhi's death and Krishna walks away with Sahana, who has now fallen for Krishna.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Prajwal Devraj]] as Krishna
* [[Aindrita Ray]] as Sahana
* [[Thilak Shekar]] as Sudhi
* [[Aishwarya Nag]] as Sridevi
* [[Srinivasa Murthy]]
* [[Sharath Lohithaswa]]
* [[Suchendra Prasad]]
* [[Ashok (Kannada actor)|Ashok]]
* [[Joe Simon (director)|Joe Simon]]
}}

==Music==

{{Infobox album
| name = Ziddi (ಜಿದ್ದಿ)
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Giridhar Diwan
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2013
| recorded = 2013
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 15: 99
| language = Kannada
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year = 2012
| year = 2014
| next_title =
| next_year = 2013
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|IzmRF_YxhGI|Ziddi - Full Album}}
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
|all_music= Giridhar Diwan.
| total_length = 15:99
| title1 = Dav Dav Dav
| extra1 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], Akshata Badami
| length1 = 4:22
| title2 = Kuhu Kuhu Aaha
| extra2 = Giridhar Divan
| length2 = 3:48
| title3 = Olavaade Neenu
| extra3 = Nitin Acharya, [[Swetha Mohan]]
| length3 = 4:19
| title4 = Yadukula Murali
| extra4 = Ajay Warrior
| length4 = 4:10
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===

''[[The Times of India]]'' scored the film at 2.5 out of 5 stars and says "Prajwal has shown maturity in acting with excellent expressions, Aindrita impresses you with her dialogue delivery. Aishwarya Nag is lovely as the girl next door. Tilak has done a good job as a villain. Music by Giridhar Divan has some melodious tunes".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/ziddi/movie-review/19150167.cms|title=ZIDDI MOVIE REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=14 May 2016}}</ref> A. Sharadhaa of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' scored the film at 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Technically, there is nothing much to boast about. Scoring music for the film is Giridhar Diwan who has given mixed combination of retro, devotional and contemporary tunes. The rest of the departments are average".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2013/Mar/23/a-remake-that-goes-awry-461262.html|title=A remake that goes awry|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=23 March 2013}}</ref> ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' scored the film at 2 out of 5 stars and wrote "The film neither carries the mood of the intended narrative nor is it entertaining. The film virtually ends in the interval. In fact, the 'interval' card could have been replaced by 'The End,' card. The second half of the film is a long wait for the climax fight that you know is inevitable".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/ziddi-another-dull-remake/articleshow/21214184.cms|title=Ziddi: Another dull remake|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|access-date=24 March 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2013 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Malayalam films]]

Nayar River

2026-03-07T12:16:33Z

S7singh: Created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Pauri Garhwal district]]
{{R from merge}}{{R from alternative transliteration}}

Jhilli

2026-03-04T00:16:27Z

S7singh: started some details nd citations

{{Short description|2021 Indian Bengali-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image =
| director = [[Ishaan Ghose]]
| writer = [[Ishaan Ghose]]
| producer = [[Goutam Ghose]] [[Ishaan Ghose]]
| starring = Bitan Biswas, Shombhunath De, Sayandeep Guha, Aranya Gupta, Sourav Nayak
| cinematography = [[Ishaan Ghose]]
| editing = [[Ishaan Ghose]]
| music = Soumajit Ghosh, Rajarshi Das
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2021|11|29|Italy|ref1=}}
| runtime = 93 minutes
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget = 5,000,000
}}

'''''Jhilli''''' ({{Translation|Discards}}) is a [[Bengali language]] film written and directed by [[Ishaan Ghose]] in 2021 and produced by [[Goutam Ghose]] Associates.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-10 |title=TWO BENGALI FILMMAKERS WIN BIG AT KIFF |url=https://explorescreen.com/Inshorts/TWO-BENGALI-FILMMAKERS-WIN-BIG-AT-KIFF/cid7362958.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510020132/https://explorescreen.com//Inshorts/TWO-BENGALI-FILMMAKERS-WIN-BIG-AT-KIFF/cid7362958.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 May 2022 |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=explorescreen.com |language=en-IN }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jhilli () - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/jhilli-50165 |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Yalala |first=Sridhar |title=Bengali film Jhilli' wins best film award |url=https://pynr.in/article/bengali-film-jhilli-wins-best-film-award |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=The Pynr |language=en |archive-date=25 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025191514/https://pynr.in/article/bengali-film-jhilli-wins-best-film-award |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=NYOOOZ |title=Bengali film 'Jhilli' wins best film award in KIFF international section {{!}} Kolkata NYOOOZ |url=https://www.nyoooz.com/news/kolkata/1674547/bengali-film-jhilli-wins-best-film-award-in-kiff-international-section/ |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=NYOOOZ |language=en}}</ref> The film is about a boy named Bokul who resolves to make changes in his life after realizing that most of his friends are leaving him behind in the debris of discards.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterji |first=Shoma A. |date=2022-05-27 |title=Budding Filmmaker Ishaan Ghose on his First Film Jhilli - Shoma A. Chatterji |url=https://thespace.ink/lifestyle/ishaan-ghose-young-filmmaker/ |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=TheSpace.Ink |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Bokul, a fourth-generation manual laborer, toils in the largest trash yard in [[Kolkata]] at a facility that crushes bones. He makes the most of his existence in his environment while being unaware of his difficulties. He has no idea that the outside world is transforming quickly and preparing for a new economic boom. His entire world was exchanged for a recreation area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Film card |url=https://www.torinofilmfest.org/en/film-card/ |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=Torino Film Fest |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Discards |url=https://mubi.com/fr/films/discards |language=fr |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* Bitan Biswas as Ganesh
* Shombhunath De as Shombhu
* Sayandeep Guha as Guddu
* Aranya Gupta as Bokul
* Sourav Nayak as Chompa

== Production ==
The film was shot with a [[Sony α7S III|Sony a7sii camera]] and one lens – a Canon 16-35mm – on a hand-held stabilizer. With the lack of sound equipment, the sound was recreated completely in post-production with Aneesh Basu, which took a year during the pandemic. This was a self-funded production which had no shooting script and was heavily improvised.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |title=Bengali film 'Jhilli' provides a scorching view of life in the dumps |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1023658/bengali-film-jhilli-provides-a-scorching-view-of-life-in-the-dumps |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=Scroll.in |date=11 May 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Awards ==
{{Rewrite section|date=April 2025}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Awards
!Category
!Result
!Ref
|-
|2022
|[[Kolkata International Film Festival]]
|International Competition: Innovation in Moving Images
Best Film | Golden Royal Bengal Tiger Award
|{{Yes|Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kolkata International Film Festival |url=https://kiff.in/winners/ |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=kiff.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Indiablooms |title=Ishaan Ghose's Bengali film Jhilli bags best film award in international category in 27th KIFF {{!}} Indiablooms - First Portal on Digital News Management |url=https://www.indiablooms.com/showbiz-details/WC/15379/ishaan-ghose-s-bengali-film-jhilli-bags-best-film-award-in-international-category-in-27th-kiff.html |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=Indiablooms.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The winners at KIFF this year, an eclectic mix of surprises |url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/the-winners-at-kiff-this-year-an-eclectic-mix-of-surprises |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=Get Bengal |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|[[Mammoth Lakes Film Festival]]
|INT'L Narrative Feature
|{{Yes|Honorable Mention}}
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Jhilli {{!}} Official Trailer {{!}} Ishaan Ghose {{!}} Goutam Ghose {{!}} An SVF Release | date=4 November 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yEP6eLUwTtk |language=en |access-date=2022-11-14}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|[[69th National Film Awards]]
|
|
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Torino Film Festival]]''
|
|Premier
|
|-
| [[BFJA]]
|2023
|
|Best Debut Director, Best Cinematography
|
|-
|Filmfare Award
|2023
|
|
|-
|}

== Reception ==

* There is hardship and suffering, but there is also a sense of belonging that is unmatched elsewhere. Nothing about ''Jhilli'' is fictitious. The existence of those among us who have been stripped off their identities and denied access to necessities of life. In this film, the protagonists are denied the opportunity to discover who they are. Instead, all they want is to live.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Banerjee |first=Aniruddha |date=2022-07-13 |title=Jhilli Discards 2021 Critical Analysis: A fault line within the shadows |url=https://www.cinemamonogatari.com/2022/07/13/jhilli-discards-a-fault-line-within-the-shadows/ |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=Cinemamonogatari |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Ishaan Ghose|Ghose]]'s film reveals a delirious and slurred story of a group of pals that drift in and out of each other's lives as they try to earn a livelihood from Dhapa or come up with wacky escape plans that are doomed to failure in this dystopian terrain.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gardeners in the Wasteland: On Ishaan Ghose's Jhilli (Discards) |url=https://www.asapconnect.in/post/462/singlestories/gardeners-in-the-wasteland |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=www.asapconnect.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt20118774}}

[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2021 Indian films]]
[[Category:2021 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language drama films]]

Dubai (2001 film)

2026-03-03T21:39:08Z

S7singh: Updated and refined page content

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Dubai (2001 film).jpg
| director = [[Joshiy]]
| producer = Preethi B. Menon
| writer = [[Renji Panicker]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Mammootty]]|[[Biju Menon]]|[[Vijayakumar (Malayalam actor)|Vijayakumar]]|[[N. F. Varghese]]|[[Anjala Zaveri]]|[[Nirmal Pandey]]}}
| narrator =
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] '''Background score:''' [[S. P. Venkatesh]]
| cinematography = Sanjeev Shankar
| editing = [[K. Sankunni]]
| studio = Anugraha Combines
| distributor =
| released = {{film_date|2001|10|19|df=yes}}
| runtime = {{ubl|206 minutes|170 minutes (edited version)}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = {{Estimation}} {{INR|5 crore}}<ref>{{cite news|author=Sreedhar Pillai|title=Magic on the wane|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/08/23/stories/2002082300170100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030129184241/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/08/23/stories/2002082300170100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 January 2003|access-date=13 May 2019|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 August 2002}}</ref>
| gross = 
}}
'''''Dubai''''' is a 2001 Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language [[action thriller film]] directed by [[Joshiy]] starring [[Mammootty]], [[Biju Menon]], [[Vijayakumar (Malayalam actor)|Vijayakumar]], [[N. F. Varghese]], [[Anjala Zaveri]] and [[Nirmal Pandey]]. [[Cochin Haneefa]], [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]], [[Nedumudi Venu]] and [[Preetha Vijayakumar]] play supporting roles. The script for the film was written by [[Renji Panicker]]. It is one of the Malayalam movies with a long duration. It received negative reviews from the critics and was a failure at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/dubai-review-malayalam-pcltRGjeejigd.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225131722/http://www.sify.com/movies/dubai-review-malayalam-pcltRGjeejigd.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 February 2015|title=Dubai|website=[[Sify]] }}</ref>

Barring a few scenes in the beginning, the film was completely shot in the [[United Arab Emirates]]. It was one of the most-expensive films made in [[Malayalam cinema]] at that time. The film ended up being the biggest loss-maker in Malayalam cinema at the time. The film's failure is attributed to insufficient marketing and the several delays in its release.<ref>{{Citation |title=പറക്കും തളികയും ഷക്കീല തരംഗവും -Malayalam Cinema 2001 - Year End Magazine Report | date=22 April 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rPFgBGJSwps |access-date=2023-04-18 |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
In 1989, Major Ravi Mammen is brought to interrogate two arrested [[LTTE]] terrorists in [[Bangalore]], who are on a mission to assassinate the Indian Prime Minister on his visit to the city - later identified as professional assassins with no ties with any organisation. On the run, he identifies the Union Home Minister, K. J. Nair as the main conspirator behind the assassination plot. Nair anticipates a political coup after the death of the Prime Minister, through which he hopes to seize power. However, Mammen attempts to foil his ambition. Nair tries to buy out Mammen, who refuses his offers. In an attempt to capture Nair and unravel the conspiracy, Mammen shoots at Nair, but the bullet accidentally hits Susan Joseph Pandala, Mammen's girlfriend, who dies. Nair fabricates a criminal case against Ravi Mammen for killing Susan. Ravi is court-martialed and sent to jail.

Upon release in 2000, Ravi leaves to [[Emirate of Dubai|Dubai]], where he emerges as a successful billionaire in a short time. His business empire is spread all over the [[Middle East]]. He is assisted by Chandran Nair, an over-enthusiastic [[Non-resident Indian|NRI]] and Yousaf, a gentle young office attender. Ravi's sudden acquisition of exponential financial power and influence makes him an enemy of many who are eagerly waiting for a chance to finish him off.

Swaminathan, a businessman and a fatherlike figure for Ravi, is in deep financial trouble. He wins a lawsuit and gains several million [[Dirhams]], but Victor Sebastian, his cunning attorney, cheats him by conspiring with Kishan Narayan Bhatta, an underworld don from [[Mumbai]]. Victor kills Swaminathan and his wife, after forcefully transferring properties to his name. Amritha (Ammu), Swaminathan's daughter reaches Dubai from [[Bangalore]] for the funeral. Ravi promises her that he will recover her property. Bhatta tries many ways to resist Ravi. Lieutenant Kiran Cheriyan Pothan, once a subordinate of Ravi in the Army, is in love with Alice - sister of Ravi. Ravi Mammen, while coming to know about this relationship, decides to make Kiran a responsible individual hands over the reins of business to him.

Chandran Nair, who was holding huge power over Ravi, finds Kiran to be his enemy and joins Bhatta. In the absence of Ravi, he plots the murder of Kiran and Ammu. Chandran Nair tells Kiran to take Ammu to a farmhouse, in the outskirts of Dubai. Yousaf drops them both to the farmhouse. On the way back, Bhatta's men capture Yousaf and takes him to Bhatta. There, he finds Chandran Nair was cheating them for his own gains. After being not ready to join them to destroy Ravi, Chandran Nair shoots and kills Yousaf. That night they trespass into the farmhouse and kidnaps Ammu and Victor stabs Kiran from behind. Bhatta asks his men to set fire on the farmhouse where Kiran is lying, dying. However he is saved by an Arab servant. Ravi Mammen returns in short time, where Chandran Nair receives him from the airstrip. Ravi Mammen realises the role of Chandran Nair behind the plot. Chandran Nair shoots himself and is killed. Bhatta asks Ravi to visit him in his resort to agree a final settlement, where he discovers K. J. Nair to be the brains behind Bhatta. Ravi kills K. J. Nair at his guest house in [[Delhi]] after which he flies back to Dubai to face Bhatta. Ravi goes to Bhatta's guest house and fights his men and intimidates him about where Ammu is hidden. He succeeds in saving Ammu with the help of Kiran, and during the ensuing struggle, Victor gets killed by Kiran. On his way back again, they are blocked by Bhatta, but in the violent fight that follows, Bhatta is killed after getting his head chopped by the fan of a helicopter. The film ends with Ravi, Ammu and Kiran leaving in the same helicopter which killed Bhatta.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Mammootty]] as [[Major (rank)#India|Major]] Ravi Mammen; a former Indian army officer turned Dubai businessman
*[[Biju Menon]] as [[Lieutenant#India|Lt.]] Kiran Cheriyan Pothan; Ravi's friend & colleague
*[[Vijayakumar (Malayalam actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Yousuf; Ravi's right hand
*[[N. F. Varghese]] as Chandran Nair; Ravi's manager
*[[Nirmal Pandey]] as Kishan Narayan Bhatta, the main antagonist
*[[Anjala Zaveri]] as Amritha Swaminathan (Ammu)
*[[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] as Minister K. J. Nair, secondary antagonist
*[[Cochin Haneefa]] as Victor Sebastian, Bhatta's associate (third antagonist)
*[[Nedumudi Venu]] as Swaminathan
*[[Urmila Unni]] as Kunjulakshmi, Ammu's mother
*[[Preetha Vijayakumar]] as Alice, Ravi's sister
*[[Mamukkoya]] as Kunjappukutty
*Remya Lekshmanan as Anjali Bhakthiyar
*[[Bharath Gopi]] as Joseph Pandala/Ouseppukutty
*[[Vindhya (actress)|Vindhya]] as Susan Joseph Pandala, Ravi's Ex-Lover and Wife
*Sagar Shiyas as Majeed
*Niyaz Musliyar as Shakeel
*Murali Mohan as Mattathil Rajan Abraham Chako
* [[Shiva Rindani]] as Mansoor, Bhatta's henchman
*[[Shweta Menon]] in a special appearance in the [[item number]] "Hai Hillalin Thanka"
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The [[film score]] was composed by SP Venkatesh. The songs featured in the film were composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]], with lyrics written by [[Gireesh Puthenchery]] and NS Bedi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=3378|title=Dubai|access-date=2014-10-07|publisher=MalayalaChalachithram}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Hai Hillalin Thanka" || [[M. G. Sreekumar]], [[Swarnalatha]] || [[Gireesh Puthenchery]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Khuda Ek Hi Hei" || Chorus, Munna Shoukkath, R. Aalam || N. S. Bedi||
|-
| 3 || "Mukil Mudi" || M. G. Sreekumar, Chorus || Gireesh Puthenchery ||
|-
| 4 || "Oru Paattin" || [[Sujatha Mohan]], Nikhil K. Menon, [[Srinivas (singer)|Sreenivas]] || Gireesh Puthenchery ||
|-
| 5 || "Saandhyathaaram Thiriyanachu" || [[S. Janaki]] || Gireesh Puthenchery ||
|-
| 6 || "Yaduvamsha Yaamini" || [[K. S. Chithra]] || Gireesh Puthenchery ||
|-
| 7 || "Yaduvamsha Yaamini" (M) || [[P. Jayachandran]] || Gireesh Puthenchery ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0266486|Dubai}}

{{Joshiy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dubai (2001 Film)}}
[[Category:Films directed by Joshiy]]
[[Category:Indian political thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:2001 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in Dubai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Dubai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films shot in Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian Army in films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vidyasagar (composer)]]

Ragini MMS

2026-03-02T09:20:37Z

S7singh: brief expand section per standard format and improved wording

{{Short description|2011 found footage horror film}}
{{Long plot|date=July 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ragini MMS
| image = Ragini MMS Film Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Pavan Kirpalani]]
| producer = [[Ekta Kapoor]] [[Shobha Kapoor]] Amit Kapoor Sidhartha M. Jain
| writer =
| screenplay = Pawan Kirpalani Vaspar Dandiwala
| story = Pawan Kirpalani
| based_on = 
| starring = [[Rajkummar Rao]] [[Kainaz Motivala]]
| music = Shamir Tandon [[S D Burman]] [[Bappi Lahri]] Faizan Hussain Agnel Roman
| cinematography = Tribhuvan Babu Sadineni
| editing = Pooja Ladha Surti
| studio =
| distributor = ALT Entertainment Balaji Motion Pictures iRock Films [[ZEE5]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|5|13}}
| runtime = 93 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INRConvert|13|c|2}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ragini-MMS-to-release-on-Friday-the-13th/etarticleshow/8245179.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105124543/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-12/news-interviews/29532696_1_ragini-mms-first-film-alt-entertainment |url-status=live |archive-date=5 November 2012 |title=Ragini MMS to release on Friday the 13th |date=25 January 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=15 May 2011}}</ref>
| gross = {{INRConvert|90|c|2}}
}}
'''''Ragini MMS''''' is a 2011 [[India]]n [[Found footage (pseudo-documentary)|found-footage]] [[horror film|horror]] film directed by Pawan Kripalani and produced by [[Jeetendra]] and [[Shobha Kapoor]] of [[Balaji Telefilms]]. It was released on 13 May 2011 (Friday the 13th).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/14410/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226031410/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/14410/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 December 2010 |title=Ragini MMS : Complete Cast and Crew details |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=15 May 2011}}</ref> The film is inspired by the 2007 American supernatural horror film ''[[Paranormal Activity]]''<ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/Ekta-s-Ragini-MMS-inspired-by-Paranormal-activity/Article1-682663.aspx Ekta's Ragini MMS inspired from Paranormal activity – Hindustan Times] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609102610/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Ekta-s-Ragini-MMS-inspired-by-Paranormal-activity/Article1-682663.aspx |date=9 June 2011 }}</ref> and is partly based on the real story of a girl from Delhi named Deepika.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Delhis-Deepika-is-Ektas-Ragini/articleshow/8166499.cms |title=Ragini MMS : Story of Deepika |publisher= Times of India |access-date=31 August 2018}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2021}}
The whole film is shot as a homemade movie, starting with Uday arriving at Ragini's home. After asking Uday where they are heading and getting no response, Ragini's friend, Pia, gets upset and wants Uday to leave their house immediately. Uday pays no heed to her, wakes Ragini up from her sleep, and tells her to get ready for their weekend getaway. They then travel to Uday's 'house' – a mysterious abandoned building at a deserted location. Ragini's mom calls her to ask her whereabouts, but Ragini lies and hangs up.

It is revealed that Uday is involved in the business of making and selling sex tapes of innocent girls. This time the victim is Ragini, who thinks that he loves her. They try to have sex, but are interrupted by Pia and her boyfriend Vishal visiting them. Furious by their visit, Uday tells Ragini to get rid of them, but they end up staying for a while.

Vishal asks Uday for the way to the bathroom and Uday tells him. Vishal tells Uday that a woman previously lived in the house, who was called a witch by her family. The family killed her, following which her spirit murdered them and has since been haunting the house. Uday laughs at this story and walks away. Vishal hesitantly makes his way back to the living room but senses someone behind him.

Someone knocks on the main door. When Uday opens, Vishal stumbles in with a wound on his neck. Sensing that something is wrong with the house, Pia and Vishal leave in a hurry. Afterwards, Uday turns on the cameras without informing Ragini and handcuffs her to the bed. They are about to have sex but Uday is pulled away by his hair. He checks the whole house, during which the door which Vishal had gone through opens inexplicably.

Now afraid, Uday checks the room and house thoroughly but finds no one. They hear some strange sounds and Uday says in Marathi, "I am not a witch." He again goes out to check the source of the noise. He returns in a strange and frightened condition. Ragini immediately asks Uday to release her, but he is scared and unable to think. While searching for the keys, Uday accidentally reveals the camera he was using to film them having sex, to which Ragini reacts with terror, shock and anger.

Uday tries to unlock Ragini's handcuffs with other items but suddenly he becomes paranoid. He picks up a pointed object, stabs himself in the neck, and dies. Terrified, Ragini screams for help but no one hears her. She tries to search for the keys herself, but in vain. She tries to break the bed post, but fails. Ragini finds a piece of glass, cuts her hand, and uses the blood as a lubricant to break free.

Once free, she tries to escape from the house, but the doors keep closing on her. She screams for help, alerting some passersby, who are however unable to help. Ragini is pulled into the same closet where she finds a dead body. She makes a run for the car. She breaks open the car's window and pulls Vishal's body out, but is unable to start the car. She again runs through the jungle and hides in a spot where she finds Pia's body. Eventually the spirit pulls her by her hair back into the house.

The spirit hangs Ragini to a wall for many days. The film ends in a way that is left for interpretation. In the end, a man finds Ragini unconscious and she had to undergo psychiatric treatment for 10 months. The story is open ended and acts as a warning for naive girls to be extra cautious when dealing with shady people.

==Cast==
* [[Kainaz Motivala]] as Ragini
* [[Rajkummar Rao]] as Uday
* [[Rajat Paul]] as Vishal Saxena
* Janice as Piya
* [[Shernaz]] as Neha
* [[Vinod Rawat]] as Jigar
* [[Harshraj Shroff]] as Friend 1
* Cristy Philips as Friend 2
* M. Ravichandran Thevar as Friend 3
* Mangala White as Ghost Spirit
* [[Indu Poddar]] as Gopal’s Lover

==Production==
The film was originally titled ''Raginni MMS'' but a numerologist advised Ekta Kapoor to change it to ''Ragini MMS''. The film took only 25 days to shoot. A total of six cameras were used to shoot the film including a [[Canon 7D]], an [[Arri Alexa]] and a [[Handycam]]. The size of the total footage shot was around 2.5 terabytes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bollyspice.com/ragini-mms-bollywoods-first-film-in-a-six-cam-set-up/|title = Ragini MMS: Bollywood's First Film in a six-cam set-up!|date = 25 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://businessofcinema.com/bollywood-news/ekta-kapoor-changes-spelling-of-raginni-mms-to-ragini-mms/32600|title=Ekta Kapoor changes spelling of Raginni MMS to Ragini MMS|publisher= Business of Cinema|date=18 January 2011}}</ref> The movie was released on [[Video CD|VCD]] and DVD. The Satellite distribution rights were given to Hindi general entertainment channel [[Sahara One]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Sahara buys satellite rights of 100 films |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/sahara-buys-satellite-rights-of-100-films/articleshow/10033003.cms|work=m.timesofindia|access-date=6 April 2023}}</ref>

==Release==
The producer of the film, Ekta Kapoor, promoted her movie in an episode of [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony Entertainment Television's]] [[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]], which was aired coincidentally with the movie's release.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-05-13 |title=Ekta's MMS aids CID |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ektas-mms-aids-cid/articleshow/8270067.cms |access-date=2024-10-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
The film had a midnight première on 13 May 2011 in [[Pune]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/award/filmfare-award/2011-2/ |title=Ekta Kapoor plans midnight premiere for Ragini MMS |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=29 March 2011 |access-date=15 May 2011}}</ref> The film opened to a very good response in its first week, grossing {{INR}} 77.5 million.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ragini MMS Week One Territorial Breakdown|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=2917&nCat=box_office_news|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=2 July 2011}}</ref> It was steady during its second week and grossed {{INR}} 99.4 million at the end of its second week. The film recovered its cost within two days of release.

==Reception==
Upon release, the film met with mixed reviews.

[[Taran Adarsh]] from [[Bollywood Hungama]] gave it 4/5 stars and called it a "creepy, spine-chilling date movie" saying, "Ragini MMS amalgamates components of horror, paranormal and sex seamlessly. It titillates, it petrifies, but most importantly, it tells you a story which is daunting, imaginative and unconventional."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/14410/index.html|title=Ragini MMS : Movie Review by Taran Adarsh|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=15 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513024010/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/14410/index.html|archive-date=13 May 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Naresh Deoshi from Apunka Choice also gave the film 4/5 stars calling it "a damn scary film!"<ref>{{cite web|last=Deoshi |first=Naresh |url=http://www.apunkachoice.com/content/article/sid100005417-the_ragini_mms_review_a_damn_scary_film/ |title=The Ragini MMS Review – A damn scary film! | Kainaz Motivala |publisher=ApunKaChoice.com |access-date=15 May 2011}}</ref>

Ankur Pathak from [[Rediff.com]] gave the film 3.5/5 stars and said "Ekta Kapoor's new film is terrifyingly real, and immensely watchable for the cold fright it inspires. She must be lauded for relying on young actors, and believing in the risky attempt of largely untouched storytelling."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-ragini-mss/20110513.htm |title=Review: Ragini MMS is terrifyingly real – Rediff.com Movies |work=Rediff.com |access-date=15 May 2011}}</ref>

[[Nikhat Kazmi]] from the ''[[Times of India]]'' gave the film 3.5/5 stars as well. She said "...Ragini MMS makes a heady cocktail of sex and horror that's so very different from run-of-the-mill Bollywood."<ref>{{cite web|author=Nikhat Kazmi|date=12 May 2011|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Ragini-MMS/movie-review/8272923.cms |title=Ragini MMS movie review |work=The Times of India |access-date=15 May 2011}}</ref>

Shubha Shetty-Saha gave the film a good review of 3/5 and said "some scenes were so scary, that I actually wanted to run out of the theatre."<ref>{{cite news|title=Ragini MMS – Film review|url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2011/may/140511-Ragini-MMS-Rajkumar-Yadav-Kainaz-Motivala.htm|access-date=15 May 2011|newspaper=Mid-Day}}</ref>

Mayank Shekhar from the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave the film 2/5 stars,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Mayank-Shekhar-s-review-Ragini-MMS/Article1-697080.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516044643/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Mayank-Shekhar-s-review-Ragini-MMS/Article1-697080.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 May 2011 |title=Mayank Shekhar's review: Ragini MMS |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=15 May 2011}}</ref> while Pankaj Sabnani from Glamsham gave the film an average review of 2.5/5 saying "Ragini MMS isn't worth 'circulating', if you have a large appetite for horror."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://glamsham.com/movies/reviews/13-ragini-mms-movie-review-051101.asp|title=Movie Review : Ragini MMS |publisher=Glamsham.com|access-date=1 July 2011}}</ref>

Aniruddha Guha from ''[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]]'' gave the film 2/5 saying, "Watch Ragini MMS only if you dig cheap thrills. But don't worry about losing sleep thereafter."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review_ragini-mms-is-wannabe-and-gimmicky_1542806 |title=Ragini MMS is wannabe, and gimmicky – Entertainment – DNA |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=13 May 2011 |access-date=15 May 2011}}</ref>

==Awards==
Best Searchlight Film – Ekta Kapoor

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ragini MMS
| type = soundtrack
| artist =
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{start date|df=yes|2011|04|19}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The music is composed by [[S. D. Burman]], [[Shamir Tandon]], Faizan Hussain, Agnel Roman, and [[Bappi Lahiri]]. The soundtrack for the film was released on 19 April 2011. It consists of only four songs, including the hit song ''"Raat Akeli Hai"'' from the 1967 film, [[Jewel Thief (1967 film)|Jewel Thief]]. [[Erik Satie]]'s ''Gymnopedie No. 1'' is also heard in pieces in this film.

===Track listing===
{{track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Itne Kareeb Aao
| extra1 = [[Raaj J. Konwar]]
| music1 = Shamir Tandon
| length1 = 3:55
| title2 = Raat Akeli Hai
| extra2 = [[Asha Bhosle]]
| music2 = [[S. D. Burman]]
| length2 = 5:17
| title3 = Ragini
| extra3 = Faizan Hussain, [[Agnel Roman]]
| music3 = Faizan Hussain, [[Agnel Roman]]
| length3 = 3:27
| title4 = You Are My Chicken Fry
| note4 = Remix
| extra4 = [[Bappi Lahiri]], [[Shweta Shetty]]
| music4 = [[Bappi Lahiri]]
| length4 = 4:07
}}

==Sequel==
A sequel to the movie, ''[[Ragini MMS 2]]'' was made and released on 21 March 2014. Continuing the story, the sequel focused on a film crew who went back to the haunted house to shoot a film on the infamous Ragini MMS scandal. It was directed by Bhusan Patel.

==See also==
* [[Found footage (pseudo-documentary)]]
* [[DPS MMS scandal]], 2004 event that inspired some similar films

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|ragini-mms}}

{{Balaji Telefilms}}

[[Category:2011 Indian films]]
[[Category:2011 horror films]]
[[Category:2011 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Balaji Motion Pictures films]]
[[Category:Camcorder films]]
[[Category:Demons in film]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bappi Lahiri]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. D. Burman]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shamir Tandon]]
[[Category:Films shot in India]]
[[Category:Films about sleep disorders]]
[[Category:Films about spirit possession]]
[[Category:Films set in country houses]]
[[Category:Found footage horror films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language horror films]]
[[Category:Holiday horror films]]
[[Category:Horror films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Indian erotic horror films]]
[[Category:Indian haunted house films]]
[[Category:Indian ghost films]]
[[Category:Indian horror thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian psychological horror films]]
[[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural films]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural horror films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]

Port Blair

2026-03-02T05:01:30Z

S7singh: typo fix

{{Short description|Capital city of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Port Blair
| official_name = Sri Vijaya Puram
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| perrow = 1/2/2/1
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image1 = View from South Point, (Port Blair, India).jpg
| caption1 = View of [[Andaman Sea]]
| image2 = Corbyns cove beach,Port Blaire,Andaman - panoramio.jpg
| caption2 = Corbyn's cove beach
| image3= PortBlair SeasideRoad.JPG
| caption3 = A seaside road
| image4 = Science Centre Port Blair 4150297.JPG
| caption4 = Science centre
| image5= Jaljeevshala-Aquarium at Port Blair - panoramio.jpg
| caption5 = Jaljeevshala aquarium
| image6 = Front_View_of_Cellular_Jail,_Port_Blair.JPG
| caption6 = [[Cellular Jail]]
}}
| image_blank_emblem = Seal of the Port Blair Municipal Council.svg
| imagesize =
| blank_emblem_type = Seal of the Port Blair Municipal Council
| pushpin_map = India Andaman and Nicobar Islands#Bay of Bengal
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[South Andaman district|South Andaman]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| government_type = [[Municipal Council (India)|Municipal Council]]
| governing_body = [[Port Blair Municipal Council]]
| leader_party = [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name = S. Shahul Hameed
| established_title =
| established_date =
| area_footnotes = <ref name="pbmc">{{cite web|title=Port Blair City|url=https://testpbmc.andaman.gov.in/about|access-date=23 November 2020|archive-date=17 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617030734/http://testpbmc.andaman.gov.in/about|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 41.22
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="pbmc"/>
| blank_info_sec2 = 1.15 ([[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]])
| website = {{URL|https://pbmc.gov.in/}}
| footnotes = As per the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]], Port Blair had a population of 108,058.<ref name="Census">{{cite web|title=Census of India|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/804041-port-blair-andaman-and-nicobar-islands.html|work=[[2011 Census of India]]|access-date=10 May 2015}}</ref> The municipal limits were expanded from {{cvt|17.74|km2}} to {{cvt|41.22|km2}} in 2015, and the corresponding population as per the revised limits was given as 140,572 (as per the 2011 census).<ref name="pbmc"/>
| demographics1_info1 = {{hlist|[[Hindi]]|[[Indian English|English]]}}
| population_total = 140572
| population_density_km2 =
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]s
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5.30
| coordinates = {{coord|11|40|06|N|92|44|16|E|display=inline,title}}
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 16
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 744101
| registration_plate = AN-01
| blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank_info = [[Tropical monsoon climate|Am]]
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
}}
'''Port Blair''' ({{Audio|Port_Blair.ogg|pronunciation}}), officially named '''Sri Vijaya Puram''' ({{IPA|hi|ˌɕɾˈɨː ˈʋɪ̯ˌd͡ʑʌjᵊ pʊˈɾ.əm}}), is the capital city of the Indian [[union territory]] of [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]. It is located on the [[South Andaman Island]] situated between the [[Bay of Bengal]] to the west and the [[Andaman Sea]] to the east. It is located approximately {{cvt|1,190|km}} from [[Chennai]] and {{cvt|1,255|km}} from [[Kolkata]] in [[mainland India]]. It is the headquarters of the [[South Andaman district]], and the union territory's only notified town.

The town is home to the [[Veer Savarkar International Airport]], the only major airport in the islands, and [[Port Blair Port]], and serves as the major gateway for the islands. It is connected with [[mainland India]] by both air and sea, with a two to three-hour flight from mainland India and a three to four days voyage by sea from Chennai, Kolkata, or [[Visakhapatnam]]. It is home to the air base [[INS Utkrosh]] and the naval base [[INS Jarawa]] of the [[Indian Navy]], and the [[Andaman and Nicobar Command]], the only integrated tri-command of the [[Indian Armed Forces]]. It also hosts various sea and air bases of the [[Indian Coast Guard]] and the [[Andaman and Nicobar Police]].

The indigenous inhabitants of the region were the [[Andamanese peoples|Andamanese]]. In the late 18th century CE, the [[British East India Company|British]] colonised the [[Andaman Islands]], and established a [[naval base]], and a [[penal colony]], which was abandoned two years later. On 22 February 1858, the British re-established a colony at Port Blair, and a new [[Ross Island Penal Colony|penal colony]] was established on the [[Ross Island, South Andaman district|Ross Island]] near Port Blair, mainly to house the prisoners of the [[Indian rebellion of 1857]]. In 1872, the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] were united under a single command and administered by a chief commissioner based out of Port Blair. The [[Cellular Jail]] was completed in 1906, and used to house [[political prisoner]]s and [[Indian Independence movement|independence activists]]. During [[Second World War]], the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] captured Port Blair on 23 March 1942, and it was retaken by the British on 7 October 1945. After the [[Indian Independence Act, 1947|Indian Independence]] in 1947, the Andaman and Nicobar islands became part of the [[Dominion of India]], and later a [[union territory]] with the capital at Port Blair.

The city was originally named after [[Archibald Blair]], an officer of the [[Royal Indian Navy]], who colonised the region in the late 18th century CE. On 13 September 2024, the [[Government of India]] officially renamed the city to Sri Vijaya Puram.

==History==
The indigenous inhabitants of the region were the [[Andamanese peoples|Andamanese]], who may have been isolated from other populations during the [[Paleolithic]] era, which ended 30,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Palanichamy |first1=Malliya G. |first2=Suraksha |last2=Agrawal |first3=Yong-Gang |last3=Yao |first4=Qing-Peng |last4=Kong |first5=Chang |last5=Sun |first6=Faisal |last6=Khan |first7=Tapas Kumar |last7=Chaudhuri |first8=Ya-Ping |last8=Zhang |year=2006 |title=Comment on 'Reconstructing the Origin of Andaman Islanders' |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=311 |issue=5760 |pages=470 |doi=10.1126/science.1120176 |pmid=16439647 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The islands are referred to by various historians and travellers such as [[Ptolemy]] in the first century CE, [[Marco Polo]] in the 13th century CE, [[Friar Odoric]] in 14th century CE, and [[Cesare Federici]] in 16th Century CE.<ref name="SA">{{cite web |url=https://southandaman.nic.in/history/ |title=History of South Andaman |publisher=[[Government of India]] |access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

[[File:Port Blair 1872 Ross Island Penal HQ.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ross Island Penal Colony|Ross Island prison]] (1872)]]
[[File:Viper New Jails Construction.JPG|thumb|left|[[Viper Island]] prison under construction]]

In 1789, [[Archibald Blair]] of the [[Royal Indian Navy]] colonised the [[Andaman Islands]], and established a [[naval base]].<ref name="SA"/> In 1794, a [[penal colony]] was established on the [[Chatham Island (Andaman Islands)|Chatham island]] and the first batch of 100 prisoners were sent to the island. The prisoners were used for labour, and worked under a civil contract. After two years, the colony was abandoned.<ref name="Vaidik">{{cite book |title=Imperial Andamans: Colonial Encounter and Island History |first=Aparna |last=Vaidik |year=2010 |page=35-37 |isbn=978-0-230-27488-4 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan}}</ref> On 22 February 1858, the British re-established a colony at Port Blair, named after Archibald Blair.<ref name="SA"/><ref name="Vaidik"/> A new [[Ross Island Penal Colony|penal colony]] was established on the [[Ross Island, South Andaman district|Ross Island]] near Port Blair, mainly to house the prisoners of the [[Indian rebellion of 1857]], and the first set of 200 convicts arrived at the island in March 1858.<ref name="Vaidik"/><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44137988 |author=Mathur, L. P. |title=A Historical Study of Euro-Asian Interest in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands |year=1967 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=29 |page=60 |jstor=44137988 |access-date=19 May 2021 |archive-date=19 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519055108/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44137988 |url-status=live}}</ref> The prisoners were used for hard labour and the clearing of forests led to frequent confrontation with the native Andamanese people. Many of the prisoners died in conflict, while some were hanged for trying to escape, apart from deaths due to disease and starvation.<ref name="SA"/> Between 1864 and 1867, a penal establishment was also built on the nearby [[Viper Island]] using prison labour.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/features/andaman/stories/2004081500270300.htm |title=Notorious once, it stands shrouded in silence now |access-date=27 December 2008 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227180955/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/features/andaman/stories/2004081500270300.htm |archive-date=27 December 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In 1872, the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] were united under a single command and administered by a chief commissioner based out of Port Blair. The construction of the [[Cellular Jail]] started in 1896 and was completed in 1906. The jail was used to house [[political prisoner]]s and [[Indian Independence movement|independence activists]] away from the Indian mainland.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/41856271 |author=Murthy, R.V.R. |title=Cellular Jail:a Century of Sacrifices |year=2006 |journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=879–888 |jstor=41856271 |access-date=3 June 2021 |archive-date=3 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603044817/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41856271 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/long_reads/cellular-jail-india-integral-country-fight-freedom-independence-british-colony-andaman-and-nicobar-islands-port-blair-sushil-dasguputa-a7883691.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111041305/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/long_reads/cellular-jail-india-integral-country-fight-freedom-independence-british-colony-andaman-and-nicobar-islands-port-blair-sushil-dasguputa-a7883691.html |archive-date=11 November 2020 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |title=How India's Cellular Jail was integral in the country's fight for freedom |date=14 August 2017 |work=[[The Independent]]}}</ref>

During [[Second World War]], the Andaman and Nicobar islands were invaded by [[Empire of Japan|Japan]]. The Japanese captured Port Blair on 23 March 1942.<ref>{{cite web |first=Klemen |last=L |url=https://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/andaman.html |title=The capture of Andaman Islands, March 1942 |date=1999–2000 |work=Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942 |access-date=31 January 2024 |archive-date=26 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726181150/https://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/andaman.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Japan gave provisional control to the [[Azad Hind]] organisation of [[Subhash Chandra Bose]] on 29 December 1943.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/the-forgotten-story-of-the-japanese-ruling-over-a-part-of-india-8887379/ |title=The forgotten story of the Japanese ruling over (a part of) India |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> Bose had limited power while the real control of the islands remained with the Japanese, with reports of widespread looting, arson, rape, and [[extrajudicial killing]]s during the Japanese occupation.<ref>{{cite book |title=Japanese in the Andaman & Nicobar Islands: Red Sun over black Water |first=Jayant |last=Dasgupta |pages=67, 87, 91–95 |isbn=978-8-170-49138-5 |year=2002 |publisher=Manas Publications}}</ref> On 7 October 1945, the territory was officially handed back to the British in a ceremony at the Gymkhana Ground in Port Blair.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Rise and Fall of Imperial Japan |first=Stephen |last=Wynn |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-473-86551-8 |publisher=Pen & Sword Books Limited |page=124}}</ref>

During the [[Partition of India]], the British announced their intention to retain possession of Port Blair and use them to resettle [[Anglo-Indians]] and [[Anglo-Burmese people|Anglo-Burmese]] on these islands. The islands were claimed by the [[Indian National Congress]] by both India and Pakitan during the partition negotiations.<ref>{{cite book |title=Andaman and Nicobar Islands: A Geo-political and Strategic Perspective |first=R. V. R. |last=Murthy |year=2007 |isbn=978-8-172-11219-6 |publisher=Northern Book Centre |page=117 |quote=Muslim league pleaded with the British that Andaman and Nicobar should go to the proposed Pakistan}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://thefridaytimes.com/09-Oct-2020/mr-jinnah-s-bid-for-the-andaman-islands |title=Jinnah's bid for Andaman Islands |date=9 October 2020 |access-date=12 March 2024 |work=[[The Friday Times]] }}</ref> After the [[Indian Independence Act, 1947|Indian Independence]] in 1947, the islands became part of the [[Dominion of India]], and as per the [[Constitution of India]], the islands were to be administered by a lieutenant governor appointed by the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite act |title=Constitution of India |chapter=[[Parliament of India]] |year=1950 |url=https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s380537a945c7aaa788ccfcdf1b99b5d8f/uploads/2023/05/2023050195.pdf |publisher=[[Government of India]] |access-date=31 December 2023}}</ref> The islands became a separate [[union territory]] administered by the Government of India, following the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|re-organisation]] in 1956 with the capital at Port Blair.<ref>{{cite book |title=Andaman and Nicobar Islands Development Report |series=State Development Report series |publisher=[[Planning Commission of India]] |edition=illustrated |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-7188-652-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ujf2N5O4iKgC |access-date=12 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209011823/https://books.google.com/books?id=ujf2N5O4iKgC |archive-date=9 December 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> It has been developed into a key defence establishment since the 1980s due to its strategic location in the Bay of Bengal across the [[Strait of Malacca]].<ref>{{cite book |title=India's Defense Strategy and the India–ASEAN Relationship, RSIS Monograph No.28 |author=David Brewster |url=https://www.academia.edu/7716140 |access-date=24 August 2014 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326031701/https://www.academia.edu/7716140 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sawhney |first1=Pravin |title=A watchtower on the high seas |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/a-watchtower-on-the-high-seas/720929.html |newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |access-date=16 April 2019 |date=30 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416050217/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/a-watchtower-on-the-high-seas/720929.html |archive-date=16 April 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 26 December 2004, the coasts of the islands experienced {{cvt|10|m}} high [[tsunami]] waves following [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami|an undersea earthquake in the Indian Ocean]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Sumatra-Andaman Islands Earthquake and Tsunami of December 6, 2004: Lifeline Performance |year=2007 |publisher=[[American Society of Civil Engineers]], Technical Council on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering |location=[[Reston, Virginia]] |isbn=9780784409510 |url=http://www.asce.org/Product.aspx?id=2147486137&productid=5511 |editor=Carl Strand and John Masek |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024115815/http://www.asce.org/Product.aspx?id=2147486137&productid=5511 |archive-date=24 October 2013}}</ref> The locals and tourists on the islands suffered the greatest casualties while the indigenous people largely survived unscathed due to movement to high grounds.
Port Blair survived sufficiently to act as a base for relief efforts in the islands.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4181855.stm |work=[[BBC News Online]] |title=Tsunami folklore 'saved islanders' |date=20 January 2005 |access-date=23 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930002820/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4181855.stm |archive-date=30 September 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017, Port Blair was selected as one of the cities to be developed as a [[smart city]] under the [[Smart Cities Mission]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/kMLIQKW3xIqOUzFJ5sZadN/Smart-cities-More-names-of-cities-to-be-announced-today.html|title=13 cities included in Phase 1 of Smart Cities Mission|last=Khanna|first=Pretika|date=24 May 2016|work=[[Live Mint]]|access-date=4 January 2017}}</ref> On 13 September 2024, the Government of India officially renamed the city to Sri Vijaya Puram.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Government has decided to rename the capital of Andaman & Nicobar Islands Port Blair as Sri Vijaya Puram |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2054647 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |access-date=13 September 2024 |date=13 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/port-blair-renamed-sri-vijaya-puram-amit-shah-pm-modi-vision-free-nation-from-colonial-imprints-2599292-2024-09-13 |title=Port Blair renamed Sri Vijaya Puram 'to free nation from colonial imprints' |work=[[India Today]]|date=13 September 2024 |access-date=13 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/port-blair-renamed-as-sri-vijaya-puram-announces-amit-shah-3189793 |title=Port Blair renamed as Sri Vijaya Puram, announces Amit Shah |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |date=13 September 2024 |access-date=13 September 2024}}</ref>

==Climate==
Port Blair has a [[tropical monsoon climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Am'').

