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Dharchula Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T09:47:50Z

RyanQuintana2:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttarakhand legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dharchula
| mla = [[Harish Singh Dhami]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.india.com/assembly-election-2017/uttarakhand/dharchula/ |title=Dharchula - Uttarakhand Assembly Election Results 2017 |website=India.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612235133/https://www.india.com/assembly-election-2017/uttarakhand/dharchula/ |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=dead |access-date=14 May 2022}}</ref>
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| established = 2002
| state = Uttarakhand
| district = [[Pithoragarh]]
| electors = '''87,747''' (2022)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.uk.gov.in/files/LS-2019/PCWiseElector.pdf |title=लोक सभा सामान्य निर्वाचन-2019 मतदेय स्थलों/ सामान्य एवं सर्विस मतदाताओं का विवरण । (Lok Sabha General Election-2019 Details of polling places/general and service voters.) |author= |date=19 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803062355/https://ceo.uk.gov.in/files/LS-2019/PCWiseElector.pdf |archive-date=3 August 2019 |url-status=live |access-date=14 May 2022}}</ref>
| type = SLA
| loksabha_cons = [[Almora Lok Sabha constituency|Almora]]
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 42
| map_image = Dharchula Assembly constituency map.svg
}}

'''Dharchula Legislative Assembly constituency''' is one of the seventy electoral [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Uttarakhand]] state in [[India]]. It includes [[Dharchula]] area of [[Pithoragarh]] District.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/uttarakhand/dharchula-constituency.html |title=Dharchula Assembly Constituency Map, Dharchula Vidhan Sabha 2017 Previous Election Results |date=17 January 2012 |website=Maps Of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803074048/https://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/uttarakhand/dharchula-constituency.html |archive-date=3 August 2019 |url-status=live |access-date=14 May 2022}}</ref>

Dharchula Legislative Assembly constituency is a part of [[Almora (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. Being a largely [[rural]] constituency, Dharchula carries a simulated partisan voting index of INC+2, identifying it as a resilient Congress stronghold within the otherwise competitive [[Pithoragarh district]]. While the seat frequently sees narrow margins, it consistently performs roughly 10 to 14 points better for the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) than the Uttarakhand state average, even during significant statewide shifts toward the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP). The BJP has failed to ever win this seat to date, making it the only seat apart from [[Jaspur Assembly constituency|Jaspur]] in [[Kumaon division]] and [[Chakrata Assembly constituency|Chakrata]] as a hill constituency and one of the few in the state, to have never been won by the BJP.<ref>https://www.indiastatpublications.com/assembly_factbook/uttarakhand/almora/dharchula</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election|2002]]<ref>{{cite report |url=https://ceo.uk.gov.in/files/AC2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf |author=Election Commission of India |year=2002 |title=Statistical Report On General Election, 2002 To The Legislative Assembly Of Uttaranchal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629091827/https://ceo.uk.gov.in/files/AC2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf |archive-date=29 June 2019 |url-status=live |access-date=14 May 2022}}</ref>
| rowspan=2| Gagan Singh Rajwar
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2007]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.uk.gov.in/files/Election2007/Name%20of%20Assembly%20Constituency.pdf |title=Name of Assembly Constituency |year=2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611030002/https://ceo.uk.gov.in/files/Election2007/Name%20of%20Assembly%20Constituency.pdf |archive-date=11 June 2016 |url-status=live |access-date=14 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
| colspan=7 align=center|''Major boundary changes''
|-
| [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| [[Harish Singh Dhami]]<ref name="42-Dharchula">{{cite web |url=http://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/42-Dharchula.pdf |title=Dharchula |year=2017 |website=election.uk.gov.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327083627/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/42-Dharchula.pdf |archive-date=27 March 2017 |url-status=live |access-date=14 May 2022}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2014 (By Elect)]]
| [[Harish Rawat]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://election.uk.gov.in/Bye_Election_2014/Result-Bye_Election_2014/Form-21D&21E-42-Dharchula.pdf |title=Declaration of Result |date=25 July 2014 |website=election.uk.gov.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412001116/http://election.uk.gov.in/Bye_Election_2014/Result-Bye_Election_2014/Form-21D&21E-42-Dharchula.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=14 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
| [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<ref name="42-Dharchula" />
| rowspan=2|[[Harish Singh Dhami]]
|-
| [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

== Recent election results for this constituency from statewide and national races ==
{| class=wikitable
! Year
! Office
! Results<ref>{{cite web | title=IndiaVotes AC Dharchula | url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2022/uttarakhand/dharchula/56/45543/287 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.indiastatpublications.com](https://www.indiastatpublications.com/pdf_Samples/assembly_factbook/uttarakhand/Almora/Dharchula-Assembly-Factbook.pdf</ref>

|-
||2009
| [[2009 Indian general election in Uttarakhand|Lok Sabha]]
| align="right" {{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Pradeep Tamta|Tamta]] (INC) 32% – 27%
|-
||2012
| [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|Assembly]]
| align="right" {{party colour|Indian National Congress}}|[[Harish Singh Dhami|Dhami]] (INC) 33% – 22%
|-
|rowspan=2|2014
| [[2014 Indian general election in Uttarakhand|Lok Sabha]]
| align="right" {{party colour|Indian National Congress}}|[[Pradeep Tamta|Tamta]] (INC) 52% – 40%
|-
| [[2014 elections in India#Assembly By-elections#Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Assembly (By-poll)]]
| align="right" {{party colour|Indian National Congress}}|[[Harish Rawat|Rawat]] (INC) 75% – 25%
|-
||2017
| [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|Assembly]]
| align="right" {{party colour|Indian National Congress}}|[[Harish Singh Dhami|Dhami]] (INC) 48% – 42%
|-
||2019
| [[2019 Indian general election in Uttarakhand|Lok Sabha]]
| align="right" {{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|[[Ajay Tamta|Tamta]] (BJP) 62% – 35%
|-
||2022
| [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|Assembly]]
| align="right" {{party colour|Indian National Congress}}|[[Harish Singh Dhami|Dhami]] (INC) 48% – 46%
|-
||2024
| [[2024 Indian general election in Uttarakhand|Lok Sabha]]
| align="right" {{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|[[Ajay Tamta|Tamta]] (BJP) 62% – 31%
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Dharchula<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2022 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615102703/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-date=15 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Harish Singh Dhami]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=27,007 |percentage=47.95% |change={{increase}}0.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhan Singh Dhami (Dhan Da) |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=25,889 |percentage=45.96% |change={{increase}}4.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jeevan Singh Thakur |party=Independent politician |votes=825 |percentage=1.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narayan Ram |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=643 |percentage=1.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kailash Singh Pangtey |party=Independent politician |votes=575 |percentage=1.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=406 |percentage=0.72% |change={{decrease}}0.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Singh |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=406 |percentage=0.72% |change={{decrease}}0.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Govind Ram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=394 |percentage=0.70% |change={{decrease}}0.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manju Devi|party=Samajwadi Party |votes=180 |percentage=0.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,118 |percentage=1.98% |change= {{decrease}}3.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=56,325 |percentage=62.03% |change= {{decrease}}0.60 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,798 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.04 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}0.67 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Dharchula<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2017 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630093109/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Harish Singh Dhami]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,597 |percentage=47.28% |change={{decrease}}27.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Virendra Singh Pal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=22,512 |percentage=41.58% |change={{increase}}16.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Durga Prashad |party=Independent politician |votes=2,717 |percentage=5.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lal Singh |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=883 |percentage=1.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devindra Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=631 |percentage=1.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Virendra Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=540 |percentage=1.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=500 |percentage=0.92% |change= {{decrease}}1.54}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jitendra Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=445 |percentage=0.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,085 |percentage=5.70% |change= {{decrease}}43.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=54,140 |percentage=62.63% |change= {{increase}}11.29 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 86,441 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.10 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}27.35 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly By-election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 elections in India#Uttarakhand|2014 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Dharchula}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Harish Rawat]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,214 |percentage=74.63% |change={{increase}}41.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bishnu Dutt Joshi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=10,610 |percentage=25.37% |change={{increase}}3.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=1,028 |percentage=2.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,604 |percentage=49.26% |change= {{increase}}38.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=41,824 |percentage=52.61% |change= {{decrease}}14.30 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,469 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.98 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Dharchula<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2012 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929115647/https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-date=29 September 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Harish Singh Dhami]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,739 |percentage=32.96% |change={{increase}}21.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khushal Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=10,433 |percentage=21.85% |change={{decrease}}1.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kashi Singh Airy]] |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=6,685 |percentage=14.00% |change={{increase}}3.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajendara Singh Kutiyal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=4,389 |percentage=9.19% |change={{increase}}2.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gagan Singh Rajwar |party=Independent politician |votes=2,990 |percentage=6.26% |change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Virendra Singh Pal |party=Uttarakhand Raksha Morcha |votes=2,347 |percentage=4.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagat Martolia |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation) |votes=1,864 |percentage=3.90% |change={{increase}}2.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shankar Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,131 |percentage=2.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laxmi Datt Pant |party=Independent politician |votes=627 |percentage=1.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jewan Singh Danu |party=Independent politician |votes=479 |percentage=1.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Govind Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=374 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dinesh Singh |party=Uttarakhand Parivartan Party|votes=361 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,306 |percentage=11.11% |change= {{decrease}}4.21 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=47,757 |percentage=65.64% |change= {{increase}}2.31 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,755 |ref = |change= {{increase}}32.84 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}5.41 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Dharchula<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114082304/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Gagan Singh Rajwar|party=Independent politician |votes=13,308 |percentage=38.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kundan Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,995 |percentage=23.05% |change={{increase}}16.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shakuntala Devi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,022 |percentage=11.60% |change={{decrease}}4.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lal Singh |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=3,485 |percentage=10.05% |change={{increase}}0.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajendara Singh Kutiyal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,415 |percentage=6.96% |change={{increase}}5.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Virendra Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,538 |percentage=4.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hoshiyar Singh |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=935 |percentage=2.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandra Singh |party= Shivsena |votes=502 |percentage=1.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagat Singh (Jagat Martoliya) |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation) |votes=486 |percentage=1.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,313 |percentage=15.32% |change= {{decrease}}11.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=34,686 |percentage=63.38% |change= {{increase}}8.60 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,767 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.67 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}4.16 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election]]: Dharchula<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114065248/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Gagan Singh Rajwar |party=Independent politician |votes=12,537 |percentage=42.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pradyuman Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,670 |percentage=15.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajendra Singh Raipa |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=2,849 |percentage=9.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hoshiyar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,526 |percentage=8.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Goverdhan Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,950 |percentage=6.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Puran Singh Chalal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,208 |percentage=4.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harish Chandra Singh Rawat |party=Independent politician |votes=1,024 |percentage=3.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahendra Singh Budiyal |party=Uttarakhand Janwadi Party |votes=829 |percentage=2.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=776 |percentage=2.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dham Singh Tolia |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=449 |percentage=1.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ganga Singh Pangatey |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=399 |percentage=1.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dan Singh |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=266 |percentage=0.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,867 |percentage=26.68% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=29,483 |percentage=54.80% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 53,869 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Almora (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web |title=Record of all Uttarakhand Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/93-uttarakhand/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=17 January 2024}}
*http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf. The Election Commission of India. p. 509.
*http://ceo.uk.gov.in/files/Election2012/RESULTS_2012_Uttarakhand_State.pdf
*https://web.archive.org/web/20090619064401/http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_pc.aspx
*https://web.archive.org/web/20101201021552/http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_detl.aspx

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand}}
{{coord|29.85|80.54|display=title}}

[[Category:Pithoragarh]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Pithoragarh district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2002]]

Sushin Shyam

2026-05-02T20:45:46Z

RyanQuintana2: Made entry

{{short description|Indian composer and playback singer}}
{{Indian name|Sushin|Shyam}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Sushin Shyam
| image =
| caption =
| background = person
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Thalassery]], [[Kannur district|Kannur]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = {{hlist | Music composer | Instrumentalist | Singer}}
| years_active = 2012–present
| genre = {{hlist|[[Filmi]] | [[Indian classical music|classical music]] | [[world music]] | [[Electronic dance music|EDM]] | [[trap music]]}}
| instrument = {{hlist | Keyboard | guitar | vocals}}
| current_member_of = [[The Down Troddence]]
| label = {{hlist|[[Sony Music India]]|[[Muzik247]]|[[Saregama]]|[[Think Music]]|123Musix}}
| spouse = {{Marriage|Uthara Krishnan|2024}}
}}
'''Sushin Shyam''' is an Indian music composer, instrumentalist, and singer primarily associated with [[Malayalam cinema]]. He is also a founding member of the folk metal band [[The Down Troddence]].<ref>{{cite web |first1=Srivathsan |last1=Nadadhur |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/the-down-troddence-band-cant-put-em-down/article7566015.ece |title=The Down Troddence band: Can't put 'em down |website=[[The Hindu]] |orig-date=21 August 2015 |date=29 March 2016 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031151218/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/the-down-troddence-band-cant-put-em-down/article7566015.ece |archive-date=31 October 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> He is known for his contributions to the films ''[[Varathan]]'' (2018), ''[[Kumbalangi Nights]]'' (2019), ''[[Minnal Murali]]'' (2021), ''[[Bheeshma Parvam]]'' (2022), ''[[Romancham]]'' (2023), ''[[Kannur Squad]]'' (2023)'', [[Manjummel Boys]]'' (2024) and ''[[Aavesham (2024 film)|Aavesham]]'' (2024). His work on ''[[Kumbalangi Nights]]'' earned him the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Music Director]] in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/thrash-metal-film-music-meet-sushin-shyam-composer-varathan-88098 |title=From thrash metal to film music: Meet Sushin Shyam, composer of 'Varathan' |date=10 September 2018 |website=The News Minute}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://scroll.in/tag/Sushin-Shyam |title=Sushin Shyam |website=Scroll.in|date=25 November 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/i-didnt-even-know-that-state-awards-are-getting-announced-today-says-sushin-shaym/articleshow/78636296.cms |title='I didn't even know that State Awards are getting announced today,' says Sushin Shaym - Times of India |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In 2025 July 4th, he made his debut as an independent music artist with the music video ''Ray.'' He is a two-time winner of [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Music Director – Songs|Kerala State Film Award for Best Music Director]], for [[Kumbalangi Nights|''Kumbalangi Nights'']] in 2019 and [[Bougainvillea (film)|''Bougainvillea'']] in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-03 |title=Kerala State Film Awards 2025 winners Live Updates: Mammootty, Shamla Hamza win top honours; Manjummel Boys named Best Film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/kerala-state-film-awards-2025-winners-announcement-live-updates-10337046/ |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Sushin Shyam was born at [[Thalasserry]] in [[Kannur district]] of [[Kerala]] to Shyam Prakash and Kalavathi. He studied at St. Joseph's School and Mambaram School in Thalassery. Under his father's guidance, a musician himself, Sushin learned to play the keyboard from an early age, including performing on stage at the age of 3.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sushin Shyam - Music Composer (Famous Mallus) |url=https://famousmallus.com/profile/sushin-shyam-music-composer |work=famousmallus.com}}</ref> He relocated to [[Chennai]] in pursuit of new prospects within the music industry.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/I-felt-it-better-be-a-full-time-musician-Sushin/articleshow/53542629.cms |title=I felt it better be a full-time musician: Sushin - Times of India |work=indiatimes.com|access-date=18 April 2017}}</ref> He honed his skills during a two-year stint working with the music director [[Deepak Dev]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/%E2%80%98I-will-never-quit-music%E2%80%99/article14562130.ece |title=I will never quit music |first=Liza |last=George |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=18 April 2017}}</ref>

==Career==
Sushin lent his voice to a song, "Thaazhvaram" for the film [[Neelakasham Pachakadal Chuvanna Bhoomi|''Neelakasham Pachakadal Chuvanna Bhoomi'']].<ref name="manoramaonline.com">{{cite web |url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/music/sushin-shyam-kismath-movie-song-and-more.html |title=When 'Kismath' dawned on Sushin Shyam |work=manoramaonline.com|access-date=18 April 2017}}</ref>

Sushin's subsequent projects included composing the background score for ''[[Lord Livingstone 7000 Kandi]]'' in 2015 and for ''[[Kismath (2016 film)|Kismath]]'' in 2016. He also created a song, "Kissa Pathiyil," for the latter film, both of which were well received by audiences.<ref name="manoramaonline.com"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2016/aug/03/Making-the-music-of-love-1502158.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418082054/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2016/aug/03/Making-the-music-of-love-1502158.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2017 |title=Making the music of love |work=newindianexpress.com|access-date=18 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/celebs-laud-shane-nigam-shruthy-menons-kismath-movie-song-kisa-paathiyil-video-687748 |title=Celebs laud 'Kismath' movie song 'Kisa Paathiyil' featuring Shane Nigam, Shruthy Menon [VIDEOS] |first=Anu |last=James |work=ibtimes.co.in|date=25 July 2016 |access-date=18 April 2017}}</ref>

Sushin has appeared in short or guest roles in movies including'' [[Grandmaster (2012 film)|Grandmaster]]'', ''[[Thattathin Marayathu]]'',<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/When-a-one-liner-turns-you-into-a-star/articleshow/21621288.cms |title=When a one-liner turns you into a star - Times of India |work=indiatimes.com|access-date=18 April 2017|last1=Prakash |first1=Asha }}</ref> ''[[Da Thadiya]]'',<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/Sreenath-Basi-croons-the-Kerala-Royals-theme-songs/articleshow/54478378.cms |title=Sreenath Basi croons the Kerala Royals' theme songs - Times of India |work=indiatimes.com|access-date=18 April 2017}}</ref> ''[[Honey Bee (2013 film)|Honey Bee]]'', ''[[Guppy (film)|Guppy]]'', ''[[Mayaanadhi]] and [[Nadikar]]''
==Personal life==
He married Uthara Krishnan on 30 October 2024 at [[Sree Poornathrayeesa Temple|Sree Poornathrayeesa Temple, Thrippunithura]]. Uthara is niece of former actress [[Parvathy Jayaram]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/aavesham-fame-music-director-sushin-shyam-ties-the-knot-with-uthara-krishnan-fahadh-faasil-and-nazriya-nazim-in-attendance-1356002|title=Aavesham fame music director Sushin Shyam ties the knot with Uthara Krishnan; Fahadh Faasil and Nazriya Nazim in attendance|publisher=Pinkvilla}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/music-director-sushin-shyam-gets-married-1.10033096|title=Music director Sushin Shyam ties the knot: Close friends, family attend wedding|publisher=Mathrubhumi}}</ref>

=== Indie Projects ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of independent singles by Sushin Shyam
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2025
|"Ray"
|Composer, Singer
|Directed by [[Vimal Chandran]]; lyrics by [[ Vinayak Sasikumar]].<ref>{{cite web |date=10 July 2024 |title=Sushin Shyam's 'Ray' marks his indie music debut |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sushin-shyam-releases-first-indie-music-video-ray-191273 |access-date=18 July 2025 |website=The News Minute}}</ref>
|}

== Discography ==
===As music composer===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Sushin Shyam film credits as music composer
|-
! width=30 scope="col" | Year
! width=180 scope="col" | Title
! width=65 scope="col" | Songs
! width=65 scope="col" | Score
! class="unsortable" scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=""|2014 ||''[[Sapthamashree Thaskaraha]]'' || {{no}} ||{{yes}} || Score only.<ref>https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2023/May/12/new-gen-tracks-may-not-have-longevity-of-old-classics-2574558.html</ref>
|-
| rowspan=""|2015
||''[[Lord Livingstone 7000 Kandi]]'' || {{no}} ||{{yes}} || Score only.<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/sushin-shyam-happy-composing-bgm-for-llk/articleshow/49526923.cms</ref>
|-
| rowspan=""|2016 ||''[[Kismath (2016 film)|Kismath]]'' || {{yes}} ||{{yes}} || Score and 1 song only
|-
| rowspan="3"|2017 ||''[[Ezra (2017 film)|Ezra]]'' || {{yes}} ||{{yes}} || Score and 2 songs only
|-
|''[[The Great Father]]'' || {{no}} ||{{yes}} ||
|-
|''[[Villain (2017 film)|Villain]]'' || {{no}} ||{{yes}} ||
|-
| rowspan="4"|2018 ||''[[Maradona (2018 film)|Maradona]]'' || {{yes}} ||{{yes}} ||
|-
|''[[Rosapoo]]'' || {{yes}} ||{{yes}} ||
|-
|''[[Varathan]]'' || {{yes}} ||{{yes}} ||
|-
|''[[Lilli (2018 film)|Lilli]]'' || {{yes}} ||{{yes}} ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019||''[[Kumbalangi Nights]]'' || {{yes}} ||{{yes}} ||
|-
|''[[Virus (2019 film)|Virus]]'' || {{yes}} ||{{yes}} ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2020
|''[[Anjaam Pathiraa]]''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/kunchacko-boban’s-next-is-anchaam-pathira-news-malayalam-th5lLtgfddggf.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801024946/https://www.sify.com/movies/kunchacko-boban%E2%80%99s-next-is-anchaam-pathira-news-malayalam-th5lLtgfddggf.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 August 2019 |title=Kunchacko Boban's next is Anchaam Pathira!! |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|-
|''[[Trance (2020 film)|Trance]]''
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|Score co-composed with Jackson Vijayan
|-
|''[[Kappela]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|-
|''[[Kilometers and Kilometers]]''
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
|''[[Mālik (2020 film)|Mālik]]''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/fahadh-faasil-malik-starts-rolling-5964809/ |title=Fahadh Faasil's Malik starts rolling |date=4 September 2019}}</ref>
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|-
|''[[Kurup (film)|Kurup]]''|| {{yes}} || {{yes}}
| Score and 3 songs only
|-
|''[[Minnal Murali]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|Score and 4 songs
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[Bheeshma Parvam]]''|| {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|
|-
|''[[Ariyippu]]''|| {{no}} || {{yes}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2023 || ''[[Romancham]]''|| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{br list |2=Also co-producer<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2023/mar/10/fahadh-faasils-next-with-romancham-director-rolls-2554616.html |title=Fahadh Faasil's next with 'Romancham' director rolls |website=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=10 March 2023 }}</ref>}}
|-
| ''[[Kannur Squad]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-22 |title=Mammootty's 'Kannur Squad' set to ignite screens with early morning all-Kerala shows |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mammoottys-kannur-squad-set-to-ignite-screens-with-early-morning-all-kerala-shows/articleshow/103855347.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-28 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |title=Mammootty announces 'Kannur Squad' worldwide release date |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1153689 |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2024 || ''[[Manjummel Boys]]''|| {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/feb/25/its-a-wrap-for-the-kodaikanal-schedule-of-manjummel-boys-40371.html |title=It's a wrap for the Kodaikanal schedule of Manjummel Boys |website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=25 February 2023 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Aavesham (2024 film) |Aavesham]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://time.news/nazriya-heroine-in-fahad-movie-the-excitement-began/ |title=Nazriya heroine in Fahad movie? The 'excitement' began |date=10 March 2023 |website=Time News}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ullozhukku]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-05-31 |title=Parvathy and Urvashi's Ullozhukku gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/May/31/parvathy-and-urvashis-ullozhukku-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-06-01 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bougainvillea (film)|Bougainvillea]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2026 || ''[[Patriot (film)|Patriot]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-26 |title=Patriot's new song 'Manushyan' also credits Mammootty as a singer |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Apr/26/patriots-new-song-manushyan-also-credits-mammootty-as-a-singer |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{Pending film|Balan}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/balan-manjummel-boys-director-chidambaram-kvn-productions-jithu-madhavan-sushin-shyam-toxic-jana-nayagan/article69950633.ece |title=‘Balan’: ‘Manjummel Boys’ director Chidambaram’s next film announced |website=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 August 2025 }}</ref>
|-
| {{Pending film| Mattancherry Mafia}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || Score only.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/mammootty-khalid-rahman-film-titled-mattanchery-mafia-to-co-star-asif-ali-and-naslen |title=Mammootty-Khalid Rahman Film Titled 'Mattancherry Mafia', To Co-Star Asif Ali And Naslen |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]|date=25 March 2026 }}</ref>
|-
|}

{{pending films key}}

===As playback singer===
*''Sources: malayalachalachithram.com''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/listsongs.php?g=3473|title=List of Malayalam Songs sung by Sushin Shyam|website=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Sushin Shyam film credits as playback singer
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! width=150 scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Music Director/Composer
! scope="col" | Co singer(s)
|-
|2013
|"Thaazhvaram"
|''[[Neelakasham Pachakadal Chuvanna Bhoomi]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[Rex Vijayan]]
|
|-
|2014
|"Kai Ethum Doorathu"
|''[[Sapthamashree Thaskaraha]]''
|
|-
|rowspan=7|2018
|Nilapakshi
| rowspan="2" |''[[Maradona (2018 film)|Maradona]]''
| rowspan="17" |Himself
| rowspan="2" |[[Neha Nair]]
|-
|"Varum"
|-
|Kochiloru Kappaladuthe
| rowspan="4" |''[[Rosapoo]]''
|Munna
|-
|"Padinjattodiyal Kadalu"
|Maqbool Mansoor
|-
|Munniloru Swargam
|[[Suchith Suresan]]
|-
|"Mutta Paatu"
|[[Jassie Gift]], [[Anthony Daasan]]
|-
|"Oduvile Theeyayi"
|''[[Varathan]]''
|[[Neha Nair]]
|-
|rowspan=4|2019
|"Cherathukal"
| rowspan="3" |''[[Kumbalangi Nights]]''
|[[Sithara Krishnakumar]]
|-
|"Ezhutha Katha"
|
|-
|"Lagoon Chill"
|
|-
|"Spread Love"
|''[[Virus (2019 film)|Virus]]''
|Shelton Pinheiro, [[Madonna Sebastian]], [[Muhsin Parari]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022
|"[[Bheeshma Parvam (soundtrack)#Track listing|Be Notorious]]"
|''[[Bheeshma Parvam]]''
|[[Hamsika Iyer]], [[Yogi B]]
|-
|"Aadharanjali"
| rowspan="2" |''[[Romancham]]''
|Madhuvanthi Narayan
|-
|"Athmave Poo"
|
|-
|rowspan="4" |2024
|"Kuthanthram"
| rowspan="3" |''[[Manjummel Boys]]''
| Vedan
|-
|"Kuthanthram" (Extended Version)
| Vedan
|-
|"Thaai Manam"
| Urmila Krishnan
|-
|"Premalola"
|''[[Sureshanteyum Sumalathayudeyum Hrudayahariyaya Pranayakadha]]''
|[[Dawn Vincent]]
|
|-
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Sushin Shyam awards
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Award
! scope="col" |Category
! scope="col" |Work
!Result
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
|2019
|[[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA]]
|Best Music Director
|''[[Varathan]]''
|{{won}}
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2020
|[[Kerala State Film Award]]
|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
|''[[Kumbalangi Nights]]''
|{{won}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[CPC Cine Awards]]
|Best Original Song
|"Cherathukal" (from ''[[Kumbalangi Nights]]'')
|{{won}}
|
|-
|Best Background Score
|''[[Kumbalangi Nights]]''
|{{won}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Mirchi Music Awards South]]
|Best Album
|''[[Kumbalangi Nights]]''
|{{won}}
|
|-
|Listener's Choice Song of the year
| rowspan="2" |"Uyiril Thodum" (from ''[[Kumbalangi Nights]]'')
|{{won}}
|
|-
|Viral Song of the year
|{{won}}
|
|-
|2021
|[[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA]]
|Best Music Director
|''[[Kumbalangi Nights]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Entertainment |first=The Cue |date=20 September 2021 |title=സൈമ അവാര്‍ഡ്‌സ്: അയ്യപ്പനും കോശിയും ലൂസിഫറും പ്രധാന പുരസ്‌കാരങ്ങള്‍; ജേതാക്കളുടെ പട്ടിക |url=https://www.thecue.in/videos/entertainment/film-events/siima-2021-full-winners-list |website=The Cue}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|[[Kerala State Film Awards]]
|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Music Director – Songs|Best Music Director]]
|''[[Bougainvillea (film)|Bougainvillea]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-03 |title=Kerala State Film Awards 2025 winners Live Updates: Mammootty, Shamla Hamza win top honours; Manjummel Boys named Best Film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/kerala-state-film-awards-2025-winners-announcement-live-updates-10337046/ |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|[[Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Malayalam|Best Music Director – Malayalam]]
|''[[Aavesham (2024 film) |Aavesham]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2026|title=Full List of Winners of The 70th Filmfare Awards South With Kerala Tourism (Malayalam)|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/full-list-of-winners-of-the-70th-filmfare-awards-south-with-kerala-tourism-malayalam-81914.html|access-date=23 February 2026|website=[[Filmfare]]|language=en}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Music Director]]
* [[Bheeshma Parvam (soundtrack)]]
* [[Kumbalangi Nights (soundtrack)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|5444706}}
* {{Facebook|sushinshyam}}
* {{Instagram|sushintdt}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shyam, Sushin}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayalam film score composers]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:IIFA Utsavam winners]]
[[Category:Artists from Kerala]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]

Divyadarsan R. Engoor

2026-05-01T02:54:02Z

RyanQuintana2: creating page

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Divyadarsan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1987|10|26}}
| birth_place = [[Kollam district|Kollam]], [[Kerala]], India
| years_active = 2012–present
| parents = {{Unbulleted_list|[[E. A. Rajendran]]|Sandhya Rajendran}}
| relatives = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] (uncle)|[[O. Madhavan]] (grandfather)|[[Vijayakumari]] (grandmother)}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|Producer}}
}}

'''Divyadarsan Rajendran Engoor''' (born 26 October 1986), known mononymously as '''Divyadarsan '''is an Indian actor and producer from [[Kerala]], India. He made his debut in [[Malayalam cinema]] through ''[[Hide N' Seek (2012 film)|Hide N' Seek]]'' (2012) and has acted in eight movies since then.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/A-surprise-debut-for-Divyadarshan/articleshow/15388143.cms| title=A surprise debut for Divyadarshan}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Divyadarsan was born in [[Pattathanam]], [[Kollam]], [[Kerala]] as the only son of actor [[E. A. Rajendran]] and Sandhya Rajendran. He is the grandson of theater artist and writer [[O. Madhavan]] and [[Vijayakumari]], who is also an actress. He is also the nephew of actor and politician [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]].

==Career==
Divyadarsan made his entry into the [[Malayalam cinema]] industry in a lead role through Anil's ''[[Hide N' Seek (2012 film)|Hide N' Seek]]'', which was also his home production. He also acted in the movies ''Mr. Bean'', ''Teens'' and ''Kootathil Oral''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cochintalkies.com/celebrity/divya-darshan-filmography.html| title=Divyadarshan Filimography}}</ref>
In 2014, Divyadarshan played the lead in Jahangir Shams's ''[[Karanavar]]''.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Hide N' Seek (2012 film)|Hide N' Seek]]'' || Naveen ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2013 || ''Teens'' || ||
|-
| ''Mr Bean'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2014 || ''Kootathil Oral'' || ||
|-
| ''Karanavar'' || ||<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/kochi/Actress-Sreelekshmy-Sreekumar-spotted-at-the-audio-launch-of-Karanavar-movie-held-in-Kochi/articleshow/45249128.cms|title=Actress Sreelekshmy Sreekumar spotted at the audio launch of Karanavar movie, held in Kochi|website=The Times of India|date=23 November 2014 |access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2015 || ''[[Lord Livingstone 7000 Kandi]]'' || The tribal Engineer ||
|-
| ''[[Rockstar (2015 film)|Rockstar]]'' || Trans beauty stylist ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Masterpiece (2017 film)|Masterpiece]]'' || Deepan ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Shylock (2020 film)|Shylock]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2021 || ''Nabikka'' || ||
|-
| ''Swpanangalkkumappuram'' || ||
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Aap Kaise Ho]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-02-04 |title=Dhyan Sreenivasan's Aap Kaiso Ho gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Feb/04/dhyan-sreenivasans-aap-kaiso-ho-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" width=65 |Producer
! scope="col" width=65 |Actor
! scope="col" width=65 |Director
! scope="col" | Channel
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row" | 2000
|''Ezhilampaala''
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|[[Sun Surya]]
|Debut
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2020-2021
|''Anna Kareena''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
|rowspan="3"|[[Flowers TV]]
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2020
|''Bottle Lockdown''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/how-far-would-you-go-for-a-drink-meet-the-group-that-risks-a-ghost-to-bag-a-bottle-in-the-short-film-bottle-lockdown/article32139112.ece|title='Bottle Lockdown', about a whisky trip during the lockdown|work=The Hindu|date=20 July 2020 |access-date=13 August 2022 |last1=Anand |first1=Shilpa Nair }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2021
|''Moodal Manju''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2021–present
|''[[Kanyadanam (Malayalam TV series)|Kanyadanam]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{no}}
|[[Sun Surya]]
| Cameo appearance in promo ,uncredited role in episode 665
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2021-2023
|''[[Pranayavarnangal (TV series)|Pranayavarnangal]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|[[Zee Keralam]]
| As Balu Shankar
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/pranayavarnangal-review-a-romantic-tale-in-the-backdrop-of-the-stylish-fashion-industry/articleshow/87132109.cms|title=Pranayavarnangal review: A romantic tale in the backdrop of the stylish fashion industry|work=The Times of India|date=19 October 2021 |access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2021-2024
|''[[Sundari (Malayalam TV series)|Sundari]]''||{{yes}}||{{no}}|| {{yes}}|| |[[Sun Surya]]|| ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Divyadarshan}}
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kollam]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

Tarvar Lodhi

2026-04-21T23:25:16Z

RyanQuintana2: Made new entry

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Tarwar Singh Lodhi
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|Member]] of [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Banda, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Banda]]
| predecessor = Harvansh Singh Rathore
| term_start = 2018
| successor = Veerendra Singh Lodhi
| term_end = 2023
| birth_place =
| birth_date =
| spouse =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| profession = Agriculturist
| education = Graduate (BA)
| alma_mater = [[Dr. Hari Singh Gour University]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Tarwar Singh Lodhi''' is an [[Indian National Congress]] politician and was a member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] between 2018 and 2023. He was elected from [[Banda, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Banda]] and won against the BJP candidate with a margin of over 25,000 votes. Before he was an MLA, he was a zila panchayat member.<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/election-2024/madhya-pradesh-loksabha-election/news/competition-between-two-friends-in-damoh-lok-sabha-132811638.html|title=दमोह लोकसभा में 2 दोस्तों के बीच मुकाबला: कांग्रेस से तरवर और बीजेपी से राहुल; दोनों बोले- राजनीति में न कोई दोस्त न दुश्मन|date=2 April 2024|website=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref> He was defeated by 406426 votes in the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 general election]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Damoh Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/politics/damoh-constituency-lok-sabha-election-results-2024 |website=Bru Times News | first=Priya | last=Patel | date=11 July 2024 | accessdate=17 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Parliamentary Constituency 7 - DAMOH |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S127.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808091717/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S127.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2024-08-08 |website=ECI |date=8 August 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Rahul Lodhi]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lodhi, Tanwar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

M. K. Prabhu

2026-04-20T01:28:00Z

RyanQuintana2: stub - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{orphan|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M. Prabhu
| image = M. PRABHU.jpg
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 12 May 1984
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Gummidipoondi Assembly constituency|Gummidipoondi]]
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| predecessor = [[R. S. Munirathinam]]
| spouse = PMK . MANJU LATHA
}}
'''Maniratinam R. Prabhu''' is an Indian politician and former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected from [[Gummidipundi (State Assembly Constituency)|Gummidipundi constituency]] as an [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate [[1984 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1984 elections]].<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf 1977 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf 1980 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf 1984 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref>

== career ==
He Has The Chairman of RVK & RVDM Groups They have also established the robin hood a in the name of RMK Groups at Thiruverkadu near Chennai.He have one son named P.M.k Ragul and a daughter P.M.k Renu

==Electoral performance ==
===1984===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Gummidipoondi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. K. Prabhu |party= Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=55,221 |percentage=55.56% |change=+6.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. S. Munirathinam]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=43,174 |percentage=43.44% |change=+3.6 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Palani |party=Independent politician |votes=989 |percentage=1.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,047 |percentage=12.12% |change= 2.96% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=99,384 |percentage=78.49% |change= 10.53% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,34,311 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 6.56% }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prabhu, M. K.}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1985–1989]]
{{improve categories|date=February 2025}}

{{DMK-politician-stub}}

Devarkadra Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:25:49Z

RyanQuintana2: creating a page

{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Devarkadra
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (76-Devarkadra highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Devarkadra Assembly constituency within Telangana
| mla = [[Gavinolla Madhusudan Reddy]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = 2023
| state = [[Telangana]]
| district = [[Mahbubnagar district|Mahbubnagar]]
| established = 2008
| electors = 205,324
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 76
| loksabha_cons = [[Mahabubnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Mahabubnagar]]
}}

'''Devarkadra Assembly constituency''' is a constituency of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is one among constituencies in [[Mahbubnagar district]]. It is part of [[Mahbubnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mahbubnagar Lok Sabha constituency]].

[[Gavinolla Madhusudan Reddy]] of [[Indian National Congress]] won the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] by margin of 1,392 votes.

==Mandals==
The Assembly Constituency presently comprises the following Mandals:
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal !!District
|-
| [[Devarkadra]]
| rowspan=4|[[Mahbubnagar district|Mahbubnagar]]
|-
| [[Bhoothpur]]
|-
| [[Addakal]]
|-
| [[Chinna Chintakunta]]
|-
| [[Kothakota]]
| rowspan=2|[[Wanaparthy district|Wanaparthy]]
|-
| [[Madanapur]]
|-
| Moosapet
| [[Mahbubnagar district|Mahbubnagar]]
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Name
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
! colspan=4| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
| 2009
|[[Seetha Dayakar Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
! colspan=4| [[Telangana]]
|-
| 2014
|rowspan=2|Ala Venkateshwar Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi|rowspan=2}}
|-
|2018
|-
| 2023
|rowspan=2|[[Gavinolla Madhusudan Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|}

==Election results==

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2023]]: Devarkadra}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Gavinolla Madhusudan Reddy]]|votes=88,551|percentage=45.31|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharat Rashtra Samithi|candidate=Alla Venkateshwar Reddy|votes=87,159|percentage=44.60|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Konda Prashanth Reddy|votes=13,164|percentage=6.74|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Basireddy Santhosh Reddy|votes=1,909|percentage=0.98|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=1,706|percentage=0.87|change=}}{{Election box majority|votes=1,392|percentage=0.71|change=}}{{Election box turnout|votes=1,95,423|percentage=|change=}}{{Election box gain with party link
| winner=Indian National Congress|loser=Bharat Rashtra Samithi
| swing =
}}{{Election box end}}

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Devarkadra<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924043857/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=997&cid=76 Devarkadra Results]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party=Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|candidate=Alla Venkateshwar Reddy
|votes=96,130
|percentage=55.12%
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Indian National Congress
|candidate=Dokur Pavan Kumar Reddy
|votes=60,882
|percentage=34.91%
|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Samajwadi Forward Bloc
|candidate=A Venkateshwar Reddy
|votes=5,937
|percentage=3.40
|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party= Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate=Aggani Narsimulu
|votes=5,174
|percentage=2.97
|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=None of the above
|candidate=[[None of the Above]]
|votes=2,689
|percentage=1.54
|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Independent Candidate
|candidate=[[Jannampally Vinod Kumar]]
|votes=509
|percentage=0.1%
|change=}}
{{Election box majority
|votes=35,248
|percentage=
|change=}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes=1,74,410
|percentage=85.11
|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mahabubnagar district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}
{{Coord|16.62|77.84|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Mahbubnagar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Telangana]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Baleshwar Yadav (politician)

2026-04-18T23:05:45Z

RyanQuintana2: started a pg

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Baleshwar Yadav
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1942|1|1}}
| birth_place = [[Rudrapur, Uttar Pradesh|Rudrapur]], [[United Provinces (1937–50)|United Provinces]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| constituency = [[Padrauna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Padrauna]]
| office = Member, [[Lok Sabha]]
| term = 2004–2009
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| spouse = Kalawati Devi
| children = 1 son and 4 daughters
| website =
| footnotes =
| date = 22 September
| year = 2006
| source = http://164.100.24.208/ls/lsmember/biodata.asp?mpsno=4094
}}

'''Baleshwar Yadav''' (born 1 January 1942) is an Indian politician. He stood for the [[2004 Indian general election|2004 Lok Sabha elections]] and he was elected from [[Padrauna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Padrauna]] for the [[14th Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Closing Bank Account |url=https://mplads.gov.in/mplads/UploadedFiles/14mpls_713.pdf |website=mplads.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 2004 TO THE 14th LOK SABHA |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgIsoA%2BXCXZnG6uydEggnVRZmGUymXljx52Ks9I6%2FE0G%2Bvsy%2FPaobJQQ78Lxwa6Q%2FNsnhE64UeF0L0Zo5BluaLP%2BtUpyGVFqMTjZoK%2FJnG4EEj |website=www.eci.gov.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060619214713/http://164.100.24.208/ls/lsmember/biodata.asp?mpsno=4094 Official biography from Parliament of India records]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Baleshwar}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Gorakhpur]]
[[Category:People from Kushinagar district]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:Lok Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}

Ishaa Saha

2026-04-18T12:01:14Z

RyanQuintana2: New Initial Entry W/ Refs

{{short description|Bengali actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ishaa Saha
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, India
| death_date =
| alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]]
| education =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2016–present
| works =
| notable_works =
| height =
| spouse =
| children =
}}

'''Ishaa Saha''' is an Indian actress who mainly works in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/web-series/mx-play/bengali/detective-trailer-video-anirban-bhattacharya-and-ishaa-saha-starrer-detective-official-trailer-video/videoshow/77606972.cms|title='Detective' Trailer Video: Anirban Bhattacharya and Ishaa Saha starrer 'Detective' Official Trailer Video ►|website=The Times of India}}</ref> She started her career with Bengali television and made her film debut in 2017 as a lead in ''[[Projapoti Biskut]],'' directed by [[Anindya Chatterjee]].<ref>{{cite news
|title=Ishaa's the 'Girl in a Bookstore'
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/music/ishaas-the-girl-in-a-bookstore/articleshow/65486093.cms
|work=The Times of India
|year=2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/theres-no-such-thing-as-cakewalk-in-the-industry-ishaa-saha/articleshow/76905289.cms|title=There's no such thing as cakewalk in the industry: Ishaa Saha - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=11 July 2020 }}</ref> She has acted in films directed by filmmaker Dhrubo Banerjee.

==Early life and education==
Saha was born in Kolkata into a Bengali family. She completed her [[Bachelor of Laws]] degree in 2015 from [[Surendranath Law College]].

==Career==
Ishaa started her career as a television artist in 2016 with [[Star Jalsha]]'s ''Jhanjh Lobongo Phool'', playing the lead character, Lobongo.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bengali actress Ishaa Saha bags another OTT project |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/bengali-actress-ishaa-saha-bags-another-ott-project/articleshow/103301946.cms |access-date=1 May 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=2 September 2023 |quote=Bengali actress Ishaa Saha started her career with television show 'Jhanjh Lobongo Phool'.}}</ref> She later made her film debut in 2017 with the family drama ''[[Projapoti Biskut]],'' directed by [[Anindya Chatterjee]], which was critically and commercially successful.<ref>{{cite news
|title=Projapoti Biskut's trailer gets Tolly buzzing
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/projapoti-biskuts-trailer-gets-tolly-buzzing/articleshow/60143656.cms
|work=The Times of India
|year=2017}}</ref> She received praise for her performance and won the Critics' Award for Best Actor (Female) at the [[3rd Filmfare Awards East]].<ref>{{cite news
|title=All winners of the Jio Filmfare Awards (East) 2018
|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/all-winners-of-the-jio-filmfare-awards-east-2018_-26653.html
|work=Filmfare.com
|year=2018}}</ref> In 2018, Saha played the role of Jhinuk,<ref>{{cite news
|title=Petite actor Ishaa Saha is back as Jhinuk in Durgeshgorer Guptodhon
|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2019/may/24/petite-actor-ishaa-saha-is-back-as-jhinuk-in-durgeshgorer-guptodhon-15168.html
|work=IndulgeExpress
|year=2019}}</ref> a girl next door, alongside [[Abir Chatterjee]] and [[Arjun Chakrabarty]] as the female protagonist in the ''Guptodhon'' franchise (''[[Guptodhoner Sandhane]]'' (2018) and ''[[Durgeshgorer Guptodhon]]'' (2019)).<ref>{{cite news
|title='Feluda Meets Indiana Jones' In Bengali Cinema's First Treasure Hunt Franchise
|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/bollywood-interview/feluda-meets-indiana-jones-in-bengali-cinemas-first-treasure-hunt-franchise/
|work=FilmCompanion
|year=2019
|access-date=25 August 2020
|archive-date=10 June 2020
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610144423/https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/bollywood-interview/feluda-meets-indiana-jones-in-bengali-cinemas-first-treasure-hunt-franchise/
|url-status=live
}}</ref> Saha gained wider recognition for her performance in ''[[Sweater (film)|Sweater]]'',<ref>{{cite news
|title=Ishaa in Siladittya Moulick's next, Sweater
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/ishaa-in-siladittya-moulicks-next-sweater/articleshow/65529793.cms
|work=TOI|year=2018}}</ref> the film also turned out to be a box office success.<ref>{{cite news
|title=I'm enjoying Sweater's success: Ishaa Saha
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/im-enjoying-sweaters-success-ishaa-saha/articleshow/69008564.cms
|work=TOI|year=2019}}</ref> Both ''[[Sweater (film)|Sweater]]'' and ''[[Durgeshgorer Guptodhon]]'' are in the 'Top Rated Bengali Movies Of 2019' list.<ref>{{cite news
|title=Top Rated Bengali Movies Of 2019
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/top-rated-movies/bengali/best-movies/2019/2742914
|work=TOI|year=2019}}</ref> Next she starred in Dhrubo Banerjee's<ref>{{cite news
|title=Ishaa thrilled to be part of Dhrubo Banerjee's next
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/ishaa-thrilled-to-be-part-of-dhrubo-banerjees-next/articleshow/73609402.cms
|work=TOI|year=2020}}</ref> ''[[Golondaaj]]'', opposite to [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]].<ref>{{cite news
|title=Ishaa Saha's picnic misadventure
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/ishaa-sahas-picnic-misadventure/articleshow/73694566.cms
|work=TOI|year=2020}}</ref> In 2021 she acted in a number of films including ''[[Karnasubarner Guptodhon]]'' and ''[[Kachher Manush]]''. ''[[Karnasubarner Guptodhon]]'' was a [[Blockbuster (entertainment)|hit]] at the box office and went on to become one of the [[List of highest-grossing Indian Bengali films|highest-grossing Bengali films of all time]], grossing {{INR|98 million}}.<ref>{{cite news |title=Year Ender 2022- Bangla Films: ২০২২ সালে বক্স অফিসে সবচেয়ে বেশি সাড়া ফেলেছে এই ৫ বাংলা ছবি |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/tollywood-bengali-cinema/story/year-ender-2022-most-successful-tollywood-bangla-films-box-office-and-people-praised-bela-shuru-kishmish-aparajito-and-others-most-discussed-bangla-movies-year-soc-486234-2022-12-20 |access-date=22 November 2024 |work=[[Aaj Tak]] |date=20 December 2022 |language=bn}}</ref> In 2023, she starred in the musical romantic dramas ''[[Mitthye Premer Gaan]]'' and ''[[Ghore Pherar Gaan]]''.

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Director !! Production !!class="unsortable"|Ref
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Projapoti Biskut]]'' || Shaon || [[Anindya Chatterjee]] || Windows Production ||<ref>{{cite news |title=দুর্গার আগেই কার্তিক চলে আসছেন 'প্রজাপতি বিস্কুট' নিয়ে |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/watch-the-official-trailer-of-projapoti-biskut-dgtl-1.660073}}</ref>
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Guptodhoner Sandhane]]'' || Jhinuk || Dhrubo Banerjee|| [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]||<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/durgeshgorer-guptodhon-to-repeat-the-same-star-cast-of-guptodhoner-sondhane/articleshow/64189540.cms|title='Durgeshgorer Guptodhon' to repeat the same star cast of 'Guptodhoner Sondhane' - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=16 May 2018 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2019 || ''[[Sweater (film)|Sweater]]'' || Tulika alias Tuku || Shieladitya Moulik ||PSS Entertainments, Pramod Films, P&P Entertainment||<ref>{{cite news |title=Sweater First Look |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/sweater-first-look-introducing-ishaa-saha-as-tuku/articleshow/68034967.cms}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Durgeshgorer Guptodhon]]'' || Jhinuk || Dhrubo Banerjee|| [[Shree Venkatesh Films]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/whenever-i-see-abir-i-feel-sonada-is-walking-in-front-of-me-mdash-guptodhoner-sondhane-maker-dhrubo-banerjee/cid/1429648|title=Whenever I see Abir, I feel Sonada is walking in front of me — Guptodhoner Sondhane maker Dhrubo Banerjee|website=The Telegraph (India)}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Buro Sadhu]]'' || Shweta || Vik ||Wisemonk Creative, DNA Entertainment Networks ||<ref>{{cite news |title=টলিউডে নতুন জুটি |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/new-pair-in-tollywood-1.707863}}</ref>
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Detective (2020 film)|Detective]]'' || Sudhamukhi || [[Joydip Mukherjee]] ||[[Shree Venkatesh Films]]||<ref>{{cite news |title=ররীন্দ্রনাথের গোয়েন্দা গল্প নিয়ে ওয়েব সিরিজ আসছে হইচই ডিজিটাল প্ল্যাটফর্মে |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tollywood-news-the-web-series-detective-is-about-to-be-released-from-hoichoi-digital-31594111517741.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502123115/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tollywood-news-the-web-series-detective-is-about-to-be-released-from-hoichoi-digital-31594111517741.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 May 2024}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|''[[Torulatar Bhoot]]''
|Kamalkali
|Deb Roy
|Green Motion Pictures
|<ref>{{cite news |title=রহস্য, ভয় এবং প্রতিশোধের গল্প বলবে 'তরুলতার ভূত'! প্রকাশ্য ট্রেলার ও মিউজিক |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/tollywood-bengali-cinema/photo/torulatar-bhoot-upcoming-bengali-horror-film-starring-indranil-sengupta-isha-saha-basabdatta-chatterjee-trailer-and-music-launches-soc-295386-2021-09-07}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Golondaaj]]'' || Kamalini || Dhrubo Banerjee|| [[Shree Venkatesh Films]] ||<ref>{{cite news |title='গোলন্দাজ' দেব, প্রকাশ্যে ছবির মোশন পোস্টার |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/entertainment/devs-golondaj-motion-poster-is-out-now_297929.html}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |2022
|''[[Mahananda (film)|Mahananda]]''
|Mahal
|[[Arindam Sil]]
|Friends Communication
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/review/arindam-sil-helmed-gargee-roychowdhury-starrer-mahananda-review/lite/|title=পুঁজিবাদ, রাজনৈতিক স্বার্থের বিরুদ্ধে এক নারীর অদম্য লড়াইয়ের গল্প 'মহানন্দা'|work=[[The Indian Express]]|language=bn|date=9 April 2022}}</ref>
|-
|''Sahobashe'' || Tista || Anjan Kanjilal || Mojotale Entertainments ||
|-
||''[[Kolkata Chalantika]]''
|Tumpa
|[[Pavel (film director)|Pavel]]
|Baba Bhootnath Entertainment
|
|-
||''[[Kachher Manush]]''
|Aalo
|Pathikrit Basu
|Dev Entertainment Ventures
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pathikrit Basu's 'Kacher Manush' starring Dev Adhikari & Prosenjit Chatterjee to release on Durga Puja this year! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/pathikrit-basus-kacher-manush-starring-dev-adhikari-prosenjit-chatterjee-to-release-on-durga-puja-this-year/articleshow/88834170.cms |access-date=13 November 2022 |newspaper=The Times of India| date=11 January 2022 }}</ref>
|-
||''[[Karnasubarner Guptodhon]]''
|Jhinuk
|Dhrubo Banerjee
|[[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Karnasubarner Guptodhon: Sonada shines once again and makes it a joyful ride this Durga Puja |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/karnasubarner-guptodhon-sonada-shines-once-again-and-makes-it-a-joyful-ride-this-durga-puja/cid/1889825 |access-date=1 October 2022 |work=The Telegraph (India) |date=1 October 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023
|''[[Mitthye Premer Gaan]]''
|Anwesha Ray
|Paroma Neotia
|Neostories Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2023 |title=ইশার চোখে চোখ রেখে 'মিথ্যে প্রেমের গান' অনির্বাণের, হয়ে গেল ছবির মিউজিক লঞ্চ |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/mitthye-premer-gaan-music-release-film-starred-by-anirban-bhattacharyya-ishaa-saha-arjun-chakraborty-31674281482475.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130011139/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/mitthye-premer-gaan-music-release-film-starred-by-anirban-bhattacharyya-ishaa-saha-arjun-chakraborty-31674281482475.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 January 2023 |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ghore Pherar Gaan]]''
|Tora
|Aritra Sen
|[[Eskay Movies]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghore Pherar Gaan: A Strange Case of Mixed Priorities Movie Review: Ghore Pherar Gaan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/a-strange-case-of-mixed-priorities/amp_movie_review/98850548.cms |access-date=30 August 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ektu Sore Bosun]]''
|Piu
|[[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]]
|Big Cat Films
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ananda |first=A. B. P. |date=28 October 2023 |title=বনফুলের গল্প এবার সেলুলয়েডে, কমলেশ্বর মুখোপাধ্যায় বলছেন 'একটু সরে বসুন'! |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/kamaleswar-mukherjee-directorial-social-comedy-movie-ektu-sore-bosun-teaser-out-now-1019835 |access-date=31 October 2023 |website=bengali.abplive.com |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2025
| ''Oporichito''
|Riya Ghoshal
|[[Joydip Mukherjee]]
|[[Eskay Movies]]
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=ঘোষ |first1=দেবত্রী |title=জোরালো গল্পে আলগা রহস্য! 'অপরিচিত'র শেষ চমক কি দর্শক মনে রাখবে? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/review-of-bengali-film-oporichito-directed-by-joydeep-mukherjee-dgtl/cid/1573818 |access-date=13 January 2025 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=11 January 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
| ''Check in Cheque Out''
| Namrata Mitra
| Satrajit Sen
| Techno India Group, Novotel
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Check In Cheque Out Movie Review : A weak script that even good performances fail to rescue |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/check-in-cheque-out/movie-review/120412275.cms |access-date=25 April 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[The Eken: Benaras e Bibhishika]]''
| Damini
| Joydip Mukherjee
| Hoichoi Studios
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Anirban Chakrabarti's Eken Babu set for a new adventure in Benaras this May; motion poster out |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/eken-babu-set-for-a-new-adventure-in-benaras-this-may-motion-poster-out/cid/2094399 |access-date=2 May 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |date=16 March 2025}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Lawho Gouranger Naam Rey]]''
| Rai
| [[Srijit Mukherji]]
| SVF, Dag Creative Media
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title=Dibyajyoti Dutta to play Chaitanya Mahaprabhu in Srijit Mukherji's 'Lawho Gouranger Naam Re', poster out |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/dibyajyoti-dutta-to-play-chaitanya-mahaprabhu-in-srijit-mukherjis-lawho-gouranger-naam-re/cid/2088953 |access-date=2 May 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |date=15 March 2023}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2026
| {{pending film|Tejpata}}
| {{TableTBA}}
| Souvik Kundu
| Zee Bangla Cinema Originals
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Brahma |first1=Sanjali |title=The warmth of a living room, showpieces that speak of an old-world charm and stolen glances between family members form the heart of the shoot of Tejpata |url=https://t2online.in/screen%3Futm_source%3DPolyvalent1&utm_medium%3Dbanner&utm_campaign%3DCPV_Jan/bengali/the-warmth-of-a-living-room,-showpieces-that-speak-of-an-old-world-charm-and-stolen-glances-between-family-members-form-the-heart-of%C2%A0the-shoot-of%C2%A0tejpata/1386951 |access-date=2 May 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|t2 Online]] |date=31 March 2025}}</ref>
|-
| {{pending film|Saptadingar Guptodhon}}
| Jhinuk
| Dhrubo Banerjee
| SVF
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sen |first1=Subhadrika |title=From Sona Da's return to the journey of Raghu Dakat: Makers announce six intriguing Bengali movies for 2025-26 |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2025/Feb/28/from-sona-das-return-to-the-journey-of-raghu-dakat-makers-announce-six-intriguing-bengali-movies-for-2025-26-2 |access-date=2 May 2025 |work=[[The New Indian Express|Indulge Express]] |date=28 February 2025}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Channel
! Role
! Production House
|-
| 2016 || ''Jhanjh Lobongo Phool'' || [[Star Jalsha]] || Lobongo || [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF]]
|-
|}

== Web series ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Director
! Platform
! Character Name
! Production
|-
| 2018 || ''Japani Toy'' (Season 1) || Sourav Chakraborty ||rowspan = "2" | Hoichoi || Kinkini || [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF]]
|-
|rowspan = "3" | 2019 || ''Japani Toy'' (Season 2) || Soumik Chattopadhyay || Kinkini || [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF]]
|-
| ''Daab Chingri'' || Sudeep Das ||rowspan = "2" | [[ZEE5]] || Sohini || Nideas
|-
| ''Bhalobashar Shohor'' (Story:Kolkatar Kobitara) || [[Abhijit Guha (director)|Abhijit Guha]] & [[Sudeshna Roy]] || Malini || Roadshow Films
|-
| 2020 || ''Mafia'' || [[Birsa Dasgupta]] ||rowspan = "6"| Hoichoi || Ananya || Roadshow Films & [[Eskay Movies]]
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2021 || ''Boyfriends & Girlfriends'' || Suvankar Paul || Amrita || [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF]]
|-
| ''[[Indu (web series)|Indu]]''||rowspan = "2" | [[Sayantan Ghosal]]|| Indu || rowspan= "4" | Missing Screw
|-
|rowspan = "2" | 2022
|''Gora''
|Somlata
|-
|''Hello! Remember me?''
|rowspan = "2" | Abhimanyu Mukherjee
|
|-
| 2023
|''[[Indu (web series)|Indu 2]]''
| Indu
|-
| 2024
|''[[Paashbalish]]''
| Korok Murmu
| [[ZEE5]]
| Indu
|Mahabahu Motion Pictures
|-
| 2025
|''[[Indu (web series)|Indu 3]]''
| Ayan Chakraborti
| Hoichoi
|Indu
| Missing Screw
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{twitter|m_ishaa}}
* {{IMDb name|id=9818808}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saha, Ishaa M}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian web series actresses]]
[[Category:Bengali actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali television]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Women's Reservation Bill, 2010

2026-04-18T11:06:53Z

RyanQuintana2: Made pg - done

{{Short description|Constitutional amendment of India}}
{{distinguish|Women's Reservation Bill, 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2013}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox legislation
| imagesize = 250
| enacted_by = [[Parliament of India]]
}}
{{Constitution of India}}

The '''Women's Reservation Bill''' or '''The Constitution (108th Amendment) Bill, 9 March 2010''', is a bill passed in the [[Parliament of India]] which says to amend the [[Constitution of India]] to reserve a third 3 of all seats in the lower house of Parliament of India, the [[Lok Sabha]], and in all state [[legislative assemblies]] for women.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/women-reservation-bill-2010-two-proposed-constitutional-amendments-sc-st-quota-parliament-assemblies-8946072/|title=Women's Reservation Bill, version 2010: Two proposed constitutional amendments mirrored SC-ST quota in Parliament, Assemblies|date=19 September 2023 }}</ref> The seats were proposed to be reserved in rotation and would have been determined by draw of lots in such a way that a seat would be reserved only once in three consecutive general elections.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/womens-reservation-bill-imperfect-but-important-8949050/|title=Women's reservation Bill – imperfect but important|date=21 September 2023 }}</ref>

The [[Rajya Sabha]] passed the bill on 9 March 2010.<ref name=ra>{{cite news |title=Rajya Sabha passes Women's Reservation Bill|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Rajya-Sabha-passes-Womens-Reservation-Bill/articleshow/5663003.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811071147/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-09/india/28137030_1_unruly-scenes-women-s-reservation-bill-constitution-amendment-bill |url-status=live |archive-date=11 August 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 March 2010 }}</ref> The [[Lok Sabha]] did not vote on the bill.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Lok-Sabha-Speaker-Meira-Kumar-calls-for-womens-empowerment/articleshow/18872066.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505090251/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-09/india/37581570_1_international-women-s-day-women-s-reservation-bill-speaker-meira-kumar |url-status=live |archive-date=5 May 2013 |title=Lok Sabha Speaker Meira Kumar calls for women's empowerment|date=9 March 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=3 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Uproar in India Over Female Lawmaker Quota |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/10/world/asia/10india.html?_r=0 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=9 March 2010}}</ref> The bill lapsed after having pending status in the Lok Sabha; it expired twice, in 2014 and 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nari-shakti-vandan-key-points-of-womens-reservation-bill/articleshow/103777937.cms|title=Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam: Key points of women's reservation bill|newspaper=The Times of India |date=19 September 2023 }}</ref><ref name="livemint.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/whats-the-womens-reservation-bill-its-history-and-who-brought-it-first-11695068266469.html|title=What's the women's reservation bill, its history, and who brought it first|date=19 September 2023 }}</ref>

An [[Women's Reservation Bill 2023|equivalent bill]] was passed by Lok Sabha on 20 September 2023 with 454 votes in favour and two against.<ref name="IN_votes_third_seats_for_women">{{cite Q|Q122735230|url-status=live}}</ref> It was then passed by the Rajya Sabha unanimously. {{as of|2023|09|21}} the bill was pending presidential assent.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/videos/breaking-news/nari-shakti-vandan-adhiniyam-women-s-reservation-bill-passed-in-rajya-sabha-pm-modi-news18-8586817.html | title=Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam | Women's Reservation Bill Passed in Rajya Sabha | PM Modi | News18 }}</ref> President [[Droupadi Murmu]] signed the bill on 28 September 2023, and the gazette notification was also published the same day, which made it clear that the reservation will come into force soon after the first delimitation (frozen until 2026).

==Standing Committee recommendation==
Originally, the Bill proposed reserving women in all legislative bodies,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/union-cabinet-meeting-sparks-speculation-on-key-legislation-during-special-parliament-session/article67321267.ece|title=Union Cabinet reportedly greenlights Women's Reservation Bill; official confirmation awaited|date=18 September 2023 }}</ref> but the Standing Committee suggested restricting the reservation in the 'House of People' Lok Sabha in the Centre and Assembly in States and Union Territories with the legislature. This recommendation was accepted by the Government and incorporated into the Bill.

The bill was opposed by then [[Samajwadi Party]] chief [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]], commenting that “if the bill is passed it will fill Parliament with the kind of women who invite catcalls and whistles”.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://indianexpress.com/article/india/latest-news/mulayam-draws-flak-for-his-sexist-remark-on-women/|title=Mulayam draws flak for his 'sexist' remark on women|date=24 March 2010}}</ref> The remarks were criticized by leaders across several parties and described as sexist in media reports and by some of his own party colleagues.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/photos/news/mulayam-booed-for-sexist-remarks-on-womens-bill-7108#photo-75936|title= Mulayam booed for sexist remarks on Women's Bill}}</ref>

==History of Women's reservation bills==
In 1987, Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]]’s government constituted a 14-member committee led by Union Minister Margaret Alva to give recommendations for improving the status of women.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/a-political-timeline-of-the-women-s-reservation-bill-from-rajiv-gandhi-to-narendra-modi-news-318959|title=A Political Timeline Of The Women's Reservation Bill From Rajiv Gandhi To Narendra Modi}}</ref><ref name="livemint.com"/> Rajiv Gandhi introduced the Constitution Amendment Bill to provide one-third reservation for women in rural and urban local bodies. The Bill was passed in Lok Sabha but failed to get passed in Rajya Sabha in September 1989. In 1992, Prime Minister [[PV Narasimha Rao]]'s government passed the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts which mandated 33.3 percent reservation for women in Panchayati Raj Institutions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/tracing-the-political-history-of-the-womens-reservation-bill|title=Tracing the political history of the Women's Reservation Bill|date=19 September 2023 }}</ref> The women's reservation bill was first introduced by [[HD Deve Gowda]]-led government, as Constitution (81st Amendment) Bill, 1996 in the 11th Lok Sabha on 12 September 1996. It was then referred to the Joint Committee of the two Houses of parliament, but the bill lapsed with the dissolution of the 11th Lok Sabha.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/history-of-womens-reservation-bill-may-put-india-bloc-unity-to-test-4402837|title=History Of Women's Reservation Bill May Put INDIA Bloc Unity To Test}}</ref> The joint parliamentary committee report examining the women's reservation Bill in 1996 recommended that reservation be provided for women of Other Backward Classes (OBCs) once the Constitution was amended to allow for reservation for OBCs.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/should-there-be-sub-quota-for-obc-women-debate-rages/articleshow/103792096.cms|title=Should there be sub-quota for OBC women? Debate rages|newspaper=The Times of India |date=20 September 2023 }}</ref>

In 1993, a [[constitutional amendment]] was passed in India that called for a random one third of village council leader, or [[sarpanch]], positions in [[gram panchayat]], to be reserved for women.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.povertyactionlab.org/evaluation/impact-women-policymakers-public-goods-india | title=Women as Policy Makers: Evidence from a Randomized Policy Experiment in India | author=Chattopadhyay, Raghabendra, and [[Esther Duflo]] | journal=[[Econometrica]] | year=2004 | volume=72 | issue=5 | pages=1409–43 | publisher=[[The Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab]] | doi=10.1111/j.1468-0262.2004.00539.x | hdl=1721.1/39126 |access-date=December 14, 2018 | hdl-access=free | url-access=subscription }}</ref>

A long-term plan was made to extend this reservation to the federal parliament and to state legislative assemblies.<ref>[http://www.merinews.com/catFull.jsp?articleID=134425 Women are seeking 33% reservation in jobs, promotions]</ref><ref>[https://www.rediff.com/news/2005/aug/24spec2.htm Women's Bill: What's the fuss about?] [[Rediff]] 24 August 2005.</ref><ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980811/22350054.html The reservations business], ''[[Indian Express]]'', 11 August 1998.</ref>

On 19 September 2023, the [[Narendra Modi]] government introduced a form of the bill as the [[128th Constitutional Amendment Bill]], 2023,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/govt-brings-in-womens-reservation-bill-one-third-of-seats-reserved-also-in-sc-st-quota-parliament-8946943/|title=Calling himself 'chosen one', PM Modi brings in women's Bill, with SC/ST quota|date=19 September 2023 }}</ref> during Parliament Special Session in Lok Sabha in [[New Parliament House, New Delhi|new parliament building]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/govt-brings-in-womens-reservation-bill-one-third-of-seats-reserved-also-in-sc-st-quota-parliament-8946943/|title=Govt brings in women's reservation Bill: One-third of seats to be reserved, also in SC/ST quota|date=19 September 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/womens-reservation-bill-updates-mallikarjun-kharge-lok-sabha-rajya-sabha-pm-modi-101695117504188.html|title=Mallikarjun Kharge vs Nirmala Sitharaman in Rajya Sabha over women's reservation bill remarks|date=19 September 2023 }}</ref> The bill was passed by Lok Sabha on 20 September 2023 with 454 votes in favour and two against.<ref name="IN_votes_third_seats_for_women"/> {{As of|2023|09|20}}, the bill was expected to be voted on by Rajya Sabha;<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modi-urges-rajya-sabha-mps-to-unanimously-approve-womens-reservation-bill/article67322231.ece|title=PM Modi urges Rajya Sabha MPs to unanimously approve women's reservation bill|newspaper=The Hindu |date=19 September 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/rajya-sabha-proceedings-adjourned-for-day-house-to-meet-on-september-20/cid/1967416|title=Rajya Sabha proceedings adjourned for day; House to meet on September 20}}</ref> the result was unanimous approval.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}

Only two members voted against the bill were [[Asaduddin Owaisi]] and [[Imtiyaz Jaleel]] from [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Only those MPs voted against the bill| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/only-these-two-mps-voted-against-the-womens-reservation-bill-in-lok-sabha/articleshow/103816053.cms|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com/|date=20 September 2023}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam]]
* [[List of amendments of the Constitution of India]]
; Law in India
*[[Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013]]

; Women in India
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Domestic violence in India]]
* [[Dowry system in India]]
* [[Female foeticide in India]]
* [[Gender inequality in India]]
* [[Gender pay gap in India]]
* [[Men's rights movement in India]]
* [[National Commission for Women]]
* [[Rape in India]]
* [[Welfare schemes for women in India]]
* [[Women in India]]
* [[Women in Indian Armed Forces]]
* [[Women's suffrage in India]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Reservation in India]]
[[Category:Proposed laws of India]]
[[Category:2010 in Indian law]]
[[Category:2010 in law]]
[[Category:Manmohan Singh administration]]
[[Category:Women's rights in India]]
[[Category:Identity politics in India]]
[[Category:Indian women in politics| ]]
[[Category:2010 in women's history]]

Dhamdaha Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:55:30Z

RyanQuintana2: creating new entry

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dhamdaha
| type = SLA
| map_image = 61-Dhamdaha constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Leshi Singh]] {{Small|Former Cabinet Minister, Bihar}}
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| preceded_by = Dilip Kumar Yadav [[File:Indian Election Symbol Hurricane Lamp.png|20px]] {{Party index link|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Purnia district|Purnia]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons =
| constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|-]]
| established = 1957
| electors = 314,949
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| abolished = 
}}
'''Dhamdaha''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Purnia district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]]. Leshi Singh is the current MLA from Dhamdaha.<ref name="election2014">{{cite web|title=Nitish Kumar inducts Lesi Singh in the Cabinet of Ministers|url=https://news.biharprabha.com/2014/03/nitish-kumar-inducts-lesi-singh-in-the-cabinet-of-ministers/|work=IANS|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|access-date=12 March 2014}}</ref>

==Overview==
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No 61. Dhamdaha Assembly constituency is composed of the following:
Dhamdaha [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]]; Banbhag Chunapur, Bithnouli Khemchand East, Bithnouli Khemchand West, Ganeshpur, Gangaili, Gowasi, Kajha, Majra, Parora, Rahuwa, Sahara, Satkodariya, Gokulpur, Jagni and Pothia Rampur of Krityanand Nagar CD Block. Around 2010, local people renovated the Hanuman temple situated at the main road and it very soon caught the eye of nearby localities. The subdivision also has notable theater "Chitralaya". Dhamdaha High school one of the oldest has reputation of giving notable officers to the state and country.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

Dhamdaha Assembly constituency is part of No 12 [[Purnia (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=commission/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Dhamdaha Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/dhamdaha.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|[[Bhola Paswan Shastri]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[Lakshmi Narayan Sudhanshu]]
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Lakshmi Narayan Sudhanshu]]
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Kalika Prasad Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Jai Narayan Mehta
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="2" |Surya Narayan Yadav
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2" |Amarnath Tiwari
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|Dilip Kumar Yadav
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Leshi Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samata Party}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)| dab=yes}}
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|Dilip Kumar Yadav
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Leshi Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Legislative Assembly Election, 2025]]: [[Dhamdaha]]<ref name="election2025">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-15 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/ae/2025/16 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Leshi Singh]]
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:138750}}
|percentage = 57.32
|change = +8.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Santosh Kumar Kushwaha]]
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:83591}}
|percentage = 34.53
|change = +2.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = Mohd Ishtiyaque Alam
|votes = {{formatnum:5126}}
|percentage = 2.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Vindeshwari Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:3032}}
|percentage = 1.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:6781}}
|percentage = 2.8
|change = +2.1
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:55159}}
|percentage = 22.79
|change = +6.0
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:242065}}
|percentage = 76.86
|change = +13.48
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhamdaha<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-13 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Leshi Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:97057}}
|percentage = 48.5
|change = +8.35
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Dilip Kumar Yadav]]
|votes = {{formatnum:63463}}
|percentage = 31.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Yogendra Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:9448}}
|percentage = 4.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ashish Anuj
|votes = {{formatnum:4336}}
|percentage = 2.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
|candidate = Ramesh Kumar Mehta
|votes = {{formatnum:3398}}
|percentage = 1.7
|change = -22.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Bindeshwari Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:2525}}
|percentage = 1.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Maneesh Kumar Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:2523}}
|percentage = 1.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Brajesh Kumar Thakur
|votes = {{formatnum:2515}}
|percentage = 1.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janta Dal Rashtravadi
|candidate = Brahchari Vyas Nandan
|votes = {{formatnum:2058}}
|percentage = 1.03
|change = +0.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Subhash Kumar Rajak
|votes = {{formatnum:2001}}
|percentage = 1.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Md Gaisul Azam
|votes = {{formatnum:1869}}
|percentage = 0.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1392}}
|percentage = 0.7
|change = -2.46
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:33594}}
|percentage = 16.79
|change = +0.79
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:200132}}
|percentage = 63.38
|change = -1.89
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhamdaha<ref name="election2015">{{cite web |date=2018-08-20 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2015 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Leshi Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:76027}}
|percentage = 40.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
|candidate = Shiv Shankar Thakur Allias Shankar Azad
|votes = {{formatnum:45736}}
|percentage = 24.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Dilip Kumar Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:12667}}
|percentage = 6.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Mithlesh Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:4991}}
|percentage = 2.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Jyoti Rani
|votes = {{formatnum:4144}}
|percentage = 2.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Pappu Kumar Ranjan
|votes = {{formatnum:3924}}
|percentage = 2.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Yogendra Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:3776}}
|percentage = 1.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|candidate = Tahammul Mansuri
|votes = {{formatnum:3656}}
|percentage = 1.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = Bimal Roy
|votes = {{formatnum:3378}}
|percentage = 1.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Pankaj Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2740}}
|percentage = 1.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Chand Dev Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:2554}}
|percentage = 1.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Sarvajan Kalyan Loktantrik Party
|candidate = Sudama Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2242}}
|percentage = 1.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Tarun Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2132}}
|percentage = 1.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Niranjan Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2094}}
|percentage = 1.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Jankranti Party
|candidate = Sunil Ray
|votes = {{formatnum:1766}}
|percentage = 0.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:5990}}
|percentage = 3.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:30291}}
|percentage = 16.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:189356}}
|percentage = 65.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External 2010links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Purnia Division topics}}
{{coord|25|43|05|N|87|12|49|E|region:IN-BR|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Purnia district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Bihar]]

1984 Cachar earthquake

2026-04-12T04:24:06Z

RyanQuintana2: started info

{{Short description|Earthquake in India}}
{{Infobox earthquake
| name = 1984 Cachar earthquake
| location = {{coord|24.641|92.891|display=inline, title}}
| map2 = {{Location map|India Assam#India
|lat=24.641
|long=92.891
|mark=Bullseye1.png
|marksize=50
|position=top
|width=260
|caption=
|relief=yes
|label=}}
| timestamp = 1984-12-30 23:33:37
| isc-event = 537963
| anss-url = usp0002ajx
| local-date = December 31, 1984
| local-time = 05:03:37 ([[Time in India|IST]])
| magnitude = 5.6 {{M|b|link=yes}} 6.0 {{M|w|link=yes}}
| depth = 22.6 km
| type = [[Oblique-slip|Oblique–reverse]]
| affected = [[Assam|Assam, India]]
| intensity = {{MMI|8}}
| casualties = ~20 deaths ~100 injuries
}}

The '''1984 Cachar earthquake''' rattled much of Southern [[Assam]] on December 31, 1984, at 5:03 a.m. ([[UTC+05:30|UTC+5:30]]) with an epicenter 20 kilometers southwest of [[Lakhipur]]. The quake measured with a magnitude of 6.0 on the [[moment magnitude scale]] and an estimated intensity of VIII (''Severe'') on the [[Modified Mercalli intensity scale]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=M 6.0 - 20 km SW of Lakhipur, India|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp0002ajx/executive|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-16|website=earthquake.usgs.gov|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117055500/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp0002ajx/executive |archive-date=2021-11-17 }}</ref> About 20 people died and 100 others sustained mild to severe injuries.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=M 6.0 - 20 km SW of Lakhipur, India—Impact|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp0002ajx/impact|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-16|website=earthquake.usgs.gov|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418140521/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp0002ajx/impact |archive-date=2022-04-18 }}</ref>

== Geological setting ==
[[Cachar district|Cachar]] lies on the [[Shillong Plateau]], in the northeast region of India. It is one of the most seismically active regions in the world, due to its being located between the boundary of the [[Indian Plate]] and the [[Eurasian Plate]], thus creating the Himalayan arc. The continental Indian Plate collides with the [[Burma Plate]] (part of the Eurasian Plate) at an oblique angle.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kayal|first=J.|date=1991-07-01|title=Earthquake prediction in northeast India—A review|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227260798|journal=Pure and Applied Geophysics|volume=136|issue=2–3|pages=297–313|doi=10.1007/BF00876379|bibcode=1991PApGe.136..297K|s2cid=128679941}}</ref> The [[continental collision]] zone is seismically active with the potential to generate large earthquakes.

The events following this earthquake (1984) are said to be the beginning of a re-activation of seismic activity in the area,. The area has been predicted to be home to another large earthquake with a magnitude of ≥6 in the near future.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gupta|first=Harsh K.|date=1985-02-01|title=Cachar Earthquake of December 31, 1984 is it a Signal for the Beginning of Seismic Activity?|url=http://ischolar.info/index.php/JGSI/article/view/69934|journal=Journal of Geological Society of India|language=en|volume=26|issue=2|pages=145–147|issn=0974-6889}}</ref> Cachar has also been hit by a [[1869 Cachar earthquake|much larger earthquake]] in the past with a magnitude of 7.4 in the same area in 1869.

== Earthquake ==
[[File:1984 Cachar earthquake.jpg|thumb|A USGS Shakemap of the 1984 Cachar earthquake]]
The earthquake happened in the early morning of December 31, 1984 local date or the last day of the year. There are two recorded magnitudes for this event, one being 6.0 on the moment magnitude scale and the other is a 5.6 on the [[body-wave magnitude]] scale.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> It was assigned a maximum intensity of VIII (Severe) on the Mercalli intensity scale. According to [[isoseismal map]]s. intensity VIII was felt in a narrow area near the epicenter. Isoseismal maps with intensity contours in the area also suggest the depth of focus is shallower than initially finalized; at 10 kilometers or less.

The tremor triggered numerous surface fissures on flat grounds spewing sand and water out of it.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Kayal|first=J. R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=POLg0eGi3EAC&dq=december+31+1984+cachar+earthquake&pg=PA286|title=Microearthquake Seismology and Seismotectonics of South Asia|date=2008-08-22|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4020-8180-4|language=en}}</ref> Multiple ground failures and liquefaction were observed, which was considered unusual due to it being too moderate in size to generate an effect similar to this normally seen in larger earthquakes. However, it was later realized that the region is filled with loose soil and a main component of liquefaction which is the flat land in the region being filled with [[sedimentary rock]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Agrawal|first=Pramod N.|date=14 Mar 1991|title=Liquefaction During Two Moderate-Recent Earthquakes in India|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/229083491.pdf|journal=Missouri University of Science and Technology|pages=7}}</ref> The focal mechanism of the earthquake is a combination of a thrust and a strike-slip.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Singh|first=D. D.|date=1991-04-01|title=Source Mechanism of the Cachar Earthquake of December 30, 1984, NE India from the Synthesis of Body Waves|url=http://ischolar.info/index.php/JGSI/article/view/71082|journal=Journal of Geological Society of India|language=en|volume=37|issue=4|pages=365–373|issn=0974-6889}}</ref>

== Damage and casualties ==
Damage was concentrated in a [[meizoseismal area]] of 250 km2. Places with weak infrastructural management, most notably homes made out of soft mud, clay and bricks were a contributing factor to the deaths reported.<ref name=":3" /> Two children died after their home collapsed. Many injured were sent to a medical college in nearby [[Silchar]]. An embankment in the Sonai river collapsed, flooding multiple villages and towns, and causing many to lose their homes. Multiple bridges also suffered considerable damage.<ref name=":3" /> In total, 20 people died about a hundred others sustaining injuries and over 10,000 were reported homeless.<ref name=":1" /> The earthquake is considered one of the deadliest in northeastern India since the [[1950 Assam–Tibet earthquake]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=A strong earthquake shook eastern India Monday, collapsing mud-and-brick...|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1984/12/31/A-strong-earthquake-shook-eastern-India-Monday-collapsing-mud-and-brick/9636473317200/|access-date=2021-11-17|website=UPI|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of earthquakes in India]]
* [[Lists of 20th-century earthquakes]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Earthquakes in 1984}}
{{Earthquakes in India}}

[[Category:Earthquakes in India]]
[[Category:1984 earthquakes]]
[[Category:1984 disasters in India]]
[[Category:December 1984 in India]]
[[Category:Cachar district]]

Sachin Siwach

2026-04-03T12:28:56Z

RyanQuintana2: Made new stub - done

{{short description|Indian boxer (born 1999)}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}

{{Infobox boxer (amateur)
| image = Broooo.jpg
| height = 1.77 m
| birth_date = {{birth-date and age|6 December 1999}}
| birth_place =
[[Bhiwani]], [[Haryana]], India
| show-medals = yes
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Men's [[amateur boxing]]}}[[File:Boxing pictogram.svg|30px]]
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[South Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2019 South Asian Games|2019 Kathmandu]]|[[2019 South Asian Games|56kg]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[IBA Youth and Junior World Boxing Championships|Youth World Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2016 AIBA Youth World Boxing Championships|2016 Saint Petersburg]]|[[2016 AIBA Youth World Boxing Championships#Medal winners|49kg]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[IBA Youth and Junior World Boxing Championships#Junior (Cadet) Championships (U17)|2015 Saint Petersburg]]|[[IBA Youth and Junior World Boxing Championships|52kg]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Commonwealth Youth Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2017 Commonwealth Youth Games|2017 Nassau]]|[[Boxing at the 2017 Commonwealth Youth Games#Boys|49kg]]}}
|image_caption=Siwach at the [[2019 South Asian Games]]}}

'''Sachin Siwach''' (born 6 December 1999) is an Indian [[Amateur boxing|amateur boxer]] fighting out of [[Bhiwani|Bhiwani, Haryana]]. He is the third Indian to win gold at the [[IBA Youth and Junior World Boxing Championships|World Youth Championships]].

== Career ==
Siwach began boxing at the age of 10. His father, Kishan Kumar who is a farmer by profession, and mother, Nirmala Devi, encouraged him to pursue a career in boxing.

Siwach secured a place at Captain Hawa Singh Academy in Bhiwani, where he trained under the supervision of coach [[Sanjay Kumar (boxer)|Sanjay Kumar]]. Kumar initially refused to enroll him into the academy because he was undernourished.

He won a gold medal in [[Commonwealth Youth Games]] in the [[Bahamas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/boxer-sachin-siwach-wins-gold-at-commonwealth-youth-games-4764862/|title=Boxer Sachin Siwach wins gold at Commonwealth Youth Games|date=24 July 2017|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/boxing/sachin-strikes-gold-at-commonwealth-youth-games/article19341439.ece|title=Sachin strikes gold at Commonwealth Youth Games|last=PTI|website=Sportstar|date=24 July 2017 }}</ref> He also won a gold medal in [[AIBA Youth World Boxing Championships]] in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.in/boxing/story/_/id/18156586|title=After Russia high, boxer Sachin Siwach aiming for Tokyo 2020|date=28 November 2016|website=ESPN}}</ref> He became the third [[Indian people|Indian]] to win gold at the World Youth Championship after [[Nanao Singh]] in 2008 and [[Vikas Krishan]] in 2010.

He won bronze medal at the AIBA Junior Boxing World Championship in Saint Petersburg, Russia in September 2015.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/sachin-lone-indian-in-medal-rounds-of-world-junior-boxing-championships/article7636674.ece/|title= Sachin lone Indian in medal rounds of World Junior boxing championships|newspaper= The Hindu|date= 10 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.aiba.org/aiba-junior-world-boxing-championships-st-petersburg-2015/|title= AIBA Junior World Boxing Championships St. Petersburg}}</ref>

In 2017, he won a silver medal in the 49 kg category at Asian Youth Boxing Championship held in [[Bangkok]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/sachin-siwach-settles-for-a-silver-medal-at-asian-youth-boxing-championship-4740324/|title=Sachin Siwach settles for a silver medal at Asian Youth Boxing Championship|date=7 July 2017|publisher=}}</ref> In 2018, at 19 years old, he competed in [[World Series of Boxing]] and defeated [[Russians|Russian]] debutanat [[Dorzho Radnaev]] in the [[light flyweight]] (49 kg) category.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/sachin-siwach-wins-but-india-lose-to-russia-in-world-series-of-boxing-clash-5084525/|title=Sachin Siwach wins but India lose to Russia in World Series of Boxing clash|date=3 March 2018|publisher=}}</ref>

He was named Asian Boxing Confederation's Best Youth Boxer of the year.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/siwach-named-abcs-best-youth-boxer/article21612316.ece/|title= Siwach named ABC's best youth boxer|newspaper= The Hindu|date= 13 December 2017}}</ref>

In 2019, he competed in the 52 kg category and was among the 6 semi-finalists in the [[38th GeeBee Boxing Tournament]] in [[Helsinki]], [[Finland]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/shiva-thapa-sachin-siwach-among-6-indians-in-semi-finals-of-finland-boxing-tournament-1473940-2019-03-09|title=Shiva Thapa, Sachin Siwach among 6 Indians in semi-finals of Finland boxing tournament|agency=Press Trust of India |date=March 9, 2019 |magazine=India Today}}</ref>

Sachin Siwach won a gold medal in the 56 kg category at [[2019 South Asian Games]] help in Kathmandu, Nepal.

== Achievements ==
* '''2023''': All India inter Railway Championship Gold
* '''2020''': BOCSKAI ISTVAN MEMORIAL International boxing Hungary Bronze
* '''2019''': India Open, [[Guwahati]]: Silver
* '''2019''': All India inter Railway Championship Gold
* '''2019''': GeeBee Boxing Tournament, Finland: Bronze
* '''2018:''' All India inter Railway Championship Gold
* '''2018''': VI International Boxing Tournament President Cup Kazakhstan Bronze
* '''2017''': All india inter Railway Championship Gold
* '''2017''': Commonwealth Youth Games in Nassau, Bahamas: Gold
* '''2017''': Asian Youth Boxing Championship, Bangkok: silver
* '''2016''': Youth Boxing World Championships, St Petersburg, Russia: Gold
* '''2015''': [[International Boxing Association (amateur)|AIBA]] Junior Boxing World Championships, St Petersburg, Russia: Bronze
* '''2014''': Federation Cup Boxing tournament: Gold
* '''2012''': Junior Nationals: Gold
* '''2010''': Haryana State championships, Wins Gold

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Siwach, Sachin}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male boxers]]
[[Category:Boxers from Haryana]]
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Boxers at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games boxers for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in boxing]]

Thammudu (2025 film)

2026-03-31T01:47:08Z

RyanQuintana2: Made a entry

{{short description|2025 Indian Telugu-language film by Venu Sriram}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thammudu
| image = Thammudu (2025 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Venu Sriram]]
| writer = Venu Sriram
| producer = {{plainlist|
* [[Dil Raju]]
* Sirish
}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Nithin]]
* [[Laya (actress)|Laya]]
* [[Sapthami Gowda]]
* [[Varsha Bollamma]]
}}
| music = [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
| cinematography = {{plainlist|
* [[K. V. Guhan]]
* [[Sameer Reddy]]
* Satyajit Pande (Setu)
}}
| editing = [[Prawin Pudi]]
| studio = [[Sri Venkateswara Creations]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|07|04}}
| runtime = 154 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR}}75 [[crore]]<ref>{{cite web | title=Nithiin’s Thammudu hits a Jackpot | url=https://www.telugu360.com/nithiins-thammudu-hits-a-jackpot/ |access-date=25 October 2025 |website=[[Telugu 360]] }}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}8.33 [[crore]]<ref>{{cite web | title=Thammudu - Sacnilk | url=https://www.sacnilk.com/movie/Thammudu_2025 }}</ref>
}}
'''''Thammudu''''' ({{translation|Younger brother}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[survival film|survival]] [[Action film|action]] [[drama film|drama]] film written and directed by [[Venu Sriram]] and produced by [[Dil Raju]] through [[Sri Venkateswara Creations]]. The film stars [[Nithiin]], [[Laya (actress)|Laya]], [[Sapthami Gowda]], and [[Varsha Bollamma]] in the lead roles,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-01 |title=Thammudu release trailer: Nithiin promises emotional ride high on action |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thammudu-release-trailer-nithiin-promises-emotional-ride-high-on-action-dil-raju-2748945-2025-07-01 |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=1 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250701123247/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thammudu-release-trailer-nithiin-promises-emotional-ride-high-on-action-dil-raju-2748945-2025-07-01 |url-status=live }}</ref> while [[Saurabh Sachdeva]] and [[Swasika]] play supporting roles. [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]] composed the soundtrack and score, while [[K. V. Guhan]], [[Sameer Reddy]] and Satyajit Pande handled the cinematography, with [[Prawin Pudi]] handling the editing.

Shot extensively in [[Visakhapatnam]] and [[Maredumilli]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-01 |title=Thammudu release trailer: Nithiin promises emotional ride high on action |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thammudu-release-trailer-nithiin-promises-emotional-ride-high-on-action-dil-raju-2748945-2025-07-01 |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=1 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250701123247/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thammudu-release-trailer-nithiin-promises-emotional-ride-high-on-action-dil-raju-2748945-2025-07-01 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-12 |title=Nithiin gets injured on the sets of 'Thammudu'; shooting halts for 3 weeks |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nithiin-gets-injured-on-the-sets-of-thammudu-shooting-halts-for-3-weeks/articleshow/106748219.cms |access-date=2025-07-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=13 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250613083654/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nithiin-gets-injured-on-the-sets-of-thammudu-shooting-halts-for-3-weeks/articleshow/106748219.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> the film was released on 4 July 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-05-04 |title=Nithiin's Thammudu set to release on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/May/04/nithiins-thammudu-set-to-release-on-this-date |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The film received mixed-to-negative reviews from critics and was a [[box-office disaster]]. It started streaming on [[Netflix]] and [[JioHotstar]] from 1 August 2025 and 12 September 2025.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 July 2024 |title=Nithiin's Thammudu OTT Release Date |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/nithiins-thammudu-ott-release-date-1892016 |access-date=17 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=16 July 2024 |title=Thammudu tentative OTT release date: When, where to watch Nithiin's film online |work=OTTPlay.com |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/thammudu-ott-release-date-when-where-to-watch-nithiins-film-online/bc650df7b6573 |access-date=17 July 2025}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{long plot|date=September 2025}}
Jai is a skilled archer who aims to win a [[gold medal]] in the upcoming [[2025 Archery World Cup]]. However, his coach has been dissatisfied with his performance in practice sessions and encourages him to find a solution to his situation. Later, with the encouragement of Chitra, an [[entrepreneur]] and his best friend and only constant support, Jai realizes his emotional trauma of being separated from his elder sister, Snehalata, who has a motherly bond with him, during childhood. 20 years ago, Snehalata, a woman of her word, loved a man and promised to marry him, but her father opposed her decision. With no other option left to keep her promise, she decided to elope with her lover and sent the plan in a letter through her brother, the young Jai. When Jai is about to go out, his father notices the letter. Jai's father fears that his son will give the letter to him, and he becomes angry and marries Snehalata off to another person. After the marriage, Snehalata got to know that her lover had committed suicide for not marrying her, and she became angry at her father and later disowned them.

Jai and Chitra trace Snehalata to Hyderabad and find out that she became an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] and changed her identity to Jhansi Kiranmayi. Jhansi is now a principled government officer who refuses to sign off on a falsified report related to a chemical factory explosion in [[Visakhapatnam|Vizag]]. She promises herself to get justice for the victims in the blast. Her decision places her and her family in danger from Agarwal, a powerful and corrupt industrialist who has [[phonophobia]] and [[hyperacusis]] and cannot bear to hear any sound greater than 20 [[decibels]].

A tribal festival called "Pagadalamma Jatara" comes once every 12 years in the remote Ambaragodugu forest region near the [[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra]]–[[Odisha]] border. It is a lawless land known for ruthless decoits, where Jhansi and her family take the Darshan. There, Agarwal orchestrates a violent attack on Jhansi's family. Jai, in search of his sister, reaches the location and reunites with her. As the night unfolds, he takes on the responsibility of defending his sister and her loved ones against multiple waves of assaults. Utilizing his archery skills and driven by a desire for redemption and familial love, Jai confronts the attackers in a survival battle that tests his endurance and moral resolve. En route, they try to cross Ambaragodugu. After talking with Jhansi, Chitra and Jai understand that Jhansi lost her word once and considers it as her new life. Jhansi declares that she is not Snehalata: she considers her past dead. Having respect for her thoughts, the duo decides not to reveal their identity to her. Jai decides to protect Jhansi and her family, and the duo guards them from Agarwal's threats.

Meanwhile, Francis, a subordinate to Agarwal, had several failed attempts to kill Jhansi and her family. Agarwal announced a bounty of Rs. 1 crore to Ambaragodugu for killing them. To escape them, Jai tries contacting the emergency numbers in the forest region. There, he reaches out to an emergency call center girl called Ratna. The center is run by an NGO, and she helps in emergencies for the customers through the calls. Being kindhearted, she decides to guide them out of the Ambaragodugu forest. There, she suggests taking help from Gutti, a ferocious but greedy woman, to escape from the forest.

Unaware of the facts, Gutti decides to help them, taking it as an opportunity to loot them. Meanwhile, there they face Basawa, the head of the dacoits in the forest, who responds to the bounty, tries violently to kill them all, and damages Gutti's vehicle. The family leaves. At the same time, one of Jhansi's sisters-in-law suffers a labor pain en route. In a hard struggle, Jai saves them from Basawa, and she gives birth to a baby girl with the help of Jhansi, Chitra, Jhansi's only child Divya, and Ratna through a call. Later, with the family's gratitude, Jhansi asks Ratna to suggest a name for the baby girl. Ratna names her Chamundeswari and receives a silent admiration from Jai.

Later, the family successfully escapes from Basawa's men using a boat on a lake. After crossing the lake, Jhansi realizes that Divya has been missing in the frenzy. Jai decides to return for his niece and tasks Chitra with saving them until the border. It is revealed that Divya is stuck in a hollow used for hunting deer. Basawa finds her and is about to kill her, but Jai comes to her rescue, bashes Basawa, and successfully escapes along with his niece. In the process, he reveals he is her maternal uncle and takes a promise from Divya not to reveal it.

Meanwhile, knowing about the bounty, Gutti makes a deal with Francis to kill them all by herself and give a tip about Ratna. Later, she reaches them by falsely rescuing them and spots them in a den. There, Chitra fights with Gutti; in a hard struggle, Chitra manages to kill Gutti but gets mortally injured during the fight and succumbs to her own wounds. She dies in Jai's arms after declaring that her life's purpose has been fulfilled by dying for him. It is revealed that Jai had protected her from an abusive childhood at the age of seven. From then on, Chitra became an obedient and trusted friend for him, leaving Jai devastated.

Later, Jai and his family bury Chitra's body under a banyan tree and head towards the border. Meanwhile, Ratna is under attack by Francis's men. They destroy her call center, disconnecting Jai. Ratna kills them all and starts to meet Jai and his family to protect them in person. Jai and his family are about to cross a deadly bridge, which is the only exit route in Ambaragodugu, and which has not been used much by the public. After crossing the bridge and leaving the forest, the police force is waiting for them for security from Agarwal. When they are about to cross the bridge, Francis attacks them with landmines. Jai kills Francis with his archery skills and successfully escapes the bridge. While killing Francis, he realizes that he has overcome his trauma, and all the family knows through Divya that Jai is Jhansi's younger brother. Then, Basawa finds them crossing the bridge and is about to shoot an arrow, but suddenly, Ratna stabs him from behind and kills him. She then chose to go back instead of following them.

Everyone successfully reaches the police force and gets treatment for Jhansi, whom Francis severely stabbed before dying. Then, Jhansi, instead of going for treatment, stands to protect justice; she decides to share her reports in the Collectorate of Vizag at 9:00 AM. The commissioner reveals that Vizag is completely hijacked by Agarwal's private army, who are on a hunt to kill them, and he was handcuffed by the corrupt politicians to not interfere. Jai diverts his men towards him and reaches Agarwal's house, where Agarwal meets him in person with the help of a soundproof box and declares it is his idea to divide him from his family, and no one can protect his family. Observing Agarwal's situation, Jai breaks the latter's shield, takes him hostage, and stops all the people who are trying to kill Jhansi. Later, the wounded Jhansi successfully submits the report on time, and Jai releases Agarwal from his soundproof shield in front of the victims of his factory blast. Agarwal cannot bear any sound and dies due to ruptured eardrums.

Finally, the film ends with the victims getting justice and the government taking over Agawal's properties. Finally, Jhansi declares that Jai is her god-gifted brother and fulfills his wish. In a [[Mid-credits and post-credits scenes in the Marvel Cinematic Universe|mid-credits scene]], Jai wins a gold medal, pays his last rites to Chitra on her headstone, and declares his love towards Ratna.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Nithiin]] as Jai, an [[Archer]]
* [[Laya (actress)|Laya]] as Jhansi Kiranmayee [[Indian Administrative Service| IAS]] aka Snehalata, Jai’s sister
* [[Sapthami Gowda]] as Ratna, [[SOS]] call attendant and Jai’s love-interest
* [[Varsha Bollamma]] as Chitra, Entrepreneur and Jai’s bestfriend
* [[Saurabh Sachdeva]] as Azarwal, [[phonophobia|Phonophobic]] Industrialist (Aggarwal in Hindi Version)
* [[Swasika]] as Gutti, Bus driver
* [[Srikanth Iyengar]] as Shiva, Azarwal’s Personal Assistant
* Naga Mahesh Vaddi as Minister Mahendra Varma
* Temper Vamsi Krishna as Francis, Azarwal’s henchman
* [[Hari Teja]] as Tejamma
* Ravi Bhatt as Police Officer
* [[Uday Mahesh]] as Jai’s [[archery]] coach
* Cheluvaraj as Basawa/Murugan, Dacoit and Contract Killer
* [[Chammak Chandra]] as Narasaiah, Ratna’s fiancee
* Sreedhar Reddy Nalla
* Raja Sridhar as Jhansi’s husband
* Vachaspathi Ambadipudi Muralikrishna as Jhansi’s father-in-law
* Reddi Bhanu Prasad as Sekhar
* Balagam Sanjay Krishna as Dinesh
* Rohit Addanki as Ganesh
* Shanthi Devagudi
* Vamsi Raghava Yenumula as Jeevan
* Kishore Raju Vasistha as Ravi
}}

== Production ==
The film was produced by [[Dil Raju]] and Sireesh under the banner of [[Sri Venkateswara Creations]].<ref>{{cite news |date=12 May 2025 |title=Makers Unveil Special Glimpse of Nithiin's Thammudu |work=ap7am.com |url=https://www.ap7am.com/en/100739/makers-unveil-special-glimpse-of-nithiins-thammudu |access-date=17 July 2025}}</ref> The production house is known for backing several major Telugu-language films. Thammudu marks another collaboration between the producers and actor Nithiin.<ref>{{cite news |date=11 July 2025 |title="Thammudu" Aims to Set New Benchmark: Dil Raju Praises Film's Fresh Concept at Trailer Launch |work=Teluguvox.com |url=https://mail.teluguvox.com/movies/movie-news/10550-thammudu-aims-to-set-new-benchmark-dil-raju-praises-film-s-fresh-concept-at-trailer-launch.html |access-date=17 July 2025}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Thammudu
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2025
| recorded = 2025
| venue =
| studio = [[Annapurna Studios]]
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 14:54
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
| prev_title = [[Odela 2]]
| prev_year = 2025
| next_title = [[Devil: The Hero]]
| next_year = 2025
| misc = {{External media|YouTube|TBA}}
}}

The music is composed by [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]. The soundtrack album was released on 4 July 2024 through [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-05-12 |title='Mood of Thammudu' teaser introduces characters from Nithiin's upcoming film |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/May/12/mood-of-thammudu-teaser-introduces-characters-from-nithiins-upcoming-film |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| length5 = 1:50
| all_lyrics =
| extra2 = Abby V
| lyrics2 = [[Jonnavittula Ramalingeswara Rao]]
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| length1 = 3:25
| title2 = Jai Bagalaamukhii
| length2 = 4:18
| title3 = Chillax Song
| length3 = 2:46
| title4 = Slokam
| length4 = 2:21
| title5 = Mood Of Thammudu
| title6 =
| title7 =
| title1 = Bhuu Antuu Bhuutham
| length6 =
| length7 =
| title8 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
| total_length = 14:54
| lyrics1 = Simhachalam Mannela
| extra1 = [[Anurag Kulkarni]], Akshitha Pola
| extra3 = [[Nakash Aziz]]
| extra4 = [[Aniruddha Sastry]]
| lyrics3 = [[Kasarla Shyam]]
| lyrics4 = Traditional
}}

== Release ==
''Thammudu'' was released in cinemas on 4 July 2025. It received an 'A' certificate from CBFC owing to its some sequences of intense violence.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-28 |title=Censor Board clears Nithiin's 'Thammudu' for release with an 'A' certificate |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/censor-board-clears-nithiins-thammudu-for-release-with-an-a-certificate/articleshow/122131797.cms |access-date=2025-07-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> According to Dil Raju, the censor board suggested the makers to make cuts to secure 'U/A' certificate but they refused as they felt it may lessen the impact thus the makers accepted the A certificate.

Post-theatrical digital streaming rights were acquired by [[Netflix]] and [[JioHotstar]] and was released on 1 August 2025 and 12 September 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-04 |title=Nithiin's Thammudu: OTT Release Date and Where to Watch |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/nithiins-thammudu-ott-release-date-and-where-to-watch-1889306 |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en |archive-date=6 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250706184020/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/nithiins-thammudu-ott-release-date-and-where-to-watch-1889306 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
''Thammudu'' received mixed-to-negative reviews from critics who praised Nithiin's performance, background score and action sequences but criticized the screenplay, writing and lack of emotional depth.

Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of [[The Hindu|''The Hindu'']] opined it as a failed execution and wrote that, "On paper, ''Thammudu'' might have seemed like a gripping watch —blending complex family dynamics, childhood friendship, and a good-versus-evil survival thriller. But in execution, it is more of an endurance test than an immersive film".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2025-07-04 |title='Thammudu' movie review: Nithiin struggles in an excruciating survival thriller |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thammudu-movie-review-nithiin-struggles-in-an-excruciating-survival-thriller-telugu-drama/article69768028.ece |access-date=2025-07-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> BVS Prakash of [[Deccan Chronicle|''Deccan Chronicle'']] rated it 1 out of 5 and was negative towards the bland storytelling and weak direction.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=B. V. S. |date=2025-07-04 |title=Thammudu Review: Nithin's New Film is a Dull, Pathetic Sibling Drama |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/thammudu-review-nithins-new-film-is-a-dull-pathetic-sibling-drama-1889305 |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en |archive-date=6 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250706181132/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/thammudu-review-nithins-new-film-is-a-dull-pathetic-sibling-drama-1889305 |url-status=live }}</ref> Calling it a "misfire", [[The Hollywood Reporter|''The Hollywood Reporter India'']] opined that the weak writing has effected the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Thammudu' Movie Review: Nithiin's Action Drama Is A Jarring Misfire |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/thammudu-movie-review-nithiins-action-drama-is-a-jarring-misfire |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en |archive-date=6 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250706085335/https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/thammudu-movie-review-nithiins-action-drama-is-a-jarring-misfire |url-status=live }}</ref> In a similar tone, T Maruthi Acharya of [[India Today|''India Today'']] stated that the film, "losing its core and venturing into random action scenes, becomes its biggest issue".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-04 |title=Thammudu review: Wild ambitions but tamed execution in Nithiin's survival thriller |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thammudu-review-nithiin-action-drama-wild-ambitions-tame-execution-venu-sriram-wasted-opportunity-2750779-2025-07-04 |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=5 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250705003621/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thammudu-review-nithiin-action-drama-wild-ambitions-tame-execution-venu-sriram-wasted-opportunity-2750779-2025-07-04 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|27235882}}

[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2025 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films set in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Sri Venkateswara Creations films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Visakhapatnam]]

2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election

2026-03-29T04:04:41Z

RyanQuintana2: minor cleanup

{{short description|Election to the legislative assembly of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox election
| leader4 =
| image4 =
| party4 =
| election_name = 2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1996
| next_election = 2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 2006
| election_date = 10 May 2001
| seats_for_election = All 234 seats in the [[Legislature of Tamil Nadu]]
| majority_seats = 118
| turnout = 59.07% ({{decrease}} 7.88%)
| image_size = 130px
| party1 = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=J Jayalalithaa.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=2}}
| leader1 = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
| leaders_seat1 = [[Andipatti]] (2002)
| alliance1 = [[AIADMK-led Alliance|SDPF]]+[[Left Front (West Bengal)|LF]]
| seats1 = '''196'''
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 138
| popular_vote1 = '''14,043,980'''
| percentage1 = '''50.09%'''
| swing1 = {{increase}} 23.01%
| party2 = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=M._Karunanidhi_.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=2}}
| leader2 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| alliance2 = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| leaders_seat2 = [[Chepauk Assembly constituency|Chepauk]]
| seats2 = 37
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 138
| popular_vote2 = 10,841,157
| percentage2 = 38.67%
| swing2 = {{decrease}} 15.10%
| map_image = {{Switcher|[[File:2001 tamil nadu legislative election map by parties.png|350px]]|Partywise results by constituency|[[File:2001 tamil nadu legislative election map.png|350px]]|Alliance wise results by constituency}}
| map_size = 300px
| map_caption =
| title = [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|CM]]
| map2_image = Tamil Nadu Assembly Alliance Result 2001.svg
| map2_size = 300px
| map2_caption = Alliance wise Result
| before_election = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| before_party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| after_election = [[J.Jayalalithaa]] [[O. Panneerselvam]]
| after_party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| colour2 = {{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}
}}
The '''twelfth legislative assembly election''' was held on 10 May 2001 in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK)-led front won the elections and its general secretary, [[J. Jayalalithaa]] was sworn in as Chief Minister, even though she could not legally run as MLA in this election. She was unanimously elected as the leader of the 132-member AIADMK Legislative Party, and was subsequently nominated as Chief Minister by the party, preparing to assume office for her second term. The [[AIADMK-led Alliance|AIADMK-led front]] won a decisive victory, securing 196 constituencies. The AIADMK alone achieved a simple majority with 132 seats, enabling it to form the government without coalition support. The DMK won 31 seats and Its NDA allies won 6 seats. Political analysts attributed the results primarily to alliance arithmetic, with the broad coalition led by the AIADMK playing a decisive role in securing victory over the Incumbent DMK. 15 ministers from the outgoing Karunanidhi cabinet were defeated in their respective constituencies.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/article30250676.ece/ |magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |title=The return of Jayalalitha |date=26 May 2001|access-date=26 May 2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127134342/https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/article30250676.ece|archive-date=27 January 2021}}</ref>

Due to criminal and corruption charges from Jayalalithaa's first term, on 21 September 2001, a five-judge constitutional bench of the Supreme Court of India ruled in a unanimous verdict that "a person who is convicted for a criminal offense and sentenced to imprisonment for not less than two years cannot be appointed the Chief Minister of a State under Article 164 (1) read with (4) and cannot continue to function as such". Thereby, the bench decided that "in the appointment of Dr. J. Jayalalithaa as Chief Minister there has been a clear infringement of a Constitutional provision and that a writ of quo warranto must issue". In effect, her appointment as Chief Minister was declared null and invalid with retrospective effect. Therefore, technically, she was not the Chief Minister in the period between 14 May 2001 and 21 September 2001. After her resignation on 21 September 2001, she put in [[O. Panneerselvam]], as the official 13th Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, until she could clear up the charges from her first term, so she can take up the mantle of Chief Minister officially, on 2 March 2002.