{{Weather box
|collapsed =
|location = Port Blair (1991–2020, extremes 1901–present)
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes

| Jan record high C = 33.0
| Feb record high C = 34.6
| Mar record high C = 36.0
| Apr record high C = 36.8
| May record high C = 36.4
| Jun record high C = 35.6
| Jul record high C = 32.8
| Aug record high C = 32.7
| Sep record high C = 35.4
| Oct record high C = 35.6
| Nov record high C = 34.0
| Dec record high C = 35.4
|year record high C = 36.8
| Jan high C = 29.9
| Feb high C = 30.6
| Mar high C = 31.7
| Apr high C = 32.5
| May high C = 31.5
| Jun high C = 30.0
| Jul high C = 29.6
| Aug high C = 29.5
| Sep high C = 29.5
| Oct high C = 30.2
| Nov high C = 30.5
| Dec high C = 30.1
| year high C = 30.5
| Jan mean C = 26.5
| Feb mean C = 26.9
| Mar mean C = 27.6
| Apr mean C = 28.7
| May mean C = 28.2
| Jun mean C = 27.2
| Jul mean C = 27.0
| Aug mean C = 26.9
| Sep mean C = 26.6
| Oct mean C = 27.0
| Nov mean C = 27.4
| Dec mean C = 27.0
|year mean C =
| Jan low C = 23.0
| Feb low C = 22.7
| Mar low C = 23.4
| Apr low C = 24.7
| May low C = 24.9
| Jun low C = 24.6
| Jul low C = 24.2
| Aug low C = 24.2
| Sep low C = 23.7
| Oct low C = 23.8
| Nov low C = 24.3
| Dec low C = 23.9
| year low C = 24.0
| Jan record low C = 14.8
| Feb record low C = 15.9
| Mar record low C = 16.2
| Apr record low C = 17.3
| May record low C = 17.1
| Jun record low C = 18.8
| Jul record low C = 18.0
| Aug record low C = 19.8
| Sep record low C = 16.8
| Oct record low C = 17.8
| Nov record low C = 17.3
| Dec record low C = 16.2
|year record low C = 14.6
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 48.9
| Feb rain mm = 14.2
| Mar rain mm = 32.7
| Apr rain mm = 78.0
| May rain mm = 407.2
| Jun rain mm = 484.2
| Jul rain mm = 448.5
| Aug rain mm = 460.2
| Sep rain mm = 505.2
| Oct rain mm = 300.9
| Nov rain mm = 221.8
| Dec rain mm = 111.4
|year rain mm = 3113.4
| Jan rain days = 2.2
| Feb rain days = 0.9
| Mar rain days = 1.8
| Apr rain days = 4.2
| May rain days = 15.9
| Jun rain days = 18.7
| Jul rain days = 19.3
| Aug rain days = 19.1
| Sep rain days = 20.0
| Oct rain days = 14.9
| Nov rain days = 10.4
| Dec rain days = 4.9
|year rain days = 132.3
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 75
| Feb humidity = 71
| Mar humidity = 72
| Apr humidity = 74
| May humidity = 83
| Jun humidity = 86
| Jul humidity = 86
| Aug humidity = 86
| Sep humidity = 89
| Oct humidity = 87
| Nov humidity = 82
| Dec humidity = 77
|year humidity = 81
| Jan sun = 266.6
| Feb sun = 265.6
| Mar sun = 266.6
| Apr sun = 237.0
| May sun = 158.1
| Jun sun = 90.0
| Jul sun = 102.3
| Aug sun = 99.2
| Sep sun = 117.0
| Oct sun = 167.4
| Nov sun = 189.0
| Dec sun = 241.8
|year sun =
| Jand sun = 8.6
| Febd sun = 9.4
| Mard sun = 8.6
| Aprd sun = 7.9
| Mayd sun = 5.1
| Jund sun = 3.0
| Juld sun = 3.3
| Augd sun = 3.2
| Sepd sun = 3.9
| Octd sun = 5.4
| Novd sun = 6.3
| Decd sun = 7.8
|yeard sun = 6.0
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]] (1971–2000)<ref>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Port Blair Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 619–620
| access-date = 10 February 2020}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M4
| access-date = 10 February 2020}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
| url = http://city.imd.gov.in/citywx/extreme/FEB/portblair2.htm
| title = Port Blair Climatological Table 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| access-date = 10 February 2020}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042602/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Daily%20Normals%20of%20Global%20&%20Diffused%20Radiations%20%201971_2000.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Daily%20Normals%20of%20Global%20&%20Diffused%20Radiations%20%201971_2000.pdf
| title = Table 3 Monthly mean duration of Sun Shine (hours) at different locations in India
| work = Daily Normals of Global & Diffuse Radiation (1971–2000)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M-3
| access-date = 10 February 2020}}</ref>
|source 2 = NOAA (extremes
<ref>{{cite web |title=WMO Climate Normals for 1991-2020: Port Blair |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/India/XLS/PORT_BLAIR_43333.xlsx |work=[[NOAA]] |access-date=22 March 2024 |format=CSV |quote=WMO Station Number: 43333}}</ref>), Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)<ref name=TCC>
{{cite web
| url = https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=43333
| title = Normals Data: Port Blair - India Latitude: 11.67°N Longitude: 92.72°E Height: 79 (m)
| publisher = Japan Meteorological Agency
| access-date = 1 March 2020}}</ref>
|date=November 2010

}}

==Demographics==
{{Historical population
| source = [[Government of India]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Census Tables |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/census-tables |work=[[Census of India]] |access-date=6 January 2024}}</ref>
|1951 | 7789
|1961 | 14075
|1971 | 26218
|1981 | 49634
|1991 | 74955
|2001 | 99984
|2011 | 108058
|align = right
}}

As per the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]], Port Blair had a population of 108,058 of which 57,761 are males while 50,297 are females.{{efn|name=expansion|Corresponding to the old city limits prior to expansion in 2015}}<ref name="Census"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=1 November 2008|work=Census Commission of India}}</ref> There were 10,699 (9.9%) children under the age of six years. The [[sex ratio]] was 871 against the territory average of 876. The literacy rate was 90.28 %, which was higher than the territory average of 86.63 %. The male literacy was 93.16% while the female literacy rate was 86.94%.<ref name="Census"/> Post the expansion of the city limits in 2015, the population was estimated to be 140,572 as per the 2011 census.<ref name="pbmc"/>

[[Tamil language|Tamil]] is the most spoken language with 40,323 native speakers, followed by [[Telugu language|Telugu]] (32,628), [[Hindi language|Hindi]] (31,520), [[Bengali language|Bengali]] (28,063), [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] (13,670), [[Sadri language|Sadri]] (3,479), [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]] (3,459), and [[Nicobarese language|Necobarese]] (2,308).
<ref>{{cite report|title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-3500.XLSX|work=Census of India|access-date=1 June 2012}}</ref> [[Hinduism]] was the majority religion with 74.37% adherents, with [[Christianity]] (12.43%) and [[Islam]] (12.43%) being the other religions.<ref name="Census"/>

==Administration==
The [[Port Blair Municipal Council]] is the civic body administering the city of Port Blair. The council came into existence on 2 October 1957 after the Andaman & Nicobar Islands (Municipal Board's) Regulation Act was enacted on 11 March 1957.<ref name="pbmc"/> Initially covering an area of {{cvt|14.14|km2}} demarcated into nine wards, which were increased into 18 wards later. The first election to the municipal council was held in September 1995 and the council consisted of 18 elected and three nominated members.<ref name="pbmc"/> The city limits were expanded to {{cvt|41.22|km2}} in 2015.<ref>{{cite news |title=Port Blair City Limit to be Expanded |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2011/oct/14/port-blair-city-limit-to-be-expanded-300361.html |access-date=17 March 2023 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=16 May 2012 }}</ref> The council consists of 24 wards, each represented by a councilor elected through direct election.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sanjib |date=5 March 2015 |title=Port Blair city all set for expansion; PBMC to have 24 wards |url=http://www.andamansheekha.com/29724/ |access-date=17 March 2023 |work=Andaman Sheeka}}</ref>

==Transportation==
[[File:Veer Savarkar International Airport – New Terminal.jpg|thumb|[[Veer Savarkar International Airport]] in Port Blair is the major airport in the islands]]

The Andaman and Nicobar islands are served by [[Veer Savarkar International Airport]] near Port Blair which has regular flights to major cities in India.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.dgca.gov.in/digigov-portal/?page=jsp/dgca/InventoryList/aerodrome/public/PUBLIC%20USE%20LICENSED%20AERODROME%20(PUBLIC%20AND%20PRIVATE)%20AND%20HELIPORT%20-converted%20(1).pdf |title=List of Aerodromes Licensed in Public Use Category |work=[[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|Directorate General of Civil Aviation]] of India |access-date=11 October 2023}}</ref> The airport operates as a [[civil enclave]], sharing airside facilities with [[INS Utkrosh]] of the [[Indian Navy]].<ref>{{cite press release |title=New Terminal Building at Port Blair Airport by March 2018 |url=https://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=98538 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |date=22 August 2013 |access-date=6 January 2014}}</ref> The airport has a single [[runway]] of {{cvt|3290|m|ft|sigfig=5}} in length, with the civilian terminal operated by the [[Airports Authority of India]] with air traffic operations managed by the Indian Navy.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2011/oct16-11/h5.htm |title=Andaman & Nicobar Command: Saga of Synergy |work=Sainik Samachar |access-date=9 January 2012}}</ref> It is home to the [[Andaman and Nicobar Command]], the only integrated tri-command of the [[Indian Armed Forces]], which operates the [[air base]] of INS Utkrosh, and the nearby naval facility of [[INS Jarawa]].<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://pib.gov.in/pressreleaseshare.aspx?prid=1560445 |title=Headquarters Andaman Nicobar Command ANC to enhance its operational capability with the upcoming commissioning of INS Kohassa |date=18 January 2019 |access-date=1 December 2023 |work=[[Government of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Andaman and Nicobar command|url=http://ids.nic.in/ancommand.htm|work=National Integrated Command|access-date=1 July 2013}}</ref> The [[Port Blair Port]] is a major maritime gateway to the islands.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://andssw1.and.nic.in/pmb/history.html |title=History of Ports |publisher=Port Management Board, [[Government of India]] |access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India plans Rs 10,000 cr transshipment port at Great Nicobar Island: PM |url=https://hr.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/india-plans-rs-10000-cr-transshipment-port-at-great-nicobar-island-pm/77466638 |access-date=10 August 2020 |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |archive-date=19 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919070235/https://hr.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/india-plans-rs-10000-cr-transshipment-port-at-great-nicobar-island-pm/77466638 |url-status=live}}</ref> The {{cvt|230.7|km}} long [[National Highway 4 (India)|National Highway 4]] connects Port Blair and [[Diglipur]].<ref>{{cite report |url=https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/State_wise_Length_of_National_Highways_in_India.pdf |title=State-wise length of National Highways in India |date=30 November 2018 |publisher=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]] |access-date=9 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929205249/https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/State_wise_Length_of_National_Highways_in_India.pdf |archive-date=29 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |url=https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/PragatiKiNayiGati/pdf/andaman.pdf |title=Andaman, Road development |access-date=1 December 2023 |publisher=[[Government of India]]}}</ref>

==Education==
Major educational institutions include [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands Institute of Medical Sciences]], [[Andaman Law College]], [[Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Institute of Technology]], and [[Jawaharlal Nehru Government College]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://southandaman.nic.in/public-utility-category/colleges/|title=Colleges in South Andaman|work=[[Government of Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
*{{wikivoyage inline|Port Blair}}

{{South Andaman district}}
{{Union Territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands}}
{{State and Union Territory capitals of India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Port Blair| ]]
[[Category:1789 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1789 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1789]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in South Andaman district]]
[[Category:Indian union territory capitals]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
[[Category:South Andaman Island]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns in India]]

1921 (2018 film)

2026-03-02T04:33:46Z

S7singh: General cleanup and content improvements

{{short description|2018 Indian horror film directed and produced by Vikram Bhatt}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = 1921
| image = 1921 - Poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Vikram Bhatt]]
| producer = Vikram Bhatt
| writer = Vikram Bhatt
| starring = {{ubl|[[Zareen Khan]]|[[Karan Kundra]]|[[Vikram Bhatt]]}}
| music = Harish Sagane [[Asad Khan (sitarist)|Asad Khan]] Pranit Mawale
| cinematography = Prakash Kutty
| editing = Kuldip Mehan
| studio = {{ubl|Motion Picture Capital|LoneRanger Productions|Uniseller Production}}
| distributor = [[Reliance Entertainment]]
| released = {{film date|df=yes|2018|1|12}}
| runtime = 144 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|15 Cr}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Kameshwari |first=A. |date=11 January 2018 |title=1921 box office prediction: Vikram Bhatt's horror film to garner Rs 3.5 crores on Day 1 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/box-office-collection/1921-box-office-prediction-vikram-bhatt-horror-film-karan-kundrra-zareen-khan-5020782 |work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=9 May 2018}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|22.8 Cr}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3698|title=1921 - Movie - Box Office India|website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>
}}
'''''1921''''' is a 2018 Indian [[horror film]], produced and directed by [[Vikram Bhatt]], under his LoneRanger Productions banner. It stars [[Zareen Khan]] and [[Karan Kundrra]] in lead roles and was released on 12 January 2018. It is the fourth installment of the [[1920 (film series)|1920 film series]]. The film was declared an average grosser at box office.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vikram Bhatt starts new film franchise 1921 under his banner Loneranger Productions |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/vikram-bhatt-starts-new-film-franchise-1921-banner-loneranger-productions/ |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=13 June 2017|access-date=9 May 2018}}</ref> The film follows a musician seeking the help of a paranormal investigator to unearth the secrets the mansion he is staying at, after an onslaught of increasingly deranged supernatural events has pushed him to his limits.

== Plot ==
In the [[United Kingdom]], 1927, a crowd waits for a performance to begin. The host apologises for the delay and going backstage, furiously tells a woman named Nafisa to call Ayush, who has locked himself in a room. They break the door down to find out that Ayush has slit his wrist.

The story then flashes back to 1921, when Ayush was in [[Bombay|Mumbai]]. A wealthy man, Mr. Wadia, discovers Ayush's incredible talent and asks him to take care of his mansion Wadia Manor in [[York|New York]] in return for Ayush's educational expenses. Ayush is overjoyed to hear this and heads towards the mansion. Ayush is warmly received by both the housekeeper and the caretaker. Ayush is very delighted to enter the York College of Music.

Three months later, Ayush is doing paperwork when he is hit with an onslaught of paranormal activities. Closed doors open by themselves. Lights start flickering. Ayush sees a white light beckoning him to come closer, but he is always stopped by a woman's scream. He encounters a message written in blood in a room. He enlists the help of Rose, a fellow student at the college, who possesses a second sight. As both investigate, they realise the secrets that they both have kept individually about events of the preceding three months have more consequences and they both might have a deeper connection with the current hauntings than they can imagine. Ayush informs her that he can hear voices of a machine, and he can see a white light calling to him but as soon as he goes near he hears a woman's scream which prevents him from touching the light.

He narrates what happened three months ago when he arrived at the mansion. He allowed the villagers to enter the mansion and listen to his music for some money. One day his actions were discovered by Meher, Mr. Wadia's niece, and she blackmailed him into giving her a performance or she will have him fired. During the performance that night, she gave Ayush a poison and tried to dump him at a place so that he could die a slow death. But Ayush hit her making her unconscious. While coming back to the mansion, he saw a supernatural being on the way and lost control of his the car, resulting in Meher's death.

To his surprise, nobody confronted him about Meher's death. Later these paranormal events began. Rose conducts an investigation on the basis of Ayush's story. She learns that Meher never visited York. During their investigation, Ayush and Rose fall in love with each other. Some time later Rose reaches a hospital in which she discovers that the Meher Wadia who visited Ayush was actually their classmate Tina who had been dead for three months. When she sees the date of her death, she is horrified. She informs to Ayush that all the bad things are happening to Ayush due to her.

She narrates how she and Nafisa's roommate Vasudha were in love with a married man named Richard, but he was not ready to divorce his wife. One day she happily informed her friends that Richard was going to marry her as Richard's wife left him. But Rose was visited by the spirit of Richard's wife and was told that Vasudha had murdered her. She informed Richard of this, which was discovered by Vasudha and she attempted suicide. They tried to save her and admitted her into a hospital. But she eventually died and her spirit got hold of Tina's body who was admitted in the same hospital. She had been tormenting Ayush since she knew that Rose is in love with him.

Rose and Ayush become convinced that they have to get rid of Vasudha's spirit and so they decide to visit a church. Vasudha attacks Nafisa, which prompts Rose to take her to a hospital where she makes another horrific discovery. She finds that Ayush is admitted into the same hospital and has been in a [[coma]] since the night Meher Wadia attacked him. Rose informs Nafisa that she has been communicating with Ayush's spirit all along. She explains that when the human body is in deep sleep, its spirit wanders off, but they are connected through a rope in the form of a white light. Eventually the spirit can re-enter the body by touching it. Ayush's spirit has tried to enter its body, but Vasudha has all along prevented it from happening. The next day Ayush's body is going to be removed from life support, which would result in his death.

Rose takes a hair of Ayush to make it touch Ayush's spirit, but as she is about to leave the hospital, Vasudha's spirit takes control of Ayush's body. She threatens Rose that she will destroy Ayush's body if she leaves. She tortures Rose by hurting Ayush's body. Rose informs Vasudha that she knew she would not be able to leave and then she kills herself. Her spirit appears and reveals that she has already sent Ayush's hair and a letter to Ayush through Nafisa. Rose fights and destroys Vasudha's spirit. At the same time, Ayush's spirit enters his body and he is saved.

The film goes back to where it all started. Ayush in a death-like state meets Rose and tells her that he wants to be with her. Rose tells him that he has to live and spread his music for her. She asks it as a return for her sacrifice. Ayush eventually recovers and becomes a renowned pianist and musician.

== Cast ==
* [[Zareen Khan]] as Rose
* [[Karan Kundra]] as Ayush
* Nidhi Chitrakar as Nafisa
* Aradhya Taing as Vasudha
* [[Angela Krislinzki]] as Dina Shaw/Meher Wadia
* Toby Hinson as Mr Brett
* Sonnia Armstrong as Lilly Lopes
* Michael Edwards as Richard
* [[Vikram Bhatt]] as Mr. Wadia

==Production==

===Development===
The film was officially announced in June 2016. The title of the film was revealed to be ''1921''.<ref name="Vikram Bhatt flies solo with 5th franchise">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Vikram-Bhatt-flies-solo-with-5th-franchise/articleshow/52722617.cms |title=Vikram Bhatt flies solo with 5th franchise |date=13 June 2016 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=13 June 2016}}</ref>

[[Zarine Khan]] was cast in the female lead role in the film.<ref name="Vikram Bhatt flies solo with 5th franchise"/>

===Filming===
The principal photography of the film commenced in May 2017 in [[United Kingdom]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vikram-bhatt-1921-is-a-film-that-goes-beyond-horror-genre/articleshow/59126868.cms |title=Vikram Bhatt: '1921' is a film that goes beyond horror genre |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=13 June 2017 |accessdate=6 August 2017}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name= 1921
| type= [[soundtrack]]
| artist= [[Harish Sagane]], [[Asad Khan (sitarist)|Asad Khan]] and Pranit Mawale
| released= 26 December 2017
| genre= [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length= 33:30
| language= [[Hindi]]
| label= [[Zee Music Company]]
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|BMHCxJMWRWM|Audio Jukebox}}}}
}}
The music of ''1921'' is composed by [[Harish Sagane]], [[Asad Khan (sitarist)|Asad Khan]] and Pranit Mawale while the lyrics have been penned by [[Shakeel Azmi]] and [[Raqueeb Alam]]. The first track of the film titled as "Sunn Le Zara" which is sung by Arnab Dutta was released on 14 December 2017. The second single to be released was "Kuch Iss Tarah" which is also sung by [[Arnab Dutta]] was released on 21 December 2017. The music of the film was officially released by [[Zee Music Company]] on 22 December 2017.

{{Tracklist
| headline = Track listing
| music1 = [[Harish Sagane]]
| lyrics1 = [[Shakeel Azmi]]
| total_length = 33:30
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Sunn Le Zara
| extra1 = [[Arnab Dutta]]
| length1 = 4:37
| title2 = Kuch Iss Tarah
| extra2 = Arnab Dutta
| length2 = 5:48
| music2 = Harish Sagane
| lyrics2 = Shakeel Azmi
| title3 = Yaara
| music3 = Harish Sagane
| length3 = 6:09
| extra3 = Arnab Dutta
| lyrics3 = Shakeel Azmi
| title4 = Tere Bina
| length4 = 4:11
| extra4 = [[Arijit Singh]], Aakanksha Sharma
| music4 =[[Asad Khan (sitarist)|Asad Khan]]
| lyrics4 = Raqueeb Alam
| title5 = Aanewale Kal
| music5 = Harish Sagane
| extra5 = [[Rahul Jain]]
| length5 = 5:12
| lyrics5 = Shakeel Azmi
| title6 = Aggressive Piano Theme
| music6 = Pranit Mawale
| extra6 = Pranit Mawale
| lyrics6 = Pranit Mawale
| length6 = 1:37
| music7 = Harish Sagane
| music8 = Harish Sagane
| music9 = Harish Sagane
| extra7 = Harish Sagane
| extra8 = Harish Sagane
| extra9 = Harish Sagane
| lyrics9 = Harish Sagane
| lyrics8 = Harish Sagane
| lyrics7 = Harish Sagane
| title7 = Main Piano Theme
| length7 = 1:50
| title8 = Crowd Gathering
| length8 = 2:02
| title9 = Piano Theme
| length9 = 2:04
| all_writing =
| title10 =
| length10 =
}}

== Critical reception ==

''1921'' received mostly negative reviews from critics upon its theatrical release.

Devesh Sharma of [[Filmfare]] gave the movie 2 out of 5 stars and wrote, "Vikram Bhatt has made an unintentionally funny film. He perhaps needs to go back to the drawing board before he takes up horror as a subject once more".<ref name="[[Filmfare]]">{{cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/movie-review-gothic-horror-revisited-26132.html |title=Movie Review:1921 – Filmfare |website=[[Filmfare]] |accessdate=29 July 2018}}</ref>

Reza Noorani of [[The Times of India]] gave the movie 2 out of 5 stars calling it "a slow-moving film without any real chills".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/1921/movie-review/62480291.cms |title=1921 Movie Review: It's a slow-moving film without any real chills |website=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=29 July 2018}}</ref>

Shikta Sanyal of Koimoi gave the movie 2 out of 5 stars stating, "This Vikram Bhatt Film Is A Mixed Bag With Too Many Loose Ends".<ref name="Koimoi">{{cite web |url=http://www.koimoi.com/reviews/1921-movie-review-this-vikram-bhatt-film-is-a-mixed-bag-with-too-many-loose-ends/ |title=1921 Movie Review: This Vikram Bhatt Film Is A Mixed Bag With Too Many Loose Ends |accessdate=29 July 2018}}</ref>"

Udita Jhunjhunwala of [[Firstpost]] gave the movie 1.5 out of 5 stars stating, "Vikram Bhatt adds every horror trope to this ghastly film, but none of them work".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/1921-movie-review-vikram-bhatt-adds-every-horror-trope-to-this-ghastly-film-but-none-of-them-work-4299873.html |title=1921 movie review: Vikram Bhatt adds every horror trope to this ghastly film, but none of them work |website=[[Firstpost]] |accessdate=29 July 2018}}</ref>

Urvi Parikh of [[Rediff.com]] gave the movie 1.5 out of 5 stars stating, "The terrible acting leaves you more amused than scared".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/1921-review-horror-or-comedy/20180113.htm |title=1921 Review: Horror or comedy? |accessdate=29 July 2018}}</ref>

Rahul Desai of Film Companion gave the movie 1 out of 5 stars saying that it uses the same old tropes of haunted mansions and incoherent ghosts with deafening sound effects.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/1921-movie-review/ |title=1921 Movie Review: God Save The Genre |accessdate=29 July 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122080246/https://www.filmcompanion.in/1921-movie-review/ |archivedate=22 January 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|6958030}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|m/1921}}

{{Vikram Bhatt}}

[[Category:2018 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2018 Indian films]]
[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:2018 horror films]]
[[Category:Films set in 1921]]
[[Category:Films set in 1927]]
[[Category:2010s historical horror films]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films set in the British Raj]]
[[Category:Films scored by Asad Khan (sitarist)]]
[[Category:Films set in York]]
[[Category:Indian historical horror films]]
[[Category:Reliance Entertainment films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Greater Manchester]]

Sourav Mukhopadhyay

2026-02-28T22:01:11Z

S7singh: new first details more to come...

{{Short description|Bengali author (born 1973)}}
{{Infobox writer
| embed = no
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Sourav Mukhopadhyay
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Sourav Mukhopadhyay Profile.jpg
| image_size =
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| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1973|04|24}}
| birth_place = India
| death_date = 
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| occupation =
| language = Bengali
| residence =
| education = Bachelor of Arts
| alma_mater = Narasinha Dutt College
| home_town =
| period =
| genre = 
| subject = 
| movement =
| notable_works = Prothom Prabaho,
| spouse = 
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| awards = Sandipan Chattapadhyay Sammanana
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'''Sourav Mukhopadhyay''' (born 24 April 1973) is a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] author from India. He has written several Bengali stories and novels for both adults and children. He is mostly admired for his novel ''Prothom Prabaho'', based on [[Mahabharat]] Adi parba, published in ''[[Desh (magazine)|Desh]]'', an esteemed [[Bengali language|Bengali]] language [[literary magazine]] published by [[ABP Group]].

== Early life ==
Sourav was born in [[Serampore]] in 1973. He spent his childhood in Uttar Jhapardaha, [[Domjur]], in [[Howrah district]] and living there till now. He completed his schooling from Makardaha Bamasundari institution in 1991. He became graduate in English from [[Narasinha Dutt College]] in 1994. Mukhopadhyay started his career as an employee of state government and working as an English teacher in Higher Secondary School presently.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1130308/jsp/howrah/story_16645751.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306095522/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130308/jsp/howrah/story_16645751.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 6, 2014|title=A writer by chance|work=The Telegraph|access-date=2017-11-08}}</ref>

== Literary career ==
Sourav's tryst with publishing began in 2003 when he wrote three stories, which were published simultaneously in three leading magazines in 2004. ''Bipannya (Bengali: বিপন্ন)'' was published in ''[[Saptahik Bartaman]] (Bengali: সাপ্তাহিক বর্তমান)'', after few months ''Merudandi'' in ''[[Desh (magazine)|Desh]]'' and ''Joutuk'' in ''[[Sananda (magazine)|Sananda]]''.

Having a great acceptance from publishers as well as readers, Sourav started sending his short stories and articles to different magazines.<ref>{{Cite web |last=মুখোপাধ্যায় |first=সৌরভ |title=Bengali Story {{!}} দৈবাদিষ্ট |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/rabibashoriyo/new-bengali-series-written-by-sourav-mukhopadhyay/cid/1344465 |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=www.anandabazar.com |language=bn}}</ref> In 2005, Sourav won second prize at a competition for comic stories organized by ''[[Desh (magazine)|Desh]]''. By 2009, 20 of his short stories had been published.

In 2009, Sourav started writing his 1st novel, ''Granthi'', which was published in Sharadiya issue of [[Desh (magazine)|''Desh'']], 2010. According to the writer "This was a first-person account of four people of different age groups and at different stages of their lives, who recounted their relationships with women." His 2nd novel, ''Andhar Nadi'' was published in the Sharadiya issue of ''Patrika ''in 2011, followed by the publishing of his political novel, ''Sankranti,'' in Sharadiya issue of ''Anandabazar Patrika'' in 2012. Sankranti is based on the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] election, 2011 which was famous for the change in government in West Bengal after 34 years( [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITMC]] won, resulting in the end of the 34-year rule of the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] government). His 4th novel ''Saapludo,'' was published in Sharadiya issue of ''Unish Kuri'', 2013

In January 2014, Sourav's 5th novel ''Dhulokhela'' started publishing in monthly issues of ''Desh'' magazine regularly. The story has two protagonists- Kingshuk and Tamal and based on them there are two main issues in the novel. Tamal is associated with personal experience and the fight of a budding writer trying to establish him. On the other hand, Kingshuk is associated with the land movement which is based on [[Singur Tata Nano controversy|Singur land movement]]. In this novel, Sourav strongly criticizes the mentality and the process of forcefully land acquisition by [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] government in Singur. After completion of the novel, it was highly appreciated by readers as well as critiques also. Ananda Publishers published it as a book in 2015.

In the Sharaidiya issue of ''Patrika'' of 2015, Sourav's experimental novel ''Jiban Athaba'' was published. It is a multilayered novel, enclosing the struggle, love, betrayal of modern Bengali society with the presence of the poetry and life of a poet. Sourav deconstructs [[Jibanananda Das|Jibananda das]]'s poetry and represents him as ''Jibanbabu'', a character of the novel. Many of [[Jibanananda Das|Jibananda]]'s poems have been used in this novel.

In 2016 Desh Sharadiya, Sourav wrote his latest novel, ''Prothom Probaho''. It is a [[Deconstruction#Literary criticism|deconstruction]] of the 1st ''Parva'' of [[Mahabharata|Mahavarata]]. The novel becomes controversial for the explicit description of sexuality. Sourav accused of "representing vulgarity in name of literature" by critiques as well as some writers.

Besides these novels, Sourav wrote down more than a hundred short stories in different commercial magazines in the Bengali language like [[Desh (magazine)|'' Desh'']]'', Sananda, Unish Kuri, Tathyakendra, [[Saptahik Bartaman]], Ajkal'' and many others. Some of his short stories like ''Shrabandhara'', ''Prothom Jedin'', ''Neel Ronger Gate'' have been praised by readers.

Sourav has also written two detective novels. The 2nd novel, ''Godhulite Mrityur Chaya'' was published in ''[[Sukhi Grihokon]]'', a monthly magazine. The novel is also included in the ''Shotoborsher Shreshtha Rohosyo Uponyas'' part 3 edited by [[Anish Deb]], published from [[Patra Bharati]].

== Literature for children ==
Sourav Mukhopadhyay has also penned a lot of short stories and novels for children also.

His 1st story for children, ''E thief.com'' was published in [[Anandamela|Anadamela]] a Bengali children's magazine in April 2006.

=== List of short stories for children ===
* ''E thief.com (Anandamela'', April, 2006)
* ''Farewell'' (Anandamela, October, 2006)
* ''Debipakkher Kenakata'' (Anandamela, 02-May-2007)
* ''Ramkhelaoner Keramoti ('' Anandamela, 02-July-2007'')'' (included in ''Sera Kishore Kalpobigyan'' as ''Kheloyar Ramkhelaon'', Edited by Anish Deb, Shishu Kishore Academy)
* ''Swapner Relgari'' (Anandamela Sharadiya 2007)
* ''Kuyashar Abinash'' (Anandamela, 02-Mar-2008)
* ''Gabar Byaparsyapar'' (Anandamela, 20-Oct-2008)
* ''Dupurer Swopno'' (Anandamela, 20-Nov-2008)
* ''Thik Onko (''Anandamela, 20-Apr-2009'')'' (included in ''Chamatkar Chorer Galpo'', Edited by Ratntanu Ghati, ''Udayaraun Publishers'', 2015)
* ''Charan Das Chaplin'' (Anandamela, 05-July-2009)
* ''Buggir Jonnyo'' (Kishore Bharati, July-2009)
* ''Khader Dhare Vanga Railing'' (Anandamela, 05-Oct-2009)
* ''Last Traine Rat Egarotay'' (Anandamela Sharadiya 2009)
* ''Prothom Swad'' (Kishore Bharati Sharadiya 2009)
* ''Bisforoner Pore'' (Kishore Bharati, Jan 2010)
* ''Dinta poya chilo (Kishore Bharati, May 2010)''
* ''Riple Kathamala'' (Anandamela, 05-Aug-2010)
* ''Velkunmamar Velki'' (Anandamela, 05-Oct-2010)
* ''Khogeshchandrer Khogantanka'' (Kishore Bharati Sharadiya 2010)
* ''Goljoge Porlen Golokbabu'' (Sisumahal Sharadiya 2010, Published from Tripura)
* ''Moron Banchon'' (Kishore Bharati January 2011)
* ''Kalboishekhir Rate'' (Anandamela, 05-May-2011)
* ''Guptababur supto asha (Kishore Bharati, May 2011)''
* ''Amriter Sandhane Velkunmama'' (Anandamela, 05-Oct-2011)
* ''Vanga Deoyal'' (Anandamela Sharadiya 2011)
* ''Prayshchitto'' (Kishore Bharati Sharadiya 2011)
* ''Poritosh Mittirer Chuti'' (Sishumahal Sharadiya 2011)
* ''Mrityuban ('' Kishore Bharati, May 2012)
* ''Bagha Tentul'' (Anandamela, 05-Jan-2013)
* ''Samajhdar ('' Kishore Bharati, Jan 2013)
* ''Chapakhanr Dena'' (Anandamela, 05-May-2013)
* ''Kabirajdadur Dairy'' (Kishore Bharati, May 2013)
* ''Mrityunjoyer Mrityusongbad'' (Chiro Sabuj Lekha, May–July 2013)
* ''Madhubabur Pujo'' (Hutopati Sharadiya 2013)
* ''Tongui'' (Anandamela, 05-Jan-2014)
* ''Nagen Malliker Dibyacakkhu'' (Chiro Sabuj Lekha, Sharadiya 2014)
* ''Rater Kora Nara'' (Part of children story collection ''Vutgulo Sob Notun notun,'' Edited by Ratntanu Ghati, ''Udayarun Publishers'')
* ''Beltolay Ghotiram'' (Chiro Sabuj Lekha Sharadiya, 2015)
* ''Dhamu'' (Anandamela, 05-Oct-2015)
* ''Shalikher Ma'' (Chiro Sabuj Lekha, Sharadiya 2016)
* ''Rin'' (Mayakanon, 2016)
* ''Angti'' (Shishumahal)

=== List of novels for children ===
Sourav's 1st novel for children was ''Captain Tomosoner Guptadhan''( ''The treasure of Captain Tomson''). It was also published in [[Anandamela]] 20 February 2012 issue. It was a historical [[adventure fiction]], based on the myth of [[Cocos Island]] and the [[Peru]] of the 19th century. After that, he wrote more novels for children until today.

* ''Captain Tomosoner Guptadhan'' ([[Anandamela]] 20 February 2012)
* ''Megh Chenra Rod'' (Sharodiya Anandamela, 2013)
* Velkunmama o Mithyanweshi (Sharodiya Anandamela, 2014)
* Rupkothar Jonmodin (Sharodiya Ghoraddim, 2017)
*Jipur Jaoya Asa( Sharodiya Anandamela, 2018)

== Bibliography ==
# ''Gronthi;'' Published in January 2011 by Ananda Publishers; {{ISBN|8177569961}} ({{ISBN|9788177569964}})<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/35153479-gronthi|title=গ্রন্থি {{!}}{{!}} Gronthi|website=www.goodreads.com|access-date=2017-11-08}}</ref>
# ''Aandhar Nodi''; Published in January 2012 by Ananda Publishers; {{ISBN|9789350400753}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/35153506-aandhar-nodi|title=আঁধার নদী {{!}}{{!}} Aandhar Nodi|website=www.goodreads.com|access-date=2017-11-08}}</ref>
# ''Sankranti''; Published in January 2013 by Ananda Publishers
# ''Saapludo''; Published in January 2014 by Ananda Publishers; {{ISBN|9789350403280}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/35153514-saapludo|title=সাপলুডো {{!}}{{!}} Saapludo|website=www.goodreads.com|access-date=2017-11-08}}</ref>
# ''Captain Tomosoner Guptadhan''; Published November 2014 by মিত্র ও ঘোষ পাবলিশার্স প্রাইভেট লিমিটেড; {{ISBN|9789350201503}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/25691775|title=ক্যাপ্টেন টমসনের গুপ্তধন|website=www.goodreads.com|access-date=2017-11-08}}</ref>
# ''Megh Chenra Rod''; Published in January 2014 by Ananda Publishers; {{ISBN|9789350403495}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/36533109--|title=মেঘ-ছেঁড়া রোদ|website=www.goodreads.com|access-date=2017-11-08}}</ref>
# ''Dhulokhela;'' Published in 2014 by Ananda Publishers {{ISBN|978-9350404218}}<ref>{{Cite book|title=Dhulokhela|last=Mukhopadhyay|first=Sourav|date=2014|publisher=Ananda Publishers|isbn=9789350404218|language=Bengali}}</ref>
# ''Velkunmama o Mithyanweshi'';Published in January 2015 by Ananda Publishers; {{ISBN|9789350404393}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/26191645-velkunmama-o-mitthanneshi|title=VELKUNMAMA O MITTHANNESHI|website=www.goodreads.com|access-date=2017-11-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Velkunmama O Mitthanneshi|last=Mukhopadhyay|first=Sourav|date=2015-01-01|publisher=Ananda Publishers|isbn=9789350404393|edition= 1st|language=Bengali}}</ref>
# ''Jiban Athaba''; Published in January 2016 by Ananda Publishers; {{ISBN|9350405768}} ({{ISBN|9789350405765}})<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/35153464-jiban-athaba|title=জীবন অথবা {{!}}{{!}} Jiban Athaba|website=www.goodreads.com|access-date=2017-11-08}}</ref>
# ''Prothom Probaho;'' Published in January 2017 by Ananda Publishers; {{ISBN|9789350407455}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/35127246-prothom-probaho|title=প্রথম প্রবাহ {{!}}{{!}} Prothom Probaho|website=www.goodreads.com|access-date=2017-11-08}}</ref>
#''Gol Golpo Chouko Golpo''; Published in January 2017 by The Cafe Table
#''Rupkothar Jonmodin''; Published in January 2017 by The Cafe Table<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukhopadhyay |first=Sourav |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aiLoDwAAQBAJ&q=%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AD+%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC |title=রূপকথার জন্মদিন / Rupkothar Jonmodin : Published by The Cafe Table Publication |publisher=THE CAFE TABLE |language=en}}</ref>
#''Kabirajdadur Diary;'' Published in February 2019 by The Cafe Table
#''Jipur Jaoya Asa''; Published in February 2019 by Ananda Publishers
#''Chaitramas O Sarbonasher Galpo''; Published in February 2020 by The Cafe Table {{ISBN|9789387753754}}
#''Sonali Megh Rupoli Chaya''; Published in February 2020 by Ananda Publishers

== Controversies ==
Sourav Mukhopadhyay has claimed in the media that Padmanabha Dashgupta has copied the plot of the film ''[[Chaplin (2011 film)|Chaplin]]'', released on 26 August 2011, from his story titled ''Charan Das Chaplin'' that was published in a Bengali children's magazine on July 5, 2009. The coincidences include how a character takes up the job of dressing up as a Chaplin performer to ward off poverty, the life-threatening illness of his son, and how the father celebrates the son's birthday.

Padmanabha Dasgupta totally denied the allegation saying that he finished the first draft of the script on December 21, 2007. [[Rudranil Ghosh]] (the lead actor of the film), Anindo Banerjee (director of the film) and many other people from [[Cinema of West Bengal|Tollywood]] industry stood for Padmanabha Dasgupta.

None of the sides went to court for a legal step. However, as the release date of the story is before the release date of the film, it still remains a controversy.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Team-Chaplin-reacts-to-plagiarism-charge/articleshow/10154638.cms|title=Team Chaplin reacts to plagiarism charge - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-11-08}}</ref>

== Awards ==
Sourav won second prize at a competition for comic stories organized by ''Desh''. In 2010, he won first prize. in a similar competition, organized by ''Kishore Bharati''.

Sourav was awarded ''Sandipan Chattapadhyay Sammanana (Krittibas Puroskar)'', for his novel ''Prothom Probaho.''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=41&nID=77667 |website=www.bartamanpatrika.com|access-date=2019-04-23|title=Bartaman Patrika }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.goodreads.com/author/list/14072100.Sourav_Mukhopadhyay Books by Sourav Mukhopadhyay]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukhopadhyay, Sourav}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bengali writers]]
[[Category:People from Hooghly district]]
[[Category:Writers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Howrah district]]

ITC Grand Bharat

2026-02-28T07:06:10Z

S7singh: cleanup

{{Advert|date=September 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox hotel
| hotel_name = '''ITC Grand Bharat'''
| logo =
| logo_width =
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| location = [[India]]
| address = Hasanpur, Tauru, Dist. Mewat 122 105, Haryana, India
| chain = [[ITC Hotels]], Palaces and Resorts
| coordinates = {{coord|28.3022|76.9746|display=inline,title}}
| map_type = India Haryana
| opening_date =
| developer =
| architect =
| operator = [[ITC Hotels]], Palaces and Resorts
| owner =
| number_of_rooms =
| number_of_suites =
| number_of_restaurants =
| floor_area =
| floors =
| height =
| publisher =
| parking =
| website = [https://www.itchotels.com/in/en/itcgrandbharat-gurugram Official Site]
}}

'''ITC Grand Bharat'''<ref>[https://www.forbes.com/sites/jimdobson/2015/06/01/a-royal-adventure-at-the-new-itc-grand-bharat-the-most-luxurious-retreat-in-india/], the-most-luxurious-retreat-in-india.</ref> is a [[five-star hotel|5-star]] [[hotel]] and [[golf resort]] located in [[Gurgaon]], [[Delhi|New Delhi Capital Region]], [[India]], owned by [[ITC Hotels]]. It is approximately {{convert|45|km}} from [[New Delhi]]. The [[resort]] is set along the northern end of the [[Aravalli Range]], and covers the area of 1.2 square km. It is designed in the form of a ‘[[mandala]]’, or circle.

==History==
ITC Hotels is a hotel chain in India. It is operated by ITC Limited, formerly known as India Tobacco Company, which expanded into the hotel industry in 1975 with the opening of its first hotel, the Chola Sheraton, now rebranded as My Fortune. Additionally, it holds the exclusive franchise of [[The Luxury Collection]] in India.

==Architecture==
ITC Grand Bharat<ref name="ITC Grand Bharat launched in NCR">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/itc-grand-bharat-launched-in-ncr/article7089651.ece | title=ITC Grand Bharat launched in NCR | date=10 April 2015 }}</ref> is outlined in the form of a ‘[[mandala]]'. Figurative of a celestial diagram, the structure represents completeness and the relation of life with the infinite. The resort is spread over an area of 1.2 square kilometers, and has a 100 luxury suites,<ref>{{cite news | title=ITC Grand Bharat | url=https://www.itchotels.in/hotels/gurgaon/itcgrandbharat.html | publisher=ITC Hotels}}</ref> 4 presidential villas, 4 dining options, a spa and a golf course.

==Golf course==
The resort has a 27-hole golf course<ref>{{cite news | title= 27-hole golf course | url= http://www.ttgasia.com/article.php?article_id=23801 | publisher= TTG Asia | archive-date= 2 April 2015 | access-date= 11 March 2015 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150402160416/http://www.ttgasia.com/article.php?article_id=23801 | url-status= dead }}</ref> designed by renowned golfer and golf course designer [[Jack Nicklaus]]. This golf course is the first of its kind in South Asia, and offers three courses, each with nine holes – The Ridge Course, The Canyon Course, and The Valley Course. Classic Golf and Country Club<ref>{{cite news | title= Classic Golf |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch-stories/itc-grand-bharat-helps-continue-the-tradition-of-breaks-not-too-far-from-home/article1-1314636.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214034121/http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch-stories/itc-grand-bharat-helps-continue-the-tradition-of-breaks-not-too-far-from-home/article1-1314636.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 February 2015 | publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref> is a member's club.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Golf clubs in India}}

[[Category:Golf clubs and courses in India]]
[[Category:Hotels in India]]
[[Category:Hotels established in 2014]]
[[Category:Hotel buildings completed in 2014]]

{{leisure-company-stub}}
{{India-hotel-stub}}

Irani Trophy

2026-02-27T14:23:39Z

S7singh:

{{Short description|First-class cricket championship game in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament main
| image = Irani trophy logo.png
| image_size =
| country = India
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket]]
| first = 1959–60
| last = [[2025–26 Irani Cup|2025–26]]
| next = [[2026–27 Irani Cup|2026–27]]
| tournament format = [[Playoff format|One-off]]
| participants = 2
| champions = [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]] (3rd title)
| most successful = [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] (30 titles)
| qualification = [[Ranji Trophy]]
| most runs = [[Wasim Jaffer]] (1,294)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=128;type=trophy |title=Irani Cup – Most Runs |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=5 December 2023}}</ref>
| most wickets = [[Padmakar Shivalkar]] (51)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=128;type=trophy |title=Irani Cup – Most Wickets |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=5 December 2023}}</ref>
|current=
}}
The '''Irani Trophy''', also known as the '''Z R Irani Trophy''',<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/290/z-r-irani-cup |title=Z R IRANI CUP |publisher=BCCI |date=25 September 2025 }}</ref> is an annual [[first-class cricket|one-off First-Class cricket]] match organised by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] and contested each season by the reigning [[Ranji Trophy]] champions and a multi-state [[Rest of India cricket team|RoI team]] composed of players from the other state teams.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> The inaugural edition was played in March 1960 as a special event to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the Ranji Trophy. It was intended to be a one-off match but, in 1962, BCCI decided to institute it as annual fixture and it has been played in most seasons since 1962–63.<ref name=ACS>[https://acscricket.com/?page_id=2700 Irani Cup Winners 1959/60–]. Association of Cricket Statisticians and Historians. Retrieved 5 December 2023.</ref> BCCI named the Irani Trophy after Zal R. Irani, their long-serving president and treasurer, who was a significant figure in the organisation from its inception in 1928, till his death in 1970.<ref name=":0">[https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/irani-cup-full-fledged-indian-teams Irani Cup and full-fledged Indian teams]. SportsKeeda. Retrieved 5 December 2023.</ref>

==History==
The first match between the [[Ranji Trophy]] champions and the [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] was played in [[1959–60 Irani Cup|1959–60]]. It was intended to be a one-off event to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the Ranji Trophy. In 1962, the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) decided to resurrect it as an annual event, although it did not take place in 1964–65. The trophy was named in honour of Zal R. Irani, who was a long time treasurer and president of BCCI, and a keen patron of the game. The first three matches were played towards the end of the season but then, having recognised the fixture's prestige, BCCI moved it to the beginning of the season and, from 1965–66 to 2012–13, it traditionally heralded the start of each new domestic season.

In 2013, the fixture was moved to a date immediately after the Ranji Trophy final, resulting in there being two Irani Cup matches in the 2012/13 season. The fixture has since remained at the end of the season, and is played shortly after the Ranji Trophy final.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-article/irani-cup-history-perspective-2/97893 |first=Mohandas |last=Menon |title=Irani Cup: history and perspective |publisher=Wisden India |access-date=18 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301172753/http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-article/irani-cup-history-perspective-2/97893 |archive-date=1 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Two matches were cancelled due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and, in 2022, BCCI decided to organise two editions back-to-back. These were the [[2019–20 Irani Cup|2019–20]] and [[2022–23 Irani Cup|2022–23]] matches, which were played at [[Rajkot]] and [[Indore]] respectively.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/both-saurashtra-and-madhya-pradesh-to-play-irani-cups-in-2022-23-1332739?platform=amp | title=Both Saurashtra and Madhya Pradesh to play Irani Cups in 2022–23 |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=6 September 2022}}</ref>

==Results==
The following table lists the results of all Irani Trophy matches.<ref name=ACS/> The source shows that ROI have taken part in all 61 matches to the most recent in October 2023, winning 26 with 25 losses and eight draws. By far the most appearances by a single state side is 29 by [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay/Mumbai]], who have won the trophy twelve times. [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] have played in eight matches, winning six; and [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] in seven, winning two. Four teams have appeared twice: [[Railways cricket team|Railways]] (two wins); [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]] (two draws); [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]] (two defeats); and [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]] (two defeats). Another nine teams have appeared once.<ref name=ACS/>
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! style="width:100px"|Season
! style="width:125px"|Venue
! style="width:110px"|Winner
! style="width:110px"|Runner-up
! style="width:100px"|Result
! Notes
! Refs
|-
| [[1959–60 Irani Cup|1959–60]] || [[Karnail Singh Stadium|Karnail Singh Stadium, Delhi]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]]|| [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] || match drawn || The inaugural match was meant to be a one-off event to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the [[Ranji Trophy]]. Bombay won the drawn game by achieving first innings lead. Three [[Test cricket|Test batsmen]] — [[Polly Umrigar]], [[Nari Contractor]], and [[M. L. Jaisimha]] — scored centuries in the match. || <ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/23/23988.html Rest of India v Bombay: Irani Cup 1959/60]. CricketArchive. Retrieved 5 December 2023. {{subscription required}}</ref><ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/irani-trophy-1959-60-369522/rest-of-india-vs-bombay-369526/full-scorecard Rest of India v Bombay: Irani Cup 1959/60]. ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 5 December 2023.</ref>
|-
| 1960–61 || rowspan=2 colspan=5 | ''no competition'' || rowspan=2 | <ref name=ACS/>
|-
| 1961–62
|-
| [[1962–63 Irani Cup|1962–63]] || [[Brabourne Stadium]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]]|| [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] || match drawn ||Bombay won the Irani Cup through their first innings lead.
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/irani-trophy-1962-63-369531/bombay-vs-rest-of-india-369534/full-scorecard |title=Bombay vs ROI, Irani Trophy 1962/63 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=7 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
| [[1963–64 Irani Cup|1963–64]]|| [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy Stadium|District College Stadium, Anantpur]]|| [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]]|| [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] || 109 runs || || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/irani-trophy-1963-64-369536/rest-of-india-vs-bombay-369540/full-scorecard |title=ROI vs Bombay, Irani Trophy 1963/64 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=7 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 1964–65 || colspan=5 | ''no competition'' || <ref name=ACS/>
|-
| [[1965–66 Irani Cup|1965–66]] || [[Nehru Stadium, Chennai|Nehru Stadium, Madras]]|| {{N/a}} || {{N/a}} || match drawn || Although this match was drawn, the first innings lead tie-break rule could not be enforced since both first innings were not completed. [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]] and [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] shared the trophy.{{efn|name=drawn|Usually, if the match is drawn, the trophy is awarded to the team which had first innings lead. There was an exception to this in 1965–66, when the trophy was shared because both first innings could not be completed.}}|| <ref name=ACS/>
|-
| [[1966–67 Irani Cup|1966–67]] || [[Eden Gardens]] || [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]]|| 6 wickets || ||
|-
| [[1967–68 Irani Cup|1967–68]] || [[Brabourne Stadium]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]]|| [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] || match drawn || Bombay won the Irani Cup through their first innings lead.||
|-
| [[1968–69 Irani Cup|1968–69]] || [[Brabourne Stadium]] || [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]]|| 119 runs || ||
|-
| [[1969–70 Irani Cup|1969–70]] || [[Pune Club Ground|Poona Club Ground, Poona]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]]|| [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] || match drawn || Bombay won the Irani Cup through their first innings lead.||
|-
| [[1970–71 Irani Cup|1970–71]] || [[Eden Gardens]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]]|| [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] || match drawn || Bombay won the Irani Cup through their first innings lead.||
|-
| [[1971–72 Irani Cup|1971–72]] || [[Brabourne Stadium]] || [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]]|| 119 runs || ||
|-
| [[1972–73 Irani Cup|1972–73]] || [[Nehru Stadium, Pune|Poona]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]]|| [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] || 220 runs || ||
|-
| [[1973–74 Irani Cup|1973–74]] || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium|Bangalore]] || [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]]|| match drawn || Rest of India won the Irani Cup through their first innings lead.||
|-
| [[1974–75 Irani Cup|1974–75]] || [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Stadium, Navrangpura|Ahmedabad]] || [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] || [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] || match drawn || Karnataka won the Irani Cup through their first innings lead.||
|-
| [[1975–76 Irani Cup|1975–76]] || [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground|Vidarbha]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]]|| [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] || match drawn || Bombay won the Irani Cup through their first innings lead.||
|-
| [[1976–77 Irani Cup|1976–77]] || [[Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium|Feroz Shah Kotla]]|| [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]]|| [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] || 10 wickets || ||
|-
| [[1977–78 Irani Cup|1977–78]] || [[Wankhede Stadium]] || [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]]|| innings and 168 runs || ||
|-
| [[1978–79 Irani Cup|1978–79]] || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium|Bangalore]] || [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] || [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] || 9 wickets || ||
|-
| [[1979–80 Irani Cup|1979–80]]|| [[Gandhi Stadium|Jalandhar]] || {{N/a}} || {{N/a}} ||abandoned || Heavy rain caused the match between ROI and [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] to be abandoned without a ball bowled. No toss was made and the Irani Cup was shared. || <ref name=ACS/><ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/39/39941.html Rest of India v Delhi: Irani Cup 1979/80]. CricketArchive. Retrieved 6 December 2023. {{subscription required}}</ref>
|-
| [[1980–81 Irani Cup|1980–81]] || [[Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium|Feroz Shah Kotla]]|| [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] || [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] || match drawn || Delhi won the Irani Cup through their first innings lead.||
|-
| [[1981–82 Irani Cup|1981–82]] || [[Nehru Stadium, Indore|Indore]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]]|| [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] || match drawn || Bombay won the Irani Cup through their first innings lead.||
|-
| [[1982–83 Irani Cup|1982–83]] || [[Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium|Feroz Shah Kotla]]|| [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] || [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] || 5 wickets || ||
|-
| [[1983–84 Irani Cup|1983–84]] || [[Madhavrao Scindia Cricket Ground|Rajkot]] || [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] || [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] || match drawn || Karnataka won the Irani Cup through their first innings lead.||
|-
| [[1984–85 Irani Cup|1984–85]] || [[Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium|Feroz Shah Kotla]]|| [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]]|| 4 wickets || ||
|-
| [[1985–86 Irani Cup|1985–86]] || [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]]|| [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] || match drawn || Bombay won the Irani Cup through their first innings lead.||
|-
| [[1986–87 Irani Cup|1986–87]] || [[Barkatullah Khan Stadium|Jodhpur]] || [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] || [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] || innings and 232 runs || ||
|-
| [[1987–88 Irani Cup|1987–88]] || [[Gymkhana Ground, Secunderabad|Secunderabad]] || [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]] || [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] || match drawn || Hyderabad won the Irani Cup through their first innings lead.||
|-
| [[1988–89 Irani Cup|1988–89]] || [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium|Chepauk Stadium]]|| [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]] || [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] || 3 wickets || ||
|-
| [[1989–90 Irani Cup|1989–90]] || [[Wankhede Stadium]] || [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] || [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] || 309 runs || ||
|-
| [[1990–91 Irani Cup|1990–91]] || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium|Bangalore]] || [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] || [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] || match drawn || Rest of India won the Irani Cup through their first innings lead.||
|-
| [[1991–92 Irani Cup|1991–92]] || [[Nahar Singh Stadium|Faridabad]] || [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]] || [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] || 4 wickets || ||
|-
| [[1992–93 Irani Cup|1992–93]] || [[Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium|Feroz Shah Kotla]]|| [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] || [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] || innings and 122 runs || ||
|-
| [[1993–94 Irani Cup|1993–94]] || [[Punjab Agricultural University Stadium|Ludhiana]] || [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] || [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]] || 181 runs || ||
|-
| [[1994–95 Irani Cup|1994–95]] || [[Wankhede Stadium]] || [[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]] || [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] || match drawn || Bombay won the Irani Cup through their first innings lead.||
|-
| [[1995–96 Irani Cup|1995–96]] || [[Wankhede Stadium]] || [[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]] || [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] || 9 wickets || ||
|-
| [[1996–97 Irani Cup|1996–97]] || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium|Bangalore]] || [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] || [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] || 5 wickets || ||
|-
| [[1997–98 Irani Cup|1997–98]] || [[Wankhede Stadium]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] || [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] || 54 runs || ||
|-
| [[1998–99 Irani Cup|1998–99]] || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium|Bangalore]] || [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] || [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] || match drawn || Karnataka won the Irani Cup through their first innings lead.||
|-
| {{nowrap|[[1999–2000 Irani Cup|1999–2000]]}} || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium|Bangalore]] || [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] || [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] || innings and 60 runs || ||
|-
| [[2000–01 Irani Cup|2000–01]] || [[Wankhede Stadium]] || [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] || 10 wickets || ||
|-
| [[2001–02 Irani Cup|2001–02]] || [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground|Vidarbha]] || [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] || [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]] || 6 wickets || ||
|-
| [[2002–03 Irani Cup|2002–03]] || [[Karnail Singh Stadium|Delhi]] || [[Railways cricket team|Railways]] || [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] || 5 wickets || ||
|-
| [[2003–04 Irani Cup|2003–04]] || [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium|Chepauk Stadium]]|| [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] || 3 wickets || ||
|-
| [[2004–05 Irani Cup|2004–05]] || [[I. S. Bindra Stadium|Mohali]]|| [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] || 290 runs || ||
|-
| [[2005–06 Irani Cup|2005–06]] || [[Karnail Singh Stadium|Delhi]] || [[Railways cricket team|Railways]] || [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] || 9 wickets || ||
|-
| [[2006–07 Irani Cup|2006–07]] || [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground|Vidarbha]] || [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] || [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]] || 9 wickets || ||
|-
| [[2007–08 Irani Cup|2007–08]] || [[Madhavrao Scindia Cricket Ground|Rajkot]] || [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] || 9 wickets || ||
|-
| [[2008–09 Irani Cup|2008–09]] || [[Reliance Stadium|Vadodara]]
|[[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]]|| [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]|| 187 runs || ||
|-
| [[2009–10 Irani Cup|2009–10]] || [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium|Vidarbha]] || [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] || match drawn || Rest of India won the Irani Cup through their first innings lead.||
|-
| [[2010–11 Irani Cup|2010–11]] || [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium|Jaipur]] || [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] || 361 runs || ||
|-
| [[2011–12 Irani Cup|2011–12]] || [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium|Jaipur]] || [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] || [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]] || 404 runs || ||
|-
| [[2012–13 Irani Cup|2012–13]] || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium|Bangalore]] || [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] || [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]] || innings and 79 runs || || <ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.wisdenindia.com/match-report/roi-rout-rajasthan-win-irani-cup/26917 |title=ROI rout Rajasthan to win Irani Cup |publisher=Wisden India |date=24 September 2012 |access-date=6 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304102739/http://www.wisdenindia.com/match-report/roi-rout-rajasthan-win-irani-cup/26917 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[2013 Irani Cup|2013]] || [[Wankhede Stadium]] || [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] || match drawn || Rest of India won the Irani Cup through their first innings lead.|| <ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/irani-cup-2012/content/current/story/604357.html |title=Eighth consecutive title for ROI |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=10 February 2013 |access-date=6 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.wisdenindia.com/match-report/jaffer-ton-vain-rest-win-irani-cup/50210 |title=Jaffer ton in vain as Rest win Irani Cup |publisher=Wisden India |date=10 February 2013 |access-date=6 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000929/http://www.wisdenindia.com/match-report/jaffer-ton-vain-rest-win-irani-cup/50210 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[2013–14 Irani Cup|2013–14]] || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium|Bangalore]] || [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] || [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] || innings and 222 runs || ||
|-
| [[2014–15 Irani Cup|2014–15]] || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium|Bangalore]] || [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] || [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] || 246 runs || || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/irani-cup-2014-15/engine/match/776117.html |title=Irani Cup at Bengaluru, March 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
| [[2015–16 Irani Cup|2015–16]] || [[Brabourne Stadium]] || [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] || 4 wickets || || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/irani-cup-2015-16/engine/match/902251.html |title=Irani Cup at Mumbai, March 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
| [[2016–17 Irani Cup|2016–17]] || [[Brabourne Stadium]] || [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] || [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]] || 6 wickets || || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/irani-cup-2016-17/engine/match/1053705.html |title=Irani Cup at Mumbai, January 2017 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
| [[2017–18 Irani Cup|2017–18]] || [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium]] || [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]] || [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] || match drawn || Vidarbha won the Irani Cup through their first innings lead.||
|-
| [[2018–19 Irani Cup|2018–19]] || [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium]] || [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]] || [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] || match drawn || Vidarbha won the Irani Cup through their first innings lead.||
|-
| [[2019–20 Irani Cup|2019–20]] || [[Niranjan Shah Stadium|Rajkot]]|| [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] || [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]] || 8 wickets || ||
|-
| 2020–21 || rowspan=2 colspan=5 | In both of these seasons, the fixture was cancelled because of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] || rowspan=2 | <ref name=ACS/>
|-
| 2021–22
|-
| [[2022–23 Irani Cup|2022–23]] || [[Captain Roop Singh Stadium|Gwalior]] || {{nowrap|[[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]]}} || {{nowrap|[[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]}} || 238 runs || ||
|-
| [[2023–24 Irani Cup|2023–24]] || [[Niranjan Shah Stadium|Rajkot]]|| [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] || [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]] || 175 runs || ||
|-
| [[2024–25 Irani Cup|2024–25]] || [[Ekana Cricket Stadium|Lucknow]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] || [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] || match drawn || Mumbai won the Irani Cup through their first innings lead.||
|-
| [[2025–26 Irani Cup|2025–26]] || [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium|Nagpur]] || [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]] || [[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]] || 93 runs || ||
|}

== Statistics ==

=== Team statistics ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
! style="border-bottom:none" |
! colspan="4" |Appearances
|-
! style="border-top:none;width:180px;" |Team
! width="40" |Total
! width="40" |Champions
! width="40" |{{nowrap|Runners-up}}
!Shared/No Result
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Rest of India cricket team|Rest of India]]
|62
|30
|30
|2
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
|30
|15
|14
|1
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
|8
|6
|2
| {{N/a}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
|7
|2
|4
|1
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Railways cricket team|Railways]]
|2
|2
|0
| {{N/a}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
|2
|0
|2
| {{N/a}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
|3
|3
|0
| {{N/a}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]
|2
|0
|2
| {{N/a}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
|1
|1
|0
| {{N/a}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
|1
|1
|0
| {{N/a}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
|1
|1
|0
| {{N/a}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
|1
|0
|1
| {{N/a}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
|1
|0
|1
| {{N/a}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
|1
|0
|1
| {{N/a}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
|1
|0
|1
| {{N/a}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]
|1
|0
|1
| {{N/a}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |{{nowrap|[[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]}}
|1
|0
|1
| {{N/a}}
|}

==Broadcasters==
BCCI's official broadcasters [[Sports18]] and [[JioCinema]] air the match live on TV and internet respectively. BCCI's website, bcci.tv, airs match highlights and scores.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/irani-cup-2023-live-streaming-madhya-pradesh-vs-rest-of-india-tv-channel-squads/article66555955.ece |title=Irani Cup live streaming info |work=The Hindu |date=28 February 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023}}</ref>

== Sponsorship ==
{| class="wikitable" style="white-space: nowrap;"
!Period
!Sponsor
!Brand
|-
|2007–2010
|[[World Sport Group]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Airtel wins India corporate sponsorship rights |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-airtel-wins-india-corporate-sponsorship-rights-473443 |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|
|-
|2010–2013
|[[Bharti Airtel]]
|Airtel Irani Cup<ref>{{Cite web |title=Airtel will not renew BCCI home series contract |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/airtel-will-not-renew-bcci-contract-for-series-sponsorship-672667 |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-08-20 |title=Airtel wins Team India home series sponsorship rights |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/airtel-wins-team-india-home-series-sponsorship-rights/story-aETJBbPXTSlqoFCkmeLoLI.html |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2013–2014
|[[Disney Star|Star India Pvt. Ltd.]]
|Star Irani Cup<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |author=Staff Writer |date=2014-08-28 |title=Micromax wins BCCI sponsorship rights for 2014-15 matches |url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/vacNdiqF9Nh3aZRp2LmJyK/Micromax-wins-Rs18-crore-BCCI-title-sponsorship-for-201415.html |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Star India gets series-title rights |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/star-india-gets-series-title-rights-676399 |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2014–2015
|[[Micromax Informatics]]
|Micromax Irani Cup<ref name=":2" />
|-
|2015–2022
|[[Paytm]]
|Paytm Irani Cup<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paytm awarded title sponsorship rights for BCCI International and Domestic seasons 2019-23 |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2019/news/130018/paytm-awarded-title-sponsorship-rights-for-bcci-international-and-domestic-seasons-2019-23 |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=www.bcci.tv |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETBrandEquity.com |title=Mastercard replaces Paytm as title sponsor for all BCCI matches: Report - ET BrandEquity |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/marketing/mastercard-replaces-paytm-as-title-sponsor-for-all-bcci-matches-report/93187638 |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=ETBrandEquity.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022–2023
|[[Mastercard]]
|Mastercard Irani Cup<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mastercard acquires title sponsorship rights for all BCCI international and domestic home matches |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2022/news/55555921/mastercard-acquires-title-sponsorship-rights-for-all-bcci-international-and-domestic-home-matches |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=www.bcci.tv |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023–present
|[[IDFC First Bank]]
|IDFC First Irani Cup<ref>{{Cite web |title=BCCI announces new title sponsor for international and domestic matches at home |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/bcci-title-sponsorship-rights-idfc-first-bank-details-2426739-2023-08-25 |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IDFC First acquires title sponsorship rights for all BCCI international and domestic home matches |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2023/news/55556033/idfc-first-acquires-title-sponsorship-rights-for-all-bcci-international-and-domestic-home-matches |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=www.bcci.tv |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/290/z-r-irani-cup Official website]. BCCI.
* [http://www.rediff.com/cricket/2003/sep/18irani1.htm A brief history of the Irani Trophy]. Rediff, India.
* [http://www.sport195.com/leagues/irani_trophy_11061 Irani Trophy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319081133/https://www.sport195.com/leagues/irani_trophy_11061 |date=19 March 2016 }}. SPORT195.
* [https://cricketarchive.com/cgi-bin/search2.cgi Index of all Irani Trophy matches]. CricketArchive.

{{Irani Cup}}
{{Cricket in India}}
{{First-class Cricket Domestic Competitions}}

[[Category:Irani Cup| ]]
[[Category:Indian domestic cricket competitions]]
[[Category:First-class cricket competitions]]
[[Category:1959 establishments in India]]

St. Augustine's Day School (Kolkata)

2026-02-27T10:57:11Z

S7singh:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Issues|
{{Refimprove|date=January 2025}}
{{notability |date=January 2025}}
}}
'''St. Augustine's Day School''' was established in [[Kolkata]], [[India]], on 5th of May, 1971 by Mr. C.R Gasper and Mrs. Edna Gasper under the St. Augustine Education Society. Presently the school operates under a different Society and has one branch that claimed to be affiliated to ISC Council (Kolkata)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Srinjoy |date=2023-09-13 |title=“Playing With Students’ Future”: Calcutta High Court Says FIR Must Be Registered Against School For Misrepresenting Affiliation To ICSE Board |url=https://www.livelaw.in/high-court/calcutta-high-court/calcutta-high-court-augustine-day-school-kolkata-icse-board-affiliation-investigation-237694 |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref> and three feeder branches in [[Uluberia]], [[Sarat Bose Road]], and [[Budge Budge]]. The original St. Augustine Education Society operates St. Augustine’s Day School Barrackpore and St. Augustine’s Day School Shyamnagar<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-24 |title=Kolkata schools, universities to shut or go online amid Cyclone Dana |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/schools-and-universities-go-online-amid-cyclone-dana-alert-in-kolkata/articleshow/114522389.cms |access-date=2025-01-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> both affiliated to the ISC Council with a branch in Manirampur. The Barrackpore School has featured in the Top 10 schools in North Kolkata in the Times of India study 2018. In 2019 the school has ranked 3rd All India in the ICSE exam.
==Notable alumni==
*[[Neel Dutt]], Musician

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.staugustineday.com/ Official Website]

{{coord missing|West Bengal}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Augustine's Day School}}
[[Category:Schools in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1971]]
[[Category:1971 establishments in West Bengal]]

Amudalapalle

2026-02-24T15:50:10Z

S7singh: New

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement

| name = Amudalapalle
| native_name =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|15.612194|N|79.651439|E|region:IN-AP_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Markapuram district|Markapuram]]
| subdivision_type3 = Mandal
| subdivision_name3 = [[Podili]]
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/(S(gnxq2d45i3b4c2453hpnpkzg))/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=629965|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=13 October 2014}}</ref>
| population_total = 572
| population_as_of = 2011
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|Pincode]]
| postal_code = 523253
| footnotes =
}}

'''Amudalapalle''' is a village in [[Podili]] [[mandal]], located in [[Markapuram district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in India.<ref name="districts-20253112">{{Cite news |title=Andhra News:కొత్త జిల్లాలు పోలవరం, మార్కాపురం |date=2025-12-30 |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/andhra-pradesh/ap-cabinet--approves-formation-of-two-new-districts/1799/125240498 |access-date=2026-02-16 |work=Eenadu|lang=te}}</ref><ref name=population />

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Markapuram district]]

{{Markapuram-geo-stub}}

Delhi–Mewar conflicts

2026-02-23T15:53:01Z

S7singh:

{{Short description|Conflict between Kingdom of Mewar and Delhi Sultanate}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Mewar–Delhi conflicts
| date = 1321–1521
| place = [[North India]]
| result =
| territory =
| combatant1 = {{flagicon image|Mewar.svg}} [[Kingdom of Mewar]]
| combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Delhi Sultanate Flag.svg}} [[Delhi Sultanate]]
| commander1 = {{flagicon image|Mewar.svg}} [[Maharana Hammir]] {{flagicon image|Mewar.svg}} Baruji Sauda {{flagicon image|Mewar.svg}} Junsi Kachhwaha {{flagicon image|Mewar.svg}} [[Kshetra Singh]] {{flagicon image|Mewar.svg}} [[Lakha Singh]] {{flagicon image|Mewar.svg}} [[Mokal Singh]] {{flagicon image|Mewar.svg}} [[Rana Sanga]]{{WIA}} {{flagicon image|Mewar.svg}} [[Medini Rai]]
| commander2 = {{flagicon image|Delhi Sultanate Flag.svg}} [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq]] {{flagicon image|Delhi Sultanate Flag.svg}} Maldev Songara {{flagicon image|Delhi Sultanate Flag.svg}} Jaiza Songara {{flagicon image|Delhi Sultanate Flag.svg}} [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] {{flagicon image|Delhi Sultanate Flag.svg}} [[Firuz Shah Tughluq]] {{flagicon image|Delhi Sultanate Flag.svg}} [[Mubarak Shah II]] {{flagicon image|Delhi Sultanate Flag.svg}} [[Ibrahim Lodi]]
| image =
| caption = Kingdom of Mewar at its peak in 1521{{Legend|#2debe8ff|Directly administered}}
{{Legend|#bfefe8|Vassal states}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hooja|first1=RIma |title=A History of Rajasthan |date=2006 |publisher=Rupa and Co. |location=Jaipur |page=452|isbn=9788129115010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqd1RAAACAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Chandra|first1=Satish |title=History of Medieval India: 800-1700
|date=2007 |publisher=Orient BlackSwan|page=174|isbn=9788125032267|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qHnHHwAACAAJ}}</ref>
| image_size = 350
}}

The '''Delhi–Mewar conflicts''' were prolonged confrontations and periodic military engagements between the [[Kingdom of Mewar]] ruled by the [[Sisodia dynasty|Sisodiyas]] and the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. The conflict erupted when the Sisodiya dynasty took the [[Mewar|region]] of Mewar from Delhi Sultanate's rule. The struggle which lasted nearly two centuries was fought in what is today the Indian states of [[Rajasthan]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]].

The conflict started in the reign of [[Hammir Singh|Rana Hammir]] against the Tuqhlaq dynasty at the [[Battle of Singoli]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R.C |url=http://archive.org/details/delhisultanate00bhar |title=History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 06,The Delhi Sultanate |date=1967 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |others=Public Resource}}</ref> This conflict was further carried out by [[Kshetra Singh|Rana Kshetra]] and his successor [[Rana Lakha]] with the [[Sayyid dynasty]] in conquests for [[Bakrol]] and Badnor.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Sarda |first=Har Bilas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bt5GAAAAIAAJ |title=Maharana Kumbha: Sovereign, Soldier, Scholar |date=1918 |pages=4"Kumbha's great grandfather, Rana Kshetra Singh, who ruled Mewar from A.l). 1364 to A.l). 1382, was the son and successor of the celebrated Rana Hammir. He greatly enlarged the kingdom. He captured Ajnier and Jahazpur, re-annexed Mandalgarh, Mandsor, and the whole of the Chappan to Mewar. He obtained a victory over the King of Delhi, who was utterly defeated at Bakrole"}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Ahluwalia |first=Manjit Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fr8tAAAAMAAJ&q=Ajmer |title=Muslim Expansion in Rajasthan: The Relations of Delhi Sultanate with Rajasthan, 1206-1526. |date=1978 |publisher=Yugantar Prakashan |pages=168. "Lakshman Simha (Rana Lakha) is said to have defeated the Sultan of Delhi near Badnor and was exempted from the pilgrimage tax imposed on the Hindus for their visits to holy places like Kashi, Gaya and Paryag."}}</ref> An invasion by the latter was also successfully repelled at [[Raipur, Rajasthan|Raipur]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Hooja |first=Rima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ |title=A History of Rajasthan |date=2006 |publisher=Rupa and Co. |isbn=978-81-291-0890-6 |pages=335–336}}</ref> The conflict took a short break when [[Kumbha of Mewar|Rana Kumbha]] ascended the throne of Mewar as he was occupied throughout his life with the Islamic Sultanates of [[Malwa Sultanate|Malwa]] and [[Gujarat Sultanate|Gujarat]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Chandra |first=Satish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qHnHHwAACAAJ |title=History of Medieval India(800-1700) |date=2005 |publisher=Orient Blakckswan |isbn=9788125032267 |publication-date=2007 |pages=173"The conflict with Gujarat and Malwa occupied Kumbha throughout his reign. "}}</ref> The conflict resumed again with the [[Lodi dynasty]] when the latter tried to counter the growing hegemony of Mewar at the Battle of Khatoli and at [[Battle of Dholpur]]<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Somani |first=Ram Vallabh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcIBAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Mewar; from earliest time to 1751 A.D |date=1976 |publisher=C.L Ranka |pages=158"Maharana Sanga wrested some territory of eastern Rajasthan belonging to the Sultans of Delhi and annexed the same to his state, Nirodbhushan Roy", while editing the history of Afghans, written by ‘Niamatullah, observes that both Sanga and Ibrahim were not free to contest a battle immediately after the accession of the later, But this statement does not seem to be correct, A battle was fought near the village Khatoli (District Bundi), wherein the Rajputs emerged victorious, A prince of Lodi family was also made captive,"}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Sarda |first=Har Bilas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRBDAAAAYAAJ |title=Maharana Sāngā, the Hindupat: The Last Great Leader of the Rajput Race |date=1970 |pages=61"When this army reached the Maharana's territory the Maharana advanced with his Rajputs. As the two armies came in sight of each other near Dholpur,1 Mian Makhan made dispositions for the battle. Said Khan Furat and Haji Khan with 7,000 horsemen, were placed on the right ; and Daulat Khan, Allahdad Khan and Yusuf Khan commanded the centre. The Sultan's army was fully prepared to give the Maharana a warm reception. The Rajputs, with their accustomed valour, advanced and fell on the Sultan's army, and in a short time put the enemy to flight."}}</ref>

== Prelude ==
In the year 1303, Sultan [[Alauddin Khalji|Allauddin Khilji]] of the Delhi Sultanate put an end to the [[Guhila dynasty|Guhila Dynasty]] of Mewar when he [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1303)|besieged and occupied Chittorgarh]], the capital of Mewar. Allauddin appointed his son [[Khizr Khan]] as the governor of the place.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Somani |first=Ram Vallabh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcIBAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Mewar; from earliest time to 1751 A.D |date=1976 |pages=100 "After reducing the stronghold of Chittor, Alauddin assigned it to his heir—apparent Khizrakhan by renaming it as Khizrabad."}}</ref> Khizr Khan remained there for a period of ten years after which he was forced to move to [[Ajmer]] and Maldev Songara, belonging to the [[Songara|Songara Chahuhan Dynasty]] was given the vassalage of Mewar. At the same time another branch of Guhilas known as [[Sisodia dynasty|Sisodias]] started to take the keypoints of Mewar under their new leader [[Hammir Singh|Maharana Hammir]]. He in coming years was able to take Mewar and the capital Chittorgarh by expelling Maldev.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Mankekar |first=Mankekar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e5E9AAAAMAAJ |title=Mewar Saga |date=1976 |pages=27 "Khizar Khan had to give up Chittor and live in the security of .Ajmer, even though he was nominally in command of that fort for ten years, until the sultan passed on the governorship of Chittor to a Jalor Chauhan, Maldeo. Hamir Singh soon, by a stratagem, wrested Chittorgarh from Maldeo, and embarked on a career of re-establishing and consolidating his ancestral kingdom."|publisher=Vikas Publishing House |isbn=978-0-7069-0416-1 }}</ref> Meanwhile, Jaiza(Son of Maldev) fled to the Delhi court for help, starting the series of military standoffs which would continue for the next two centuries.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R.C |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XKVFAQAAMAAJ |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 6 |date=1960 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |pages=70 "The Chauhan ruler Jaiza, son of Maldev, who was ruling Mewar as a feudatory of the Sultan, fled to Muhammad Tughluq at Delhi. Thereupon the latter marched against the Maharana,"}}</ref>

== Conflict ==

Maldev's son Jaiza had fled to the court of [[Muhammad bin Tughluq|Muhammed Bin Tuqhlaq]] for help which he received when a large Muslim army led by a general of Delhi Sultanate attacked Mewar and both sides clashed at the [[Battle of Singoli]] where the Delhi Sultanate's forces were defeated and compelled to retreat. Hammir with this battle secured the independence of the Rajputana region.<ref name=":0" /> After Hammir his son [[Kshetra Singh|Maharana Kshetra]] captured the district of [[Bakrol]] from the forces of Delhi Sultanate.<ref name=":1" /> [[Rana Lakha|Maharana Lakha]] the next Rana of Mewar was engaged in military standoffs against the Sayyiad Dynasty of Delhi in which the district of [[Badnor]] was captured.<ref name=":2" /> In the reign of [[Mokal Singh|Maharana Mokal]] was repulsed at [[Raipur, Rajasthan|Raipur]].<ref name=":3" /> The conflict from thereafter took a break as [[Kumbha of Mewar|Maharana Kumbha]] next Maharana of Mewar was busy all his life in affairs with [[Malwa Sultanate]] and [[Gujarat Sultanate]]. Hence no major military standoff was fought between this period. After the assassination of Maharana Kumbha his son Raimal ascended the throne by putting the assassin Uda to death. He too was not able to fight any major battles against the Delhi Sultanate because he had to restore strength and peace in Mewar which was lost after the assassination of Kumbha<ref name=":4" /> The conflict resumed again and took its peak when [[Rana Sanga]] became the Rana of Mewar and by enjoying the strong position of Mewar in the [[Northwest India|North-Western India]] started the policy of expansion. Sanga captured some parts of the Northeastern Rajputana which at that time were vassals of Delhi Sultanate. Meanwhile the new Sultan of Delhi [[Ibrahim Khan Lodi|Ibrahim Lodi]] attacked Rana Sanga in the battle of Khatoli which resulted in the defeat of the Sultan.<ref name=":5" /> To counter his past defeat he soon raised another force and attacked the Kingdom of Mewar at the [[Battle of Dholpur]] only to be humbled again.<ref name=":6" /> The victory at the battle of Dholpur made Mewar the master of all the land from [[Bayana]] to [[Chanderi]] which was conquered by Sultan Sikandar against the Malwa Sultanate.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarda |first=Har Bilas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRBDAAAAYAAJ |title=Maharana Sanga; the Hindupat, the last great leader of the Rajput race |date=1970 |pages=62"By this victory all that part of Malwa which had been usurped by Muhammad Shah (Sahib Khan), younger brother of Sultan Mahmud Khilji II of Mandu, during his rebellion against his brother, and had subsequently been taken possession of by Sultan Sikander Lodi, father of Sultan Ibrahim, now fell into the hands of the Maharana. Chanderi was one of the many places which fell into the hands of the Maharana,"}}</ref> In bid to annex Ajmer and Ranthambore Ibraihm was further defeated by Rana Sanga when the former attacked Ranthambore<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Hooja |first=Rima |title=A History of Rajasthan |date=2005 |publisher=Rupa and Co. |isbn=978-81-291-0890-6 |pages="Sultan Ibrahim Lodi's bid to annex Ranthambore and Ajmer to the Delhi Sultanate led Rana Sanga to make peace with the sultan of Gujarat...Rana Sanga inflicted a defeat on Ibrahim Lodi when the latter attacked Ranthambore."}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
The successful war under the various Maharanas of Mewar paved the way for Kingdom of Mewar to become one of the greatest powers in [[Northern India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhatnagar |first=V. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=plFuAAAAMAAJ |title=Life and Times of Sawai Jai Singh, 1688-1743. |date=1974 |pages=Impex India. p. 6." Mewar's grand recovery commended under Lakha and later under Kumbha and most notably under Sanga it became one of the greatest powers in the northern India in first quarter of 16th century"}}</ref> Chanderi was given to [[Medini Rai]] as a gift.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarda |first=Har Bilas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRBDAAAAYAAJ |title=Maharana Sanga; the Hindupat, the last great leader of the Rajput race |date=1970 |publisher=Ajmer, Scottish Mission Industries |pages=62 "Chanderi was one of the many places which fell into the hands of the Maharana, who bestowed it on Medni Rai}}</ref>

== List of Battles ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!'''Name of Conflict(time)'''
!Maharana/ Commander
!'''Sultan/Commander'''
!Outcome
|-
|'''Recovery of Mewar (1321–36)'''
|[[Maharana Hammir]]
* [[Sauda (clan)|Baruji Sauda]]
|Maladeva & Jaiza
(first under [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq]] and later [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]])
|'''Mewar Victory'''<ref name=":7" />
* Amid the turmoil caused by the end of the [[Khalji dynasty]] in Delhi, Hammir Singh regained control of whole of Mewar including Chittorgarh.
* He evicted Maladeva's son Jaiza, the Chauhan vassal of the Delhi Sultanate, from Mewar and established the Sisodiya dynasty in Mewar.
|-
|[[Battle of Singoli|'''Battle of Singoli (1336)''']]
|[[Maharana Hammir]]
* [[Kachhwaha|Junsi Kachhwaha]]
|[[Muhammad bin Tughluq]]
|'''Mewar Victory'''<ref name=":0" />

* Hammir Singh gained a decisive victory and freed all of [[Rajputana]] from the Sultanate's rule.
|-
|'''Battle of Bakrol'''
|[[Kshetra Singh|Maharana Kshetra]]
|[[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]]
|'''Mewar Victory'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mohamed Nasr |url=https://archive.org/details/2015.97451.TughluqDynasty |title=Tughluq Dynasty |pages=316}}</ref>
* Kshetra Singh obtained a victory over the Delhi forces, who was badly defeated at Bakrole.
|-
|'''Battle of [[Badnor, Rajasthan|Badnor]]'''
|[[Rana Lakha|Maharana Lakha]]
|[[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]]
|'''Mewar Victory'''<ref name=":2" />
* Rana Lakha like his father defeated the royal army of Delhi's Sultan Firuz Shah Tughluq.
* He further took the war to Gaya in Bihar and was exempted from the pilgrimage tax imposed on Hindus for their visit there.
|-
|'''Battle of [[Raipur, Rajasthan|Raipur]]'''
|[[Mokal Singh|Maharana Mokal]]
|[[Mubarak Shah (Sayyid dynasty)|Mubarak Shah]]
|'''Mewar Victory'''<ref name=":3" />
* Maharana Mokal repelled an invasion by Sayyid dynasty.
|-
|'''Battle of Khatoli (1517)'''
|[[Rana Sanga|Maharana Sanga]]
([[Wounded in action|WIA]])

* [[Medini Rai|Medini Ra]]
|[[Ibrahim Khan Lodi]]
|'''Mewar Victory'''<ref name=":5" />
* Rana Sanga defeated Ibrahim Lodi and annexed northeast Rajputana.
* Ibrahim after being defeated fled from the battle leaving one of his sons behind to be taken as a prisoner.
* The resources of Ibrahim were depleted by this war with Sanga so he could not renew the contest for some time.
|-
|[[Battle of Dholpur|'''Battle of Dholpur (1519)''']]
|[[Rana Sanga|Maharana Sanga]]
* [[Medini Rai]]
|[[Ibrahim Khan Lodi]]
|'''Mewar Victory'''<ref name=":6" />
* In the battle, which was fought near [[Dholpur]], the Mewar army made a successful charge, and defeated the opposing armies despite being numerically inferior.
* The boundaries of Rana Sanga's military influence came to extend within striking distance of [[Agra]]. [[Chanderi]] bestowed to Medini Rai.
|-
|'''Battle of Ranthambhore (1521)'''
|[[Rana Sanga|Maharana Sanga]]
|[[Ibrahim Khan Lodi]]
|'''Mewar Victory'''<ref name=":8" />
* According to a 16th-century text "Parshvanath-Shravan-Sattavisi", Rana Sanga further defeated Ibrahim Lodi at [[Ranthambore Fort|Ranthambore]] after the [[Siege of Mandsaur]].
|}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mewar-Delhi conflicts, List of}}
[[Category:Delhi Sultanate]]

Howrah–Puri Vande Bharat Express

2026-02-21T08:33:11Z

S7singh: started first pg added tags

{{Italic title}}{{short description|Vande Bharat Express train route in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = FF7220
| name = Howrah - Puri ''Vande Bharat Express''
| logo = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| image = Howrah Puri Vande Bharat Express standing at Bhadrak.jpg
| image_width = 300px
| image_alt =
| alt =
| caption =
| type = [[Vande Bharat Express]]
| locale = [[West Bengal]] and [[Odisha]]
| first = {{start date|2023|05|18|df=yes}} (Inaugural run) {{start date and age|20 May 2023}} (Commercial run)
| last =
| operator = [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railways (SER)]]
| ridership =
| start = [[Howrah railway station|Howrah Junction]] '''(HWH)'''
| stops = 7
| end = [[Puri railway station|Puri]] '''(PURI)'''
| distance = {{convert|500|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 06 hrs 20 mins
| frequency = Six days a week {{efn|Except Thursdays}}
| trainnumber = 22895 / 22896
| line_used = [[Howrah–Kharagpur line]] [[Kharagpur–Puri line]]
| class = AC Chair Car, AC Executive Chair Car
| seating = {{Hlist|Airline style|Rotatable seats}}
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering
| observation = Large windows in all coaches
| entertainment = {{Hlist|[[Wi-Fi|On-board WiFi]]|Infotainment System|[[AC power plugs and sockets: British and related types#Indian IS 1293|Electric outlets]]|Reading light|Seat Pockets|Bottle Holder|Tray Table}}
| baggage = Overhead racks
| otherfacilities = [[Kavach (train protection system)|Kavach]]
| stock = [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|Vande Bharat 2.0]] ''(Last service: May 14 2025)'' [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|Vande Bharat 3.0]] ''(First service: May 16 2025)''
| gauge = [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|Indian gauge]] {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| el =
| speed = {{cvt|78|km/h|0|abbr=on}} (Avg.)
| trainlength = {{convert|480|m|ft}} (20 coaches)
| owners = [[Indian Railways]]
| maintenance = [[South Eastern Railway zone|Santragachi Jn (SRC)]]
| map = {{Howrah-Puri VB Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| electrification = [[25 kV 50 Hz AC]] Overhead line
}}

The 22895/22896 '''Howrah - Puri ''Vande Bharat Express''''' is India's 16th [[Vande Bharat Express]] train, connecting the Capital of [[West Bengal]] with the Land of [[Sri Jagannath]] in [[Odisha]] via [[Kharagpur]], [[Balasore]], [[Cuttack]] & [[Bhubaneswar]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 April 2023 |title=Odisha's first Vande Bharat Express train to hit tracks in May |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/odishas-first-vande-bharat-exp-to-hit-tracks-in-may/articleshow/99793950.cms?from=mdr |access-date=27 April 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date=27 April 2023 |title=State to receive 2nd Vande Bharat train |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/state-to-receive-2nd-vande-bharat-train-1503175915.html |access-date=27 April 2023 |website=The Statesman |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dash |first=Mrunal Manmay |title=Vande Bharat Express train likely in Odisha from May |url=https://odishatv.in/news/odisha/vande-bharat-express-train-likely-in-odisha-from-may-202747 |access-date=27 April 2023 |website=Vande Bharat Express train likely in Odisha from May |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-17 |title=Howrah-Puri Vande Bharat Express train: Know booking process, fare, route and other details |url=https://www.news9live.com/utility/howrah-puri-vande-bharat-express-train-know-booking-process-fare-route-and-other-details-2143642 |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}</ref> It is the [[West Bengal]]'s second and [[Odisha]]'s first semi-high speed Vande Bharat express train. It was inaugurated on 18 May 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2023 |title=PM Modi flags off first Puri-Howrah Vande Bharat Express |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/vande-bharat-odisha-howrah-puri-pm-modi-to-flag-off-fare-route-timing-details-2380729-2023-05-18 |website=India today |language=en}}</ref>

== Overview ==
This train is operated by [[Indian Railways]], connecting [[Howrah railway station|Howrah Jn]], [[Kharagpur Junction railway station|Kharagpur Jn]], [[Balasore railway station|Balasore]], [[Bhadrak railway station|Bhadrak]], [[Jajpur Keonjhar Road railway station|Jajpur Keonjhar Road]], [[Cuttack Junction railway station|Cuttack Jn]], [[Bhubaneswar railway station|Bhubaneswar]], [[Khurda Road Junction railway station|Khurda Road Jn]] and [[Puri railway station|Puri]]. It is operated with train numbers 22895/22896 on 6 days a week basis.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2023 |title=West Bengal to Get Second Vande Bharat Express on Howrah-Puri Route |url=https://www.news18.com/india/west-bengal-to-get-second-vande-bharat-express-on-howrah-puri-route-7666429.html |access-date=28 April 2023 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=South Eastern Railway |url=https://ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,423&dcd=6857&did=16842458999968F06D1330613ABF7BB7B59742DE83EB0 |access-date=16 May 2023 |website=ser.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref>

== Rakes ==
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi addressing at laying the foundation stone of railway projects in Odisha via video conferencing on May 18, 2023.jpg|thumb|Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] inaugurating Howrah-Puri Vande Bharat Express by flagging off on 18 May 2023.]]
It was the fourteenth [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|2nd Generation Vande Bharat Express train]] and was designed and manufactured by the [[Integral Coach Factory|Integral Coach Factory (ICF)]] at [[Perambur]], [[Chennai]] under the [[Make in India]] initiative.

=== Coach augmentation ===
As per latest updates, this express train will be augmented with 4 additional AC coaches, thereby running with [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|Vande Bharat 3.0 trainset]] W.E.F. 16 May 2025 in order to enhance passenger capacity on this popular route.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Howrah-Puri Vande Bharat Express gets massive upgrade, check details |url=https://odishatv.in/news/odisha/howrah-puri-vande-bharat-express-gets-massive-upgrade-check-details-263092 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Howrah-Puri Vande Bharat Express gets massive upgrade, check details |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=Sambad English |date=2025-05-15 |title=Puri–Howrah Vande Bharat Express to run with 20 coaches from tomorrow |url=https://sambadenglish.com/latest-news/purihowrah-vande-bharat-express-to-run-with-20-coaches-from-tomorrow-9072418 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Sambad English |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Basu |first=Jayeeta |title=Howrah-Puri Vande Bharat Express: রাজ্যবাসীর জন্য খুশির খবর, বাড়ছে হাওড়া-পুরী বন্দে ভারত এক্সপ্রেসের কোচ, চাপ কমবে টিকিটের |url=https://bangla.latestly.com/socially/west-bengal/good-news-for-west-bengal-howrah-puri-vande-bharat-express-to-add-4-coaches-from-may-16-352735.html |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=LatestLY বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>

== Service ==

The 22895/22896 Howrah Jn - Puri Vande Bharat Express operates six days a week except Thursdays, covering a distance of {{cvt|500|km}} in a travel time of 6 hours with an average speed of {{cvt|75|km/h}}. The service has 7 intermediate stops. The Maximum Permissible Speed is {{cvt|130|km/h}}.