==Schedule==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Event
!Date
|-
| Date for Nominations
| 16 April 2001
|-
| Last Date for filing Nominations
| 23 April 2001
|-
| Date for scrutiny of nominations
| 24 April 2001
|-
| Last date for withdrawal of candidatures
| 26 April 2001
|-
| Date of poll
| '''10 May 2001'''
|-
| Date of counting
| '''13 May 2001'''
|}

==Background and Coalition==
The incumbent party, [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]], finished its full 5 terms, for the first time since winning the [[1971 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1971 state assembly election]]. According to various sources and exit polls, the incumbent party was expexted to retain power, due to the popularity of its leader [[M. Karunanidhi]]. Due to the anti-incumbency factor, problems of development cited by the people in many rural areas of [[Tamil Nadu]], and a broad coalition formed by AIADMK, including [[Tamil Maanila Congress]], who left the alliance of [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK), because they joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] and the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA), [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] (PMK), [[Indian National Congress]] and the left parties, the [[AIADMK-led Alliance|AIADMK-led front]], with its general secretary [[J. Jayalalithaa]], won by a landslide, sweeping across the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2001/05/14/stories/14145501.htm |title=AIADMK sweeps TN poll |publisher=Thehindubusinessline.in |date=2001-05-14 |access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref> In this election, J. Jayalalithaa described the contest as a “life-and-death battle” for her political future.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.com/articleshow/40946506.cms |title=Turnout to decide Tamil Nadu tossup|publisher=Timesofindia |date=2001-05-07 |access-date=2001-05-07}}</ref>

On 24 April 2001, the nomination papers of ADMK General Secretary Jayalalithaa for Bargur and Andipatti, filed on 18 April, along with nominations filed on her behalf in Pudukkottai and Bhuvanagiri minutes before the April 23 deadline, were rejected during scrutiny due to her conviction in the TANSI land deal case.Under Section 8(3) of the Representation of the People Act, 1951, her sentence disqualified J. Jayalalithaa from contesting. Some critics, however, argued that filing multiple nominations was aimed at projecting their rejection as part of a conspiracy involving Chief Minister [[M. Karunanidhi]]. In response, Chief Minister Karunanidhi, who had earlier indicated that her nominations might be rejected, remarked: “There is nothing for me to rejoice about. The law has taken its course. Senior advocate [[Siddhartha Shankar Ray]] and [[M. Thambidurai]] represented her before the Returning Officer at Krishnagiri, and her dummy candidates became the official AIADMK nominees of those seats. Following the rejection, Jayalalithaa campaigned from an open vehicle in Pudukkottai, accusing Karunanidhi of conspiracy, stating: “conspiring Karunanidhi” and alleging he pressured officials to block her candidature to promote his son [[M. K. Stalin]]. She declared: “It’s time we put an end to his efforts to establish a dynasty.” Despite her disqualification, she told voters: “I have faith in you and only you can give the final verdict. you should consider that I am contesting in all the 141 constituencies where the AIADMK has put up candidates.” She also invoked lines from a Tamil film song from the 1971 film [[Rickshawkaran]] starring her mentor [[M. G. Ramachandran|MGR]]: “Angey sirippavargal sirikkattum. adhu aanava sirippu. nalla theerppai ulagam sollum naal varumpothu, angey sirippavar yaar azhubavar yaar theriyum appothu” (“Let those who laugh there, laugh. it is the laughter of arrogance; when the world delivers the true verdict, it will be known who laughs and who weeps”). The episode significantly shaped the political narrative of the election, with Jayalalithaa portraying herself as a victim of a political conspiracy, a stance that drew continued support and sympathy from her alliance partners and sections of the electorate.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20010507-jayalalithas-election-hopes-dashed-by-disqualification-makes-her-campaign-more-aggressive-776190-2001-05-06 |title=Jayalalitha's election hopes dashed by disqualification, makes her campaign more aggressive |publisher=India today|date=2001-05-06|access-date=2001-05-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/jayas-nominations-rejected-in-all-constituencies/articleshow/39341853.cms |title=Jaya's nominations rejected in all constituencies|publisher=timesofindia|date=2001-04-25|access-date=2001-04-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/political-story-of-jayalalithaas-tamilnadu-election-victory |title=இரண்டு தேர்தல்களும் இடியாக வந்த சோதனைகளும்... சாகும் வரை சாதித்த ஜெயலலிதா! அரசியல் அப்போ அப்படி|publisher=vikatan|language=ta|date=2001-04-25|access-date=2001-04-25}}</ref>

==Seat allotments==
Source: Various Sources<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1809/18090310.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110002123/http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1809/18090310.htm|archive-date=2012-11-10|title=The Hindu|url-status=dead|location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2001/04/02/stories/04022239.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021203111936/http://www.hindu.com/2001/04/02/stories/04022239.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 December 2002|title=NDA List of Constituencies|date=2 April 2001|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiatoday.com/itoday/20010409/tamilnadu2.html |title=Tamil Nadu |website=www.indiatoday.com |access-date=26 January 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126045325/http://www.indiatoday.com/itoday/20010409/tamilnadu2.html |archive-date=26 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/20010330/ina30041.html |title = Latest News, India News, Breaking News, Live News Online, Today Headline's}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/04/08/stories/04082235.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120903150444/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/04/08/stories/04082235.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-09-03 |title=The Hindu : List of AIADMK constituencies |publisher=Hinduonnet.com |date=2001-04-08 |access-date=2016-12-01 }}</ref>

===Secular Democratic Progressive Alliance===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="height: 50px;"
! scope="col" style="width:40px;"| No. 
! scope="col" style="width:300px;"colspan=2"| Party
! scope="col" style="width:80px;"| Election Symbol
! scope="col" style="width:180px;"| Leader
! scope="col" style="width:60px;"| Seats
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|1. || {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Indian election symbol two leaves.svg|50x50px]] || [[J. Jayalalithaa]] || style="text-align:center;"|140
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|2. || {{Full party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}} || style="text-align:center;"|
[[File:Indian Election Symbol Cycle.png|50px]]
|| [[G. K. Moopanar]] || style="text-align:center;"|32
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|3. || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}|| style="text-align:center;"|
[[File:Hand INC.svg|50x50px]]
|| [[E. V. K. S. Elangovan]] || style="text-align:center;" |14
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|4. || {{Full party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} || style="text-align:center;"|
[[File:Indian Election Symbol Mango SVG.svg|50x50px]]
|| [[Dr. Ramdoss]] || style="text-align:center;"|27
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|5.
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] || style="text-align:center;" | [[File:CPI(M) election symbol - Hammer Sickle and Star.svg|50x50px]]

| [[N. Sankaraiah]]|| style="text-align:center;" |8
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|6. || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}|| style="text-align:center;" |

[[File:CPI symbol.svg|50x50px]]
| [[R. Nallakannu]]|| style="text-align:center;" |8
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|7. || {{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}} || style="text-align:center;"|
[[File:Indian Election Symbol Lion.svg|70px]]
|| [[L. Santhanam]]|| style="text-align:center;" |1
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|8. || {{Full party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}|| style="text-align:center;"|
[[File:Indian Election Symbol Lader.svg|50x50px]]
|| [[K. M. Kader Mohideen]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/05/01/stories/1501223p.htm |title=The Hindu : CM has stifled democracy: Jayalalitha |publisher=Hinduonnet.com |date=2001-05-01 |access-date=2016-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041228014139/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/05/01/stories/1501223p.htm |archive-date=2004-12-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || style="text-align:center;"|1
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|9. || {{Full party name with color|Indian National League}} || style="text-align:center;"|[[File:No flag.svg|50x50px]] || [[M. Abdul Lathief|M. Abdul Latheef]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2001/04/06/stories/04062234.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021204063925/http://www.hindu.com/2001/04/06/stories/04062234.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2002-12-04|title=DMK cadres sore over seat allotment in Vellore district|date=2001-04-06|access-date=7 April 2018|last1=Murthy|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|first1=P. v v.}}</ref> || style="text-align:center;" |1
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|10. ||{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)|Independent}} || style="text-align:center;"|
[[File:Indian Election Symbol Banana.svg|50x50px]]
|| P. S. Arul<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2001/05/04/stories/1504405o.htm |title=The Hindu : Bhuvanagiri: AIADMK-backed Independent on good wicket |publisher=Hinduonnet.com |date=2001-05-04 |access-date=2016-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050214164352/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2001/05/04/stories/1504405o.htm |archive-date=2005-02-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || style="text-align:center;"|1
|- style="height: 55px;"
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center;"|Unrecognized party, whose candidates ran under the AIADMK ticket
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|11. || {{Full party name with color|Tamizhaga Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam}} || style="text-align:center;"|
[[File:Indian election symbol two leaves.svg|50x50px]]
|| [[B. John Pandian]] || style="text-align:center;"|1
|}

===DMK{{ndash}}NDA Alliance===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=2|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
! colspan="2" |Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|[[File:Flag DMK.svg|50px]]
|rowspan=8|[[File:Indian election symbol rising sun.svg|50px]]
|[[M. Karunanidhi]]
|167
| rowspan="8" |184
|-
|{{party color cell|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
|[[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]]
|[[File:Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi banner.png|50px]]
|[[Thol. Thirumavalavan]]
|8
|-
|{{party color cell|Tamizhaga Muslim Iykkya Jamaat}}
|Tamizhaga Muslim Iykkya Jamaat
|
|[[J. M. Aaroon Rashid]]
|3
|-
|{{party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
|[[Congress Jananayaka Peravai|TMC Jananayaka Peravai]]
|
|[[P. Chidambaram]]<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/28/stories/2006042806600500.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110002313/http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/28/stories/2006042806600500.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=10 November 2012 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Veeranam, a major poll plank | date=28 April 2006}}</ref>
|2
|-
|{{party color cell|Tamil Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|Tamil Pattali Makkal Katchi
|
|[[Rajendiran (Andimadam MLA)|Dheeran]]
|1
|-
|{{party color cell|Tamil Nadu Mutharaiyar Sangam}}
|Tamil Nadu Mutharaiyar Sangam
|
|Kuzha Chelliah
|1
|-
|{{party color cell|Kongunadu Makkal Katchi}}
|[[Kongunadu Makkal Katchi]]
|[[File:Flag of Kongunadu.svg|50px]]
|A. M. Raja<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2001/04/27/stories/15272239.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110001611/http://www.hindu.com/2001/04/27/stories/15272239.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-11-10|title=AIADMK vs MDMK in Perundurai|date=2001-04-27|access-date=7 April 2018|last1=Sundaram|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|first1=R.}}</ref>
|1
|-
|{{party color cell|All India Moovendar Munnani Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Moovendar Munnani Kazhagam]]
|
|Dr. Sethuraman
|1
|-
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:BJP Flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
|S. P. Kripanidhi<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bjptn.org/en/our-party/history-of-tn-bjp.html|title=BJP TN website|website=bjptn.org|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211212802/http://bjptn.org/en/our-party/history-of-tn-bjp.html|archive-date=11 February 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| colspan="2" |21
|-
|{{party color cell|Puthiya Tamilagam}}
|[[Puthiya Tamilagam]]
|[[File:Puthiya Tamilagam Party Flag.jpg|50px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Lock And Key.svg|50px]]
|[[K. Krishnasamy]]
| colspan="2" |10
|-
|{{party color cell|Makkal Tamil Desam Katchi}}
|[[Makkal Tamil Desam Katchi]]
|
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Lock And Key.svg|50px]]
|[[Raja Kannappan|S. Kannappan]]
| colspan="2" |6
|-
|{{party color cell|Puthiya Needhi Katchi}}
|[[Puthiya Needhi Katchi]]
|
|Television & [[File:Indian Election Symbol Bus.png|50px]]
|[[A. C. Shanmugam]]
| colspan="2" |5
|-
|{{party color cell|MGR Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[MGR Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|
|[[File:Ring Symbol.png|50px]]
|[[Su. Thirunavukkarasar]]
| colspan="2" |3
|-
|{{party color cell|MGR Kazhagam}}
|[[MGR Kazhagam]]
|
|Television & [[File:Indian Election Symbol Bus.png|50px]]
|[[R. M. Veerappan]]
| colspan="2" |2
|-
|{{party color cell|Uzhavar Uzhaippalar Katchi}}
|[[Uzhavar Uzhaippalar Katchi]]
|
|[[File:Ring Symbol.png|50px]]
|'Vettavalam' Manikandan
| colspan="2" |1
|-
|{{party color cell|Thondar Congress}}
|[[Thondar Congress]]
|
|Toffee
|Kumari Ananthan
| colspan="2" |1
|-
|{{party color cell|Thamilar Bhoomi}}
|Thamilar Bhoomi
|
|Bell
|[[Ku. Pa. Krishnan]]<ref name="Tamilar Bhoomi">{{Cite web |url=http://thehinduretailplus.in/thehindu/2001/03/20/stories/0420223b.htm |title=Tamizhar Bhoomi unhappy with DMK offer |access-date=2011-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830214241/http://thehinduretailplus.in/thehindu/2001/03/20/stories/0420223b.htm |archive-date=2011-08-30 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| colspan="2" |1
|-
! Colspan=5|Total
!Colspan=2|234
|}

===Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam===
Source: '''Oneindia News'''
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="height: 50px;"
! scope="col" style="width:40px;"| No. 
! scope="col" style="width:300px;"colspan=2"| Party
! scope="col" style="width:80px;"| Election Symbol
! scope="col" style="width:180px;"| Leader
! scope="col" style="width:60px;"| Seats
|- style="height: 55px;"
| style="text-align:right;"|1. || {{Full party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} || style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Top.png|50px]] || [[Vaiko]] || style="text-align:center;"|213
|- style="height: 55px;" | style="text-align:right;"
|}

==List of Candidates==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Constituency
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |[[AIADMK-led Alliance|AIADMK+]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |[[DMK-led Alliance|DMK+]]
|-
! No.
! Name
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
|-
!1
| [[Royapuram Assembly constituency|Royapuram]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[D. Jayakumar]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Nargunan
|-

!2
| [[Harbour Assembly constituency|Harbour]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| [[D. Pandian]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[K. Anbazhagan]]
|-

!3
| [[Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar Assembly constituency|Dr. R. K. Nagar]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[P. K. Sekar Babu]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[S. P. Sarguna Pandian]]
|-

!4
| [[Park Town Assembly constituency|Park Town]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
| S. G. Vinayakamurthi
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[T. Rajendar]]
|-

!5
| [[Perambur Assembly constituency|Perambur (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[K. Mahendran]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[Chengai Sivam]]
|-

!6
| [[Purasawalkam Assembly constituency|Purasawalkam]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
| P. Vetriivel
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[B. Ranganathan]]
|-

!7
| [[Egmore Assembly constituency|Egmore (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[B. John Pandian]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Parithi Ellamvazhuthi
|-

!8
| [[Anna Nagar Assembly constituency|Anna Nagar]]
| {{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| C. Arumugam
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[Arcot N. Veeraswami]]
|-

!9
| [[Thiyagarayanagar Assembly constituency|Theagaraya Nagar]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| E. V. K. Sulochana Sampath
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[J. Anbazhagan]]
|-

!10
| [[Thousand Lights Assembly constituency|Thousand Lights]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
| S. Sekar
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[M. K. Stalin]]
|-

!11
| [[Chepauk Assembly constituency|Chepauk]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| R. Damodharan
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[M. Karunanidhi]]
|-

!12
| [[Triplicane Assembly constituency|Triplicane]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| S. Rajakumar
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[S. A. M. Hussain]]
|-

!13
| [[Mylapore Assembly constituency|Mylapore]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[V. Maitreyan]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[K. N. Lakshmanan]]
|-

!14
| [[Saidapet Assembly constituency|Saidapet]]
| {{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| C. R. Baskaran
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[V. Perumal]]
|-

!15
| [[Gummidipoondi Assembly constituency|Gummidipundi]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Sudarsanam
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[K. Venu (Tamil Nadu politician)|K. Venu]]
|-

!16
| [[Ponneri Assembly constituency|Ponneri (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| A. S. Kannan
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[K. Sundaram]]
|-

!17
| [[Thiruvottiyur Assembly constituency|Thiruvottiyur]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| T. Arumugam
| {{party name with color|Independent|shortname=IND}}
| [[Kumari Ananthan]]
|-

!18
| [[Villivakkam Assembly constituency|Villivakkam]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
| Dr. A. Chellakumar
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[Napoleon (actor)|D. Nepoleon]]
|-

!19
| [[Alandur Assembly constituency|Alandur]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[B. Valarmathi]]
| {{party name with color|MGR Kazhagam|shortname=MGRK}}
| Eraama Veerappan
|-

!20
| [[Tambaram Assembly constituency|Tambaram]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
| K. Chakkaraipani Reddiar
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[M. A. Vaithyalingam]]
|-

!21
| [[Thiruporur Assembly constituency|Tirupporur (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[S. Kanitha Sampath]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| C. Nagarajan
|-

!22
| [[Chengalpattu Assembly constituency|Chengalpattu]]
| {{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| K. Arumugam
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Viswanathan
|-

!23
| [[Maduranthakam Assembly constituency|Maduranthakam]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Vasudevan
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. D. Ugamchand
|-

!24
| [[Acharapakkam Assembly constituency|Acharapakkam (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| [[A. Selvaraj]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Dr. T. Murugesan
|-

!25
| [[Uthiramerur Assembly constituency|Uthiramerur]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[V. Somasundaram]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[K. Sundar]]
|-

!26
| [[Kancheepuram Assembly constituency|Kancheepuram]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[S. S. Thirunavukkarasu]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Sekar
|-

!27
| [[Sriperumbudur Assembly constituency|Sriperumbudur (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[D. Yasodha]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Raghavan
|-

!28
| [[Poonamallee Assembly constituency|Poonamallee]]
| {{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| S. Shanmugam
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Chezhiyan
|-

!29
| [[Thiruvallur Assembly constituency|Tiruvallur]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
| [[D. Sudarsanam]]
| {{party name with color|Puthiya Needhi Katchi}}
| [[V. G. Raajendran]]
|-

!30
| [[Tiruttani Assembly constituency|Tiruttani]]
| {{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| G. Raviraj
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[E. A. P. Sivaji]]
|-

!31
| [[Pallipattu Assembly constituency|Pallipet]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[P. M. Narasimhan]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| M. Chakravarthy
|-

!32
| [[Arakkonam Assembly constituency|Arkonam (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[K. Bhavani Karunakaran]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Ravishankar
|-

!33
| [[Sholinghur Assembly constituency|Sholinghur]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Vilvanathan
| {{party name with color|Puthiya Needhi Katchi}}
| [[A. M. Ponnuranga Mudaliar]]
|-

!34
| [[Ranipet Assembly constituency|Ranipet]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. S. Chandrasekaran
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[R. Gandhi]]
|-

!35
| [[Arcot Assembly constituency|Arcot]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Neelakandan
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. K. Sundaramoorthy
|-

!36
| [[Katpadi Assembly constituency|Katpadi]]
| {{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| A. K. Natarajan
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[Durai Murugan]]
|-

!37
| [[Gudiyatham Assembly constituency|Gudiyatham]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| C. M. Suryakala
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Duraisamy
|-

!38
| [[Pernambut Assembly constituency|Pernambut (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| C. Kanagathara (Selvi)
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| S. Thondral Nayagan
|-

!39
| [[Vaniyambadi Assembly constituency|Vaniyambadi]]
| {{party name with color|Independent|shortname=IND}}
| [[M. Abdul Lathief]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[J. M. Aaroon Rashid]]
|-

!40
| [[Natrampalli Assembly constituency|Natrampalli]]
| {{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| S. Natarajan
| {{party name with color|MGR Kazhagam|shortname=MGRK}}
| [[T. Anbazhagan]]
|-

!41
| [[Tiruppattur, Vellore Assembly constituency|Tiruppattur]]
| {{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| [[T. K. Raja]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Arasu
|-

!42
| [[Chengam Assembly constituency|Chengam (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Polur Varadhan
| {{party name with color|Makkal Tamil Desam Katchi}}
| R. Shamala
|-

!43
| [[Thandarambattu Assembly constituency|Thandarambattu]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
| [[K. Manivarma]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[E. V. Velu]]
|-

!44
| [[Tiruvannamalai Assembly constituency|Tiruvannamalai]]
| {{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| M. Shunmugasundaram
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[K. Pitchandi]]
|-

!45
| [[Kalasapakkam Assembly constituency|Kalasapakkam]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Ramachandran
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. S. Thiruvengadam
|-

!46
| [[Polur Assembly constituency|Polur]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Nalini Manokaran
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| C. Elumalai
|-

!47
| [[Anaicut Assembly constituency|Anaicut]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[K. Pandurangan]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| G. Malarvizhi
|-

!48
| [[Vellore Assembly constituency|Vellore]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
| [[C. Gnanasekharan]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. M. Ramalingam
|-

!49
| [[Aarani Assembly constituency|Arni]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[K. Ramachandran]]
| {{party name with color|Puthiya Needhi Katchi}}
| [[A. C. Shanmugam]]
|-

!50
| [[Cheyyar Assembly constituency|Cheyyar]]
| {{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| P. S. Ulagarakhshagan
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. K. P. Rajarajan
|-

!51
| [[Vandavasi Assembly constituency|Vandavasi (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| K. Murugavelrajan
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Loganathan
|-

!52
| [[Peranamallur Assembly constituency|Peranamallur]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. K. S. Anbalagan
| {{party name with color|Makkal Tamil Desam Katchi}}
| B. Bose
|-

!53
| [[Melmalayanur Assembly constituency|Melmalayanur]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Tamilmozhi
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Dr. A. Gnanasekaran
|-

!54
| [[Gingee Assembly constituency|Gingee]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[V. Elumalai]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[Rajendiran (Andimadam MLA)|A. Rajendran alias Dheeran]]
|-

!55
| [[Tindivanam Assembly constituency|Tindivanam]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[C. V. Shanmugam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[R. Sedunathan]]
|-

!56
| [[Vanur Assembly constituency|Vanur (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[N. Ganapathy (Viluppuram)|N. Ganapathy]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Mydili
|-

!57
| [[Kandamangalam Assembly constituency|Kandamangalam (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[V. Subramanian]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| E. Vijayaragavan
|-

!58
| [[Villupuram Assembly constituency|Villupuram]]
| {{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| R. Pasupathy
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[K. Ponmudy]]
|-

!59
| [[Mugaiyur Assembly constituency|Mugaiyur]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| G. Gothandaram
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[A. G. Sampath]]
|-

!60
| [[Thirunavalur Assembly constituency|Thirunavalur]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[K. G. P. Gnanamoorthy]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[A. J. Manikannan]]
|-

!61
| [[Ulundurpet Assembly constituency|Ulundurpet (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. Ramu
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Thirunavukkarasu
|-

!62
| [[Nellikuppam Assembly constituency|Nellikuppam]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[M. C. Sampath]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. C. Shanmugham
|-

!63
| [[Cuddalore Assembly constituency|Cuddalore]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
| [[P. R. S. Venkatesan]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[E. Pugazhendi]]
|-

!64
| [[Panruti Assembly constituency|Panruti]]
| {{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| [[T. Velmurugan]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[V. Ramaswamy]]
|-

!65
| [[Kurinjipadi Assembly constituency|Kurinjipadi]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Sivasubramanian
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[M. R. K. Panneerselvam]]
|-

!66
| [[Bhuvanagiri Assembly constituency|Bhuvanagiri]]
| {{party name with color|Independent|shortname=IND}}
| [[P. S. Arul]]
| {{party name with color|Makkal Tamil Desam Katchi}}
| M. Gopalakrishnan
|-

!67
| [[Kattumannarkoil Assembly constituency|Kattumannarkoil (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| R. Sachithanandam
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[P. Vallalperuman]]
|-

!68
| [[Chidambaram Assembly constituency|Chidambaram]]
| {{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| T. Arivuselvan
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Saravanan Durai
|-

!69
| [[Vridhachalam Assembly constituency|Vridhachalam]]
| {{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| [[R. Govindasamy]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Kuzhandai Tamizharasan
|-

!70
| [[Mangalore, Tamil Nadu Assembly constituency|Mangalore (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
| S. Puratchimani
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[Thol. Thirumavalavan]]
|-

!71
| [[Rishivandiyam Assembly constituency|Rishivandiam]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
| S. Sivaraj
| {{party name with color|Puthiya Needhi Katchi}}
| T. K. T. Murali
|-

!72
| [[Chinnasalem Assembly constituency|Chinnasalem]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Mohan
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Mookkappan
|-

!73
| [[Sankarapuram Assembly constituency|Sankarapuram]]
| {{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| P. Kasampu
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| T. Udhayasuriyan
|-

!74
| [[Hosur Assembly constituency|Hosur]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[K. Gopinath]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[B. Venkataswamy]]
|-

!75
| [[Thalli Assembly constituency|Thalli]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| [[S. Raja Reddy]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[K. V. Muralidharan]]
|-

!76
| [[Kaveripattinam Assembly constituency|Kaveripattinam]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[K. P. Munusamy]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[V. C. Govindasamy]]
|-

!77
| [[Krishnagiri Assembly constituency|Krishnagiri]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Govindarasu
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[T. Senguttuvan]]
|-

!78
| [[Bargur Assembly constituency|Bargur]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[M. Thambidurai]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[E. G. Sugavanam]]
|-

!79
| [[Harur Assembly constituency|Harur (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| V. Krishnamoorthy
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| D. Periyasamy
|-

!80
| [[Morappur Assembly constituency|Morappur]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[P. Palaniappan]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| E. V. Rajasekaran
|-

!81
| [[Palacode Assembly constituency|Palacode]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[K. P. Anbalagan]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[G. L. Venkatachalam]]
|-

!82
| [[Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu Assembly constituency|Dharmapuri]]
| {{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| K. Pary Mohan
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[K. Manokaran]]
|-

!83
| [[Pennagaram Assembly constituency|Pennagaram]]
| {{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| [[G. K. Mani]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Kumar
|-

!84
| [[Mettur Assembly constituency|Mettur]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[S. Sundarambal]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[P. Gopal]]
|-

!85
| [[Taramangalam Assembly constituency|Taramangalam]]
| {{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| M. P. Kamaraj
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Ammashi
|-

!86
| [[Omalur Assembly constituency|Omalur]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[S. Semmalai]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[R. Rajendran (DMK politician)|Era. Rajendran]]
|-

!87
| [[Yercaud Assembly constituency|Yercaud (ST)]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. T. Elayakannu
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| K. Govindan
|-

!88
| [[Salem - I Assembly constituency|Salem-I]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Se. Venkatajalam
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. A. Elangovan
|-

!89
| [[Salem - II Assembly constituency|Salem-II]]
| {{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| M. Karthe
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. L. Thangavel
|-

!90
| [[Veerapandi Assembly constituency|Veerapandi]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[S. K. Selvam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[Veerapandy S. Arumugam]]
|-

!91
| [[Panamarathupatty Assembly constituency|Panamarathupatty]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[P. Vijayalakshmi]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. R. Sivalingam
|-

!92
| [[Attur Assembly constituency|Attur]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. K. Murugesan
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Mu. Ra. Karunanidhi
|-

!93
| [[Talavasal Assembly constituency|Talavasal (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Alagammal
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Pandiyarajan
|-

!94
| [[Rasipuram Assembly constituency|Rasipuram]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[P. R. Sundaram]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[K. P. Ramalingam]]
|-

!95
| [[Sendamangalam Assembly constituency|Sendamangalam (ST)]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Kalavathi
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Chinumathi Chandrasekaran
|-

!96
| [[Namakkal Assembly constituency|Namakkal (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[K. Jeyakumar]]
| {{party name with color|Puthiya Tamilagam}}
| S. Ahilan
|-

!97
| [[Kapilamalai Assembly constituency|Kapilamalai]]
| {{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| A. R. Malaiyappasamy
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Gandhiselvan
|-

!98
| [[Tiruchengode Assembly constituency|Tiruchengode]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| C. Ponnaiyan
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| T. P. Arumugam
|-

!99
| [[Sankari Assembly constituency|Sankari (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[P. Dhanapal]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| T. R. Saravanan
|-

!100
| [[Edapadi Assembly constituency|Edapadi]]
| {{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| [[I. Ganesan]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Kandasamy
|-

!101
| [[Mettupalayam Assembly constituency|Mettupalayam]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. K. Selvaraj
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| B. Arun Kumar
|-

!102
| [[Avanashi Assembly constituency|Avanashi (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Mahalingam
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Thirumathi Radhamani
|-

!103
| [[Thondamuthur Assembly constituency|Thondamuthur]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
| [[S. R. Balasubramaniam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Tmt. V. R. Sukanya
|-

!104
| [[Singanallur Assembly constituency|Singanallur]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| K. C. Karunakaran
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. Palanisamy
|-

!105
| [[Coimbatore West Assembly constituency|Coimbatore West]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| S. Maheswari
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| C. T. Dhandapani
|-

!106
| [[Coimbatore East Assembly constituency|Coimbatore East]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
| V. K. Lakshmanan
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| N. R. Nanjappan
|-

!107
| [[Perur Assembly constituency|Perur]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. A. P. A. Krishnakumar alias Rohini
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Tmt. N. Nageswari
|-

!108
| [[Kinathukadavu Assembly constituency|Kinathukadavu]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[S. Damodaran (politician)|S. Damodaran]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[M. Shanmugham]]
|-

!109
| [[Pollachi Assembly constituency|Pollachi]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[V. Jayaraman]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Tamil Mani
|-

!110
| [[Valparai Assembly constituency|Valparai (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
| [[N. Kovaithangam]]
| {{party name with color|Puthiya Tamilagam}}
| [[K. Krishnasamy]]
|-

!111
| [[Udumalaipettai Assembly constituency|Udumalpet]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[C. Shanmugavelu]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| D. Selvaraj
|-

!112
| [[Dharapuram Assembly constituency|Dharapuram (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| V. Sivakami
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Sareswathi
|-

!113
| [[Vellakoil Assembly constituency|Vellakoil]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. P. Periasamy
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[M. P. Saminathan]]
|-

!114
| [[Pongalur Assembly constituency|Pongalur]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. V. Damodaran
| {{party name with color|Independent|shortname=IND}}
| K. Chellamuthu
|-

!115
| [[Palladam Assembly constituency|Palladam]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. M. Velusamy
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. S. Ponmudi
|-

!116
| [[Tiruppur Assembly constituency|Tiruppur]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[C. Sivasamy]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Lalitha Kumaramangalam]]
|-

!117
| [[Kangayam Assembly constituency|Kangayam]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Tmt. M. Selvi
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. Rajkumar Manradiyar
|-

!118
| [[Modakurichi Assembly constituency|Modakurichi]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[P. C. Ramasami]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[Subbulakshmi Jagadeesan]]
|-

!119
| [[Perundurai Assembly constituency|Perundurai]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. S. Palanisamy
| {{party name with color|Kongunadu Makkal Katchi}}
| N. Govindaswamy
|-

!120
| [[Erode Assembly constituency|Erode]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[K. S. Thennarasu]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. K. K. Periyasamy
|-

!121
| [[Bhavani Assembly constituency|Bhavani]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[K. C. Karuppannan]]
| {{party name with color|Puthiya Needhi Katchi}}
| J. Sudhanandhen
|-

!122
| [[Andhiyur Assembly constituency|Andhiyur (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| R. Krishnan
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Selvarasu
|-

!123
| [[Gobichettipalayam Assembly constituency|Gobichettipalayam]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[S. S. Ramanitharan]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. P. Shanmugasundram
|-

!124
| [[Bhavanisagar Assembly constituency|Bhavanisagar]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Chithambaram
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[O. Subramaniam]]
|-

!125
| [[Sathyamangalam Assembly constituency|Sathyamangalam]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. R. Kandasamy
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[S. K. Rajendran]]
|-

!126
| [[Coonoor Assembly constituency|Coonoor (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
| K. Kandasamy
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| E. M. Mahaliappan
|-

!127
| [[Udagamandalam Assembly constituency|Ootacamund]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[H. M. Raju]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| J. Hutchigowder
|-

!128
| [[Gudalur Assembly constituency|Gudalur]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Miller
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Pandiaraj
|-

!129
| [[Palani Assembly constituency|Palani (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Chinnasamy
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| T. Poovendhan
|-

!130
| [[Oddanchatram Assembly constituency|Oddanchatram]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. T. Sellasamy
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Ara. Chakkarapani
|-

!131
| [[Periyakulam Assembly constituency|Periyakulam]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[O. Panneerselvam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Abuthahir
|-

!132
| [[Theni Assembly constituency|Theni]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[D. Ganesan]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| L. Mookaiah
|-

!133
| [[Bodinayakkanur Assembly constituency|Bodinayakkanur]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Ramaraj
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Sudalaimuthu
|-

!134
| [[Cumbum Assembly constituency|Cumbum]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
| [[O. R. Ramachandran]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| N. K. R. Krishnakumar
|-

!135
| [[Andipatti Assembly constituency|Andipatti]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[Thanga Tamil Selvan]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Aasiyan
|-

!136
| [[Sedapatti Assembly constituency|Sedapatti]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[C. Durairaj]]
| {{party name with color|Puthiya Tamilagam}}
| P. V. Bakthavatchalam
|-

!137
| [[Thirumangalam Assembly constituency|Thirumangalam]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[K. Kalimuthu]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| T. Ocha Thevar
|-

!138
| [[Usilampatti Assembly constituency|Usilampatti]]
| {{party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
| [[L. Santhanam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. O. Ramasamy
|-

!139
| [[Nilakottai Assembly constituency|Nilakottai (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| G. Anbazhagan
| {{party name with color|Puthiya Tamilagam}}
| K. Ayyar
|-

!140
| [[Sholavandan Assembly constituency|Sholavandan]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. R. Rajangam
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Moorthy
|-

!141
| [[Thiruparankundram Assembly constituency|Tirupparankundram]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[S. M. Seenivel]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| C. Ramachandran
|-

!142
| [[Madurai West Assembly constituency|Madurai West]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Valarmathi Jebaraj
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[P. T. R. Palanivel Rajan]]
|-

!143
| [[Madurai Central Assembly constituency|Madurai Central]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
| M. A. Hakeem
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Paulraj
|-

!144
| [[Madurai East Assembly constituency|Madurai East]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[N. Nanmaran]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[V. Velusamy]]
|-

!145
| [[Samayanallur Assembly constituency|Samayanallur (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Ponnampalam
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Tmt. S. T. Kasthuri Sivasamy
|-

!146
| [[Melur Assembly constituency|Melur]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[Melur R. Samy]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Samayanallur Selavarasu
|-

!147
| [[Natham Assembly constituency|Natham]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Viswanathan
| {{party name with color|Thamilar Bhoomi|shortname=TB}}
| [[Ku. Pa. Krishnan]]
|-

!148
| [[Dindigul Assembly constituency|Dindigul]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| K. Nagalakshmi
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Basheer Ahmed
|-

!149
| [[Athoor Assembly constituency|Athoor]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. K. T. Natarajan
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| I. Periasamy
|-

!150
| [[Vedasandur Assembly constituency|Vedasandur]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Andivel
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Tmt. R. Kavitha Parthipan
|-

!151
| [[Aravakurichi Assembly constituency|Aravakurichi]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| E. A. Liyaudeen Sait
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Tmt. Lakshmi Duraisamy
|-

!152
| [[Karur Assembly constituency|Karur]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| T. N. Sivasubramanian
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[Vasuki Murugesan]]
|-

!153
| [[Krishnarayapuram Assembly constituency|Krishnarayapuram (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Sasikala
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Periyasamy
|-

!154
| [[Marungapuri Assembly constituency|Marungapuri]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. A. Chelliah
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[B. M. Senguttuvan]]
|-

!155
| [[Kulithalai Assembly constituency|Kulithalai]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[A. Pappa Sundaram]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| D. Thirunavukkarasu
|-

!156
| [[Thottiam Assembly constituency|Thottiam]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[P. Annavi]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[K. Kannaiyan]]
|-

!157
| [[Uppiliapuram Assembly constituency|Uppiliapuram (ST)]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[R. Saroja]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[R. Rani]]
|-

!158
| [[Musiri Assembly constituency|Musiri]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| C. Malliga
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Vivekanandan
|-

!159
| [[Lalgudi Assembly constituency|Lalgudi]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. M. Balan
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[K. N. Nehru]]
|-

!160
| [[Perambalur Assembly constituency|Perambalur (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[P. Rajarathnam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Vallaban
|-

!161
| [[Varahur Assembly constituency|Varahur (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[A. Arunachalam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Thiruvalluvar
|-

!162
| [[Ariyalur Assembly constituency|Ariyalur]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Elavazhagan
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| T. A. Kathiravan
|-

!163
| [[Andimadam Assembly constituency|Andimadam]]
| {{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| [[Kaduvetti Guru|J. Guru alias Gurunathan]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Gnanamoorthy
|-

!164
| [[Jayankondam Assembly constituency|Jayankondam]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Annadurai
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[K. C. Ganesan]]
|-

!165
| [[Srirangam Assembly constituency|Srirangam]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[K. K. Balasubramanian]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| M. Soundarapandian
|-

!166
| [[Tiruchirappalli - I Assembly constituency|Tiruchirappalli-I]]
| {{party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| [[K. M. Kader Mohideen]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[B. Paranikumar]]
|-

!167
| [[Tiruchirappalli - II Assembly constituency|Tiruchirappalli-II]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| P. C. Selvaraj
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[Anbil Periyasamy]]
|-

!168
| [[Thiruverumbur Assembly constituency|Thiruverumbur]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[T. K. Rangarajan]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. N. Sekaran
|-

!169
| [[Sirkazhi Assembly constituency|Sirkali (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. Chandramohan
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Tmt. J. Irai Ezhil
|-

!170
| [[Poompuhar Assembly constituency|Poompuhar]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| N. Renganathan
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Mohammed Siddiq
|-

!171
| [[Mayiladuturai Assembly constituency|Mayuram]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Selvaraj
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Jaga Veerapandian
|-

!172
| [[Kuttalam Assembly constituency|Kuttalam]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Natarajan
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Kalyanam
|-

!173
| [[Nannilam Assembly constituency|Nannilam (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
| C. K. Tamizharasan
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Sakthivel
|-

!174
| [[Tiruvarur Assembly constituency|Tiruvarur (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| K. Rengasamy
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| A. Asokan
|-

!175
| [[Nagapattinam Assembly constituency|Nagapattinam]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Jeevanantham
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. P. Thangaiya
|-

!176
| [[Vedaranyam Assembly constituency|Vedaranyam]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| R. Mutharasan
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[S. K. Vedarathinam]]
|-

!177
| [[Thiruthuraipoondi Assembly constituency|Tiruthuraipundi (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| [[G. Palanisamy]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Poonguzhali
|-

!178
| [[Mannargudi Assembly constituency|Mannargudi]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| [[V. Sivapunniam]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| S. Gnanasekaran
|-

!179
| [[Pattukkottai Assembly constituency|Pattukkottai]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
| [[N. R. Rengarajan]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[P. Balasubramanian]]
|-

!180
| [[Peravurani Assembly constituency|Peravurani]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
| [[S. V. Thirugnana Sambandam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Chellaiah Kuzha
|-

!181
| [[Orathanad Assembly constituency|Orathanadu]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[R. Vaithilingam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Rajamanickam
|-

!182
| [[Thiruvonam Assembly constituency|Thiruvonam]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| C. Rajendran
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Ramachandran
|-

!183
| [[Thanjavur Assembly constituency|Thanjavur]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| R. Rajmohan
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[S. N. M. Ubayadullah]]
|-

!184
| [[Tiruvaiyaru Assembly constituency|Tiruvaiyaru]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Ayyaru Vandayar
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[Durai Chandrasekaran]]
|-

!185
| [[Papanasam Assembly constituency|Papanasam]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
| [[M. Ramkumar]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Kalyanasundaram
|-

!186
| [[Valangiman Assembly constituency|Valangiman (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Tmt. M. Boopathi Mariappan
| {{party name with color|Puthiya Tamilagam}}
| T. Nadaiyazhagan
|-

!187
| [[Kumbakonam Assembly constituency|Kumbakonam]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[Rama Ramanathan]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[Ko. Si. Mani]]
|-

!188
| [[Thiruvidamarudur Assembly constituency|Thiruvidaimarudur]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| G. Thavamani
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[S. Ramalingam]]
|-

!189
| [[Tirumayam Assembly constituency|Thirumayam]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Radhakrishnan
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[S. Regupathy]]
|-

!190
| [[Kolathur Assembly constituency|Kolathur (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Dr. A. Karuppayee
| {{party name with color|Puthiya Tamilagam}}
| M. Palaniappan alias Purachi Kavidasan
|-

!191
| [[Pudukkottai Assembly constituency|Pudukkottai]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Dr. C. Vijayabaskar
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Periyannan Arasu
|-

!192
| [[Alangudi Assembly constituency|Alangudi]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[A. Venkatachalam]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. A. Soosairaj
|-

!193
| [[Arantangi Assembly constituency|Arantangi]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| A. Chandrasekaran
| {{party name with color|MGR Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[P. Arasan]]
|-

!194
| [[Tiruppattur, Sivaganga Assembly constituency|Tiruppattur]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. K. Umadhevan
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[R. Sivaraman]]
|-

!195
| [[Karaikudi Assembly constituency|Karaikudi]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
| S. P. Udayappan
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[H. Raja]]
|-

!196
| [[Tiruvadanai Assembly constituency|Tiruvadanai]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
| [[K. R. Ramasamy (politician)|K. R. Ramasamy]]
| {{party name with color|MGR Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Rajendran
|-

!197
| [[Ilayangudi Assembly constituency|Ilayangudi]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. D. Nadarajan
| {{party name with color|Makkal Tamil Desam Katchi}}
| [[Raja Kannappan]]
|-

!198
| [[Sivaganga Assembly constituency|Sivaganga]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Chandran
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[Tha. Kiruttinan|Pasumpon Tha Kiruttinan]]
|-

!199
| [[Manamadurai Assembly constituency|Manamadurai (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
| [[K. Paramalai]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| S. P. Kirubanidhi
|-

!200
| [[Paramakudi Assembly constituency|Paramakudi (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
| [[R. Ramprabhu]]
| {{party name with color|Puthiya Tamilagam}}
| S. Chelliah
|-
!201
| [[Ramanathapuram Assembly constituency|Ramanathapuram]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[A. Anwar Rhazza]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[A. Rahman Khan]]
|-

!202
| [[Kadaladi Assembly constituency|Kadaladi]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
| [[S. Balakrishnan (Mudukulathur MLA)|S. Balakrishnan]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[Suba Thangavelan]]
|-

!203
| [[Mudukulathur Assembly constituency|Mudukulathur]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[K. Patinetampatian]]
| {{party name with color|Makkal Tamil Desam Katchi}}
| S. Pandian
|-

!204
| [[Aruppukottai Assembly constituency|Aruppukottai]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[K. K. Sivasamy]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[Thangam Thennarasu]]
|-

!205
| [[Sattur Assembly constituency|Sattur]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| A. Rajendran
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[K. K. S. S. R. Ramachandran]]
|-

!206
| [[Virudhunagar Assembly constituency|Virudhunagar]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
| [[S. Dhamodharan]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[A. R. R. Seenivasan]]
|-

!207
| [[Sivakasi Assembly constituency|Sivakasi]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
| [[A. Rajagopal]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| V. Thangaraj
|-

!208
| [[Srivilliputhur Assembly constituency|Srivilliputhur]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[R. T. Inbathamilan]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| S. Mohanrajulu
|-

!209
| [[Rajapalayam Assembly constituency|Rajapalayam (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[M. Rajasekar]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[V. P. Rajan]]
|-

!210
| [[Vilathikulam Assembly constituency|Vilathikulam]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[N. K. Perumal]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. K. P. Rajasekaran
|-

!211
| [[Pottapidaram Assembly constituency|Pottapidaram (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[A. Sivaperumal]]
| {{party name with color|Puthiya Tamilagam}}
| [[K. Krishnasamy]]
|-

!212
| [[Kovilpatti Assembly constituency|Koilpatti]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| [[S. Rajendran (CPI politician)|S. Rajendran]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| K. Rajaram
|-

!213
| [[Sankarankoil Assembly constituency|Sankaranayanarkoil (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[C. Karuppasamy]]
| {{party name with color|Puthiya Tamilagam}}
| P. Duraisamy
|-

!214
| [[Vasudevanallur Assembly constituency|Vasudevanallur (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
| [[R. Eswaran]]
| {{party name with color|Puthiya Tamilagam}}
| S. Thangapandian
|-

!215
| [[Kadayanallur Assembly constituency|Kadayanallur]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[M. Subbiah Pandian]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Shahul
|-

!216
| [[Tenkasi Assembly constituency|Tenkasi]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[K. Annamalai]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[Karuppasamy Pandian]]
|-

!217
| [[Alangulam Assembly constituency|Alangulam]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[P. G. Rajendran]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[Aladi Aruna]]
|-

!218
| [[Tirunelveli Assembly constituency|Tirunelveli]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[Nainar Nagendran]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[A. L. Subramanian]]
|-

!219
| [[Palayamkottai Assembly constituency|Palayamcottai]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| S. Muthu Karuppan
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[T. P. M. Mohideen Khan]]
|-

!220
| [[Cheranmahadevi Assembly constituency|Cheranmahadevi]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[P. H. Manoj Pandian]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| N. Chockalingam
|-

!221
| [[Ambasamudram Assembly constituency|Ambasamudram]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| M. Sakthivel Murugan
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| R. Avudaiappan
|-

!222
| [[Nanguneri Assembly constituency|Nanguneri]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[S. Manickaraj]]
| {{party name with color|Makkal Tamil Desam Katchi}}
| V. Ramachandran
|-

!223
| [[Radhapuram Assembly constituency|Radhapuram]]
| {{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| S. Jothi
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| T. Venus Veera Arasu
|-

!224
| [[Sathankulam Assembly constituency|Sattangulam]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
| [[S. S. Mani Nadar]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| A. N. Rajakkannan
|-

!225
| [[Tiruchendur Assembly constituency|Tiruchendur]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[Anitha R. Radhakrishnan]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| Tmt. J. Jenifer Chandran
|-

!226
| [[Srivaikuntam Assembly constituency|Srivaikuntam]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[S. P. Shunmuganathan]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[S. David Selvyn]]
|-

!227
| [[Tuticorin Assembly constituency|Tuticorin]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[S. Rajammal]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[N. Periasamy]]
|-

!228
| [[Kanniyakumari Assembly constituency|Kanniyakumari]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[Thalavai N. Sundaram]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[N. Suresh Rajan]]
|-

!229
| [[Nagercoil Assembly constituency|Nagercoil]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
| [[M. Moses]]
| {{party name with color|MGR Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[S. Austin]]
|-

!230
| [[Colachel Assembly constituency|Colachel]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[K. T. Pachaimal]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[Era Bernard]]
|-

!231
| [[Padmanabhapuram Assembly constituency|Padmanabhapuram]]
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[K. P. Rajendra Prasad]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[C. Velayudham]]
|-

!232
| [[Thiruvattar Assembly constituency|Thiruvattar]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[J. Hemachandran]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| P. Rajamony
|-

!233
| [[Vilavancode Assembly constituency|Vilavancode]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[D. Moni]]
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| P. Jeevaraj
|-

!234
| [[Killiyoor Assembly constituency|Killiyoor]]
| {{party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
| [[D. Kumaradas]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| C. Santhakumar
|-

|}

==Opinion polling==

===Exit polls===

A post poll survey conducted by the [[Centre for the Study of Developing Societies|CSDS]] in collaboration with [[NDTV]] and [[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] found that, at the end of its five-year (1996-2001) term, the DMK government did not face major public disapproval and its performance ratings compared favourably with Left front governments in West Bengal and Kerala. About 42% of respondents preferred the government led by Karunanidhi over the previous AIADMK regime, while Jayalalithaa trailed slightly behind Karunanidhi in chief ministerial preference. Although both leaders were widely perceived as corrupt, with 61% describing Jayalalithaa and 51% Karunanidhi as such, corruption did not become a decisive election issue due to the lack of a clear alternative. The survey also indicated that Jayalalithaa’s disqualification had limited electoral impact, with only 7% saying it influenced their vote, resulting in a net gain of about 1% for the [[AIADMK-led Alliance]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/article30274449.ece|title=A matter of arithmetic|date=26 May 2001|work=Frontline|access-date=2001-05-26}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Agency
! Dates
! Results
|-
| [[CNN-IBN]] – [[The Hindu]]
| 11 May 2001 (Reported)
| AIADMK+: 125 seats (48% of the vote) DMK+: 105 seats (47% of the vote) Others: 4 seats (5% of the vote) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/05/11/stories/02110006.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125161711/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/05/11/stories/02110006.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 January 2013|title=Sweep for UDF, narrow win for AIADMK: exit poll|date=11 May 2001|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2011-04-06}}</ref>
|-
| [[India Today]]-ORG-Marg
| 13 May 2001 (Reported)
| AIADMK+: 120-130 seats (48% of the vote) DMK+: 105-115 seats (46% of the vote) Others: 2-5 seats (6% of the vote) <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20010514-opinion-poll-fierce-anti-incumbency-wave-in-kerala-no-such-anger-in-bengal-or-tamil-nadu-796815-2002-05-13|title=Opinion poll: Fierce anti-incumbency wave in Kerala, no such anger in Bengal or Tamil Nadu|date=13 May 2001|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=2001-05-14}}</ref>
|}

==Results==

===Results by Pre-Poll Alliance ===
[[File:2001 tamil nadu legislative election map by parties.png|thumb|Election map of results based on parties. Colours are based on the results table on the left]]
{{Election table|title=Summary of the 2001 May [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] [[2001 Tamil Nadu legislative assembly election|election results]] in [[Tamil Nadu]]}}
|-
!colspan=10|[[File:India Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly 2001.svg]]
|-
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;" |Alliance/Party
!style="width:4px" |
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Seats won
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Change
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Popular Vote
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Vote %
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Adj. %‡
|-
! style="background-color:#009900; color:white"|[[AIADMK-led Alliance|{{white|AIADMK+ alliance}}]]
! style="background-color: {{party color|AIADMK}}" |
| '''196'''
| '''+138'''
| '''14,043,980'''
|style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;" colspan=2 | '''50.1%'''
|-
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
! style="background-color: #008000" |
| 132
| +127
| 8,815,387
| 31.4%
| 52.1%
|-
|[[Tamil Maanila Congress|TMC(M)]]
! style="background-color: #008080" |
| 23
| -15
| 1,885,726
| 6.7%
| 47.5%
|-
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
! style="background-color: #800080" |
| 20
| +16
| 1,557,500
| 5.6%
| 46.8%
|-
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! style="background-color: #00FFFF" |
| 7
| +7
| 696,205
| 2.5%
| 45.4%
|-
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
! style="background-color: #000080" |
| 6
| +4
| 470,736
| 1.7%
| 48.2%
|-
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
! style="background-color: #0000FF" |
| 5
| -3
| 444,710
| 1.6%
| 48.5%
|-
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
! style="background-color: Black" |
| 2
| +2
| 103,971
| 0.4%
| 46.6%
|-
|[[All India Forward Bloc|AIFB]]
! style="background-color: #800000" |
| 1
| +1
| 39,248
| 0.1%
| 43.3%
|-
|[[Indian Union Muslim League|MUL]]
! style="background-color: " |
| 0
| -1
| 30,497
| 0.1%
| 41.7%
|-
! style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white"|DMK+ alliance
! style="background-color: Red" |
| '''37'''
| '''-138'''
| '''10,841,157'''
|style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;" colspan=2 | '''38.7%'''
|-
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
! style="background-color: Red" |
| 31
| -142
| 8,669,864
| 30.9%
| 39.0%
|-
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
! style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}" |
| 4
| +3
| 895,352
| 3.2%
| 38.7%
|-
|[[MGR Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MADMK]]
! style="background-color: {{party color|MGR Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
| 2
| +1
| 129,474
| 0.5%
| 37.1%
|-
|[[Puthiya Tamilagam|PT]]
! style="background-color: " |
| 0
| –
| 355,171
| 1.3%
| 33.8%
|-
|[[Makkal Tamil Desam Katchi|MTD]]
! style="background-color: " |
| 0
| –
| 257,126
| 0.9%
| 40.9%
|-
|[[Puthiya Needhi Katchi|PNK]]
! style="background-color: " |
| 0
| –
| 196,740
| 0.7%
| 33.6%
|-
|[[MGR Kazhagam|MGRK]]
! style="background-color: " |
| 0
| –
| 136,916
| 0.5%
| 40.8%
|-
|[[Thamilar Bhoomi|TB]]
! style="background-color: " |
| 0
| –
| 45,002
| 0.2%
| 40.0%
|-
|[[Kongunadu Makkal Katchi|CNMK]]
! style="background-color: " |
| 0
| –
| 40,421
| 0.1%
| 32.4%
|-
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
! style="background-color: " |
| 0
| –
| 115,091
| 0.4%
| 36.7%
|-
! style="background-color:Black; color:white"|Others
! style="background-color: Black" |
| '''1'''
| '''–'''
| '''3,192,598'''
|style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;" colspan=2 |'''11.4%'''
|-
|[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MDMK]]
! style="background-color: " |
| 0
| –
| 1,304,469
| 4.7%
| 5.1%
|-
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
! style="background-color: #4d4d4d" |
| 1
| –
| 1,509,378
| 6.2%
| 6.3%
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |'''Total'''
! style="background-color: " |
| 234
| –
| 28,037,314
| 100%
| –
|-
|}{{refbegin}}
Note: Parties that contested under "rising-sun" or "two-leaves" symbol are listed as DMK or AIADMK respectively. Parties that ran their candidates as independents, (e.g. Indian Uzhavar Uzhaippalar Katchi and Thondar Congress in DMK alliance) are listed as IND for their respective alliance.
 '''‡''': Vote % reflects the percentage of votes the party received compared to the entire electorate that voted in this election. Adjusted (Adj.) Vote %, reflects the average % of votes the party received per constituency that they contested.
 Sources: Election Commission of India<ref>{{cite web |title = 2001 Tamil Nadu Election Results |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref> and Rediff Newspaper
<ref>{{cite web |title =The Assembly Elections 2001: Tamil Nadu | url =http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/may/13tami.htm?h=splitinfinity&d=get&sony}}</ref>
{{refend}}

===Result Analysis===

Following the previous [[1999 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|1999 Lok Sabha elections]], the DMK-led NDA alliance under M. Karunanidhi, which had secured 47% vote share and leads in 147 Assembly segments, weakened due to defections. The [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] (PMK) shifted to the AIADMK alliance, while the [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (MDMK) led by Vaiko and the [[Tamizhaga Rajiv Congress]] (TRC) led by Vazhapadi K. Ramamurthy were excluded, resulting in an estimated 15% loss. Despite inducting [[Puthiya Tamilagam]] and the [[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi|Dalit Panthers of India]] (DPI), the alliance still faced a net decline of about 11% points. In contrast, the [[AIADMK-led Alliance| AIADMK-led Secular Democratic Progressive Alliance]] under J. Jayalalithaa gained strength by inducting PMK and aligning with the [[Tamil Maanila Congress]] led by G. K. Moopanar, resulting in an estimated 15% gain and significantly improving its electoral position.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/article30274449.ece|title=A matter of arithmetic|date=26 May 2001|work=Frontline|access-date=2001-05-26}}</ref>