== Incidents ==
On 21 May 2023, suddenly a tree branch fell on the windshield of the driver cab of the train, near [[Jajpur Keonjhar Road railway station|Jajpur Keonjhar Road]], on the bridge near [[Baitarani River|Baitarani river]] in [[Odisha]] during a thunderstorm. The train was immediately stopped, and the train was then taken to Howrah with a diesel engine ([[WDP-4D]]). After the accident the nose of the train was severely damaged which was removed at the spot. This caused its delay of 5 hours and 38 minutes, and its journey was cancelled on 22 May 2023. For repairing purposes, it was taken to [[Santragachi Junction]] in turn of taken to [[Howrah Junction]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eisamay.com/nation/tour-blogger-saikat-banerjee-shares-his-experience-who-got-stuck-in-puri-howrah-vande-bharat-express/articleshow/100399552.cms|title=Puri Howrah Vande Bharat : 'হঠাৎ বিকট একটা আওয়াজ তারপর...', হাওড়া-পুরী বন্দে ভারতের ভয়াবহ অভিজ্ঞতা শোনালেন সৈকত|date=21 May 2023|work=[[Ei Samay Sangbadpatra]]}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Tejas Express]]
* [[Gatimaan Express]]
* [[Howrah railway station]]
* [[Puri railway station]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Vande Bharat Express}}

[[Category:Vande Bharat Express trains]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Higher-speed rail]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Electric multiple units of India| ]]
[[Category:Transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Howrah]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Transport in Odisha]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Puri]]

Bombay Begums

2026-02-17T19:30:04Z

S7singh: Started data

{{Short description|Indian drama series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Bombay Begums poster.jpg
| image_upright =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| native_name = 
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator =
| based_on = 
| inspired_by = 
| developer =
| writer = [[Alankrita Shrivastava]] Bornila Chatterjee Iti Agarwal
| screenplay =
| story =
| director = Alankrita Shrivastava Bornila Chatterjee
| creative_director =
| presenter = 
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Pooja Bhatt]]
* [[Shahana Goswami]]
* [[Amruta Subhash]]
* [[Plabita Borthakur]]
* Aadhya Anand
}}
| narrated = Aadhya Anand
| theme_music_composer = Sunny Dutta
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer = Anand Bhasker
| country =
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 6<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jhunjhunwala|first=Udita|date=3 March 2021|title=How 'Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin' led to Pooja Bhatt being cast in 'Bombay Begums'|url=https://scroll.in/reel/988268/how-dil-hai-ke-manta-nahin-led-to-pooja-bhatt-being-cast-in-bombay-begums|access-date=3 March 2021|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US|archive-date=3 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303072058/https://scroll.in/reel/988268/how-dil-hai-ke-manta-nahin-led-to-pooja-bhatt-being-cast-in-bombay-begums|url-status=live}}</ref>
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = Alankrita Shrivastava
| producer =
| news_editor = 
| location = 
| cinematography = Akshay Singh
| animator =
| editor = Charu Shree Roy Omkar Uttam Sakpal
| camera = 
| runtime = 
| company = [[Endemol Shine Group|Endemol Shine India]] [[Chernin Entertainment]]
| budget =
| network = [[Netflix]]
| released = {{Start date|2021|03|08|df=yes}}
| last_aired = 
| related = 
}}

'''''Bombay Begums''''' is an Indian [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] television series for [[Netflix]] created by [[Alankrita Shrivastava]], who also co-wrote the script along with Bornila Chatterjee and Iti Agarwal. The series was directed by Shrivastava and Chatterjee, and produced by the [[Los Angeles]]–based [[Chernin Entertainment]] and [[Endemol Shine Group]]. The cast features [[Pooja Bhatt]], [[Shahana Goswami]], [[Amruta Subhash]] and [[Plabita Borthakur]] in the lead roles, and was narrated by Aadhya Anand. The series marks the comeback of actress Pooja Bhatt.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Upadhyay|first=Karishma|date=4 March 2021|title=In Pooja Bhatt's kingdom: the actor joins director Alankrita Srivastava to talk about 'Bombay Begums' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pooja-bhatt-joins-director-alankrita-srivastava-to-talk-about-bombay-begums/article33991027.ece|access-date=5 March 2021|website=[[The Hindu]]|language=en-US|archive-date=5 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305104527/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pooja-bhatt-joins-director-alankrita-srivastava-to-talk-about-bombay-begums/article33991027.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> It explores the lives of five ambitious women from various walks of life navigating through their dreams, desires and disappointments, from boardrooms to society's margins, in modern-day [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Bombay+Begums |title=Search results |website=www.google.com |access-date=22 July 2021 |archive-date=19 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119195338/https://www.google.com/search?q=Bombay+Begums#ip=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=August 2022}} It was released on Netflix on 8 March 2021.<ref name="HindustanTimes-Inelegant-2021" />

== Plot ==
Set in contemporary urban India, five women, across generations, wrestle with desire, ethics, personal crises and vulnerabilities to own their ambition.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bombay Begums (TV Series 2021– )|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt10238792/|access-date=2021-07-22|website=IMDb|date=8 March 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721082347/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt10238792/|url-status=live}}</ref> Rani is the CEO of a bank who takes great effort in hiding the bank's problems. Fatima, who works under Rani, does everything possible to please her husband. Lily, who lives in a [[chawl]], has previously been a bar dancer and is now scamming her way to a better life for herself and her son. Ayesha is [[bisexual]] and is from a small town (Indore) and is new to the city of Mumbai.<ref name="HindustanTimes-Inelegant-2021">{{Cite web |first=Rohan|last=Naahar|date=8 March 2021|title=Bombay Begums review: Pooja Bhatt is brilliant in Alankrita Shrivastava's inelegant but empowering Netflix show|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/bombay-begums-review-pooja-bhatt-is-brilliant-in-alankrita-shrivastava-s-inelegant-but-empowering-netflix-show-101615102113207.html|access-date=8 March 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308064903/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/bombay-begums-review-pooja-bhatt-is-brilliant-in-alankrita-shrivastava-s-inelegant-but-empowering-netflix-show-101615102113207.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The series explores drug abuse, blackmail, broken dreams, and aspirations of these characters.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

== Cast ==
* [[Pooja Bhatt]] as Rani Singh Irani, CEO of Royal Bank of Bombay
* [[Shahana Goswami]] as Fatima Warsi
* [[Amruta Subhash]] as Lakshmi "Lily" Gondhali
* [[Plabita Borthakur]] as Ayesha Agarwal
* Aadhya Anand as Shai Irani
* [[Manish Choudhary]] as Deepak Sanghvi
* [[Rituraj Singh (actor)|Rituraj Singh]] as Sanjay Puri
* Sanghmitra Hitaishi as Chithra Parasarthy
* [[Rahul Bose]] as Mahesh Rao
* [[Imaad Shah]] as Ron Fernandes
* [[Vivek Gomber]] as Arijai, Fatima's husband
* [[Danish Husain]] as Naushad Irani, Rani's husband
* [[Nauheed Cyrusi]] as Piya
* Vivek Tandon as Cyrus Dastur
* Deepak Soni as Raj Parkar
* [[Ekavali Khanna]] as Devyani Oniyal, Rani's former colleague at Royal Bank of Bombay who now works at FCB Asia Bank

==Episodes==
{{Episode table |background=#0EBAE2 |overall= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |airdateR= |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Women Who Run With The Wolves
|DirectedBy = Alankrita Shrivastava
|WrittenBy = Alankrita Shrivastava
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|03|08|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Newly appointed bank CEO Rani tries to thwart a potential scandal. A promotion offer has Fatima torn. Ayesha attempts to forge ahead after a mistake.
|LineColor = 0EBAE2
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Love
|DirectedBy = Alankrita Shrivastava
|WrittenBy = Iti Agarwal, Alankrita Shrivastava
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|03|08|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Helping Lily towards her goals, Ayesha mulls over her own unspoken desires. Rani and Fatima clash over business while navigating their deeper demons.
|LineColor = 0EBAE2
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = The Colour Purple
|DirectedBy = Bornila Chatterjee
|WrittenBy = Bornila Chatterjee, Alankrita Shrivastava
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|03|08|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = New layers of Rani’s complicated marriage are revealed. Fatima juggles tough personal and professional decisions. Ayesha’s home hunting takes a detour.
|LineColor = 0EBAE2
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = The Bell Jar
|DirectedBy = Bornila Chatterjee
|WrittenBy = Bornila Chatterjee, Alankrita Shrivastava
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|03|08|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = After an unwanted advance, Ayesha is conflicted about next steps. A leaked video puts Rani in a crisis. An enemy blocks Lily from starting her factory.
|LineColor = 0EBAE2
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = The Golden Notebook
|DirectedBy = Bornila Chatterjee
|WrittenBy = Iti Agarwal, Alankrita Shrivastava
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|03|08|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Ayesha speaks her truth, but is met with troubling reactions. A stifled Fatima continues to seek solace. Another setback disrupts Lily’s brief respite.
|LineColor = 0EBAE2
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = A Room Of One's Own
|DirectedBy = Alankrita Shrivastava
|WrittenBy = Alankrita Shrivastava
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|03|08|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Betrayals, confessions and shattered illusions propel Rani, Ayesha, Fatima, Lily and Shai to take the reins on their lives and make some big decisions.
|LineColor = 0EBAE2
}}
}}

== Production ==

=== Origin ===
[[Alankrita Shrivastava]] recalled in an interview that she had watched the 1991 film ''[[Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin]]'' directed by [[Mahesh Bhatt]], which saw his daughter [[Pooja Bhatt]]'s acting into fruition, at least 21 times.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jhunjhunwala|first=Udita|date=3 March 2021|title=How 'Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin' led to Pooja Bhatt being cast in 'Bombay Begums'|url=https://scroll.in/reel/988268/how-dil-hai-ke-manta-nahin-led-to-pooja-bhatt-being-cast-in-bombay-begums|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303072058/https://scroll.in/reel/988268/how-dil-hai-ke-manta-nahin-led-to-pooja-bhatt-being-cast-in-bombay-begums|archive-date=3 March 2021|access-date=3 March 2021|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref> She insisted to make a new project with Bhatt in the leading role. Titled ''Bombay Begums'', Bhatt initially disagreed to accept the script although she liked the synopsis narrated by Shrivastava, but later changed her decision and gave her nod to the script. The series marked Pooja Bhatt's comeback in acting career after she made a cameo appearance in ''[[Sadak 2]]'' (2020).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Shekhar|first=Mimansa|date=3 March 2021|title=Pooja Bhatt said no to Netflix's Bombay Begums, only to change her decision later. Here's why|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/pooja-bhatt-said-no-to-netflix-series-bombay-begums-only-to-change-her-decision-later-heres-why-7211153/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302140646/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/pooja-bhatt-said-no-to-netflix-series-bombay-begums-only-to-change-her-decision-later-heres-why-7211153/|archive-date=2 March 2021|access-date=3 March 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

=== Development ===
The inspiration for ''Bombay Begums'' originated in 2012, when Shrivastava found herself wondering about the double lives of urban Indian women who join the corporate workforce and excel at their jobs but still have to confront gendered expectations back at home, citing the examples of her past life. She initially conceived of ''Bombay Begums'' as a television show and started writing the script, but she could not find the right producers for the series. After the release of ''[[Lipstick Under My Burkha]]'' in 2017, the [[Los Angeles]]-based [[Chernin Entertainment]] expressed interest in ''Bombay Begums'' and [[Netflix]] came on board soon after. Like her previous outings ''Lipstick Under My Burkha'' and ''[[Dolly Kitty Aur Woh Chamakte Sitare]]'', ''Bombay Begums'' revolves around women who are in a state of transition – personal and professional – examining the illusion of freedom afforded to them in modern India.<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 March 2021|title=How Alankrita Shrivastava, Pooja Bhatt put together their Netflix show Bombay Begums|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/how-alankrita-shrivastava-pooja-bhatt-put-together-their-netflix-show-bombay-begums-9387851.html|access-date=20 March 2021|website=Firstpost|archive-date=7 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307092000/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/how-alankrita-shrivastava-pooja-bhatt-put-together-their-netflix-show-bombay-begums-9387851.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
Shrivastava started the creation of the series while working on the [[List of Amazon India originals|Prime original]] ''[[Made in Heaven (TV series)|Made in Heaven]]''. She and her co-team members Iti Agarwal and Bornila Chatterjee worked on the writing and direction of ''Bombay Begums''. The principal shooting of the series took place in late 2019 and was completed in March 2020, weeks prior to the [[COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in India]].<ref name=":1" /> The team undertook post-production activities in July 2020 and it was completed within two months.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=3 March 2021|title=There weren't many people I could relate to in 1990s: Bombay Begums star Pooja Bhatt|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/bombay-begums-star-pooja-bhatt-on-return-to-acting-7212991/|access-date=20 March 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=5 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305025001/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/bombay-begums-star-pooja-bhatt-on-return-to-acting-7212991/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Bombay Begums
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Anand Bhasker, Chetan Dominic Awasthi and Tarana Marwah
| released = 14 March 2021
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 48:11
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Netflix]]
| producer = {{hlist|Anand Bhasker|Tarana Marwah|Gaurav Raina|Chetan Dominic Awasthi}}
}}
The soundtrack album of ''Bombay Begums'' featured seven songs composed by Tarana Marwah, one song by Chetan Dominic Awasthi and four songs by Anand Bhaskar.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} Gaurav Raina of the electronic group [[MIDIval Punditz]] mixed and mastered the soundtrack and also performed the theme music of the series.<ref>{{Cite web|title=After Made in Heaven, Gaurav Raina and Tarana Marwah turn music directors for Bombay Begums|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/210302-after-made-heaven-gaurav-raina-and-tarana|access-date=20 March 2021|website=radioandmusic.com|language=en|archive-date=2 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302171535/http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/210302-after-made-heaven-gaurav-raina-and-tarana|url-status=live}}</ref> Raina also composed and written the song along with Tarana Marwah, who worked in the [[Amazon Prime Video]] series ''[[Made in Heaven (TV series)|Made In Heaven]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 March 2021|title=Gaurav Raina and Tarana Marwah on Making the Music of 'Bombay Begums' -|url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/gaurav-raina-tarana-marwah-bombay-begums-netflix-music/|access-date=20 March 2021|website=My Site|language=en-US|archive-date=16 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316154914/https://rollingstoneindia.com/gaurav-raina-tarana-marwah-bombay-begums-netflix-music/|url-status=live}}</ref> The album was released through [[YouTube]] on 14 March 2021.<ref>{{Citation|title=The Bombay Begums Jukebox {{!}} All Songs {{!}} Netflix India| date=13 March 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o9XRnbkm1To|language=en|access-date=20 March 2021|archive-date=16 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316115617/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o9XRnbkm1To|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Begum's Theme
| lyrics1 = Tarana Marwah
| music1 = Tarana Marwah
| extra1 =Tarana Marwah, Gaurav Raina
| length1 = 1:17
| title2 = This Love
| lyrics2 = Tarana Marwah
| music2 = Tarana Marwah
| extra2 = Tarana Marwah
| length2 = 3:08
| title3 = Watching
| lyrics3 = Tarana Marwah
| music3 = Tarana Marwah
| extra3 = Tarana Marwah
| length3 = 7:19
| title4 = You Do You
| lyrics4 = Tarana Marwah
| music4 = Tarana Marwah
| extra4 = Tarana Marwah
| length4 = 4:16
| title5 = Haunted
| lyrics5 = Tarana Marwah
| music5 = Tarana Marwah
| extra5 = Tarana Marwah
| length5 = 3:01
| title6 = House Of Cards
| lyrics6 = Tarana Marwah
| music6 = Tarana Marwah
| extra6 = Tarana Marwah
| length6 = 4:28
| title7 = Still I Feel
| lyrics7 = Tarana Marwah
| music7 = Tarana Marwah
| extra7 = Tarana Marwah
| length7 = 6:48
| title8 = Favourite Sin
| lyrics8 = Chetan Dominic Awasthi
| music8 = Chetan Dominic Awasthi
| extra8 = Chezin
| length8 = 4:19
| title9 = Harjaayi
| lyrics9 = Ginny Diwan
| music9 = Anand Bhaskar
| extra9 = Madhubanti Bagchi
| length9 = 3:24
| title10 = Ishq Khumaari
| lyrics10 = Ginny Diwan
| music10 = Anand Bhaskar
| extra10 = Isheeta Chakrvarty
| length10 = 4:21
| title11 = Jawaani
| lyrics11 = Shraddha Sehgal
| music11 = Anand Bhaskar
| extra11 = Shilpa Surroch
| length11 = 4:12
| title12 = Khel
| lyrics12 = Anand Bhaskar
| music12 = Anand Bhaskar
| extra12 = Keka Ghoshal
| length12 = 4:08
}}

== Release ==
Even before the announcement of the [[Netflix]] original slate on 3 March 2021,<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 March 2021|title=Netflix India 2021 slate announced: From Fabulous Lives season 2 and Kapil Sharma to Abbas-Mustan's next, see full list|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/netflix-india-2021-slate-announced-from-fabulous-lives-season-2-and-kapil-sharma-to-abbas-mustan-s-next-see-full-list-101614760233353.html|access-date=20 March 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=27 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227205150/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/netflix-india-2021-slate-announced-from-fabulous-lives-season-2-and-kapil-sharma-to-abbas-mustan-s-next-see-full-list-101614760233353.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Grater|first=Tom|date=3 March 2021|title=Netflix India Unveils Slate Of 40 Films & Series|url=https://deadline.com/2021/03/netflix-india-slate-40-films-series-1234704881/|access-date=20 March 2021|work=Deadline Hollywood|language=en-US|archive-date=9 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309040434/https://deadline.com/2021/03/netflix-india-slate-40-films-series-1234704881/|url-status=live}}</ref> the team released the first poster of the series on 10 February 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 2021|title=First look poster of Netflix series Bombay Begums starring Pooja Bhatt, Shahana Goswami released |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/first-look-poster-of-netflix-series-bombay-begums-starring-pooja-bhatt-shahana-goswami-released-9284791.html|url-status=live|access-date=20 March 2021|website=Firstpost|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209074843/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/first-look-poster-of-netflix-series-bombay-begums-starring-pooja-bhatt-shahana-goswami-released-9284791.html |archive-date=9 February 2021 }}</ref> On 18 February 2021, the official trailer of the series was unveiled through [[YouTube]].<ref name="IndianExpress-Survival-2021">{{Cite web |last=Shekhar|first=Mimansa|date=18 February 2021|title=Bombay Begums trailer: Pooja Bhatt and Co. are in a battle for survival in Netflix series|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/bombay-begums-trailer-pooja-bhatt-and-co-are-in-a-battle-for-survival-in-netflix-series-7189229/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228000318/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/bombay-begums-trailer-pooja-bhatt-and-co-are-in-a-battle-for-survival-in-netflix-series-7189229/|archive-date=28 February 2021|access-date=3 March 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The series was unveiled on 8 March 2021 through Netflix, which coincided the occasion of [[International Women's Day]].<ref name=":1" />

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===
The series opened to mixed to positive responses from critics. Sayan Ghosh of ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated "Director Alankrita Shrivastava’s ability to navigate through various layers of suppressed anger and the emotional volatility of her characters make for a most engaging watch".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ghosh|first=Sayan|date=10 March 2021|title='Bombay Begums' review: A gripping drama about the plight of women in India's urban realm|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bombay-begums-review-a-gripping-drama-about-the-plight-of-women-in-indias-urban-realm/article34036980.ece|access-date=20 March 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=18 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318185547/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bombay-begums-review-a-gripping-drama-about-the-plight-of-women-in-indias-urban-realm/article34036980.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Shubhra Gupta of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' stated "The most powerful element in Alankrita Srivastava's films is the recognition of women's desire, and how its absence can create permanent hollowness."<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 March 2021|title=Bombay Begums review: Flawed, real and laughing women make this Netflix series come alive|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/bombay-begums-review-flawed-real-laughing-women-make-this-netflix-series-come-alive-7219152/|access-date=20 March 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=11 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311002043/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/bombay-begums-review-flawed-real-laughing-women-make-this-netflix-series-come-alive-7219152/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of [[NDTV]] gave three-and-a-half out of five to the series and reviewed "''Bombay Begums'', created by Alankrita Shrivastava (''Lipstick Under My Burkha''), who shares screenwriting and directorial responsibilities with Bornila Chatterjee (''The Hungry''), strikes an instant chord because it strings together relatable, rooted stories."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bombay Begums Review: Netflix Series Rides On Top-Notch Performances, Not Least by Pooja Bhatt|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bombay-begums-review-netflix-series-rides-on-top-notch-performances-not-least-by-pooja-bhatt-3-5-stars-out-of-5-2385958|access-date=20 March 2021|publisher=[[NDTV]] |archive-date=14 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314204919/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bombay-begums-review-netflix-series-rides-on-top-notch-performances-not-least-by-pooja-bhatt-3-5-stars-out-of-5-2385958|url-status=live}}</ref>

Saraswati Datar of ''[[The News Minute]]'' gave a review "''Bombay Begums'' is an entertaining watch, but don't expect to feel moved or empowered after watching it."<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 March 2021|title='Bombay Begums' review: Netflix series is interesting but pontificates too much|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/bombay-begums-review-netflix-series-interesting-pontificates-too-much-144950|access-date=20 March 2021|website=The News Minute|language=en|archive-date=1 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401033925/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/bombay-begums-review-netflix-series-interesting-pontificates-too-much-144950|url-status=live}}</ref> Rohan Naahar of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' stated "Terrific performances by Pooja Bhatt, Amruta Subhash, Plabita Borthakur, Shahana Goswami and Manish Chaudhary smooth out the creases."<ref name="HindustanTimes-Inelegant-2021" /> Swetha Ramakrishnan of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave three-and-a-half out of five, reviewing, "With crisp episodes (even though clocking in at 50 minutes each), the series is fairly easy to sit through despite its imperfections."<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 March 2021|title=Bombay Begums review: Amruta Subhash, Pooja Bhatt reign supreme in Netflix's unsubtle yet sprightly series|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bombay-begums-review-amruta-subhash-pooja-bhatt-reign-supreme-in-netflixs-unsubtle-yet-sprightly-series-9390871.html|access-date=20 March 2021|website=Firstpost|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308170535/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bombay-begums-review-amruta-subhash-pooja-bhatt-reign-supreme-in-netflixs-unsubtle-yet-sprightly-series-9390871.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Government censorship===
India's [[National Commission for Protection of Child Rights]] sent notice to Netflix to stop streaming the series in March 2021. The notice quoted complaints from two [[Twitter]] users over content portraying the drug use of minors and themes of sexuality, saying it would "not only pollute the young minds of the children, and may also result in the abuse and the exploitation of children". The commission called on Netflix to "take extra precaution while streaming any content in respect of the children or for the children and shall also refrain themselves from getting into such things".<ref>{{cite web|title=Child rights body asks Netflix to stop streaming 'Bombay Begums'|url=https://scroll.in/latest/989308/child-rights-body-asks-netflix-to-stop-streaming-bombay-begums|access-date=12 March 2021|website=Scroll.in|date=12 March 2021|archive-date=12 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312041100/https://scroll.in/latest/989308/child-rights-body-asks-netflix-to-stop-streaming-bombay-begums|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Ramachandran|first1=Naman|date=12 March 2021|title=Indian Child Rights Body Calls on Netflix to Halt 'Bombay Begums' Series|work=Variety|url=https://variety.com/2021/streaming/news/india-child-rights-netflix-bombay-begums-1234928961/|access-date=13 March 2021|archive-date=13 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313062729/https://variety.com/2021/streaming/news/india-child-rights-netflix-bombay-begums-1234928961/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Recipient
! Result
! Ref.
|-
|2021
|[[Asian Academy Creative Awards]]
|Best Actress in a Supporting Role
| [[Amruta Subhash]]
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |url= https://variety.com/2021/awards/asia/asian-academy-creative-awards-winners-1235125526/ |title= Asian Academy Creative Awards: Full List of Winners |author= Patrick Frater |work= Variety |date= December 3, 2021 |access-date= December 5, 2021 |language= en |archive-date= 3 December 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211203143926/https://variety.com/2021/awards/asia/asian-academy-creative-awards-winners-1235125526/ |url-status= live }}</ref>
|}

==See also==
*''[[Cuties]]'', 2020 film with a similar controversy

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=10238792}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|tv/bombay_begums}}
*[https://www.netflix.com/in/title/81004536 Bombay Begums] at [https://www.netflix.com/ Netflix]

{{Netflix original current series}}

[[Category:Indian television series distributed by Netflix]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Netflix television dramas]]
[[Category:Obscenity controversies in television]]
[[Category:Television series by Chernin Entertainment]]
[[Category:Television series by Banijay]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ-related television shows]]

Niwali tehsil

2026-02-06T13:19:44Z

S7singh: new

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Niwali
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = [[Tehsil]]
| image_skyline =
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image =

| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Madhya Pradesh]]

|coordinates = {{coord|21.682620|N|74.921430|E|display=inline,title}}

| coordinates_footnotes = 
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagcountry|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Barwani district]]
| government_type = [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|Janpad Panchayat]]
| governing_body = [[Council]]

| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 385.51
| area_rural_footnotes =
| area_rural_km2 =
| area_rank =
| area_blank1_title =
| area_blank1_km2 =
| area_note =
| width_mi =
| elevation_min_rank =

| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 112639

| population_density_km2 =
| population_density_sq_mi=
| population_urban_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_density_urban_km2 =
| population_density_urban_sq_mi =
| population_rural_footnotes =
| population_rural =
| population_density_rural_km2 =
| population_density_rural_sq_mi =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]

| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30

| postal_code_type = Postal code (PIN)
| postal_code = 451667
| area_code_type = 
| area_code = 07286
| geocode =
| registration_plate = MP 46

| blank_name_sec1 = No. of Villages
| blank_info_sec1 = 79
| blank1_name_sec1 = Sex ratio
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1008

| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =

| website = 
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|MP-IN]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Niwali tehsil''' is a fourth-order [[Administrative division|administrative]] and revenue division, a subdivision of third-order administrative and revenue division of [[Barwani district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref name="DCHB of Barwani, village and town directory">{{cite web|last1=New Delhi|first1=The Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India|year=2011|title=District Census Handbook of Barwani, village and town directory|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/23/2324_PART_A_DCHB_BARWANI.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206123053/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/23/2324_PART_A_DCHB_BARWANI.pdf|archivedate=6 February 2017|accessdate=6 February 2017|format=PDF|page=30,33}}</ref><ref name="DCHB of Barwani, village and townwise primary census abstract (PCA)">{{cite web|last1=New Delhi|first1=The Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India|year=2011|title=District Census Handbook of Barwani, village and townwise primary census abstract (PCA)|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2324_PART_B_DCHB_BARWANI.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206123505/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2324_PART_B_DCHB_BARWANI.pdf|archivedate=6 February 2017|accessdate=6 February 2017|format=PDF|page=12,24}}</ref>

==Geography==
Niwali tehsil has an area of 385.51 sq kilometers. It is bounded by [[Barwani tehsil]] in the northwest, [[Rajpur tehsil]] in the north, [[Sendhwa tehsil]] in the northeast, east and southeast, [[Maharashtra]] in the south and southwest and [[Pansemal tehsil]] in the west.

== See also ==
*[[Barwani district]]

== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = '''Niwali tehsil'''
|North = [[Rajpur tehsil]]
|Northeast = [[Sendhwa tehsil]]
|East = [[Sendhwa tehsil]]
|Southeast = [[Sendhwa tehsil]]
|South = [[Maharashtra]]
|Southwest = [[Maharashtra]]
|West = [[Pansemal tehsil]]
|Northwest = [[Barwani tehsil]]
}}

[[Category:Tehsils of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Barwani district]]

{{Indore-geo-stub}}

Nilgiri Mountains

2026-02-04T07:11:01Z

S7singh: stub

{{Short description|Mountain range in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{About|a mountain range in India|other uses|Nilgiri (disambiguation){{!}}Nilgiri}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Nilgiri Mountains
| photo = Nilgiris Range Bokkapuram Sep22 R16 06380.jpg
| photo_caption = View of Nilgiri Mountains from the north
| elevation_m = 2637
| elevation_ref =
| prominence_m =
| prominence_ref =
| range = [[Western Ghats]] [[Eastern Ghats]]
| listing = [[Ultra prominent peak|Ultra]] [[List of Indian states and territories by highest point]]
| translation = Blue Mountains in [[Kannada language|Kannada]] and many [[Languages of India|Indian languages]]
| language =
| location = [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|11.375|76.75833|display=title}}
| topo =
| type = [[Fault (geology)|Fault]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gisdevelopment.net/events/mapindia/mapindia2000/c_m_doss.htm|title=Application of GPS and GIS for the detailed Development planning|publisher=Map India 2000|date=10 April 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080603023512/http://www.gisdevelopment.net/events/mapindia/mapindia2000/c_m_doss.htm|archive-date=2008-06-03|access-date=2011-06-05}}</ref>
| age = [[Archean Eon]], 3000 to 500 [[mya (unit)|mya]]
| first_ascent =
| easiest_route = NH 67 or [[Nilgiri Mountain Railway]]
| highest = [[Doddabetta]]
| highest_location = [[Tamil Nadu]]
}}
The '''Nilgiri Mountains''' ({{IPA|ta|n̪iːlɐɡiɾi|lang}}, {{IPA|en|ˈniːlgɪri|lang}}) form a part of the [[Western Ghats]] in northwestern [[Tamil Nadu]], southern [[Karnataka]] and eastern [[Kerala]] in [[South India]]. They are located at the trijunction of the three states and connect the Western Ghats to the [[Eastern Ghats]]. The range consists of at least 24 peaks above {{cvt|2000|m}}, with [[Doddabetta]] being the highest at {{cvt|2637|m}}.

==Etymology==
The word Nilgiri is derived from the [[Sanskrit]] words ''nīla'' (blue) and ''giri'' (mountain).<ref> {{cite book|title=The Missionary Herald of the Baptist Missionary Society|date=1886|publisher=Baptist Mission House|page=398|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6xNAAQAAMAAJ|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Nilgiri Guide and Directory: A Handbook of General Information Upon the Nilgiris for Visitors and Residents|author=J. S. C. Eagan|year=1916|publisher=[[University of Wisconsin]]|page=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Lengerke|first1=Hans J. von|title=The Nilgiris: Weather and Climate of a Mountain Area in South India|date=1977|publisher=Steiner|isbn=9783515026406|page=5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i1YlAAAAMAAJ|language=en}}</ref> It is thought that the bluish flowers of [[kurinji]] shrubs gave rise to the name.<ref>{{cite web|title=Decline of a Montane Ecosystem|url=http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/hpg/kartik/res4.htm|publisher=Kartik Shanker Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science|date=February 1997}}</ref>

A non-consensual identification of the Nilgiris with the ''Iraniyamuttam'' mentioned in [[Tamil literature]] exist{{Citation needed|date=June 2025|reason=Originally quoted references dont mention at all the name "Iraṇiyamuṭṭam", which is, after some research, a location found notably in the Sangam-era Tamil literary work ''Malaipaṭukaṭām'' (according to Nilakantha Sastri in his "Sangam Literature: Its Cults and Cultures"); the exact location is, however, ambiguous (the Wikipedia article of the poem makes a link with the Northern Tamil Nadu Eastern Ghats, but the context of the poem and some modern literary commentaries point out the Northern Kerala Western Ghats (close to the Nilgiris)).}}.

==Location==
[[File:Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve.jpg|thumb|left|Map of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve]]

The Nilgiri Mountains are separated from the [[Mysore Plateau|Karnataka Plateau]] to the north by the [[Moyar River]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Nilgiri Hills |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Nilgiri-Hills |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=25 April 2019}}</ref>

Three national parks border portions of the Nilgiri mountains. [[Mudumalai National Park]] lies in the northern part of the range where Kerala, Karnataka, and [[Tamil Nadu]] meet, covering an area of {{cvt|321|km2}}. [[Mukurthi National Park]] lies in the southwest part of the range, in Kerala, covering an area of {{cvt|78.5|km2}}, which includes intact shola-grassland mosaic, habitat for the Nilgiri tahr. [[Silent Valley National Park]] lies just to the south and contiguous with those two parks, covering an area of {{cvt|89.52|km2}}.{{cn|date=April 2019}}

==History==
[[File:Etched carnelian beads and gold jewelry, Nilgiri Hills culture, 1st millennium CE, Asia, G33 South Asia (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|Gold jewelry and [[etched carnelian beads]], Nilgiri Hills culture, 1st millennium CE. British Museum]]

The high steppes of the Nilgiri Hills have been inhabited since [[Prehistory|prehistoric]] times, as demonstrated by a large number of artifacts unearthed by excavators. A particularly important collection from the region can be seen in the [[British Museum]], including those assembled by [[British Raj|colonial]] officers [[James Wilkinson Breeks]], Major M. J. Walhouse and [[Walter Elliot (Scottish naturalist)|Sir Walter Elliot]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/search?place=Nilgiri%20Hills|title=Collection search: You searched for Nilgiri|website=British Museum|access-date=2016-08-09}}</ref>

The first recorded use of the word ''Nila'' applied to this region can be traced back to 1117 CE. In the report of a general of [[Vishnuvardhana]], King of [[Hoysala]]s, who in reference to his enemies, claimed to have "frightened the [[Toda people|Todas]], driven the Kongas underground, slaughtered the Poluvas, put to death the Maleyalas, terrified Chieftain Kala Nirpala, and then proceeded to offer the peak of Nila Mountain.(presumably Doddabetta or Rangaswami peak of Peranganad in East Nilgiris) to [[Lakshmi]], Goddess of Wealth.

A [[hero stone]] (''Veeragallu'') with a Kannada inscription at Vazhaithottam (Bale thota) in the Nilgiri District, dated to 10th century CE, has been discovered.<ref name="TNKannada"/> A Kannada inscription of Hoysala king [[Veera Ballala III|Ballala III]] (or his subordinate Madhava Dannayaka's son) from the 14th century CE has been discovered at the Siva (or Vishnu) temple at Nilagiri Sadarana Kote (present-day Dannayakana Kote), near the junction of Moyar and Bhavani rivers, but the temple has since been submerged by the [[Bhavanisagar dam|Bhavani Sagar dam]].<ref name="TNKannada">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tnarch.gov.in/epi/kan.htm|title=Kannada script (10600)|website=Department of Archaeology - Tamil Nadu|publisher=Tamil Nadu Government|access-date=25 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301220013/http://www.tnarch.gov.in/epi/kan.htm|archive-date=1 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=francis>{{cite book|last1=Francis|first1=Walter|title=Madras District Gazetteers: The Nilgiris|volume=1|year=1908|publisher=Asian Educational Services|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-2060-546-6 |pages=90–94, 102–105}}</ref>

[[File:Aerial East Nilgiris Coimbatore Jul17 DSC04214.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of the east face of the Nilgiris towards [[Coimbatore]]]]

In 1814, as part of the [[Great Trigonometrical Survey]], a sub-assistant named Keys and an apprentice named McMahon ascended the hills by the Danaynkeucottah (Dannayakana Kote) Pass, penetrated into the remotest parts, made plans, and sent in reports of their discoveries. As a result of these accounts, Messrs. Whish and Kindersley, two young Madras civilians, ventured up in pursuit of some criminals taking refuge in the mountains, and proceeded to observe the interior. They soon saw and felt enough favorable climate and terrain to excite their own curiosity, and that of others.<ref name="Burton">{{cite book|last=Burton|first=Richard Francis|title=Goa, and the Blue Mountains, or, Six months of sick leave |publisher=R. Bentley|location=London|year=1851|chapter=Nilgiri Hills (India), Description and travel; Nilgiri Hills (India), Social life and customs|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/goabluemountains00burtrich}}</ref>

After the early 1820s, the hills were developed rapidly under the [[British Raj]], because most of the land was already privately owned by British citizens. It was a popular summer and weekend getaway for the British during the colonial days. In 1827, [[Ooty]] became the official [[sanatorium]] and the summer capital of the [[Madras Presidency]]. Many winding hill roads were built. In 1899, the [[Nilgiri Mountain Railway]] was completed by influential and enterprising British citizens, with venture capital from the Madras government.<ref name="Ooty">{{cite web|url=http://www.ooty.com/|title=Ooty Queen of hill stations|publisher=www.ooty.com|access-date=2011-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railtourismindia.com/Trains/HillCharters/neelgiri.html|title=Nilgiri Mountain Railway|publisher=railtourismindia.com|access-date=8 March 2013|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114624/http://www.railtourismindia.com/Trains/HillCharters/neelgiri.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In the 19th century, when the British [[Straits Settlement]] shipped Chinese convicts to be jailed in India, the Chinese men settled in the Nilgiri mountains near [[Naduvattam]] after their release and married [[Tamil people|Tamil]] [[Paraiyan]] women, having mixed Chinese-Tamil children with them. They were documented by [[Edgar Thurston]].<ref>{{cite book|page=309|year=1959|access-date=2 March 2012|publisher=A. K. Bose|quote=d: Tamil-Chinese Crosses in the Nilgiris, Madras. S. S. Sarkar* (Received on 21 September 1959) During May 1959, while working on the blood groups of the Kotas of the Nilgiri Hills in the village of Kokal in Gudalur, inquiries were made regarding the present position of the Tamil-Chinese cross described by Thurston (1909). It may be recalled here that Thurston reported the above cross resulting from the union of some Chinese convicts, deported from the Straits Settlement, and local Tamil Paraiyan|title=Man in India, Volume 39|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UkwLAAAAIAAJ&q=enquiries+union+deported+local|editor=Sarat Chandra Roy (Rai Bahadur)}}</ref>

==Peaks in the Nilgiris==
[[File:Nilgiri Hills Topo.jpg|thumb|upright|Topographic map of Nilgiri Hills showing some peaks]]
[[File:Mukurthi Peak Nilgiris India Jan18 D72 5120.jpg|thumb|[[Mukurthi|Mukurthi Peak]] viewed from Ooty]]
The highest point in the Nilgiris and the southern extent of the range is [[Doddabetta]] Peak ({{convert|2637|m|ft|0}}),<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|url-access=registration|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=0-89577-087-3|editor-last=Scheffel|editor-first=Richard L.|location=United States of America|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/271 271]|editor-last2=Wernet|editor-first2=Susan J.}}</ref> 4 km east southeast of [[Udhagamandalam]], {{coord|11|24|10|N|76|44|14|E|region:IN_type:mountain|name=Doddabetta Peak}}.

Closely linked peaks in the west of Doddabetta range and nearby Udhagamandalam include:{{cn|date=August 2017}}
* [[Kolaribetta]]: height: {{convert|2630|m|ft|0}}
* Makurni: {{convert|2594|m|ft|0}}
* [[Mukurthi]]: {{convert|2554|m|ft|0}}
* Hecuba: {{convert|2375|m|ft|0}}
* Kattadadu: {{convert|2418|m|ft|0}}
* Kulkudi: {{convert|2439|m|ft|0}}

Snowdon (height: ({{convert|2530|m|ft|0}}) {{coord|11|26|N|76|46|E|region:IN_type:mountain|name=Snowdon}} is the northern extent of the range. Club Hill ({{convert|2448|m|ft|0}}) {{coord|11|25|18.255|N|76|41|51.9374|E|region:IN_type:mountain|name=Club Hill}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2025 |title=Club Hill |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/node/13075347178 |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=[[OpenStreetMap]]}}</ref> and Elk Hill ({{convert|2466|m|ft|0}}) {{coord|11|23|55|N|76|42|39|E|region:IN_type:mountain|name=Elk Hill}} are significant elevations in this range. Four peaks of the Doddabetta range in a semi-circle form the eastern side of the impressive Ooty (Udhagamandalam) Valley. From north clockwise to south, these are Club Hill, Snowdon, Doddabetta and Elk Hill.

Devashola (height: {{convert|2261|m|ft|0}}), notable for its [[blue gum]] trees, is in the south of Doddabetta range.

Kulakombai ({{convert|1707|m|ft|0}}) is east of the Devashola. The Bhavani Valley and the Lambton's peak range of [[Coimbatore district]] stretch from here.

Muttunadu Betta (height: {{convert|2323|m|ft|0}}) {{coord|11|27|N|76|43|E|region:IN_type:mountain|name=Muttunadu Betta}} is about 5 km, north northwest of Udhagamandalam. Tamrabetta (Coppery Hill) (height: {{convert|2120|m|ft|0}}) {{coord|11|22|N|76|48|E|region:IN_type:mountain|name=Tamrabetta}} is about 8 km southeast of Udhagamandalam. Vellangiri (Silvery Hill) ({{convert|2120|m|ft|0}}) is 16 km west-northwest of Udhagamandalam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hills and Peaks |url=http://www.nilgiris.tn.gov.in/newpages/hills_and__peaks.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927092521/http://www.nilgiris.tn.gov.in/newpages/hills_and__peaks.htm |archive-date=27 September 2011 |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=www.nilgiris.tn.gov.in |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Waterfalls==
[[File:St Catherine Falls.jpg|thumb|Catherine falls]]
The highest waterfall, Kullakamby Fall, north of Kolakambai hill, has an unbroken fall of {{convert|400|ft|m|abbr=on}}. Nearby is the {{convert|150|ft|m|abbr=on}} Halashana falls. The second highest is [[Catherine Falls]], near [[Kotagiri]], with a {{convert|250|ft|m|abbr=on|adj=on}} fall, named after the wife of [[M.D. Cockburn]], believed to have introduced coffee plantations to the Nilgiri Hills. The Upper and Lower [[Pykara#Pykara Falls|Pykara falls]] have falls of {{convert|180|ft|m|abbr=on}}, and {{convert|200|ft|m|abbr=on}}, respectively. The {{convert|170|ft|m|abbr=on}} [[Kalhatti Falls]] is off the Segur Peak. The Karteri Fall, near [[Aruvankadu]] had the first power station which supplied the original Cordite Factory with electricity. Law's Fall, near [[Coonoor]], is interesting due to its association with the engineer Major G. C. Law who supervised building of the [[Nilgiri Ghat Roads#Coonoor Ghat .28National Highway 67.29|Coonoor Ghat road]].<ref name="Eagan">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/nilgiriguideandd031416mbp|title=The Nilgiri Guide And Directory|last=Eagan|first=J. S. C|publisher=S.P.C.K. Press|year=1916|location=Vepery}}</ref>

==Flora and fauna==
[[File:Tiger Drinking Pond Mudumalai Mar21 DSC01310.jpg|thumb|A [[Bengal tiger]] in [[Mudumalai National Park]]]]
[[File:Tea Rows Monarch Ooty Nilgiris Mar21 A7C 00291.jpg|thumb|Tea plantation in Ooty]]
Over 2,800 species of flowering plants, 160 species of [[fern]] and fern allies, countless types of flowerless plants, mosses, fungi, algae, and land lichens are found in the ''sholas'' of the Nilgiris. No other [[hill station]] has as many species.<ref>The District Collector, Collector's Office, Udhagamandalam, The Nilgiris District, Tamil Nadu, ''General Information'', [http://nilgiris.nic.in/ Rare Trees, Fruits, Flowers & Animals] retrieved 9/2/2007.</ref> It is also home to mammals like the [[Bengal tiger]], [[Indian elephant]], [[Indian leopard]], [[chital deer]], [[gaur]], [[sambar deer]], [[dhole]], [[golden jackal]], [[Indian boar]], [[Nilgiri tahr]], [[Indian spotted chevrotain]], [[black buck]], [[Asian palm civet]], [[sloth bear]], [[four-horned antelope]], [[Nilgiri marten]], [[Indian crested porcupine]], [[Malabar giant squirrel]], [[honey badger]], [[Indian grey mongoose]], [[Indian pangolin]], [[Indian fox]], [[smooth coated otter]], and [[painted bat]]. The [[Indian python]], [[king cobra]], [[common krait]], [[Indian cobra]], [[Malabar pit viper]], [[Nilgiri keelback]], [[Oriental garden lizard]], ''[[Eryx whitakeri]]'' and [[mugger crocodile]] are reptiles found here. Primates include the [[lion tailed macaque]], [[Nilgiri langur]], [[gray langur]] and [[bonnet macaque]]. The birds found here are [[Indian peacock]], [[Nilgiri laughing thrush]], [[Nilgiri flycatcher]], [[grey junglefowl]], [[Malabar pied hornbill]], [[Malabar parakeet]], [[great hornbill]], [[Nilgiri wood pigeon]], [[Indian vulture]], [[black-hooded oriole]], [[grey-headed bulbul]] and [[Malabar grey hornbill]]. Amphibians on the list are the [[purple frog]], [[Raorchestes silentvalley| Silent valley brush frog]], [[Malabar gliding frog]], [[Beddomixalus]] and many more. It is the only place in South India to have the [[white tiger]].

The dominant type of habitat is [[tropical rainforest]]. [[Montane forest]]s and [[tropical moist forest]]s are also found here. Much of the forest habitats have been much disturbed or destroyed by extensive tea plantations, easy motor-vehicle access, extensive commercial planting and harvesting of non-native [[eucalyptus]] and [[acacia|wattle]] (''[[Acacia dealbata]]'', ''[[Acacia mearnsii]]'') plantations, and cattle grazing.<ref>Davidar, E. R. C. 1978. ''Distribution and status of the Nilgiri tahr (Hemitragus hylocrius) 1975-1978''. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society; 75: 815-844.</ref> The area also features one large and several smaller [[hydro-electric]] impoundments.<ref>Rice, C G Dr (1984) US Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, USA, "''[http://www.tahrfoundation.org/html/cl1.htm The behaviour and ecology of Nilgiri Tahr]''", Tahr Foundation, retrieved 4/17/2007. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928155241/http://www.tahrfoundation.org/html/cl1.htm |date=28 September 2006 }}</ref> [[Scotch broom]] has become an ecologically damaging [[invasive species]].<ref>Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 103 (2-3), May-Dec 2006 356-365 [http://www.bnhs.org/bo/documents/JBNHS_103_2_3/ASHFAQ_AHMED.pdf Habitat Modifications By Scotch Broom Cytisus scoparius Invasion of Grasslands of the Upper Nilgiris in India], Ashfaq Ahmed Zarr, Asad R. Rahmani, and Mark J. Behan {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219183235/http://www.bnhs.org/bo/documents/JBNHS_103_2_3/ASHFAQ_AHMED.pdf |date=19 December 2008 }}</ref>

Threatened plants of the Nilgiris include:
* [[Vulnerable species]]: ''[[Miliusa nilagirica]]'', ''Nothapodytes foetida'', ''[[Commiphora wightii|Commelina wightii]]''
* [[Rare species]]: ''[[Ceropegia#Selected species|Ceropegia decaisneana]]'' ''[[Ceropegia#Selected species|Ceropegia pusilla]]'', ''[[Senecio#Selected species|Senecio kundaicus]]''
* [[Endangered|Endangered species]]: ''[[Youngia nilgiriensis]]'', ''[[Impatiens#Selected species|Impatiens neo-barnesii]]'', ''[[Impatiens#Selected species|Impatiens nilagirica]]'', ''[[Euonymus angulatus]]'' and ''[[Euonymus serratifolius]]''.<ref>
Nayar & Sastry (1987-88) Red Data Book, Plants of India [https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20081219184346/http://www.wii.gov.in/nwdc/threatened_plants_tamil_nadu.pdf Threatened Plants of Tamil Nadu]
</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Nilgiri Wildlife and Environment Association]]
*''[[Nilgiris - A Shared Wilderness]]'' (2024 film)
*[[Kurumba painting]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Nilgiri Mountains}}

{{Western Ghats}}
{{Tourism in The Nilgiris}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mountains of the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:Mountain ranges of India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Nilgiris district]]
[[Category:Landforms of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Geography of Coimbatore]]

Jaap Sahib

2026-02-02T12:36:13Z

S7singh: minor update

{{Not to be confused with|Japji Sahib}}{{Short description|Sikh morning prayer}}
{{Infobox poem
| name = Jaap Sahib ਜਾਪੁ ਸਾਹਿਬ
| image = Jaap Sahib - The first ang (page) with the opening stanza in the hand of Guru Gobind Singh.webp
| image_size =
| caption = The first page with the opening stanza of Jaap Sahib in the hand of Guru Gobind Singh
| subtitle =
| author = Guru Gobind Singh
| original_title = Jaap (ਜਾਪੁ)
| original_title_lang = [[Sanskrit]], [[Braj]] and [[Persian]]
| translator =
| written =
| first = [[Dasam Granth]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = [[Mughal Empire ]](Modern [[India]])
| language = [[Sant Bhasha]] (predominantly influenced by [[Central Indo-Aryan languages|Hindi-languages]] [such as [[Braj Bhasha|Braj]], [[Kauravi dialect|Kauravi]]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Persian language|Persian]], and [[Arabic]])<ref>{{cite book |author1=Sukhbir Singh Kapoor |author2=Mohinder Kaur Kapoor |title=Dasam Granth: An Introductory Study |publisher=Hemkunt Press |isbn=9788170103257 |page=39}}</ref>
| series =
| subject = Eulogy of Almighty
| genre = Religion
| form =
| meter = Chantt
| rhyme =
| publisher =
| publication_date =
| publication_date_en =
| media_type =
| lines = 10 stanzas comprising 199 verses in total<ref>{{cite book |last1='Makin' |first1=Gursharan Singh |title=Zafarnama: The Epistle of Victory |publisher=Lahore Book Shop |isbn=8176471798 |pages=13 |edition=1st}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Singha |first1=H.S. |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (Over 1000 Entries) |date=2000 |publisher=Hemkunt Press |isbn=9788170103011 |pages=54}}</ref>
| pages = Page 1-10 of Dasam Granth
| size_weight =
| isbn =
| oclc =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by = [[Akaal Ustat]]
| wikisource =
}}
{{Dasam Granth sidebar}}
{{Sikh scriptures}}

'''Jaap Sahib''' (or '''Japu Sahib'''; {{langx|pa|ਜਾਪੁ ਸਾਹਿਬ}}, pronunciation: {{IPA|pa|d͡ʒaːpʊ saːɦɪb|}}) is the morning prayer of the [[Sikh]]s. The [[prayer beads|beaded prayer]]s were composed by the Tenth Sikh Guru, [[Guru Gobind Singh]] and is found at the start of the Sikh scripture [[Dasam Granth]].<ref name=singha110/>
This [[Gurbani|Bani]] is an important Sikh prayer, and is recited by the ''[[Panj Pyare]]'' while preparing ''[[Amrita|Amrit]]'' on the occasion of ''[[Amrit Sanchar]]'' (initiation), a ceremony held to Amrit initiates into the [[Khalsa]] and it is a part of a Sikh's ''[[Nitnem]]'' (daily meditation). The ''Jaap Sahib'' is reminiscent of ''[[Japji Sahib]]'' composed by Guru Nanak, and both praise God.<ref name=singha110/>

==Meaning of ''jaap'' ==
Following are some accepted meanings of ''jaap'':
* The popular meanings of Jaap is ''to recite'', to repeat, or ''to chant''.<ref name=deol11>S Deol (1998), Japji: The Path of Devotional Meditation, {{ISBN|978-0966102703}}, page 11</ref>
* ''Jaap'' also means ''to understand''. Gurbani cites ''Aisa Giaan Japo Man Mere, Hovo Chakar Sache Kere'', where Jap word means to understand wisdom.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nihang |first1=Dharam Singh |title=Naad Ved Vichar |language=Punjabi |location=India |page=20 |quote=ਐਸਾ ਗਿਆਨੁ ਜਪਹੁ ਮਨ ਮੇਰੇ।। ਹੋਵਹੁ ਚਾਕਰ ਸਾਚੇ ਕੇਰੇ (ਪੰਨਾ ੭੨੮)}}</ref>

''Jaap'' is a Sanskrit word meaning "to utter in a low voice, whisper, mutter (especially prayers or incantations); to invoke or call upon in a low voice".{{citation needed|date=December 2015}}
''Jaap Sahib'' is a rhythmic hymn composed like a necklace of pearls and gems, '''beauteously''' (beautifully) arranged around a string: the string is the Supreme God; the pearls and gems are His attributes, excellences, and glories. It basically helps reader do a daily Greetings to Waheguru in 199 verses, just like we do hello to each other. The glories sung by Guru Sahib revolve around the following attributes of God:

*God is metaphysical, beyond time, Eternal, Unborn, Uncreated, Self-existent, and without form, feature, colour or contour. Therefore, neither can God be described or depicted, nor can anyone make an image or idols of that which is undefinable.
*God's manifestations are universally pervasive. God cannot be confined to any particular place, land, country, religion, race, garb, body or name.
*God is the Creator of the Universe and the laws governing it. Never can anyone be outside the ambit of these laws nor can anyone have the power to oppose them. God's Law and Justice is Righteous and Ultimate.
*God's is pervasive in all that 'He' has created, yet God also extends beyond 'His' creations; God is thus Immanent in His Creation and at the same time Transcends it.
*God is Omnipotent, Omnipresent, and Omniscient; nothing, whether good or evil, can happen outside of the Creator's Will; God is the Creator-Sustainer-Annuller of His Creation. God is the Life of life, the Death of death, the Darkness of darkness, the Light of light.

==Content==
{{expand section|date=December 2015}}
The Jaap Sahib is a recitation and praise of God. It includes various names of God in various languages. Understand the fact that god has no name but is called by various names by devotees based on their experience and the blessings they have obtained from him. There is only one sole religion of humans - humanity, and the worldly path that we choose to understand the natural power, our source, source of creation - is called faith only.

All faiths are rivers and are destined to merge into one great "Ocean - the lord, the light"; whatever you may call, think, believe or perceive.<ref name=singha110/><ref>Amarjit Singh (1985), Concept of God in Jaap Sahib: An analytic study, Studies in Sikhism and Comparative Religion, Vol. 4, Issue 1, pages 85–92</ref>

==Form==
''Jaap Sahib'' is made up of 199 verses and is the first Bani of the [[Dasam Granth]] (p. 1-10).

The Jaap Sahib begins with the words:

{{fs interlinear|lang=pa|indent=2
|ਸ੍ਰੀ ਮੁਖਵਾਕ ਪਾਤਿਸਾਹੀ {੧੦ ॥}
|Sri Mukhwakh Patshahi Dasvee
|"By the holy mouth of the Tenth Emperor,"}}

This line is clearly intended to authenticate Guru Gobind Singh Ji as the Author of the Dasam Granth.

''Jaap'' is a Sanskrit word which means "to utter in a low voice, whisper, mutter (especially prayers or incantations); to invoke or call upon in a low voice." The form of the word here is ''Japu'', which makes it a noun, meaning "meditation on nothing but the Truth; ('God') (or The True God).

==Language==
The language of Jaap, is close to classical with words and compounds drawn from [[Sanskrit]], [[Brij Bhasha]], [[Arabic]] and [[Urdu language|Urdu]]. The contents of Jaap Sahib, are divided into various ''Chhands'' bearing the name of the related meter according to the then prevalent system of prosody in India.

==Japji Sahib and Jaap Sahib==
The Guru Granth Sahib starts with ''Japji Sahib'', while [[Dasam Granth]] starts with Jaap Sahib also called Japu Sahib.<ref name=singha110>HS Singha (2009), The Encyclopedia of Sikhism, Hemkunt Press, {{ISBN|978-8170103011}}, page 110</ref> Guru Nanak is credited with the former, while Guru Gobind Singh is credited with the latter.<ref name=singha110/> The Jaap Sahib, unlike Japji Sahib, is composed in Braj bhasha, Sanskrit and Arabic, and with 199 stanzas, is longer than Japji Sahib. The Jaap Sahib is, like Japji Sahib, a praise of God as the unchanging, loving, unborn, ultimate power.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book | author=Singh, Dr. Santokh | title=English Transliteration and Interpretation of Nitnaym Baanees, Sikh Prayers for English Speaking Sikh Youth| publisher=Sikh Resource Centre | year=1990| isbn=1-895471-08-7}}
* {{cite book | author=William Owen Cole, Piara Singh Sambhi | title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs And Practises | publisher= Sussex Academic Press | year=1995| isbn=1-898723-13-3}}
* Neki, Jaswant (2008). ''Basking in the Divine Presence - A Study of Jap Sahib.'' Amritsar: Singh Brothers.
* [[Sahib Singh|Singh, Sahib]] (2003). ''Jaap Sahib Steek.'' Amritsar: Singh Brothers.
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.sikhnet.com/files/ereader/3_Jaap_Sahib_%5BRoman%26Gurmukhi%5D.pdf Jaap Sahib]
*[https://nitnemsahib.com/jaap-sahib-in-punjabi-gurmukhi/ Jaap Sahib Bani in Punjabi]
*[https://nitnemsahib.com/jaap-sahib-in-hindi/ Jaap Sahib Bani in Hindi]
* [https://nitnemsahib.com/jaap-sahib-in-english/ Jaap Sahib Bani in English]
*[http://www.damdamitaksalitaly.it/Pages/Gurbani/Gurbanisteek/STEEK%20SRI%20DASAM%20GRANTH%20SAHIB.html Punjabi Steek from Damdami Taksal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104064736/http://www.damdamitaksalitaly.it/Pages/Gurbani/Gurbanisteek/STEEK%20SRI%20DASAM%20GRANTH%20SAHIB.html |date=2023-01-04 }}

{{Dasam Granth}}
{{Sikhism}}
{{Guru Gobind Singh}}

[[Category:Sikh scripture]]
[[Category:Sikh prayer]]
[[Category:Dasam Granth]]
[[Category:Prayer beads]]

Ratnagiri Khed Assembly constituency

2026-02-02T09:31:37Z

S7singh: done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ratnagiri Khed
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1961 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - DPACO 1961 |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| abolished = 1964
| electors = 67,449
| mla = Hussain Misarikhan Dalwai
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = None
}}

'''Ratnagiri Khed Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. After 1964 Delimitation act, it was merged to [[Khed Alandi Assembly constituency|Khed Alandi]] and [[Khed Assembly constituency|Khed]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Hussain Misarikhan Dalwai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ratnagiri Khed<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Hussain Misarikhan Dalwai |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 19,505 |percentage = 51.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tanaji Balkrishna More |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 4,926 |percentage = 12.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jagannath Shivaram Patane |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 3,698 |percentage = 9.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prabhakar Ramchandra Ambre |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,266 |percentage = 8.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dayanand Ramaji Mhapadi |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 3,155 |percentage = 8.30% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,579 |percentage = 38.37% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 37,996 |percentage = 51.22% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 67,449 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]

{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Matihani, Bihar

2026-01-21T08:31:32Z

S7singh: Created first details v1.

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{About|the village|its eponymous assembly constituency|Matihani (Vidhan Sabha constituency)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Matihani(मटिहानी
)
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.359539|N|86.182594|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Begusarai
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = Settlement known since Mughal Emperor Akbar time.
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Block, gram panchayat, Municipality, State constituency.
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = >5000
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 851129
| registration_plate =
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Matihani''' is a village situated near the [[Ganges River]], in the [[Begusarai district]], [[Bihar]] state, India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-10 |title=Matihani (Bihar) Assembly Election Results 2020 Live: Winner, Runner-up |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/matihani-bihar-assembly-election-results-2020-live-winner-runner-up-candidates-7023541/ |access-date=2022-11-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In the autumn of 2022, a new bridge was approved, connecting Matihani with the town of Sambho, also in the Begusarai district.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-18 |title=Bihar project gets go-ahead: NHAI alters rules, govt plans bridge over Ganga |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/patna/centre-to-approve-begusarai-ganga-bridge-bihar-8215220/ |access-date=2022-11-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Although the bridge proposal would normally have been rejected under construction codes related to its proximity to existing bridges, the proposal was approved given the travel benefits for states bordering Nepal and connecting the northern and southern areas of Bihar.

'''Festivals of Matihani''' :

'''''1. Holi'''''
Festival of color Holi is celebrated in its full charm. First day there is Holi is played with 'Mud', second day its small Holi, third day main Holi and last day again small Holi. 7 wells present in the village is cleaned before Holi. On the day of main Holi, color is filled in these wells from which colored water is taken in different bucket and hauj. Villagers then divide themselves in two groups and enjoy this festival. it is followed by prize ceremony and song and dance which is continued till evening.

'''''2. Chhath:'''''
Another important festival of this place. Before Chhath villagers align together irrespective of differentiating themselves on caste basis. They clean their roads and ghat \ River bank. It is celebrated twice a year.
Chhath during end of Spring: it is generally celebrated at the home ground or on roof top. water is filled either by making small ditch or putting in bucket. Water filled are is decorated as per the capabilities of individual.
Chhath during beginning of winter: celebrated after the crop is harvested. It is majority celebrated on the bank of river Ganga

'''''3. Durga Puja:'''''
There are two temples dedicated to Devi Durga. during Durga Puja, statue is established in these two temple where people gather to prayer. It is also celebrated twice a year.

'''''4. Kali Puja:'''''
There is one temple in the area, within the vicinity if 5 km radius. A large gathering of people could be seen during this festival.

'''''5. Saraswati Puja and Vishwakarma Puja:'''''
Once this was celebrated in its full charm, but now it has been abandoned, i.e., there is no celebration.

'''''6. School ground worship:'''''
once a year school ground is worshiped. it is mainly done by the students who succeeded in obtaining a job. Villagers come for walk and students come to sprint on this field on daily basis during morning and evening.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Munger Division villages}}

[[Category:Villages in Begusarai district]]
{{Settlements in Begusarai district}}nearest village= Badalpura, Sihma, Chaitnaur

{{Begusarai-geo-stub}}

Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri

2026-01-19T07:17:34Z

S7singh: General cleanup and improvements

{{short description|Indian Islamic scholar and sufi saint of Hindustan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2010}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = [[Islam]]
| name = Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri {{Nastaliq|خلیل احمد سہارنپوری}}
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Khalil Ahmad
| birth_date = December 1852<ref name=jamiat>[https://jamiat.org.za/shaykh-maulana-khalil-ahmad-saharanpuri-rahimahullah/ Profile of Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri on jamiat.org website], Retrieved 12 May 2017</ref>
| birth_place = [[Ambehta]], [[Company rule in India|British India]]
| death_date = 13 October 1927 (aged 74)<ref name=jamiat/>
| death_place = [[Medina]], [[Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd]]
| resting_place = [[Al-Baqi'|Jannat al-Baqi`]] [[Medina]], Saudi Arabia
| denomination = [[Sunni]]
| Madh'hab = [[Hanafi]]
| movement = [[Deobandi]]
| school_tradition =
| Sufi_order = [[Chishti]] ([[Haji Imdadullah Muhaajir Makki|Sabiri-Imdadi]])
| disciple_of = [[Imdadullah Muhajir Makki]]
| alma_mater = [[Mazahir Uloom Saharanpur]]
| main_interests = Hadith studies
| notable_ideas =
| works = ''[[Badhl Al-Majhud Fi Hall Abi Dawud]]'' [[Al-Muhannad 'ala al-Mufannad]]
| relatives = [[Mamluk Ali Nanautawi]] (maternal grandfather), [[Muhammad Yaqub Nanautawi]] (maternal uncle)
| students = [[Badre Alam Merathi]]
| influences = [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]], [[Muhammad Yaqub Nanautawi]], [[Muhammad Mazhar Nanautawi]], [[Ahmad Zayni Dahlan]],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NQp7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT16|author=Khalil Ahmad al-Saharanpuri|title=Badhl al-Majhud fi Hall Abi Dawud|date=January 2017|publisher=Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية |isbn=9782745155818|language=ar}}</ref> [[Imdadullah Muhajir Makki]]
| influenced = [[Zakariyya Kandhlawi]], [[Muhammad Ilyas Kandhalawi]], Muhammad Yahya Kandhlawi, [[Muhammad Idris Kandhlawi]]
}}
{{Deobandi}}

'''Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri''' ({{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|خلیل احمد سہارنپوری}}|translit=Khalīl Aḥmad Sahāranpūrī}}; December 1852{{Snd}}13 October 1927) was an Indian Islamic scholar of the [[Deobandi|Deobandi movement]]. He authored ''[[Badhl Al-Majhud Fi Hall Abi Dawud]]'', an 18-volume commentary on the [[hadith]] collection ''[[Sunan Abi Dawud]]''. He was a [[Sunni]] of the [[Hanafi school]]. He was also a [[Sufi]] shaykh of the [[Chishti order]], being a disciple and successor of [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]].<ref name=jamiat/><ref>{{TDV Encyclopedia of Islam|title=SEHÂRENPÛRÎ, Halîl Ahmed|last=Özşenel|first=Mehmet}}</ref>

==Name and family background==
In one of his books he introduces himself as, "[[Hafiz (Quran)|Ḥāfiz̤]] Abū Ibrāhīm K͟halīl Aḥmad ibn Shāh Majīd ‘Alī ibn Shāh Aḥmad ‘Alī ibn Shāh Qut̤b ‘Alī."<ref>{{cite book|author1=Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri|title=ہدایات الشیعہ / Hidāyātush-Shī'ah|publisher=Maktabatul-Madīnah|location=Lāhaur|page=4|language=ur}}</ref> In the biographical work ''Nuzhat al-Khawatir'' it is written, "K͟halīl Aḥmad al-Anbeṭhawī as-Sahāranpūri: The Shaykh, the ‘Ālim, the Faqīh, K͟halīl Aḥmad ibn Majīd ‘Alī ibn Aḥmad ‘Alī ibn Qut̤b ‘Alī ibn G&#x35f;hulām Muḥammad al-Anṣārī al-Ḥanafī al-Anbeṭhawī, one of the righteous [[ulama|scholars]] and senior [[faqih|jurists]] and [[muhaddith|traditionists]]."{{#tag:ref|The Urdu spellings of proper nouns have been preserved in ''Nuzhat al-Khawatir'', and thus also in transliteration here.|group="note"}}<ref name=nuzhat>{{cite book|author1=Abd al-Hayy ibn Fakhr ad-Din al-Hasani|title=نزهة الخواطر وبهجة المسامع والنواظر / Nuzhat al-khawāṭir wa-bahjat al-masāmi' wa-al-nawāẓir|date=1999|pages=1222–1223|location=Bayrūt|publisher=Dār Ibn Ḥazm|edition=1st|language=ar}}</ref> In ''Mu‘jam al-Ma‘ājim wa-al-Mashyakhāt'' it is written, "The Shaykh, the Muḥaddith, the Faqīh, Khalīl Aḥmad ibn Majīd ‘Alī […] al-Anṣārī al-Ḥanafī al-Anbayt′hawī as-Sahāranfūri al-Muhājir al-Madanī, one of the senior scholars of India."<ref name=marashli>{{cite book|author1=Yusuf Abd ar-Rahman al-Mar'ashli|title=معجم المعاجم والمشيخات والفهارس والبرامج والأثبات / Mu'jam al-ma'ājim wa-al-mashyakhāt wa-al-fahāris wa-al-barāmij wa-al-athbāt|volume=2|date=2002|publisher=Maktabah ar-Rushd|location=ar-Riyāḍ|pages=385–386|edition=1st|language=ar}}</ref> Husain Ahmad Madani writes in the introduction to ''Badhl al-Majhud'', "Mawlānā Abū Ibrāhīm Khalīl Aḥmad, al-Ayyūbī al-Anṣārī by lineage and origin, al-Ḥanafī ar-Rashīdī by ''mashrab'' (spiritual disposition, lit. 'spring') and ''[[madhhab]]'' (legal school), and al-Jishtī al-Qādirī an-Naqshbandī as-Suhrawardī by ''[[ṭarīqah]]'' (Sufi order) and ''maslak'' (track)."<ref name=madani>{{cite book|author1=Husayn Ahmad al-Madani|chapter=ترجمة المؤلف / Tarjamah al-Mu'allif [Biography of the Author]}} In {{cite book|author1=Khalil Ahmad as-Saharanfuri|title=Badhl al-majhūd fī ḥall Abī Dāwūd|publisher=دار الكتب العلمية / Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmīyah|location=Bayrūt|language=ar}}</ref>

==Biography==
Khalil Ahmad was born in late Safar 1269 AH (early December 1852) in [[Nanauta]], [[Saharanpur district]], [[British India]] (in present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]).<ref name="nuzhat"/><ref name="marashli"/><ref name="fatawa">{{cite book|author1=Sayyid Muhammad Shahid Saharanpuri|chapter=مقدمہ و تعارف / Muqaddamah wa ta'aruf|date=1982}} In {{cite book|author1=Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri|title=فتاویٰ مظاہر علوم / Fatawa Mazahir-i Ulum|publisher=Maktabatush-Shaykh|location=Biharabad, Karachi|volume=1|language=ur}}</ref> He was named both "Zahiruddin" and "Khalil Ahmad", but the second name was what he became known by.<ref name="fatawa"/> The [[chronogram]] "''Z&#x324;ahīruddīn wa Aḥmad''" ({{lang|ur|ظہیرالدین و احمد}}, "Zahiruddin and Ahmad") equates to the year of his birth, 1269, using [[Abjad numerals]].<ref name="madani"/>

His mother Mubarak-un-Nisa was the daughter of [[Mamluk Ali Nanautawi]] and the sister of [[Muhammad Yaqub Nanautawi]], who would later be ''sadr mudarris'' (head teacher) at [[Darul Uloom Deoband]].<ref name=mashaikh>{{cite book|title=The Mashaikh of Chisht: The Spiritual Tree (Shajarah) and Life Episodes of the Noble Auliya and Mashaikh of Chisht|author=Zakariyya Kandhlawi|others=Translated by Majlisul Ulama of South Africa from ''Tarikh-i Masha'ikh-i Chisht'' (1973) |author-link=Zakariyya Kandhlawi|chapter=Hadhrat Aqdas Maulana al-Haaj Khalil Ahmad}}</ref> On his father's side he was Ayyubi Ansari and on his mother's side he was Siddiqi.

===Early education===
Khalil Ahmad began his education at the age of five in a ''[[Maktab (education)|maktab]]'' (elementary school) with study of the ''[[Qaida (book)|qaidah]]'', a common text for learning Arabic script. For ''barakah'' (blessing), his grandfather Mamluk Ali conducted the opening ''[[Basmala|bismillah]]'' ceremony. In a short time completed ''nazirah'' (reading) of the [[Qur'an]] and then began studying [[Urdu]]. In Ambehta and Nanauta he completed ''[[hifz]]'' (memorization) of the Qur'an and study of the primary Urdu and [[Persian language|Persian]] books under various teachers.<ref name="fatawa"/><ref name=mashaikh/>

At the age of eleven, he began his Arabic studies in [[Gwalior State|Gwalior]] with his paternal uncle Maulana Ansar Ali Saharanpuri, who served as Sadrus Sudur in Gwalior, head of the state's religious department. With Ansar Ali he studied the primary books of Arabic&mdash;''Mizan as-Sarf'', ''Sarf Mir'', and ''Panj Ganj''.<ref name="javed">{{Cite thesis|type=PhD|title=Contribution of Mazahir-e-Uloom of Saharanpur to Tasawwuf|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/67580069/Contribution-of-Mazahir-e-uloom-if-Saharanpur-to-Tasawwuf|last=Javed|first=Iffat Masood|year=1996|publisher=Jamia Millia Islamia|location=New Delhi|access-date=9 September 2017|archive-date=15 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715052836/http://www.scribd.com/doc/67580069/Contribution-of-Mazahir-e-uloom-if-Saharanpur-to-Tasawwuf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="fatawa"/><ref name=mashaikhu>{{cite book|script-title=ar:تاریخ مشائخ چشت |trans-title=Tarikh-i Masha'ikh-i Chisht |language=ur|author=Zakariyya Kandhlawi|year=1973|author-link=Zakariyya Kandhlawi|script-chapter=ar:حضرت اقدس مولانا الحاج صاحب نور الله مرقده |trans-chapter=Hadrat Aqdas Maulana al-Haj Khalil Ahmad Sahib Nawwar Allahu Marqadah}}</ref> After some time Khalil Ahmad's father, who was also employed in Gwalior, resigned from his work and returned to Ambehta with Khalil Ahmad.<ref name="fatawa"/><ref name=mashaikh/> His education was assigned to Maulana Sakhawat Ali Ambehtawi, with whom he studied up to ''Kafiyah'' and its commentary ''Sharh Jami'' in Arabic grammar. Thereafter, in compliance with his father's wishes, he enrolled at the government [[English-medium]] school and commenced secular studies.<ref name=mashaikh/><ref name="javed"/>

===Higher studies===
When [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] was opened in Muharram 1283 AH (May 1866) and Maulana Yaqub Nanautawi was appointed as ''sadr mudarris'' (the head teacher), Khalil Ahmad took permission from his parents and travelled to [[Deoband]], where he resumed his Islamic studies from ''Kafiyah''. Six months later [[Mazahir Uloom]] was established and [[Mazhar Nanautawi]] was appointed ''sadr mudarris''. Due to the environment not suiting him at Deoband, he transferred to Mazahir Uloom Saharanpur and entered in the class of ''Mukhtasar al-Ma'ani''.<ref name=mashaikh/><ref name="fatawa"/><ref name="javed"/>

At Mazahir Uloom he spent several years acquiring knowledge of subjects including [[fiqh]], [[usul al-fiqh]], [[hadith]], and [[tafsir]]. Most books were taught by Maulana Mazhar Nanautawi and some by Maulana Ahmad Hasan Kanpuri. Studies in [[hadith]] were commenced in 1285 AH (1868) with ''[[Mishkat al-Masabih]]''. ''[[Sahih al-Bukhari]]'' and ''[[al-Hidayah (book)|Hidayah]]'' were among the books studied in 1286 AH (1869). In the annual examinations Khalil Ahmad was regularly among the students who received prizes for high marks. He received his ''sanad-i faraghat'' (graduate degree) in 1288 AH (1871) at the age of 19. That year he received a copy of ''[[Sahih al-Bukhari]]'' as a special prize from Maulana Ahmad Ali Saharanpuri.<ref name="fatawa"/>

Following his graduation, he was appointed as an assistant Arabic teacher at Mazahir Uloom. However he soon left for [[Lahore]] to pursue further studies in ''adab'' (Arabic literature) with Maulana Faizul Hasan Saharanpuri, head of the Arabic department at the [[Oriental College, Lahore|Oriental College]] in Lahore.<ref name="nuzhat"/><ref name="fatawa"/> In a few months Khalil Ahmad studied books of ''adab'' from him including ''Maqamat'' and ''Mutanabbi''.<ref name="fatawa"/><ref name=mashaikh/>

==''Bay'at''==
One day, Moulana Khalil's paternal uncle, Moulvi Ansar Ali said, "After your studies, you should acquire [[tasawwuf]] from Moulvi Saab (i.e. Gangohi)". At around this time, Moulana Khalil's marriage was conducted with a woman from [[Gangoh]]. Thus, he passed much of his time in Gangoh. While in Gangoh, Khalil remained in the blessed company of Gangohi. However, the thought of requesting Khalil for ''[[bay'at]]'' did not occur to him. However, after his graduation, the idea of ''bay'at'' did occur to him. Coincidentally, Moulana [[Muhammad Qasim Nanotvi]] arrived. At night, in privacy, Moulana Khalil said, "I have the thought of ''bay'at''. In our surroundings, there are several ''buzurgs''. I do not know what is best for me. If you feel that it is best for me to enter into the association of your ''khuddam'', then do accept me. However, instruct me according to what you feel is best for me." In reply, Moulana explained that there was none better than Moulana Rashid Ahmad for this. Moulana Khalil then said, "He is extremely reluctant regarding ''bay'at''. However, if you intercede on my behalf, then this matter will be finalised. He responded, "Good, when I come to Gangoh, be there." Thus, when he was informed that Moulana was travelling to Gangoh, Moulana Khalil immediately did the same. In the morning, after he had conversed with Gangohi, he called for Moulana Khalil. Moulana Khalil entered, greeted Gangohi, and sat down. Gangohi, with a slight smile, said, "Humble and lowly people become my ''murids''. You are the son of a ''pir'' and selected one. Why do you wish for your ''bay'at'' to be accepted by me?" This statement incapacitated Khalil's senses and he stammered, "Hazrat, I am worse, more contemptible, and useless than them (the humble folk). Gangohi responded, "Enough! Enough! Make [[Istikhara]]. I am coming to the [[masjid]]". Moulana Khalil immediately proceeded to the masjid, performed [[wudhu]], and performed Istikhara. When Gangohi arrived, he instructed Moulana Khalil to repent and initiated him into the ''System of Subjection'' thereafter.

==Career==
In 1871, Khalil became a teacher at [[Mazahirul Uloom Saharanpur]]. His monthly salary was three rupees. However, soon after, he proceeded to [[Lahore]] to pursue further studies in ''Uloomul Adabiyya''. He remained in Lahore for a few months. After studying ''Maqaamaat'' and ''Mutanabbi'' under Moulana Faidhul Hasan, he travelled to [[Deoband]]. Moulana Ya'qub arranged for him to be employed as the translator of ''Qaamus'' into [[Urdu]]. The monthly salary was ten rupees. He was sent to a mountainous terrain to execute this task and returned after approximately two months. Thereafter, he became the principal of Manglore's [[madrasa]]. At around this time, an offer of employment from [[Bhopal]] arrived for Maulana Ya'qub for a monthly salary of three hundred rupees, but he declined the offer. However, he was pressed to send another reliable person to occupy the post, so he decided to send Khalil. By the choice of his honourable uncle and on the approval of Gangohi, he departed in 1293 AH to occupy the post in Bhopal at a monthly salary of fifty rupees. However, due to his dislike of Bhopal and its atmosphere, Khalil resigned and requested permission to return. In accordance with the instructions of Moulana Gangohi, Khalil remained in Bhopal until the [[Hajj]] season. Khalil then departed from Bhopal with a few months of salary in advance.

After returning from his first Hajj, Khalil spent a few days in his hometown. Thereafter, he departed for [[Sikandrabad]] in the [[Bulandshahr district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]] in ''Jumadul Awwal'' of 1294 AH, where he became a teacher at the ''Madrasa Arabiyya'' of the ''Jami’ Masjid''. However, the people there vehemently opposed him. Thus, he sought permission from Gangohi to return. However, Gangohi refused. Despite Khalil's affection and affability, the intransigence of the people increased. Thus, later with the permission of Gangohi, Khalil resigned and returned. In 1295 AH, a letter from Moulvi Shamsuddin, Chief Justice of Bhawalpur, was sent to Moulana Muhammad Ya'qub. The letter was a request for a highly qualified teacher. Moulana Ya'qub selected Khalil for this post. Finally, upon the instructions of Moulana Ya'qub and Moulana Gangohi, Khalil accepted the post in [[Bhawalpur]] at a monthly salary of thirty rupees.

Thereafter, Khalil returned to [[Saharanpur]] and resumed his post as a teacher there. He soon progressed into a senior teacher and taught ''Tawdih Talwih'', ''Hammaasa Rashidiyya'', ''Sharhul Wiqaayah'', ''Shara Nukhbatul Fikr'', ''Mu'atta Imam Muhammad'', and ''Siraji''. The following year, together with several ''kitabs'' of various subjects, Khalil taught [[Sahih al-Bukhari]], [[Sunan Abu Da'ud]], [[Sunan al-Tirmidhi]], and [[Sahih Muslim]]. Khalil, together with internal spiritual knowledge, also possessed external theoretical knowledge. He could lecture on any ''kitab'' with ease and possessed perfect methodology. Even Moulana [[Anwar Shah Kashmiri]] would visit Khalil for advice and guidance in his writings and discourses.

==Hajj pilgrimages==
Khalil performed [[Hajj]] (the pilgrimage to Mecca) seven times.

The first time was in 1293 AH, while he was living in [[Bhopal]].

Khalil's second Hajj was when he was living in [[Bhawalpur]] in Shawwaal of 1297 AH.

Khalil's third and all subsequent Hajj journeys were undertaken from [[Saharanpur]]. The third Hajj was after the death of Gangohi.

Khalil's fourth Hajj was in 1910.

Khalil's fifth [[Hajj]] was in [[Shawwal]] of 1332 AH in the company of Shaikhul Hind. In Mecca, on account of the oppression of [[Sharif Husain]],{{explain|date=February 2024}} Khalil had to return before the [[Hajj]]. He left Mecca at the end of [[Shawwal]] and his ship arrived in [[Bombay]] on 6 September 1916. As he left the ship, he, his wife, and his brother, Haji Maqbul Ahmad, who was his right-hand man, were arrested. All three of them were transported to [[Nanital]] with their luggage. They were released shortly afterwards.

Khalil's sixth Hajj occurred in 1920. He left [[Saharanpur]] on 21 April 1920 and reached Mecca on 29 May 1920. Khalil returned to [[Saharanpur]] in [[Safar]] of 1339 AH.

Khalil did not return to India after his seventh Hajj He left Saharanpur on 29 April 1926 and reached Mecca on 6 June 1926

==Final years and death==
Towards the end [[Ramadaan]], Khalil became affected with paralysis and moved about with difficulty. The paralysis had started after the completion of ''Badhlul Majhud'', when he became ill. However, this illness disappeared with the dawn of [[Ramadaan]]. However, the illness reappeared two or three days before [[Eid ul-Fitr]] and then paralysis set in. At the end of [[Ramadaan]], he experienced the effects of partial paralysis. Even on [[Eid al-Fitr]], the effect of the paralysis was predominant to such an extent that he was unable to attend Salat al-Eid in the Haram. However, when he regained his strength, he limped to Al-Masjid an- Nabawi with a cane. In the month of Rabiul Akhir in 1346 AH, the severity of his illness intensified. His fever and paralysis increased. Sometimes, when the severity of his illness increased, he could not attend [[salah]] at the [[Al-Masjid an-Nabawi]]. However, when he felt somewhat better, he would go to Al-Masjid an-Nabawi with the support of a cane and the aid of one of his attendants. In the first week of Rabi ul Aakhir in 1346 AH, he experienced pain in his chest, which would disappear when he was massaged. In the second week, on the request of some of the [['Ulama]] of [[Medina]], Khalil started to teach [[Sunan Abu Da'ud]] after [[Asr]] Salaah at the residence of Maulana Sayyid Ahmad. After conducting lessons for a weekend, while returning from [[Zuhr]] Salaah on Monday, Khalil complained of more pain in his chest. He added that he had felt a similar pain three or four days earlier, which disappeared within two or three hours after a massage. On reaching the house, he was massaged. At the time of ''Asr Salaah'', although the pain had decreased, weakness did not permit him to attend [[salah]] in the Haram. Thus, he performed ''Asr Salaah'' at home behind Moulvi Sayyid Ahmad. Despite his weakness, he stood and performed his salah. His weakness increased and, instead of feeling feverish, he started to feel cold and perspired. He could not perform [[Maghrib (prayer)|Maghrib]] Salaah while standing. Thus, he sat and requested Moulvi Sayyid Ahmad to perform the [[salah]] quickly. His condition deteriorated and he performed [[Isha prayer|Isha]] Salah while seated on his bed. He passed the night in restlessness while constantly performing ''[[dhikr]]''. He did not sleep at all. On Tuesday morning, Khalil performed [[Fajr]] Salah while seated on his bed. His perspiration and coldness continued to increase. Medicine was administered for a day. At the time of ''Dhuhr Salaah'', Khalil was overcome with weakness to such an extent that he was unable to perform [[wudu]]. Thus, he performed ''[[tayammum]]'' and then performed [[salaah]] while seated on the bed. Thereafter, movement became difficult. By the time of ''Asr Salaah'', his condition had further deteriorated. He performed Asr Salaah with much difficulty. By Maghrib Salaah, he no longer had any strength to lift himself. Besides ''Pas Anfas'', which is a method of [[dhikr]] by breathing, Khalil was not able to do anything else. He did not respond to any conversation nor did he ask any questions. Twenty-four hours passed in complete silence and on Thursday, 13 October 1927, Khalil died as he repeatedly proclaimed "Allah!" aloud. Then, his eyes closed and he became silent.

==Funeral==
Despite the small amount of time available, funeral arrangements were accomplished successfully. Sayyid Ahmad Tawwaab performed the [[ghusl]] while Abu Sa'ud poured the water. Moulvi Sayyid Ahmad and Moulvi Abdul Karim assisted. The [[Salat al-Janazah]] or his body was prepared for funeral, brought outside [[Al-Masjid an-Nabawi]] (mosque of [[Muhammad]]), and placed near ''Babul Jibra'il'' for [[Salat al-Janazah]]. After ''Maghrib Salaah'', Maulana Shaikh Tayyib, the rector of ''Madrasa Shari'a'', led the Salat al-Janazah. The funeral procession then proceeded to [[Jannat al-Baghi]] cemetery. Khalil was buried in his grave shortly before [[Isha prayer|Isha]] prayer.
== Legacy ==
His biographical works include: ''Tazkiratul Khalil'' by Aashiq-e-Ilahi Mirathi.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Ahmad |first=Ishtiaque |author-link=Ishtiaque Ahmad Qasmi |title=Ulama E Deoband Ki Swaneh Umriyon Ka Tanqeedi Tajziya Azadi Se Qabl |publisher=Department of Urdu, [[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]] |year=2020 |location=India |language=ur |hdl=10603/338413 |degree=PhD |pages=250–264}}</ref>
== See also ==
* [[List of Deobandis]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
=== bibliography ===
* {{Cite journal |last1=Nasiri |first1=Aliakbar |last2=Dehani |first2=Fatemeh |date=2018 |title=The Recourse to the look Ashraf Ali Tahanavi and Khalil Ahmd Saharnpoory |url=https://jsr.usb.ac.ir/article_4624.html?lang=en |journal=Journal of Subcontinent Researches |volume=10 |issue=35 |pages=215–228 |doi=10.22111/jsr.2018.4624 |issn=2008-5710}}
* {{Cite thesis
|last=Haroon
|first=Muhammad
|title=Maulana Khaleel Ahmad Saharanpuri Aur Unki Taleef Bazl Al-majhood Fi Hal Sunan Abi Dawood
|publisher=[[University of Sargodha]]
|year=2016
|location=Pakistan
|language=en
|url=http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/16034
|type=PhD
}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Uddin |first=Hamid |date=2018 |title=Contribution of Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri to the development of Arabic language and literature in the Indian sub-continent |url=https://www.thecho.in/files/40.-arabic-article-22.pdf |journal=Pratidhwani the Echo |language=ar |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=364–371 |issn=2278-5264}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Haroon |first1=Muhammad |last2=Manj |first2=Muhammad Shahbaz |date=2016 |title=The Criticism of Mawlana Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri in Badhl al-Majhud on Ghayat al-maqsud and 'Awn al-ma'bud: A Study |url=http://irigs.iiu.edu.pk:64447/ojs/index.php/irifikronazar/article/view/79 |journal=Fikr-o Nazar |volume=54 |issue=1 (2) |pages=97–126 |issn=2518-9948}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Haroon |first=Muhammad |date=2018 |title=Investigation of the Authenticity of Traditions in Sunan Abī Dāwūd: A Study of Badhl al-Majhūd |url=https://alqamarjournal.com/index.php/alqamar/article/view/1 |journal=Al-Qamar |language=ur |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |issn=2664-4398}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Haroon |first1=Mufti Muhammad |last2=Manj |first2=Muhammad Shahbaz |date=2019 |title=Explanation of Juristic terms, the Study of Bazl al-Majhud |url=http://rahatulquloob.com/index.php/rahat/article/view/58 |journal=Rahat-ul-Quloob |language=ur |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=100–114 |doi=10.51411/rahat.3.1.2019.58 |s2cid=240826635 |issn=2521-2869|doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Haroon |first=Mufti Muhammad |date=2018 |title=Hal Ghareeb Hadith Maulana Saharan Puri's research study in the context of 'Bajj al-Majjud' |url=https://www.prdb.pk/front/-3809 |journal=Ulum-e-Islamia |language=ar |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=19–34 |archive-date=10 July 2025 |access-date=21 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250710004633/https://www.prdb.pk/front/-3809 |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Haroon |first1=Muhammad |last2=Bukhari |first2=Hamid Farooq |last3=Fayyaz |first3=Muhammad |date=2020 |title=Use of Syntactic descriptions in Understanding the Ḥadīth: A Study of Badhl al-Majhūd |url=https://alqamarjournal.com/index.php/alqamar/article/view/139 |journal=Al-Qamar |language=ar |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=1–12 |issn=2664-4398}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Haroon |first1=Muhammad |last2=Irfan |first2=Muhammad |last3=Awan |first3=Talib Ali |date=2021 |title=Explanation and Refinement of Sunan e Abī Dawūd's narrators: Special Study of Bzl-al-Majhūd |url=https://alqamarjournal.com/index.php/alqamar/article/view/865 |journal=Al-Qamar |language=ur |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=439–448 |issn=2664-4398}}
*[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336915356_alshykh_khlyl_ahmd_alsaharanfuri_wmnhjh_fy_ktabh_bdhl_almjhwd_fy_hl_snn_aby_dawd "الشيخ خليل أحمد السَّهَارَنْفُوْرِي ومنهجه في كتابه "بذل المجهود في حلّ سنن أبي داود"]

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Lunar rover

2026-01-05T13:00:23Z

S7singh: Structure improved and content revised

{{Short description|Vehicle that travels on the Moon's surface}}
{{For|the Apollo rovers|Lunar Roving Vehicle}}
[[File:moonLanderClem.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Landing sites of sample return and rover missions superimposed on lithology (Clementine UVVIS). Red: old lunar highlands. Blue: young lunar highlands. Yellow: lunar maria (high titanium). Cyan: lunar maria (low titanium)]]
A '''lunar rover''' or '''Moon rover''' is a [[space exploration]] [[Rover (space exploration)|vehicle]] designed to move across the [[surface of the Moon]]. The [[Apollo program]]'s [[Lunar Roving Vehicle]] was driven on the Moon by members of three American crews, [[Apollo 15]], [[Apollo 16|16]], and [[Apollo 17|17]]. Other rovers have been partially or fully [[autonomous robot]]s, such as the Soviet Union's [[Lunokhod]]s, Chinese ''[[Yutu (rover)|Yutu]]s'', Indian ''[[Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)|Pragyan]]'', and Japan's [[Smart Lander for Investigating Moon#Rovers|LEVs]]. Five countries have had operating rovers on the Moon: the Soviet Union, the United States, China, India, and Japan.

== Variations in design ==
Lunar rover designs have varied in several ways.

=== Size and speed ===
Lunokhod rovers were {{convert|170|cm}} in length.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1973-001A |title=Luna 21/Lunokhod 2 |publisher=NASA }}</ref> The LRVs were {{convert|10|ft|m|abbr=on|sp=us}} long with a {{convert|7.5|ft|m|abbr=on|sp=us}} wheelbase, and achieved a top speed of {{convert|11.2|mph|km/h}} during [[Apollo 17]].

=== Power ===
The Lunokhod rovers, and others, used [[photovoltaic]] solar power. The LRV rovers were battery powered. Lunokhod and the Chinese ''Yutu'' rovers were furthermore equipped with a [[radioisotope heater unit]] to keep instruments warm. These, however, delivered only heat, not electric power. While unlike on other celestial bodies, such as Earth or Mars, there is no atmosphere to interfere with solar power, the extreme length of the day/night cycle complicates the use of solar power as energy storage or hibernation are necessary for any missions exceeding two weeks in length. There are [[peaks of eternal light|places where solar power is almost always available]] (especially near the [[lunar south pole]]) on the Moon, but to date no mission has successfully landed a rover at one of those places. [[Radioisotope thermoelectric generator]]s can operate independent of the day/night cycle and have been used on missions to other celestial bodies in the past.

=== Propulsion ===
The LRV was a four-wheel design. The Lunokhod rovers used eight.

=== Thermal control ===
To remain warm during periods of lunar night the Lunokhod rovers used heat from radioactive [[polonium-210]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spacesafetymagazine.com/aerospace-engineering/nuclear-propulsion/energy-resources-space-missions/ |title=Energy Resources for Space Missions |first=Göktuğ |last=Karacalıoğlu |publisher=Space Safety Magazine}}</ref>

==Past missions==

===Lunokhod 1===
[[File:Soviet moonrover.JPG|right|thumb|upright|[[Lunokhod 1|Lunokhod-1]] model, [[Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics]]]]
{{Main|Lunokhod 1}}
After the unsuccessful launch of its [[Lunokhod_programme#Lunokhod_201 |first rover mission]] in 1969, the [[Soviet Union]] sent the ''[[Lunokhod 1]]'' robotic rover to the lunar surface in November 1970. It remained operational until October 1971.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.space.com/35090-lunokhod-1.html |title=Lunokhod 1: 1st Successful Lunar Rover |first=Elizabeth |last=Howell |date=19 December 2016 |publisher=space.com}}</ref> The rover was deployed in [[Mare Imbrium]] by the ''[[Luna 17]]'' lander. ''Lunokhod 1'' was the first rover to land on another [[astronomical object|celestial body]].

===Apollo Lunar Roving Vehicle===
[[File:Apollo15LunarRover.jpg|right|thumb|upright|The [[Apollo 15]] Lunar Roving Vehicle on the Moon in 1971]]
{{Main|Lunar Roving Vehicle}}
The Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) was a battery-powered four-wheeled vehicle design. The LRV could carry one or two [[astronaut]]s, their equipment, and lunar samples. During 1971 and 1972, LRVs were used on the Moon for each of the final three missions of the American [[Apollo program]], [[Apollo 15]], [[Apollo 16|16]], and [[Apollo 17|17]].