== List of elected members==
{{see also|Twelfth Assembly of Tamil Nadu}}

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Constituency
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner-up
! colspan="2" |Margin
|-
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
! data-sort-type=number | %
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!data-sort-type=number | Votes
!data-sort-type=number | %
!data-sort-type=number | Votes
!data-sort-type=number | %
|-
!1
|[[Royapuram Assembly constituency|Royapuram]]
|D. Jayakumar
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|44,465
|56.76
|K. Nargunan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|30,753
|39.26
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|13,712
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|17.50
|-

!2
|[[Harbour Assembly constituency|Harbour]]
|K. Anbazhagan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|24,225
|46.98
|D. Pandian
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|23,889
|46.33
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|336
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|0.65
|-

!3
|[[Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar Assembly constituency|Dr. R. K. Nagar]]
|P. K. Sekar Babu
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|74,888
|58.43
|S.P. Sarguna Pandian
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|47,556
|37.10
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|27,332
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|21.33
|-

!4
|[[Park Town Assembly constituency|Park Town]]
|S.G. Vinayakamurthi
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|33,031
|51.40
|T. Rajhendharr
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|26,654
|41.47
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|6,377
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|9.93
|-

!5
|[[Perambur Assembly constituency|Perambur (SC)]]
|K. Mahendran
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|69,613
|52.42
|Chengai Sivam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|52,390
|39.45
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|17,223
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|12.97
|-

!6
|[[Purasawalkam Assembly constituency|Purasawalkam]]
|B. Ranganathan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|69,681
|48.53
|P. Vetriivel
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
|[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|65,879
|45.89
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|3,802
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|2.64
|-

!7
|[[Egmore Assembly constituency|Egmore (SC)]]
|Parithi Ellamvazhuthi
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|33,189
|47.69
|B. John Pandian
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|33,103
|47.57
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|86
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|0.12
|-

!8
|[[Anna Nagar Assembly constituency|Anna Nagar]]
|N. Arcot Veeraswami
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|77,353
|48.20
|C. Arumugam
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|71,775
|44.73
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|5,578
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|3.47
|-

!9
|[[Thiyagarayanagar Assembly constituency|Theagaraya Nagar]]
|J. Anbazhagan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|57,875
|48.55
|E.V.K. Sulochana Sampath
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|55,376
|46.45
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|2,499
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|2.10
|-

!10
|[[Thousand Lights Assembly constituency|Thousand Lights]]
|M.K. Stalin
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|49,056
|51.41
|S. Sekar
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
|[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|41,782
|43.78
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|7,274
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|7.63
|-

!11
|[[Chepauk Assembly constituency|Chepauk]]
|M. Karunanidhi
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|29,836
|51.91
|R. Damodharan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|25,002
|43.50
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|4,834
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|8.41
|-

!12
|[[Triplicane Assembly constituency|Triplicane]]
|S.A.M. Hussain
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|34,943
|49.79
|S. Rajakumar
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|31,267
|44.55
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|3,676
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|5.24
|-

!13
|[[Mylapore Assembly constituency|Mylapore]]
|K.N. Lakshmanan
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|60,996
|51.09
|V. Maitreyan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|54,949
|46.03
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|6,047
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|5.06
|-

!14
|[[Saidapet Assembly constituency|Saidapet]]
|V. Perumal
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|62,118
|48.13
|C.R. Baskaran
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|58,237
|45.12
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|3,881
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|3.01
|-

!15
|[[Gummidipoondi Assembly constituency|Gummidipundi]]
|K. Sudarsanam
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|73,467
|56.07
|K. Venu
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|48,509
|37.02
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|24,958
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|19.05
|-

!16
|[[Ponneri Assembly constituency|Ponneri (SC)]]
|A.S. Kannan
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|81,408
|54.58
|K. Sundaram
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|54,018
|36.22
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|27,390
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|18.36
|-

!17
|[[Thiruvottiyur Assembly constituency|Thiruvottiyur]]
|T. Arumugam
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|1,13,808
|54.94
|Kumari Anandan
|{{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|79,767
|38.50
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|34,041
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|16.44
|-

!18
|[[Villivakkam Assembly constituency|Villivakkam]]
|D. Nepoleon
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|1,64,787
|48.21
|Dr. A. Chellakumar
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
|[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|1,55,557
|45.51
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|9,230
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|2.70
|-

!19
|[[Alandur Assembly constituency|Alandur]]
|B. Valarmathi
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|94,554
|47.59
|Eraama Veerappan
|{{Party color cell|MGR Kazhagam}}
|[[MGR Kazhagam|MGRK]]
|81,958
|41.25
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|12,596
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|6.34
|-

!20
|[[Tambaram Assembly constituency|Tambaram]]
|M.A. Vaidialingam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|1,50,961
|46.86
|Thiru K. Chakkaraipani Reddiar
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
|[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|1,45,530
|45.18
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|5,431
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|1.68
|-

!21
|[[Thiruporur Assembly constituency|Tirupporur (SC)]]
|S. Kanitha Sampath
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|74,716
|54.64
|C. Nagarajan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|49,926
|36.51
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|24,790
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|18.13
|-

!22
|[[Chengalpattu Assembly constituency|Chengalpattu]]
|K. Arumugam
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|52,465
|43.50
|V. Viswanathan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|47,316
|39.23
|style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|5,149
|style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|4.27
|-

!23
|[[Maduranthakam Assembly constituency|Maduranthakam]]
|P. Vasudevan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|57,610
|51.10
|S.D. Ugamchand
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|45,916
|40.73
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|11,694
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|10.37
|-

!24
|[[Acharapakkam Assembly constituency|Acharapakkam (SC)]]
|A. Selvaraj
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|54,114
|53.69
|Dr. T. Murugesan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|38,636
|38.33
|style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|15,478
|style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|15.36
|-

!25
|[[Uthiramerur Assembly constituency|Uthiramerur]]
|V. Somasundaram
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|73,824
|56.48
|K. Sundar
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|46,202
|35.35
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|27,622
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|21.13
|-

!26
|[[Kancheepuram Assembly constituency|Kancheepuram]]
|S.S. Thirunavukkarasu
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|84,246
|55.81
|A. Sekar
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|60,643
|40.17
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|23,603
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|15.64
|-

!27
|[[Sriperumbudur Assembly constituency|Sriperumbudur (SC)]]
|D. Yasodha
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|70,663
|49.93
|M. Raghavan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|53,470
|37.78
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|17,193
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|12.15
|-

!28
|[[Poonamallee Assembly constituency|Poonamallee]]
|S. Shanmugam
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|62,220
|37.51
|S. Chezhiyan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|59,904
|36.12
|style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|2,316
|style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|1.39
|-

!29
|[[Thiruvallur Assembly constituency|Tiruvallur]]
|D. Sudharsanam
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|47,899
|42.90
|V.G. Rajendiran
|{{Party color cell|Puthiya Needhi Katchi}}
|[[Puthiya Needhi Katchi|PNK]]
|27,948
|25.03
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|19,951
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|17.87
|-

!30
|[[Tiruttani Assembly constituency|Tiruttani]]
|G. Raviraj
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|58,549
|50.01
|E.A.P. Shivaji
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|44,675
|38.16
|style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|13,874
|style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|11.85
|-

!31
|[[Pallipattu Assembly constituency|Pallipet]]
|P.M. Narasimhan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|62,289
|49.42
|M. Chakravarthy
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|34,049
|27.02
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|28,240
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|22.40
|-

!32
|[[Arakkonam Assembly constituency|Arkonam (SC)]]
|K. Bhavani Karunakaran
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|67,034
|55.09
|R. Ravishankar
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|46,778
|38.44
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|20,256
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|16.65
|-

!33
|[[Sholinghur Assembly constituency|Sholinghur]]
|R. Vilvanathan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|62,576
|50.12
|A.M. Ponnurangam
|{{Party color cell|Puthiya Needhi Katchi}}
|[[Puthiya Needhi Katchi|PNK]]
|52,781
|42.28
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|9,795
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|7.84
|-

!34
|[[Ranipet Assembly constituency|Ranipet]]
|M.S. Chandrasekaran
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|83,250
|56.37
|R. Gandhi
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|58,287
|39.47
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|24,963
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|16.90
|-

!35
|[[Arcot Assembly constituency|Arcot]]
|P. Neelakandan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|61,474
|55.39
|A.K. Sundaramoorthy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|43,767
|39.44
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|17,707
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|15.95
|-

!36
|[[Katpadi Assembly constituency|Katpadi]]
|Duraimurugan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|64,187
|49.47
|A.K. Natarajan
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|56,185
|43.30
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|8,002
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|6.17
|-

!37
|[[Gudiyatham Assembly constituency|Gudiyatham]]
|C.M. Suryakala
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|61,128
|57.05
|S. Duraisamy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|36,804
|34.35
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|24,324
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|22.70
|-

!38
|[[Pernambut Assembly constituency|Pernambut (SC)]]
|C. Kanagathara (Selvi)
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|65,366
|59.07
|S. Thondral Nayagan
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|36,511
|32.99
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|28,855
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|26.08
|-

!39
|[[Vaniayambadi Assembly constituency|Vaniayambadi]]
|M. Abdul Latheef
|{{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Independent politician|IND]]
|54,218
|48.26
|J.M. Haroon Rasheed
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|42,280
|37.63
|style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}} ; color:black;"|11,938
|style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}} ; color:black;"|10.63
|-

!40
|[[Natrampalli Assembly constituency|Natrampalli]]
|S. Natarajan
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|67,046
|48.96
|T. Anbazhagan
|{{Party color cell|MGR Kazhagam}}
|[[MGR Kazhagam|MGRK]]
|54,958
|40.13
|style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|12,088
|style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|8.83
|-

!41
|[[Tiruppattur Assembly constituency|Tiruppattur]]
|T.K. Raja
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|59,840
|46.15
|S. Arasu
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|54,079
|41.70
|style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|5,761
|style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|4.45
|-

!42
|[[Chengam Assembly constituency|Chengam (SC)]]
|Polur Varadhan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|54,145
|48.43
|R. Shamala
|{{Party color cell|Makkal Tamil Desam Katchi}}
|[[Makkal Tamil Desam Katchi|MTD]]
|41,868
|37.45
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|12,277
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|10.98
|-

!43
|[[Thandarambattu Assembly constituency|Thandarambattu]]
|Velu
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|63,599
|48.86
|K. Manivarma
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
|[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|58,762
|45.14
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|4,837
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|3.72
|-

!44
|[[Tiruvannamalai Assembly constituency|Tiruvannamalai]]
|K. Pitchandi
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|64,115
|47.75
|M. Shunmugasundaram
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|60,025
|44.70
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|4,090
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|3.05
|-

!45
|[[Kalasapakkam Assembly constituency|Kalasapakkam]]
|S. Ramachandran
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|75,880
|58.05
|P.S. Thiruvengadam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|46,990
|35.95
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|28,890
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|22.10
|-

!46
|[[Polur Assembly constituency|Polur]]
|Nalini Manokaran
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|59,678
|51.31
|C. Elumalai
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|48,871
|42.02
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|10,807
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|9.29
|-

!47
|[[Anaicut Assembly constituency|Anaicut]]
|K. Pandurangan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|61,333
|56.24
|G. Malarvizhi
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|40,282
|36.93
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|21,051
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|19.31
|-

!48
|[[Vellore Assembly constituency|Vellore]]
|C. Gnanasekaran
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|60,697
|52.46
|A.M. Ramalingam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|49,573
|42.84
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|11,124
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|9.62
|-

!49
|[[Arni Assembly constituency|Arni]]
|K. Ramachandran
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|66,371
|50.98
|A.C. Shanmugam
|{{Party color cell|Puthiya Needhi Katchi}}
|[[Puthiya Needhi Katchi|PNK]]
|52,889
|40.62
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|13,482
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|10.36
|-

!50
|[[Cheyyar Assembly constituency|Cheyyar]]
|P.S. Ulagarakshagan
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|62,615
|50.90
|R.K.P. Rajarajan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|50,530
|41.07
|style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|12,085
|style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|9.83
|-

!51
|[[Vandavasi Assembly constituency|Vandavasi (SC)]]
|K. Murugavelrajan
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|55,773
|49.14
|K. Loganathan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|46,902
|41.33
|style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|8,871
|style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|7.81
|-

!52
|[[Peranamallur Assembly constituency|Peranamallur]]
|A.K.S. Anbalagan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|52,625
|45.62
|B. Bose
|{{Party color cell|Makkal Tamil Desam Katchi}}
|[[Makkal Tamil Desam Katchi|MTD]]
|44,266
|38.37
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|8,359
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|7.25
|-

!53
|[[Melmalayanur Assembly constituency|Melmalayanur]]
|R. Tamilmozhi
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|55,309
|51.02
|Dr. A. Gnanasekaran
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|30,722
|28.34
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|24,587
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|22.68
|-

!54
|[[Gingee Assembly constituency|Gingee]]
|V. Elumalai
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|58,564
|51.33
|A. Rajendran Alias Dheeran
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|29,478
|25.84
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|29,086
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|25.49
|-

!55
|[[Tindivanam Assembly constituency|Tindivanam]]
|C.Ve. Shanmugm
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|54,884
|53.31
|R. Sethunathan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|42,736
|41.51
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|12,148
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|11.80
|-

!56
|[[Vanur Assembly constituency|Vanur (SC)]]
|N. Ganapathy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|68,421
|55.65
|R. Mydili
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|47,072
|38.28
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|21,349
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|17.37
|-

!57
|[[Kandamangalam Assembly constituency|Kandamangalam (SC)]]
|V. Subramanian
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|67,574
|56.29
|E. Vijayaragavan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|44,946
|37.44
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|22,628
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|18.85
|-

!58
|[[Villupuram Assembly constituency|Villupuram]]
|K. Ponmudy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|65,693
|47.45
|R. Pasupathy
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|63,488
|45.86
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|2,205
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|1.59
|-

!59
|[[Mugaiyur Assembly constituency|Mugaiyur]]
|G. Gothandaraman
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|57,484
|51.30
|A. Gee. Sampath
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|47,143
|42.07
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|10,341
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|9.23
|-

!60
|[[Thirunavalur Assembly constituency|Thirunavalur]]
|K.G.P. Gnanamoorthy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|59,115
|52.51
|A.J. Manikkannan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|44,342
|39.39
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|14,773
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|13.12
|-

!61
|[[Ulundurpet Assembly constituency|Ulundurpet (SC)]]
|N. Ramu
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|73,384
|55.09
|K. Thirunavukkarasu
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|50,630
|38.01
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|22,754
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|17.08
|-

!62
|[[Nellikuppam Assembly constituency|Nellikuppam]]
|M.C. Sampath
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|56,349
|50.93
|V.C. Shanmugham
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|48,967
|44.26
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|7,382
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|6.67
|-

!63
|[[Cuddalore Assembly constituency|Cuddalore]]
|E. Pugazhendi
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|54,671
|45.61
|P.R.S. Venkatesan
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
|[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|54,637
|45.58
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|34
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|0.03
|-

!64
|[[Panruti Assembly constituency|Panruti]]
|T. Velmurugan
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|45,963
|37.67
|V. Ramaswamy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|40,915
|33.54
|style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|5,048
|style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|4.13
|-

!65
|[[Kurinjipadi Assembly constituency|Kurinjipadi]]
|M.R.K. Panneer Selvam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|65,425
|55.78
|K. Sivasubramanian
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|41,562
|35.44
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|23,863
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|20.34
|-

!66
|[[Bhuvanagiri Assembly constituency|Bhuvanagiri]]
|P.S. Arul
|{{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Independent politician|IND]]
|49,753
|44.85
|M. Gopalakrishanan
|{{Party color cell|Makkal Tamil Desam Katchi}}
|[[Makkal Tamil Desam Katchi|MTD]]
|45,989
|41.46
|style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}} ; color:black;"|3,764
|style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}} ; color:black;"|3.39
|-

!67
|[[Kattumannarkoil Assembly constituency|Kattumannarkoil (SC)]]
|P. Vallalperuman
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|55,444
|55.37
|R. Sachithanandam
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|38,927
|38.87
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|16,517
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|16.50
|-

!68
|[[Chidambaram Assembly constituency|Chidambaram]]
|K. Saravanan Durai
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|54,647
|52.70
|T. Arivuselvan
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|42,732
|41.21
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|11,915
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|11.49
|-

!69
|[[Vridhachalam Assembly constituency|Vridhachalam]]
|Dr. R. Govindasamy
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|68,905
|50.13
|M. Kuzhandai Tamizharasan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|61,777
|44.95
|style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|7,128
|style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|5.18
|-

!70
|[[Mangalore Assembly constituency|Mangalore (SC)]]
|E.R.A. Thirumavalavan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|64,627
|47.87
|S. Puratchimani
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
|[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|62,772
|46.49
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|1,855
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|1.38
|-

!71
|[[Rishivandiyam Assembly constituency|Rishivandiam]]
|S. Sivaraj
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|57,108
|52.37
|T.K.T. Murali
|{{Party color cell|Puthiya Needhi Katchi}}
|[[Puthiya Needhi Katchi|PNK]]
|31,576
|28.96
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|25,532
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|23.41
|-

!72
|[[Chinnasalem Assembly constituency|Chinnasalem]]
|P. Mohan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|60,554
|51.35
|R. Mookkappan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|51,442
|43.63
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|9,112
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|7.72
|-

!73
|[[Sankarapuram Assembly constituency|Sankarapuram]]
|P. Kasampu
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|56,971
|45.12
|T. Udhayasuriyan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|55,953
|44.31
|style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|1,018
|style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|0.81
|-

!74
|[[Hosur Assembly constituency|Hosur]]
|K. Gopinath
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|45,865
|35.24
|B. Venkatasamy
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|39,376
|30.25
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|6,489
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|4.99
|-

!75
|[[Thalli Assembly constituency|Thalli]]
|K.V. Murali Dharan
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|36,738
|38.33
|S. Raja Reddy
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|30,521
|31.84
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|6,217
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|6.49
|-

!76
|[[Kaveripattinam Assembly constituency|Kaveripattinam]]
|K.P. Munusamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|67,241
|54.75
|V.C. Govindasami
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|48,724
|39.67
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|18,517
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|15.08
|-

!77
|[[Krishnagiri Assembly constituency|Krishnagiri]]
|V. Govindarasu
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|65,197
|56.59
|T. Senguttuvan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|43,424
|37.69
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|21,773
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|18.90
|-

!78
|[[Bargur Assembly constituency|Bargur]]
|M. Thambidurai
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|82,039
|66.31
|E.G. Sugavanam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|32,733
|26.46
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|49,306
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|39.85
|-

!79
|[[Harur Assembly constituency|Harur (SC)]]
|V. Krishnamoorthy
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|70,433
|53.04
|D. Periyasamy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|36,954
|27.83
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|33,479
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|25.21
|-

!80
|[[Morappur Assembly constituency|Morappur]]
|P. Palaniappan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|62,266
|56.31
|E.V. Rajasekaran
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|38,950
|35.22
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|23,316
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|21.09
|-

!81
|[[Palacode Assembly constituency|Palacode]]
|K.P. Anbalagan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|75,284
|62.38
|G.L. Venkatachalam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|35,052
|29.04
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|40,232
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|33.34
|-

!82
|[[Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu Assembly constituency|Dharmapuri]]
|K. Pary Mohan
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|56,147
|46.65
|K. Manoharan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|45,173
|37.54
|style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|10,974
|style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|9.11
|-

!83
|[[Pennagaram Assembly constituency|Pennagaram]]
|G.K. Mani
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|49,125
|44.08
|K.N. Periannan
|{{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|34,729
|31.16
|style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|14,396
|style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|12.92
|-

!84
|[[Mettur Assembly constituency|Mettur]]
|S. Sundarambal
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|49,504
|42.25
|P. Gopal
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|41,369
|35.31
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|8,135
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|6.94
|-

!85
|[[Taramangalam Assembly constituency|Taramangalam]]
|M.P. Kamaraj
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|67,012
|56.09
|S. Ammasi
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|41,554
|34.78
|style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|25,458
|style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|21.31
|-

!86
|[[Omalur Assembly constituency|Omalur]]
|S. Semmalai
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|65,861
|59.39
|Era. Rajendran
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|34,259
|30.89
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|31,602
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|28.50
|-

!87
|[[Yercaud Assembly constituency|Yercaud (ST)]]
|K.T. Elayakannu
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|64,319
|64.35
|K. Govindan
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|30,334
|30.35
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|33,985
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|34.00
|-

!88
|[[Salem – I Assembly constituency|Salem-I]]
|Se. Venkatajalam
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|66,365
|60.01
|M.A. Elangovan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|41,234
|37.29
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|25,131
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|22.72
|-

!89
|[[Salem – II Assembly constituency|Salem-II]]
|M. Karthe
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|62,306
|54.25
|A.L. Thangavel
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|47,221
|41.11
|style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|15,085
|style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|13.14
|-

!90
|[[Veerapandi Assembly constituency|Veerapandi]]
|S.K. Selvam
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|85,657
|58.38
|S. Arumugam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|55,645
|37.92
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|30,012
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|20.46
|-

!91
|[[Panamarathupatty Assembly constituency|Panamarathupatty]]
|P. Vijayalakahmi Palanisamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|78,642
|64.51
|S.R. Sivalingam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|36,292
|29.77
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|42,350
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|34.74
|-

!92
|[[Attur Assembly constituency|Attur]]
|A.K. Murugesan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|64,936
|57.85
|Mu.Ra. Karunanidhi
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|40,191
|35.81
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|24,745
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|22.04
|-

!93
|[[Talavasal Assembly constituency|Talavasal (SC)]]
|V. Alagammal
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|67,682
|58.24
|M. Pandiyarajan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|39,825
|34.27
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|27,857
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|23.97
|-

!94
|[[Rasipuram Assembly constituency|Rasipuram]]
|P.R. Sundaram
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|67,332
|57.48
|Dr. K.P. Ramalingam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|44,303
|37.82
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|23,029
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|19.66
|-

!95
|[[Sendamangalam Assembly constituency|Sendamangalam (ST)]]
|K. Kalavathi
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|61,312
|55.64
|Chinumathi Chandrasekaran
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|43,497
|39.48
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|17,815
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|16.16
|-

!96
|[[Namakkal Assembly constituency|Namakkal (SC)]]
|K. Jayakumar
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|67,215
|58.14
|S. Ahilan
|{{Party color cell|Puthiya Tamilagam}}
|[[Puthiya Tamilagam|PT]]
|38,223
|33.06
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|28,992
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|25.08
|-

!97
|[[Kapilamalai Assembly constituency|Kapilamalai]]
|A.R. Malaiyappasamy
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|48,447
|41.75
|S. Gandhiselvan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|44,135
|38.03
|style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|4,312
|style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|3.72
|-

!98
|[[Tiruchengode Assembly constituency|Tiruchengode]]
|C. Ponnaiyan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|1,07,898
|59.55
|T.P. Arumugam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|63,789
|35.20
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|44,109
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|24.35
|-

!99
|[[Sankari Assembly constituency|Sankari (SC)]]
|P. Dhanabal
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|70,312
|56.41
|T.R. Saravanan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|47,360
|38.00
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|22,952
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|18.41
|-

!100
|[[Edapadi Assembly constituency|Edapadi]]
|I. Ganesan
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|74,375
|55.40
|A. Kandasamy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|43,564
|32.45
|style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|30,811
|style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|22.95
|-

!101
|[[Mettupalayam Assembly constituency|Mettupalayam]]
|A.K. Selvaraj
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|85,578
|60.02
|B. Arun Kumar
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|44,500
|31.21
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|41,078
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|28.81
|-

!102
|[[Avanashi Assembly constituency|Avanashi (SC)]]
|S. Mahalingam
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|59,571
|48.20
|M. Mohankumar
|{{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|38,559
|31.20
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|21,012
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|17.00
|-

!103
|[[Thondamuthur Assembly constituency|Thondamuthur]]
|S.R. Balasubramoniyan
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|96,959
|50.57
|V.R. Sukanya
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|68,423
|35.68
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|28,536
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|14.89
|-

!104
|[[Singanallur Assembly constituency|Singanallur]]
|K.C. Karunakaran
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|82,773
|49.57
|N. Palanisamy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|62,772
|37.59
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|20,001
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|11.98
|-

!105
|[[Coimbatore West Assembly constituency|Coimbatore West]]
|S. Maheswari
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|40,372
|51.44
|C.T. Dhandapani
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|30,281
|38.58
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|10,091
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|12.86
|-

!106
|[[Coimbatore East Assembly constituency|Coimbatore East]]
|V.K. Lakshmanan
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|41,419
|50.08
|N.R. Nanjappan
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|38,208
|46.19
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|3,211
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|3.89
|-

!107
|[[Perur Assembly constituency|Perur]]
|M.A.P.A. Krishnakumar Alias Rohini
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|94,607
|55.50
|N. Nageswari
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|59,343
|34.81
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|35,264
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|20.69
|-

!108
|[[Kinathukkadavu Assembly constituency|Kinathukkadavu]]
|S. Damodaran
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|55,958
|50.33
|M. Shanmugam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|22,178
|19.95
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|33,780
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|30.38
|-

!109
|[[Pollachi Assembly constituency|Pollachi]]
|V. Jayaraman
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|64,648
|52.48
|R. Tamil Mani
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|32,244
|26.18
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|32,404
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|26.30
|-

!110
|[[Valparai Assembly constituency|Valparai (SC)]]
|M. Kovai Thangam
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|47,428
|53.21
|Dr. K. Krishnaswamy
|{{Party color cell|Puthiya Tamilagam}}
|[[Puthiya Tamilagam|PT]]
|29,513
|33.11
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|17,915
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|20.10
|-

!111
|[[Udumalaipettai Assembly constituency|Udumalpet]]
|C. Shanmugavelu
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|78,938
|56.92
|D. Selvaraj
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|39,030
|28.14
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|39,908
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|28.78
|-

!112
|[[Dharapuram Assembly constituency|Dharapuram (SC)]]
|V. Sivakami
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|56,835
|50.49
|R. Sareswathi
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|34,683
|30.81
|style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|22,152
|style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|19.68
|-

!113
|[[Vellakoil Assembly constituency|Vellakoil]]
|M.P. Saminathan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|37,571
|32.99
|V.P. Periasamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|36,831
|32.34
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|740
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|0.65
|-

!114
|[[Pongalur Assembly constituency|Pongalur]]
|P.V. Damodaran
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|57,139
|53.56
|K. Chellamuthu
|{{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|35,324
|33.11
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|21,815
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|20.45
|-

!115
|[[Palladam Assembly constituency|Palladam]]
|S.M. Velusamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|82,592
|55.86
|S.S. Ponmudi
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|50,118
|33.89
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|32,474
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|21.97
|-

!116
|[[Tiruppur Assembly constituency|Tiruppur]]
|C. Sivasami
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|1,27,224
|59.91
|Lalithakumaramangalam
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|80,668
|37.98
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|46,556
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|21.93
|-

!117
|[[Kangayam Assembly constituency|Kangayam]]
|M. Selvi
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|58,700
|51.06
|N. Rajkumar Manradiyar
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|47,426
|41.25
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|11,274
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|9.81
|-

!118
|[[Modakurichi Assembly constituency|Modakurichi]]
|P.C. Ramasami
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|74,296
|55.24
|Subbulakshmi Jegadeesan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|40,084
|29.81
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|34,212
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|25.43
|-

!119
|[[Perundurai Assembly constituency|Perundurai]]
|K.S. Palanisamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|72,133
|57.88
|N. Govindaswamy
|{{Party color cell|Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi}}
|[[Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi|CNMK]]
|40,421
|32.43
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|31,712
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|25.45
|-

!120
|[[Erode Assembly constituency|Erode]]
|K.S. Thennarasu
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|95,450
|52.40
|N.K.K. Periyasamy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|71,010
|38.98
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|24,440
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|13.42
|-

!121
|[[Bhavani Assembly constituency|Bhavani]]
|K.C. Karuppannan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|64,405
|58.20
|J. Sudhanandhen
|{{Party color cell|Puthiya Needhi Katchi}}
|[[Puthiya Needhi Katchi|PNK]]
|31,546
|28.50
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|32,859
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|29.70
|-

!122
|[[Andhiyur Assembly constituency|Andhiyur (SC)]]
|R. Krishnan
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|53,436
|54.38
|P. Selvarasu
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|35,374
|36.00
|style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|18,062
|style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|18.38
|-

!123
|[[Gobichettipalayam Assembly constituency|Gobichettipalayam]]
|S.S. Ramaneedharan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|60,826
|57.05
|V.P. Shanmugasundram
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|31,881
|29.90
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|28,945
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|27.15
|-

!124
|[[Bhavanisagar Assembly constituency|Bhavanisagar]]
|P. Chithambaram
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|53,879
|47.67
|O. Subramaniam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|43,604
|38.58
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|10,275
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|9.09
|-

!125
|[[Sathyamangalam Assembly constituency|Sathyamangalam]]
|K.R. Kandasamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|54,252
|52.21
|S.K. Rajendran
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|20,818
|20.04
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|33,434
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|32.17
|-

!126
|[[Coonoor Assembly constituency|Coonoor (SC)]]
|K. Kandasamy
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|53,156
|55.86
|E.M. Mahaliappan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|36,512
|38.37
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|16,644
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|17.49
|-

!127
|[[Udagamandalam Assembly constituency|Ootacamund]]
|H.M. Raju
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|59,872
|62.67
|J. Hutchi Gowder
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|30,782
|32.22
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|29,090
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|30.45
|-

!128
|[[Gudalur Assembly constituency|Gudalur]]
|A. Miller
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|78,809
|57.43
|M. Pandiaraj
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|46,116
|33.61
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|32,693
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|23.82
|-

!129
|[[Palani Assembly constituency|Palani (SC)]]
|M. Chinnasamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|63,611
|55.65
|T. Poovendhan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|43,124
|37.73
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|20,487
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|17.92
|-

!130
|[[Oddanchatram Assembly constituency|Oddanchatram]]
|Ara. Chakkarapani
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|52,896
|46.40
|A.T. Sellasamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|51,527
|45.20
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|1,369
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|1.20
|-

!131
|[[Periyakulam Assembly constituency|Periyakulam]]
|O. Panneer Selvam
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|62,125
|54.28
|M. Abuthahir
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|44,205
|38.62
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|17,920
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|15.66
|-

!132
|[[Theni Assembly constituency|Theni]]
|D. Ganesan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|60,115
|48.88
|L. Mookaiah
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|46,254
|37.61
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|13,861
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|11.27
|-

!133
|[[Bodinayakkanur Assembly constituency|Bodinayakkanur]]
|S. Ramaraj
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|53,410
|49.94
|A. Sudalaimuthu
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|42,132
|39.39
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|11,278
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|10.55
|-

!134
|[[Cumbum Assembly constituency|Cumbum]]
|O.R. Ramachandran
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|56,823
|50.73
|N.K.R. Krishnakumar
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|52,437
|46.82
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|4,386
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|3.91
|-

!135
|[[Andipatti Assembly constituency|Andipatti]]
|Thanga Tamil Selvan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|60,817
|53.78
|P. Aasiyan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|35,808
|31.67
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|25,009
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|22.11
|-

!136
|[[Sedapatti Assembly constituency|Sedapatti]]
|C. Durairaj
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|45,393
|47.51
|P.V. Bakthavatchalam
|{{Party color cell|Puthiya Tamilagam}}
|[[Puthiya Tamilagam|PT]]
|26,958
|28.21
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|18,435
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|19.30
|-

!137
|[[Thirumangalam Assembly constituency|Thirumangalam]]
|K. Kalimuthu
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|58,080
|52.67
|T. Ocha Thevar
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|39,918
|36.20
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|18,162
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|16.47
|-

!138
|[[Usilampatti Assembly constituency|Usilampatti]]
|L. Santhanam
|{{Party color cell|Forward Bloc}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Forward Bloc|FBL]]
|39,248
|43.32
|S.O. Ramasamy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|30,181
|33.31
|style="background:{{party color|Forward Bloc}} ; color:white;"|9,067
|style="background:{{party color|Forward Bloc}} ; color:white;"|10.01
|-

!139
|[[Nilakottai Assembly constituency|Nilakottai (SC)]]
|G. Anbazhagan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|60,972
|57.36
|K. Ayyar
|{{Party color cell|Puthiya Tamilagam}}
|[[Puthiya Tamilagam|PT]]
|29,478
|27.73
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|31,494
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|29.63
|-

!140
|[[Sholavandan Assembly constituency|Sholavandan]]
|V.R. Rajangam
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|54,392
|51.59
|P. Moorthy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|34,551
|32.77
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|19,841
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|18.82
|-

!141
|[[Thiruparankundram Assembly constituency|Tirupparankundram]]
|S.M. Seenivel
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|83,167
|48.93
|C. Ramachandran
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|74,040
|43.56
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|9,127
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|5.37
|-

!142
|[[Madurai West Assembly constituency|Madurai West]]
|Valarmathijebaraj
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|48,465
|48.06
|P.T.R. Palanivel Rajan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|47,757
|47.36
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|708
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|0.70
|-

!143
|[[Madurai Central Assembly constituency|Madurai Central]]
|M.A. Hakeem
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|34,393
|46.53
|S. Paulraj
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|34,246
|46.33
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|147
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|0.20
|-

!144
|[[Madurai East Assembly constituency|Madurai East]]
|N. Nanmaran
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|32,461
|43.29
|V. Velusamy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|27,157
|36.22
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|5,304
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|7.07
|-

!145
|[[Samayanallur Assembly constituency|Samayanallur (SC)]]
|P. Ponnampalam
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|97,060
|52.67
|S. Kasthuri Sivasamy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|77,136
|41.86
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|19,924
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|10.81
|-

!146
|[[Melur Assembly constituency|Melur]]
|R. Samy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|58,010
|46.32
|S. Samayanallur Selavarasu
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|31,172
|24.89
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|26,838
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|21.43
|-

!147
|[[Natham Assembly constituency|Natham]]
|R. Viswanathan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|55,604
|49.41
|Ku.Pa. Krishnan
|{{Party color cell|Thamilar Bhoomi}}
|[[Ku. Pa. Krishnan|TB]]
|45,002
|39.99
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|10,602
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|9.42
|-

!148
|[[Dindigul Assembly constituency|Dindigul]]
|K. Nagalakshimi
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|71,003
|47.37
|M. Basheer Ahmed
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|68,224
|45.52
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|2,779
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|1.85
|-

!149
|[[Athoor Assembly constituency|Athoor]]
|P.K.T. Natarajaan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|64,053
|49.13
|I. Periasamy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|60,447
|46.36
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|3,606
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|2.77
|-

!150
|[[Vedasandur Assembly constituency|Vedasandur]]
|P. Andivel
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|65,415
|49.01
|R. Kavitha Parthipan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|46,289
|34.68
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|19,126
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|14.33
|-

!151
|[[Aravakurichi Assembly constituency|Aravakurichi]]
|E.A. Liyaudeen Sait
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|51,535
|48.03
|Lakshmi Duraisamy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|33,209
|30.95
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|18,326
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|17.08
|-

!152
|[[Karur Assembly constituency|Karur]]
|T.N. Sivasubramanian
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|82,012
|53.36
|Vasuki Murugesan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|58,574
|38.11
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|23,438
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|15.25
|-

!153
|[[Krishnarayapuram Assembly constituency|Krishnarayapuram (SC)]]
|R. Sasikala
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|64,046
|55.09
|S. Periyasamy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|42,497
|36.56
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|21,549
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|18.53
|-

!154
|[[Marungapuri Assembly constituency|Marungapuri]]
|V.A. Chelliah
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|65,619
|53.92
|B.M. Senguttuvan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|40,347
|33.16
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|25,272
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|20.76
|-

!155
|[[Kulithalai Assembly constituency|Kulithalai]]
|A. Pappasundaram
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|66,406
|52.78
|D. Thirunavukkarasu
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|49,640
|39.46
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|16,766
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|13.32
|-

!156
|[[Thottiam Assembly constituency|Thottiam]]
|P. Annavi
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|57,449
|49.38
|K. Kannaiyan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|44,301
|38.08
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|13,148
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|11.30
|-

!157
|[[Uppiliapuram Assembly constituency|Uppiliapuram (ST)]]
|R. Sarojaa
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|58,810
|50.47
|R. Rani
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|46,459
|39.87
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|12,351
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|10.60
|-

!158
|[[Musiri Assembly constituency|Musiri]]
|C. Malliga
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|47,946
|34.83
|S. Vivekanandan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|45,952
|33.38
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|1,994
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|1.45
|-

!159
|[[Lalgudi Assembly constituency|Lalgudi]]
|S.M. Balan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|58,288
|47.11
|K.N. Nehru
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|56,678
|45.81
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|1,610
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|1.30
|-

!160
|[[Perambalur Assembly constituency|Perambalur (SC)]]
|P. Rajarethinam
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|67,074
|53.45
|S. Vallaban
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|47,070
|37.51
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|20,004
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|15.94
|-

!161
|[[Varahur Assembly constituency|Varahur (SC)]]
|A. Arunachalam
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|61,064
|52.76
|K. Thiruvalluvan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|47,160
|40.75
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|13,904
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|12.01
|-

!162
|[[Ariyalur Assembly constituency|Ariyalur]]
|P. Elavazhagan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|52,676
|41.03
|T.A. Kathiravan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|42,297
|32.95
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|10,379
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|8.08
|-

!163
|[[Andimadam Assembly constituency|Andimadam]]
|J. Guru Alias Gurunathan
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|66,576
|59.41
|M. Gnanamoorthy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|39,574
|35.31
|style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|27,002
|style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"|24.10
|-

!164
|[[Jayankondam Assembly constituency|Jayankondam]]
|S. Annadurai
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|70,948
|56.60
|K.C. Ganesan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|45,938
|36.65
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|25,010
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|19.95
|-

!165
|[[Srirangam Assembly constituency|Srirangam]]
|K.K. Balasubramanian
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|72,993
|53.07
|M. Soundarapandian
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|60,317
|43.86
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|12,676
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|9.21
|-

!166
|[[Tiruchirapalli - I Assembly constituency|Tiruchirapalli-I]]
|B. Paranikumor
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|31,421
|42.93
|M. Kadher Mohideen
|{{Party color cell|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|30,497
|41.67
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|924
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|1.26
|-

!167
|[[Tiruchirapalli - II Assembly constituency|Tiruchirapalli-II]]
|Anbil Periasamy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|56,598
|52.06
|P.C. Selvaraj
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|42,654
|39.23
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|13,944
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|12.83
|-

!168
|[[Thiruverambur Assembly constituency|Thiruverambur]]
|K.N. Sekaran
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|61,254
|47.30
|T.K. Rangarajan
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|50,881
|39.29
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|10,373
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|8.01
|-

!169
|[[Sirkazhi Assembly constituency|Sirkali (SC)]]
|N. Chandramohan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|52,759
|49.31
|J. Irai Ezhil
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|48,329
|45.17
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|4,430
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|4.14
|-

!170
|[[Poompuhar Assembly constituency|Poompuhar]]
|N. Renganathan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|53,760
|50.55
|M. Mohammed Siddiq
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|46,305
|43.54
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|7,455
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|7.01
|-

!171
|[[Mayiladuturai Assembly constituency|Mayuram]]
|Jaga Veerapandian
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|51,303
|49.51
|R. Selvaraj
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|48,851
|47.14
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|2,452
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|2.37
|-

!172
|[[Kuttalam Assembly constituency|Kuttalam]]
|Natarajan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|55,921
|48.64
|P. Kalyanam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|53,277
|46.34
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|2,644
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|2.30
|-

!173
|[[Nannilam Assembly constituency|Nannilam (SC)]]
|C.K. Tamizharasan
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|52,450
|46.11
|P. Sakthivel
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|33,238
|29.22
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|19,212
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|16.89
|-

!174
|[[Tiruvarur Assembly constituency|Tiruvarur (SC)]]
|A. Asokan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|58,425
|47.63
|K. Rengasamy
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|57,111
|46.56
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|1,314
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|1.07
|-

!175
|[[Nagapattinam Assembly constituency|Nagapattinam]]
|R. Jeevanantham
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|59,808
|53.55
|S.P. Thangaiya
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|43,091
|38.59
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|16,717
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|14.96
|-

!176
|[[Vedaranyam Assembly constituency|Vedaranyam]]
|S.K. Vedarathinam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|63,568
|53.71
|R. Mutharasan
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|48,568
|41.04
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|15,000
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|12.67
|-

!177
|[[Thiruthuraipoondi Assembly constituency|Tiruthuraipundi (SC)]]
|G. Palanisamy
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|73,451
|56.76
|M. Poonguzhali
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|48,392
|37.39
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|25,059
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|19.37
|-

!178
|[[Mannargudi Assembly constituency|Mannargudi]]
|V. Sivapunniyam
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|70,644
|56.40
|S. Gnanasekaran
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|50,454
|40.28
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|20,190
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|16.12
|-

!179
|[[Pattukkottai Assembly constituency|Pattukkottai]]
|N.R. Rengarajan
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|55,474
|47.49
|P. Balasubramanian
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|48,524
|41.54
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|6,950
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|5.95
|-

!180
|[[Peravurani Assembly constituency|Peravurani]]
|S.V. Thirugnana Sambandham
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|64,076
|54.70
|Kuzha Chellaiah
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|35,417
|30.24
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|28,659
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|24.46
|-

!181
|[[Orathanad Assembly constituency|Orathanad]]
|R. Vaithilingam
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|63,836
|53.34
|P. Rajamanickam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|43,992
|36.76
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|19,844
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|16.58
|-

!182
|[[Thiruvonam Assembly constituency|Thiruvonam]]
|C. Rajendran
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|67,094
|52.21
|M. Ramachandran
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|55,871
|43.48
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|11,223
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|8.73
|-

!183
|[[Thanjavur Assembly constituency|Thanjavur]]
|S.N.M. Ubayadullah
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|55,782
|50.96
|R. Rajmohan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|46,192
|42.20
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|9,590
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|8.76
|-

!184
|[[Tiruvaiyaru Assembly constituency|Tiruvaiyaru]]
|K. Ayyaru Vandayar
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|55,579
|54.75
|Durai Chandrasekaran
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|39,890
|39.29
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|15,689
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|15.46
|-

!185
|[[Papanasam Assembly constituency|Papanasam]]
|M. Ramkumar
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|55,830
|50.37
|S. Kalyanasundaram
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|49,198
|44.38
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|6,632
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|5.99
|-

!186
|[[Valangiman Assembly constituency|Valangiman (SC)]]
|Boopathi Mariappan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|54,677
|57.93
|T. Nadaiyazhagan
|{{Party color cell|Puthiya Tamilagam}}
|[[Puthiya Tamilagam|PT]]
|31,200
|33.06
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|23,477
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|24.87
|-

!187
|[[Kumbakonam Assembly constituency|Kumbakonam]]
|Ko.Si. Mani
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|60,515
|51.18
|Rama Eramanathan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|54,019
|45.69
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|6,496
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|5.49
|-

!188
|[[Thiruvidamarudur Assembly constituency|Thiruvidamarudur]]
|G. Thavamani
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|61,235
|50.22
|S. Ramalingam
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|53,863
|44.17
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|7,372
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|6.05
|-

!189
|[[Tirumayam Assembly constituency|Thirumayam]]
|M. Radakrishnan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|58,394
|51.56
|S. Regupathy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|46,367
|40.94
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|12,027
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|10.62
|-

!190
|[[Kolathur Assembly constituency|Kolathur (SC)]]
|Dr. A. Karuppayee
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|80,855
|61.98
|M. Palaniappan Alias Purachi Kavidasan
|{{Party color cell|Puthiya Tamilagam}}
|[[Puthiya Tamilagam|PT]]
|33,956
|26.03
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|46,899
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|35.95
|-

!191
|[[Pudukkottai Assembly constituency|Pudukkottai]]
|Dr. C. Vijayabasker
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|77,627
|53.96
|Periyannan Arasu
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|49,444
|34.37
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|28,183
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|19.59
|-

!192
|[[Alangudi Assembly constituency|Alangudi]]
|A. Venkadachalam
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|59,631
|42.67
|S.A. Soosairaj
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|42,900
|30.70
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|16,731
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|11.97
|-

!193
|[[Arantangi Assembly constituency|Arantangi]]
|P. Arasan
|{{Party color cell|MGR Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[MGR Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MADMK]]
|58,499
|45.99
|A. Chandrasekaran
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|38,481
|30.25
|style="background:{{party color|MGR Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|20,018
|style="background:{{party color|MGR Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|15.74
|-

!194
|[[Tiruppattur Assembly constituency|Tiruppattur]]
|K.K. Umadhevan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|50,165
|50.87
|R. Sivaraman
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|41,075
|41.65
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|9,090
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|9.22
|-

!195
|[[Karaikudi Assembly constituency|Karaikudi]]
|H. Raja
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|54,093
|48.40
|S.P. Udayappan
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
|[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|52,442
|46.93
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|1,651
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|1.47
|-

!196
|[[Tiruvadanai Assembly constituency|Tiruvadanai]]
|K.R. Ramasamy
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|43,536
|39.12
|Jones Russo
|{{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|41,232
|37.05
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|2,304
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|2.07
|-

!197
|[[Ilayangudi Assembly constituency|Ilayangudi]]
|V.D. Nadarajan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|45,342
|47.86
|S. Kannappan
|{{Party color cell|Makkal Tamil Desam Katchi}}
|[[Makkal Tamil Desam Katchi|MTD]]
|40,660
|42.92
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|4,682
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|4.94
|-

!198
|[[Sivaganga Assembly constituency|Sivaganga]]
|V. Chandran
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|51,708
|48.68
|Tha. Pasumpon Kiruttinan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|47,435
|44.65
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|4,273
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|4.03
|-

!199
|[[Manamadurai Assembly constituency|Manamadurai (SC)]]
|K. Paramalai
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|56,508
|57.06
|S.P. Kirubanidhi
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|35,651
|36.00
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|20,857
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|21.06
|-

!200
|[[Paramakudi Assembly constituency|Paramakudi (SC)]]
|R. Ramprabhu
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|53,746
|49.58
|S. Chelliah
|{{Party color cell|Puthiya Tamilagam}}
|[[Puthiya Tamilagam|PT]]
|47,939
|44.22
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|5,807
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|5.36
|-

!201
|[[Ramanathapuram Assembly constituency|Ramanathapuram]]
|A. Anwer Rhazza
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|59,824
|50.21
|A. Rahman Khan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|50,712
|42.56
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|9,112
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|7.65
|-

!202
|[[Kadaladi Assembly constituency|Kadaladi]]
|S. Balakrishnan
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|51,142
|48.10
|S.P. Thangavelan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|45,027
|42.35
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|6,115
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|5.75
|-

!203
|[[Mudukulathur Assembly constituency|Mudukulathur]]
|K. Patinetampatian
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|49,554
|46.99
|S.M. Pandian
|{{Party color cell|Makkal Tamil Desam Katchi}}
|[[Makkal Tamil Desam Katchi|MTD]]
|46,885
|44.46
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|2,669
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|2.53
|-

!204
|[[Aruppukottai Assembly constituency|Aruppukottai]]
|K.K. Sivasamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|49,307
|46.07
|Thangam Thennarasu
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|43,155
|40.32
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|6,152
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|5.75
|-

!205
|[[Sattur Assembly constituency|Sattur]]
|K.K.S.S.R. Ramachandran
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|57,953
|42.91
|A. Rajendran
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|53,538
|39.64
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|4,415
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|3.27
|-

!206
|[[Virudhunagar Assembly constituency|Virudhunagar]]
|S. Damodaran
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|49,413
|42.67
|A.R.R. Seenivasan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|45,396
|39.20
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|4,017
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|3.47
|-

!207
|[[Sivakasi Assembly constituency|Sivakasi]]
|A. Rajagopal
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|65,954
|42.45
|V. Thangaraj
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|60,233
|38.77
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|5,721
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|3.68
|-

!208
|[[Srivilliputhur Assembly constituency|Srivilliputhur]]
|R.T. Enbathamilan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|53,095
|43.88
|S. Mohanrajulu
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|43,921
|36.30
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|9,174
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|7.58
|-

!209
|[[Rajapalayam Assembly constituency|Rajapalayam (SC)]]
|M. Rajasekar
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|61,740
|47.63
|V.P. Rajan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|52,145
|40.23
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|9,595
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|7.40
|-

!210
|[[Vilathikulam Assembly constituency|Vilathikulam]]
|N.K. Perumal
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|44,415
|48.16
|R.K.P. Rajasekaran
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|29,172
|31.63
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|15,243
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|16.53
|-

!211
|[[Pottapidaram Assembly constituency|Pottapidaram (SC)]]
|A. Sivaperumal
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|39,350
|43.30
|Dr. K. Krishnasamy
|{{Party color cell|Puthiya Tamilagam}}
|[[Puthiya Tamilagam|PT]]
|38,699
|42.59
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|651
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|0.71
|-

!212
|[[Kovilpatti Assembly constituency|Koilpatti]]
|S. Rajendran
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|45,796
|40.27
|K. Rajaram
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|36,757
|32.32
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|9,039
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}} ; color:white;"|7.95
|-

!213
|[[Sankarankoil Assembly constituency|Sankaranayanarkoil (SC)]]
|C. Karuppasamy
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|52,000
|43.51
|P. Duraisamy
|{{Party color cell|Puthiya Tamilagam}}
|[[Puthiya Tamilagam|PT]]
|42,738
|35.76
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|9,262
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|7.75
|-

!214
|[[Vasudevanallur Assembly constituency|Vasudevanallur (SC)]]
|R. Easwaran
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|48,019
|47.05
|S. Thangapandian
|{{Party color cell|Puthiya Tamilagam}}
|[[Puthiya Tamilagam|PT]]
|36,467
|35.73
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|11,552
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|11.32
|-

!215
|[[Kadayanallur Assembly constituency|Kadayanallur]]
|M. Subbiah Pandian
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|48,220
|45.57
|P.M. Shahul
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|46,976
|44.39
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|1,244
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|1.18
|-

!216
|[[Tenkasi Assembly constituency|Tenkasi]]
|K. Annamalai
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|62,454
|51.41
|V. Karuppasami Pandian
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|53,662
|44.18
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|8,792
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|7.23
|-

!217
|[[Alangulam Assembly constituency|Alangulam]]
|P.G. Rajendran
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|58,498
|48.95
|Aladi Aruna
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|54,387
|45.51
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|4,111
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|3.44
|-

!218
|[[Tirunelveli Assembly constituency|Tirunelveli]]
|Nainar Nagendran
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|42,765
|40.93
|A.L. Subramanian
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|42,043
|40.24
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|722
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|0.69
|-

!219
|[[Palayamkottai Assembly constituency|Palayamcottai]]
|T.P.M. Mohideen Khan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|55,934
|53.13
|S. Muthu Karuppan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|41,186
|39.12
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|14,748
|style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|14.01
|-

!220
|[[Cheranmahadevi Assembly constituency|Cheranmahadevi]]
|P.H. Paul Manoj Pandian
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|49,873
|53.51
|N. Chockalingam
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|38,898
|41.74
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|10,975
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|11.77
|-

!221
|[[Ambasamudram Assembly constituency|Ambasamudram]]
|M. Sakthivel Murugan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|43,021
|48.04
|R. Avudaiappan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|39,001
|43.55
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|4,020
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|4.49
|-

!222
|[[Nanguneri Assembly constituency|Nanguneri]]
|S. Manickaraj
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|46,619
|51.54
|V. Ramachandran
|{{Party color cell|Makkal Tamil Desam Katchi}}
|[[Makkal Tamil Desam Katchi|MTD]]
|37,458
|41.41
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|9,161
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|10.13
|-

!223
|[[Radhapuram Assembly constituency|Radhapuram]]
|M. Appavu
|{{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Independent politician|IND]]
|44,619
|45.40
|S. Jothi
|{{Party color cell|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|26,338
|26.80
|style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}} ; color:black;"|18,281
|style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}} ; color:black;"|18.60
|-

!224
|[[Sathankulam Assembly constituency|Sattangulam]]
|S.S. Maninadar
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|38,308
|49.42
|A.N. Rajakkannan
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|32,542
|41.98
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|5,766
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|7.44
|-

!225
|[[Tiruchendur Assembly constituency|Tiruchendur]]
|Anitha R. Radhakrishnan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|52,990
|53.01
|S. Jenifer Chandran
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|41,797
|41.81
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|11,193
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|11.20
|-

!226
|[[Srivaikuntam Assembly constituency|Srivaikuntam]]
|S.P. Shunmuganathan
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|39,739
|46.58
|S. David Selwyn
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|36,853
|43.19
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|2,886
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|3.39
|-

!227
|[[Tuticorin Assembly constituency|Tuticorin]]
|S. Rajammal
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|73,286
|51.40
|N. Periasamy
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|57,100
|40.05
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|16,186
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|11.35
|-

!228
|[[Kanniyakumari Assembly constituency|Kanniyakumari]]
|N. Thalavaisundaram
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|55,650
|51.32
|N. Sureshrajan
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|46,114
|42.52
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|9,536
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|8.80
|-

!229
|[[Nagercoil Assembly constituency|Nagercoil]]
|Austin
|{{Party color cell|MGR Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[MGR Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MADMK]]
|48,583
|44.11
|M. Moses
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
|[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|44,921
|40.78
|style="background:{{party color|MGR Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|3,662
|style="background:{{party color|MGR Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|3.33
|-

!230
|[[Colachel Assembly constituency|Colachel]]
|T. Pachamal
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|42,354
|46.23
|R. Sambath Chandra
|{{Party color cell|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MDMK]]
|27,265
|29.76
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|15,089
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|16.47
|-

!231
|[[Padmanabhapuram Assembly constituency|Padmanabhapuram]]
|K.P. Raajendraprasad
|{{Party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|36,223
|42.94
|C. Velayuthan
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|33,449
|39.66
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|2,774
|style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"|3.28
|-

!232
|[[Thiruvattar Assembly constituency|Thiruvattar]]
|J. Hemachandran
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|47,807
|50.06
|P. Rajamony
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|28,310
|29.64
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|19,497
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|20.42
|-

!233
|[[Vilavancode Assembly constituency|Vilavancode]]
|D. Mony
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|59,087
|56.75
|P. Jeevaraj
|{{Party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|36,168
|34.74
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|22,919
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|22.01
|-

!234
|[[Killiyoor Assembly constituency|Killiyoor]]
|Dr. Kumaradas
|{{Party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|40,075
|49.16
|C. Santhakumar
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|26,315
|32.28
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|13,760
|style="background:{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}} ; color:white;"|16.88
|-

|}

==Aftermath==
The coalition at the AIADMK led-center would prove to be short-lived, since in less than a year, [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]], and its leader [[Dr. Ramdoss]], left the coalition, citing authoritarian type rule by [[J. Jayalalithaa]] (It is noteworthy that this is the first time in Indian history that a person has taken oath as the Chief Minister of a state the day after the counting of votes has been completed.) (Former election commissioner [[T. N. Seshan]] & [[Vazhappady K. Ramamurthy]] recommended governor to make Jayalalithaa as CM<ref>{{cite web | title=ஜெ.யை முதல்வராக பதவியேற்க கவர்னர் அழைக்க வேண்டும்: சேஷன் | date=14 May 2001 | url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/2001/05/14/seshan.html }}</ref>). Also the [[Tamil Maanila Congress]], who proved to be an important ally for the victory of AIADMK, would later merge with [[Indian National Congress]], who would later support DMK led front in future elections. The left parties would also end up joining the DMK led front, leaving the AIADMK coalition after this election.

== Bypolls (2001-2006) ==
{{main|2001–06 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!Constituency
!MLA before election
! colspan="2" |Party before election
!Elected MLA
! colspan="2" |Party after election
|-
|21 February 2002
|[[Andipatti Assembly constituency|Andipatti]]
|[[Thanga Tamil Selvan]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[J. Jayalalithaa]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=5}}
|-
|rowspan=3|31 May 2002
|[[Saidapet Assembly constituency|Saidapet]]
|V. Perumal
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Radha Ravi]]
|-
|[[Vaniyambadi Assembly constituency|Vaniyambadi]]
|[[M. Abdul Lathief]]
| {{party name with color|Independent}}
|R. Vadivel
|-
|[[Acharapakkam Assembly constituency|Acharapakkam]]
|[[A. Selvaraj]]
| {{Full party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|[[A. Boovaragamoorthy]]
|-
|26 February 2003
|[[Sathankulam Assembly constituency|Sathankulam]]
|[[S. S. Mani Nadar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
|Neelamega Varnan
|-
|10 May 2004
|[[Mangalore, Tamil Nadu Assembly constituency|Mangalore]]
|[[Thol. Thirumavalavan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[C. V. Ganesan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|rowspan=2|14 May 2005
|[[Gummidipoondi Assembly constituency|Gummidipoondi]]
|K. Sudarsanam
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|[[K. S. Vijayakumar]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[Kancheepuram Assembly constituency|Kancheepuram]]
|S. S. Thirunavukkarasu
|Mythili Thirunavukkarasu
|}

== See also ==
* [[Elections in Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Legislature of Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite journal|jstor = 4410818|title = Election 2001: Changing Equations|journal = Economic and Political Weekly|volume = 36|issue = 27|pages = 2486–2489|last1 = Thirunavukkarasu|first1 = R.|year = 2001}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090416163306/http://eci.nic.in/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp Election Commission of India]
* [http://in.rediff.com/election/2006/apr/10kbk.htm Rediff – Graphic: How Amma swept TN in '01]

{{Tamil Nadu assembly elections|state=expanded}}

[[Category:State Assembly elections in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2000s in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2001 State Assembly elections in India|Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:May 2001 in India]]

Rampur, Shahkot

2026-03-26T08:52:01Z

RyanQuintana2: created

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rampur
| official_name = Rampur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{Coord|31.022173068988696|N|75.34966066946379|E}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jalandhar district|Jalandhar]]
| subdivision_type3 = Tehsil
| subdivision_name3 = [[Shahkot, India|Shahkot]]
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayat raj]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric

| elevation_m = 240
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_note =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| demographics1_title2 =
| demographics1_info2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone
| area_code =
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#PB.E2.80.94Punjab|PB]]- 08
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-PB]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = Post office
| blank1_info_sec2 =
| website = {{URL|jalandhar.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Rampur''' is a village in [[Shahkot, India|Shahkot]] in [[Jalandhar district]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] [[States and territories of India|State]], India. It is located {{convert|8.8|km}} from [[Shahkot, India|Shahkot]], {{convert|25.6|km}} from [[Nakodar]], {{convert|54.6|km}} from district headquarter [[Jalandhar]] and {{convert|169|km}} from state capital [[Chandigarh]]. The village is [[Administration (government)|administrated]] by a [[sarpanch]] who is an [[elected representative]] of village as per [[Panchayati raj (India)]]. The village have two Gurudwaras and a government primary school.
== Transport ==
Shahkot Malisian station is the nearest [[train station]]. The village is {{convert|78|km}} away from [[domestic airport]] in [[Ludhiana]] and the nearest [[international airport]] is located in Chandigarh also [[Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport]] is the second nearest airport which is {{convert|145|km}} away in [[Amritsar]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Jalandhar district}}


[[Category:Villages in Jalandhar district]]

Besan chakki

2026-03-25T17:50:39Z

RyanQuintana2: started new details

{{Short description|Indian dessert}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Besan chakki
| image =BESAN CHAKKI HOMEMADE KOTA 003.jpg
| caption = Besan chakki sweet
| alternate_name =''Besan katli'', ''besan khandli'', ''besan barfi''
| country = {{flag|India}}
| region = Rajasthan<ref name= "Rajasthan"/>
| creator =
| course = [[Dessert]]
| served =
| main_ingredient = [[Gram flour|Besan (gram flour)]], [[ghee]], [[sugar]]
| variations = [[Mohanthal]], [[dal badam chakki]], [[barfi]]
| calories =
| other =
}}

'''Besan chakki''' (also known as '''besan barfi''') is a traditional [[List of Indian sweets and desserts|Indian sweet]] made from [[Gram flour|gram flour (besan)]], [[ghee]], and [[sugar]], often flavored with [[cardamom]] and garnished with [[Dried fruit|nuts]]. The sweet is known for its firm, fudge-like texture and rich, nutty flavor derived from slow-roasting the gram flour in ghee. While popular throughout [[North India|North]] and [[Western India]], its origin is most closely linked to [[Rajasthan]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diwali delights, the magical journey of Rajsthani sweets |url=https://latest.thedailyguardian.com/foodie/diwali-delights-the-magical-journey-of-rajsthani-sweets/ |website=The Daily Guardian}}</ref> where gram flour is a staple in both sweets and savory dishes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Besan Chakki {{!}} Rajasthani Besan Burfi |url=https://www.zaykakatadka.com/recipe/besan-chakki-rajasthani-besan-burfi/ |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=Zayka Ka Tadka}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bladholm|first=Linda|title=The Indian Grocery Store Demystified: A Food Lover's Guide to All the Best Ingredients in the Traditional Foods of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh|publisher=St. Martin's Publishing Group|year=2016|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> It holds a prominent place in [[Rajasthani cuisine]], particularly among Marwari communities, and is commonly prepared during festivals, weddings, and religious occasions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pant |first=Pushpesh |url=http://archive.org/details/indiacookbook0000pant |title=India cookbook |date=2010 |publisher=London; New York : Phaidon |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-7148-5902-6}}</ref><ref name= "Rajasthan">{{Cite book |last=Manglik |first=Mr Rohit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T4AzEQAAQBAJ&dq=Besan+chakki&pg=PA52 |title=Quantity Food Production: [9789368754763] |date=2003-06-03 |publisher=EduGorilla Publication |isbn=978-93-6875-476-3 |language=en}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
''Besan chakki'' is a compound of two words: ''besan'' and ''chakki''. ''Besan'' refers to gram flour and is derived from [[Sanskrit|the Sanskrit]] word ''Vesana''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Platts |first=John T. (John Thompson) |date=1884 |title=A Dictionary of Urdu, Classical Hindi, and English |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/platts_query.py?page=209 |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |quote=बेसन [S. वेसन; or पेषण], s.m. Flour or meal of pulse (particularly of ćanā; commonly used as a substitute for soap).}}</ref> The word ''Chakki'' is derived from the Sanskrit word ''Chakrikā.''<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Sarina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oHEwAQAAIAAJ&q=Chakki+Barfi |title=Rajasthan |last2=Coxall |first2=Michelle |date=1999 |publisher=Lonely Planet |isbn=978-0-86442-743-4 |language=en |quote=Chakki is a piece of barfi (a milk - based fudge) made from gram flour, sugar and milk cake}}</ref>

== Preparation ==
The sugar blends into a creamy texture that comes from the basic mixture, [[khoya]]. The mix is generally heated until the milk solidifies and is then placed in molds of different shapes—diamond, square or sometimes round.

It is usually garnished with sliced or chopped almonds or pistachios. It is sometimes called "Indian cheesecake", though it contains no cheese. Variations of the dish include apricot, mango and coconut flavorings.

The presence of Besan provides a very smooth texture, thus making Khoya an optional ingredient.

== Variation ==
Sometimes, the unsweetened version of ''besan chakki'' or ''besan katli/khandli'' can be used to make a vegetable preparation. This vegetable preparation is very popular in [[Rajasthani cuisine|Rajasthani]] and [[Cuisine of Haryana|Haryanvi cuisine]] and is known by names like ''Chakki ro saag'', ''Besan Katli ka saag'', ''Khandli ka saag'' etc.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Easy बेसन की सब्जी 2 ingredient Besan Sabji पितोड / कतली easy recipe Recipe |url=https://ranveerbrar.com/recipes/2-ingredient-besan-sabji/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=Ranveer Brar |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian confectionery]]
[[Category:Rajasthani desserts]]
[[Category:Vegetarian dishes of India]]
[[Category:Desi culture]]

{{India-cuisine-stub}}

Shilpa Rao

2026-03-09T21:44:43Z

RyanQuintana2: revise

{{Short description|Indian singer (born 1984)}}

{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Shilpa Rao
| image = Shilpa Rao.jpg
| caption = Rao in 2012
| background = person
| birth_name = Apeksha Rao
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1984|04|11}}
| birth_place = [[Jamshedpur]], [[Bihar]] (present{{endash}}day [[Jharkhand]]), [[India]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/entertainment/bollywood/1029908|title = गायिकी से शिल्‍पा राव को मिली मुकम्‍मल पहचान |language=hi |work=Prabhat Khabar|date = 29 July 2017 }}</ref>
| spouse = {{marriage|Ritesh Krishnan|2021}}
| genre =
| occupation = Indian Playback singer
| instrument = Singing
| years_active = 2003–present
| label =
| website =
}}
'''Shilpa Rao''' (born '''Apeksha Rao'''; 11 April 1984) is an Indian singer who primarily records songs in [[Hindi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] languages. During her college days, composer [[Mithoon]] offered her to record the song "Javeda Zindagi" from ''[[Anwar (2007 film)|Anwar]]'' (2007), marking her Hindi debut. "Abacha" from ''[[Konchem Ishtam Konchem Kashtam]]'' (2009) and "Oru Maalai Neram" from ''[[Naan Mahaan Alla (2010 film)|Naan Mahaan Alla]]'' (2010) were her debut songs in Telugu and Tamil respectively.

Rao rose to widespread prominence with the release of "Woh Ajnabee" from ''[[The Train (2007 film)|The Train]]'' (2007) and "Khuda Jaane" from ''[[Bachna Ae Haseeno]]'' (2008), the latter of which earned her a nomination for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer]]. The following year, she collaborated with [[Ilaiyaraaja]] for ''[[Paa (film)|Paa]]'' (2009), where she performed the song "Mudi Mudi Ittefaq Se" which earned her a second Filmfare nomination in the same category. In 2012, Rao teamed up with [[A. R. Rahman]] for the song "Ishq Shava" for [[Yash Chopra]]'s [[swan song]] ''[[Jab Tak Hai Jaan]]'', followed by [[Pritam]]'s "[[Malang (song)|Malang]]" from ''[[Dhoom 3]]'' (2013) and [[Vishal–Shekhar]]'s "[[Meherbaan (song)|Meherbaan]]" from ''[[Bang Bang!]]'' (2014). Rao's collaborations with [[Amit Trivedi]] were also acclaimed with songs such as "Manmarziyaan" from ''[[Lootera]]'' (2013) receiving particular praise. She was the final Indian singer to perform in ''[[Coke Studio Pakistan (season 9)|Coke Studio Pakistan]]'' with the song "[[List of Coke Studio (Pakistan) episodes|Paar Chanaa De]]" (2016) and received praise for singing the song "[[Aaj Jaane Ki Zid Na Karo]]" from the deluxe edition of the ''[[Ae Dil Hai Mushkil]]'' soundtrack (2016).

"[[Ghungroo (song)|Ghungroo]]" from ''[[War (2019 film)|War]]'' (2019; Hindi), "[[Besharam Rang]]" from [[Pathaan (film)|''Pathaan'']] (2023; Hindi), "[[Kaavaalaa]]" from [[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|''Jailer'']] (2023; Tamil), "[[Chaleya]]" from [[Jawan (film)|''Jawan'']] (2023; Hindi) and "[[Chuttamalle]]" from ''[[Devara: Part 1]]'' (2024; Telugu) were her most commercially successful songs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakravorty |first=Reshmi |date=2024-09-24 |title=Ace singer Shilpa Rao on her trending song from Jr NTR starrer Devara, Telugu roots and more |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/videos/entertainment/2024/Sep/24/ace-singer-shilpa-rao-on-her-trending-song-from-jr-ntr-starrer-devara-telugu-roots-and-more |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Rao is particularly known in the media for trying new styles in her songs and singing for different genres. Rao, who considers her father as her biggest inspiration in the music career, has supported charitable organisations for a number of causes.{{cn|date=September 2025}}

==Early life==
Shilpa Rao was born on 11 April 1984 in [[Jamshedpur]], India into a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] family and a native of [[Vizianagaram]], [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakravorty |first=Reshmi |date=2024-09-26 |title=Music transcends boundaries: Shilpa Rao |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2024/Sep/26/music-transcends-boundaries-shilpa-rao |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Rao was initially named as Apeksha Rao but later changed to Shilpa Rao.<ref name=hariharan/> According to her, she relates to the name Shilpa more, since the name has "to do with art".<ref name=hariharan>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Meeting-with-Hariharan-when-I-was-13-changed-my-life-Shilpa-Rao/articleshow/28379328.cms |title='Meeting Hariharan, when I was 13, changed my life'|newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |author=Sen, Debarati S |date=4 January 2014 |access-date=5 October 2015}}</ref> She started singing while she was a kid, tutored and instructed by her father, S Venkat Rao, who holds a degree in music.<ref name=Rahman>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Rahman-sir-is-a-chatterbox-Shilpa-Rao/articleshow/31540852.cms |title=Rahman sir is a chatterbox: Shilpa Rao |newspaper=The Times of India |author=Das, Soumitra |date=7 March 2014 |access-date=5 October 2015}}</ref> He taught Rao to understand the "nuances" of different ragas: "His method of teaching was casual and at the same time very effective because it was designed to pique my interest".{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} For her education, Rao went to Little Flower School and [[Loyola School, Jamshedpur]], where she was part of the choir group in school.<ref name=steel>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070202/asp/jamshedpur/story_7339060.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304125549/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070202/asp/jamshedpur/story_7339060.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 March 2016 |title= Jingle route to be Salaam-E-Ishq star - Steel city girl crooning chartbusters |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |author=Choudhury, Nilanjana Ghosh |date=7 March 2014 |access-date=5 October 2015}}</ref><ref name=cost/> In 1997, she visited to Mumbai along with her family, to do a postgraduate diploma in statistics from the [[University of Mumbai]].<ref name=steel/>

Rao was motivated to be a singer upon meeting with [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], at the age of 13, and commenced training under [[Ustad Ghulam Mustafa Khan]], insisted by Hariharan.<ref name=Rahman/> Initially, she found herself struggling in "finding references" and meeting music composers since she was not "so active" in social networking media during the time.<ref name=Rahman/> About her early days in the city, Rao said: "Jamshedpur is home for me but Mumbai with the people, the place, the pace everything has made a more patient person and a more hardworking artist I could ever be".<ref name=hariharan/> In 2001 she began performing live with Hariharan at different venues, subsequently winning a national-level talent hunt in New Delhi.<ref name=steel/> [[Shankar Mahadevan]]–one of the judges in the contest–asked her to settle in Mumbai.<ref name=steel/>

In 2004, she shifted to Mumbai and completed Post Graduation in Applied Statistics from [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]].{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} Mahadevan gave Rao few contacts of people who helped her in getting to sing jingles.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/article96989.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304204525/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/article96989.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 March 2016 |title='There's work for everyone in the industry' |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |author=Vijan, Bhawna Gera |date=20 July 2009 |access-date=5 October 2015}}</ref> Rao mentioned that singing jingles was "perhaps the best way" to start in Mumbai as it helped her making the best contacts in the studios.<ref name=steel/> She worked as a jingle singer for three years and established a life of her own.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/It-feels-good-when-your-hard-work-pays-off-Shilpa-Rao/articleshow/20698410.cms |title=It feels good when your hard work pays off: Shilpa Rao |newspaper=The Times of India |author=Singh, Manmohan |date=21 June 2013 |access-date=5 October 2015}}</ref> She sang songs for products such as Cadbury's Munch, [[Sunsilk]], Anchor Gel and No Marks.<ref name=steel/>

==Career==
=== 2007–08: Career beginnings and ''Bachna Ae Haseeno'' ===
While Rao was studying at college, she met with [[Mithoon]], who called her for recording of the song "Tose Naina" from ''[[Anwar (2007 film)|Anwar]]'' (2007).<ref name=voice>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/shilpa-rao-the-singer-with-a-soulful-voice/article7566004.ece |title=Shilpa Rao, the singer with a soulful voice |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |author=Ganguly, Nivedita |date=21 August 2015 |access-date=5 October 2015}}</ref> Considering the song as her "most innocent rendition" she had done,<ref name="Khuda Jaane">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Dhoom-3-Malang-Shilpa-Rao-I-feel-fortunate-to-be-part-of-Khuda-Jaane-Shilpa-Rao/articleshow/28181168.cms |title=I feel fortunate to be part of Khuda Jaane: Shilpa Rao |newspaper=The Times of India |author=Sen, Debarati S |date=31 December 2013 |access-date=5 October 2015}}</ref> Rao said, "This song is extremely close to my heart and has taught me what thrill and gratitude of music is and can be".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/straight-from-the-heart-11/ |title=Straight from the heart |newspaper=The Indian Express |author=Adivarekar, Priya |date=26 September 2014 |access-date=5 October 2015}}</ref> Though Rao credits "Tose Naina" as her career debut song, the soundtrack of the film ''[[Ek Ajnabee]]'' (2005) has a semi-instrumental track titled "Stranger On The Prowl" which has Rao's [[alap]] incorporated within it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/nov/28ek.htm |title=Ek Ajnabee has unconventional music |work=Rediff.com |author=Verma, Sukanya |date=28 November 2005 |access-date=5 October 2015}}</ref> She collaborated with Mithoon in two other projects during the year; ''[[Aggar (film)|Aggar]]'' and ''[[The Train (2007 film)|The Train]]''. Though "Sehra" from the former met with negative reactions from music critics, both "Woh Ajnabee" and "Teri Tamanna" from the latter were well received; Raja Sen from [[Rediff.com]] praising Rao's "strong vocals" in particular.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/21train.htm |title=The Train has a good groove |work=Rediff.com |author=Sen, Raja |date=21 May 2007 |access-date=5 October 2015}}</ref> While shooting for ''[[Salaam-e-Ishq: A Tribute to Love|Salaam-e-Ishq]]'', music composer [[Shankar Mahadevan]] from the trio [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]] suggested Rao's name to director [[Nikhil Advani]], thus landing the song "Saiyaan Re".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-shilpa-rao-talks-about-her-career/20090520.htm |title=From Jamshedpur to Khuda Jaane! |work=Rediff.com |date=20 May 2009 |access-date=5 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/So-you-wanna-be-a-singer/articleshow/10027403.cms |title=So, you wanna be a singer? |newspaper=The Times of India |author=Banerjee, Indrani Rajkhowa |date=18 September 2011 |access-date=5 October 2015}}</ref> Sukanya Verma who praised Rao's "perfectly impish delivery" of the song wrote: "Despite Mahadevan's dynamic presence, [Rao], to watch out for, is never once intimidated".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/dec/04salaam.htm |title=Salaam-E-Ishq: Awesome music |work=Rediff.com |author=Verma, Sukanya |date=4 December 2006 |access-date=5 October 2015}}</ref> She again teamed up with Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy for the Hindi version of the track "All For One" from the [[High School Musical 2 (soundtrack)#High School Musical 2: Hindi Version|soundtrack of ''High School Musical 2'']].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/high-school-musical-2-hindi-mw0001640665 |title=High School Musical 2 [Hindi] - Various Artists |website=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=5 October 2015}}</ref>

Rao's first release of 2008 came with [[Raghav Sachar]]-composed remix version of "Gup Chup" from ''[[One Two Three]]'', followed by "Ek Lau" from ''[[Aamir (film)|Aamir]]'', composed by [[Amit Trivedi]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/musiccriticreview/id/201589 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305080754/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/musiccriticreview/id/201589 |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 March 2016 |title=One Two Three (2008) Critic Music Review |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |author=Tuteja, Joginder |date=25 February 2008 |access-date=5 October 2015}}</ref> According to Rao, "Ek Lau" was a song of "hope for many people for the [[2008 Mumbai attacks|26/11 Mumbai attacks]]".<ref name="Khuda Jaane"/> She affirmed that the song will inspire people and picked "Ek Lau" as one of the "few compositions" that is "close" to her.<ref name="Khuda Jaane"/> Apart from rendering "Main Sajda" for [[Anu Malik]] in ''[[Good Luck!]]'', she was heard in a "faint alaap" at the beginning of the song "Koi Na Jaane" from ''[[Hijack (2008 film)|Hijack]]'', along with [[KK (singer)|KK]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/musiccriticreview/id/201834 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303111849/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/musiccriticreview/id/201834 |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 March 2016 |title=Hijack (2008) Critic Music Review |work=Bollywood Hungama |author=Tuteja, Joginder |date=28 July 2008 |access-date=5 October 2015}}</ref> The duo also collaborated during the year, in [[Vishal–Shekhar]]'s "Khuda Jaane" from ''[[Bachna Ae Haseeno]]''. Rao, calling the song a "timeless classic", felt it was beautifully composed and written.<ref name="Khuda Jaane"/> She mentioned that she feels "fortunate to be a part" of the song.<ref name="Khuda Jaane"/> "Khuda Jaane" earned Rao her first nomination for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer]].{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

=== 2009–12: ''Paa'' and ''Jab Tak Hai Jaan'' ===
Rao, a friend of music composer [[Amit Trivedi]], introduced him to [[Anurag Kashyap]], director of the film ''[[Dev.D]]'' (2009) who was searching for a new composer with a "distinct vision" for his film.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.asianage.com/bollywood/ar-rahman-has-been-my-biggest-influence-amit-trivedi-153 |title=AR Rahman has been my biggest influence: Amit Trivedi |newspaper=[[The Asian Age]] |author=Bhanushali, Aarti |date=9 September 2015 |access-date=5 October 2015}}</ref> The song, "Dhol Yaara Dhol" from the soundtrack of the film was recorded three years ago, "free of cost".<ref name=cost>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-shilpa-rao-talks-about-her-career/20090520.htm#1 |title=From Jamshedpur to Khuda Jaane! (Page 2) |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=20 May 2009 |access-date=5 October 2015}}</ref> She was next heard in [[Piyush Mishra]]-composed ''[[Gulaal]]'', where she performed the track "Aisi Sazaa".<ref name=scarlet/> Sen from Rediff.com credited Rao's "distinctively dulcet tones" for making the song a memorable track.<ref name=scarlet>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/mar/06music-review-gulaal.htm |title=Get scarlet fever with Gulaal's music |work=Rediff.com |author=Sen, Raja |date=6 March 2007 |access-date=5 October 2015}}</ref> After recording "Manzaraat" from ''[[Sikandar (2009 film)|Sikandar]]'', Rao performed the track "Mudi Mudi Ittefaq Se" for [[Ilaiyaraaja]]'s ''[[Paa (film)|Paa]]''. She described the song as the "most difficult experience" and believed that lyrics and "musical bounces" in the song was a "test" in proving her versatility.<ref name=apart/> The song garnered positive response from critics; Chandrima Pal from Rediff.com picked the track as the "most significant song of the album".<ref name=artistic>{{cite web|url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/nov/17/music-review-paa.htm |title=Paa has artistic music |work=Rediff.com |author=Pal, Chandrima |date=17 November 2009 |access-date=6 October 2015}}</ref> The soundtrack album had another track titled "Udi Udi Ittefaq Se" by Rao, with slight variations in the arrangements and lyrics.<ref name=artistic/> "Mudi Mudi Ittefaq Se" garnered her second nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer.<ref name=FF2014>{{cite news|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/725/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020180943/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/725/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 October 2014 |title=Nominations for 55th Idea Filmfare Awards 2009 |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=11 February 2010 |access-date=6 October 2015}}</ref>
In 2010, Rao collaborated with [[Pritam]] for the first time, and performed "Ittefaq Tu Nahin" for ''[[Mallika (2010 film)|Mallika]]'' and "Dil Le Jaa" for ''[[Toh Baat Pakki!]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/musiccriticreview/id/503594 |title=Toh Baat Pakki (2010) Critic Music Review |work=Bollywood Hungama |author=Tuteja, Joginder |date=1 February 2010 |access-date=6 October 2015}}{{dead link|date=July 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> She again teamed up with Trivedi for ''Admissions Open'' and Vishal–Shekhar for ''[[Anjaana Anjaani]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/musiccriticreview/id/535340 |title=Admissions Open (2010) Critic Music Review |work=Bollywood Hungama |author=Tuteja, Joginder |date=12 May 2010 |access-date=6 October 2015}}{{dead link|date=July 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-music-anjaana-anjaani/20100830.htm |title=Anjaana Anjaani has a zingy score! |work=Rediff.com |author=Verma, Sukanya |date=30 August 2010 |access-date=6 October 2015}}</ref> Though her previous releases during the year received mixed response from critics, "I Feel Good" and "Anjaana Anjaani" from the latter were positively received; Joginder Tuteja from [[Bollywood Hungama]] ascribed the "beauty of the songs" to Rao for holding fort and giving "good company" to her co-singers.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/musiccriticreview/id/507794 |title=Anjaana Anjaani (2010) Critic Music Review |work=Bollywood Hungama |author=Tuteja, Joginder |date=12 August 2010 |access-date=6 October 2015}}{{dead link|date=July 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> She did playback for [[Bappi Lahiri]] in "Ankhiya Na Maar" of ''[[Apartment (film)|Apartment]]'' and performed two tracks for ''[[Lahore (film)|Lahore]]''; Piyush Mishra's [[Sufi music|Sufi song]] "O Re Bande" and [[M.M. Kreem]]'s [[Music of Punjab|Punjabi flavored]] "Rang De".<ref name=Lahore>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/music-reviews/Lahore/articleshow/5694646.cms |title=Lahore Music Review |newspaper=The Times of India |date=17 March 2010 |access-date=6 October 2015}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' appraised the work of Rao in ''Lahore'', since she tried performing different tracks within the same album.<ref name=Lahore/> In the year, Rao made her Tamil music debut with the song "Oru Maalai Neram" from [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]-composed ''[[Naan Mahaan Alla (2010 film)|Naan Mahaan Alla]]'' along with [[Javed Ali]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/jul/28/south-tamil-music-review-naan-mahaan-alla.htm |title=Naan Mahaan Alla's music is worth a listen |work=Rediff.com |author=Srinivasan, Pavithra |date=28 July 2010 |access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref>

Rao's third collaboration with Pritam came along with the song "Allah Maaf Kare" from ''[[Desi Boyz]]'' (2011).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/327028/singers-today-have-more-space.html |title=Singers today have more space and work, says Shreya Ghoshal |newspaper=Deccan Herald |date=19 April 2013 |access-date=6 October 2015}}</ref> She lent her voice for Trivedi in "Yeh Pal" from ''[[No One Killed Jessica]]'', where [[NDTV]] noted that the song is "effectively voiced" by Rao.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/music-review-no-one-killed-jessica-597777 |title=Music Review: No One Killed Jessica |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=5 December 2010 |access-date=6 October 2015}}</ref> The year marks her first collaboration with [[Salim–Sulaiman]], by recording "Jazba" from ''[[Ladies vs Ricky Bahl]]''.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} During the year, she teamed up with [[Raghu Dixit]] as the composer and [[Ash King]] as the co-singer in "Uh-Oh Uh-Oh" from ''[[Mujhse Fraaandship Karoge]]''.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} Rao collaborated with lyricist Neelesh Misra and composer Amartya Rahut and formed the ''Band Called Nine'', which works for the traditional Indian craft of storytelling.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/band-called-nine-releases-its-debut-album/785889/ |title=Band Called Nine releases its debut album |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=5 May 2011 |access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref> During the year, they released their debut album, ''Rewind'', consisting of songs and storytelling, put together with a narrative.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.ibnlive.com/news/india/neelesh-misra-reviving-the-traditional-storytelling-509003.html |title=Neelesh Misra: Reviving the traditional storytelling |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |date=18 September 2011 |access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref> Besides, Rao appeared in several TV series including ''[[MTV Unplugged (India)|MTV Unplugged]]'' and ''[[The Dewarists]]'', where she performed acoustic versions for some of her previously released songs for the former and the song "I Believe" with [[Parikrama (band)|Parikrama]] and [[Agnee (band)|Agnee]] for the latter.<ref name=pays>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/It-feels-good-when-your-hard-work-pays-off-Shilpa-Rao/articleshow/20698410.cms |title=It feels good when your hard work pays off: Shilpa Rao |newspaper=The Times of India |author=Singh, Manmohan |date=21 June 2013 |access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref> Rao considered ''MTV Unplugged'' "very challenging" to do since she had to create a totally different version of songs and "present it to people, who have heard it earlier and liked it".<ref name=pays/>

After ''Ladies vs Ricky Bahl'', Rao worked again with Salim–Sulaiman for "Jab Main Tumhare Saath Hun" from ''[[Jodi Breakers]]'' (2012).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-surprise-package/article2837305.ece |title=A surprise package |newspaper=The Hindu |author=George, Liza |date=27 January 2012 |access-date=6 October 2015}}</ref> Tuteja reviewing the song from Bollywood Hungama perceived that she "deserves to be heard much more often".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/musiccriticreview/id/547540 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124022815/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/musiccriticreview/id/547540 |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 January 2012 |title=Jodi Breakers (2012) Critic Music Review |work=Bollywood Hungama |author=Tuteja, Joginder |date=20 January 2012 |access-date=6 October 2015}}</ref> Apart from rendering "Yaariyaan" from ''[[Cocktail (2012 film)|Cocktail]]'',<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Shilpa-Rao-wants-to-work-with-Vishal-Bhardwaj/articleshow/32915199.cms |title=Shilpa Rao wants to work with Vishal Bhardwaj! |newspaper=The Times of India |author=Das, Soumitra |date=29 March 2014 |access-date=6 October 2015}}</ref> Rao teamed up with Trivedi in two other films, ''[[Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu]]'' and ''[[English Vinglish]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/its-reigning-melody/article4238000.ece |title=It's reigning melody |newspaper=The Hindu |author=Bhandaram, Vishnupriya|date=27 January 2012 |access-date=6 October 2015}}</ref> She received praise for her vocals in both films, particularly for "Aahatein" from the former, and the title track and "Gustakh Dil" from the latter; Jaspreet Pandohar from [[BBC Online]] regarded the title track as a "likeable listen" for Rao's "warm Hinglish" vocals.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/9h8r/ |title=Trivendi stands on the verge of big success. |work=[[BBC Online]] |author=Pandohar, Jaspreet |date=4 September 2012 |access-date=6 October 2015}}</ref> Tuteja complimenting the "charisma of her voice" in the song "Gustakh Dil" wrote: "Her voice carries a certain depth and edge to it that always makes one wonder why she isn't brought behind the mike far more often".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/musiccriticreview/id/547397|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120909041124/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/musiccriticreview/id/547397|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 September 2012|title=English Vinglish (2012) Critic Music Review |work=Bollywood Hungama |author=Tuteja, Joginder |date=5 September 2012 |access-date=6 October 2015}}</ref> The year concluded with Rao's collaboration with [[A. R. Rahman]], by recording the track "Ishq Shava" from ''[[Jab Tak Hai Jaan]]'', which was a fusion of Arabic and techno sounds.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/bollywood/news/a410768/shah-rukh-khan-katrina-kaif-release-ishq-shava-from-jab-tak-hai-jaan.html#~pqlowCKVq4zeNY |title=Shah Rukh Khan, Katrina Kaif release 'Ishq Shava' from Jab Tak Hai Jaan |website=[[Digital Spy]] |author=Baker, Steven |date=6 October 2012 |access-date=6 October 2015}}</ref> Shivi from Koimoi declared that the song proves Rao's versatility as a singer.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

=== 2013–present: ''Lootera'' and ''Coke Studio'' ===
After ''Anwar'' and ''The Train'', she collaborated once again with Mithoon for ''[[3G (film)|3G]]'' (2013), where she performed "Khalbali" alongside [[Arijit Singh]].{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} She was part of the song "[[Apna Bombay Talkies]]" from ''[[Bombay Talkies (film)|Bombay Talkies]]'' which celebrated the 100th year of [[Indian cinema]] and the beginning of a new era in modern cinema.<ref>{{cite news|last=Dubey|first=Bharati|title=Film industry to mark Phalke centenary|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Film-industry-to-mark-Phalke-centenary/articleshow/18165999.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419031257/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-25/news-interviews/36527754_1_film-industry-dadasaheb-phalke-indian-cinema|url-status=live|archive-date=19 April 2013|date=25 January 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=28 January 2012}}</ref> In the song, the singers recorded for actors whom they generally do the playback singing for, and Rao dubbed for [[Sonam Kapoor]] and [[Deepika Padukone]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kareena-vidya-priyanka-and-17-more-a-listers-come-together-for-bombay-talkies/article1-1050076.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425090129/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Kareena-Vidya-Priyanka-and-17-more-A-listers-come-together-for-Bombay-Talkies/Article1-1050076.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 April 2013 |title=Kareena, Vidya, Priyanka and 17 more A-listers come together for Bombay Talkies |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|author=Mangaokar, Shalvi |date=25 April 2014 |access-date=19 November 2014}}</ref> She next featured along with [[Sreerama Chandra Mynampati|Sreeram Chandra]] for Pritam-composed "Subhanallah" from ''[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]]''.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} Her next release, "Manmarziyaan" from Trivedi's ''[[Lootera]]'' was widely acclaimed by critics; while ''[[Filmfare]]'''s Devesh Sharma complimented Rao's "wistful rendering" in the song, Mohar Basu from Koimoi mentioned that she is "flawless" in her part.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/music-review-lootera-3569.html |title=Music Review - Lootera :An ace of an album |magazine=[[Filmfare]] |author=Sharma, Devesh |date=2 July 2013 |access-date=19 November 2014}}</ref> Her last release of the year was Pritam's "[[Malang (song)|Malang]]" from ''[[Dhoom 3]]'' along with [[Siddharth Mahadevan]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-5-221511-Dhoom-3-gives-Pak-film-industry-a-new-lease-of-life |title=Dhoom 3 gives Pak film industry a new lease of life |newspaper=[[The News International]] |author=Ansari, Shahab |date=21 December 2013 |access-date=19 November 2014}}</ref> According to Rao, "Malang" is unique and sets itself apart from other tracks because of the blend of "high energy and a Sufi touch".<ref name=malang/>

Rao's first release of 2014 was [[Soumik Sen]]-composed "Gulaabi" from ''[[Gulaab Gang]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Title-track-of-Gulaab-Gang-is-out-now/articleshow/29936269.cms? |title='Gulaabi', title track of Gulaab Gang is out now |work=The Times of India |date=5 February 2014 |access-date=31 January 2015}}</ref> followed by Vishal–Shekhar's "[[Meherbaan (song)|Meherbaan]]" from ''[[Bang Bang!]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/hrithik-roshan-katrina-kaif-sizzle-in-meherbaan-from-bang-bang/|title=Watch: Hrithik Roshan, Katrina Kaif sizzle in 'Meherbaan' song from 'Bang Bang' |work=The Indian Express |author=Sunitra Pacheco |date=2 September 2014 |access-date=31 January 2015}}</ref> 2015, started with "Thode Se Hum" from ''[[Badmashiyaan]]'', composed by Bobby–Imran.<ref name=virat/> According to ''[[The Times of India]]'', Rao rendered a "quieter female version" of the song with as much "soulfulness" as [[Mohit Chauhan]] does in his version.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/music-reviews/Music-Review-Badmashiyaan/articleshow/46300744.cms|title=Music Review: Badmashiyaan |work=The Times of India |author=Fernandes, Kasmin |date=20 February 2014 |access-date=31 January 2015}}</ref> Similar was the case in her next release, the reprise version of "Le Chal Mujhe" from ''[[NH10 (film)|NH10]]'', where she tried a "low octave" kind of voice texture for the song.<ref name=apart/> Initially recorded to be a duet between Chauhan, it was later released as a solo by the two, and received positive reviews from critics for separate versions.<ref name=virat>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Virat-Kohli-is-electrifying-Shilpa-Rao/articleshow/46621282.cms |title=Virat Kohli is electrifying: Shilpa Rao |newspaper=The Times of India |author=Tuteja, Joginder |date=19 March 2015 |access-date=5 October 2015}}</ref> Rucha Sharma from ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'' affirmed that, Rao in her version "managed to outshine two most sought after singers, Chauhan and Singh".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-music-review-nh10-2068173 |title=Music Review: NH10 |newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |author=Sharma, Rucha |date=12 March 2015 |access-date=5 October 2015}}</ref> In 2016, Rao became the second Indian singer after Sharmistha Chatterjee who appeared with [[Mekaal Hasan Band]], to have the honour of singing in the critically acclaimed musical show ''[[Coke Studio (Pakistan)|Coke Studio Pakistan]]''.<ref name="CSformat">{{Cite web|url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eSMp2OKpECs |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/eSMp2OKpECs |archive-date=2021-12-15 |url-status=live|title='Coke Studio Season 8 Mekaal Hasan Band'|publisher=[[Coke Studio Pakistan]]|date=1 July 2015|access-date=1 July 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/06/24/entertainment/bollywood-singer-shilpa-rao-all-set-for-coke-studio-9/|title=Bollywood singer Shilpa Rao all set for Coke Studio 9|newspaper=[[Pakistan Today]]|date=22 June 2016|access-date=25 June 2016}}</ref> Rao made her debut with the folk-song "[[List of Coke Studio (Pakistan) episodes|Paar Chanaa De]]", that aired in the fourth episode of the [[Coke Studio Pakistan (season 9)|ninth season]].<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Shilpa Rao shines at Coke Studio Episode 4 |url=http://nation.com.pk/entertainment/04-Sep-2016/shilpa-rao-shines-at-coke-studio-episode-4|magazine=The Nation| date=4 September 2016|access-date=5 September 2016}}</ref> Composed by the band [[Noori]], the song narrates the story of a folk-tale [[Sohni Mahiwal]].<ref name="ShilpaRaoCSdebut"/> Rao described the song as "a theatrical saga because the song has emotion, anxiousness, longing to meet your loved one and hope. It's a folk song and the words are very hard hitting."<ref>{{cite web|title=Shilpa Rao's beautiful Punjabi folk for Coke Studio's 4th episode |url=http://www.samaa.tv/entertainment/2016/09/shilpa-raos-beautiful-punjabi-folk-for-coke-studios-4th-episode/|publisher=Samaa TV| date=4 September 2016|access-date=5 September 2016}}</ref> Upon release, "Paar Chanaa De" received positive reviews. Srikanth Prabhu of ''[[The Express Tribune]]'' said that the song is "very different and gracing perfection in its own way."<ref>{{cite news|title=Coke Studio episode 4 has managed to grace perfection in its own way |url=http://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/40068/coke-studio-s09e04-the-season-is-now-blooming-in-full-glory-and-im-lovin-it-coke-studio-s09e04-has-managed-to-grace-perfection-in-its-own-way/|first =Srikanth |last=Prabhu|newspaper=The Express Tribune| date=6 September 2016|access-date=7 September 2016}}</ref> Sharing the experience, she said that "Coke Studio Pakistan is a place where all the musicians are in an environment where they have their instruments, their space and the freedom to choose anything and convey it to the people in their own style; it's very powerful."<ref name="ShilpaRaoCSdebut">{{Cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1129354/heres-bollywood-singer-shilpa-rao-say-part-coke-studio/|title=Here's what Bollywood singer Shilpa Rao has to say about being part of Coke Studio|work=[[Khaleej Times]]|publisher=[[The Express Tribune]]|date=24 June 2016|access-date=25 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/music/bollywood-star-shilpa-rao-to-feature-on-coke-studio-pakistan|title=Bollywood star Shilpa Rao to feature on Coke Studio Pakistan|newspaper=[[Khaleej Times]]|date=22 June 2016|access-date=25 June 2016}}</ref>

==Artistry==
[[File: A snapshot from the Shilpa Rao live concert at NIT Calicut during Tathva'24.jpg|thumb|Shilpa performing in [[Calicut]], {{circa|2024}}]]
===Voice and musical style===
Rao relates, singer's voice as his or her "own identity".<ref name=voice/> ''[[The Times of India]]'' described her voice as "somber" yet "soulful".<ref name=hariharan/> ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' mentioned that Rao has "enhanced" her reputation by modulating and experimenting with her voice. Rao often changes her vocal texture to express and relate the "way she wants to". In the song "Le Chal Mujhe" she tried a "low pitched" voice though "Malang" and "Meherbaan" represented an "open voice" of Rao.<ref name=apart/> [[Bollywood Hungama]]'s Rajiv Vijayakar in a review of "Malang" said: "Siddharth and Shilpa are made to sing in a welcome full-throated manner, and that is indeed a good change from Shilpa's trademark "closed" vocals".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/musiccriticreview/id/542148 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215040843/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/musiccriticreview/id/542148 |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 December 2013 |title=Dhoom 3 (2013)- Critic Music Review |work=Bollywood Hungama |author=Vijayakar, Rajiv |date=12 December 2013 |access-date=6 October 2015}}</ref> Rao believes, upbeat and classical-based beats are best suited for her kind of vocals.<ref name=block/>

As a kid, Rao dedicated most of her time in voice training.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} When her father comes back from work, they sit with the harmonium and [[tanpura]] and do their training together. According to Rao, her father follows a systematic training where the main focus is not on "just practicing the vocals", but about precision.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} As she grew up, she learnt how to place the vocals and how to protect the vocal chords from damage that might be caused by singing in the wrong pitch or by overusing.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} She works to maintain her vocal texture. She has a vocal tutor with whom she trains once a week to keep her vocals "fresh" and also try "newer textures".<ref name=voice/>

Rao has not restricted herself to any particular genre while performing to music. She mentioned that she always tries a newer style in her song and has been open to all kinds of music.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} Rao grew up to [[ghazal]]s, had a different taste of music while being on the choir group, subsequently moving into [[Rock music]] while in teens. "As you grow older, your taste in music changes. Now, I listen to everything; anything that makes me smile".<ref name=block>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/article1412204.ece |title=New kid on the block |newspaper=The Hindu |author=George, Liza |date=7 April 2008 |access-date=7 October 2015}}</ref> She credited her music influences and training for the shaping of her voice and style of singing; "I have attempted diverse genres and have always tried to put out something new for audiences with every song".<ref name=malang>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Shilpa-Rao-Dhoom-3-Shilpa-Ra0-singer-Malang-song/articleshow/28594155.cms |title=I sang 'Malang' song with total surrender: Shilpa Rao |newspaper=The Times of India |author=Shetty, Akshata |date=10 January 2014 |access-date=5 October 2015}}</ref> ''[[Mid-Day]]'' noted that though she has rendered a number of songs in various genres, it is difficult to "categorise" her voice.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/i-was-lucky-to-be-cast-right-everytime-shilpa-rao/15025037 |title=I was lucky to be cast right everytime: Shilpa Rao |newspaper=Mid-Day |author=Dhingra, Deepali |date=13 June 2014 |access-date=7 October 2015}}</ref>

===Inspiration===
Rao considered her father as her biggest inspiration since he has "exposed" her to good music, taught her to have "good judgement" and to "analyse what is good and what is not".{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} While she was a kid, her father used to play songs of [[Amir Khan (singer)|Ustad Amir Khan]], [[Mehdi Hassan]] and [[Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]].{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} It was then, Rao learned to appreciate Hassan's "perfect interpretation" of emotion and inspiring to learn his "effortless style" of singing.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} After moving to Mumbai, Rao was succoured by [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]] and [[Shankar Mahadevan]] whom she considers her as "constant source of inspiration".<ref name=Rahman/> Rao perceived that Hariharan has the perfect voice, training and vocal styling; further complimenting the work of [[Bombay Jayashri]].<ref name=cost/> After working with [[Pritam]] and [[Vishal–Shekhar]], she considered them as fantastic composers who are influential to her in taking good music and found the work of [[KK (singer)|KK]] delightful.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} A [[Kishore Kumar]] admirer, Rao learnt from him that "singing is more than music and lyrics"; should come "straight from heart".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-the-kishore-kumar-magic-1418641 |title=The Kishore Kumar magic |newspaper=Daily News and Analysis |author=Thombare, Suparna |date=4 August 2010 |access-date=5 October 2015}}</ref> Rao has also been influenced by many artists outside the country. She considers artistes like [[Sade (singer)|Sade]], [[Sting (musician)|Sting]] and [[Eddie Vedder]] as constant influences for her.<ref name=malang/> Rao mentioned that she wants to lend her voice for [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] the most and looks forward to working with [[Vishal Bhardwaj]] and [[Sachin–Jigar]]; "Bhardwaj is someone I really admire. I respect the work he has done so far and the new wave in music that he has brought about".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/straight-from-the-heart-11/ |title=Straight from the heart |newspaper=The Indian Express |author=Adivarekar, Priya |date=26 September 2014 |access-date=7 October 2015}}</ref>

==Personal life and philanthropy==
Describing herself as a "movie buff", she watches films from all over the world. She does not consider language as an issue. "If the plot clicks my fancy, I can watch anything".<ref name=apart>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/477156/voice-apart.html |title=The voice apart|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |author=Talapatra, Ruchira |date=13 May 2015 |access-date=5 October 2015}}</ref> She considers [[Shruti Pathak]] and [[Meiyang Chang]] as her closest industry friends.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/music/shilpa-rao-i-m-not-content-with-bollywood-music-industry/story-cd5ep1IkTN7AHxXB7OytjO.html |title=Shilpa Rao: I'm not content with Bollywood music industry |newspaper=Hindustan Times |author=Tiwari, Soumya Vajpayee |date=10 August 2015 |access-date=5 October 2015}}</ref> Giving prior importance to hygiene, Rao avoids dusty places since she is allergic to dust.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} Maintaining a healthy diet, Rao restricts too much sweet, and "strong smelling fruits" since she is "very sensitive" to odors.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} Rao gives importance to be fit by taking the stairs instead of the elevator, "eating right" foods and "sleeping well".{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

In 2021, Rao married photographer Ritesh Krishnan in a registered wedding at her home.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-27|title=Shilpa Rao ties the knot, shares photo|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/singer-shilpa-rao-ties-the-knot-shares-photo-7164100/|access-date=2021-01-29|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> In an interview with [[Bombay Times]] about her wedding, Rao said, "We met three years ago on (music composer) Pritam's USA tour. Ritesh seemed to be an affectionate person, and we started hanging out together. On the first day that I met him, I felt that he was a chilled-out guy, which was very attractive for me. We started traveling together in 2018, and did many shows across India."<ref>{{Cite news|title=Singer Shilpa Rao ties the knot - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/singer-shilpa-rao-ties-the-knot/articleshow/80487905.cms|access-date=2021-01-29|website=The Times of India|date=28 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

In addition to singing for films, Rao has supported charitable organisations for a number of causes. In March 2010, she appeared on [[NDTV]]'s Greenathon, an initiative to support eco-friendliness and investigate poor electricity supplies in rural villages, to lend her support.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/old-html/release/y2k10/mar/marrel20.php |title=Bollywood stars go green; adopt villages |publisher=Indian Television |date=6 March 2010 |access-date=7 October 2015}}</ref> In October 2011, Rao performed the track "Haseen Zindagi" along with Teesha Nigam, [[Shruti Pathak]], [[Neha Bhasin]], [[Shefali Alvares]] and [[Akriti Kakkar]], composed by [[Sonu Nigam]] for the project in aid of breast cancer awareness.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/health-news/Celebrate-your-life-through-a-song/articleshow/10414386.cms |title=Celebrate your life through a song |newspaper=The Times of India |date=20 October 2011 |access-date=7 October 2015}}</ref> She performed in Delhi at the "100 Pipers Play for a Cause" which is a musical extravaganza dedicated to raising funds for people affected by the [[April 2015 Nepal earthquake|Nepal earthquake]].<ref name=apart/> On 2 March 2012, celebrated as Seagram's Fuel Music Day, Rao performed live along with 50 other artistes, on a digital platform ArtistAloud.com, to show their support for independent music in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.campaignindia.in/Article/292413,weekend-happenings-seagrams-fuel-music-day.aspx |title=Weekend Happenings: Seagram's Fuel Music Day |publisher=[[Campaign (magazine)|Campaign]] |date=2 March 2012 |access-date=7 October 2015}}</ref>

In February 2013, Rao contributed in [[Coca-Cola]] NDTV "Support My School" which is a 12-hour telethon which raised funds and pledges for the revitalization of 272 schools.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bestmediainfo.com/2013/02/coca-cola-ndtv-support-my-school-campaign-raises-rs-13-5-crore-for-rural-schools/ |title=Coca-Cola NDTV Support My School campaign raises Rs. 13.5 crore for rural schools |publisher=NDTV |date=4 February 2013 |access-date=7 October 2015}}</ref> In May 2013, Rao performed in an event focused to create awareness about the effects and influence of tobacco and to raise funds for cancer patients.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Smoking-not-cool-Bollywood-fraternity/articleshow/20293337.cms |title=Smoking not cool: Bollywood fraternity |newspaper=The Times of India |author=Masand, Pratibha |date=27 May 2013 |access-date=7 October 2015}}</ref> In October 2014, Rao took part in the musical concert held in New Delhi for raising funds for the flood affected people of [[Assam]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/music-events/Papon-Vishal-Shekhar-Arijit-Singh-perform-at-Assam-fundraising-concert-in-Delhi/articleshow/44983514.cms|title=Papon, Vishal-Shekhar, Arijit Singh perform at Assam fundraising concert in Delhi |newspaper=The Times of India |author=Kuenzang, Karishma |date=31 October 2014 |access-date=7 October 2015}}</ref> In July 2015, Rao started "I am 100% Bihar" campaign for the state's clean energy project, through various social media.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Strong-pitch-for-renewable-energy/articleshow/48301692.cms|title=Strong pitch for renewable energy |newspaper=The Times of India |author=Chaudhary, Pranava Kumar |date=31 July 2015 |access-date=7 October 2015}}</ref>