===Lunokhod 2===
{{Main|Lunokhod 2}}
[[Lunokhod 2]] was the second of two monocrystalline-panel-powered uncrewed lunar rovers landed on the Moon by the Soviet Union as part of the Lunokhod program. The [[Luna 21]] spacecraft landed on the Moon and deployed the second Soviet lunar rover Lunokhod 2 in January 1973. The objectives of the mission were to collect images of the lunar surface, examine ambient light levels to determine the feasibility of astronomical observations from the Moon, perform laser ranging experiments, observe solar X-rays, measure local magnetic fields, and study the [[soil mechanics]] of the lunar surface material. Lunokhod 2 was intended to be followed by [[Lunokhod programme#Lunokhod 3|Lunokhod 3 (No.205)]] in 1977 but the mission was cancelled.

===''Yutu''===
[[File:Yutu rover.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Yutu rover]] on lunar surface in 2013]]
{{Main|Yutu (rover)}}
''[[Yutu (Lunar rover)|Yutu]]'' is a Chinese lunar rover that launched on 1 December 2013 and landed on 14 December 2013 as part of the [[Chang'e 3]] mission. It is China's first lunar rover, part of the second phase of the [[Chinese Lunar Exploration Program]] undertaken by [[China National Space Administration]] (CNSA).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.americaspace.com/2013/05/04/change-3-the-chinese-rover-mission/|title=Chang'e 3: The Chinese Rover Mission|date=May 4, 2013|website=AmericaSpace}}</ref> The lunar rover is called ''Yutu'', or ''Jade Rabbit'', a name selected in an online poll.<ref name=nyt20131202>
{{cite news |first=Austin|last=Ramzy |title=China to Send 'Jade Rabbit' Rover to the Moon |date=26 November 2013 |url=http://sinosphere.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/11/26/china-to-send-jade-rabbit-rover-to-the-moon/?_r=1 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date= 2013-12-02}}</ref>

The rover encountered operational difficulties after the first 14-day lunar night, and was unable to move after the end of the second lunar night, finally on August 3, 2016, it officially stopped sending data and doing its operations.

===''Pragyan''===
{{main|Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)}}
[[File: Pragyan rover deployed on the moon.webp|thumb|upright|''[[Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)|Pragyan]]'' on the Moon]]
[[Chandrayaan-3]] was launched on 14 July 2023 by the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] in [[India]]'s second attempt to soft land a rover and a lander on the Moon. ''Pragyan'' became the first rover to operate near the Moon's south pole when it successfully landed on 23 August 2023, after the lander separation from propulsion module had taken place on 17 August.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chandrayaan-3 lander separates from propulsion module: What happens next? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sci-tech/chandrayaan-3-lander-separates-8897029/ |access-date=17 August 2023 |publisher=The Indian Express}}</ref> The ''Pragyan'' rover was deployed the same day as landing and has travelled {{cvt|0.1|km}} since then. On September 2, the rover finished all assignments and entered into a sleep mode in preparation for wake up on September 22, but was unable to do so.

===SLIM's LEV Rovers===
{{Main|Smart Lander for Investigating Moon}}
[[File:SORAQ-BackView.jpg|thumb|Sora-Q back view]]
[[File:SLIM-LEV1-LEV2-JAXA-SagamiharaCampus-AdvancedFacilityForSpaceExploration-SpaceExplorationField.jpg|thumb|The SLIM lander with LEV-1 and LEV-2 (Sora-Q) rovers]]
The SLIM lander has two rovers onboard, Lunar Excursion Vehicle 1 (LEV-1) (hopper) and Lunar Excursion Vehicle 2 (LEV-2), also known as [[Sora-Q]], a tiny rover developed by JAXA in joint cooperation with [[Tomy]], [[Sony Group]], and [[Doshisha University]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Hirano |first=Daichi |url=https://global.jaxa.jp/activity/pr/jaxas/no088/03.html |title=Palm-Sized Lunar Excursion Vehicle 2 (LEV-2) |work=[[JAXA]] |date=7 October 2022 |access-date=22 October 2022}}</ref> The first rover has direct-to-Earth communication. The second rover is designed to change its shape to traverse around the landing site over a short lifespan of two hours. SLIM was launched on September 6, 2023, and reached lunar orbit on 25 December 2023. The two rovers were successfully deployed and landed separately from SLIM shortly before its own landing on 19 January 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |date=2024-01-19 |title=Japan Becomes Fifth Country to Land on the Moon |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/01/12/science/japan-moon-landing-slim |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> LEV-1 conducted seven hops over 107 minutes on lunar surface and LEV-2 imaged SLIM on lunar surface.<ref>{{Citation |title=小型月着陸実証機（SLIM）および小型プローブ（LEV）の月面着陸の結果・成果等の記者会見 | date=24 January 2024 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U61i0wN01Uk |access-date=2024-01-25 |language=en}}</ref>

===''Jinchan''===
{{main|Chang'e 6}}
Chinese Chang'e 6 [[sample return mission]] carries a mini rover called ''Jinchan'' to conduct [[Absorption spectroscopy|infrared spectroscopy]] of lunar surface and imaged Chang'e 6 lander on lunar surface.<ref name="spacenews.com">{{cite web |last1=Jones |first1=Andrew |title=China's Chang'e-6 is carrying a surprise rover to the moon |url=https://spacenews.com/chinas-change-6-is-carrying-a-surprise-rover-to-the-moon/ |website=SpaceNews |access-date=8 May 2024 |date=6 May 2024 |archive-date=8 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508193233/https://spacenews.com/chinas-change-6-is-carrying-a-surprise-rover-to-the-moon/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Failed missions==

===''Pragyan'' (Chandrayaan-2 rover)===
{{Main|Chandrayaan-2|Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)}}
[[Chandrayaan-2]] was the second lunar mission by India, consisting of a lunar orbiter, a lander named [[Chandrayaan-2#Vikram lander|''Vikram'']], and a rover named [[Chandrayaan-2#Pragyan rover|''Pragyan'']]. The rover weighing 27&nbsp;kg,<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=183103 |title=ISRO to send first Indian into Space by 2022 as announced by PM, says Dr Jitendra Singh| website=pib.nic.in| access-date=2018-08-29}}</ref> had six wheels and was to be operated on [[solar power]].<ref name="duration">{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/sac-to-deliver-eyes-and-ears-of-chandrayaan-2-by-2015-end |title=ISRO to deliver "eyes and ears" of Chandrayaan-2 by 2015-end |work=The Indian Express |first=Avinash |last=Nair |date=31 May 2015 |access-date=7 August 2016}}</ref> Launched on 22 July 2019, the mission entered lunar orbit on August 20. ''Pragyan'' was destroyed along with its lander, ''Vikram'', when it crash-landed on the Moon on 6 September 2019 and never got the chance to deploy.<ref name='L Update'>{{Cite web|title = Chandrayaan - 2 Latest Update|url = https://www.isro.gov.in/update/07-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-latest-update|date = September 7, 2019|access-date = September 11, 2019|website = isro.gov.in|archive-date = September 8, 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190908052939/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/07-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-latest-update}}</ref><ref name="Hard landing TOI">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/vikram-lander-located-did-not-soft-land-on-moon-isro/articleshow/71037009.cms Vikram lander located on lunar surface, wasn't a soft landing: Isro.] ''Times of India''. 8 September 2019.</ref>

===Rashid ===
{{main|Emirates Lunar Mission}}

''Rashid'' was a lunar rover built by the [[Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre]] (MBRSC) to be launched onboard [[ispace (Japanese company)|Ispace]]'s lander the ''[[Hakuto-R]]''. The rover was launched in November 2022 on [[Hakuto-R Mission 1]], but was destroyed when the lander crashed in April 2023.<ref>{{cite web |last=Nasir |first=Sarwat |date=19 September 2022 |title=Launch window for UAE Moon mission revealed |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/uae-in-space/2022/09/19/launch-window-for-uae-moon-mission-revealed/ |access-date=20 September 2022 |work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]]}}</ref> ''Rashid'' was equipped with two high-resolution cameras, a microscopic camera to capture small details, and a thermal imaging camera. The rover carried a [[Langmuir probe]], designed to study the Moon's plasma and will attempt to explain why Moon dust is so sticky.<ref name="cnn">{{Cite web |date=24 November 2020 |title=UAE hopes this tiny lunar rover will discover unexplored parts of the moon |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/24/middleeast/uae-moon-rover-mission-scn-spc-intl/index.html |publisher=CNN}}</ref> The rover was supposed to study the lunar surface, mobility on the Moon's surface and how different surfaces interact with lunar particles.<ref name="abc">{{Cite web |date=14 April 2021 |title=UAE sets new ambitious timeline for launch of moon rover |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/uae-sets-ambitious-timeline-launch-moon-rover-77065653 |publisher=ABC News}}</ref>

===SORA-Q ===

[[Sora-Q]] was developed by [[Takara Tomy]], [[JAXA]] and [[Doshisha University]] to be launched onboard [[ispace (Japanese company)|Ispace]]'s lander called [[Hakuto-R Mission 1]]. It was launched in 2022, but was destroyed as the lander crash landed in April 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Elizabeth Howell |date=2021-05-27 |title=Japan will send a transforming robot ball to the moon to test lunar rover tech |url=https://www.space.com/japan-transformable-moon-robot-ispace-2022-lunar-lander |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=Space.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=https://global.jaxa.jp/press/2021/05/20210527-1_e.html |title=Data Acquisition on the Lunar Surface with a Transformable Lunar Robot, Assisting Development of the Crewed Pressurized Rover |work=[[JAXA]] |date=27 May 2021 |access-date=14 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=This is the Lunar Excursion Vehicle (LEV-2) which will ride to the Moon on the JAXA SLIM spacecraft in the near future |url=https://twitter.com/shuttlealmanac/status/1583763766898208768 |access-date=November 8, 2022 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref> A second rover was successfully deployed from the [[Smart Lander for Investigating Moon|SLIM]] lander in January 2024.

===Peregrine Mission One===
{{Main|Peregrine Mission One}}
Peregrine lander launched on 8 January 2024 to the Moon. It took with it 5 [[Colmena]] rovers and an Iris rover.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Belam |first=Martin |date=2024-01-08 |title=Nasa Peregrine 1 launch: Vulcan Centaur rocket carrying Nasa moon lander lifts off in Florida – live updates |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/live/2024/jan/08/nasa-peregrine-1-launch-rocket-moon-latest-news-updates-live |access-date=2024-01-08 |work=the Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The mission of the Peregrine lander was forced to be cancelled after an excessive propellant leak.<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Jackie |last1=Wattles |first2=Kristin |last2=Fisher|date=2024-01-08 |title=Peregrine mission abandons Moon landing attempt after suffering 'critical' fuel loss |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/08/world/peregrine-lunar-lander-anomaly-astrobotic-nasa-scn/index.html |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>

===IM-2 Athena Rovers===
{{main|IM-2}}
The IM-2 ''Athena'' lander carried a number of rovers to the lunar surface. Micro-Nova ''Gracie'' was to explore multiple difficult-to-reach areas such as deep craters on the lunar surface, by firing [[Hydrazine#Rocket fuel|hydrazine rockets]] in controlled bursts to propel itself short distances. It was to hop across craters in search of [[Lunar water|lunar ice]], which could contain water critical to future crewed missions to the Moon. ''MAPP LV1'' was to collect lunar samples for [[NASA]] under a contract worth just $1, which is symbolic of a new incentive for the emerging commercial space industry to access resources in space. It was to also autonomously map the lunar surface, capture stereo images and thermal data, and inspect samples of [[Lunar soil|lunar regolith]] in a special bin mounted on its wheels. ''MAPP LV1'' was to deploy the ''AstroAnt'' miniature rover, the size of a matchbox, to conduct contactless temperature measurements as it drove around on MAPP's roof. Japans' ''[[Yaoki]]'' rover aimed to test mobility technologies. IM-2 landed on 6&nbsp;March 2025. The spacecraft was intact after touchdown but resting on its side, thereby complicating its planned science and technology demonstration mission; this outcome is similar to what occurred with the company's [[IM-1 Odysseus]] spacecraft in 2024.<ref name="JF20250306">{{cite web |last1=Foust |first1=Jeff |title=IM-2 lunar lander on its side after touchdown |url=https://spacenews.com/im-2-lunar-lander-touches-down-status-unclear/ |website=[[SpaceNews]] |date=6 March 2025 |access-date=6 March 2025}}</ref><ref name="cnn-20250307">{{Cite news |author1=J. Wattles |title=Lying sideways on the moon, the Athena lander is declared dead |url= https://www.cnn.com/2025/03/07/science/intuitive-machines-athena-mission-concluded/index.html |newspaper=[[CNN]] |date=7 March 2025 |access-date=12 March 2025 |archive-date= March 8, 2025 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20250308043054/https://www.cnn.com/2025/03/07/science/intuitive-machines-athena-mission-concluded/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== ''TENACIOUS'' ===
The [[Hakuto-R Mission 2]] includes a {{cvt|5|kg}} rover called "TENACIOUS", designed and manufactured in [[Luxembourg]] which will explore the area around the landing site, after being lowered to the lunar surface from the lander.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ispace-inc.com/news-en/?p=5593 |title=ispace-EUROPE announces Completion of First European Designed, Manufactured, and Assembled Lunar Micro Rover |date=2024-07-25}}</ref> Landing was expected in [[Mare Frigoris]] around 6 June 2025.<ref name="Landing Date Announcement">{{cite news |title=ispace Announces Mission 2 Landing Date Set for June 6, 2025 (JST) |url=https://ispace-inc.com/news-en/?p=7097 |access-date=4 March 2025 |publisher=ispace, Inc |date=4 March 2025}}</ref> The mission was scheduled to land on Thursday, 5&nbsp;June, at 19:17&nbsp;[[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]], assuming the primary landing spot in the middle of Mare Frigoris was chosen. If ispace decided to use one of the three backup landing sites, those attempts would occur on different times.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |author1=Tariq Malik |date=2025-06-03 |title=What time will Japan's ispace Resilience probe land on the moon on June 5? |url=https://www.space.com/space-exploration/missions/what-time-is-japan-ispace-resilience-moon-landing |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=Space |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ispace Updates Timing for Expected Touchdown on the Lunar Surface to 4:17 a.m. JST |url=https://ispace-inc.com/news-en/?p=7631 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=ispace |language=en}}</ref>

According to the live telemetry, it flipped over and died one minute before landing.

==Active missions==

===''Yutu-2'' ===
[[File:ChangE-4, Yutu-2 (cropped).png|thumb|''[[Yutu-2]]'' on the Moon]]
The [[Chang'e 4]] Chinese mission launched on 7 December 2018, and landed and deployed the ''[[Yutu-2]]'' rover on the [[far side of the Moon]] on 3 January 2019. It is the first rover to operate on the Moon's far side.

In December 2019, ''Yutu 2'' broke the lunar longevity record, previously held by the Soviet Union's ''[[Lunokhod 1]]'' rover,<ref>[https://www.space.com/china-change-4-rover-moon-record.html China's Farside Moon Rover Breaks Lunar Longevity Record.] Leonard David, ''Space.com''. 12 December 2019.</ref> which operated on the lunar surface for eleven lunar days (321 Earth days) and traversed a total distance of {{cvt|10.54|km}}.<ref>Howell, Elizabeth (December 19, 2016). "[https://www.space.com/35090-lunokhod-1.html Lunokhod 1: 1st Successful Lunar Rover"], Space.com. Retrieved May 31, 2018.</ref>

In February 2020, Chinese astronomers reported, for the first time, a high-resolution image of a [[Geology of the Moon#Geologic history|lunar ejecta sequence]]{{Clarify|date=December 2025}}, and, as well, direct analysis of its internal architecture. These were based on observations made by the [[Ground-penetrating radar|Lunar Penetrating Radar]] (LPR) on board the ''Yutu-2'' rover while studying the [[far side of the Moon]].<ref name="NYT-20200226">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |title=China's Rover Finds Layers of Surprise Under Moon's Far Side - The Chang'e-4 mission, the first to land on the lunar far side, is demonstrating the promise and peril of using ground-penetrating radar in planetary science. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/26/science/china-moon-far-side.html |date=26 February 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=27 February 2020 }}</ref><ref name="SA-20200226">{{cite journal |author=Li, Chunlai |display-authors=et al. |title=The Moon's farside shallow subsurface structure unveiled by Chang'E-4 Lunar Penetrating Radar |date=26 February 2020 |journal=[[Science Advances]] |volume=6 |issue=9 |article-number=eaay6898 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aay6898 |pmid=32133404 |pmc=7043921 |bibcode=2020SciA....6.6898L |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Data from its two-channel [[ground penetrating radar]] (GPR) has been used by scientists to put together an image of multiple layers beneath the surface of the far side of the Moon up to a depth of 300 meters.<ref name="gpr">{{cite web|title=China's Yutu 2 rover reveals deep layers below far side of the moon|website=[[Space.com]] |url=https://www.space.com/china-chang-e-4-yutu-2-rover-moon-subsurface-layers|date=2023-08-24}}</ref>

Yutu-2 is currently operational and is the longest-lived lunar rover to date.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/united-states-canada/article/3249840/nasa-announces-end-history-making-mars-helicopter-ingenuity-mission?campaign=3249840&module=perpetual_scroll_1_AI&pgtype=article | title=NASA announces end of history-making Mars helicopter mission | date=26 January 2024 }}</ref>

==Planned missions==
{{Main|List of rovers on extraterrestrial bodies#Moon}}

==Proposed missions==
{{Main|List of rovers on extraterrestrial bodies#Proposed_rovers}}

===ATHLETE===
[[File:ATHLETEs_with_crew_module_mockups.jpg|thumb|[[ATHLETE]] rover concepts with crew habitats models, 2008.]]
{{Main|ATHLETE}}
[[NASA]]'s plans for future Moon missions call for rovers that have a far longer range than the Apollo rovers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/home/LER.html|title=NASA - Lunar Electric Rover|website=www.nasa.gov}}</ref> The [[All-Terrain Hex-Legged Extra-Terrestrial Explorer]] (ATHLETE) is a six-legged robotic lunar rover test-bed under development by the [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] (JPL). ATHLETE is a testbed for systems and is designed for use on the [[Moon]].<ref name="JPL1">{{cite web | url=http://www-robotics.jpl.nasa.gov/systems/system.cfm?System=11 | title=The ATHLETE Rover | date=2010-02-25 | publisher=[[JPL]] | access-date=2011-01-28 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721051201/http://www-robotics.jpl.nasa.gov/systems/system.cfm?System=11 | archive-date=2011-07-21 }}</ref> The system is in development along with [[NASA]]'s Johnson and Ames Centers, [[Stanford University]] and [[Boeing]].<ref name="NASA1">{{cite web | url=http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_748.html | title= The ATHLETE Rover | date=2010-02-25 | publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref> ATHLETE is designed, for maximum efficiency, to be able to both roll and walk over a wide range of terrains.<ref name="JPL1" />

===Lunar Polar Exploration Mission rover===
{{main|Lunar Polar Exploration Mission}}
The [[Lunar Polar Exploration Mission]] is a robotic lunar mission concept by [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] and the [[Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency]] that would send a lunar rover and lander to explore the south pole region of the Moon in 2028. The Japanese agency is likely to provide the under-development H3 launch vehicle and the rover, while the Indian agency would be responsible for the lander.

==Cancelled==

===Lunokhod 3===
{{main|Lunokhod programme}}
Lunokhod 3 was built for a [[Moon landing]] in 1977 as [[Luna 25]] but never flew to the Moon due to lack of launchers and funding. It remains at the [[NPO Lavochkin]] museum.

===Apollo Lunar Roving Vehicle 4, 5 and 6===
They would have been for Apollo 18, 19 and 20. Only the rover for Apollo 18 (LRV-4) was built. After the [[Canceled Apollo missions|cancellation]] of that mission, it was used as spare parts for the previous rovers.<ref name="ApolloVehiclesNASA">{{cite web |date=15 November 2005  |title=The Apollo Lunar Roving Vehicle |url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/apollo_lrv.html |access-date=16 May 2010 |publisher=[[NASA]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-05-06 |title=A Field Guide to American Spacecraft {{!}} LRV #4 |url=http://web.mac.com/jimgerard/AFGAS/pages/rovers/nasmlrv4.html |access-date=2023-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506033624/http://web.mac.com/jimgerard/AFGAS/pages/rovers/nasmlrv4.html |archive-date=2012-05-06 }}</ref>

===Resource Prospector===
{{main|Resource Prospector (rover)}}
[[File:Resource Prospector NASA rover prototype-2015.jpg|thumb|upright|Engineering prototype of the Resource Prospector lunar rover undergoing tests.]]
[[Resource Prospector (rover)|Resource Prospector]] is a cancelled mission concept by NASA of a rover that would have performed a survey expedition on a polar region of the Moon. The rover was to attempt to detect and map the location of volatiles such as hydrogen, oxygen and lunar water which could foster more affordable and sustainable human exploration to the Moon, Mars, and other Solar System bodies.
The mission concept was still in its pre-formulation stage when it was scrapped in April 2018. The Resource Prospector mission was proposed to be launched in 2022. Its science instruments will be flown on several commercial lander missions contracted with [[NASA]]'s new [[Commercial Lunar Payload Services]] program.

===VIPER===
{{Excerpt|VIPER (rover)}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Solar System}}
* [[CubeRover]], a class of modular lunar rovers
* [[Exploration of the Moon]]
* ''[[Tank on the Moon]]'', 2007 documentary film
* [[List of rovers on extraterrestrial bodies]]
*[[Mars rovers]]
*[[Space rover]]

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

}}

==External links==
* {{APOD |date=29 January 2013 |title=High definition video of Apollo 16 Lunar Rover}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20260105125432/https://jatan.space/moon-monday-issue-256/ Jatan Mehta: All the rovers heading to the Moon over the next 10 years (5 January 2026)]

{{Lunar Rovers}}
{{Moon spacecraft}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Lunar rovers| ]]
[[Category:Landers (spacecraft)]]
[[Category:Missions to the Moon]]

Kempwad

2025-12-29T07:19:18Z

S7singh: updated page

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kempwad
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Belgaum district|Belgaum]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kempwad''' is a village in [[Belgaum district]] in [[Karnataka]], [[India]].<ref>[http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/List_of_Villages/List_of_Villages_Alphabetical.aspx?cki=&ComboState_Code=29 Village Directory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722033752/http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/List_of_Villages/List_of_Villages_Alphabetical.aspx?cki=&ComboState_Code=29 |date=22 July 2011 }}, 2001 Census of India</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}Athani Sugars Factory Kempwad{{Settlements in Belgaum district}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Villages in Belagavi district]]

{{Belgaum-geo-stub}}
Census of Mangasuli
Year # Population # Males # Females Literacy % Male Literacy % Female Literacy %

2024 [1] 6000 3271 6061 72 82 64
Location and transportation
Kempwad is a small town near the state border between Maharashtra and Karnataka. It is about 30 km from Miraj, 38 km from Sangli and 25 km from Athani. The nearest railway stations are Ugar, about 10 km away, and Shedbal about 11 km away.

Gaurav Yadav (cricketer)

2025-12-21T19:30:54Z

S7singh: Started info

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1991)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Gaurav Yadav
| image =
| country =
| fullname = Gaurav Narendra Yadav
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1991|10|31|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Narmadapuram]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right arm medium
| role =
| club1 =
| year1 =
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 =
| year2 =
| clubnumber2 =
| date = 8 October 2016
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/587486.html ESPNcricinfo
}}
'''Gaurav Yadav''' (born 31 October 1991) is an Indian [[cricket]]er. He played as right arm medium pace bowler for Madhya Pradesh in domestic cricket.<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/587486.html |title=Gaurav Yadav |access-date=8 October 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

He made his [[first-class cricket|first-class]] debut for [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]] in the [[2012–13 Ranji Trophy]] on 2 November 2012.<ref name="FC">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/574025.html |title=Ranji Trophy, Group A: Madhya Pradesh v Gujarat at Indore, Nov 2-5, 2012 |access-date=8 October 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He was the joint-leading wicket-taker in the [[2019–20 Vijay Hazare Trophy]] tournament, with twenty-three dismissals in nine matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=13220;type=tournament |title=Vijay Hazare Trophy, 2019/20: Most wickets |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=25 October 2019}}</ref> He made his [[Twenty20]] debut on 9 November 2019, for Madhya Pradesh in the [[2019–20 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]].<ref name="T20">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1205738.html |title=Group D, Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy at Mumbai, Nov 9 2019 |access-date=8 November 2019 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=587486}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Gaurav}}
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh cricketers]]
[[Category:People from Hoshangabad]]

{{India-cricket-bio-1991-stub}}

Boishakh

2025-12-16T18:23:49Z

S7singh: Article updated with improved flow

{{Short description|1st month of the Bengali calendar}}
{{Infobox month
| image = Pohela boishakh 2.jpg
| alt =
| caption = [[Pohela Boishakh]] celebration in [[Dhaka]]
| native_name = {{Native name|bn|বৈশাখ}}
| calendar = * [[Bengali calendar]]
| num = * 1
| days = * 31 (Bangladesh);
* 30/31 (India)
| season = Summer
| gregorian = April-May
| holidays = [[Pohela Boishakh]]
| prev_month = [[Choitro]]
| next_month = [[Joishtho]]
}}
{{Other uses|Vaishakha|Vaisakhi}}
'''Boishakh''' ({{Langx|bn|বৈশাখ}}, {{langx|ne|बैशाख}}, ''Bôishakh'', ''Baishakh'') is the first month in the [[Bengali calendar]] and [[Vikram Samvat|Nepali calendar]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Mundu |first=Boniface |date=2013 |title=The Silent Short Stories: A Word of Truth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Obe0AQAAQBAJ&pg=PT87 |publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform |page=87 |isbn=978-1-4689-3981-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nepcal.com/|title=Nepali Calendar - २०७४ जेष्ठ - नेपाली क्यालेन्डर|website=www.nepcal.com|access-date=2017-06-07}}</ref> This month lies between the second half of April and the first half of May.Between 14th April and 15th May.

== Etymology ==
The name of the month is derived from the position of the [[Sun]] near the star [[Vishakha|Bishakha]] ({{lang|bn|বিশাখা}}).<ref>{{cite news|title=Another New Year,Another Resolution|newspaper=Daily Sun|location=Dhaka|url=http://www.daily-sun.com/details_yes_13-04-2012_Another-New-Year,Another-Resolution_114__14_1_1.html|accessdate=1 June 2014|archive-date=5 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605051918/http://www.daily-sun.com/details_yes_13-04-2012_Another-New-Year,Another-Resolution_114__14_1_1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== History ==
The first day of Boishakh is celebrated as the [[Pohela Boishakh|Pôhela Bôishakh]] or Bengali New Year's Day.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/music/chhayanauts-pahela-boishakh-celebrations-continue-1384837|title=Chhayanaut's Pahela Boishakh celebrations continue|date=2017-04-02|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2017-04-18|language=en}}</ref> The day is observed with cultural programs, festivals and carnivals all around the country. The day of is also the beginning of all business activities in [[Bangladesh]] and neighboring Indian state of [[West Bengal]] and [[Tripura]]. The traders starts new fiscal account book called {{lang|bn|হালখাতা}} ''Halkhata''.<ref name="b2">{{cite news |last=Haider |first=M. H. |title=Hal Khata Time-bound, Yet Timeless |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/lifestyle/hal-khata-18968 |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=8 April 2014 |accessdate=1 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Halkatha – An explanation |url=http://amaderkotha.com.bd/2014/04/07/halkatha-an-explanation/ |newspaper=Amader Kotha |accessdate=1 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602201126/http://amaderkotha.com.bd/2014/04/07/halkatha-an-explanation/ |archivedate=2 June 2014 }}</ref> The accounting in the ''Halkhata'' begins only after this day. It is celebrated with sweets and gifts with customers.<ref name="b2" />

== Season ==
The month of Boishakh also marks the official start of Summer. The month is notorious for the afternoon storms called [[Norwesters|Kalboishakhi]] (''Nor'wester'').<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shaw |first1=Rajib |last2=Mallick |first2=Fuad |last3=Islam |first3=Aminul |date=2013 |title=Disaster Risk Reduction Approaches in Bangladesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_WVIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA98 |publisher=Springer |page=98 |isbn=978-4-431-54252-0}}</ref> The storms usually start with strong gusts from the north-western direction at the end of a hot day and cause widespread destruction.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kalboishakhis - Bangladesh's deadly storms |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/weather/2014/04/kalboishakhis-bangladesh-deadly-storms-20144298655771842.html |work=Al Jazeera |date=29 April 2014 |accessdate=1 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Huq |first1=S.M. Imamul |last2=Shoaib |first2=Jalal Uddin Md. |date=2013 |title=The Soils of Bangladesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3FbnvB3_elwC&pg=PA16 |publisher=Springer |pages=15–16 |isbn=978-94-007-1128-0}}</ref>

== Agriculture ==
Boishakh is the month when many of the seasonal fruits, especially [[mango]], [[watermelon]], and [[jackfruit]] become available.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/boishakh-the-special-month-to-celebrate-nature-20828|title=Boishakh - the special month to celebrate nature|date=2014-04-22|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2017-04-18|language=en}}</ref> Green unripe mangoes are a particular delicacy of the month.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news/boishakhi-delights-green-mango|title=Boishakhi delights Green Mango|date=2013-04-23|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2017-04-18|language=en}}</ref>

== Observances marked (per official use in Bangladesh)==
* Boishakh 1 - [[Pahela Baishakh|Pohela Baishakh]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Bengali calendar}}
{{Nepali calendar}}

[[Category:Months of the Bengali calendar]]
[[Category:Nepali calendar]]

{{India-culture-stub}}
{{Nepal-culture-stub}}

Kangeyam

2025-12-16T09:43:17Z

S7singh: further improve article to improve readability and added references

{{Short description|Historical town in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{refimprove|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kangeyam
| nicknames =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_mapsize = 250
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11.0054|N|77.5620|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Tirupur district|Tiruppur]]
| subdivision_type4 = Taluk
| subdivision_name4 = [[Kangeyam taluk|Kangeyam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_footnotes = <ref name=gen>{{cite web|title=General Administration / Personnel Department|url=https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/kangeyam/dep_general.htm|publisher=Department of Municipal Administration And Water Supply|access-date=17 July 2013}}</ref>
| government_type = First Grade Municipality
| governing_body = Kangeyam Municipality
| leader_title1 = [[Chairman]]
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 = Municipality Commissioner
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| leader_name3 = [[M. P. Saminathan]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Government- MLAs|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/government/mlas?page=2|publisher=The Official Portal of the Tamil Nadu State Government|access-date=17 July 2013}}</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name=about>{{cite web|title=About Municipality|url=https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/kangeyam//abtus_municipality.htm|publisher=Department of Municipal Administration And Water Supply|access-date=17 July 2013}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 22.17
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 310
| population_total = 44000
| population_as_of = 2024
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Kangeyan
| population_footnotes = <ref name=pop>{{cite web|title=Population|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/kangeyam/sal_population.htm|publisher=Department Of Municipal Administration And Water Supply|access-date=17 July 2013|archive-date=10 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310021802/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/kangeyam/sal_population.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 638701
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 04257
| registration_plate = TN-42Y
| website = [http://municipality.tn.gov.in/kangeyam/ municipality.tn.gov.in/kangeyam/]
| footnotes =
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tiruppur]]
}}

'''Kangeyam''' ({{IPA|ta|kaːŋɡeːjam|lang}}) is a town and municipality in [[Kangeyam taluk]] of [[Tiruppur district]] in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=gen/> Situated along the [[National Highway 81 (India)|National Highway 81]], it is around {{cvt|28|km}} from the district headquarters [[Tiruppur]].<ref name=abc>{{cite web|title=About City|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/kangeyam/abc-city.htm|publisher=Department of Municipal Administration And Water Supply|access-date=17 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927135659/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/kangeyam/abc-city.htm|archive-date=27 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=high>{{cite web|title=Highways |url=http://www.nhai.org/Doc/project-offer/Highways.pdf |publisher=National Highways Authority of India |access-date=17 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225142615/http://www.nhai.org/Doc/project-offer/Highways.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2009 }}</ref> the economy of the town is dependent on agriculture and allied activities including [[Rice huller|rice hulling]], [[coconut oil]] and [[ghee]] extraction.<ref name=geninfo>{{cite web|title=General Information|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/kangeyam/sal_generalinf.htm|publisher=Department of Municipal Administration And Water Supply|access-date=17 July 2013|archive-date=10 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310021303/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/kangeyam/sal_generalinf.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Kangayam cattle]] is a breed of cattle that is indigenous to the area around Kangeyam.

==History==
Kangeyam was the capital of the [[Kongu Nadu]] region in ancient times.{{cn|date=December 2025}} An ancient [[beryl]] mine near Kangeyam produced Indian beryl for export to the [[Roman Empire]], which is why numerous Roman coins have been found near the town.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 10|pages=365|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V10_371.gif}}</ref>

==Climate==
Kangeyam is one of the driest parts of Tamil Nadu, with an average annual rainfall around {{cvt|60|cm}}. It is dependent on the [[northeast monsoon]], with most of the rainfall occurring during the months of October and November. During the southwest monsoon, there are gusts of wind, and less rainfall. January to March are the coolest months with April and May being the hottest of the year with thundershowers during the day.{{cn|date=December 2025}}

==Demographics==
{{bar box|title=Religion<ref name=religion2011/>|titlebar=#ddd|left1=Religion|right1=Percent(%)|float=right|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|Orange|88.86}}{{bar percent|[[Islam|Muslim]]|Green|6.22}}{{bar percent|[[Christianity|Christian]]|purple|3.91}}{{bar percent|Other|grey|1.01}}}}
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 Census of India]], Kangeyam had a population of 32,147 with a ratio of 987 females for every 1,000 males, higher than the national average of 929.<ref name="dashboard">{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> 2,811 residents were under the age of six, with 1,485 under-six males and 1,326 females. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] accounted for 9.33% and 0.07% of the population, respectively. The average literacy of the town was 77.7%, higher than the national average of 72.99%.<ref name="dashboard"/> The town had a total of 9,449 households. There were a total of 15,720 workers. Of the working population, 392 were cultivators, 603 were main agricultural laborers, 1,610 worked in household industries, 11,503 worked in other industries, 1,612 were marginal workers, 63 were marginal cultivators, 155 were marginal agricultural laborers, 225 were marginal workers in household industries, and 1,169 were other marginal workers.<ref name=2011census>{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals - Kangeyam|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=706898|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref>

Around 3% of the people were below the poverty line, much lower than the national average of 29.8% and the state average of 17.1%.<ref name=abc/><ref>{{cite web|title=About 30% people were below poverty line in 2009-10: Govt|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/about-30--people-were-below-poverty-line-in-200910-govt/1084005/|work=indianexpress}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=State Specific Poverty Lines, Number and Percentage of Population below Poverty Line by States - 2004-05 & 2009-10|url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/data/datatable/0904/tab_45.pdf|publisher=Planning Commission|access-date=17 July 2013|archive-date=4 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004095747/http://planningcommission.nic.in/data/datatable/0904/tab_45.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The population is 88.86% [[Hindu]], 6.22% [[Muslim]], 3.91% [[Christianity|Christian]], 0.02% [[Sikh]], 0.02% [[Buddhist]], 0.01% [[Jain]] and 0.01% Other. 0.95% of the respondents followed no religion or did not state their religion.<ref name=religion2011>{{cite web|title=Population By Religious Community - Tamil Nadu|year=2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|format=XLS|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|access-date=31 January 2016}}</ref>

==Administration and politics==
Kangeyam comes under the [[Tiruppur district|Tiruppur]] district.<ref>{{cite web|title=Revenue Division|url=http://tirupurguide.co.in/Tup_Revenue_info.php|publisher=he "Pioneer Publishers of Tirupur Trade Directories"|access-date=17 July 2013}}</ref> [[Kangayam (state assembly constituency)|Kangeyam assembly constituency]] is part of [[Erode (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=eci>{{cite web|title=Delimination of Lok Sabha constituencies, 2008|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=17 July 2013}}</ref> [[A. Ganesha Murthi]] is the current [[Member of Parliament]] representing Kangeyam.<ref>{{cite web|title=Erode Parliamentary constituency a difficult terrain to predict- After delimitation, it has parts of now-scrapped Tiruchengode, Palani LS constituencies|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/29/stories/2009042954800500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917210836/http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/29/stories/2009042954800500.htm|url-status=dead|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2009-04-29|archive-date=2011-09-17}}</ref> [[M. P. Saminathan]] (DMK) represents [[Kangayam (State Assembly Constituency)|Kangeyam Constituency]] in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Members of constituency Namewise |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/members/constnamewise.htm |publisher=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date=17 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006234417/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/members/constnamewise.htm |archive-date= 6 October 2013 }}</ref>
==Economy==
The economy of Kangeyam is mostly based on [[agriculture]], and allied activities such as [[Rice huller|rice hulling]], manufacture of coconut [[copra]] (dried kernel used in [[coconut oil]] production), [[ghee]] production and [[Peanut|groundnut]] cultivation. The region, despite being semi-arid and rain-fed, produces [[rice]] throughout the year.<ref name=geninfo/> Kangeyam is called the "Rice and Oil town" due to its large scale rice and coconut oil industries.<ref name="about" />

Rice cultivated in the [[Kaveri]] delta region in Tamil Nadu and neighboring states of [[Karnataka]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]] are brought to Kangeyam for processing. There are more than 500 rice mills in the taluk.<ref name=msme>{{cite web|title=Existing Industrial Scenario|url=http://dcmsme.gov.in/publications/traderep/erode/erode4.htm|publisher=The office of Development Commissioner (MSME), Ministry of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises, Government of India|access-date=17 July 2013}}</ref> Coconut oil production in Kangeyam began in the 1980s, and the coconut oil produced here is marketed across India and exported to other countries.<ref name=red>{{cite web|title=Coconut oil production|url=http://www.rediff.com/money/1999/mar/26coco.htm|work=rediff.com}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated3>{{cite web|title=Coconut oil prices rise 3.4% on low supplies|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/coconut-oil-prices-rise-3-4-on-low-supplies-110090700045_1.html|publisher=business-standard.com}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite web|title=Kochi, Kangayam (TN), Bombay vie for coconut futures centre|url=http://www.rediff.com/money/1999/mar/26coco.htm|publisher=rediff.com/}}</ref><ref name=ie>{{cite web|title=Robust output in South India to boost coconut oil production|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/robust-output-in-south-india-to-boost-coconut-oil-production/952052/|work=indianexpress}}</ref><ref name=et>{{cite web|title=Branded players to cash in on low coconut oil prices|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-06-30/news/28462899_1_coconut-oil-copra-prices-coconut-farmers|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928034123/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-06-30/news/28462899_1_coconut-oil-copra-prices-coconut-farmers|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 September 2013|publisher=economictimes.indiatimes.com}}</ref> There are about 150 coconut oil manufacturing units in and around Kangeyam and about 500 [[kopra]] processing and drying units in Kangeyam Taluk.<ref name=msme/> [[Ghee]] and ornamental stone production are other major businesses in Kangeyam.<ref name="geninfo" /> "Moon Stone" from the town is exported to other countries.<ref name="about" /> Other industries include vehicle body building, manufacture welded wires, and knit cloth manufacturing.{{cn|date=December 2025}}

=== Kangeyam bull ===
The [[Kangayam cattle]] is a breed of cattle that is indigenous to the area around Kangeyam.<ref name="about" /> It is known for its superior draught strength and adaptability to poor nutritional conditions.<ref name="tup">{{cite web|title=Animal Husbandry|url=http://tiruppur.nic.in/ahvs.html|access-date=17 July 2013|publisher=Tirupur District official website}}</ref> They have compact bodies with short, stout legs, strong hooves, a short neck and a firm hump, and are usually grey or white in colour.<ref name="ext">{{cite web|title=Efforts to prevent Kangayam bull becoming extinct|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/08/14/stories/2010081462150300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100818020144/http://www.hindu.com/2010/08/14/stories/2010081462150300.htm|url-status=dead|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2010-08-14|archive-date=2010-08-18}}</ref>

==Transport==
Kangeyam is well connected by roads to other major towns in the district.<ref name=high/><ref name=bus>{{cite web|title=Bus Stand|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/kangeyam/sal_bsustand.htm|publisher=Department of Municipal Administration And Water Supply|access-date=17 July 2013}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> It is located on [[National Highway 81 (India)|National Highway 81]].<ref name=high/> There are two bus stands in Kangeyam–one for local buses and other for intercity buses.{{cn|date=December 2025}} State highways that run through Kangeyam are:<ref name=sh>{{cite web|title=State Highways|url=http://www.tnhighways.org/images/roadlist/SH_ListofRoads_31032011.pdf|publisher=The office of the Director General, Highways Department, Chennai-5|access-date=17 July 2013|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927102954/http://www.tnhighways.org/images/roadlist/SH_ListofRoads_31032011.pdf|archive-date=27 September 2013}}</ref>
#SH 81 ([[Gobichettipalayam]] - Kangeyam)
#SH 96 (Perundurai - Kangeyam)
#SH 172 ([[Tiruppur]] - Kangeyam),
#SH 83A ([[Erode]] - Kangeyam - Dharapuram)
#SH 189 (Kangeyam - [[Kodumudi]]).