== Discography ==
{{Main|List of songs recorded by Shilpa Rao}}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
!Award
! Year
! Category
! Song
! Work
! Result
! {{Tooltip|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
!scope="row" |[[National Film Awards]]
|[[71st National Film Awards|2025]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|"[[Chaleya]]"
|''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]''
|{{Won}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shilpa Rao Thanks Shah Rukh Khan After National Award Win: 'First Call For Jawan Came From Him' |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/shah-rukh-khan-shilpa-rao-win-national-award-jawan-chaleya-2025-1792152 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250802035459/https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/shah-rukh-khan-shilpa-rao-win-national-award-jawan-chaleya-2025-1792152 |archive-date=2 August 2025 |access-date=2 August 2025 |work=[[ABP News]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" |[[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
|2024
|Best Female Playback Singer
|"[[Kaavaalaa]]"
|''[[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|Jailer]]''
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2024 |title=Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards 2023 |url=https://awards.vikatan.com/cinema-awards |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521163957/https://awards.vikatan.com/cinema-awards |archive-date=21 May 2024 |access-date=23 August 2024 |website=Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="6" scope="row" |[[Filmfare Awards]]
| [[54th Filmfare Awards|2009]]
| rowspan="6" | [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
| "Khuda Jaane"
| ''[[Bachna Ae Haseeno]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{citation needed|date=October 2024}}
|-
| [[55th Filmfare Awards|2010]]
| "Mudi Mudi"
| ''[[Paa (film)|Paa]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>[http://www.filmfare.com/articles/55th-idea-filmfare-awards-nominations-461.html 55th Idea Filmfare Awards Nominations]</ref>
|-
| [[65th Filmfare Awards|2020]]
| "[[Ghungroo (song)|Ghungroo]]"
| ''[[War (2019 film)|War]]''
| {{Won}}
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/65th-filmfare-awards-2020-to-be-held-in-guwahati-mou-signed-between-assam-tourism-development-corporation-and-the-times-group/articleshow/72223199.cms |title=65th Filmfare Awards 2020 to be held in Guwahati |newspaper=Pune Mirror |publisher=[[The Times Group]] |location=India |access-date=2020-01-25 |agency=Ist }}</ref>
|-
|[[68th Filmfare Awards|2023]]
|"Tere Hawaale"
|''[[Laal Singh Chaddha]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[69th Filmfare Awards|2024]]
|"[[Chaleya]]"
|[[Jawan (film)|''Jawan'']]
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|"[[Besharam Rang]]"
|[[Pathaan (film)|''Pathaan'']]
| {{won}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[69th Filmfare Awards South|2024]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil|Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil]]
|"[[Kaavaalaa]]"
|''[[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|Jailer]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-03 |title=Nominations for the 69th Filmfare Awards South 2024 – Tamil |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2024/tamil/nominations |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804115118/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2024/tamil/nominations |archive-date=2024-08-04 |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=Filmfare}}</ref>
|-
|[[70th Filmfare Awards South|2026]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu]]
|"[[Chuttamalle]]"
|''[[Devara: Part 1]]''
|{{won}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2026|title=Full List of Winners of The 70th Filmfare Awards South With Kerala Tourism (Telugu)|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/full-list-of-winners-of-the-70th-filmfare-awards-south-with-kerala-tourism-telugu-81912.html|access-date=23 February 2026|website=[[Filmfare]]|language=en}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|[[IIFA Utsavam]]
|[[3rd IIFA Utsavam|2024]]
|Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil
|"[[Kaavaalaa]]"
|''[[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|Jailer]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-21 |title=IIFA 2024 Utsavam unveils nominations, honouring the diversity of South Indian cinema |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/iifa-2024-utsavam-unveils-nominations-honouring-the-diversity-of-south-indian-cinema-13806739.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240821060722/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/iifa-2024-utsavam-unveils-nominations-honouring-the-diversity-of-south-indian-cinema-13806739.html |archive-date=2024-08-21 |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" |[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
| [[10th IIFA Awards|2009]]
| rowspan="5" | [[IIFA Award for Best Female Playback|Best Female Playback Singer]]
| "Khuda Jaane"
| ''[[Bachna Ae Haseeno]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{citation needed|date=October 2024}}
|-
| [[11th IIFA Awards|2010]]
| "Mudi Mudi"
| ''[[Paa (film)|Paa]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/10/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107164419/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/10/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 November 2014 |title=Nominations for the IIFA Awards 2009 |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=29 April 2009 |access-date=6 October 2015}}</ref>
|-
| [[21st IIFA Awards|2020]]
| "Ghungroo"
| ''[[War (2019 film)|War]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align: center;"| {{citation needed|date=October 2024}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[24th IIFA Awards|2024]]
|"[[Chaleya]]"
|''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIFA 2024: Shah Rukh Khan Wins Best Actor, Rani Mukerji Bags Best Actress Award. Check Out Full List Of Winners |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/iifa-2024-shah-rukh-khan-wins-best-actor-rani-mukerji-bags-best-actress-award-see-full-list-of-winners-6674464 |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|"[[Besharam Rang]]"
|''[[Pathaan (film)|Pathaan]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIFA Awards Announces {{as written|I|t's [sic]}} Highly Anticipated 2024 Nominations |url=https://www.iifa.com/news/news-details/iifa--awards-announces-its-highly-anticipated-2024-nominations- |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=IIFA |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" |[[Screen Awards]]
| 2009
| rowspan="3" | [[Star Screen Award for Best Female Playback|Best Female Playback Singer]]
| "Khuda Jaane"
| ''[[Bachna Ae Haseeno]]''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align: center;" |{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}
|-
| 2010
| "Mudi Mudi"
| ''[[Paa (film)|Paa]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/599/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116065844/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/599/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 January 2014 |title=Nominations for Nokia 16th Annual Star Screen Awards 2009 |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=31 December 2009 |access-date=6 October 2015}}</ref>
|-
| [[26th Screen Awards|2020]]
| "Ghungroo"
| ''[[War (2019 film)|War]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref name="Crunch">{{cite news |last1=Kerner |first1=Lou |title=Star Screen Awards 2019 Winners List – Who won Star Screen Awards this year?|url=https://thenewscrunch.com/star-screen-awards-2019-winners-list-who-won-star-screen-awards-this-year/11899/|access-date=23 December 2019 |work=[[Gulf News]] |date=9 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row"|[[Global Indian Music Academy Awards]]
| 2014
| Best Music Debut
| "Dum Dum"
| '' [[Coke Studio (India)|Coke Studio]]''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/aashiqui-2-sweeps-gima-awards-with-six-trophies/ |title='Aashiqui 2' sweeps GiMA awards with six trophies |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=21 January 2014 |access-date=6 October 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 2012
| Best Pop/Rock Single
| "I Believe" With [[Parikrama (band)|Parikrama]], Agnee
| ''[[The Dewarists#Episode 4 I Believe|The Dewarists]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|title="Non-Film Music Nominations: Chevrolet GiMA Awards 2012 Powered By LR Active"|url=http://www.gima.co.in/oty-non-film-music-nominees.php?y=2012 |publisher=GiMA |access-date=6 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| 2011
| Best Singer
| "Bekaboo"
| ''[[Navya..Naye Dhadkan Naye Sawaal]]''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align: center;" |{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}
|-
! rowspan="7" scope="row" |[[Mirchi Music Awards]]
| [[9th Mirchi Music Awards|2016]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Mirchi Music Award for Female Vocalist of the Year|Female Vocalist of the Year]]
| "Bulleya"
| ''[[Ae Dil Hai Mushkil]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2016/nominations/|title=MMA Mirchi Music Awards|website=MMAMirchiMusicAwards|access-date=2018-03-24}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[12th Mirchi Music Awards|2020]]
| rowspan="2"|"Ghungroo"
| rowspan="2"|''[[War (2019 film)|War]]''
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2020/winners-hindi-2020/|title=12th Mirchi Music Awards Winners}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Song of The Year|Song of The Year]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |2024
| rowspan="2" |[[Mirchi Music Award for Female Vocalist of the Year|Female Vocalist of the Year]]
|"[[Besharam Rang]]"
|''[[Pathaan (film)|Pathaan]]''
|{{won}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=16th Mirchi Music Awards: Here Is The Full List of Winners {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/16th-mirchi-music-awards-here-is-the-full-list-of-winners-70184.html |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|"[[Chaleya]]"
|''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]''
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=16th Mirchi Music Awards: Full list of nominations are out |url=https://mirchi.in/stories/music/mirchi-music-awards-2023-nominations/151102651 |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=mirchi.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Mirchi Music Award for Song of The Year|Song of The Year]]
|"[[Besharam Rang]]"
|''[[Pathaan (film)|Pathaan]]''
|{{won}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name=":0" />
|-
|"[[Chaleya]]"
|''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]''
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name=":1" />
|-
!scope="row" |[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|[[13th South Indian International Movie Awards|2025]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu]]
|"[[Chuttamalle]]"
|''[[Devara: Part 1]]''
|{{won}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-06 |title=SIIMA 2025 Telugu, Kannada winners list: Allu Arjun, Rashmika Mandanna win big for Pushpa 2; Kamal Haasan, Amitabh Bachchan honoured for Kalki 2898 AD |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/siima-2025-telugu-kannada-winners-list-allu-arjun-rashmika-mandanna-pushpa-2-kalki-2898-ad-kamal-haasan-amitabh-bachchan-10233441/ |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" |[[Zee Cine Awards]]
| 2017
| rowspan="2" | [[Zee Cine Award for Best Playback Singer – Female|Best Female Playback Singer]]
| "Bulleya"
| ''[[Ae Dil Hai Mushkil]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2020
| rowspan="2"|"Ghungroo"
| rowspan="2"|''[[War (2019 film)|War]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
| Song of the Year
| {{nom}}
|
|-
|2023
| rowspan="2" |[[Zee Cine Award for Best Playback Singer – Female|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|"Tere Hawaale"
|''[[Laal Singh Chaddha]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
|2024
|"[[Besharam Rang]]"
|''[[Pathaan (film)|Pathaan]]''
|{{won}}
|
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Indian playback singers]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Shilpa Rao}}
* {{IMDb name|2117691}}

{{National Film Award Best Female Playback Singer}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer}}{{Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu}}{{SIIMA Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu}}{{Screen Award for Best Female Playback Singer}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Shilpa}}
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language singers]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:People from Jamshedpur]]
[[Category:Singers from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Screen Awards winners]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Best Female Playback Singer National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:International Indian Film Academy Awards winners]]
[[Category:Zee Cine Awards winners]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]

2025 India–Pakistan crisis

2026-03-08T15:30:46Z

RyanQuintana2:

{{Short description|2025 bilateral crisis in South Asia}}
{{about|the diplomatic crisis following the 2025 Pahalgam attack|the escalation that began on 7 May 2025|2025 India–Pakistan conflict}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = 2025 India–Pakistan crisis
| partof = [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|Indo-Pakistani conflicts]], [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]] and the [[Kashmir conflict]]
| image = [[File:Kashmir map.svg|300px]]
| date = 23 April 2025 – 10 May 2025 ({{Age in months, weeks and days|2025-04-23|2025-05-10}})
| place = [[Radcliffe Line|International Boundary]] and [[Line of Control]]
| combatants_header = Parties involved in the standoff
| combatant1 = {{flag|India}}
| combatant2 = {{flag|Pakistan}}
| commander1 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Narendra Modi]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Droupadi Murmu]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rajnath Singh]]
| commander2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Pakistan.svg}} [[Shehbaz Sharif]] {{flagicon image|Flag of Pakistan.svg}} [[Asif Ali Zardari]] {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Khawaja Asif]]
| units1 = {{tree list}}
* {{Armed forces|India}}
** {{army|India}}
** {{Air Force|India}}
* [[File:Emblem of India.svg|18px]] [[Central Armed Police Forces]]
** {{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} [[Border Security Force]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.opb.org/article/2025/04/24/india-pakistan-kashmir |title=India and Pakistan ramp up dispute as tensions mount over Kashmir attack |publisher=OPB |date=24 April 2025 |access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref>
** {{flagicon image|Flag of Central Reserve Police Forces.png}} [[Central Reserve Police Force]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Resistance Front: The banned organisation behind Pahalgam terror attack |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jammu-and-kashmir/the-resistance-front-the-banned-organisation-behind-pahalgam-terror-attack/article69481681.ece |work=The Hindu |date=25 April 2024 |access-date=26 April 2025 |archive-date=28 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428110712/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jammu-and-kashmir/the-resistance-front-the-banned-organisation-behind-pahalgam-terror-attack/article69481681.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
**[[Jammu and Kashmir Police]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jk-police-record-statements-to-find-clues-on-pahalgam-terror-attack/article69487561.ece/amp |title=J&K Police record statements to find clues on Pahalgam terror attack. |newspaper=The Hindu |date=25 April 2025 |access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref>{{tree list/end}}
| units2 = {{tree list}}
* {{Armed forces|Pakistan}}
** {{army|Pakistan}}
** {{Air Force|Pakistan}}
* {{coat of arms|Pakistan|text=[[Civil Armed Forces]]}}
** [[Pakistan Rangers]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://caliber.az/en/post/pakistan-rangers-detain-indian-soldier-amid-rising-kashmir-tensions |title=Pakistan Rangers detain Indian soldier amid rising Kashmir tensions |website=Caliber.Az |date=25 April 2025 |access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref>
*** [[Punjab Rangers]]
*** [[Sindh Rangers]]
** [[Gilgit-Baltistan Scouts]]
* {{flagicon image|Former logo of Punjab Police Pakistan.svg|border=no}} [[Law enforcement in Pakistan|Pakistan Police]]
** [[Azad Kashmir Police]]<ref name="slobodnaevropa20250507">{{cite web | url=https://www.slobodnaevropa.mk/a/indija-ispali-raketi-na-pakistanska-teritorija/33406992.html | title=Индија го нападна Пакистан, двете страни велат дека се убиени цивили|date=7 May 2025|language=mk}}</ref>
** [[Gilgit-Baltistan Police]]<ref name="slobodnaevropa20250507"/>
** [[Punjab Police (Pakistan)|Punjab Police]]
** [[Sindh Police]]
{{tree list/end}}
| campaignbox = {{Indo-Pakistani Wars}}
| caption = Map of the disputed region of [[Kashmir]]
| status = Ceasefire {{Bulleted list|Cancellation of [[Indus Water Treaty]] and [[Shimla Agreement]]<ref name="mea.in">{{cite web |title=Statement by Foreign Secretary on the decision of the Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/39442 |website=mea.gov.in |access-date=23 April 2025 |archive-date=23 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250423161944/https://www.mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/39442 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pak Provokes India With Firing Across Line Of Control, Retaliation Follows |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pahalgam-terror-attack-pakistan-opens-firing-across-line-of-control-india-retaliates-8250421 |access-date=25 April 2025 |agency=[[NDTV]] |publisher=Pushkar Tiwari |archive-date=25 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425032923/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pahalgam-terror-attack-pakistan-opens-firing-across-line-of-control-india-retaliates-8250421 |url-status=live }}</ref>|Visa cancellation and travel ban for Pakistanis in India<ref name=mea.in />|Expulsion of Pakistani diplomats from India and withdrawal of Indian counterparts from Pakistan<ref name=mea.in />|Suspension of all trade including through third countries with India by Pakistan<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan closes air space for Indian airlines, warns against water treaty violation as ties plummet |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-calls-all-party-meet-summons-top-pakistani-diplomat-after-kashmir-attack-2025-04-24/ |access-date=24 April 2025 |work=[[Reuters]] |publisher=Asif Shahzad, Ariba Shahid and Fayaz Bukhari |archive-date=25 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425153113/https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-calls-all-party-meet-summons-top-pakistani-diplomat-after-kashmir-attack-2025-04-24/ |url-status=live }}</ref>|Closure of Pakistani airspace for Indian aircraft<ref name=nyt1/>|[[2025 India-Pakistan conflict]]}}
| result =
}}

Following the [[2025 Pahalgam attack|Pahalgam terrorist attack]] on 22 April 2025, a crisis emerged between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]],<ref name="nyt1">{{cite news |last1=Masood |first1=Salman |date=24 April 2025 |title=Crisis Deepens for India and Pakistan Over Kashmir Attack |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/24/world/asia/pakistan-india-kashmir-attack.html |access-date=24 April 2025 |work=The New York Times |agency=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> sparked by the killing of 26 tourists by the militants in [[Kashmir]]. [[The Resistance Front]] (TRF) initially claimed responsibility for the attack.<ref name="Reuters 23 Apr">{{cite news |title=What is The Resistance Front, the militant group linked to Pahalgam attack? |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/kashmir-resistance-group-that-claimed-attack-tourists-indian-kashmir-2025-04-23/ |access-date=24 April 2025 |work=[[Reuters]] |publisher=Shilpa Jamkhandikar |archive-date=23 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250423124810/https://www.reuters.com/world/india/kashmir-resistance-group-that-claimed-attack-tourists-indian-kashmir-2025-04-23/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="UN-Terrorist">{{cite web |title=LASHKAR-E-TAYYIBA |url=https://main.un.org/securitycouncil/en/sanctions/1267/aq_sanctions_list/summaries/entity/lashkar-e-tayyiba |website=un.org |access-date=23 August 2010 |archive-date=6 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241106161531/https://main.un.org/securitycouncil/en/sanctions/1267/aq_sanctions_list/summaries/entity/lashkar-e-tayyiba |url-status=live }}</ref> Armed skirmishes between India and Pakistan were reported along the [[Line of Control]] (LoC) beginning on 24 April. On 7 May 2025, India launched missile strikes in Pakistan, leading to a [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict|military conflict]] between the two countries. On 7 May 2025 Pakistan's Army responded by launching a blitz on [[Poonch District, India|Poonch]], [[Jammu division|Jammu]] killing 16 civilians and leaving hundreds of homes destroyed.<ref name="independent20250508">{{Cite web |date=8 May 2025 |title=Twins, 12, among those dead in Pakistani shelling in Poonch: 'Paying with our blood' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/poonch-attack-india-pakistan-kashmir-strikes-operation-sindoor-b2747115.html |access-date=25 May 2025 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref><ref name="newindianexpress20250524">{{Cite web |last=Wani |first=Fayaz |date=24 May 2025 |title=31 schools damaged in Pak shelling in Poonch, Rajouri |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/May/24/31-schools-damaged-in-pak-shelling-in-poonch-rajouri |access-date=25 May 2025 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> A ceasefire was announced on 10 May 2025 following an agreement between India and Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Cleary |first=Olivia-Anne |date=10 May 2025 |title=India and Pakistan Agree to Full, Immediate Ceasefire: Trump |url=https://time.com/7284654/india-pakistan-ceasefire-trump-us-mediation-kashmir-conflict-strikes/ |access-date=10 May 2025 |magazine=TIME |language=en}}</ref>

The crisis emerged between the two countries after the Pahalgam terrorist attack, as India accused Pakistan of sponsoring the militants, leading Pakistan to deny its involvement and state they would be willing to cooperate with an international inquiry.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dolder |first=Lars |date=5 May 2025 |title=A Timeline of Tensions Between India and Pakistan Over Kashmir |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/05/world/asia/india-pakistan-kashmir-history.html |access-date=10 May 2025 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> India responded to the attack by expelling Pakistani diplomats, recalling its diplomatic staff, cutting off visa services, and suspending the [[Indus Waters Treaty]].<ref name="mea.in" /> Pakistan initially responded with trade restrictions, closure of airspace and border crossings, and suspension of the [[Simla Agreement|Shimla Agreement]].<ref name=nyt1 /> Between 24 April and 6 May, Pakistan and India engaged in skirmishes including cross-border firing and intermittent artillery shelling.<ref name="timesofindia20250506" />

On 7 May 2025, India launched missile strikes on Pakistan, codenamed [[Operation Sindoor]]. According to India, the missile strikes targeted the militant groups [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] and [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]]. According to Pakistan, the Indian strikes targeted civilian areas, including mosques, killing 31 Pakistani civilians. In return, said they had downed a number of Indian jets and damaged Indian infrastructure. It was believed to be the heaviest shelling attack since the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971]].<ref name="newindianexpress20250507">{{Cite web |last=Wani |first=Fayaz |date=7 May 2025 |title=J&K's Poonch witnesses heaviest shelling after 1971 War; CM asks officials to prepare evacuation plan |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/May/07/jks-poonch-witnesses-heaviest-shelling-after-1971-war-cm-asks-officials-to-prepare-evacuation-plan |access-date=25 May 2025 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> On early 10 May 2025, Pakistan launched their retaliatory operation codenamed Operation Bunyan-um-Marsoos and military hostilities continued until a ceasefire was reached on late 10 May 2025.<ref name="f427">{{cite web |date=10 May 2025 |title=Fake news spreading amid India-Pakistan hostilities |url=https://www.dw.com/en/fake-news-spreading-amid-india-pakistan-hostilities/liveblog-post-72497914 |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=DW}}</ref>

== Background ==
{{main|2025 Pahalgam attack}}

An [[Jammu and Kashmir insurgency|Islamist armed insurgency]] broke out in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in the late 1980s, which resulted in the [[exodus of Kashmiri Hindus]] from the region and the insurgency has been ongoing since.<ref name="HRW99">{{cite web |date=16 July 1999 |title=Rights Abuses Behind Kashmir Fighting – Human Rights Watch |url=http://hrw.org/english/docs/1999/07/16/india954.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081019175125/http://hrw.org/english/docs/1999/07/16/india954.htm |archive-date=19 October 2008 |access-date=25 June 2015 |work=hrw.org}}</ref>

On 22 April 2025, a [[terrorist]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Alert: U. S. Embassy New Delhi, India (April 23, 2025) |url=https://in.usembassy.gov/alert-u-s-mission-india-april-23-2025/ |website=in.usembassy.gov |date=23 April 2025 |access-date=23 April 2025 |archive-date=23 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250423175827/https://in.usembassy.gov/alert-u-s-mission-india-april-23-2025/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=No: 89, 22 April 2025, Regarding the Terrorist Attack in Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://www.mfa.gov.tr/no_-89_-jammu-kesmir-de-meydana-gelen-teror-saldirisi-hk.en.mfa |website=mfa.gov.tr |access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Terrorist Attacks in Pahalgam, Jammu and Kashmir on 22 April 2025 |url=https://www.mfa.gov.sg/Newsroom/Press-Statements-Transcripts-and-Photos/2025/04/20250423-Terrorist-Attacks-in-PJK |website=mfa.gov.sg |access-date=23 April 2025 |archive-date=24 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424042750/https://www.mfa.gov.sg/Newsroom/Press-Statements-Transcripts-and-Photos/2025/04/20250423-Terrorist-Attacks-in-PJK |url-status=live }}</ref> attack at Baisaran Valley near [[Pahalgam]] in the [[Anantnag district]] of Indian-administered [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] killed at least 26 tourists and injured more than 20 others.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pahalgam-terror-attack-kashmir-full-list-of-victims-released-2713232-2025-04-23|title=US-based techie, IAF official among 26 killed in attack. Who were the victims?|date=23 April 2025|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="Said he was a Christian, then they shot him": Family of Sunil Nathaniel recounts Pahalgam terror horror during last rites |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/said-he-was-a-christian-then-they-shot-him-family-of-sunil-nathaniel-recounts-pahalgam-terror-horror-during-last-rites/articleshow/120571234.cms?from=mdr |date=24 April 2025 |website=The Economic Times |access-date=25 April 2025 |archive-date=24 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424054327/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/said-he-was-a-christian-then-they-shot-him-family-of-sunil-nathaniel-recounts-pahalgam-terror-horror-during-last-rites/articleshow/120571234.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> According to eyewitness testimonies provided to Indian media outlets, assailants reportedly questioned potential victims about their religious identity before opening fire, specifically targeting non-[[Muslims]].<ref name="npr">{{Cite news |last=Hadid |first=Diaa |date=25 April 2025 |title=After deadly Kashmir attack, India reports exchange of fire with Pakistani soldiers |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/04/25/g-s1-62677/india-pakistan-kashmir-line-of-control-firing |access-date=25 April 2025 |publisher=[[NPR]] |language=en}}</ref> All tourists killed were Hindus,<ref name="NYTimes-Hindus">{{Cite news |last1=Mashal |first1=Mujib |last2=Raj |first2=Suhasini |date=23 April 2025 |title=India Takes Aim at Pakistan After Slaughter of Civilians in Kashmir |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/23/world/asia/kashmir-attack-india-pakistan.html |url-access=registration |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |quote="A list of the victims circulating online, which was verified by local officials in Kashmir, showed that 25 of the 26 killed were Hindus."}}</ref> except for one identified as a Christian.<ref name = "NDTV-Christian">{{Cite web |title="Said He Was Christian, Shot Dead": How Indore Man Was Killed In Pahalgam |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pahalgam-terror-attack-said-he-was-christian-shot-dead-how-indore-man-was-killed-in-pahalgam-8242829 |website=NDTV |language=en }}</ref><ref name="IE-Pahalgam-Victims">{{Cite news |date=24 April 2025 |title=They went for vacation, returned in coffins: Full list of victims of the Pahalgam terror attack |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/victims-pahalgam-terror-attack-2025-9961486/ |editor=Express Web Desk |work=[[Indian Express]] }}</ref>

The attack became among the deadliest attacks against Indian civilians in the region since 2000. [[The Resistance Front]] (TRF), believed to be an offshoot of the Pakistan-based, [[List of designated terrorist groups#Organizations designated as terrorist|UN-designated terrorist group]] [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]],<ref name="UN-Terrorist"/><ref name="AJ-26-tourist">{{cite news |date=23 April 2025 |title='Act of war': What happened in Kashmir attack that killed 26 tourists? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/4/23/act-of-war-what-happened-in-kashmir-attack-that-killed-26-tourists |agency=[[Al Jazeera English]] |archive-date=23 April 2025 |access-date=30 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250423160643/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/4/23/act-of-war-what-happened-in-kashmir-attack-that-killed-26-tourists |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Reuters 23 Apr"/> initially claimed responsibility. They stated that the attack was in opposition to [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019|Indian government policy]] allowing Indian citizens to live and work in Kashmir, resulting in non-local settlement in the region.<ref name="AJ 23 Apr">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Yashraj |date=23 April 2025 |title=What is The Resistance Front, the group claiming the deadly Kashmir attack? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/4/23/what-is-the-resistance-front-the-group-behind-the-deadly-kashmir-attack |website=Al Jazeera |quote="opposed the granting of residency permits to "outsiders", who critics say could help India change the demography of the disputed region" |access-date=30 April 2025 |archive-date=25 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425164739/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/4/23/what-is-the-resistance-front-the-group-behind-the-deadly-kashmir-attack |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="AJ-26-tourist" /> Four days later, they retracted their claim.<ref name="ET backtracks">{{Cite news |date=26 April 2025 |title='False, hasty & part of an orchestrated campaign': LeT terror proxy TRF backtracks; denies responsibility of Pahalgam attack |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/false-hasty-part-of-an-orchestrated-campaign-let-terror-proxy-trf-backtracks-denies-responsibility-of-pahalgam-attack/articleshow/120642326.cms?from=mdr |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=27 April 2025 |access-date=30 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250427021308/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/false-hasty-part-of-an-orchestrated-campaign-let-terror-proxy-trf-backtracks-denies-responsibility-of-pahalgam-attack/articleshow/120642326.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Diplomatic crisis ==
On the night of 23 April 2025, the Indian [[Foreign Secretary (India)|foreign secretary]] [[Vikram Misri]] held a special press briefing after a meeting with the [[Cabinet Committee on Security|CCS]]. He announced India's decision to temporarily suspend the [[Indus Waters Treaty]] with Pakistan with immediate effect until Pakistan ceases its support for cross-border terrorism.<ref>{{cite news|title=Indus Waters Treaty paused, no entry to Pakistanis: India responds to J&K attack|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indus-water-treaty-suspended-attari-checkpost-shut-government-response-pahalgam-attack-2713599-2025-04-23|work=[[India Today]]|date=23 April 2025|access-date=23 April 2025|archive-date=24 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424010928/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indus-water-treaty-suspended-attari-checkpost-shut-government-response-pahalgam-attack-2713599-2025-04-23|url-status=live }}</ref> He further announced the closure of the integrated check post at [[Attari]]–[[Wagah]] Border, a travel ban for all Pakistani nationals to India under the [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation#SAARC Visa Exemption Scheme|SAARC Visa Exemption Scheme]], and cancellation of all previously issued visas. Additionally, Pakistani military advisers at the [[High Commission of Pakistan, New Delhi|Pakistan High Commission in New Delhi]] were expelled, while their Indian counterparts in [[High Commission of India, Islamabad|Islamabad]] were withdrawn, and the staff strength of the Indian High Commission in Islamabad was reduced from 55 to a minimum of 30. The posts of such military advisors were deemed abolished.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kashmir attack: India downgrades ties with Pakistan|url=https://www.dw.com/en/kashmir-attack-india-downgrades-ties-with-pakistan/a-72315605|work=Deutsche Welle|date=24 April 2025|access-date=24 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=India closes main border crossing with Pakistan after Kashmir attack|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce8g2njm2d2o|work=[[BBC News]]|date=24 April 2025|access-date=24 April 2025}}</ref>

Pakistan's [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)|foreign ministry]] expressed condolences to the families of the victims,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afghan Taliban Condemns Pahalgam Terror Attack, Says It Undermines Regional Security |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/afghan-taliban-govt-condemns-pahalgam-attack-says-such-incidents-undermine-regional-security-3506822 |access-date=24 April 2025 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=23 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250423171222/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/afghan-taliban-govt-condemns-pahalgam-attack-says-such-incidents-undermine-regional-security-3506822 |url-status=live }}</ref> and its defense minister, [[Khawaja Asif]], dismissed the allegations of his country's involvement in the attack and regarded such events as revolutions.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistans 1st reaction To Pahalgam terror attack, says nothing to do with It|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/pakistans-1st-reaction-to-pahalgam-terror-attack-says-nothing-to-do-with-it/|newspaper=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]]|date=23 April 2025|access-date=23 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Pahalgam massacre: In first reaction, Pakistan defends terrorism in Kashmir, says 'locals acting against govt|url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/pahalgam-massacre-in-first-reaction-pakistan-defends-terrorism-in-kashmir-says-locals-acting-against-govt-13882315.html|access-date=23 April 2025|work=[[Firstpost]]|date=23 April 2025}}</ref> However, in an interview with [[Sky News]], while responding to allegations of terrorism, Asif said that Pakistan had backed terrorist activities at the direction of [[United States]], [[United Kingdom|Britain]] and the [[Western world|West]] going back three decades.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan-West Ties: Pak Defence Minister Admits to Backing Terror for 3 Decades |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/world/been-doing-wests-dirty-work-for-3-decades-pak-defence-minister-on-backing-terrorist-organisations-3510395 |access-date=25 April 2025 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=25 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425093129/https://www.deccanherald.com/world/been-doing-wests-dirty-work-for-3-decades-pak-defence-minister-on-backing-terrorist-organisations-3510395 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2025 |title=Been doing US's dirty work...: On live TV, Pak minister's big admission on terror |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/pakistan-minister-khawaja-asif-admits-backing-terrorists-united-states-pahalgam-attack-2714938-2025-04-25 |access-date=25 April 2025 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=25 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425062819/https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/pakistan-minister-khawaja-asif-admits-backing-terrorists-united-states-pahalgam-attack-2714938-2025-04-25 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Pakistan responded to the suspension of the treaty by describing it as inappropriate and lacking seriousness.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/pakistan-ministers-call-indias-suspension-of-indus-waters-treaty-cowardly-immature-inappropriate/articleshow/120571433.cms?from=mdr|title=Pakistan Ministers call India's suspension of Indus Waters Treaty 'cowardly', 'immature' & 'inappropriate'|work=The Economic Times|date=24 April 2025|accessdate=25 April 2025|archive-date=24 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424184513/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/pakistan-ministers-call-indias-suspension-of-indus-waters-treaty-cowardly-immature-inappropriate/articleshow/120571433.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> Pakistan also warned India of a comprehensive retaliation in response to the actions announced by the Indian government in the aftermath of the incident,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.samaa.tv/index.php/2087332244-pakistan-to-respond-to-india-s-actions-comprehensively-dar|title=Pakistan to respond to India's actions comprehensively: Dar|work=Samaa|date=24 April 2025|access-date=24 April 2025}}</ref> further stating that any action affecting water resources would be considered an act of war.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/c8x8yqwzznqt|title=India will pursue Kashmir attackers to 'the ends of the earth', says PM Modi|website=BBC News|accessdate=25 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/apr/24/india-pakistan-summons-kashmir-attack|title=India and Pakistan closer to conflict over Kashmir attack as tit-for-tat moves mount|first1=Aakash|last1=Hassan|first2=Peter|last2=Beaumont|first3=Penelope|last3=MacRae|work=The Guardian |date=24 April 2025|accessdate=25 April 2025}}</ref> On 24 April, Pakistan suspended visas issued to Indian nationals and closed its airspace to Indian aircraft, expelled Indian diplomats and instructed Indian military advisers to depart the country no later than the 30 April.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2025 |title=Pakistan suspends visas for Indians after deadly Kashmir attack on tourists |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cwy76y52l9eo |access-date=24 April 2025 |website=BBC |language=en |archive-date=24 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424153314/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cwy76y52l9eo |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the [[Kartarpur Corridor]] remained open for Sikh pilgrims.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/kartarpur-corridor-open-visiting-gurdwara-pakistan-freeze-ties-9962721/lite/|title=Kartarpur Corridor open for visiting gurdwara in Pakistan despite freeze in ties|date=24 April 2025|accessdate=25 April 2025|archive-date=25 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425044916/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/kartarpur-corridor-open-visiting-gurdwara-pakistan-freeze-ties-9962721/lite/|url-status=live}}</ref> Pakistan also cut off all trade with India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/program/newsfeed/2025/4/24/pakistan-suspends-trade-and-closes-border-with-india-over-kashmir-tensions|title=Pakistan suspends trade and closes border with India over Kashmir tensions|website=Al Jazeera|accessdate=25 April 2025|archive-date=25 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425024351/https://www.aljazeera.com/program/newsfeed/2025/4/24/pakistan-suspends-trade-and-closes-border-with-india-over-kashmir-tensions|url-status=live}}</ref> Pakistan also suspended the [[Simla Agreement]], on 24 April 2025 in retaliation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 April 2025 |title=Pakistan suspends 1972 Simla Agreement, shuts airspace to Indian airlines |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/pakistan-suspends-1972-simla-agreement-shuts-airspace-to-indian-airlines/articleshow/120583029.cms?from=mdr |access-date=24 April 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=24 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424143959/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/pakistan-suspends-1972-simla-agreement-shuts-airspace-to-indian-airlines/articleshow/120583029.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2025 |title=Pakistan shuts Wagah border, suspends Simla Accord, expels Indians |url=https://www.samaa.tv/index.php/2087332275-pakistan-shuts-wagah-border-suspends-simla-accord-expels-indians |access-date=24 April 2025 |website=Samaa |language=en |archive-date=24 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424165054/https://www.samaa.tv/index.php/2087332275-pakistan-shuts-wagah-border-suspends-simla-accord-expels-indians |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Attari–Wagah border ceremony]] was also reduced and the symbolic handshake did not take place.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bsf-no-handshake-gate-opening-attari-wagah-border-during-beating-retreat-ceremony-2714805-2025-04-25|title=No handshake, gate opening at Attari border during beating retreat ceremony|date=25 April 2025|website=India Today|accessdate=25 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bsf-scales-down-beating-retreat-ceremony-handshake-with-pak-soldiers-suspended/article69487452.ece/|title=Pahalgam terror attack: BSF scales down Beating Retreat ceremony; handshake with Pak. soldiers suspended|work=The Hindu |date=24 April 2025|accessdate=25 April 2025}}</ref> Cross-border families were affected where their visas revoked.<ref>{{cite web |title='We shouldn't have come': The families stranded at the Indian border |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-05-01/cross-border-families-trapped-in-india-pakistan-fallout/105234160 |website=ABC News |access-date=1 May 2025 |language=en-AU |date=30 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Asnani |first1=Rajesh |title=Cross-border families crumble as tensions rise |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Apr/28/cross-border-families-crumble-as-tensions-rise |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=1 May 2025 |language=en-In |date=28 April 2025 |archive-date=29 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429025247/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Apr/28/cross-border-families-crumble-as-tensions-rise |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Mehmood |first1=Asif |title=Cross-border couples face uncertain futures |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2542664/cross-border-couples-face-uncertain-futures |website=The Express Tribune |access-date=1 May 2025 |language=en |date=27 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Raj |first1=Suhasini |last2=Mashal |first2=Mujib |last3=K.B |first3=Pragati |last4=Loke |first4=Atul |title=As India and Pakistan Cancel Visas, Parents and Children Are Separated |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/28/world/asia/india-pakistan-visas-kashmir.html |website=The New York Times |date=28 April 2025 |access-date=1 May 2025 |archive-date=30 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430014324/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/28/world/asia/india-pakistan-visas-kashmir.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pahalgam attack: Families separated at India-Pakistan border |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cgjlxxd5vvjo |website=BBC |access-date=1 May 2025 |language=en-gb |date=30 April 2025 |archive-date=30 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430115449/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cgjlxxd5vvjo |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Skirmishes ==
{{cleanup|section|reason=to reduce [[WP:PROSELINE]]|date=April 2025}}
A joint [[cordon and search]] operation was initiated by the [[Indian Army]], [[Central Armed Police Forces|paramilitary forces]], and [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]]. A temporary lockdown was imposed in Pahalgam, and [[Indian Army]] helicopters were deployed to track down the militants, who reportedly fled to the upper reaches of the [[Pir Panjal Range|Pir Panjal range]].<ref name="indiatoday">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/video/terror-attack-in-kashmirs-upper-reaches-tourists-targeted-security-ops-underway-ytvd-2713164-2025-04-23 |title=Pahalgam Terror Attack: Army, CRPF, J&K Cops Cordon Area, Search Operations On |date=23 April 2025 |access-date=23 April 2025 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=22 April 2025 |title=Pahalgam terror attack LIVE: PM Modi to return to India cutting short Saudi Arabia visit; Navy Officer among 26 killed |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pahalgam-jammu-kashmir-terror-attack-tourists-dead-injured-april-22-2025/article69478557.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250422145036/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pahalgam-jammu-kashmir-terror-attack-tourists-dead-injured-april-22-2025/article69478557.ece |archive-date=22 April 2025 |access-date=22 April 2025 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> On 25 April, soldiers demolished the family residences of two individuals suspected of involvement in the Pahalgam attack.<ref name="npr"/> An Indian soldier was killed and two other soldiers wounded during a gunfight with [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|insurgents]] in the Basantgarh region of [[Udhampur]].<ref name="thestatesman20250424">{{cite news |last=Sandhu |first=Parwinder |date=24 April 2025 |title=Who was Havildar Jhantu Ali Shaikh martyred in Udhampur ops? |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/who-was-havildar-jhantu-ali-shaikh-martyred-in-udhampur-ops-1503424509.html |access-date=25 April 2025 |work=The Statesman}}</ref> Senior [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] Commander Altaf Lalli was also killed in the gunfight.<ref name="thehindu20250426">{{Cite news |date=26 April 2025 |title=Top LeT commander Altaf Lalli killed in Bandipor |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/top-let-commander-altaf-lalli-killed-in-bandipor/article69492404.ece |access-date=26 April 2025 |website=[[The Hindu]] |agency=PTI}}</ref>

Both Pakistani and Indian air forces conducted intensive flights near the LoC.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebridgechronicle.com/news/paf-activity-near-loc-fears-india-pakistan-conflict-2025|title=Pakistan Air Force Activity Near LoC Sparks Alarm: Is a Major Conflict Brewing?|first=Pragati|last=Chougule|date=23 April 2025|website=The Bridge Chronicle|accessdate=25 April 2025|archive-date=23 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250423043852/https://www.thebridgechronicle.com/news/paf-activity-near-loc-fears-india-pakistan-conflict-2025|url-status=live}}</ref> An Indian [[Border Security Force]] soldier belonging to the 182nd battalion of the BSF was captured by [[Pakistan Rangers]] after he accidentally entered the Pakistani side of the [[Ferozepur]] border.<ref name="thenews20250424">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/1304717-indian-bsf-soldier-arrested-by-pakistan-rangers|title=BSF soldier arrested by Pakistan Rangers|date=24 April 2025|website=The News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bsf-jawan-pakistan-rangers-custody-accidentally-cross-international-border-flag-meets-ensure-return-2714075-2025-04-24|title=BSF jawan in Pakistan custody after accidental border crossing: Sources|date=24 April 2025|website=India Today|access-date=25 April 2025|archive-date=24 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424160611/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bsf-jawan-pakistan-rangers-custody-accidentally-cross-international-border-flag-meets-ensure-return-2714075-2025-04-24|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/601612-indian-bsf-soldier-arrested-on-pakistani-soil|title=Indian BSF soldier arrested on Pakistani soil|website=GEO TV|date=24 April 2025 |access-date=24 April 2025|archive-date=25 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425025207/https://www.geo.tv/latest/601612-indian-bsf-soldier-arrested-on-pakistani-soil|url-status=live}}</ref>

Also on 24 April, the [[XV Corps (India)|Indian XV Corps]] reported that it had thwarted an infiltration attempt by insurgents near [[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir|Uri]] and killed 2 insurgents.<ref name="indianexpress20250424">{{Cite web |date=24 April 2025 |title=Day after Pahalgam attack, 2 militants killed during infiltration attempt in Uri |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pahalgam-attack-army-militants-infiltration-bid-uri-baramulla-9960121/ |access-date=4 May 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Between 24 April and 5 May, Indian and Pakistani army engaged in skirmishes and exchanged small arms firing.<ref name="npr"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2025 |title=Border Tensions Update: Indian Army Responds to Pakistan Firing at LoC |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/jammu-and-kashmir/indian-army-effectively-responds-to-firing-by-pakistan-along-loc-3510020 |access-date=25 April 2025 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |agency=PTI}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India, Pakistan trade gunfire as tensions rise over deadly Kashmir attack |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/4/25/india-pakistan-tensions |accessdate=25 April 2025 |website=Al Jazeera |archive-date=25 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425091614/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/4/25/india-pakistan-tensions |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="timesofindia20250506">{{Cite news |date=6 May 2025 |title=Pakistan violates ceasefire along LoC for 12th day, Army responds in 'proportionate' manner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pakistan-violates-ceasefire-along-loc-for-12th-day-army-responds-in-proportionate-manner/articleshow/120915633.cms |access-date=6 May 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=6 May 2025 |title=Pak troops resorts to unprovoked firing along LoC in 8 sectors across J-K, Indian Army retaliates |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jammu-and-kashmir/pak-troops-resorts-to-unprovoked-firing-along-loc-in-8-sectors-across-j-k-indian-army-retaliates/article69543539.ece |access-date=6 May 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Reportedly, Pakistan's army initiated [[Firearm|small arms]] firing across various sectors along the LoC,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Hassan |first1=Aakash |last2=Beaumont |first2=Peter |last3=McRae |first3=Penelope |date=25 April 2025 |title=Pakistan and India exchange fire as UN calls for 'maximum restraint' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/apr/25/kashmir-attack-pahalgam-india-pakistan-army-chief-visit-srinagar |access-date=26 April 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> which was described as "unprovoked" by Indian media.<ref name="timesofindia20250426">{{Cite web |date=26 April 2025 |title=Pahalgam Terror Attack Live Updates: Indian Army retaliates to 'unprovoked' firing by Pakistan along LoC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jammu-and-kashmir-pahalgam-terror-attack-live-updates-pakistan-terrorists-killed-tourist-pm-modi-amit-shah-omar-abdullah-attari-border-indus-water-treaty-simla-agreement/liveblog/120627768.cms |access-date=26 April 2025 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2025 |title=Pakistan violates LoC ceasefire in Kashmir, Army retaliates |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ceasefire-violation-pakistan-loc-kashmir-india-retaliates-pahalgam-attack-tensions-terror-2715396-2025-04-26 |access-date=26 April 2025 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=26 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426044731/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ceasefire-violation-pakistan-loc-kashmir-india-retaliates-pahalgam-attack-tensions-terror-2715396-2025-04-26 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ndtv20250501">{{Cite web |title=Pakistan Violates Ceasefire Along LoC For 7th Consecutive Night |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-pak-tensions-after-pahalgam-attack-pakistan-violates-ceasefire-along-loc-for-7th-consecutive-night-8300624 |access-date=1 May 2025 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref> The Pakistani army stated it shot down two Indian military quadcopter drones along the LoC in the Satwal sector and in the [[Manawar]] sector of [[Bhimber]] district.<ref>{{Cite news |title=India-Pakistan tensions continue to simmer across Kashmir border |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/4/29/india-and-pakistan-tensions-continue-to-simmer-across-kashmir-border |access-date=30 April 2025 |publisher=Al Jazeera English |language=en |archive-date=30 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430013707/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/4/29/india-and-pakistan-tensions-continue-to-simmer-across-kashmir-border |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=29 April 2025 |title=Another Indian quadcopter shot down by Pakistan Army near LOC |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2543034/another-indian-quadcopter-shot-down-by-pakistan-army-near-loc |access-date=30 April 2025 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en |archive-date=29 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429173227/https://tribune.com.pk/story/2543034/another-indian-quadcopter-shot-down-by-pakistan-army-near-loc |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan shoots down 2nd Indian quadcopter over airspace violation |url=https://english.news.cn/asiapacific/20250430/7fb6324bdfd3410baffd9a7d17fab8ff/c.html |access-date=30 April 2025 |website=Xinhua}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Naqash |first=Tariq |date=30 April 2025 |title=Two Indian drones shot down near LoC |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1907495 |access-date=30 April 2025 |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |language=en}}</ref>

On 28 April, Pakistani Defense Minister Asif stated that an attack from the Indian armed forces was "imminent".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan defence minister says military incursion by India is imminent |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/pakistan-defence-minister-says-military-incursion-by-india-is-imminent-2025-04-28/ |website=Reuters|date=29 April 2025 |last1=Shahzad |first1=Asif }}</ref> On 30 April, Pakistan claimed it has "credible intelligence" that India is going to launch military action within several hours.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025 |title=Pakistan says intelligence suggests Indian military action likely soon |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/pakistans-minister-tarar-says-india-may-launch-military-strike-within-next-24-36-2025-04-29/ |archive-date=29 April 2025 |access-date=30 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429222243/https://www.reuters.com/world/pakistans-minister-tarar-says-india-may-launch-military-strike-within-next-24-36-2025-04-29/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On the night of 29 April, Pakistani forces opened fire on the [[India–Pakistan border|international border]] along Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Major Escalation By Pakistan, Firing At International Border, India Responds |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/pakistan-opens-firing-across-international-border-after-ceasefire-violations-along-line-of-control-8291462 |access-date=30 April 2025 |website=NDTV |language=en |archive-date=30 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430044927/https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/pakistan-opens-firing-across-international-border-after-ceasefire-violations-along-line-of-control-8291462 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2025 |title=Pak fires along International Border for first time, Army retaliates: Sources |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pakistan-army-ceasefire-violation-jammu-and-kashmir-pahalgam-terrorist-attack-tensions-2717182-2025-04-30 |access-date=30 April 2025 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=30 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430070239/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pakistan-army-ceasefire-violation-jammu-and-kashmir-pahalgam-terrorist-attack-tensions-2717182-2025-04-30 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 1 May, Indian [[Home Minister of India|Home Minister]] [[Amit Shah]] said that no terrorist involved in the attack would be spared by India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amit Shah's stern warning terrorists|url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/amit-shah-pahalgam-terror-attack-narendra-modi-hunt-down-terrorists-125050100836_1.html|access-date=1 May 2024|work=Business Standard}}</ref>

On 3 May, a soldier from the [[Pakistan Rangers]] was captured by [[Border Security Forces|BSF]] after crossing the border to India.<ref name="timesofindia20250503">{{Cite news|title=Pakistani Ranger captured by BSF along India-Pakistan border in Rajasthan|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pakistani-ranger-captured-by-bsf-along-india-pakistan-border-in-rajasthan/articleshow/120855784.cms|access-date=3 May 2025|website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>

On 5 May, the Indian [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] announced an "effective civil defence in the event of a hostile attack" on 7 May across 7 [[States and union territories of India|states]]. Such drills were last conducted by India during [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971|1971]]. As per reports, the drill includes operationalisation of Air Raid Warning Sirens, crash blackout measures, training of civilians on civil defence and evacuation plans.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Centre Asks For Security Drills In States Amid J&K Tensions, First Since 1971 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/several-states-asked-to-conduct-drills-on-may-7-for-defence-preparedness-in-event-of-hostile-attack-government-sources-8336477 |access-date=6 May 2025 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Civil Defence Alert: Modi Govt Orders Mock Drills Across States Amid Tensions |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/home-ministry-directs-several-states-to-conduct-mock-drills-on-may-7-3525394 |access-date=6 May 2025 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

=== Release of river water ===
Following the suspension of the [[Indus Waters Treaty|Indus Waters Treaty of 1960]] on 23 April 2025, local media in Muzaffarabad, Pakistan, reported on 26 and 27 April that India had released water from the Uri Dam into the Jhelum River unannounced, resulting in flooding.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2025 |title=POK flood alert after Pakistan accuses India of Jhelum water release: Report |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pahalgam-terror-attack-pok-flood-alert-after-pakistan-accuses-india-of-jhelum-water-release-report-2715754-2025-04-27 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=27 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250427050447/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pahalgam-terror-attack-pok-flood-alert-after-pakistan-accuses-india-of-jhelum-water-release-report-2715754-2025-04-27 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2025 |title=Pahalgam: Panic in PoK after India releases Jhelum water |url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/pahalgam-panic-in-pok-after-india-releases-jhelum-water-13883377.html |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us |archive-date=27 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250427045442/https://www.firstpost.com/world/pahalgam-panic-in-pok-after-india-releases-jhelum-water-13883377.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Additional reports indicated a sharp decline in water levels of the [[Chenab River]] in [[Sialkot|Sialkot, Pakistan]], with satellite imagery showing significant drying of the riverbed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chenab River Flow Drops Near Sialkot After Indus Waters Treaty Suspension, Satellite Images Surface: Reports |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/chenab-river-flow-drops-near-sialkot-after-indus-waters-treaty-suspension-satellite-images-surface |access-date=30 April 2025 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> On 4 May 2025, India had closed the Baglihar Dam on the Chenab River and was planning a similar move at the Kishanganga Dam on the Neelum River.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2025 |title=India stops water flow through Baglihar dam Indus Treaty suspension |website=Kashmir Media Service |url=https://kmsnews.org/kms/2025/05/04/india-stops-water-flow-through-baglihar-dam-indus-treaty-suspension.html |access-date=4 May 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2025 |title=India cuts water flow through Baglihar Dam after suspending Indus Treaty: Source |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/india-cuts-water-flow-through-baglihar-dam-after-suspending-indus-treaty-source-ws-l-19598754.htm/amp |access-date=4 May 2025 |website=CNBC TV18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Missile strikes and escalation ==
{{Main|2025 India–Pakistan conflict}}

On the night of 6/7 May, India launched "Operation Sindoor", striking what it described as "terrorist infrastructure" in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web |title=India launches missile attack in Pakistan as PAF, army retaliate: Security sources |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2544343/indian-missile-strikes-hit-muzaffarabad-kotli-and-bahawalpur-amid-escalating-tensions |website=The Express Tribune|date=7 May 2025 }}</ref> The operation lasted 23 minutes and consisted of missile strikes by [[Indian Air Force|IAF]] jets. [[Rajnath Singh]], [[Minister of Defence (India)]], said on 8 May that at least 100 militants had been killed in the strikes.<ref>{{cite news |date=8 May 2025 |title=Operation Sindoor LIVE: At least 100 terrorists killed in strikes, says Rajnath Singh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pahalgam-attack-operation-sindoor-live-updates-may-8-2025/article69551791.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508090631/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pahalgam-attack-operation-sindoor-live-updates-may-8-2025/article69551791.ece |archive-date=8 May 2025 |access-date=8 May 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

According to India, the missile strikes of Operation Sindoor targeted the camps and infrastructure of militant groups [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] and [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]], and no Pakistani military facilities were targeted. According to Pakistan, the Indian strikes targeted civilian areas, including mosques, killing 31 Pakistani civilians. Following these strikes, border skirmishes and drone strikes occurred between the two countries. Jaish-e-Mohammad chief Maulana Masood Azhar accepted that 10 members of his family and four of his aides were killed in India's airstrikes on the group's headquarters at the Jamia Masjid Subhan Allah in Bahawalpur.<ref name = "NDTV-Jaish">{{Cite web |title='No Regret, No Despair': 10 Of Masood Azhar's Family Killed In Op Sindoor |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pahalgam-terror-attack-operation-sindoor-masood-azhar-terror-mastermind-masood-azhar-says-10-family-members-killed-in-op-sindoor-8352368 |access-date=7 May 2025 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

On 7 May, Pakistan's army launched mortar shells on the border district of [[Poonch District, India|Poonch]] in the Hindu-majority Jammu region.<ref name="theaustraliatoday20250508">{{Cite web |date=8 May 2025 |title=Pakistan Targets Indian Civilians: Shelling Damages Sacred Poonch Gurdwara, Kills Sikh Worshippers {{!}} The Australia Today |url=https://www.theaustraliatoday.com.au/pakistan-targets-indian-civilians-shelling-damages-sacred-poonch-gurdwara-kills-sikh-worshippers/ |access-date=25 May 2025 |language=en-AU}}</ref> It was considered the worst shelling attack of the ongoing armed conflict in over 50 years, and the heaviest shelling attack since the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971]].<ref name="newindianexpress20250507" /> Indian sources claimed it killed one Indian soldier, 16 civilians, including 12-year-old twins, and leaving 43 wounded,<ref name="independent20250508" /> and destroyed 31 schools,<ref name="newindianexpress20250524" /><ref name="independent20250508" /> hundreds of homes, and a [[Sikh temple]] and its [[Ragi (Sikhism)|ragi]].<ref name="newindianexpress20250524" /><ref name="theaustraliatoday20250508" />

In retaliation, on 10 May, Pakistan launched an operation codenamed "Operation Bunyan-un-Marsoos" targeting several Indian military bases.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan launches Operation Bunyan Marsoos: What we know so far |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/10/pakistan-launches-operation-bunyan-marsoos-what-we-know-so-far#:~:text=Pakistan's%20operation%20is%20titled%20Bunyan,were%20a%20solid%20cemented%20structure.%E2%80%9D |access-date=9 May 2025 |agency=[[Al Jazeera English]] |publisher=Abid Hussain}}</ref> India also continued Operation Sindoor, expanding its scope to target Pakistani military installations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Transcript of Special briefing by MOD on OPERATION SINDOOR (May 10, 2025) |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/media-briefings.htm?dtl/39491/Transcript_of_Special_briefing_by_MOD_on_OPERATION_SINDOOR_May_10_2025 |website=mea.gov.in |access-date=10 May 2025}}</ref> This conflict marked the first drone battle between the two nuclear-armed nations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2025 |title=India and Pakistan: The first drone war between nuclear-armed neighbours |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cwy6w6507wqo |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=[[BBC]] |language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== Ceasefire ===
After three days of the conflict, both India and Pakistan announced that a ceasefire was agreed, effective from 5:00 pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]/04:30 pm [[Pakistan Standard Time|PKT]] (11:30 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]) on 10 May, with talks set for 12 May.<ref>{{cite Q|Q134428349|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Peshimam |first=Gibran Naiyyar |date=10 May 2025 |title=India and Pakistan agree to an immediate ceasefire |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/pakistan-says-three-air-bases-targeted-by-indian-missiles-2025-05-10/ |access-date=10 May 2025 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Following the deadline, both countries accused each other of violating the ceasefire agreement.<ref name="BBC_IN_PK_live">{{Cite web |title=India and Pakistan accuse each other of 'violations' after ceasefire deal |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cwy3jnl3nvwt |access-date=10 May 2025 |website=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Reactions==
{{Further|2025 Pahalgam attack#Reactions}}

=== United Nations ===
The [[United Nations]] urged both sides to have "maximum restraint" and to resolve the issues diplomatically.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250425-india-and-pakistan-urged-to-have-maximum-restraint-after-kashmir-attack|title=UN urges India and Pakistan to show 'maximum restraint' following Kashmir attack|date=25 April 2025|website=France 24|accessdate=25 April 2025|archive-date=25 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425041533/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250425-india-and-pakistan-urged-to-have-maximum-restraint-after-kashmir-attack|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Iran ===
On 25 April, the [[Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]] proposed to mediate a solution aiming at de-escalation between Pakistan and India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2025 |title=Iran offers to play mediator between India, Pak as ties nosedive after J&K attack |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-pak-brotherly-neighbours-of-iran-tehran-offers-to-play-mediator-ties-nosedive-pahalgam-attack-2715266-2025-04-25 |access-date=25 April 2025 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=25 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425144716/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-pak-brotherly-neighbours-of-iran-tehran-offers-to-play-mediator-ties-nosedive-pahalgam-attack-2715266-2025-04-25 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Russia ===
[[Russia]] issued a travel advisory in April 2025, warning its citizens against traveling to Pakistan following the Pahalgam attack in Jammu and Kashmir. The advisory cited increased security risks in the region.<ref name=russia/>

=== United States ===
The [[U.S. State Department]] updated its travel advisory, issuing a Level 4 "Do Not Travel" warning for India's [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], citing high risks of terrorism and civil unrest.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 April 2025 |title='Do Not Travel': US issues advisory for J&K in wake of Pahalgam attack |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/travel/news/do-not-travel-us-issues-advisory-for-jk-in-wake-of-pahalgam-attack/articleshow/120579401.cms |access-date=25 April 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=25 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425051459/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/travel/news/do-not-travel-us-issues-advisory-for-jk-in-wake-of-pahalgam-attack/articleshow/120579401.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Additionally, the U.S. Embassy in New Delhi confirmed it is closely monitoring the situation and called for the perpetrators to be brought to justice, reaffirming its support for India's counterterrorism efforts.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 April 2025 |title="This was terrorist attack": US House Foreign Affairs Committee condemns NYT's 'militants' label for Pahalgam attack |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/this-was-terrorist-attack-us-house-foreign-affairs-committee-condemns-nyts-militants-label-for-pahalgam-attack/articleshow/120600686.cms?from=mdr |access-date=25 April 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author1=Sophia Saifi |author2=Rhea Mogul |date=24 April 2025 |title=A tourist massacre in Kashmir is escalating tensions between India and Pakistan. Here's what we know |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/04/24/india/pahalgam-india-pakistan-attack-explainer-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=25 April 2025 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> On 26 April 2025, President [[Donald Trump]] downplayed the diplomatic crisis, stating that the two nations "had that fight for 1,500 years", despite the fact that the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948|Kashmir crisis started in 1947]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2025 |title='They've had that fight for 1,000 years... both will figure out one way or other': Trump on India-Pakistan tension |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/donald-trump-india-pakistan-tension-pahalgam-attack-9966822/ |access-date=26 April 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=26 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426134228/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/donald-trump-india-pakistan-tension-pahalgam-attack-9966822/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Masood |first1=Salman |title=Pakistan's Leaders May Talk Tough, but War With India Is the Last Thing Pakistanis Want |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/02/world/asia/pakistan-india-kashmir.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=2 May 2025 |date=2 May 2025}}</ref> [[United States Secretary of State]] [[Marco Rubio]] stated that he is closely monitoring the situation after being advised by [[National Security Advisor of India]] [[Ajit Doval]] via phonecall after Operation Sindoor.<ref>{{cite web |last1=|first1=|title=US' Marco Rubio reacts to 'Operation Sindoor': 'Closely monitoring India-Pakistan situation' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/us-secretary-of-state-rubio-closely-monitoring-india-pakistan-situation-following-operation-sindoor-101746576888866.html |website=The Hindustan Times |access-date=7 May 2025 |date=7 May 2025}}</ref>

On 10 May, a few days after Vice President JD Vance stated the conflict was "none of our business", President Trump first announced the ceasefire on social media, claiming the US had an active role in mediating the agreement.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Roth |first=Andrew |date=8 May 2025 |title=Vance says US won't intervene in India-Pakistan conflict: 'None of our business' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/may/08/jd-vance-india-pakistan |access-date=18 May 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Das |first1=Anupreeta |last2=Mashal |first2=Mujib |last3=Masood |first3=Salman |date=10 May 2025 |title=India and Pakistan Announce Cease-Fire but Clashes Persist |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/10/world/asia/india-pakistan-conflict.html |access-date=18 May 2025 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> While Pakistan acknowledged American involvement, Indian officials maintained the agreement had been reached directly between the two countries.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mashal |first=Mujib |date=13 May 2025 |title=As Trump Crows Over Ending a Conflict, India's Leaders Feel Betrayed |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/13/world/asia/trump-india-pakistan-ceasefire.html |access-date=18 May 2025 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

The Indian airstrikes targeted terrorist infrastructure in Pakistan, including a Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) camp in [[Bahawalpur]]. This camp was historically linked to the 2002 abduction and murder of ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'' reporter [[Daniel Pearl]]. The operation reportedly resulted in the death of [[Abdul Rauf Azhar]], a senior JeM commander and brother of [[Masood Azhar]], who was implicated in Pearl's beheading.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 May 2025 |title=Who was Abdul Rauf Azhar? Mastermind behind the IC-814 hijack and Daniel Pearl's murder, killed in 'Operation Sindoor' |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/who-was-abdul-rauf-azhar-mastermind-behind-the-ic-814-hijack-and-daniel-pearls-murder-killed-in-operation-sindoor/articleshow/120999011.cms?utm_ |access-date=8 May 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 May 2025 |title=How India's Operation Sindoor in Bahawalpur gave Daniel Pearl's story the justice it was denied in Pakistan |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/how-indias-operation-sindoor-in-bahawalpur-gave-daniel-pearls-story-the-justice-it-was-denied-in-pakistan/articleshow/121001349.cms?utm_ |access-date=8 May 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 May 2025 |title=US journalist Daniel Pearl, beheaded by terrorists in Pakistan, gets justice via Operation Sindoor. What happened to him? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/global-trends/india-pakistan-tensions-us-journalist-daniel-pearl-wall-street-journal-beheaded-by-terrorists-in-pakistan-gets-justice-via-operation-sindoor-what-happened-to-him/articleshow/121004416.cms?utm_ |access-date=8 May 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

=== India ===
The Government of India subsequently enacted a ban on several Pakistan-based [[YouTube]] channels for spreading provocative and communally sensitive content, as well as false narratives targeting the country, its Army, and security agencies, as well as a ban on [[Instagram]] accounts of several Pakistani celebrities.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/hania-aamir-mahira-khan-pak-actors-instagram-disabled-in-india-2717680-2025-04-30|title= Instagram accounts of several Pak actors including Hania Aamir's blocked in India|date= 30 April 2025|website= India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hania Aamir rubbishes 'entirely fabricated' statement circulating in her name on Pahalgam attack |url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1193580/hania-aamir-rubbishes-entirely-fabricated-statement-circulating-in-her-name-on-pahalgam-attack |website=Images |language=en |date=2 May 2025}}</ref>

As of 8 May 2025, the escalation has caused significant disruptions in air travel across the region. India has closed 27 airports in its northern and western regions until 10 May, resulting in the cancellation of over 430 flights. Major Indian airlines, including [[Air India]], [[IndiGo]], and [[SpiceJet]], have suspended operations to and from affected areas. International carriers such as [[Lufthansa]], [[KLM]], [[Singapore Airlines]], and [[Thai Airways International|Thai Airways]] have rerouted flights to avoid Pakistani airspace, leading to longer travel times and delays on routes between Europe and Asia. Pakistan has also suspended flights from key airports, including [[Karachi]], [[Lahore]], and [[Sialkot]], until further notice. The situation remains fluid, with both countries' airspaces experiencing closures and reroutings, impacting global aviation networks.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=IANS |date=8 May 2025 |title=India-Pakistan conflict: 430 flights cancelled, 27 airports to remain shut in India till May 10 |url=https://gulfnews.com/business/aviation/india-pakistan-conflict-430-flights-cancelled-27-airports-to-remain-shut-in-india-till-may-10-1.500120120 |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=Gulf News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2025 |title=Flights avoid Pakistan airspace after India's pre-dawn missile strikes |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/south-asia/india-bombing-pakistan-airport-closed-flights-cancelled-b2746302.html |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref>

In late July, more than two months after the actual crisis and subsequent four-day long conflict concluded, India's defence minister stated in an Indian parliament discussion that the military operations were halted only after it was ascertained by the Indian side that its political and military objectives were achieved, rejecting the claims made by U.S. President Donald Trump that he was part of mediation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2025 |title='Baseless': India rejects Trump's claim he ended Pakistan conflict |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/south-asia/article/3319894/defence-minister-slams-baseless-claim-india-bowed-pressure-end-pakistan-conflict |access-date=30 July 2025 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> On 29 July 2025, during a [[Lok Sabha]] debate, Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] asserted that no world leader had asked India to halt the military operation, dismissing suggestions of foreign intervention. Modi stated that the ceasefire, implemented on 10 May, followed a request from Pakistan and reiterated that India's actions were non-escalatory. He also revealed that U.S. Vice President JD Vance had attempted to contact him on the night of 9 May but was unable to reach him as Modi was in a meeting with the armed forces.<ref>{{Cite web |title="No World Leader Asked Us To Stop Op Sindoor": PM Modi On Congress' Trump Charge |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/no-world-leader-asked-india-to-stop-op-sindoor-pm-modi-8976066 |access-date=30 July 2025 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Pakistan ===
In May 2025 a coalition of Pakistani actors including [[Adnan Siddiqui]] and [[Ghulam Mohiuddin (actor)|Ghulam Mohiuddin]] called for peace talks, emphasising the urgent need for dialogue and understanding to foster harmony and resolve conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistani stars fire back at India's war talk, call for peace with strength |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/1307911-pakistani-stars-fire-back-at-india-s-war-talk-call-for-peace-with-strength |website=The News |access-date=4 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=India-Pakistan conflict: 'We need to stand united' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx202gvxgj7o |website=BBC |date=9 May 2025}}</ref>

===Nepal===
On 9 May 2025, a peace group held a mass demonstration to demand peace.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nepali human rights activists protest in front of Pakistan Embassy in Kathmandu, calls for de-escalation |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/international/nepali-human-rights-activists-protest-in-front-of-pakistan-embassy-in-kathmandu-calls-for-de-escalation/ |website=Lokmat Times |language=en |date=9 May 2025}}</ref>

===China===
In July 2025, Chinese air force chief Lt. Gen. Wang Gang visited Pakistan to learn how Islamabad had used Chinese equipment to put together the "kill chain” for the Rafale.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shah |first=Saeed |last2=Patel |first2=Shivam |date=2 August 2025 |title=How Pakistan shot down India's cutting-edge fighter using Chinese gear |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/how-pakistan-shot-down-indias-cutting-edge-fighter-using-chinese-gear-2025-08-02/ |access-date=3 August 2025 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref>

=== Others ===
The United Kingdom also issued a travel advisory warning in April 2025, mainly referring to the LoC.<ref name=russia>{{cite web |title=Pahalgam attack: UK, Russia issue travel advisories for Pakistan |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2542259/pahalgam-attack-uk-russia-issue-travel-advisories-for-pakistan |website=The Express Tribune |date=23 April 2025 |access-date=23 April 2025}}</ref> Members of the Indian diaspora protested outside the [[High Commission of Pakistan, London|High Commission of Pakistan in London]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2025 |title=Pahalgam attack: Indians in UK protest outside Pak High Commission in London |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/uk-news/story/pahalgam-terror-attack-indian-community-protests-outside-pakistan-high-commission-in-london-glbs-2715384-2025-04-26 |access-date=26 April 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian community protests outside Pakistan High Commission in London over Pahalgam attack |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/world/indian-community-protests-outside-pakistan-high-commission-in-london-over-pahalgam-attack/amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426224153/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/world/indian-community-protests-outside-pakistan-high-commission-in-london-over-pahalgam-attack/amp |archive-date=26 April 2025 |access-date=26 April 2025 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

The [[United States Commission on International Religious Freedom]] (USCIRF) Commissioner condemned the killing of Indian tourists in the Kashmir terrorist attack in April 2025 stating “We are deeply concerned by the explicit targeting of Hindus and other non-Muslims”.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2025 |title=USCIRF Condemns Attack in Kashmir USCIRF |url=https://www.uscirf.gov/news-room/releases-statements/uscirf-condemns-attack-kashmir |website=www.uscirf.gov |language=en}}</ref>

China's Foreign Minister, Wang Yi, urged for de-escalation between the two countries.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bukahi |first1=Farayz |last2=Patal |first2=Shivam |title=India, Pakistan exchange small arms fire, China urges restraint |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/india-pakistan-exchange-small-arms-fire-across-kashmir-border-fourth-night-2025-04-28/ |website=Reuters |date=28 April 2025 |access-date=29 April 2025 |language=en |archive-date=29 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429034408/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/india-pakistan-exchange-small-arms-fire-across-kashmir-border-fourth-night-2025-04-28/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bangladesh and UAE supported peace talks.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Rushali Saha |title=Pahalgam Attack Tests West Asian Countries' Neutrality |url=https://thediplomat.com/2025/04/pahalgam-attack-tests-west-asian-countries-neutrality/ |website=The Diplomat|access-date=30 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bangladesh for peaceful resolution of India-Pakistan tensions: Touhid |url=https://www.newagebd.net/post/Country/263425/bangladesh-for-peaceful-resolution-of-india-pakistan-tensions-touhid |website=New Age |access-date=30 April 2025 |date=27 April 2025}}</ref>
== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Pakistan}}
* [[2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes]]
* [[2020–21 India–Pakistan border skirmishes]]
* [[2023 India-Pakistan border skirmishes|2023 India–Pakistan border skirmishes]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kashmir conflict}}
{{India–Pakistan relations}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India-Pakistan crisis, 2025}}
[[Category:2025 controversies]]
[[Category:2025 in international relations]]
[[Category:April 2025 in India]]
[[Category:May 2025 in India]]
[[Category:April 2025 in Pakistan]]
[[Category:May 2025 in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Diplomatic crises of the 2020s]]
[[Category:Armed standoffs in Asia]]
[[Category:Military operations of the Kashmir conflict|2025]]
[[Category:Indian–Pakistani border conflicts|2025 standoff]]
[[Category:Foreign policy of the Narendra Modi administration]]
[[Category:Shehbaz Sharif]]

Patanjali

2026-03-07T14:41:34Z

RyanQuintana2: Content refined for better accuracy

{{short description|Ancient Indian scholar(s)}}
{{other uses}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
[[File:Patañjali11.JPG|upright=1.15|thumb|Patanjali as an [[avatar]] of [[Adi Sesha|Shesha]]]]
{{Hindu philosophy}}
'''Patanjali''' ({{langx|sa|पतञ्जलि}}, {{IAST3|Patañjali}}, {{IPA|sa|pɐtɐɲdʑɐli}}; also called '''Gonardiya''' or '''Gonikaputra'''){{efn|These names of Sanskrit authors are generally identified with Patanjali. ''Gonardiya'' denotes someone from Gonarda, which has been identified by some with the [[Gonda district|Gonda]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. ''Gonikaputra'' means the son of a woman named Gonika.<ref>[[Monier Williams]] (1899). ''A Sanskrit–English Dictionary''. Oxford: [[Clarendon Press]].</ref><ref>Mahamahopadhyaya Kashinath Vasudev Abhyankar (1961). ''[[wikisource:sa:A Dictionary of Sanskrit Grammar|A Dictionary of Sanskrit Grammar]]''. [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]].</ref>}} was the name of one or more author(s), mystic(s) and philosopher(s) in [[ancient India]]. His name is recorded as an author and compiler of a number of [[Sanskrit literature|Sanskrit]] works.<ref name="britannica.com"/> The greatest of these are the ''[[Yoga Sutras]]'', a classical [[yoga]] text. Estimates based on analysis of this work suggests that its author(s) may have lived between the 2nd century BCE and the 5th century CE.<ref name="britannica.com">{{Cite web |title=Patanjali {{!}} Hindu author, mystic, and philosopher {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Patanjali |access-date=2022-03-26 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en}}</ref>

An author of the same name is credited with the authorship of the classic text on Sanskrit grammar named ''[[Mahābhāṣya]]'', that is firmly datable to the 2nd century BCE, and authorship of medical texts possibly dating from 8th-10th centuries CE.<ref name=HIML /><ref name="White" /> The two works, ''Mahābhāṣya'' and ''Yoga Sutras'', are completely different in subject matter, and [[Indology|Indologist]] [[Louis Renou]] has shown that there are significant differences in language, grammar and vocabulary.<ref name="Renou"/> Before the time of [[Bhoja]] (11th century), no known text conflates the identity of the two authors.<ref name=HIML />

There has been speculation as to whether the sage Patañjali is the author of all the works attributed to him, as there are a number of known historical authors of the same name. A great deal of scholarship has been devoted over the 20th century to the issue of the historicity or identity of this author or these authors.<ref name="NCC">{{cite book |last=Raghavan |first=V. |title=New Catalogus Catalogorum |year=1968 |publisher=University of Madras |location=Madras |volume=11 |pages=89–90 |display-authors=etal}} lists ten separate authors by the name of "Patañjali".</ref> The view that these were likely different authors is now generally accepted by Western scholars, but "glorification" of Patanjali as singular author of the yoga, grammar, and medical texts "has become an oft-repeated article of faith" "in more traditional circles" and yoga culture.<ref name="White"/>

Patanjali is regarded as an avatar of [[Adi Sesha]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Vedic Yoga:The Path of the Rishi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2rvQCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT147|page=147|author=David Frawley|year=2014|publisher=Lotus Press| isbn=978-0-940676-25-1 }}</ref>

== Identities ==
Amongst the more important authors called Patañjali are:<ref>Ganeri, Jonardon. ''Artha: Meaning'', Oxford University Press 2006, 1.2, p. 12</ref><ref>Radhakrishnan, S.; Moore, C.A., (1957). ''A Source Book in Indian Philosophy''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University, ch. XIII, Yoga, p. 453</ref><ref name=gavin>{{harvnb|Flood|1996}}</ref>
* The author of the ''[[Mahābhāṣya]]'', an ancient treatise on [[Sanskrit grammar]] and linguistics, based on the Aṣṭādhyāyī'' of [[Pāṇini]]. ''This Patañjali's life is dated to mid 2nd century BCE by both Western and Indian scholars.''<ref name="Banerji1989p233" /><ref name="Scharf1996p1">{{cite book |last=Scharf |first=Peter M. |title=The Denotation of Generic Terms in Ancient Indian Philosophy: Grammar, Nyāya, and Mīmāṃsā |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qh4LAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 |year=1996 |publisher=American Philosophical Society |isbn=978-0-87169-863-6|pages=1–2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Cardona |first=George |title=Pāṇini: A Survey of Research |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=adWXhQ-yHQUC&pg=PA267|year=1997 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-1494-3 |pages=267–268}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Approximate Chronology of Indian Philosophers|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/language-india/chronology.html|access-date=2022-02-21|website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}</ref> ''This text was titled as a ''[[bhashya]]'' or "commentary" on [[Kātyāyana]]-Pāṇini's work by Patanjali, but is so revered in the Indian traditions that it is widely known simply as Mahā-bhasya or "Great commentary". As per Ganesh Sripad Huparikar, actually, Patanjali (2nd century BCE), the forerunner among ancient grammatical commentators, "adopted an etymological and dialectical method of explaining in the whole of his 'Mahābhāshya' (Great Commentary), and this has assumed, in the later commentary literature the definite form of 'Khanda-anvaya'." So vigorous, well reasoned and vast is his text, that this Patanjali has been the authority as the last grammarian of classical Sanskrit for more than 2,000 years, with Pāṇini and Kātyāyana preceding him. Their ideas on structure, grammar and [[philosophy of language]] have also influenced scholars of other Indian religions such as Buddhism and [[Jainism]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Scharfe |first=Hartmut |title=Grammatical Literature |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_VbnWkZ-SYC&pg=PA152 |year=1977|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3-447-01706-0 |pages=152–154}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Harold G. Coward|author2=K. Kunjunni Raja|title=The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 5: The Philosophy of the Grammarians|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tLd9BgAAQBAJ |year=2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-7270-1|pages=3–11}}</ref>''
* The compiler of the ''[[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali|Yoga sūtras]]'', a text on [[Yoga]] theory and practice,<ref name=maas-sama>{{cite book |last=Maas |first=Philipp A. |title=Samādhipāda: das erste Kapitel des Pātañjalayogaśāstra zum ersten Mal kritisch ediert |year=2006 |publisher=Shaker |location=Aachen |language=de |isbn=978-3832249878}}</ref> and a notable scholar of [[Samkhya]] school of [[Hindu philosophy]].<ref>Dasgupta, Surendranath (1992). [https://books.google.com/books?id=PoaMFmS1_lEC&pg=PA229 A History of Indian Philosophy], Volume 1, p.229 Motilal Banarsidass Publications. {{ISBN|8120804120}}</ref><ref name="phillips">Phillips, Stephen H.,(2013). [https://books.google.com/books?id=cRg2AAAAQBAJ&pg=PT368 Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy], Columbia University Press. {{ISBN|0231519478}}</ref> He is variously estimated to have lived between 2nd century BCE to 4th century CE, with many scholars narrowing this period down to between 2nd and 4th century CE.{{Sfn|Bryant|2009|pp=xxxiv, 510 with notes 43–44}}<ref name=maas-sama/><ref>Michele Desmarais (2008), [https://books.google.com/books?id=EXHF0lkL7MAC Changing Minds: Mind, Consciousness and Identity in Patanjali's Yoga Sutra], Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120833364}}, pages 16–17 with footnotes</ref> The ''Yogasutras'' is one of the most important texts in the Indian tradition and the foundation of classical Yoga.<ref name="Desmarais2008p15">{{cite book |last=Desmarais |first=Michele Marie |title=Changing Minds : Mind, Consciousness And Identity in Patanjali'S Yoga-Sutra And Cognitive Neuroscience |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EXHF0lkL7MAC&pg=PA15 |year=2008 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-3336-4 |pages=15–16}}, '''Quote:''' "The YS is widely acknowledged to be one of the most important texts in the Hindu tradition and is recognized as the essential text for understanding classical Yoga".</ref> It is the Indian Yoga text that was most translated in its medieval era into forty Indian languages.{{Sfn|White|2014|p=xvi}}
* The author of a medical text called ''Patanjalatantra''. He is cited and this text is quoted in many medieval health sciences-related texts, and Patanjali is called a medical authority in a number of Sanskrit texts such as ''Yogaratnakara'', ''Yogaratnasamuccaya'' and ''Padarthavijnana''.<ref name=HIML>{{cite book|last=Meulenbeld|first=G. Jan|title=History of Indian Medical Literature, vol. I part 1 |year=1999| isbn= 978-9069801247 |publisher=E. Forsten|location=Groningen|pages=141–44}}</ref> There is a fourth Hindu scholar also named Patanjali, who likely lived in 8th-century CE and wrote a commentary on ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'' and this text is called ''Carakavarttika''.<ref name=meulenbeld143>{{cite book |last=Meulenbeld |first=G. Jan |title=History of Indian Medical Literature, vol. I part 1 |year=1999| isbn= 978-9069801247 |publisher=E. Forsten |location=Groningen|pages=143–144, 196}}</ref> According to some modern era Indian scholars such as P.V. Sharma, the two medical scholars named Patanjali may be the same person, but completely different person from the Patanjali who wrote the Sanskrit grammar classic ''Mahābhashya''.<ref name=meulenbeld143/>
* Patanjali is one of the 18 [[siddhar]]s in the Tamil [[siddha]] ([[Shaivism|Shaiva]]) tradition.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Feuerstein |first1=Georg |author-link=Georg Feuerstein |title=Yoga of the 18 Siddhas by Ganapathy |url=http://www.traditionalyogastudies.com/2011/07/yoga-of-the-18-siddhas-by-ganapathy/ |website=Traditional Yoga Studies |access-date=17 March 2019 |archive-date=23 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923121334/http://www.traditionalyogastudies.com/2011/07/yoga-of-the-18-siddhas-by-ganapathy/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Name==
According to [[Monier Monier-Williams]], the word "Patañjali" is a [[Sanskrit compound|compound]]<ref>Monier Monier Williams, [http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/0600/mw__0615.html Patañjali], Sanskrit English Dictionary with Etymology, Oxford University Press, page 582</ref> name from "pata" (Sanskrit: पत, "falling, flying")<ref>Monier Monier Williams, [http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/0600/mw__0613.html pata], Sanskrit English Dictionary with Etymology, Oxford University Press, pages 580–581</ref> and "añj" (अञ्ज्, "honor, celebrate, beautiful") or "añjali" (अञ्जलि, "reverence, joining palms of the hand").<ref>Monier Monier Williams, [http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/0000/mw__0044.html añjali], Sanskrit English Dictionary with Etymology, Oxford University Press, page 11</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=B.K.S. Iyengar|title=Yoga: Wisdom & Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqaXqs_M2hcC&pg=PA71|year=2009|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-7566-5953-0|page=71}}</ref> It means, flowing from reverence.

==Life==

Many scholars including [[Louis Renou]] have suggested that the Patañjali who wrote on Yoga was a different person than the Patanjali who wrote a commentary on Panini's grammar.<ref name="Renou">{{cite book|editor=Narendra Nath Law|title=Louis de La Vallée Poussin Memorial Volume|year=1940|location=Calcutta|pages=368–73|author=Louis Renou|chapter=On the Identity of the Two Patañjalis}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Sharma|first=P. V.|title=चरक-चिन्तन (चरकसंहिता का ऐतिहासिक अध्ययन) (Carak-cintan. Carakasaṃhitā kā aitihāsik adhyayan)|year=1970|publisher=Caukhamba Saṃskṛt Saṃsthān|location=Vārāṇasī|pages=23–43}}; {{cite book|last=Sharma|first=P. V.|title=History of Medicine in India|year=1992|publisher=Indian National Science Academy|location=New Delhi|pages=181–82}}; {{cite book|last=Tripāṭhī|first=Yogendra Kumār|title=न्यायसूत्र एवं चरक-संहिता|year=1987|publisher=Trividhā Prakāśan|location=Vārāṇasī|pages=26–27}}; {{cite book|url= https://archive.org/details/yogasystemofpata00wooduoft |last=Woods| first=James Haughton|title=The Yoga-system of Patañjali: or, the ancient Hindu doctrine of Concentration of Mind Embracing the Mnemonic Rules, called Yoga-sūtras, of Patañjali and the Comment, called Yoga-bhāshya, attributed to Veda-Vyāsa and the Explanation, called Tattvaiçāradī, of Vāchaspati-miçra|year=1914|publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |pages=xv–xvii}}.</ref> In 1914, James Wood proposed that they were the same person.<ref>{{cite book |last=Woods |first=James Haughton |title=he Yoga-system of Patañjali: or, the ancient Hindu doctrine of Concentration of Mind Embracing the Mnemonic Rules, called Yoga-sūtras, of Patañjali and the Comment, called Yoga-bhāshya, attributed to Veda-Vyāsa and the Explanation, called Tattvaiçāradī, of Vāchaspati-miçra|year=1914|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |pages=introduction}}</ref> In 1922, [[Surendranath Dasgupta]] presented a series of arguments to tentatively propose that the famed Grammar text and the Yoga text author may be identical.<ref>{{cite book |author=Surendranath Dasgupta|title=A History of Indian Philosophy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PoaMFmS1_lEC&pg=PA230|year=1992|publisher=Reprint: Motilal Banarsidass (Original: Cambridge University Press, 1922)|isbn=978-81-208-0412-8|pages=230–238}}</ref>

The view that these were likely two different authors is generally accepted,<ref name=lochtefeld506>{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch|url-access=registration |year=2002 |publisher =The Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-8239-3180-4 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/506 506]–507}}</ref><ref name="White">{{cite book |author=David Gordon White |title=The "Yoga Sutra of Patanjali": A Biography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZGrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA34| year=2014| publisher= Princeton University Press|isbn= 978-1-4008-5005-1 |pages=34–38}}</ref> but some Western scholars consider them as a single entity.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Diane Collinson|author2=Kathryn Plant|author3=Robert Wilkinson|title=Fifty Eastern Thinkers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4JCEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA81 |year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-63151-3|pages=81–86}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Michael Edwards |title=The Oxford Handbook of Civil Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qeASDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA273 |year=2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-933014-0|pages=273–274}}</ref>

Some in the Indian tradition have held that one Patañjali wrote treatises on grammar, medicine and yoga. This has been memorialised in a verse by [[Bhoja]] at the start of his commentary on the Yogasutras called ''Rājamārttanda'' (11th century), and the following verse found in Shivarama's 18th-century text:<ref>{{Cite book | year=1914 | title=The Yoga Sutras of Patañjali | author1=Patañjali | author2=James Haughton Woods (transl.) | publisher=Published for Harvard University by Ginn & Co. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fc4oAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP18 | pages=xiv–xv }}</ref>
{{Blockquote|<big>योगेन चित्तस्य पदेन वाचां मलं शरीरस्य च वैद्यकेन। योऽपाकरोत्तं प्रवरं मुनीनां पतञ्जलिं प्राञ्जलिरानतोऽस्मि॥</big>}}
{{Blockquote|Yōgēna cittasya padēna vācāṁ malaṁ śarīrasya ca vaidyakēna. Yōpākarōttaṁ pravaraṁ munīnāṁ patañjaliṁ prāñjalirānatōsmi}}
{{Blockquote|English translation: I bow with my hands together to the eminent sage Patañjali, who removed the impurities of the mind through yoga, of speech through grammar, and of the body through medicine.}}

This tradition is discussed by Meulenbeld<ref name=HIML /> who traces this "relatively late" idea back to [[Bhoja]] (11th century), who was perhaps influenced by a verse by [[Bhartṛhari]] (ca. 5th century) that speaks of an expert in yoga, medicine and grammar who, however, is not named. No known Sanskrit text prior to the 10th century states that the one and the same Patanjali was behind all the three treatises.<ref>{{cite book|author=Chandramouli S. Naikar|title=Patanjali of Yogasutras|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=cdZWRs3bWpwC&pg=PA13|year=2002|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1285-5|pages=13–14}}</ref>

The sage Patañjali is said to have attained [[Samadhi]] through yogic meditation at the [[Brahmapureeswarar Temple]] located at [[Thiruppattur, Tiruchirappalli|Tirupattur]], Tamil Nadu, India. Jeeva Samadhi of sage Patanjali, which is now an enclosed meditation hall, can be seen near the [[Brahma]]'s shrine within [[Brahmapureeswarar Temple]] complex.<ref>{{cite web |title=Maharshi Patanjali Siddhar Jeevasamadhi, Brahmapureeswarar temple, Thirupattur, Tamil Nadu |url=https://sannidhi.net/sannidhi/maharshi-patanjali-siddhar-jeevasamadhi-brahmapureeswarar-temple-thirupattur-tamil-nadu/ |website=Sannidhi.net |access-date=6 November 2024}}</ref>

===Grammatical tradition===

In the grammatical tradition, Patañjali is believed to have lived in the second century BCE.<ref name="arapv">{{cite thesis | type=PhD | first=Giridhar | last=Mishra | author-link=Rambhadracharya | title=अध्यात्मरामायणेऽपाणिनीयप्रयोगाणां विमर्शः | trans-title=Deliberation on non-Paninian usages in the Adhyatma Ramayana | publisher=Sampurnanand Sanskrit University | place=Varanasi, India | language=sa | year=1981 | chapter=प्रस्तावना | trans-chapter=Introduction | chapter-url=http://jagadgururambhadracharya.org/works/arapv/prastavana.php | access-date=21 May 2013 | archive-date=11 March 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311211052/https://jagadgururambhadracharya.org/works/arapv/prastavana.php | url-status=dead }}</ref> He wrote a ''Mahabhasya'' on Panini's sutras, in a form that quoted the commentary of [[Kātyāyana]]'s ''vārttikas''. This is a major influential work on Sanskrit grammar and linguistics.<ref name="Banerji1989p233">{{cite book|author=Sures Chandra Banerji|title=A Companion to Sanskrit Literature: Spanning a Period of Over Three Thousand Years, Containing Brief Accounts of Authors, Works, Characters, Technical Terms, Geographical Names, Myths, Legends and Several Appendices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JkOAEdIsdUsC&pg=PA233|year=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0063-2|page=233}}</ref> The dating of Patanjali and his ''Mahabhasya'' is established by a combination of evidence: that from the Maurya Empire period, the historical events mentioned in the examples he used to explain his ideas, the chronology of ancient classical Sanskrit texts that respect his teachings, and the mention of his text or his name in ancient Indian literature.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Bart Dessein|author2=Weijin Teng|title=Text, History, and Philosophy: Abhidharma across Buddhist Scholastic Traditions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bzBRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA32|year=2016|publisher=Brill Academic|isbn=978-90-04-31882-3|pages=32–34}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=George Cardona|title=Pāṇini: A Survey of Research |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=adWXhQ-yHQUC |year=1997|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1494-3|pages=262–268}}</ref> Of the three ancient grammarians, the chronological dating of Patanjali to mid 2nd century B.C. is considered as "reasonably accurate" by mainstream scholarship.<ref>{{cite book|author=Peter M. Scharf|title=The Denotation of Generic Terms in Ancient Indian Philosophy: Grammar, Nyāya, and Mīmāṃsā |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qh4LAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 |year=1996|publisher=American Philosophical Society|isbn=978-0-87169-863-6|pages=1 with footnote 2}}</ref>

The text influenced Buddhist grammatical literature,<ref>{{cite book|author=Hartmut Scharfe|title=Grammatical Literature|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2_VbnWkZ-SYC&pg=PA163|year =1977|publisher= Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-01706-0|pages=163–166, 174–176 with footnotes}}</ref> as well as memoirs of travellers to India. For example, the Chinese pilgrim [[Yijing (monk)|I-tsing]] mentions that the ''Mahabhasya'' is studied in India and advanced scholars learn it in three years.<ref>{{cite book|author=Hartmut Scharfe|title=Grammatical Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_VbnWkZ-SYC&pg=PA153|year=1977|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-01706-0|pages=153–154}}</ref>

===Yoga tradition===
{{Quote box
|quote = '''Self study'''
<poem>
Practice self study,
to commune with
your chosen divinity.
</poem>
|source = — Patanjali, ''Yogasutras II.44''<ref>{{cite book|author1=David Carpenter|author2=Ian Whicher|title=Yoga: The Indian Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8M-PAgAAQBAJ |year=2003|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-79606-8|page=34}}</ref><ref>Stephen Phillips (2009), ''Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy'', Columbia University Press, {{ISBN|978-0231144858}}, pages 151, 209, 215, 263</ref>
|bgcolor=#FFE0BB
|align = right
}}

In the Yoga tradition, Patañjali is a revered name. This Patañjali's oeuvre comprises the sutras about Yoga (''Yogasūtra'') and the commentary integral to the sutras, called the ''Bhāṣya''. Some consider the sutras and the Bhaṣya to have had different authors, the commentary being ascribed to "an editor" (Skt. "vyāsa"). According to Phillipp Maas, the same person named Patanjali composed the sutras and the ''Bhāṣya'' commentary.<ref>{{cite book|last=Maas|first=Philipp. A.|title=Samādhipāda: das erste Kapitel des Pātañjalayogaśāstra zum ersten Mal kritisch ediert| year= 2006|publisher= Shaker|location= Aachen|isbn=978-3832249878}}</ref>

Radhakrishnan and Moore attribute the text to the grammarian Patañjali, dating it as 2nd century [[BCE]], during the [[Maurya Empire]] (322–185 BCE).{{Sfn|Radhakrishnan|Moore|1957|p=453}} Maas estimates Patañjali's Yogasutra's date to be about 400 CE, based on tracing the commentaries on it published in the first millennium CE.<ref name=maas-sama/> Edwin Bryant, on the other hand, surveys the major commentators in his translation of the ''Yoga Sūtras''.{{sfn|Bryant|2009|p={{page needed|date=December 2021}}}} He states that "most scholars date the text shortly after the turn of the Common Era (circa first to second century), but that it has been placed as early as several centuries before that."{{sfn|Bryant|2009|p=xxxiv}} Bryant concludes that "A number of scholars have dated the ''Yoga Sūtras'' as late as the fourth or fifth century C.E., but these arguments have all been challenged", and late chronology for this Patanjali and his text are problematic.{{sfn|Bryant|2009|p=510, notes 43–44}}

===Tamil Saivite legend===
[[File:Patanjali.jpg|right|upright=0.8|thumb|A garlanded Patanjali statue]]

Regarding his early years, the [[Tamil people|Tamil]] [[Saiva Siddhanta]] tradition from around 10th century AD holds that Patañjali learned Yoga along with seven other disciples from the great Yogic [[Guru]] [[Nandi (Hinduism)|Nandhi Deva]], as stated in [[Tirumular]]'s ''[[Tirumandiram]]'' (Tantra 1). His Samadhi is said to be at [[Rameswaram]] Shiva temple and a shrine for him still exists in the temple.
<blockquote>
''Nandhi arulPetra Nadharai Naadinom'' 
''Nandhigal Nalvar Siva Yoga MaaMuni'' 
''Mandru thozhuda Patañjali Vyakramar'' 
''Endrivar Ennodu (Thirumoolar) Enmarumaame''
</blockquote>
Translation<ref>{{cite book |title=Tirumantiram = Holy hymns : with introduction, synopsis, and notes |language=en |last=Natarajan |first=Balasubrahmanya (trans.) |year=1979 |publisher=ITES Publications |location=Madras |oclc=557998668}}</ref>

<blockquote>
We sought the feet of the [[God]] who graced Nandikesvara 
The [[Four Kumaras|Four Nandhis]], 
Sivayoga Muni, Patañjali, Vyaghrapada and I (Thirumoolar) 
We were these eight.
</blockquote>

==Works==
[[Image:Patanjali Statue.jpg|Patañjali – Modern art rendering in [[Patanjali Yogpeeth]], Haridwar|thumb|right]]
Whether the two works, the Yoga Sutras and the [[Mahābhāṣya]], are by the same author has been the subject of considerable debate. The authorship of the two is first attributed to the same person in Bhojadeva's ''Rajamartanda'', a relatively late (10th century) commentary on the Yoga Sutras,<ref>[https://archive.org/details/yogasystemofpata00wooduoft The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali], ed. James Haughton Woods, 1914, p. xv</ref> as well as several subsequent texts. As for the texts themselves, the Yoga Sutra iii.44 cites a sutra as that from Patanjali by name, but this line itself is not from the Mahābhāṣya. This 10th-century legend of single-authorship is doubtful. The literary styles and contents of the Yogasūtras and the Mahābhāṣya are entirely different, and the only work on medicine attributed to Patañjali is lost. Sources of doubt include the lack of cross-references between the texts, and no mutual awareness of each other, unlike other cases of multiple works by (later) Sanskrit authors. Also, some elements in the Yoga Sutras may date from as late as the 4th century C.E.,<ref name=gavin/> but such changes may be due to divergent authorship, or due to later additions which are not atypical in the oral tradition. Most scholars refer to both works as "by Patanjali", without meaning that they are by the same author.

In addition to the Mahābhāṣya and Yoga Sūtras, the 11th-century commentary on [[Charaka]] by the Bengali scholar [[Chakrapani Datta]], and the 16th-century text ''Patanjalicarita'' ascribes to Patañjali a medical text called the ''Carakapratisaṃskṛtaḥ'' (now lost) which is apparently a revision (''pratisaṃskṛtaḥ'') of the medical treatise by Caraka. While there is a short treatise on yoga in the medical work called the Carakasaṃhitā (by Caraka), towards the end of the chapter called śārīrasthāna, it is notable for not bearing much resemblance to the Yoga Sūtras, and in fact presents a form of eightfold yoga that is completely different from that laid out by Patañjali in the Yoga Sūtras and the commentary Yogasūtrabhāṣya.

===Yoga Sūtra===
{{main|Yoga Sutras of Patanjali}}
The ''Yoga Sūtras of Patañjali'' are 196 Indian sutras ([[aphorism]]s) on [[Yoga]]. It was the most translated ancient Indian text in the medieval era, having been translated into about forty Indian languages and two non-Indian languages: [[Old Javanese]] and Arabic.{{sfn|White|2014|p=xvi}} The text fell into obscurity for nearly 700 years from the 12th to 19th century, and made a comeback in late 19th century due to the efforts of [[Swami Vivekananda]] and others. It gained prominence again as a comeback classic in the 20th century.{{sfn|White|2014|p=xvi–xvii}}

Before the 20th century, history indicates the Indian yoga scene was dominated by other Yoga texts such as the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'', ''[[Yoga Vasistha]]'' and ''[[Yoga Yajnavalkya]]''.{{sfn|White|2014|p=xvi–xvii, 20–23}} Scholars consider the ''Yoga Sūtras of Patañjali'' formulations as one of the foundations of classical [[Yoga (philosophy)|Yoga philosophy]] of Hinduism.<ref name=ianwhicher49>Ian Whicher (1998), The Integrity of the Yoga Darsana: A Reconsideration of Classical Yoga, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791438152}}, page 49</ref><ref name=stuartsarbacker195>Stuart Sarbacker (2011), Yoga Powers (Editor: Knut A. Jacobsen), Brill, {{ISBN|978-9004212145}}, page 195</ref>

==={{IAST|Mahābhāṣya}}===

The {{IAST|[[Mahābhāṣya]]}} ("great commentary") of Patañjali on the {{IAST|[[Aṣṭādhyāyī]]}} of {{IAST|[[Pāṇini]]}} is a major early exposition on Pāṇini, along with the somewhat earlier ''Varttika'' by [[Katyayana]]. Patanjali relates to how words and meanings are associated – Patanjali claims ''shabdapramâNaH'' – that the evidentiary value of words is inherent in them, and not derived externally<ref name=watw/> – the word-meaning association is natural. These issues in the word-meaning relation ([[symbol]]) would be elaborated in the [[Sanskrit grammarian|Sanskrit]] linguistic tradition, in debates between the [[Mimamsa]], [[Nyaya]] and [[Buddhist]] schools over the next fifteen centuries.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

==== Sphota ====
Patanjali also defines an early notion of [[sphota]], which would be elaborated considerably by later Sanskrit linguists like [[Bhartrihari]]. In Patanjali, a ''sphoTa'' (from ''sphuT'', spurt/burst) is the invariant quality of speech. The noisy element (''dhvani'', audible part) can be long or short, but the sphoTa remains unaffected by individual speaker differences. Thus, a single letter or 'sound' (''varNa'') such as ''k'', ''p'' or ''a'' is an abstraction, distinct from variants produced in actual enunciation.<ref name=watw>{{cite book | title = Bimal Krishna Matilal | author = The word and the world: India's contribution to the study of language | publisher = Oxford | year = 1990 | isbn = 978-0-19-562515-8 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/wordworldindiasc0000mati }}</ref> This concept has been linked to the modern notion of [[phoneme]], the minimum distinction that defines semantically distinct sounds. Thus a phoneme is an abstraction for a range of sounds. However, in later writings, especially in Bhartrihari (6th century CE), the notion of ''sphoTa'' changes to become more of a mental state, preceding the actual utterance, akin to the [[Lemma (psycholinguistics)|lemma]].

Patañjali's writings also elaborate some principles of [[morphology (linguistics)|morphology]] (''prakriyā''). In the context of elaborating on Pāṇini's aphorisms, he also discusses [[Kātyāyana]]'s commentary, which are also aphoristic and ''sūtra''-like; in the later tradition, these were transmitted as embedded in Patañjali's discussion. In general, he defends many positions of Pāṇini which were interpreted somewhat differently in Katyayana.

====Metaphysics as grammatical motivation====
Unlike Pāṇini's objectives in the Ashtyadhyayi, which is to distinguish correct forms and meanings from incorrect ones (''shabdaunushasana''), Patanjali's objectives are more metaphysical. These include the correct recitations of the scriptures (''Agama''), maintaining the purity of texts (''raksha''), clarifying ambiguity (''asamdeha''), and also the pedagogic goal of providing an easier learning mechanism (''laghu'').<ref name=watw/> This stronger metaphysical bent has also been indicated by some as one of the unifying themes between the Yoga Sutras and the Mahābhāṣya, although a close examination
of actual Sanskrit usage by Woods showed no similarities in language or terminology.

The text of the ''{{IAST|Mahābhāṣya}}'' was first critically edited by the 19th-century orientalist Franz Kielhorn, who also developed [[philological]] criteria for distinguishing Kātyāyana's "voice" from Patañjali's. Subsequently, a number of other editions have come out, the 1968 text and translation by S.D. Joshi and J.H.F. Roodbergen often being considered definitive. Regrettably, the latter work is incomplete.

Patanjali is often stated as having claimed there was a hostility between the orthodox Brahminic (''Astika'') groups and the heterodox, ''nAstika'' groups (Buddhism, [[Jainism]], and atheists), like that between a [[mongoose]] and a snake.<ref>[[Romila Thapar]] (1992): ''Interpreting Early India'', Oxford University Press, p. 63</ref> [[Nathan McGovern]] argues Patanjali never used this mongoose-snake analogy.<ref>[[Nathan McGovern]] (2019): ''The Snake and the Mongoose. The Emergence of Identity in Early Indian Religion'', Oxford University Press, p. 3</ref>

Patanjali also sheds light on contemporary events, commenting on the recent Greek incursion, and also on several tribes that lived in the Northwest regions of the subcontinent.

===Patanjalatantra===

Patanjali is also the reputed author of a medical text called ''Patanjalah'', also called ''Patanjala'' or ''Patanjalatantra''.<ref name=HIML/><ref>{{cite book|author=Surendranath Dasgupta|title=A History of Indian Philosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PoaMFmS1_lEC&pg=PA231|year=1992|publisher=Reprint: Motilal Banarsidass (Original: Cambridge University Press)|isbn=978-81-208-0412-8|page=231}}</ref> This text is quoted in many yoga and health-related Indian texts. Patanjali is called a medical authority in a number of Sanskrit texts such as ''Yogaratnakara'', ''Yogaratnasamuccaya'', ''Padarthavijnana'', ''Cakradatta bhasya''.<ref name=HIML/> Some of these quotes are unique to ''Patanjala'', but others are also found in major Hindu medical treatises such as ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'' and ''[[Sushruta Samhita]]''.<ref name=HIML/>

There is a fourth scholar also named Patanjali, who likely lived in 8th-century and wrote a commentary on ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'' and this text is called ''Carakavarttika''.<ref name="meulenbeld143"/> The two medical scholars named Patanjali may be the same person, but generally accepted to be completely different person than the Patanjali who wrote the Sanskrit grammar classic ''Mahabhasya''.<ref name=meulenbeld143/>

==Legacy==

Patanjali is honoured with invocations and shrines in some modern schools of yoga, including [[Iyengar Yoga]]<ref name="IY">{{cite web |title=Invocation to Patanjali |url=https://iyengaryoga.org.uk/resources/sounds/ |publisher=Iyengar Yoga (UK) |access-date=31 August 2019}}</ref> and [[Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga]].<ref name="AVY">{{cite web |url=http://kpjayi.org/the-practice/opening-prayer |title=Sharath Jois |website=Kpjayi.org |access-date=31 August 2019 |archive-date=10 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110042436/http://kpjayi.org/the-practice/opening-prayer/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The yoga scholar [[David Gordon White]] writes that [[yoga teacher training]] often includes "mandatory instruction"{{sfn|White|2014|p=1}} in the ''Yoga Sutra''. White calls this "curious to say the least",{{sfn|White|2014|p=1}} since the text is in his view essentially irrelevant to "[[modern postural yoga|yoga as it is taught and practiced today]]",{{sfn|White|2014|p=1}} commenting that the ''Yoga Sutra'' is "nearly devoid of discussion of postures, stretching, and breathing".{{sfn|White|2014|p=4}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Hinduism|India}}
*[[Bhartrihari]]
*''[[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali]]''
*''[[Yoga Vashista]]''
*''[[Yoga Yajnavalkya]]''
*[[Vedanga]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===

* {{citation |last=Bryant |first=Edwin F. |author-link=Edwin Bryant (author) |title=The Yoga Sūtras of Patañjali: A New Edition, Translation and Commentary |year=2009 |publisher=North Point Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0865477360 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/yogastrasofpataj0000brya }}
* {{cite book | last=Flood |first=Gavin |author-link=Gavin Flood | year=1996 | title=An Introduction to Hinduism | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=978-0-521-43878-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo| url-access=registration }}
* {{cite book |last=Larson |first=Gerald James |author-link=Gerald James Larson |title=Classical Sāṃkhya: An Interpretation of Its History and Meaning |publisher=Motilal Banarasidass |year=1998 |location=London |ref=none|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ih2aGLp4d1gC |isbn=978-81-208-0503-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Larson |first=Gerald James |author-link=Gerald James Larson |title=The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Vol. 12 Yoga: India's philosophy of meditation|ref=none|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p6pURGdBBmIC |year=2008 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-3349-4 }}
* {{cite book | last1=Radhakrishnan | first1=S. | author-link=Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan | last2=Moore | first2=C. A. | year=1957 | title=A Source Book in Indian Philosophy | publisher=Princeton University Press | location=Princeton, New Jersey | isbn=978-0-691-01958-1 | url-access=registration| url=https://archive.org/details/sourcebookinindi00radh }} Princeton paperback 12th printing, 1989.
* {{Cite book | last=White | first=David Gordon |author-link=David Gordon White | year=2011 | title=Yoga, Brief History of an Idea (Chapter 1 of "Yoga in practice") | publisher=Princeton University Press |ref=none| url=http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/i9565.pdf}}
* {{Citation | last=White | first=David Gordon |author-link=David Gordon White | year=2014 | title=The Yoga Sutra of Patanjali: A Biography | publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0691143774}}
==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{wikisource}}
* {{Gutenberg author|id=950}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Patañjali}}
* {{Librivox author |id=3088}}
* {{cite IEP |url-id=yoga/ |title=The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali}}

{{Yoga}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ancient Sanskrit grammarians]]
[[Category:Philosophers of mind]]
[[Category:Sanskrit-language names]]
[[Category:Yoga]]
[[Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars]]

Bhuvana Oru Kelvi Kuri

2026-03-04T04:48:20Z

RyanQuintana2: started new pg

{{short description|1977 film by S. P. Muthuraman}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Bhuvana Oru Kelvi Kuri poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[S. P. Muthuraman]]
| producer = N. S. Mani
| screenplay = [[Panchu Arunachalam]]
| based_on = {{based on|''Bhuvana Oru Kelvi Kuri''|[[Maharishi (writer)|Maharishi]]}}
| starring = {{ubl | [[Sivakumar]] | [[Rajinikanth]] | [[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]]}}
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cinematography = Babu
| editing = R. Vittal
| studio = M. A. M. Films
| released = {{Film date|1977|9|2|df=yes}}
| runtime = 146 minutes<ref name="Indian Films" />
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Bhuvana Oru Kelvi Kuri''''' ({{translation|Bhuvana is a question mark}}) is a 1977 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[S. P. Muthuraman]] and written by [[Panchu Arunachalam]]. It is based on the novel of the same name by [[Maharishi (writer)|Maharishi]]. The film stars [[Sivakumar]], [[Rajinikanth]] and [[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]]. It focuses on two friends with conflicting characters and their conflicting lives.

''Bhuvana Oru Kelvi Kuri'' was notable for casting Rajinikanth and Sivakumar as a hero and [[antihero]] respectively, contrary to the roles they played in earlier films. It was released on 2 September 1977. The film shocked audiences who were used to seeing Rajinikanth and Sivakumar in their usual roles; nevertheless, it was a commercial success, and won two [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards]]: [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Tamil Film]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Tamil Director]] for Muthuraman. The success of ''Bhuvana Oru Kelvi Kuri'' led to Rajinikanth playing more positive roles in films.

== Plot ==
Nagaraj and Sampath are garment salesmen and roommates in [[Nagercoil]]. While Sampath is a straightforward person who believes in honesty, Nagaraj is a [[Promiscuity#Male promiscuity|womaniser]], in contrast to Sampath who believes in true love. Sampath's lover Raji, while fleeing from a rogue bull, dies due to an accident. A depressed Sampath attempts suicide, but Nagaraj stops him, and Sampath decides to stop selling garments, instead confining himself to remaining Nagaraj's assistant.

Aboard a train bound for [[Chennai|Madras]], Nagaraj and Sampath encounter Muthu, a temple trust clerk who has a suitcase full of cash. But Muthu dies ''en route'' of a heart attack and Nagaraj steals his suitcase, over Sampath's objections. Muthu's sister Bhuvana visits them at Nagercoil to enquire about the lost cash (which is all [[Black market|black money]]). Nagaraj denies knowing anything, but Bhuvana remains suspicious. He pretends to love her; Bhuvana falls for his lust and has sex with him.

Nagaraj uses some of the black money to open his own garment store. To make the rest of the money legitimate, he decides to marry Manohari, the daughter of a wealthy businessman. Bhuvana, pregnant by Nagaraj, refuses to abort the baby and wants Nagaraj to marry her, but he refuses. To save Bhuvana's honour and help his friend, Sampath marries Bhuvana but they only share a [[Platonic love|platonic relationship]], while Nagaraj marries Manohari and his business flourishes.

Sampath wants to have a physical relationship with Bhuvana but she rejects him, saying he is like a god to her. Sampath raises Bhuvana's son as his own. Meanwhile, Nagarajan and Manohari yearn for a child as the former has now become impotent due to his excessive libido. Nagaraj demands that his son be given to him for adoption but Bhuvana refuses.

When the child becomes ill and needs an injection, Nagaraj enters into a bargain that he would give the medicine from his pharmacy, provided it is agreed that the child is given to him in adoption. However, Sampath arrives on time to deliver the injection and the child is saved. A short while later, Sampath succumbs to [[cardiac arrest]], the result of years of excessive smoking and drinking. Bhuvana prefers to live as his widow.