== Landmarks ==
[[File:Kangeyam.jpg|thumb|A temple in Kangeyam]]

Sivanmalai is a [[Hindu temple]] situated about {{cvt|4|km}} from Kangeyam.<ref name=siab>{{cite web|title=Contact Us|url=http://www.sivanmalaimurugan.org/contactus-sivanmalai.html|publisher=Arulmigu Subramanyaswamy Temple, Sivanmalai, Kangayam, Tirupur.}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The temple is dedicated to [[Murugan]], and is located atop a small hillock.<ref name=tups>{{cite web|title=TEMPLES|url=http://tiruppur.nic.in/temple.html#5|publisher=Official website of Tirupur district}}</ref><ref name=fest>{{cite web|title=Arulmigu Subramanyaswamy Temple - Festivals|url=http://www.sivanmalaimurugan.org/festivals-sivanmalai.html|publisher=Arulmigu Subramanyaswamy Temple, Sivanmalai, Kangayam, Tirupur.}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Uthiyur]], located {{cvt|18|km}} south of the town has numerous temples.{{cn|date=December 2025}}

==Utilities==
There is a 54-bed [[Public hospital|government hospital]] in Kangeyam which has been upgraded into a district headquarters government hospital.<ref>{{cite web|title=Public Health|url=http://tiruppur.nic.in/hospitals.html|publisher=Official website of Tirupur district}}</ref> Four [[Primary Health Centre]]s are under the administration of the Kangeyam health block.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dharapuram HUD|url=http://www.nrhmtn.gov.in/hr/dharapuram.pdf|publisher=State Health Society, Tamil Nadu}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Besides these, there are a number of private hospitals in the town.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hospitals|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/kangeyam/ser_hospitals.htm|publisher=Department of Municipal Administration And Water Supply|access-date=17 July 2013}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A number of schools and colleges are situated in and around Kangeyam.<ref name=ins>{{cite web|title=Colleges in and around Kangeyam|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/kangeyam/ser_institutions.htm|publisher=Department of Municipal Administration And Water Supply|access-date=17 July 2013|archive-date=27 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927135831/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/kangeyam/ser_institutions.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130325083516/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/kangeyam/ Official website of Kangeyam municipality]

{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Tirupur district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Tiruppur district]]

Cnemaspis cavernicola

2025-12-16T04:00:11Z

S7singh: Started details

{{Short description|Species of reptile}}
{{Speciesbox
| genus = Cnemaspis
| species = cavernicola
| authority = Khandekar, Thackeray, Kalaimani & Agarwal, 2023
}}
'''''Cnemaspis cavernicola''''', the '''cave-dwelling dwarf gecko''', is a species of dwarf [[gecko]] that was found in [[Pakkamalai Reserve Forest]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], India.<ref name="Khandekar et al. 2023"/><ref name="miamiherald"/> It is a small species, with [[snout–vent length]] of {{convert|28|-|34|mm|abbr=on}} and tail length of {{convert|24|-|36|mm|abbr=on}}, giving a maximum total length of about {{convert|68|mm|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Khandekar et al. 2023"/>

== Description ==
''Cnemaspis cavernicola'' is a small ''Cnemaspis'', with a [[snout–vent length]] of less than 34 mm. The arrangement of scales on the dorsum is heterogeneous, with weakly keeled, granular scales in the vertebral and paravertebral regions, intermixed with about two or three regularly arranged rows of large, weakly keeled tubercles on each side of flank. The tubercles in lowest row are the largest and spine-like. There are 4–6 rows of dorsal tubercles. The ventral scales are smooth, subcircular, and subimbricate, with 28–32 scales across the belly and 116–125 longitudinal scales from the mental scale to the cloaca.<ref name="Khandekar et al. 2023" />

The subdigital scansors are smooth, entire, and unnotched, with 10–12 total lamellae under digit I of manus and pes,15–19 lamellae under digit IV of manus, and 18–21 lamellae under digit IV of pes. Males have one or two femoral pores on each thigh, separated on either side by 8–10 poreless scales from a continuous series of three precloacal pores. The tail has enlarged, strongly keeled, distinctly pointed, conical tubercles forming whorls and a median row of smooth, distinctly enlarged subcaudals. The dorsum is grey-brown with a single medial dark spot on nape, followed by four light blotches from forelimb insertions to tail base. The tail has 12–14 alternating light and dark bars.<ref name="Khandekar et al. 2023" />

== Distribution and habitat ==
''Cnemaspis cavernicola'' is known only from Pakkamalai Reserve Forest in the Gingee Hills in Viluppuram district, Tamil Nadu at elevations of around 400–480 m. Individuals were observed in small numbers in shaded and relatively cool areas among very large granite boulders.<ref name="Khandekar et al. 2023" />

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Khandekar et al. 2023">{{cite journal |last1=Khandekar |first1=Akshay |last2=Thackeray |first2=Tejas |last3=Kalaimani |first3=Ayuthavel |last4=Agarwal |first4=Ishan |title=Two new species of South Asian ''Cnemaspis'' Strauch, 1887 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from the Gingee Hills, Tamil Nadu, India |journal=Vertebrate Zoology |date=2023 |volume=73 |pages=887–913 |doi=10.3897/vz.73.e110512 |doi-access=free }}{{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4}}</ref>

<ref name="miamiherald">{{cite news |author=Aspen Pflughoeft |title='Dwarf'-like clawed creature found lurking in caves of India. It's a new species |url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/article280226034.html |newspaper=Miami Herald |location= |date=9 October 2023 |access-date=31 October 2023}}</ref>
}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q122919321}}

[[Category:Cnemaspis|cavernicola]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 2023]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Ishan Agarwal]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Akshay Khandekar]]

Ghatotand

2025-12-14T22:16:42Z

S7singh: Started a details

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ghatotand
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.7975|N|85.5745|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ramgarh district|Ramgarh]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages (*For language details see [[Mandu (community development block)#Language and religion]])
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 825316
| area_code_type = Telephone/ [[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
| area_code = 06545
| registration_plate = JH
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Hazaribagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hazaribagh]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Mandu (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mandu]]
| website = {{URL|ramgarh.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Ghatotand''' is a town in the [[Mandu (community development block)|Mandu]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Ramgarh subdivision]] of the [[Ramgarh district]] in the state of [[Jharkhand]], [[India]]. The West Bokaro Division of [[Tata Steel]] is located here.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.business-standard.com/company/tata-steel-566/information/company-location| title= Tata Steel Ltd. (Tata Steel) Locations |publisher= Business Standard| accessdate = 8 February 2021}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=450| height=320| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|42|0|N|85|30|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Ramgarh district in North Chotanagpur Division''' M: municipality, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, T: tourist centre, P: power plant Abbreviation used- TPP: thermal power project Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|38|31|N|85|19|15|E}} | label-pos1=bottom|label1= Balkundra | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Balkundra]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|36|50|N|85|29|0|E}} | label-pos2=bottom|label2= Barkakana| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Barkakana]] (CT)
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|mark-coord6={{coord|23|34|35|N|85|39|17|E}} | label-pos6=bottom|label6= Chitarpur| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Chitarpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|36|50|N|85|17|1|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Hesla| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Hesla, Ramgarh]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|39|40|N|85|19|0|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Jainagar| numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Jainagar, Ramgarh]] (CT)
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|mark-coord10={{coord|23|43|30|N|85|30|40|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Kuju| numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Kuju, Ramgarh]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|39|11|N|85|24|35|E}} | label-pos11=top|label11= Lapanga| numbered11=CT| mark-title11=[[Lapanga, Ramgarh]] (CT)
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|mark-coord15={{coord|23|40|27|N|85|16|48|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Patratu| numbered15=CT| mark-title15=[[Patratu]] (CT)
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|mark-coord17={{coord|23|39|11|N|85|20|50|E}} | label-pos17=top|label17= Saunda| numbered17=CT| mark-title17=[[Saunda]] (CT)
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|mark-coord20={{coord|23|39|15|N|85|25|57|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20= Sirka| numbered20=CT| mark-title20=[[Sirka, India]] (CT)
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|mark-coord22={{coord|23|44|39|N|85|28|32|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22= Topa| numbered22=CT| mark-title22=[[Topa]] (CT)
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|mark-coord25={{coord|23|39|23|N|85|21|50|E}} | label-pos25=bottom|label25= Bhurkunda| numbered25=R|mark-title25=[[Bhurkunda]] (R) |shape-color25= #C40000
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|mark-coord28={{coord|23|32|13|N|85|43|1|E}} | label-pos28=left|label28= Gola| numbered28=R|mark-title28=[[Gola, Ramgarh]] (R) |shape-color28= #C40000
|mark-coord29={{coord|23|37|55|N|85|42|40|E}} | label-pos29=left|label29=Rajrappa| numbered29=T| mark-title29= [[Rajrappa]] (T) |shape-color29= #74C365
|mark-coord30={{coord|23|38|45|N|85|17|35|E}} | label-pos30=left|label30= Patratu |labela30 = Super TPP| numbered30=P| mark-title30= [[Patratu Super Thermal Power Project]] |shape-color30=#967117
|mark-coord31={{coord|23|40|55|N|85|19|32|E}} | label-pos31=top|label31=CCL Barka|labela31= Sayal Area |numbered31=0 | mark-title31=[[Barka Sayal Area]] | label-size31=12| shape-color31=#AA6666
|mark-coord32={{coord|23|40|0|N|85|27|1|E}} | label-pos32=right|label32=CCL Argada Area |numbered32=0 | mark-title32=[[Argada Area]] | label-size32=12| shape-color32=#AA6666
|mark-coord33={{coord|23|51|0|N|85|26|28|E}} | label-pos33=left|label33=CCL |labela33=Hazaribagh Area |numbered33=0 | mark-title33=[[Hazaribagh Area]] | label-size33=12| shape-color33=#AA6666
|mark-coord34={{coord|23|42|40|N|85|30|10|E}} | label-pos34=left|label34=CCL Kuju Area |numbered34=0 | mark-title34=[[Kuju Area]] | label-size34=12| shape-color34=#AA6666
|mark-coord35={{coord|23|35|30|N|85|40|45|E}} | label-pos35=left|label35=CCL Rajrappa Area |numbered35=0 | mark-title35=[[Rajrappa Area]] | label-size35=12| shape-color35=#AA6666
|mark-coord36={{coord|23|47|30|N|85|45|0|E}} |label36= Bokaro |labela36= River |label-color36 = #77A1CB| label-angle36= 0| label-pos36=top| label-size36=10| mark-size36=0| mark-title36 =none
|mark-coord37={{coord|23|42|20|N|85|14|0|E}} |label37= Damodar|labela37= River |label-color37 = #77A1CB| label-angle37= 0| label-pos37=top| label-size37=10| mark-size37=0| mark-title37 =none
|mark-coord38={{coord|23|34|0|N|85|44|0|E}} |label38= Bhairavi|labela38= River|label-color38 = #77A1CB| label-angle38= -90| label-pos38=top| label-size38=10| mark-size38=0| mark-title38 =none}}

===Location===
Ghatotand is located at {{coord|23.7975|N|85.5745|E|display=inline}}.

===Area overview===
Ramgarh has a vibrant coal-mining sector. The map alongside provides links to five operational areas of [[Central Coalfields]] spread across [[South Karanpura Coalfield]], [[Ramgarh Coalfield]] and [[West Bokaro Coalfield]]. Four of the six CD blocks in the district have coal mines – Patratu, Ramgarh, Mandu and Chitarpur. The high concentration of census towns in these blocks are noticeable on the map. Only two blocks, Gola and Dulmi, are totally rural areas. Ramgarh district lies in the central part of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]]. The [[Damodar River|Damodar valley]] covers most of the district. The forested areas in highlands to the north and the south of the valley can be seen in the map (mark the shaded areas).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2016_PART_A_DCHB_RAMGARH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Ramgarh, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 7-8: Physiography, Drainage, Pages 8-11: Minerals and mining|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 9 February 2021}}</ref> "Chotanagpur has a charm of its own… The entire area forms one of the most charming series of views imaginable. The far-off hills in the background in exquisite tints of blue or purple as the light falls, the nearer hills picturesquely shaped and luxuriant in every shade of green with their bold escarpments in black or grey, and the brown plains below furnishing their quota of colours."<ref>{{cite book|last=Prasad |first=Ram Chandra |date=2003 |title=Bihar |url=https://archive.org/details/bihar0000pras |url-access=registration |publication-place=New Delhi |publisher=National Book Trust, India |page=[https://archive.org/details/bihar0000pras/page/5 5] |isbn=81-237-0151-9}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Tata Steel==
West Bokaro Colliery was established in 1948 by Anderson Wright. Tata Steel acquired it in 1956 and the West Bokaro Division came up in 1976. It is a fully mechanised opencast mine that produces {7 million tonnes per annum of coal for steel making at Jamshedpur.<ref name=tatasteel>{{cite web| url = https://www.tatasteel.com/careers/culture-at-tata-steel/locationalregional-showcase/# | title= Locational/ Regional Showcase | work= West Bokaro Division |publisher= Tata Steel | accessdate = 8 February 2021}}</ref>

Spread across a leasehold area of {{convert|4300|acre}}, it is a self-reliant eco-friendly picturesque township with its own markets, schools, medical facilities, parks and other amenities. It has a 10,000-book knowledge centre covering a vast range of topics from managerial to mining. Medical facilities include Tata Central Hospital at Ghatotand and 6 dispensaries in nearby villages.<ref name=tatasteel/>

Hurdag coal block in the nearby Kotre Basantpur Panchmo area has been allotted to Tata Steel.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-dna-investigation-guess-who-s-got-the-steel-to-get-coal-on-the-block-1744847 |title = 'DNA' investigation: Guess who's got the steel to get coal on the block | publisher= DNA| accessdate = 8 February 2021}}</ref>

==Civic administration==
West Bokaro Outpost of Jharkhand Police serves the area.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/ramgarh| title = District Police Profile - Ramgarh| publisher = Jharkhand Police| access-date = 8 February 2021| archive-date = 28 January 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210128091035/https://jhpolice.gov.in/ramgarh| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==Education==
TATA DAV Public School, an English-medium coeducational institution, was established at Ghatotand in 1987. It has facilities for teaching from class I to class XII. It has 400 computers for learning purposes, a library with 11,325 books and a play ground.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://schools.org.in/ramgarh/20241208115/tata-dav-public-school-wbc-ghatotand.html | title= TATA DAV Public School WBC.Ghatotand |publisher= Schools.org| accessdate = 8 February 2021}}</ref>

Holy Cross School, an English-medium coeducational institution, was established at Ghatotand in 1983. It has facilities for teaching from the primary to the higher secondary stage.
<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.indiastudychannel.com/schools/3853-holy-cross-school-ghato-jharkhand| title= Holy Cross School, Ghato, Jharkhand |publisher= India Study Channel| accessdate = 8 February 2021}}</ref>
Shishu Niketan school is also set up at Rajendra Nagar/ Ghatotand

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ramgarh District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Ramgarh district]]

2008 Canara Bank Bangalore Open – Singles

2025-12-01T00:06:28Z

S7singh: New

{{morefootnotes|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Tennis events|2008|Canara Bank Bangalore Open|
| defchamp =
| champ = {{flagicon|USA}} [[Serena Williams]]
| runner = {{flagicon|SUI}} [[Patty Schnyder]]
| score = 7–5, 6–3
| draw = 28
| seeds = 8
| edition =
| type = singles doubles
| after_year = 2022
| after_name = Chennai Open
| before_name = Sony Ericsson International
| main_name = WTA Indian Open
}}

{{main|2008 Canara Bank Bangalore Open}}

[[Yaroslava Shvedova]] was the defending champion, but lost in the first round to [[Akgul Amanmuradova]].

[[Serena Williams]] defeated [[Patty Schnyder]] in straight sets to win the title, despite being match point down in her semifinal match against her sister [[Venus Williams]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/tournament/bangalore/ind/2008/w-t2-ind-01a-2008/draws-and-results/ |publisher =International Tennis Federation (ITF) |title=ITF – tournament details }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Serena wins first title in India |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2008-03-10/serena-wins-first-title-in-india/1067222 |website=ABC |date=9 March 2008}}</ref>

==Singles results==

===Seeds===

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
# {{flagicon|SER}} [[Jelena Janković]] ''(quarterfinals)''
# {{flagicon|USA}} [[Venus Williams]] ''(semifinals)''
# {{flagicon|USA}} '''[[Serena Williams]] (champion)'''
# {{flagicon|SUI}} [[Patty Schnyder]] ''(final)''
# {{flagicon|HUN}} [[Ágnes Szávay]] ''(second round)''
# {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Sybille Bammer]] ''(second round)''
# {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Vera Zvonareva]] ''(quarterfinals)''
# {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Maria Kirilenko]] ''(first round)''
}}

{{Draw key}}

===Finals===
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=Semifinals
| RD2=Final
| team-width=175
| RD1-seed1= 
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|CHN}} [[Yan Zi (tennis)|Yan Zi]]
| RD1-score1-1=3
| RD1-score1-2=4
| RD1-score1-3= 
| RD1-seed2=4
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|SUI}} '''[[Patty Schnyder]]'''
| RD1-score2-1='''6'''
| RD1-score2-2='''6'''
| RD1-score2-3= 
| RD1-seed3=3
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|USA}} '''[[Serena Williams]]'''
| RD1-score3-1='''6'''
| RD1-score3-2=3
| RD1-score3-3='''77'''
| RD1-seed4=2
| RD1-team4={{flagicon|USA}} [[Venus Williams]]
| RD1-score4-1=3
| RD1-score4-2='''6'''
| RD1-score4-3=64
| RD2-seed1=4
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|SUI}} [[Patty Schnyder]]
| RD2-score1-1=5
| RD2-score1-2=3
| RD2-score1-3= 
| RD2-seed2=3
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|USA}} '''[[Serena Williams]]'''
| RD2-score2-1='''7'''
| RD2-score2-2='''6'''
| RD2-score2-3= 
}}

===Top half===
{{16TeamBracket-Compact-Tennis3-Byes
| RD1 = First round
| RD2 = Second round
| RD3 = Quarter-Finals
| RD4 = Semi-Finals
| RD1-seed03=  
| RD1-team03= {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Chan Yung-jan|Y-j Chan]]
| RD1-score03-1=2
| RD1-score03-2=2
| RD1-score03-3=
| RD1-seed04=PR
| RD1-team04= {{flagicon|CRO}} '''[[Sanda Mamić|S Mamić]]'''
| RD1-score04-1='''6'''
| RD1-score04-2='''6'''
| RD1-score04-3=
| RD1-seed05=
| RD1-team05= {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Katie O'Brien|K O'Brien]]
| RD1-score05-1=4
| RD1-score05-2='''6'''
| RD1-score05-3=5
| RD1-seed06=  
| RD1-team06= {{flagicon|UKR}} '''[[Olga Savchuk|O Savchuk]]'''
| RD1-score06-1='''6'''
| RD1-score06-2=2
| RD1-score06-3='''7'''
| RD1-seed07= 
| RD1-team07= {{flagicon|CHN}} '''[[Yan Zi (tennis)|Z Yan]]'''
| RD1-score07-1=3
| RD1-score07-2='''7'''
| RD1-score07-3='''6'''
| RD1-seed08= 8
| RD1-team08= {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Maria Kirilenko|M Kirilenko]]
| RD1-score08-1='''6'''
| RD1-score08-2=67
| RD1-score08-3=1
| RD1-seed11= 
| RD1-team11= {{flagicon|JPN}} '''[[Aiko Nakamura|A Nakamura]]'''
| RD1-score11-1=65
| RD1-score11-2='''6'''
| RD1-score11-3='''6'''
| RD1-seed12=  
| RD1-team12= {{flagicon|THA}} [[Tamarine Tanasugarn|T Tanasugarn]]
| RD1-score12-1='''7'''
| RD1-score12-2=1
| RD1-score12-3=2
| RD1-seed13= 
| RD1-team13={{nowrap|{{flagicon|UZB}} '''[[Akgul Amanmuradova|A Amanmuradova]]'''}}
| RD1-score13-1='''6'''
| RD1-score13-2=3
| RD1-score13-3='''6'''
| RD1-seed14=  
| RD1-team14= {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Yaroslava Shvedova|Y Shvedova]]
| RD1-score14-1=3
| RD1-score14-2='''6'''
| RD1-score14-3=3
| RD1-seed15= WC
| RD1-team15= {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shikha Uberoi|S Uberoi]]
| RD1-score15-1=1
| RD1-score15-2=4
| RD1-score15-3=
| RD1-seed16= 5
| RD1-team16= {{flagicon|HUN}} '''[[Ágnes Szávay|Á Szávay]]'''
| RD1-score16-1='''6'''
| RD1-score16-2='''6'''
| RD1-score16-3=
| RD2-seed01= 1
| RD2-team01= {{flagicon|SRB}} '''[[Jelena Janković|J Janković]]'''
| RD2-score01-1='''6'''
| RD2-score01-2='''6'''
| RD2-score01-3=
| RD2-seed02=PR
| RD2-team02={{flagicon|CRO}} [[Sanda Mamić|S Mamić]]
| RD2-score02-1=2
| RD2-score02-2=2
| RD2-score02-3=
| RD2-seed03=
| RD2-team03={{flagicon|UKR}} [[Olga Savchuk|O Savchuk]]
| RD2-score03-1=2
| RD2-score03-2=1
| RD2-score03-3=
| RD2-seed04= 
| RD2-team04={{flagicon|CHN}} '''[[Yan Zi (tennis)|Z Yan]]'''
| RD2-score04-1='''6'''
| RD2-score04-2='''6'''
| RD2-score04-3=
| RD2-seed05= 4
| RD2-team05= {{flagicon|SUI}} '''[[Patty Schnyder|P Schnyder]]'''
| RD2-score05-1=61
| RD2-score05-2='''6'''
| RD2-score05-3='''6'''
| RD2-seed06= 
| RD2-team06={{flagicon|JPN}} [[Aiko Nakamura|A Nakamura]]
| RD2-score06-1='''7'''
| RD2-score06-2=4
| RD2-score06-3=2
| RD2-seed07=  
| RD2-team07= {{nowrap|{{flagicon|UZB}} '''[[Akgul Amanmuradova|A Amanmuradova]]'''}}
| RD2-score07-1= 4
| RD2-score07-2='''7'''
| RD2-score07-3='''6'''
| RD2-seed08=5
| RD2-team08={{flagicon|HUN}} [[Ágnes Szávay|Á Szávay]]
| RD2-score08-1= '''6'''
| RD2-score08-2= 64
| RD2-score08-3=4
| RD3-seed01=1
| RD3-team01={{flagicon|SRB}} [[Jelena Janković|J Janković]]
| RD3-score01-1=3
| RD3-score01-2='''6'''
| RD3-score01-3=3
| RD3-seed02= 
| RD3-team02={{flagicon|CHN}} '''[[Yan Zi (tennis)|Z Yan]]'''
| RD3-score02-1='''6'''
| RD3-score02-2=3
| RD3-score02-3='''6'''
| RD3-seed03=4
| RD3-team03={{flagicon|SUI}} '''[[Patty Schnyder|P Schnyder]]'''
| RD3-score03-1=4
| RD3-score03-2='''6'''
| RD3-score03-3='''7'''
| RD3-seed04=  
| RD3-team04={{nowrap|{{flagicon|UZB}} [[Akgul Amanmuradova|A Amanmuradova]]}}
| RD3-score04-1='''6'''
| RD3-score04-2=4
| RD3-score04-3=61
| RD4-seed01= 
| RD4-team01={{flagicon|CHN}} [[Yan Zi (tennis)|Z Yan]]
| RD4-score01-1=3
| RD4-score01-2=4
| RD4-score01-3=
| RD4-seed02= 4
| RD4-team02={{nowrap|{{flagicon|SUI}} '''[[Patty Schnyder|P Schnyder]]'''}}
| RD4-score02-1='''6'''
| RD4-score02-2='''6'''
| RD4-score02-3=
}}

===Bottom half===
{{16TeamBracket-Compact-Tennis3-Byes
| RD1 = First round
| RD2 = Second round
| RD3 = Quarter-Finals
| RD4 = Semi-Finals
| RD1-seed01= 6
| RD1-team01= {{flagicon|AUT}} '''[[Sybille Bammer|S Bammer]]'''
| RD1-score01-1=2
| RD1-score01-2='''6'''
| RD1-score01-3='''7'''
| RD1-seed02= 
| RD1-team02= {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Akiko Morigami|A Morigami]]
| RD1-score02-1='''6'''
| RD1-score02-2=3
| RD1-score02-3=5
| RD1-seed03=  
| RD1-team03= {{flagicon|RUS}} '''[[Anastasia Rodionova|A Rodionova]]'''
| RD1-score03-1=4
| RD1-score03-2='''7'''
| RD1-score03-3='''6'''
| RD1-seed04= Q
| RD1-team04= {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Sun Tiantian|T Sun]]
| RD1-score04-1='''6'''
| RD1-score04-2=62
| RD1-score04-3=4
| RD1-seed05= Q
| RD1-team05= {{flagicon|GER}} [[Angelika Bachmann|A Bachmann]]
| RD1-score05-1=2
| RD1-score05-2=3
| RD1-score05-3=
| RD1-seed06=  
| RD1-team06= {{flagicon|ISR}} '''[[Tzipora Obziler|T Obziler]]'''
| RD1-score06-1='''6'''
| RD1-score06-2='''6'''
| RD1-score06-3=

| RD1-seed09= 7
| RD1-team09= {{flagicon|RUS}} '''[[Vera Zvonareva|V Zvonareva]]'''
| RD1-score09-1=4
| RD1-score09-2='''6'''
| RD1-score09-3='''6'''
| RD1-seed10= Q
| RD1-team10= {{flagicon|ROU}} [[Monica Niculescu|M Niculescu]]
| RD1-score10-1='''6'''
| RD1-score10-2=3
| RD1-score10-3=1
| RD1-seed11= WC
| RD1-team11= {{flagicon|IND}} [[Isha Lakhani|I Lakhani]]
| RD1-score11-1=2
| RD1-score11-2=2
| RD1-score11-3=
| RD1-seed12= Q
| RD1-team12= {{flagicon|ROU}} '''[[Ágnes Szatmári|Á Szatmári]]'''
| RD1-score12-1='''6'''
| RD1-score12-2='''6'''
| RD1-score12-3=
| RD1-seed13= 
| RD1-team13= {{flagicon|LUX}} [[Anne Kremer|A Kremer]]
| RD1-score13-1=1
| RD1-score13-2=2
| RD1-score13-3=
| RD1-seed14=  
| RD1-team14= {{flagicon|CHN}} '''[[Peng Shuai|S Peng]]'''
| RD1-score14-1='''6'''
| RD1-score14-2='''6'''
| RD1-score14-3=
| RD2-seed01=6
| RD2-team01={{flagicon|AUT}} [[Sybille Bammer|S Bammer]]
| RD2-score01-1=65
| RD2-score01-2=2
| RD2-score01-3=
| RD2-seed02= 
| RD2-team02={{flagicon|RUS}} '''[[Anastasia Rodionova|A Rodionova]]'''
| RD2-score02-1='''7'''
| RD2-score02-2='''6'''
| RD2-score02-3=
| RD2-seed03= 
| RD2-team03={{flagicon|ISR}} [[Tzipora Obziler|T Obziler]]
| RD2-score03-1=5
| RD2-score03-2=0
| RD2-score03-3=
| RD2-seed04=3
| RD2-team04= {{flagicon|USA}} '''[[Serena Williams|S Williams]]'''
| RD2-score04-1='''7'''
| RD2-score04-2='''6'''
| RD2-score04-3=
| RD2-seed05= 7
| RD2-team05= {{flagicon|RUS}} '''[[Vera Zvonareva|V Zvonareva]]'''
| RD2-score05-1='''7'''
| RD2-score05-2='''6'''
| RD2-score05-3=
| RD2-seed06= Q
| RD2-team06= {{flagicon|ROU}} [[Ágnes Szatmári|Á Szatmári]]
| RD2-score06-1=65
| RD2-score06-2=1
| RD2-score06-3=
| RD2-seed07=
| RD2-team07={{flagicon|CHN}} [[Peng Shuai|S Peng]]
| RD2-score07-1= 2
| RD2-score07-2= '''7'''
| RD2-score07-3= 2
| RD2-seed08=2
| RD2-team08= {{flagicon|USA}} '''[[Venus Williams|V Williams]]'''
| RD2-score08-1= '''6'''
| RD2-score08-2= 66
| RD2-score08-3='''6'''
| RD3-seed01=
| RD3-team01={{flagicon|RUS}} [[Anastasia Rodionova|A Rodionova]]
| RD3-score01-1=1
| RD3-score01-2=4
| RD3-score01-3=
| RD3-seed02= 3
| RD3-team02= {{flagicon|USA}} '''[[Serena Williams|S Williams]]'''
| RD3-score02-1='''6'''
| RD3-score02-2='''6'''
| RD3-score02-3=
| RD3-seed03= 7
| RD3-team03= {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Vera Zvonareva|V Zvonareva]]
| RD3-score03-1=4
| RD3-score03-2=3
| RD3-score03-3=
| RD3-seed04= 2
| RD3-team04= {{flagicon|USA}} '''[[Venus Williams|V Williams]]'''
| RD3-score04-1='''6'''
| RD3-score04-2='''6'''
| RD3-score04-3=
| RD4-seed01=3
| RD4-team01={{flagicon|USA}} '''[[Serena Williams|S Williams]]'''
| RD4-score01-1='''6'''
| RD4-score01-2=3
| RD4-score01-3='''7'''
| RD4-seed02=2
| RD4-team02={{flagicon|USA}} [[Venus Williams|V Williams]]
| RD4-score02-1=3
| RD4-score02-2='''6'''
| RD4-score02-3=64
}}

==Qualifying==

===Seeds===
{{div col}}
# {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Ayumi Morita]] ''(first round)''
# {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Katie O'Brien]] ''(moved to main draw)''
# {{flagicon|ROU}} '''[[Monica Niculescu]] (qualified)'''
# {{flagicon|SLO}} [[Andreja Klepač]] ''(first round)''
# {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Mathilde Johansson]] ''(qualifying competition)''
# {{flagicon|SUI}} [[Emmanuelle Gagliardi]] ''(first round)''
# {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Anne Keothavong]] ''(qualifying competition)''
# {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Vesna Manasieva]] ''(first round)''
# {{flagicon|GER}} '''[[Angelika Bachmann]] (qualified)'''
{{div col end}}

===Qualifiers===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
# '''{{flagicon|ROU}} [[Ágnes Szatmári]]'''
# '''{{flagicon|GER}} [[Angelika Bachmann]]'''
# '''{{flagicon|ROU}} [[Monica Niculescu]]'''
# '''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Sun Tiantian]]'''
}}

===Draw===

====First qualifier====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Qualifying competition
|team-width=175
| RD1-seed1=1
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|JPN}} [[Ayumi Morita]]
| RD1-score1-1='''6'''
| RD1-score1-2=0
| RD1-score1-3=0
| RD1-seed2= 
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|GBR}} '''[[Melanie South]]'''
| RD1-score2-1=4
| RD1-score2-2='''6'''
| RD1-score2-3='''6'''
| RD1-seed3= 
| RD1-team3='''{{flagicon|BLR}} [[Ekaterina Dzehalevich]]'''
| RD1-score3-1='''6'''
| RD1-score3-2='''6'''
| RD1-score3-3= 
| RD1-seed4= 
| RD1-team4={{flagicon|ROU}} [[Magda Mihalache]]
| RD1-score4-1=1
| RD1-score4-2=4
| RD1-score4-3= 
| RD1-seed5=WC
| RD1-team5={{flagicon|FRA}} [[Aurélie Védy]]
| RD1-score5-1='''6'''
| RD1-score5-2=3
| RD1-score5-3=1
| RD1-seed6= 
| RD1-team6='''{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Kristina Antoniychuk]]'''
| RD1-score6-1=3
| RD1-score6-2='''6'''
| RD1-score6-3='''6'''
| RD1-seed7= 
| RD1-team7='''{{flagicon|ROU}} [[Ágnes Szatmári]]'''
| RD1-score7-1='''6'''
| RD1-score7-2=3
| RD1-score7-3='''6'''
| RD1-seed8=6/WC
| RD1-team8={{flagicon|SUI}} [[Emmanuelle Gagliardi]]
| RD1-score8-1=1
| RD1-score8-2='''6'''
| RD1-score8-3=4
| RD2-seed1= 
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|GBR}} '''[[Melanie South]]'''
| RD2-score1-1=68
| RD2-score1-2='''6'''
| RD2-score1-3='''6'''
| RD2-seed2= 
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|BLR}} [[Ekaterina Dzehalevich]]
| RD2-score2-1='''7'''
| RD2-score2-2=2
| RD2-score2-3=3
| RD2-seed3= 
| RD2-team3={{flagicon|UKR}} [[Kristina Antoniychuk]]
| RD2-score3-1=3
| RD2-score3-2=4
| RD2-score3-3= 
| RD2-seed4= 
| RD2-team4='''{{flagicon|ROU}} [[Ágnes Szatmári]]'''
| RD2-score4-1='''6'''
| RD2-score4-2='''6'''
| RD2-score4-3= 
| RD3-seed1= 
| RD3-team1={{flagicon|GBR}} [[Melanie South]]
| RD3-score1-1=4
| RD3-score1-2='''6'''
| RD3-score1-3=66
| RD3-seed2= 
| RD3-team2={{flagicon|ROU}} '''[[Ágnes Szatmári]]'''
| RD3-score2-1='''6'''
| RD3-score2-2=2
| RD3-score2-3='''7'''
}}

====Second qualifier====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Qualifying competition
|team-width=175
| RD1-seed1=9
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|GER}} '''[[Angelika Bachmann]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''6'''
| RD1-score1-2=3
| RD1-score1-3='''6'''
| RD1-seed2= 
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|UZB}} [[Iroda Tulyaganova]]
| RD1-score2-1=4
| RD1-score2-2='''6'''
| RD1-score2-3=1
| RD1-seed3= 
| RD1-team3='''{{flagicon|USA}} [[Alexandra Stevenson]]'''
| RD1-score3-1='''7'''
| RD1-score3-2='''6'''
| RD1-score3-3= 
| RD1-seed4= 
| RD1-team4={{flagicon|CHN}} [[Sun Shengnan]]
| RD1-score4-1=5
| RD1-score4-2=3
| RD1-score4-3= 
| RD1-seed5=WC
| RD1-team5={{flagicon|IND}} [[Sanaa Bhambri]]
| RD1-score5-1=3
| RD1-score5-2='''7'''
| RD1-score5-3=1
| RD1-seed6= 
| RD1-team6='''{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Monique Adamczak]]'''
| RD1-score6-1='''6'''
| RD1-score6-2=64
| RD1-score6-3='''6'''
| RD1-seed7= 
| RD1-team7={{flagicon|TPE}} [[Hwang I-hsuan]]
| RD1-score7-1=5
| RD1-score7-2=1
| RD1-score7-3= 
| RD1-seed8=5
| RD1-team8={{flagicon|FRA}} '''[[Mathilde Johansson]]'''
| RD1-score8-1='''7'''
| RD1-score8-2='''6'''
| RD1-score8-3= 
| RD2-seed1=9
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|GER}} '''[[Angelika Bachmann]]'''
| RD2-score1-1='''6'''
| RD2-score1-2='''6'''
| RD2-score1-3= 
| RD2-seed2= 
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|USA}} [[Alexandra Stevenson]]
| RD2-score2-1=3
| RD2-score2-2=4
| RD2-score2-3= 
| RD2-seed3= 
| RD2-team3={{flagicon|AUS}} [[Monique Adamczak]]
| RD2-score3-1=3
| RD2-score3-2=69
| RD2-score3-3= 
| RD2-seed4=5
| RD2-team4={{flagicon|FRA}} '''[[Mathilde Johansson]]'''
| RD2-score4-1='''6'''
| RD2-score4-2='''7'''
| RD2-score4-3= 
| RD3-seed1=9
| RD3-team1='''{{flagicon|GER}} [[Angelika Bachmann]]'''
| RD3-score1-1='''6'''
| RD3-score1-2='''7'''
| RD3-score1-3= 
| RD3-seed2=5
| RD3-team2={{flagicon|FRA}} [[Mathilde Johansson]]
| RD3-score2-1=3
| RD3-score2-2=5
| RD3-score2-3= 
}}

====Third qualifier====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Qualifying competition
|team-width=175
| RD1-seed1=3
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|ROU}} [[Monica Niculescu]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''6'''
| RD1-score1-2='''6'''
| RD1-score1-3= 
| RD1-seed2= 
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|USA}} [[Neha Uberoi]]
| RD1-score2-1=4
| RD1-score2-2=2
| RD1-score2-3= 
| RD1-seed3=PR
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zheng Jie]]
| RD1-score3-1=3
| RD1-score3-2=2r
| RD1-seed4= 
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Debbrich Feys]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''6'''
| RD1-score4-2=3
| RD1-score4-3= 
| RD1-seed5= 
| RD1-team5='''{{flagicon|GER}} [[Kathrin Wörle]]'''
| RD1-score5-1='''6'''
| RD1-score5-2='''6'''
| RD1-score5-3= 
| RD1-seed6=WC
| RD1-team6={{flagicon|IND}} [[Ankita Bhambri]]
| RD1-score6-1=2
| RD1-score6-2=1
| RD1-score6-3= 
| RD1-seed7= 
| RD1-team7={{flagicon|RSA}} [[Chanelle Scheepers]]
| RD1-score7-1=2
| RD1-score7-2=4
| RD1-score7-3= 
| RD1-seed8=7
| RD1-team8='''{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Anne Keothavong]]'''
| RD1-score8-1='''6'''
| RD1-score8-2='''6'''
| RD1-score8-3= 
| RD2-seed1=3
| RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|ROU}} [[Monica Niculescu]]'''
| RD2-score1-1='''7'''
| RD2-score1-2='''6'''
| RD2-score1-3= 
| RD2-seed2= 
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|BEL}} [[Debbrich Feys]]
| RD2-score2-1=63
| RD2-score2-2=1
| RD2-score2-3= 
| RD2-seed3= 
| RD2-team3={{flagicon|GER}} [[Kathrin Wörle]]
| RD2-score3-1='''6'''
| RD2-score3-2=4
| RD2-score3-3=4
| RD2-seed4=7
| RD2-team4='''{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Anne Keothavong]]'''
| RD2-score4-1=0
| RD2-score4-2='''6'''
| RD2-score4-3='''6'''
| RD3-seed1=3
| RD3-team1={{flagicon|ROU}} '''[[Monica Niculescu]]'''
| RD3-score1-1='''6'''
| RD3-score1-2='''6'''
| RD3-score1-3= 
| RD3-seed2=7
| RD3-team2={{flagicon|GBR}} [[Anne Keothavong]]
| RD3-score2-1=2
| RD3-score2-2=0
| RD3-score2-3= 
}}

====Fourth qualifier====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Qualifying competition
|team-width=175
| RD1-seed1=4
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|SLO}} [[Andreja Klepač]]
| RD1-score1-1='''6'''
| RD1-score1-2=4
| RD1-score1-3=65
| RD1-seed2= 
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|ITA}} '''[[Corinna Dentoni]]'''
| RD1-score2-1=4
| RD1-score2-2='''6'''
| RD1-score2-3='''7'''
| RD1-seed3=Alt
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|IND}} Akshitha Basavaraju
| RD1-score3-1=1
| RD1-score3-2=0
| RD1-score3-3= 
| RD1-seed4= 
| RD1-team4={{flagicon|CHN}} '''[[Sun Tiantian]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''6'''
| RD1-score4-2='''6'''
| RD1-score4-3= 
| RD1-seed5= 
| RD1-team5={{flagicon|IND}} [[Rushmi Chakravarthi]]
| RD1-score5-1=2
| RD1-score5-2=2
| RD1-score5-3= 
| RD1-seed6= 
| RD1-team6='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Junri Namigata]]'''
| RD1-score6-1='''6'''
| RD1-score6-2='''6'''
| RD1-score6-3= 
| RD1-seed7= 
| RD1-team7={{flagicon|USA}} '''[[Sunitha Rao]]'''
| RD1-score7-1='''6'''
| RD1-score7-2=2
| RD1-score7-3='''7'''
| RD1-seed8=8
| RD1-team8={{flagicon|RUS}} [[Vesna Manasieva]]
| RD1-score8-1=4
| RD1-score8-2='''6'''
| RD1-score8-3=5
| RD2-seed1= 
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|ITA}} [[Corinna Dentoni]]
| RD2-score1-1='''6'''
| RD2-score1-2=5
| RD2-score1-3=2
| RD2-seed2= 
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Sun Tiantian]]'''
| RD2-score2-1=3
| RD2-score2-2='''7'''
| RD2-score2-3='''6'''
| RD2-seed3= 
| RD2-team3={{flagicon|JPN}} [[Junri Namigata]]
| RD2-score3-1=2
| RD2-score3-2='''6'''
| RD2-score3-3=2
| RD2-seed4= 
| RD2-team4='''{{flagicon|USA}} [[Sunitha Rao]]'''
| RD2-score4-1='''6'''
| RD2-score4-2=4
| RD2-score4-3='''6'''
| RD3-seed1= 
| RD3-team1='''{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Sun Tiantian]]'''
| RD3-score1-1='''6'''
| RD3-score1-2='''6'''
| RD3-score1-3= 
| RD3-seed2= 
| RD3-team2={{flagicon|USA}} [[Sunitha Rao]]
| RD3-score2-1=2
| RD3-score2-2=1
| RD3-score2-3= 
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://wtafiles.blob.core.windows.net/pdf/draws/archive/2008/1033.pdf WTA tournament draws]

{{2008 WTA Tour}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2008 Canara Bank Bangalore Open - Singles}}
[[Category:2008 WTA Tour]]
[[Category:Bangalore Open]]

Manchikallu

2025-11-26T04:43:29Z

S7singh: Created initial info from scratch.

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Manchikallu
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =

| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| pushpin_label = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|16.501|N|79.530|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes = 

| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palnadu district|Palnadu]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = Rentachintala

| government_footnotes = <ref name="panchayat">{{cite web |title=Gram Panchayat Identification Codes |url=http://saaksharbharat.nic.in/saaksharbharat/forms/gp_code.pdf |website=Saakshar Bharat Mission |publisher=National Informatics Centre |accessdate=7 May 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818173131/http://saaksharbharat.nic.in/saaksharbharat/forms/gp_code.pdf |archivedate=18 August 2017 |page=116 | url-status=dead}}</ref>
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayati raj]]
| governing_body = Manchikallu [[gram panchayat]]
| leader_title = [[Sarpanch]]
| leader_name =

| unit_pref = Metric

| area_footnotes = <ref name="census">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Guntur |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2817_PART_B_DCHB_GUNTUR.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |accessdate=7 May 2019 |pages=14,198 }}</ref>
| area_total_ha = 1395

| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="population">{{cite web |title=Population |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=667859 |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |accessdate=8 May 2019}}</ref>
| population_total = 3693
| population_density_km2 = auto

| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]

| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30

| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 522421
| area_code_type = 
| area_code = +91–8642
| registration_plate_type =
| registration_plate = AP
}}

'''Manchikallu''' is a village in [[Palnadu district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is located in [[Rentachintala]] [[mandal]] of [[Gurazala revenue division]].<ref name=gurazala>{{cite news|title=New Gurazala revenue division created|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/new-gurazala-revenue-division-created/article4868383.ece|accessdate=17 January 2015|work=The Hindu|date=1 July 2013|location=Gurazala (Guntur District)}}</ref><ref name="census" />{{rp|14}}

== Governance ==

Manchikallu [[gram panchayat]] is the [[Local self-government in India|local self-government]] of the village.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gram Panchayat Identification Codes |url=http://saaksharbharat.nic.in/saaksharbharat/forms/gp_code.pdf |website=Saakshar Bharat Mission |publisher=National Informatics Centre |accessdate=7 May 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818173131/http://saaksharbharat.nic.in/saaksharbharat/forms/gp_code.pdf |archivedate=18 August 2017 |page=116 | url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Government and politics ==

Manchikallu [[gram panchayat]] is the [[Local self-government in India|local self-government]] of the village.<ref name="panchayat" /> It is divided into wards and each ward is represented by a ward member.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aDoppmCmeqUC&q=sarpanch|title=Citizen Participation in Rural Development|last=Seetharam|first=Mukkavilli|date=1990-01-01|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788170992271|page=34|language=en}}</ref> The ward members are headed by a [[Sarpanch]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xKEQxEtNR-AC&q=village%2520ward%2520member&pg=PA117|title=Social Science|publisher=Vk Publications|isbn=9788179732144|page=117|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Palnadu district]]

Pal Chhin

2025-11-25T07:02:17Z

S7singh: done

{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| runtime = approximately 30 minutes
| creator = Neena Gupta Productions
| writer = Mir Muneer
| director = [[Neena Gupta]]
| producer = Anupam K. Kalidhar
| starring = [[Manohar Singh]]
| opentheme = "Pal Chinn" by [[Jagjit Singh]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| network = [[STAR Plus]]
| num_episodes = 98
| first_aired = {{start date|1999|4|9|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Pal Chhin: Life's meaningful moments |url=http://www.expressindia.com/screen/april9/tele1.htm |website=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |publisher=The Indian Express |accessdate=15 November 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19991011020013/http://www.expressindia.com/screen/april9/tele1.htm |archivedate=11 October 1999}}</ref>
| last_aired = {{end date|2000}}
}}

'''''Pal Chhin'''''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/profile/story/19990503-actress-neena-guptas-trademark-sauciness-remains-intact-but-the-hard-edges-have-softened-825119-1999-05-02|title=Actress Neena Guptas trademark sauciness remains intact but the hard edges have softened|website=indiatoday.intoday.in|date=3 May 1999 |access-date=2016-06-10}}</ref> (translation: Moment) is an Indian television drama series which ran on [[Star Plus]] from 1999. It was directed by [[Neena Gupta]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000206/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=2016-07-11}}</ref> and veteran actor [[Manohar Singh]] played the protagonist of the show.

The title song of the show "Koi atka hua hai pal shayad<nowiki/>" was written by [[Gulzar]] and sung by [[Jagjit Singh]]

==Synopsis==

''Pal Chhin'' is about the conflicts between good and evil. The mounting pressures of modern life coupled with never-ending desire make traditional values look farcical. The mantras for success today are aggression and manipulation. The serial is about the conflict of the old and new as well.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99apr18/sunday/filmtv.htm|title=Tribuneindia... Film and tv|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=2016-07-11}}</ref>

The protagonist, Manohar Singh, believes in traditional themes such as honesty, affection and sincerity. He believes that if you are honest to yourself and good to others, there is no way you can't succeed. But he has to face pitfalls every day for being so out of sync with the present system. He has his detractors in his house, like his eldest son Ranjit who believes in the 'instant culture'. For him, the end is more important than the means, and definitely more important than his father's idealism.

Manohar Singh wants to make a statement that all is not lost and there is some hope left, that we can lead our lives with dignity and belief in our values, still be successful in the accepted sense. These are the moments in our lives, which lead our destinies.

==Cast==
* [[Manohar Singh]] as Manohar Singh
* [[Gurpreet Singh (actor)|Gurpreet Singh]] as Ranjeet Singh
* [[Arun Govil]] as Pratap Singh
* [[Prabha Sinha]] as Sandhya Pratap Singh
* Aparna Bhatnagar as Pinky Singh
* [[Shilpa Tulaskar]] as Charulata
* [[Savita Prabhune]] as Damyanti Singh
* [[Anant Jog]] as Rajendra
* [[Cezanne Khan]] as Rajesh
* [[Jaya Bhattacharya]] as Anjali
* Sanjay Swaraj as Shekhar
* [[Mohan Bhandari]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* http://www.starindiacontent.com/shows.asp?programid=116
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T9fkfoxav_w Pal Chhin title song] on YouTube

{{Star Plus Shows}}

[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]
[[Category:1999 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]

Karim Morani

2025-11-25T06:25:51Z

S7singh: cleaned up layout additionally

{{short description|Indian film producer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Karim Morani
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| occupation = [[Film producer]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| spouse = Zara Morani
| children = [[Zoa Morani]] Shaza Morani
| relatives = [[Aly Morani]] (brother) [[Lucky Morani]] (sister-in-law) [[Priyank Sharma]] (son-in-law)
| website = {{URL|cineyug.com}}
}}
'''Karim Morani''' is an Indian film producer who has produced films like ''[[Arjun (1985_film)|Arjun]]'' (1985) and ''[[Damini]]'' (1993) starring [[Sunny Deol]]. Later, he teamed up with [[Shah Rukh Khan|Shahrukh Khan]] to co-produce ''[[Chennai Express]]'' and ''[[Ra.One]]'' starring [[Shah Rukh Khan|Shahrukh Khan]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/shah-rukh-khan-attends-funeral-of-karim-moranis-mother/ | title=Shah Rukh Khan attends funeral of Karim Morani's mother | work=[[The Indian Express]] | date=17 September 2015 | access-date=22 April 2016}}</ref> Morani and his brother [[Aly Morani]] co-own [[Cineyug]], which is a film production and event management company.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/2g-scam-cineyug-boss-morani-appears-in-court-456590 | title=Cineyug boss Morani appears in court | publisher=[[NDTV]] | access-date=22 April 2016}}</ref>

==Film career==
Morani entered film production in 1985 with the super hit film ''[[Arjun (1985_film)|Arjun]]'' which starred [[Sunny Deol]] and was directed by [[Rahul Rawail]]. His next produced movie was ''[[Vardi (film)|Vardi]]'' in 1989 which starred [[Sunny Deol]] and [[Jackie Shroff]]. He later produced the film ''[[Yodha (1991 film)|Yodha]]'' in 1991, which was also directed by [[Rahul Rawail]] and starred [[Sunny Deol]] and [[Sanjay Dutt]] in lead roles. His next as a producer was the universally acclaimed 1993 film ''[[Damini]]'' which starred [[Sunny Deol]], [[Meenakshi Seshadri]] and [[Rishi Kapoor]], and was directed by [[Rajkumar Santoshi]]. In 1996, he produced ''[[Dushmani: A Violent Love Story]]'' starring [[Sunny Deol]], [[Manisha Koirala]] and [[Jackie Shroff]]. Again later in 1996, he produced ''[[Raja Hindustani]]'' starring [[Aamir Khan]] and [[Karisma Kapoor]].
His next film as a producer came after a gap of seven years with ''[[Dum (2003 Hindi film)|Dum]]'' in 2003 directed by [[Eeshwar Nivas]] and starring [[Vivek Oberoi]] and [[Diya Mirza]].

Following another gap of eight years, all his films have been co-productions with [[Shar Rukh Khan]] of films that star Khan. Morani's next release happened in 2011, after he teamed up with Shah Rukh Khan's production house [[Red Chillies Entertainment]] as an associate producer for the film ''[[Ra.One]]'' starring Khan.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/srk-stands-by-ra-one%E2%80%99s-producer-morani-18597.html | title=SRK stands by Ra.One's producer Morani | work=Firstpost | date=June 2011 | access-date=22 April 2016}}</ref> In 2013, he co-produced the commercially successful film ''[[Chennai Express]],''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/producer-of-srk-hit-chennai-express-karim-morani-arrested-in-hyderabad-for-raping-25-year-old-woman/story-J1fFfOJ0KBxgByWUgeMicJ.html | title=co-produced Chennai Express | date=23 September 2017 | publisher=Hindustan Times | access-date=18 October 2017}}</ref> and in 2014, he was the associate producer for the film ''[[Happy New Year (2014 film)|Happy New Year]]'', both of which star Shah Rukh Khan in the lead role. In 2015, Morani co-produced ''[[Dilwale (2015 film)|Dilwale]]'' in association with Red Chillies Entertainment and [[Gauri Khan]]. The film was directed by [[Rohit Shetty]] and stars Shah Rukh Khan, [[Varun Dhawan]] and [[Kajol]].<ref name=dnaindia>{{cite web | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-karim-morani-accused-in-2g-case-allowed-to-go-to-turkey-and-iceland-for-dilwale-shoot-2116154 | title=Karim Morani, accused in 2G case, allowed to go to Turkey and Iceland for 'Dilwale' shoot | work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]| access-date=22 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Firing-outside-film-producer-and-2G-scam-accused-Karim-Moranis-house/articleshow/40865705.cms | title=Targeting film "Chennai Express" producer and 2G case accused, Karim Morani | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=25 August 2014 | access-date=22 April 2016}}</ref>

==Controversies==
Morani has been dogged by several controversies during his career.

===2G spectrum case===
Morani is an alleged accused in the [[2G spectrum case]].<ref name=dnaindia/> The Income Tax Department and the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) claim that Morani was a part of the conspiracy to illegally transfer funds to [[Kalaignar TV]] on the behest of [[Shahid Balwa]] and [[Vinod Goenka]] who are both co-accused in the 2G spectrum case. It was alleged that the promoters of DB Realty Shahid Balwa and Vinod Goenka transferred ₹2,092.5 million (US$33 million) to Kusegaon Fruits and Vegetables, in which Shahid Balwa's brother was a director. Kusegaon Fruits and Vegetables then transferred ₹2 billion (US$31 million) to Cineyug Films, and Morani then transferred it to Kalaignar TV.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Rs-200-crore-routed-to-TV-channel-in-33-tranches/articleshow/8085822.cms?referral=PM | title=Rs 200 crore routed to TV channel in 33 tranches | work=[[The Times of India]]| date=26 April 2011 | access-date=8 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Why-is-Karim-Morani-important-to-B-town/articleshow/8663112.cms | title=Why is Karim Morani important to B-town? |work=[[The Times of India]]| date=June 2011 | access-date=22 April 2016}}</ref> Morani was charged with Criminal conspiracy to cause criminal breach of trust by a public servant, criminal conspiracy, cheating, forgery, fabrication of evidence and also booked under the Prevention of Corruption Act. Morani was arrested by the Central Bureau of Investigation on 30 May 2011<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/2g-scam/latest-updates/story/2g-scam-cineyug-director-karim-morani-denied-anticipatory-bail-134227-2011-05-22 | title=2G scam: Court denies anticipatory bail to Cineyug Director Karim Morani | work=[[India Today]] | date=23 May 2011 | access-date=8 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/2g-scam-accused-karim-morani-allocated-a-cooler-less-dusty-prison-cell-457883 | title=2G scam accused Karim Morani allocated a 'cooler, less dusty' prison cell | publisher=[[NDTV]] | access-date=8 October 2017}}</ref> and was subsequently granted bail on 28 November 2011.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} As of August 2012, Morani is facing trial in 2G spectrum case and has to appear at a Special CBI Court in [[New Delhi]].{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}

===Mumbai underworld===
On 23 August 2014, members of the [[Ravi Pujari]] gang made an attempt on the life of Morani.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/051017/mahesh-bhatt-deposes-in-court-reveals-details-of-threat-calls-from-ravi-pujari-gang.html | title=firing outside the residence of Bollywood film producers Karim and Ali Morani in 2014 | work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] | date=5 October 2017 | access-date=9 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.india.com/showbiz/bollywood-and-underworld-gangster-ravi-pujari-plotted-to-kill-mahesh-bhatt-and-moranis-197859/ | title=Underworld: Gangster Ravi Pujari plotted to kill Mahesh Bhatt and Moranis | publisher=india.com | access-date=9 October 2017}}</ref> In 2018, A Delhi-based Model accused Morani of rape, blackmail and threatening to eliminated by underworld connection.<ref>{{cite web | url= https://m.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/producer-karim-morani-drugged-and-raped-me-alleges-woman/story-j6H3kyI6d4MC3iTaSpD7kI_amp.html| title=Producer Karim Morani drugged and raped me, alleges woman | work=hindustantimes.com | publisher= hindustantimes| access-date=6 August 2020}}</ref>

===Allegations of rape===
In 2017 Morani was booked by Hyderabad police for the rape of a 25-year-old Delhi-based student.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/karim-morani-producer-of-chennai-express-booked-by-hyderabad-police-for-rape-blackmail-3209964.html|title=Karim Morani, producer of Chennai Express, booked by Hyderabad police for rape, blackmail|date=18 January 2017|publisher=Firstpost}}</ref> On 23 September 2017, Morani had to surrender to the [[Hyderabad]] police following the order by the Supreme Court refusing to give Morani anticipatory bail in the alleged rape case against him.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bollywood-producer-karim-morani-surrenders-to-police-in-delhi-woman-rape-case-1050776-2017-09-23 | title=Bollywood producer Karim Morani surrenders to police in Delhi woman rape case | work=[[India Today]] | date=23 September 2017 | access-date=7 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/sc-upholds-cancellation-of-bail-to-karim-morani-in-rape-case/article9869269.ece | title=SC upholds cancellation of bail to Karim Morani in rape case | work=[[The Hindu Business Line]] | date=22 September 2017 | access-date=8 October 2017}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Karim Morani is an [[Ismaili]] [[Muslim]]. He married Zara Morani and the couple has two daughters, Zoa and Shaza. Their older daughter [[Zoa Morani]] is an actress.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Zoa-ropes-in-Katrinas-diction-trainer-for-herself/articleshow/24279869.cms?referral=PM | title=Zoa ropes in Katrina's diction trainer for herself |work=[[The Times of India]]| date=17 October 2013 | access-date=7 October 2017}}</ref> Shaza is married to Priyaank Sharma, [[Padmini Kolhapure]] and Tutu Sharma's son.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-05|title=Inside Priyaank Sharma-Shaza Morani's wedding party: Cousin Shraddha Kapoor, Padmini Kolhapure, attend. See pics|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/inside-priyaank-sharma-shaza-morani-s-wedding-party-cousin-shraddha-kapoor-padmini-kolhapure-attend-see-pics-101612490672695.html|access-date=2021-08-08|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Morani, Karim}}
[[Category:Hindi film producers]]
[[Category:Indian Ismailis]]
[[Category:Film producers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2G spectrum case]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Khoja Ismailis]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]

Koide

2025-11-12T05:09:08Z

S7singh: quick fix

{{For|the Japanese theoretical physicist known for his eponymous [[Koide formula]]|Yoshio Koide}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}{{Cleanup reorganize|date=November 2017}}{{Infobox settlement
| name = Koide
| native_name = Naamai
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|25|23|07|N|94|11|02|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Manipur]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Senapati district|Senapati]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Poula]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 795015
| registration_plate = MN
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Koide''' village is located in [[Senapati district]], [[Manipur]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 10, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref> The Koide people belonging to Lepaona group settled down at Koide under the chieftainship of Napou-Rakhuo. Poumai Naga is a major Naga tribe with a population of 1,79,189 as per 2011 census. There are 84 Poumai revenue recognised villages and Koide villages (Upper Koide and Lower Koide) come under this. Poumai villages are divided into four divisions for administrative purposes as - Chileve circle, Lepaona circle, Paomata Circle and there are also villages located in the periphery of NH39.

'''The Etymology of Naamai'''

The name of the village "Naamai" is given by our forefathers and is translated as "Rear-Men". It was named so because they were the people who marched at the rear of the file during their divergence from Makhel. Some school of thought misinterpreted the nomenclature Naamai as the youngest one in the kinsfolk. But the true meaning behind its nomenclature is "Defender or Protector" of their kinsmen, the one who is always behind the weak or the young to encourage to keep up or proceed forward with their march so that defend and protect from the risk of any warring group impeding their adventure or making after them. It is also supported with the events during their dispersal from makhel, that Lapao Suru was way laid by Khyapou Dukhu. Thereby the Naamai Pao led away Lapao Suru overcoming the blockade and reached Naafii. It is also a known fact that by tradition the elderly or the Chivalrous defends the weak or the young one in any undertakings. The existing proof behind the meaning of the nomenclature is supplemented by the Khongdei people, a descendant of Pao Leo, who still called the Naamai as "Nakadai" means a vast shelter place, a place for defending the intruders. Therefore, the naming after the village "Naamai" called in our native dialect is very appropriate in every sense according to the chronological sources.

== History ==

Having no written documents to supplements of the past, to trace the origin and history of the Nagas, folk songs, and folk tales forms the archaic which passes through from generation to generation by oral tradition. Obviously says that Pao Leo the ancestor of "Naamai" a Mongolian race was a son of the soil, Makhel. Pao Leo had four sons known as "Lepao Pao dai" whose descendants are the people now called as Lepaona (Children of Pao Leo). The descendants of Makhel follows patriarchal system who also practice patrilocal and patrilineal system. Thereby the inheritance of the father's property by Rokhu-o clearly denotes that Rokhu-o was the eldest son among Pao Leo's children. For which the present Naamai village is the inherited place of Rokhu-o the place where the Lepao Paodai first settled and now Naamai is the people who are heir of the ancestral land called Naamai village.

== Migration from Makhel – the Naga dispersal site ==

The Poumai Naga took the wave of migration from Makhel in two directions-Northeast and South East direction. The descendant of Liio (Lepaona) took the southeast direction and settled at Koide village under the leadership of Chief Rokhuo. The descendants of Pao (Paomata) took the northeast direction and settled at Saranamai village after the four Chiefs were chosen to head the new settlement. The descendants of Prou (Chiliive) also went in the northeast direction and settled at Prouphii. However, some believed that all the Poumai first migrated to Saranamai and then migrated to different circles or areas. The Lepaona, guided by a Tiger and Eagles migrated from Makhel (Naga dispersal site) to Koide village (Lepaona dispersal site). The name LEPAONA is derived from the word PAO-LIIO-NA, which means "grand father Liio’s progenies or descendants". The literary meaning of LEPAONA means "grandchildren of Liio or descendants of Liio".

Koide village has a "Holy Well" known as Shodziikhao on the eastern side of the village. It is said that the water of this well is used for the sanctification of birth rituals, important gennas and marriage ceremonies. The well, which remains perennial throughout the year, exists even today.{{cn|date=February 2023}}

With the increase of population today the Koide village is emerged into five villages known as Upper Koide, Lower Koide, Koide Kapao, Koide Biisho and Koide Zho (Zhophao) village. There are six clans (Khel) in Koide village and intra-clan marriage is prohibited in the village. There are four Koide villages but the unity of Koide village is unquestionable due to emerging into different village and locations. From time to time all the five Koide villages Students Organization come together and hold Sports Meet under Koide Youth and Students Organization (KYSO). Even though the Kapao, Biisho and Zho villages are situated some kilometers away from main Koide village, the polling booth is located at Koide main village and they come to cast their vote at Koide whenever there is Manipur Assembly or MP election.

== Population==

Koide Makha is a large village located in Purul of Senapati district, Manipur with total 730 families residing. The Koide Makha village has population of 3760 of which 1987 are males while 1773 are females as per Population Census 2011. In Koide Makha village population of children with age 0-6 is 381 which makes up 10.13% of total population of village. Average [[Human sex ratio|Sex Ratio]] of Koide Makha village is 892 which is lower than Manipur state average of 985. Child Sex Ratio for the Koide Makha as per census is 797, lower than Manipur average of 930. Koide Makha village has lower literacy rate compared to Manipur. In 2011, literacy rate of Koide Makha village was 49.66% compared to 76.94% of Manipur. In Koide Makha Male literacy stands at 56.85% while female literacy rate was 41.71%. As per [[Constitution of India]] and Panchyati Raaj Act, Koide Makha village is administrated by [[Sarpanch]] (Head of Village) who is [[Representative democracy|elected representative]] of village.
----
Koide Mathak Population - Senapati, Manipur
Koide Mathak is a large village located in Purul of Senapati district, Manipur with total 729 families residing. The Koide Mathak village has population of 4513 of which 2441 are males while 2072 are females as per Population Census 2011. In Koide Mathak village population of children with age 0-6 is 353 which makes up 7.82% of total population of village. Average Sex Ratio of Koide Mathak village is 849 which is lower than Manipur state average of 985. Child Sex Ratio for the Koide Mathak as per census is 756, lower than Manipur average of 930. Koide Mathak village has lower literacy rate compared to Manipur. In 2011, literacy rate of Koide Mathak village was 55.94% compared to 76.94% of Manipur. In Koide Mathak Male literacy stands at 60.85% while female literacy rate was 50.21%. As per constitution of India and Panchyati Raaj Act, Koide Mathak village is administrated by Sarpanch (Head of Village) who is elected representative of village.

== Agriculture ==
Some of the main varieties of rice that growth at Koide village are: ''Phaora,''(white in colour) for making ''pucca rohi''(rice beer) ''Kirou'' (white in colour, for making rice beer), ''Ngatei'' (red in color) ''Ngadziizii'' (white color) etc. ''Kirou'' (sticky rice, white in colour) is the most costly rice. Much rice beer (''Pouzhao)'' and Poumai Naga bread are made in Kirou. ''Phaora'' (sticky rice) is the second most costly type of rice, which is mainly grown at Koide village in the periphery of Barak River valley. Phaora can be used for as rice for food; it also used for brewing rice beer. ''Laolu'' (shifting cultivation) is a form of primitive agriculture, which is now rarely practice at Koide village.

Some of the important vegetables found at Koide village are cabbage, potato, pumpkin, squash, tomatoes, Brinjal, cucumber, mustard, bean, Naga Dal, sweet potato, leek, etc. Squash, pumpkin, fruits, etc. are also grown. Some of the important fruits such as bananas, lemons, oranges, pears, apricots, guava, apples, papayas, Khashi, peaches, plums, etc. are grown in the village. Ginger farming recently started. There is huge pastureland and grassland and there is great potentiality of animal husbandry. Thatch houses were famous in olden days and Koide village is well known for good quality of thatch roofing. In olden days, some of the neighboring villages like Oinam and Purul used to come and take thatch (Ngaiche) from Koide village for roofing houses.

'''Present Village Administrative System'''

In the present society, the villagers elect the village chairman and his secretary who is the head of the village council, which is the main apex body of administration in the village. The village council is all-in-all affairs of the village. Their main duties are to uplift the social, economic, education, political, cultural and judiciary affairs of the village. The village has women's, youths', students' and religious organizations. However, they are all under the control of the village council, though each organization functions independently of outside influence and function smoothly without affecting the village council administration.

'''Social structure of the people'''

The Naga lived mostly in the villages so, as the Naamai too lived in the hill-tops. The villages were built just above the spot where the spur of the hill-tops which provide a commanding view over the surrounding areas. The ancestors choose to live in the hilltops were to keep constant vigil on the invading of the enemies.

Naamai's was a compact and well-knit society where rigid customs and discipline were observed. As the village was an independent unit, the customary laws were supreme and dispensation of punishment was quick.

According to the customary laws and of the traditional customs the village had bonded certain rules and regulation for the well fares of the villagers that there shall not discriminate of any caste, class, sex and place of birth. Whosoever, used filthy words and tainted others will liable to imposed the village fined. The village is divided into khel, which is interrelated by marriage. Each khel is again divided into sub-clan and lineage.

The villages are in a compact settlement. In the earlier time there were gates constructed in all the village's entry due to ferocious of headhunting. In the olden times all the village gates will close every night to protect the people from the headhunters. Strong young men were appointed as village guards. In order to give alert of the villagers and scare away the headhunters, the guards usually blew buffalo horns. A round-the-clock vigil was maintained at each village gate during the raid of head hunting. The youth did the sentry duty by turn. Any dereliction of such duty met with heavy punishment. The village gates remained a prominent cultural landmark till headhunters ceased altogether in the villages, but one can still stumble upon dilapidated village gates. After they embraced of Christianity village gates were no longer maintained since there is no longer fear from the enemy. However, peoples started constructed village gates in order to promote the significant and important of it cultural and customs of the Nagas.

== Tourists attractions ==
The Naamai Vaotao (Koide Peak) is the highest point and it is sloping down to [[Barak Valley|Barak valley]]. The Koide village is on the periphery of (Vourei and Vurei) Barak River and some of the important potential tourist places are like Zhophao, Biisho, Ngaizhephao, Haphozhe, Halephao, Lahshozhe, Leacheche (hilltop cliff), etc. During spring season Naamai Hill's and valley's bloom of jungle trees flowers and Dziiriipah/kaotupah along with sounds of cuckoo and another bird name Reipeiho. In summer, Zhophao, Biisho, Ngaizhiphao, Lahsozhe, Halephao, etc. are fully green with small grasses but in winter the grasses dry up. From time to time people from Kohima, Mao Imphal and Senapati H.Q come for picnic at Biisho and Zhophao valley. The maximum temperature is {{Convert|34.0|C|}} and the minimum temperature is {{Convert|3.0|C|}}, which was recorded in 2000 at Kangpokpi. Kangpokpi is about {{Convert|55|km||abbr=on}} from Koide village. The annual rainfall on an average is around 1400 mm.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Senapati district]]

Chavara Thekkumbhagom

2025-11-07T21:48:56Z

S7singh: basic enhanced page after review additionally and cleaned formatting

{{more citations needed|date=February 2022}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chavara Thekkumbhagom
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Mamukil
| settlement_type = island village
| image_skyline = Dalavapuram bridgea.jpg
| image_alt = Dalavapuram-Pallikodi Bridge
| image_caption = Dalavapuram-Pallikodi Bridge in Thekkumbhagom which is one of the Biggest Bridges of [[Kollam]]
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|8|57|48|N|76|33|43|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kollam district|Kollam]]
| government_type = [[Gram panchayat]]
| governing_body = Thekkumbhagom [[Gram panchayat]]
| leader_title1 = Panchayath President
| leader_name1 = Thankachi Prabhakaran
| leader_title2 = Vice President
| leader_name2 = Prabhakaran Pillai
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 8
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 16937
| population_as_of =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_footnotes = As per 2011 census
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 691584
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL]]-02,[[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL]]-23
| footnotes = Public transport Service is Operated between Kollam and Karunagappally Via Thekkumbhagom by [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] from 5.00 am to 8.10pm running every 30 minutes .

LAST BUS from [[Kollam]] is at 8.10 from [[kollam]] [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] bus stand. YOU CAN BOARD AT 8.15 PM FROM CHINNAKADA ALSO
| official_name = Chavara South
| area_code = 0476
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|STD code]]
| image_map = Guhanandapuram school.jpg
| map_alt = Guhanandapuram Higher Secondary School
| map_caption = Guhanandapuram Higher Secondary School (Only Higher Secondary School In The Village)
| image_blank_emblem = Guhanandapuram Subramanya Swami Kshethram.jpg
| blank_emblem_type = Guhanandapuram Subramanya Swami Temple
| blank_emblem_size = 300px
| blank_emblem_alt = Guhanandapuram Subramanya Swami Temple
| imagesize = 300px
| mapsize = 300px
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest [[City]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kollam]] - 10 km (20 minutes)
| blank_name_sec2 = Nearest [[Railway Station]]
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Kollam Junction railway station]] (QLN)
| blank1_name_sec2 = Neighbourhoods
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Kollam Municipal Corporation]], [[Neendakara]], [[Chavara]], [[Thevalakkara]]
| image_map1 = Kollam-Dalavapuram boat service.jpg
| mapsize1 = 300px
| map_caption1 = Kollam-Guhanandapuram Boat service
}}

'''Chavara Thekkumbhagom'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Revenue Portal |url=https://village.kerala.gov.in/Office_websites/contactus.php?nm=618618ThekkumbhagamVillageOffice |access-date=2023-05-28 |website=village.kerala.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Population finder {{!}} Government of India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/population-finder |access-date=2023-05-28 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://kollam.gov.in/villa.html |title=Kollam |publisher=Kollam.nic.in |access-date=2014-02-24 |archive-date=2 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302230215/http://kollam.gov.in/villa.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> or ''Chavara South'' is an Island village in [[Kollam district|Kollam District]] of the state of [[Kerala India|kerala, India]]. It is located 10 km from the [[Kollam|Kollam City]]. It is covered by Ashtamudi Lake and located near the coast of [[Indian Ocean]].It contains a famous Devi temple and Subramanya temple along with St Joseph's Church. It has only 2 outer connections via Dalavapuram pallikodi Bridge and Pavumba Bridge.

==Notable people==
* [[V. Sambasivan|V.Sambasivan]] - From Guhanandapuram-NaduvathuCherry,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guhanandapuram, Chavara Thekkumbhagom Panchayat, Kollam District, Kerala, India |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/routes-locations/guhanandapuram/id/4063 |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=Kerala Tourism |language=en}}</ref> Thekkumbhagom, A performer of the art [[Kadhaprasangam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.devaragam.com/vbscript/MusicNew.aspx?MovieId=1799|title=V Sambasivan-Kathaprasangam:Ayisha|publisher=Devaragam.com|access-date=14 August 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128075423/http://www.devaragam.com/vbscript/MusicNew.aspx?MovieId=1799|archive-date=28 January 2013}}</ref> written by himself and [[Othello]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D7yrTn_RVfk |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/D7yrTn_RVfk |archive-date=2021-12-15 |url-status=live|title=Sambashivan-Othello|publisher=Youtube.com|access-date=14 August 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref> by [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]].
* [[Azhakathu Padmanabha Kurup]]-From Azhakathu-NaduvathuCherry, Thekkumbhagom, A renowned scholar in [[Sanskrit]] and [[Malayalam]], who composed the first Malayalam epic poem ''Ramachandravilasam''.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060118031516/http://www.kerala.gov.in/ Kerala.gov.in]
*[http://www.klm.kerala.gov.in Klm.kerala.gov.in]
*[http://www.keralatourism.org Keralatourism.org]
{{Kollam district}}

[[Category:Islands of Kollam]]
[[Category:Villages in Kollam district]]
[[Category:Islands of India]]
[[Category:Populated places in India]]

{{Kollam-geo-stub}}

1913 Nobel Prize in Literature

2025-11-05T07:23:38Z

S7singh: minor add page based on references

{{Infobox award
| name = [[File:Nobel prize medal.svg|20px]] 1913 Nobel Prize in Literature
| subheader = '''Rabindranath Tagore'''
| awarded_for =
| presenter = [[Swedish Academy]]
| year = 1901
| website = {{official website|https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1913/summary/}}
| holder_label = 1913 laureate
| holder =
| image = Rabindranath Tagore.jpg
| caption = '''''"because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West."'''''
| host =
| date = {{plainlist|
* 13 November 1913<ref name=nobelpris>{{cite book|url=http://libris.kb.se/bib/8345517|title=Nobelpriset i litteratur. Nomineringar och utlåtanden 1901–1950|first=Bo|last=Svensén|year=2001|publisher=Svenska Akademien |isbn=9789113010076|accessdate=1 November 2025}}</ref> (announcement)
* 10 December 1913 (ceremony)
}}
| location = [[Stockholm]], Sweden
| previous = [[1912 Nobel Prize in Literature|1912]]
| main = [[Nobel Prize in Literature]]
| next = [[1914 Nobel Prize in Literature|1914]]
}}
The '''1913 Nobel Prize in Literature''' was awarded to the [[Bengalis|Bengali]] [[polymath]] [[Rabindranath Tagore]] (1861–1941) "because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West."<ref>[https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1913/summary/ The Nobel Prize in Literature 1913] nobelprize.org</ref> He is the first and remains only the Indian recipient of the prize.<ref name=bt>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rabindranath-Tagore Rabindranath Tagore] britannica.com</ref><ref>[https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/rabindranath-tagore Rabindranath Tagore – Poetry Foundation] poetryfoundation.org</ref><ref>[https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/painters/rabindranath-tagore.html Rabindranath Tagore] culturalindia.net</ref> The award stemmed from the idealistic and accessible (for Western readers) nature of a small body of translated material, including the translated ''[[Gitanjali]]''.<ref>{{Citation|last=Hjärne |first=Harald|publication-date=10 December 1913|year=1913|title=The Nobel Prize in Literature 1913: Rabindranath Tagore—Award Ceremony Speech|publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]]|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1913/press.html|access-date=17 September 2011}}</ref>

==Laureate==
[[File:Gitanjali title page Rabindranath Tagore.jpg|180px|thumb|left|Title page of Rabindranath Tagore's ''Gitanjali'' (Macmillan, 1913)]]{{main|Rabindranath Tagore}}
The literary works of Rabindranath Tagore are well established in both Indian and Western academic traditions. In addition to fiction in the form of poetry, songs, stories, and dramas, it also incorporates literary criticism, philosophy, and social issues. After translating his poems into English, Tagore, who initially wrote in [[Bengali language|Bengali]], was able to appeal to a large audience in the West. His poetry was believed to portray the tranquility of the spirit in connection with nature, in contrast to the frenzied existence in the West. His works include ''[[Gitanjali]]'' ("[[Song Offerings]]", 1910), ''[[Gora (novel)|Gora]]'' ("Fair-Faced", 1910) and ''[[The Home and the World|Ghare-Baire]]'' ("The Home and the World", 1916).<ref>[https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1913/tagore/facts/ Rabindranath Tagore – Facts] nobelprize.org</ref><ref name=bt/>

==Deliberations==
===Nominations===
Rabindranath Tagore had not been nominated for the prize before 1913, making it one of the rare occasions when an author have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature the same year they were first nominated.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.svenskaakademien.se/nobelpriset/nomineringar-och-utlatanden-1901-1950 |title=Nomineringar och utlåtanden 1901-1950 |publisher=Svenska Akademien |language=Swedish}}</ref> He was nominated by British poet [[Thomas Sturge Moore]] (1870–1944), which led him to being awarded with the prize.<ref>[https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show.php?id=5810 Nomination archive – Rabindranath Tagore] nobelprize.org</ref>

In total, the [[Swedish Academy]] received 32 nominations for 28 writers. Among the repeated nominees include [[Pierre Loti]], [[Verner von Heidenstam]] (awarded in [[1916 Nobel Prize in Literature|1916]]), [[Sven Hedin]], [[Ángel Guimerá]], [[Anatole France]] (awarded in [[1921 Nobel Prize in Literature|1921]]), [[John Morley]], and [[Thomas Hardy]]. Nine of the nominees were newly nominated such as [[Edmond Picard]], [[Jakob Knudsen]], [[Henrik Pontoppidan]] (awarded in [[1917 Nobel Prize in Literature|1917]]), [[Émile Faguet]], [[Edward Dowden]], and [[John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury]]. The Italian writer [[Grazia Deledda]], who was awarded in [[1927 Nobel Prize in Literature|1927]] for the [[1926 Nobel Prize in Literature|1926]] prize, was the only female nominee.<ref>[https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/list.php?prize=4&year=1913 Nomination archive – 1913] nobelprize.org</ref>

The authors [[Alfred Austin]], [[Aluísio Azevedo]], [[Eva Brag]], [[Jules Arsène Arnaud Claretie|Jules Claretie]], [[Ferdinand de Saussure]], [[Ferdinand Dugué]], [[Louis Hémon]], [[Friedrich Huch]], [[Ștefan Octavian Iosif]], [[Pauline Johnson]], [[Ioan Kalinderu]], [[Thomas Krag]], [[Emily Lawless]], [[Camille Lemonnier]], [[Juhan Liiv]], [[Charles Major (writer)|Charles Major]], [[Oscar Méténier]], [[Lesya Ukrainka]], [[Alfred Russel Wallace]], and [[Frances Julia Wedgwood]] died in 1913 without having been nominated for the prize. The Irish critic [[Edward Dowden]] and English polymath [[John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury]] died months before the announcement.

{| class="sortable wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+ class="nowrap" | Official list of nominees and their nominators for the prize
|-
! scope=col | No.
! scope=col | Nominee
! scope=col | Country
! scope=col | Genre(s)
! scope=col | Nominator(s)
|-
|1
|[[Juhani Aho]] (1861–1921)
|{{flag|Russian Empire|name=Russia}} ({{flag|Finland}})
|novel, short story
|Karl Alfred Melin (1849–1919)
|-
|2
|[[Henri Bergson]] (1859–1941)
|{{flag|French Third Republic|name=France}}
|philosophy
|Vitalis Norström (1856–1916)
|-
|3
|[[Grazia Deledda]] (1871–1936)
|{{flag|Kingdom of Italy|name=Italy}}
|novel, short story, essays
|{{unbulleted list|[[Ferdinando Martini]] (1840–1928)|[[Luigi Luzzatti]] (1841–1927)}}
|-
|4
|[[Edward Dowden]] (1843–1913)
|{{flag|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|name=Ireland}}
|poetry, essays, literary criticism
|[[James Lindsay, 26th Earl of Crawford]] (1847–1913)
|-
|5
|[[Émile Faguet]] (1847–1916)
|{{flag|French Third Republic|name=France}}
|literary criticism, essays
|[[Émile Boutroux]] (1845–1921)
|-
|6
|[[Salvatore Farina]] (1846–1918)
|{{flag|Kingdom of Italy|name=Italy}}
|novel, short story
|members of the [[Istituto Lombardo Accademia di Scienze e Lettere]]
|-
|7
|[[Anatole France]] (1844–1924)
|{{flag|French Third Republic|name=France}}
|poetry, essays, drama, novel, literary criticism
|Richard Moritz Meyer (1860–1914)
|-
|8
|[[Adolf Frey (writer)|Adolf Frey]] (1855–1920)
|{{flag|Switzerland}}
|biography, history, essays
|[[Wilhelm Oechsli]] (1851–1919)
|-
|9
|[[Karl Adolph Gjellerup]] (1857–1919)
|{{flag|Denmark}}
|poetry, drama, novel
|{{unbulleted list|several German professors|members of the [[Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters]]}}
|-
|10
|[[Ángel Guimerá|Ángel Guimerá Jorge]] (1845–1924)
|{{flag|Restoration (Spain)|name=Spain}}
|drama, poetry
|members of the [[Reial Acadèmia de Bones Lletres de Barcelona]]
|-
|11
|[[Thomas Hardy]] (1840–1928)
|{{flag|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|name=Great Britain}}
|novel, short story, poetry
|97 members of the [[Royal Society of Literature]]
|-
|12
|[[Sven Hedin]] (1865–1952)
|{{flag|Sweden}}
|essays, autobiography, history
|[[Fredrik Wulff]] (1845–1930)
|-
|13
|[[Harald Høffding]] (1843–1931)
|{{flag|Denmark}}
|philosophy, theology
|members of the [[Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters]]
|-
|14
|[[Jakob Knudsen]] (1858–1917)
|{{flag|Denmark}}
|novel, short story, pedagogy, theology
|[[Per Hallström]] (1866–1960)
|-
|15
|[[Ernest Lavisse]] (1842–1922)
|{{flag|French Third Republic|name=France}}
|history
|{{unbulleted list|[[Hans Hildebrand]] (1842–1913)|[[Frédéric Masson]] (1847–1923)|[[Raymond Poincaré]] (1860–1934)|[[Paul Hervieu]] (1857–1915)|[[Marcel Prévost]] (1862–1941)}}
|-
|16
|[[Pierre Loti]] (1850–1923)
|{{flag|French Third Republic|name=France}}
|novel, short story, autobiography, essays
|{{unbulleted list|[[Ernest Lavisse]] (1842–1922)|[[Gabriel Hanotaux]] (1853–1944)}}
|-
|17
|[[John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury|John Lubbock]] (1834–1913)
|{{flag|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|name=Great Britain}}
|essays
|[[Hans Hildebrand]] (1842–1913)
|-
|18
|[[John Morley]] (1838–1923)
|{{flag|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|name=Great Britain}}
|biography, literary criticism, essays
|[[John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury]] (1834–1913)
|-
|19
|[[Benito Pérez Galdós]] (1843–1920)
|{{flag|Restoration (Spain)|name=Spain}}
|novel, short story, drama, essays
|members of the [[Royal Spanish Academy]] and several literary societies
|-
|20
|[[Edmond Picard]] (1836–1924)
|{{flag|Belgium}}
|drama, law, essays
|[[File:Nobel prize winner.svg|20px]] [[Maurice Maeterlinck]] (1862–1949)
|-
|21
|[[Henrik Pontoppidan]] (1857–1943)
|{{flag|Denmark}}
|novel, short story
|[[Adolf Noreen]] (1854–1925)
|-
|22
|[[Peter Rosegger]] (1843–1918)
|{{flag|Austria-Hungary}}
|poetry, essays
|Karl Alfred Melin (1849–1919)
|-
|23
|Salvador Rueda Santos (1857–1933)
|{{flag|Restoration (Spain)|name=Spain}}
|poetry, essays
|professors in [[Madrid]]
|-
|style="background:gold;white-space:nowrap"|24
|style="background:gold;white-space:nowrap"|[[Rabindranath Tagore]] (1861–1941)
|style="background:gold;white-space:nowrap"|{{flag|British Raj|name=India}}
|style="background:gold;white-space:nowrap"|poetry, novel, drama, short story, essay, songwriting, translation
|style="background:gold;white-space:nowrap"|[[Thomas Sturge Moore]] (1870–1944)
|-
|25
|[[Carl Spitteler]] (1845–1924)
|{{flag|Switzerland}}
|poetry, essays
|{{unbulleted list|49 members of [[Nobel Prize Committee|The Nobel Prize Committee]] of the [[Society of Authors]]|[[Wilhelm Oechsli]] (1851–1919)}}
|-
|26
|Ernst von der Recke (1848–1933)
|{{flag|Denmark}}
|poetry, drama
|members of the [[Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters]]
|-
|27
|[[Verner von Heidenstam]] (1859–1940)
|{{flag|Sweden}}
|novel, short story, poetry
|[[Fredrik Wulff]] (1845–1930)
|-
|28
|Francis Channing Welles (1887–1956)
|{{flag|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|name=Great Britain}}
|essays
|[[Carveth Read]] (1848–1931)
|}

===Prize decision===
Contenders for the 1913 prize included [[Thomas Hardy]], [[Anatole France]] and [[Rabindranath Tagore]].<ref name=sv>Gustav Källstrand ''Andens Olympiska Spel: Nobelprisets historia'', Fri Tanke 2021</ref> The candidacy of Hardy, nominated by 97 members of the [[Royal Society of Literature]], were dismissed by the committee on the grounds that his writing were considered too "pessimistic" to be in line with the Nobel prize donor [[Alfred Nobel]]'s will. Similarly, France was considered a "sceptic", although he was eventually awarded the prize. The committee had only received one nomination for Tagore, and despite that Tagore was only known to the members of Swedish Academy in a few English translations he was awarded the prize. Committee member [[Per Hallström]] declared in a report that "...no poet in Europe since the death of Goethe in 1832 can rival Tagore....". To the poet [[Verner von Heidenstam]], himself awarded in 1916, Tagore was the "discovering [of] a great name".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19831031-fresh-doubts-arises-about-circumstances-under-which-rabindranath-tagore-was-given-nobel-prize-771159-2013-07-16 |title=Fresh doubts arises about circumstances under which Tagore was given Nobel Prize |author=Sumit Mitra |publisher=India Today |date=31 October 1983 }}</ref><ref name=set>[https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/themes/literature/svensen/index.html The Nobel Prize in Literature: Nominations and Reports 1901–1950] nobelprize.org</ref>

==Reactions==
The choice of Rabindranath Tagore received intense reactions and substantial coverage in newspapers around the world.<ref name="pt">{{Cite book|title=The Nobel Prize and the Formation of Contemporary World Literature |chapter=Early Breakthroughs and setbacks (1901-13)|pages=27–28 |author=Tenngart, Paul |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2023 }}</ref>

In Stockholm, a [[correspondent]] for the London newspaper ''[[The Times]]'' reported that the general reaction were of both surprise and joy: "The newspapers this morning express some surprise at the unexpected decision by the Swedish Academy to confer the Nobel Prize for Literature on the Indian poet Rabindranath Tagore. The choice, however, is hailed as a very happy one, and extracts are quoted from the English translation of the poet's work ''Gitanjali''.<ref name="pt" />

The choice of Tagore was substantially recognised in ''[[The New York Times]]'' with several articles describing the previously "Entirely unknown outside of his own country" poet's quick rise to international fame and comparing him to [[Walt Whitman]].<ref name="pt" />

The French newspaper ''[[Le Figaro]]'' said it was an surprise choice of "an author without - until now - any significant world reputation but with a central position in his Bengali home country."<ref name="pt" /> The British ''[[Daily Mail]]'' expressed a delighted reaction to the prize decision.<ref name="pt" />

==Other Nobel-related events==
===Theft of Nobel Prize===
Tagore's Nobel Prize and a number of his other possessions were stolen from the [[Visva-Bharati University]]'s security vault on March 25, 2004.<ref>{{cite news | url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-03-25/india/28342931_1_tagore-s-nobel-prize-mrinalini-devi-visva-bharati-university | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130819183907/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-03-25/india/28342931_1_tagore-s-nobel-prize-mrinalini-devi-visva-bharati-university | url-status= dead | archive-date= 19 August 2013 |title= Tagore's Nobel Prize stolen |work=[[The Times of India]]|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|date=25 March 2004|access-date=10 July 2013}}</ref> The Swedish Academy decided to give the University two copies of Tagore's Nobel Prize, one made of gold and the other of bronze, on December 7, 2004.<ref>{{cite news | url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Sweden-to-present-India-replicas-of-Tagores-Nobel/articleshow/949065.cms| archive-url= https://archive.today/20130710163535/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-12-07/india/27146417_1_rabindranath-tagore-s-nobel-prize-visva-bharati-university-replicas| url-status= live| archive-date= 10 July 2013|title= Sweden to present India replicas of Tagore's Nobel|work=[[The Times of India]]|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|date=7 December 2004|access-date=10 July 2013}}</ref> It inspired the fictional film ''[[Nobel Chor]]''. A baul singer named Pradip Bauri was detained in 2016 after being suspected of providing the robbers with cover. The reward was then given back.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Tagores-Nobel-medal-theft-Baul-singer-arrested/articleshow/55626542.cms |title=Tagore's Nobel medal theft: Baul singer arrested |work=The Times of India |access-date=31 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/tagores-nobel-medal-theft-folk-singer-arrested-from-bengal-1316033.html |title=Tagore's Nobel Medal Theft: Folk Singer Arrested From Bengal |work=News18 |access-date=31 March 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1911/ceremony-speech/ Award ceremony speech by Harald Hjärne] nobelprize.org

{{Nobel Prize in Literature}}

[[Category:Nobel Prize in Literature by year|1913]]
[[Category:Rabindranath Tagore]]
[[Category:1913 in literature|Nobel]]
[[Category:History of the Bengali language]]

Vaanam Art Festival

2025-10-28T11:18:50Z

S7singh: new initial stub more to come...

{{Short description|Dalit art festival}}
{{AI-generated|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox film festival|name=Vaanam Dalit Art Festival|image=|image_alt=|image_size=|caption=Vaanam Dalit Art Festival|location=[[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]|founded=2018|founders=[[Pa. Ranjith]], Neelam Cultural Center|date=April|website=https://twitter.com/Vaanam_Art/}}
The '''Vaanam Art Festival''' is an annual cultural event organized by filmmaker [[Pa. Ranjith|Pa Ranjith]]'s [[Neelam Cultural Centre]]. The festival aims to celebrate [[Dalit]] culture, promote social awareness, and provide a platform for artistic expression. It takes place in April, coinciding with [[Dalit History Month]] and the birth month of [[B. R. Ambedkar|Dr. B.R. Ambedkar]].<ref name="Subramanian">{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=2018-12-21 |title=Cultural fest on social justice by Pa Ranjith |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/211218/cultural-fest-on-social-justice-by-pa-ranjith.html |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Editions ==

===2018===
The inaugural edition of the 'Vaanam' festival took place at St. Ebbas Girls School on RK Salai in [[Mylapore]], [[Chennai]], over a span of three days, commencing with an opening ceremony at the hands of renowned filmmaker Pa Ranjith. The festival, featuring a diverse range of cultural expressions, including song, dance, drama, and art, aimed to foster discussions and debates on critical societal issues.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramesh |first=Akshaya |date=2019-01-02 |title=Vaanam Arts Festival: An education on the Dalit movement |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/vaanam-arts-festival-an-education-on-the-dalit-movement/article25888609.ece |access-date=2024-01-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> [[Pa. Ranjith|Pa Ranjith]], who was behind the festival, highlighted the significance of the event in addressing prevailing social challenges and initiating conversations on universal equality.<ref name="Subramanian"/> The festival showcased various performances, including the 'Parai&Oppari' presentation, the 'Magizhchi' album launch & performance' by [[The Casteless Collective]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohandas |first=Vandana |date=2019-01-04 |title=Voice of the voiceless |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/040119/voice-of-the-voiceless-1.html |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> and a '[[Parai]] performance' by numerous skilled artists. Beyond entertainment, 'Vaanam' incorporated literature workshops, story-telling sessions, [[Silambam]] demonstrations, Therukural street-drama, puppet shows, and thought-provoking plays like 'Munnavar.'<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shekar |first=Anjana |date=2020-12-18 |title=Gaana and oppari in Margazhi: Pa Ranjith's Neelam Cultural Centre announces programme |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/gaana-and-oppari-margazhi-pa-ranjiths-neelam-cultural-centre-announces-programme-139878 |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> Notable social campaigner [[Jignesh Mevani|Jignesh Mewani]], in a spirited speech, emphasized the role of art forms, particularly cinema in the style of Pa Ranjith, as crucial mediums for advancing the war against caste. The festival's title, 'Vaanam,' symbolizes the equality of all under the sky, reinforcing the call for universal equality and pride.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Correspondent |first=D. C. |date=2018-12-30 |title=Pa Ranjith Vaanam fesival lures thousands |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/301218/pa-ranjith-vaanam-fesival-lures-thousands.html |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref>

===2022===
The festival commenced with the [[PK Rosy Film Festival]] at Prithvi Theatre in [[Saligramam]], showcasing the best of Dalit cinema from across the country.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-07 |title=Palasa 1978 Completes 2 Years of Release; Nominated For PK Rose Film Festival |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/palasa-1978-completes-2-years-of-release-nominated-for-pk-rose-film-festival-4951676.html |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> It served as a curtain-raiser for the larger Vaanam Festival for Dalit History Month.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Athimuthu |first=Soundarya |date=2022-04-20 |title=Pa Ranjith on Organising 'Vaanam Art Festival' During Dalit History Month |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/celebrities/pa-ranjith-interview-about-vaanam-art-festival-in-dalit-history-month |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref> The festival featured a diverse range of events, including a photography exhibition documenting the lives of marginalized communities, an art exhibition challenging mainstream perspectives, and a theatre festival showcasing productions from versatile theatre groups. Additionally, the festival honored the late [[Dalit Subbaiah]], known for his advocacy of [[Ambedkarism|Ambedkarite]] and [[Marxism|Marxist]] ideologies. The literary festival included the presentation of an award to writer [[Raj Gauthaman]] and interactive sessions for contemporary writers.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kaur |first=Amarjot |date=2022-10-18 |title=Dalit art festivalVaanam puts the spotlight caste identity |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/dalit-art-festivalvaanam-puts-the-spotlight-caste-identity/article65996228.ece |access-date=2024-01-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The cricket competition and Verchol, a two-day Dalit literary meet in Madurai, added further dimensions to the festival. The artworks exhibited at [[Dakshina Chitra Heritage Museum]] questioned identity and existentialism, offering a platform for nearly 22 Dalit artists to express their perspectives on caste issues.<ref>{{Cite web |last=George |first=Diya Maria |date=2022-10-15 |title=Canvases creating conversations |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2022/Oct/15/canvases-creating-conversations-2508234.html |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

===2023===
The 2023 edition of the Vaanam Art Festival, curated by director Pa Ranjith's Neelam Cultural Centre, took place in April, coinciding with the birth month of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and Dalit History Month. The month-long festival featured a diverse range of activities, including a book exhibition, the [[PK Rosy Film Festival]], the [[Niththam Art and Photography Exhibition]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=George |first=Diya Maria |date=2023-09-21 |title=In search of Ambedkar |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2023/Sep/21/in-search-of-ambedkar-2616694.html |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> the [[Dhamma Theatre Festival]], and the [[Verchol Dalit Literary Festival]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Raju |first=Bharathy Singaravel, Maria Teresa |date=2023-05-02 |title=A new biography of Dr BR Ambedkar taps sources yet unexplored in English |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/new-biography-dr-br-ambedkar-taps-sources-yet-unexplored-english-176673 |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> Notably, the festival aimed to provide a platform for subaltern youth to engage actively in political thought and discourse.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-30 |title=Writer Indran receives Verchol Dalit Literary Award |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/writer-indran-receives-verchol-dalit-literary-award/article66797898.ece |access-date=2024-01-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The events took place at accessible locations in Chennai, challenging conventional associations with the upper caste glare. The Niththam exhibition showcased the everyday lives of subaltern individuals through the lens of photography, with contributions from around 40 artists, including first-time photographers from [[Nepal]], [[Maharashtra]], and [[Kerala]]. The literary festival featured panels moderated by young, first-time writers, fostering vibrant discussions on writing and philosophy.<ref name=":0" />

== Controversy ==
Poet and assistant director [[Viduthalai Sigappi]], associated with filmmaker Pa Ranjith, faced legal action for reciting a satirical poem titled 'Malakkuzhi Maranam' (deaths in manholes) during the Vaanam Arts Festival.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pa Ranjith comes out in support of assistant director Viduthalai Sigappi, condemns Tamil Nadu police |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/pa-ranjith-comes-out-in-support-of-assistant-director-viduthalai-sigappi-condemns-tn-police-fascist-hindu-groups-2377085-2023-05-10 |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The poem, addressed the issue of [[manual scavenging]] deaths. The Bharath Hindu Munnani, a right-wing outfit, filed a complaint, leading to the Tamil Nadu police registering an FIR against Sigappi. Neelam Cultural Centre defended Sigappi, emphasizing that the poem aimed to draw attention to societal ignorance about manual scavenging deaths and was not intended to insult religious beliefs. The controversy sparked condemnation from various quarters, with support for Sigappi coming from individuals like actor [[Kalaiyarasan]], [[K. Selvaperunthagai|Sriperumbudur MLA K Selvaperunthagai]], filmmaker [[Lenin Bharathi]], writer-activist [[Shalin Maria Lawrence]], and director Shan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-15 |title=HC stays case booked against assistant director for reciting a poem depicting Lord Rama to be involved in manual scavenging |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/hc-stays-case-booked-against-assistant-director-for-reciting-a-poem-depicting-lord-rama-to-be-involved-in-manual-scavenging/article67197703.ece |access-date=2024-01-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Art festivals]]
[[Category:Annual events]]
[[Category:April]]