== Cast ==
* [[Sivakumar]] as Nagaraj{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=64}}
* [[Rajinikanth]] as Sampath{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=64}}
* [[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]] as Bhuvana{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=64}}
* [[Jaya Guhanathan|Jaya]] as Manohari{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=64}}
* Meera as Raaji{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=65}}
* [[Suruli Rajan]] as Manohari's father<ref name="Indian Films" />
*[[Y. G. Mahendran]] as Muthu{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=64}}

== Production ==

Writer [[Panchu Arunachalam]] and director [[S. P. Muthuraman]] initially wanted [[Rajinikanth]] to play a small role in a low-budget film.{{efn|While Muthuraman stated in 1999 that the film was ''Avalukku Oru Aasai'',<ref name="MuthuramanRediff" /> he contradicted himself in a later interview with ''The Hindu''{{'}}s Malathi Rangarajan, stating it to be ''Aan Singam''.{{sfn|Ramachandran|2012|p=16}} }} But after meeting him, the duo found him to have "brightness" and decided to cast him in "something bigger, better". The film was ''Bhuvana Oru Kelvi Kuri'',<ref name="MuthuramanRediff" /> an adaptation of the novel of the same name by [[Maharishi (writer)|Maharishi]].{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=63}} Produced by N. S. Mani under the banner M. A. M. Films who earlier worked as production controller for AVM Productions,<ref name="filmfare" /><ref name="Indian Films" />{{sfn|Muthuraman|2017|page=180}} its screenplay was written by Arunachalam.<ref name="Indian Films" /> The film was the first collaboration of Rajinikanth and Muthuraman,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shoba |first=V. |date=19 December 2014 |title=The Enduring Legend of Rajini |url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/art-culture/the-enduring-legend-of-rajini |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224074415/http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/art-culture/the-enduring-legend-of-rajini |archive-date=24 February 2018 |access-date=24 February 2018 |work=[[Open (Indian magazine)|Open]]}}</ref> and was conceived during [[The Emergency (India)|the Emergency]].{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=71}}

The film had a role swap as [[Sivakumar]], then known for playing clean and positive characters, played an [[antihero]] while Rajinikanth, then an established villain, played a positive character Sampath.{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2012|p=16}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Surendran |first=Anusha |last2=Venkatraman |first2=Janane |last3=Radhakrishnan |first3=Sruthi |date=21 July 2016 |title=Rajini: the actor before the hero |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/Rajini-the-actor-before-the-hero/article14501031.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180328172234/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/Rajini-the-actor-before-the-hero/article14501031.ece |archive-date=28 March 2018 |access-date=28 March 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Muthuraman said he deliberately cast Rajinikanth against [[Typecasting|type]] since he wanted to "experiment with his acting skills".<ref name="flitting" /> He also explained that his decision to shoot the film in black-and-white, rather than colour, was to save costs.{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=66}} Since Rajinikanth was not fluent in Tamil at that time, he was trained by S. L. Narayanan, who was popularly known by the prefix "Vaadhyar".<ref name="thehindutamil" />{{sfn|Ramachandran|2012|p=17}}

Cinematography was handled by Babu.<ref name="thehindutamil" /> Some scenes were filmed in Panagudi, Tirunelveli.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 October 2023 |title=Rajinikanth gets nostalgic as he visits a place in Tirunelveli after 46 years, shoots for 'Thalaivar 170' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajinikanth-gets-nostalgic-as-he-visits-a-place-in-tirunelveli-after-46-years-shoots-for-thalaivar-170/articleshow/104361213.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231013120539/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajinikanth-gets-nostalgic-as-he-visits-a-place-in-tirunelveli-after-46-years-shoots-for-thalaivar-170/articleshow/104361213.cms |archive-date=13 October 2023 |access-date=13 October 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A group song was shot in Tada area and it was decided that the song sequence could be shot in one day but due to a technical fault in the playback equipment which occurred when the half of the song scene was over, it was not possible to continue the shooting, the crew had no other option but to stay there for the night and finish the shoot next day.{{sfn|Muthuraman|2017|pages=183-184}} The film was initially shot with the ending of Sampath and Bhuvana ([[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]]) marrying; however after watching the preview, Muthuraman felt Bhuvana's purity seemed to have been spoiled when she was allowed to live together so the team discussed together various endings and half-heartedly agreed to the conclusion of Bhuvana living a widow's life after Sampath's death which was well received by audience.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=22 June 1980 |title=பிரச்னைகள் ஆயிரம்! |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1980-06-22/page/n15/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230403125835/https://archive.org/details/kalki1980-06-22/page/n15/mode/2up |archive-date=3 April 2023 |access-date=3 April 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=14–15 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The film was edited by R. Vittal, and its final length measured {{Convert|3976.12|metres|feet}}.<ref name="Indian Films" />

== Soundtrack ==
[[Ilaiyaraaja]] composed the music and Panchu Arunachalam wrote the lyrics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhuvana Oru Kelvikuri (1977) |url=http://play.raaga.com/tamil/album/Bhuvana-Oru-Kelvikuri-T0000033 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401232734/http://play.raaga.com/tamil/album/Bhuvana-Oru-Kelvikuri-T0000033 |archive-date=1 April 2014 |access-date=26 September 2016 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref> The song "Vizhiyile" is set in the [[Carnatic raga]] known as [[Natabhairavi]],{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=168}} and "Poonthendrale" is set in [[Rageshree]].{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=154}} In June 2013, A. Muthusamy of Honey Bee Music released a [[5.1 surround sound]] version of the soundtrack.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jeshi |first=K. |date=15 June 2013 |title=Music to his ears |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/music-to-his-ears/article4816337.ece |url-status=live |access-date=27 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927154838/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/music-to-his-ears/article4816337.ece |archive-date=27 September 2016}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 15:09 
| title1 = Vizhiyile
| note1 =
| writer1 =
| music1 =
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length1 = 4:24
| title2 = Raja Enbar
| note2 =
| writer2 =
| music2 =
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[S. Janaki]]
| length2 = 4:32
| title3 = Poonthendrale
| note3 =
| writer3 =
| music3 =
| extra3 = [[P. Jayachandran]], [[Vani Jairam]]
| length3 = 4:08
| title4 = Theme
| note4 = Instrumental
| writer4 =
| music4 =
| extra4 =  —
| length4 = 2:05
}}

== Release and reception ==

''Bhuvana Oru Kelvi Kuri'' was released on 2 September 1977.<ref>{{Cite news |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=3 September 2019 |title='புவனா ஒரு கேள்விக்குறி' – அப்பவே அப்படி கதை |language=ta |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/513998-bhuvana-oru-kelvikuri-appave-appadi-kadhai.html |url-status=live |access-date=9 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009111014/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/513998-bhuvana-oru-kelvikuri-appave-appadi-kadhai.html |archive-date=9 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=29 April 2016 |title=மாறுபட்ட வேடங்களில் ரஜினி-சிவகுமார் இணைந்து நடித்த புவனா ஒரு கேள்விக்குறி |language=ta |trans-title=Rajini-Sivakumar acted in different roles in Bhuvana Oru Kelvi Kuri |work=[[Maalai Malar]] |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/Cinema/CineHistory/2016/04/29232214/1009175/Cine-history-Different-roles-Rajini-Sivakumar-%20%20acting.vpf |url-status=dead |access-date=28 March 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180328084217/https://www.maalaimalar.com/Cinema/CineHistory/2016/04/29232214/1009175/Cine-history-Different-roles-Rajini-Sivakumar-acting.vpf |archive-date=28 March 2018}}</ref> The film shocked audiences who were used to seeing Rajinikanth in negative roles, and Sivakumar in heroic roles.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Subhakeerthana |first=S. |date=12 December 2018 |title=Rajinikanth deserves all the love he gets: SP Muthuraman |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/rajinikanth-sp-muthuraman-movies-5489380/ |url-status=live |access-date=29 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421160329/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/rajinikanth-sp-muthuraman-movies-5489380/ |archive-date=21 April 2019}}</ref> Nevertheless, it won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Filmfare Award for Best Tamil Film]] and Muthuraman won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Tamil Director]] award at the [[Filmfare Awards South|same ceremony]].<ref name="filmfare" /> Rajinikanth's performance earned him the Thirai Kathir Award for Best Supporting Actor.{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=268}} In 1978, the critic from ''Film World'' stated that although ''Bhuvana Oru Kelvi Kuri'' dealt with social questions, it "neither had the motivation nor the justification very much essential to make a film realistic; at best [it] appeared frivolous."<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=1978 |editor-last=Ramachandran |editor-first=T. M. |title=No Social Relevance |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xXhTAAAAYAAJ&q=buvana |magazine=Film World |page=64 |volume=14}}</ref> ''Anna'' praised the performances of the cast, dialogues and direction but panned the humour and music.<ref>{{cite news |date=11 September 1977 |title=புவனா ஒரு கேள்விக்குறி |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_1_72/3.jp2/full/1000,1364/90/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20250510120558/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_1_72/3.jp2/full/1000,1364/90/default.jpg |archive-date=10 May 2025 |access-date=10 May 2025 |newspaper=Anna |pages=3 |language=Tamil |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]] }}</ref>

== Legacy ==
The success of ''Bhuvana Oru Kelvi Kuri'' paved way for Rajinikanth the opportunity to do more hero oriented films.<ref name="flitting" /> Although Sivakumar's fans disliked seeing him play a negative character, he received numerous offers to play negative roles following this film's success, and felt accepting to play Nagaraj was a mistake; he elaborated, "I do not wish to be typed either as a goody- goody leading man or a villain. I would like to act all types of roles."<ref>{{Cite magazine |year=1978 |editor-last=Ramachandran |editor-first=T. M. |title=Sivakumar — Actor with talent plus luck |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xXhTAAAAYAAJ&q=%22plus+luck%22 |access-date=9 April 2024 |magazine=Film World |pages=cccii |volume=14}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Muthuraman called it one of the favourite films he had directed.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=6 May 1979 |title=வண்ணத்திரையும் வெள்ளித்திரையும் |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki1979-05-06/kalki1979-05-06.pdf |access-date=9 April 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=60–62 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Film producer and writer [[G. Dhananjayan]] wrote that it is one of five films Rajinikanth considers "close to his heart"; the other four are ''[[Mullum Malarum]]'' (1978), ''[[Aarilirunthu Arubathu Varai]]'' (1979) and ''[[Enkeyo Ketta Kural]]'' (1982) and ''[[Sri Raghavendrar]]'' (1985).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=26 July 2015 |title=Panchu Arunachalam is the man who invented Rajinikanth as an actor |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Panchu-Arunachalam-is-the-man-who-invented-Rajinikanth-as-an-actor/articleshow/48215004.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150726155121/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Panchu-Arunachalam-is-the-man-who-invented-Rajinikanth-as-an-actor/articleshow/48215004.cms |archive-date=26 July 2015 |access-date=27 September 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="MuthuramanRediff">{{Cite web |last=Muthuraman |first=S. P. |author-link=S. P. Muthuraman |date=22 December 1999 |title=Rajini acts in front of the camera, never behind it |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/dec/22muthu.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107121339/http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/dec/22muthu.htm |archive-date=7 January 2017 |access-date=27 September 2016 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
<ref name="flitting">{{Cite news |last=Shrikumar |first=A. |date=5 November 2015 |title=Flitting into flashbacks |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/flitting-into-flashbacks/article7846091.ece |url-status=live |access-date=27 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927155000/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/flitting-into-flashbacks/article7846091.ece |archive-date=27 September 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="thehindutamil">{{Cite news |last=முத்துராமன் |first=எஸ்பி. |author-link=S. P. Muthuraman |date=13 January 2016 |title=சினிமா எடுத்துப் பார் 41: கமலும் ரஜினியும் இணைந்து நடித்தது எந்தப் படம்? |language=ta |trans-title=Try making a film 41: Kamal and Rajini acted together in which film? |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |url=https://tamil.thehindu.com/cinema/cinema-others/சினிமா-எடுத்துப்-பார்-41-கமலும்-ரஜினியும்-இணைந்து-நடித்தது-எந்தப்-படம்/article8100467.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=14 September 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190319063102/https://tamil.thehindu.com/cinema/cinema-others/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE-%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-41-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D/article8100467.ece |archive-date=19 March 2019}}</ref>
<ref name="Indian Films">{{Cite book |title=Indian Films |publisher=Allied Publishers |year=1978 |pages=124}}</ref>
<ref name="filmfare">{{Cite book |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015069813841;view=1up;seq=486 |title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who |publisher=[[The Times Group|Bennett Coleman & Co. Ltd]] |year=1984 |pages=234}}</ref>
</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YyFMAgAAQBAJ |title=Rajinikanth 12.12.12: A Birthday Special |publisher=[[The Hindu|Kasturi & Sons Ltd.]] |year=2012 |editor-last=Ramachandran |editor-first=Naman |editor-link=Naman Ramachandran}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |title-link=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-14-342111-5 |location=New Delhi |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |orig-date=2012}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |location=Chennai |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}
*{{Cite book |last=Muthuraman |first=S. P. |title=AVM Thandha SPM |publisher=Vikatan |year=2017 |edition=3rd |language=Tamil |oclc=607342391 |author-link=S. P. Muthuraman |orig-date=2005}}
== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{S. P. Muthuraman}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil}}

[[Category:1977 Indian films]]
[[Category:1977 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1977 drama films]]
[[Category:1977 films]]
[[Category:Films based on Tamil novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. P. Muthuraman]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Panchu Arunachalam]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]

{{Improve categories|date=July 2024}}

Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi

2026-03-03T18:17:10Z

RyanQuintana2: small edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}

{{About|the 1996 film|the 2025 film of the same name|Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi (2025 film)}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi
| image = Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[E. V. V. Satyanarayana]]
| writer = '''Screenplay''': E. V. V. Satyanarayana
'''Dialogues''': Satyanand
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak]]''|[[Nasir Hussain]]}}
| producer = [[Allu Aravind]]
| starring = [[Pawan Kalyan]] Supriya Yarlagadda
| cinematography = [[S. Gopal Reddy]]
| editing = Vellaiswamy
| music = [[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
| studio = [[Geetha Arts]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1996|10|11}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| gross = ₹4.25 Crore (Share)
}}

'''''Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi''''' ({{translation|There's the girl, here's the boy}}) is a 1996 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language film directed by [[E. V. V. Satyanarayana]]. Produced by [[Allu Aravind]] under Geeta Arts Banner, the film stars [[Pawan Kalyan]] (credited as Kalyan) and Supriya in their debuts.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-10-11 |title=పాతికేళ్ళ ‘అక్కడ అమ్మాయి- ఇక్కడ అబ్బాయి’ |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/akkada-ammayi-ikkada-abbayi-completes-25-years-66831.html |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=[[NTV (India)|NTV]] |language=te-IN}}</ref> The music of the film was composed by [[Koti (composer)|Koti]]. It is an official remake of the 1988 Hindi film ''[[Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2021 |title=Did you know how much Pawan Kalyan earned for his debut film? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-how-much-pawan-kalyan-earned-for-his-debut-film/articleshow/80478525.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213144618/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-how-much-pawan-kalyan-earned-for-his-debut-film/articleshow/80478525.cms |archive-date=13 December 2021 |access-date=13 December 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film marks the debut of Kalyan, the younger brother of [[Chiranjeevi]], in the Telugu film industry.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2018 |title=Birthday Special: Power Star Pawan Kalyan! How the actor got his big break and became successful |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/photo-features/birthday-special-power-star-pawan-kalyan-how-the-actor-got-his-big-break-and-became-successful/photostory/65637154.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116005707/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/photo-features/birthday-special-power-star-pawan-kalyan-how-the-actor-got-his-big-break-and-became-successful/photostory/65637154.cms |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=16 November 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It is also the debut film appearance of Supriya, the granddaughter of [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 August 2018 |title=Nagarjunua's niece wanted to be a writer |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2018-08-06/Nagarjunuas-niece-anted-to-be-a-writer/403674 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807195419/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2018-08-06/Nagarjunuas-niece-anted-to-be-a-writer/403674 |archive-date=7 August 2018 |access-date=27 January 2022 |website=[[The Hans India]]}}</ref> Kalyan’s performance and martial arts skills received significant attention.<ref name=":0" />

== Plot ==
Harichandra Prasad and Vishnu Murthy are two wealthy and powerful rivals in a village. Harichandra Prasad's daughter Supriya and Vishnu Murthy's son Kalyan study in the same residential college, where they both engage in few quarrels and bets. Kalyan and his gang attempt to enter a girls' hostel and succeeds at last, and he wins a bet with Supriya. Slowly their love blossoms under these petty things and they return to their village, where they are separated at the railway station by their parents. Their vacation ends and Kalyan reaches the railway station to get back to his college, but Supriya does not turn up. Kalyan learns that her marriage is fixed, and gets off the train to reach Supriya's house. But he is thrashed by Harichandra Prasad and his men. Meanwhile, Supriya's wedding is postponed due to her grandmother's death. Using this to their advantage, Kalyan and Supriya elope. Her brother and his men become involved in a fight with Kalyan. In the end, Vishnu Murthy saves Harichandra Prasad from being drowned, and everyone realises their mistake. They reunite the lovers and get them married.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Pawan Kalyan]] as Mullapudi Kalyan (credited as Kalyan Babu)
* Supriya Yarlagadda as Supriya
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Harichandra Prasad
* [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Chandra Shekhar
* [[Sarath Babu]] as Vishnu Murthy
* [[Ahuti Prasad]] as Srihari Rao
* [[Allu Rama Lingaiah|Allu Ramalingaiyah]] as Principal
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Suleman
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Pilaka Govinda Sastry
* [[Babu Mohan]] as Peter
* [[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]] as Esupadam
* [[Amanchi Venkata Subrahmanyam|AVS]] as S.I.
* [[Gokina Rama Rao]]
* [[Raja Ravindra]] as Raja
* [[Visweswara Rao]] as Kalyan's classmate
* [[Tirupathi Prakash]] as Kalyan's classmate
* [[Ironleg Sastri]] as Pilaka Gajapada Sastry
* [[Ashok Kumar (Telugu actor)|Ashok Kumar]]
* [[Kavitha (actress)|Kavitha]] as Rajeswari
* [[Sudha (Telugu actress)|Sudha]] as Lakshmi
* Attili Lakshmi
* [[Kovai Sarala]] as Julie
* [[Kalpana Rai]] as Nookalamma
* Madhu as rowdy
* [[Sivaranjani (actress)|Ooha]] as Shanti ([[Cameo appearance]])
* [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]] as [[item number]] "Chaligali Jummandi"
* [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] (Deleted scene)
{{colend}}

== Production ==
[[Ravi Raja Pinisetty]] was initially set to direct ''Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi''. However, Pinisetty felt that producer [[Allu Aravind]] would not invest enough in the project, so he decided to step down. He informed Kalyan of his decision, clarifying that there was no misunderstanding between them.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sri |date=15 July 2010 |title=Interview: Ravi Raja Pinisetty |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_ravirajapinishetty2010_3.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231093534/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_ravirajapinishetty2010_3.php |archive-date=31 December 2010 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |page=3}}</ref>

The film employed a unique marketing campaign prior to its release. Initially, posters featuring Kalyan were released with the question, "Who is this guy?". Later, before the film's release posters declaring "This is our Kalyan" further heightened audience interest. The anticipation was also fueled by Kalyan's connection as Chiranjeevi's brother.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-11 |title=Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi 25 Years: ‘అక్కడ అమ్మాయి ఇక్కడ అబ్బాయి’ సినిమా 25 ఏళ్ళు పూర్తి |url=https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/power-star-pawan-kalyan-debut-movie-akkada-ammayi-ikkada-abbayi-completed-25-years-and-here-behind-story-pk-1055070.html |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=News18 తెలుగు |language=te}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music is composed by [[Koti (composer)|Koti]]. Lyrics are written by [[Veturi]]. The music was released on [[Lahari Music]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2000 |title=Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/akkada-ammayi-ikkada-abbayi/sJplJorqNXE_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808174748/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/akkada-ammayi-ikkada-abbayi/sJplJorqNXE_ |archive-date=8 August 2020 |access-date=27 January 2022 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| writing_credits =
| lyrics_credits =
| music_credits =
| title1 = Time Time
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length1 = 4:52
| title2 = Baava Baava
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[K. S. Chithra|Chitra]]
| length2 = 5:12
| title3 = Priya Sakhi Om
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[M. M. Srilekha]]
| length3 = 5:05
| title4 = Chaligali Jummandi
| extra4 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], Chitra
| length4 = 5:29
| title5 = Premanna Chinnamatalone
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chitra
| length5 = 4:58
| title6 = Muddu Muddu Pillo
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chitra
| length6 = 5:13
| title7 = O Daivama
| extra7 = [[S. Janaki]]
| length7 = 5:10
}}
==Reception==
''Andhra Today'' wrote, "Kalyan is good only in dance and action scenes. Supriya makes little impact with her histrionics. It is a disappointing film from all departments".<ref>{{cite web |title=Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi |url=http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/akkada.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011219170303/http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/akkada.htm |archive-date=19 December 2001 |access-date=25 August 2024 |website=Andhra Today}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0247917}}

{{E. V. V. Satyanarayana}}
{{Romeo and Juliet film adaptations}}

[[Category:1996 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1996 Indian films]]
[[Category:1996 films]]
[[Category:Films based on Romeo and Juliet]]
[[Category:Films directed by E. V. V. Satyanarayana]]
[[Category:Films scored by Koti (composer)]]
[[Category:Geetha Arts films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Hindi films]]

Euro International school shooting

2026-02-25T10:46:16Z

RyanQuintana2: quick enhanced layout for consistency further and updated info after review

{{short description|2007 school shooting in Gurgaon, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}

{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Euro International school shooting
| image =
| caption =
| location = [[Gurgaon]], [[Haryana]], [[India]]
| coordinates =
| target =
| date = {{Start date|df=yes|2007|12|11}}
| time = 1:00 pm
| timezone =
| type = [[School shooting]]
| weapon = .32 Harrison revolver
| fatalities = 1 (Abhishek Tyagi)
| perpetrator = Akash Yadav
{{Infobox event
| title =
| child = yes
| sentence = '''Yadav''':
* 3 years' juvenile detention
'''Yadav's father''':
* 1 year's imprisonment
'''Raj Singh Dalal''':
* 5 years' imprisonment}}
| motive = Retaliation for personal conflicts and alleged [[bullying]]
}}

The '''Euro International school shooting''' occurred on 12 December 2007 at Euro International, a private [[secondary school]] in [[Gurgaon]], [[Haryana]], [[India]].<ref name="bbc2007">{{cite news |last1=Biswas |first1=Soutik |title=The day terror hit an Indian school |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7140267.stm |access-date=21 February 2019 |publisher=BBC News |date=12 December 2007}}</ref> The gunman, 14-year-old student Akash Yadav, shot and killed 14-year-old Abhishek Tyagi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=13 December 2007|title='Yes, I Killed Abhishek' Admits Gurgaon Boy|url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=41329|access-date=2021-11-22|website=www.daijiworld.com|language=en}}</ref> He was sentenced to three years' juvenile detention.<ref name=":0" />

==Background==
Eighth-grade student Akash Yadav had gotten into a fight with Tyagi, but it was resolved by school authorities. According to Yadav's family, Tyagi had bullied Yadav's girlfriend, once grabbing her hand against her will.<ref name=":0" /> The school had organised [[sports day]] on 9 December 2007 and Yadav, along with his friend, planned to shoot Tyagi, but their plan failed as Tyagi went home early. Yadav instead decided to shoot Tyagi on Tuesday as Monday was a holiday.

== Shooting ==
On 11 December, Yadav stole his father's gun, an imported [[.32]] Harrison pistol<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-03-05 |title=How a high-profile school killer became a leading don in Haryana's underworld |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/gurgaon/how-a-high-profile-school-killer-became-a-leading-don-in-haryana-s-underworld/story-usNuuhI7enQ5AkNh18IkWK.html |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> that was left unlocked, and brought it to school in a sock<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sengupta |first=Somini |date=2007-12-12 |title=In India, a Rare School Shooting Leaves 14-Year-Old Dead |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/12/world/asia/12india.html }}</ref> before hiding it under a toilet for the rest of the day.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2007-12-12 |title=School Shootings Exported to India? |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=3987595&page=1 |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref> At 9.45 am, Yadav's father, property dealer Azad Singh Yadav, arrived home from his morning walk, at which point he realised his firearm (which he had bought from a dealer the previous week along with five loaded cartridges) was missing. He called his two sons (Akash and Sumit) at school, but they denied having anything to do with it.<ref name=":0" />

At 1 pm, the time of dispersal in the afternoon, Tyagi was going to his bus room when Yadav called out to him from behind. Tyagi's leg got stuck in the stair's grill while Yadav approached him and fired at close range four times, hitting once in the temple and two in the chest.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2007-12-11 |title=Shooting inside Gurgaon school, boy killed |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Shooting-inside-Gurgaon-school-boy-killed/249098/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212163839/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Shooting-inside-Gurgaon-school-boy-killed/249098/ |archive-date=2007-12-12 |access-date=2025-09-29 |work=ExpressIndia}}</ref> Yadav then requested his friend Vikas Yadav (no relation) to fire, but he missed.<ref name=":1" /> Tyagi died on his way to the hospital.<ref name=":2" />

== Aftermath ==
That same day, Akash Yadav was sentenced to three years' juvenile detention, whereas his father was sentenced to a year in jail for keeping an unlicensed gun at home.<ref name=":0" /> Raj Singh Dalal, his father's friend, with whom he owned the gun, was sentenced to 5 years' imprisonment, for failing to keep his weapon in safe custody.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-03-02 |title=Euro School shooting: Gun owner jailed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/euro-school-shooting-gun-owner-jailed/articleshow/7614660.cms |access-date=2025-09-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Yadav was released in 2008 on [[parole]], and later became an organised criminal and gang leader with his brother Sumit.<ref name=":0" /> He was accused of murdering a fellow gang member in 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-03-26 |title=Boy who shot classmate 'kills' again |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/boy-who-shot-classmate-kills-again/articleshow/46694672.cms |access-date=2025-09-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080610144029/http://www.sociopathic.net/ Sociopathic - A list of school killings]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071213100353/http://in.reuters.com/article/topNews/idINIndia-30933320071211 Reuters India]
{{Campus violence in India}}

{{coord missing|Haryana}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Euro International School Shooting}}
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in India]]
[[Category:Crime in Gurgaon]]
[[Category:2007 murders in India]]
[[Category:School shootings in Asia]]
[[Category:December 2007 in India]]
[[Category:School killings in Asia]]
[[Category:December 2007 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:High school shootings]]
[[Category:High school killings]]
[[Category:Attacks on schools in 2007]]
[[Category:Attacks on schools in India]]
[[Category:Child murder in India]]
[[Category:School shootings committed by pupils]]

Bhupal Singh

2026-02-25T06:15:56Z

RyanQuintana2: revised

{{Short description|Last ruling Maharana of Udaipur from 1930–1948 and Rajpramukh from 1948–1955}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox royalty
| image = Maharana Bhupal Singh.jpg
| caption = Bhupal Singh
| succession = [[Udaipur State|Maharana of Udaipur]]
| reign = 24 May 1930– 1948
| predecessor = [[Raghubir Singh of Udaipur and Mewar|Raghubir Singh ]]
| successor = [[Bhagwat Singh Mewar]] (titular Maharana of Udaipur)
| birth_date = 1884
| death_date = {{death date and age|1955|07|04|1884|df=y}}
| spouse =
| issue = [[Bhagwat Singh Mewar]], (Adoptive)
| house = [[Sisodia Dynasty|Sisodia]]
| father = [[Fateh Singh of Udaipur and Mewar|Fateh Singh]]
| mother =
| module = {{infobox officeholder
| embed = yes
| office = [[Rajpramukh]] of [[Rajasthan]]
| term = 18 April 1948 – 1 April 1949
| predecessor = [[Bhim Singh II]]
| successor = [[Man Singh II]]
| office2 = [[Rajpramukh|Maha-Rajpramukh]]
| term2 = 1 April 1949 – 4 July 1955
}}
}}
{{Mewari Rana}}
[[Shri]] [[Maharana]] Sir '''Bhupal Singh''' [[Maharaja Bahadur|Bahadur]] [[Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]] (1884 – 4 July 1955), also spelt '''Bhopal Singh''', was the ruler of the Indian [[Udaipur State|princely state of Udaipur]] (or Mewar) from 1930 and also [[Rajpramukh]] of [[Rajasthan]] from 1948 until his death on 4 July 1955.

==Biography==
Singh was born in 1884, a year before the accession of his father [[Fateh Singh of Udaipur and Mewar|Fateh Singh]] to the throne of Mewar and Udaipur as ''Maharana''.<ref>Brian Masters, ''Maharana: the story of the rulers of Udaipur'' (1990), p. 107</ref> He became paralyzed at the age of 5. On 28 July 1921, following some social unrest in Mewar, his father was formally deposed, while being allowed to retain his titular title, and effective power in the state fell into the hands of Bhupal as his son and heir.<ref>William Warren, Jill Gocher, ''Shiv Niwas Palace, Udaipur'' (Tuttle Publishing, 2007, {{ISBN|0-7946-0174-X}})</ref> He became ruler of the state in name as well as in fact in 1930.<ref>[[Jawaharlal Nehru]], ''Selected works of Jawaharlal Nehru'', vol. 6 (1987), p. 140</ref> After the independence and [[partition of India|partition]] of [[British India]] in 1947, Singh was one of the first of the Indian princes to sign an [[Instrument of Accession]] to the new [[Dominion of India]], and on 18 April 1948 he became [[Rajpramukh]] of Rajasthan, succeeding [[Bhim Singh II|Sir Bhim Singh]], Maharaja of [[Kotah]]. With effect from 1 April 1949 his title was raised to ''Maha Rajpramukh''. Also he was held titles of Honorary Major-General, Indian Army 15 October 1946 (earlier Honorary Lt.-Col. 4 August 1939), Honorary Colonel, Indian Grenadiers, 1 June 1954.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}}

Bhagwat Singh succeeded him as the titular ruler of the state.

One of Bhupal Singh's palaces was [[Lake Palace|Jag Niwas]], on an island in [[Lake Pichola]], for which he undertook major repairs and restorations. The palace is now operated as a [[Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces|luxury hotel]].

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Bhupal}}
[[Category:Monarchs of Mewar]]
[[Category:1884 births]]
[[Category:1955 deaths]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Indian knights]]
[[Category:Rajpramukhs]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian royalty]]
[[Category:British Indian Army personnel]]

Lai Haraoba

2026-02-17T17:39:24Z

RyanQuintana2:

{{Short description|Traditional Meitei festival}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}

{{Infobox recurring event
|name = Lai Haraoba 
|native_name = {{small|({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯂꯥꯏ ꯍꯔꯥꯎꯕ}}|}})}}
|native_name_lang = mni
|nickname = Merrymaking of the gods; Pleasing of the deities
|logo =
|logo_alt =
|logo_caption =
|logo_size =
|image = Lai Haraoba-3 - 5571676820.jpg
|image_size =
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|caption = A group of [[maibi]]s (priestesses) performing a ritualistic dance in Lai Haraoba
|status = active
|genre = festival
|date = between February and May or June
|begins = 
|ends = 
|frequency = Annually
|venue =
|location = shrines of the [[Umang Lai]] deities
|coordinates = 
|country =
* {{IND}}
* {{BAN}}
* {{MYA}}
|years_active = 
|first = 
|founder_name =
* [[Pakhangba]] and [[Nongthang Leima]] (according to one account of [[Meitei mythology]])
* [[Nongpok Ningthou]] & [[Panthoibi]] (according to another account of [[Meitei mythology]]) 
|last = 
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|participants = [[Maiba]]s, [[Maibi]]s and commoners
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|activity = holy and ritualistic, sacred, theatrical dance and music festival
|leader_name =
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|people = [[Meitei people]]
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|footnotes = Lai Haraoba is also spelled as ''Lai Harauba, Lai Halaopa, Lai Halaupa, Lai Hoi Laoba, Lai Hoi Laopa, etc.''
}}

'''Lai Haraoba''' ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯂꯥꯏ ꯍꯔꯥꯎꯕ|}}|}}, {{langx|omp|{{Script|Mtei|ꯂꯥꯏ ꯍꯂꯥꯎꯄ}}||Merrymaking/Pleasing of the deities}}), also known as '''Umang Lai Haraoba''', is a classical,<ref name=":Classical_Lai_Haraoba_multiple_sources">—{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h2rrAAAAMAAJ&q=classical+Khamba+Thoibi |title=Pathway Volume 41 |date=1988 |others=[[University of Michigan]]; Marg Foundation (Mumbai, India), Modern Architectural Research Group, Modern Artists and Architects Research Group, National Centre for the Performing Arts (India) |volume=41 |pages=XV |language=en |quote=First and foremost are the surviving ritual dances which have been absorbed into the repertoire. The Lai-haraoba and the Khamba Thoibi may be counted amongst these. Their historical and mythical theme makes them as classical as any of the later Vaishnavite dances.}} —{{Cite book |last=Doshi |first=Saryu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xRbkAAAAMAAJ&q=classical+Khamba+Thoibi |title=Dances of Manipur: The Classical Tradition |date=1989 |others=[[University of Michigan]] |isbn=978-81-85026-09-1 |pages=XIX |publisher=Marg Publications |language=en |quote=First and foremost are the surviving ritual dances which have been absorbed into the repertoire. The Lai-haraoba and the Khamba Thoibi may be counted amongst these. Their historical and mythical theme makes them as classical as any of the later Vaishnavite dances. They have an element of abhinaya (histrionic representation)...}} —{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fZA_AAAAMAAJ&q=classical+Khamba+Thoibi |title=DM Silveira's India Book |date=1994 |publisher=Classic Publishers |others=[[University of Michigan]] |isbn=978-81-900218-2-1 |pages=230 |language=en |quote=...Lai Haraoba is the ritual folk-cum-classical dance of Manipur and tells the story of creation according to the Manipuris. Khamba Thoibi is a popular Manipuri dance which tells the story of princess Thoibi and poor boy Khamba...}} —{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PJLWAAAAMAAJ&q=classical+Khamba+Thoibi |title=Mãrg |others=[[Pennsylvania State University]]; [[National Centre for the Performing Arts (India)]] |volume=41 |pages=109 |language=en |quote=First and foremost are the surviving ritual dances which have been absorbed into the repertoire. The Lai-haraoba and the Khamba Thoibi may be counted amongst these. Their historical and mythical theme makes them as classical as any of the later Vaishnavite dances. They have an element of abhinaya histrionic representation)... |issue=1–2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cultural Significance of the Lai Haraoba|url=https://www.sahapedia.org/cultural-significance-of-the-lai-haraoba|access-date=2025-02-11|website=Sahapedia|language=en}}</ref> ritualistic, theatrical dance and music festival, annually celebrated by the [[Meitei people]], to please the [[Umang Lai]] deities of the [[traditional Meitei religion]] ([[Sanamahism]]), predominantly in the [[States of India|Indian state]] of [[Manipur]]. It is a [[Meitei intangible cultural heritage]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465533/page/n23/mode/2up|title=Meitei Lai Haraoba|last=Kullachandra Singh|first=Ngariyambam|date=1963|publisher=Internet Archive; Digital Library of India|location=India|pages=15|language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":sahapedia_lai-haraoba" /><ref name=":indianculture_Lai_Haraoba">{{Cite web|title=Lai Haraoba {{!}} INDIAN CULTURE|url=https://indianculture.gov.in/node/2884674|website=indianculture.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.india-tours.com/fairs-and-festivals/lai-haraoba-festival.html | title=Lai Haraoba Festival of Manipur, History of the Lai Haraoba Festival – India-tours }}</ref>
Outside [[Manipur]], Lai Haraoba is also celebrated in places where the [[Meitei people]] live, such as [[Assam]], [[Tripura]], [[Bangladesh]], and [[Myanmar]].<ref name=":sahapedia_lai-haraoba">{{Cite web|title=Lai Haraoba|url=https://www.sahapedia.org/lai-haraoba-0|access-date=2025-02-11|website=Sahapedia|language=en}}</ref>

Lai Haraoba (under the name "Meitei Lai Haraoba") is recognised as one of the state holidays by the [[government of Tripura]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Press|first=Imphal Free|date=2015-01-14|title=Tripura govt lists Meitei Lai Haraoba as state holiday – KanglaOnline|url=https://kanglaonline.in/2015/01/tripura-govt-lists-meitei-lai-haraoba-as-state-holiday/|access-date=2025-02-12|language=en-US}}</ref>

The [[government of Manipur]] puts effort in making Lai Haraoba to be recognised by the [[UNESCO]] as well as the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] (SNA), the highest academy of performing arts in India, on the ''[[Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Irom|first=Bit|date=2025-01-15|title=Manipur urges UNESCO & SNA New Delhi to inscribe Lai-Haraoba|url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur/manipur-urges-unesco-sna-new-delhi-to-inscribe-lai-haraoba.html|access-date=2025-02-12|website=NorthEast Now|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Lai Haraoba : 19th jan25 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=5..190125.jan25|access-date=2025-02-12|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2025-01-16|title=Manipur CM Pushes for UNESCO Nomination of Lai Haraoba...|url=https://northeastlivetv.com/topnews/manipur-cm-pushes-for-unesco-nomination-of-lai-haraoba-as-intangible-cultural-heritage/|access-date=2025-02-12|website=Northeast Live|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=UNESCO nod for Lai Haraoba sought|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2024/10/21/Imphal-Oct-21The-Manipur-Government-has-submitted-a-proposal-to-UNESCO-to-recognize-the-traditional-Lai-Har.html|access-date=2025-02-12|website=www.thesangaiexpress.com|language=en}}</ref>

Lai Haraoba, along with the fusion of three other performing art forms, [[Huiyen Lallong]], [[Meitei Sankirtana|Meitei Nata Sankirtana]] and [[Raslila|Raaslila]], gave rise to the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]]-recognised [[Indian classical dance]] form, popularly known as the ''"[[Manipuri dance]]"''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kathy |date=2020-06-02 |title=Hasta in Manipuri - Part 1 - Wednesday Wisdom |url=https://www.akademi.co.uk/hasta-in-manipuri/ |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=Akademi |language=en-GB |quote=The classical dance of Manipuri was born out of rituals that are danced by the Meitei community residing in Manipur, India. The style of Manipuri that we see on stage is a confluence of traditions that are associated with four rituals. These rituals are observed as devotional service, or rites of passage, or propitiation rites, or all. Dance is derived from each of these rituals – Lai Haraoba, Huyen Langlon, Nata Sankirtana and Raaslila. These dances are considered as genres of Manipuri dance, alongside being integral part of Meitei social fabric. However, the classical Manipuri tradition is often associated with only the Raaslila tradition (which is debated by different institutions).}}</ref>

== Interpretations of meaning ==
Elangbam Nilakanta Singh translates Lai Haraoba as the “merry making of the gods and goddesses,” and many others use this meaning. [[Saroj Nalini Arambam Parratt|Saroj Nalini Parratt]] and John Parratt translate it as “pleasing of the gods,” based on J. Shakespeare’s (1913) translation, but they make it plural because the festival honors more than one god. Practitioners of the ritual say that the name comes from the ''"lai hoi laoba,"'' the cry of ‘hoi’, in the [[Meitei mythology|Meitei creation myth]], which marks the moment the universe is revealed. This idea is given by Ng. Kulachandra, the former head of the Manipur Pandit Loishang.<ref name=":sahapedia_lai-haraoba" /><ref name=":indianculture_Lai_Haraoba" />

== Origin ==
[[File:Lai haraoba manipur.JPG|thumb|A dance performance during the ''Lai Haraoba'' festival]]
Lai Haraoba {{meitei|ꯂꯥꯏ ꯍꯔꯥꯎꯕ}} is a ritualistic festival of the Meiteis observed since ancient times.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/latest-news/rich-traditions-seek-to-revive-manipurs-lai-haraoba-festival|title=Rich traditions seek to revive Manipur's Lai Haraoba festival|access-date=5 May 2022|website=www.freepressjournal.in}}</ref> It is a ritual enactment of the creation myth. It mirrors the entire culture of Manipur and depicts the close affinities between the hill and plain people. It is a combination of religious recitations, traditional music and dance, traditional social values and ancient cultural aspects.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://themorningbell.in/workshop-on-making-of-laipot-senpot-of-umang-lai-haraoba-kicks-off/|title=Workshop on making of "Laipot-Senpot" of Umang Lai Haraoba kicks off|access-date=5 May 2022|website=themorningbell.in}}</ref>

The rituals within the festival are the same except in some items or [[hymn]]s, such as ikouba, ikourol, and yakairol at the beginning and mikon thagonba, ngaprum tanba at the end of the festival. In the performances, the evolution story with the amorous love-affairs of [[Manipuri Guardians of the Directions|Nongpok Ninghthou]] and [[Panthoibi]] is depicted and played equally in all kinds of lai haraoba.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Allen|first=N. J.|date=1999|title=Review of The Pleasing of the Gods: Meitei Lai Haraoba|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3107431|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London|volume=62|issue=1|pages=160–161|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00017973 |jstor=3107431 |s2cid=161513835 |issn=0041-977X|url-access=subscription}}</ref> According to folklore, the gods held the first Lai Haraoba on the Koubru Hill so that their descendants would imitate them by performing the same rites.

== Places and timings ==
Lai Haraoba takes place at local shrines dedicated to the Umang Lai deities, which are important to the [[traditional Meitei religion]]. The festival doesn't have fixed dates but happens between February and May or June. Each shrine chooses its own dates for the festival. The festival can last from three days to over a month, depending on the shrine. The dates and length of the festival can be different for each shrine.<ref name=":sahapedia_lai-haraoba" /><ref name=":indianculture_Lai_Haraoba" />
== Deities {{Anchor|Worshipping deities}} ==
{{Main|Meitei deities}}
The Lai Haraoba is also called the Umang Lai Haraoba, named after the [[Umang Lai]] deities, honored during the festival. These deities are seen as protectors of the areas where the shrines are located. The festival takes place at these shrines, and the whole community helps with the preparations.<ref name=":sahapedia_lai-haraoba" />
The Umang Lai group includes over 300 deities, such as ancestors, legendary forefathers, and other important gods in the [[traditional Meitei religion]] ([[Sanamahism]]).<ref name=":sahapedia_lai-haraoba" /><ref name=":indianculture_Lai_Haraoba" />
=== Male and female aspects ===
The rituals of Lai Haraoba honor a male and a female deity, called Lainingthou and Lairembi/Lairemma.<ref name=":sahapedia_lai-haraoba" /> The rituals focus on creation. The Meitei people believe that the supreme god created the cosmos. He is called Tengbanba Mapu or Taibangpanba Mapu or Atiya Sidaba. Some creation stories start with these gods, while others go back to Atingkok and Amamba. Amamba is the dark place where life begins.<ref name=":sahapedia_lai-haraoba" />
== Types and variations ==
Four types of Lai Haraoba are prevalent in the Meitei society, namely, ''[[:en:wikt:Kanglei|Kanglei Haraoba]]'', ''[[:en:wikt:Moirang|Moirang Haraoba]]'', ''[[:en:wikt:Kakching|Kakching Haraoba]]'' and ''[[:en:wikt:Chakpa|Chakpa Haraoba]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/it-articles/item/11825-lai-haraoba-the-most-important-festival-merry-making-of-umanglai|title=LAI HARAOBA – THE MOST IMPORTANT FESTIVAL (Merry Making of Umanglai) - Imphal Times|access-date=5 May 2022|website=www.imphaltimes.com|date=July 2018 }}</ref> ''Kanglei Haraoba'' is performed mainly in Imphal and the nearby towns. ''Moirang Haraoba'' is only in Moirang, ''Kakching Haraoba'' is held in Kakching and ''Chakpa Haraoba'' is celebrated at Andro, Phayeng, Sekmai, Koutruk, Khuukhul, Leimaram and Tairenpokpi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenortheasttoday.com/states/manipur/5-facts-to-know-about-lai-haraoba-the-ancient-dance-form-of/cid2552780.htm|title=5 facts to know about 'Lai Haraoba' the ancient dance form of Manipur!|access-date=5 May 2022|website=thenortheasttoday.com|date=9 January 2017 }}</ref><ref name=":sahapedia_lai-haraoba" /><ref name=":indianculture_Lai_Haraoba" />
=== Kanglei Haraoba ===
One type of Lai Haraoba is Kanglei Haraoba, celebrated in and around [[Imphal]]. The name Kanglei comes from [[Kangla]], which is in the center of Imphal. The main deity worshipped is [[Pakhangba]]. A special part of this festival is when [[Khoriphaba]], a deity, looks for a ‘bride’. A [[maibi]] (spirit medium) calls on Khoriphaba's spirit to choose the bride. The festival ends with the nongarol, which shows the rise of the divine presence.<ref name=":sahapedia_lai-haraoba" />

=== Moirang Haraoba ===
[[File:%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A1_%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%B1.jpg|thumb|Performance of the [[Khamba Thoibi classical dance]] in Lai Haraoba]]

Moirang Haraoba is celebrated in and around the [[Moirang]] region in the southern part of the Imphal valley. The main deity worshipped is [[Thangching]] ([[Thangjing]]). In this version, along with langthrei leaves (a common offering in the Kanglei version), leisang, another evergreen plant, is also offered. A special part of this festival is the [[Khamba Thoibi classical dance]]. The festival ends with tengtharol (a song of [[lamentation]]), which marks the rise of the deities.<ref name=":sahapedia_lai-haraoba" />
=== Chakpa Haraoba ===
Chakpa Haraoba is not a separate type of the festival, but a group of versions celebrated by Chakpa groups in different villages. The hand movements are simpler, and the structure is less complex. It includes sacrificial practices. The main versions are from [[Andro, Imphal East]] and Phayeng villages. In Andro, a special ritual called [[Numit Kappa]] (shooting of the sun) is performed, which is unique to them. The Phayeng tradition has special rituals, like ''"Lai Phagi Tounaba,"'' which are not done in other places.<ref name=":sahapedia_lai-haraoba" />

=== Kakching Haraoba ===
[[File:Plate 11-2 Folk-Lore, vol. 24.jpg|thumb|An orchestra, including [[pena (musical instrument)]] players and married women, in honor of God [[Khamlangba]]]]

Kakching Haraoba is celebrated in the [[Kakching]] region, east of [[Imphal]]. A special part of the festival is the ''"Ngaprum Tanba"'' ritual (hunting of eel) on the last day. People have different opinions on whether it should be a separate type of festival. Some think it should be part of Kanglei, while others think it should be under Chakpa Haraoba. Dr. Kh. Ratankumar Singh sees it as a separate type. However, each shrine often has its own unique practices.<ref name=":sahapedia_lai-haraoba" />

== Rituals ==
The Lai Haraoba rituals are led by special people. There are three old traditions. The three traditions are [[maiba]], [[maibi]], and asheiba ([[pena (musical instrument)]] is about the music with a special fiddle). Only men can follow maiba and asheiba. Only women can follow maibi, which is about connecting with spirits.<ref name=":sahapedia_lai-haraoba" />

The Lai Haraoba rituals are detailed and cover many parts. They can be divided into three parts. These parts are the beginning, the middle, and the end. The parts are called Lai Eekouba, Haraoba, and Lairoi respectively. The Lai Eekouba marks the descent of the god (Lai in [[Meitei language]]). The Lairoi marks the ascent. The days in between follow a similar pattern. The number of days in between can change. This makes the festival last anywhere from three days to over three weeks.<ref name=":sahapedia_lai-haraoba" />

=== Lai Eekouba ===
The Lai Eekouba rituals focus on bringing a sacred presence into the shrine for the festival. Before the rituals, the doors of the shrine, which are usually closed all year, are opened. This is called ''"lai thong hangba,"'' meaning "opening of the shrine doors." It happens on a lucky day before the Eekouba rituals. After opening, the shrine is cleaned, and sacred images and objects are prepared. The utensils are cleaned, clothes for the ceremonies are washed, and the sacred images are taken out. Sometimes, preparations begin even before opening the shrine, like making rice beer for the event. This process is done with special songs and rituals.<ref name=":sahapedia_lai-haraoba" />

In the Eekouba ritual, the sacred presence is brought through water. This is done at a pond or river. A procession goes from the shrine to the water. There, offerings are made and deities are called. A maibi performs the ritual by chanting and ringing bells. The maibi may go into a trance and speak messages from the spirits. The sacred objects come to life during this time. Afterward, the procession returns to the shrine, and the objects are placed in their spots. The day ends with the [[pena (musical instrument)]] fiddle player, who plays music and sings to rest the deities for the night, with a rite called ''"naosumba"''. This is the first day of the festival.<ref name=":sahapedia_lai-haraoba" />
=== Haraoba ===
The second day starts with the awakening rite (yakeiba). The pena fiddle player plays in the morning to wake up the deity. Some rituals are done, like bathing (iru sadengba) and removing bad energies (anam-aha kokpa). People bring fruits, rice, grains, flowers, incense, and candles as offerings. The morning prayers are recited, and the offerings are given.<ref name=":sahapedia_lai-haraoba" />
The main ritual happens in the evening. Music and dance are an important part of it. They are not just for performance, but part of the ritual. The evening starts with offering flowers, called ''"Lei Langba."'' The person in charge of the flowers or their helper does this. The [[maibi]]s show respect before starting the dance of [[Thougal Jagoi]]. This dance is a way to honor the Lai and get ready for the day’s work. The songs in the dance praise the deity. The maibis lead the dance, and everyone in the community can join. After the dance, the Laibou part of the ritual starts.<ref name=":sahapedia_lai-haraoba" />
==== Laibou ====
[[File:ꯂꯥꯢꯄꯧ ꯂꯥꯀꯤ ꯂꯩꯍꯨꯜ.jpg|thumb|Position of placing banana trees in front of the shrine, during the Lai Haraoba celebration]]

The laibou rituals are the main part of the Lai Haraoba. Before this, a banana leaf with a small offering and sacred langthrei leaves are placed in the center of the area. The maibis then dance to bring the sacred presence into the space. This dance is called [[Laiching Jagoi]], or "the dance to draw out the deities." The dance is accompanied only by the sound of the [[pena (musical instrument)]] fiddle, with no singing. After the dance, everyone shouts "hoi" together in a song called hoi laoba. They follow the [[maiba]]’s lead. The singing style is similar to the closing song, wakol laoba, but it is different from other ritual songs. This singing style is called "antiphonal songs," which is different from other ritual songs.<ref name=":sahapedia_lai-haraoba" />

The laibou rituals are performed in a procession that goes around the performance area. The rituals symbolize the creation of the human body, birth, building a house, farming, and weaving. The procession, led by the maibi, starts in front of the shrine and moves around the area, showing respect to the four directions and their deities.<ref name=":sahapedia_lai-haraoba" />

The dance begins with the creation of the body. The maibi dances to show how each part of the body is made, like carving the eyes, drawing the brows, and marking the soles of the feet. Then, the baby is 'born' and cared for. As the child grows, clothing is needed. To make clothes, the hillside is cleared to grow cotton, which is then processed and woven. To protect the child, a house is built, with frames made and mud used to plaster the walls. When the child grows older, they go fishing, which symbolizes physical desires. Throughout this ritual, there are clear references to everyday life and culture.<ref name=":sahapedia_lai-haraoba" />

==== After Laibou ====
After the Laibou, the Padon Jagoi follows. In this, the maibis form a line, led by a senior maibi, and dance in a serpentine pattern in the performance area. Next, a series of rites takes place, focusing on the phibul (a ball of cloth) and the phijang, which is a piece of white cloth held by four poles. These four poles form a ritual umbrella and banners. The four corners of the cloth are held by the poles. Two maibis, each holding a sacred object, dance around the poles, moving under the cloth. After the rites, the cloth is gathered up and returned to the shrine. It is sometimes called as a part of the ritual "canopy cycle."<ref name=":sahapedia_lai-haraoba" />
The day ends with the participants drawing serpentine patterns, called ''"Lairen Mathek Chatpa."'' Then, the sacred objects are put back in the shrine, and the Wakol song is sung. The deities are put to rest with a lullaby called Naosumba, played by the pena.<ref name=":sahapedia_lai-haraoba" />
==== Special rites ====
[[File:Lai_Lamthokpa.jpg|thumb|''"Lai Lam-thokpa"'' street procession - An outdoor ritual ceremony of a Lai Haraoba performance]]

Some rites are done only on certain days. One is the ''"Saroi Khangba,"'' where food is offered to lesser spirits. Another is the ''"Kanglei Thokpa,"'' where the spirit of the deity [[Khoriphaba]] is called. This is also known as ''"Lai Nupi Thiba,"'' meaning "search for the bride." A more visible rite is the ''"Lai Lam-thokpa"'' street procession, where the procession moves outside with a big celebration and many people.<ref name=":sahapedia_lai-haraoba" />

=== Lairoi ===
The Lairoi rituals happen on the last day and mark the end of the festival. These rituals focus on closing the sacred time and space of Lai Haraoba. One ritual is ''"Thang Jagoi,"'' a dance with blades, performed by a maibi at the four corners to remove bad energies. Another ritual is Loutaba, also called Tangkhul-Nurabi, which is about two important mythological figures. Loutaba is like a skit with comedy, myths, chants, and some improvisation. Other closing rituals include ''Ougri Hangel, Thawai Mi-konba, Sharit Litpa, and Khencho Chongba.''<ref name=":sahapedia_lai-haraoba" />

The sacred presence is let go with the Lai Nongaba rite, marking its departure and return to the other realm. A boat is made for this journey. The Uyarol songs describe the tree being cut down, and the Hijing Hirao songs describe making the boat. The ascent is marked by the Higa Ishei hymn, and the ritual ends with the Nongarol hymn.<ref name=":sahapedia_lai-haraoba" />
When returning to the shrine, the sacred images and items used in the ritual are taken apart, all on the same night. A Leihun offering of langthrei leaves is made, and the shrine doors are closed for five days. On the fifth day, the maibi comes back to remove the offering and prepare a new one. This final rite, called Leihun Tamba, ends the Lairoi rituals.<ref name=":sahapedia_lai-haraoba" />
==Lai Haraoba Ishei==
Lai Haraoba Ishei is a famous folk song played mainly during Lai Haraoba. This song contains lyrics with veiled references to erotic [[mysticism]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=MCDUIE-RA|first=DUNCAN|date=2012|title=The 'North-East' Map of Delhi|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23251770|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=47|issue=30|pages=69–77|jstor=23251770 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Devi|first=Khwairakpam Renuka|title=Representation of the Pre-Vaishnavite Culture of the Meiteis: "Cheitharol Kumpapa" of Manipur |date=2011|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44146744|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=72|pages=501–508|jstor=44146744 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> The main quality of the song is the rhythm in its tune.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india9.com/i9show/Lai-Haraoba-Ishei-26664.htm|title=Lai Haraoba Ishei|date=2005-06-07|publisher=India9.com|accessdate=2008-11-05}}</ref>
[[File:"PENA" a musical instrument.jpg|thumb|The [[Pena (musical instrument)|pena]], a musical instrument used in the festival]]

== Sports ==
{{Main|Meitei traditional games|Sports in Manipur|Meitei traditional martial arts|Meitei traditional weapons}}
In Lai Haraoba, the day after the Lairoi (last day of rituals) was for sports events. These events included many traditional Meitei games and sports. Some of the games were Yubi Lakpi, which is a traditional Meitei [[Rugby football|rugby]] and uses an oiled slippery [[coconut]] and oiled bodies. Another game was Khong Kangjei, which is a traditional Meitei [[hockey]]. Mukna is a traditional Meitei [[wrestling]], and mukna-kangjei is a mix of wrestling and hockey. Thouri Chingnaba is a traditional Meitei tug of war.<ref name=":sahapedia_lai-haraoba" />

[[File:Hiyang Tannaba, a classical Meitei boat racing cultural event, performed as a part of the celebration of the Lai Haraoba festival.jpg|thumb|[[Hiyang Tannaba]], a classical Meitei boat racing cultural event, performed as a part of the celebration of the Lai Haraoba celebration]]

== Influences on other performing arts ==
Dance forms of Lai Haraoba helped create the [[Manipuri dance]] style and inspired the [[Manipuri dance|Manipuri Ras Lila]], one of India's classical dances. The focus on dance has shaped how people see and talk about Lai Haraoba, both in Manipur and outside. But Lai Haraoba is more than just dance, music, or religion. It is an important part of the culture and has helped the [[Meitei people]] strengthen their identity, especially in relation to [[Hinduism|Hindu culture]]. The festival and its traditions show the Meitei view of the world and their values. It also reflects their material culture.<ref name=":sahapedia_lai-haraoba" />
== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Plate 10-1 Folk-Lore, vol. 24.jpg
File:Plate 11-1 Folk-Lore, vol. 24.jpg
File:Plate 12-1 Folk-Lore, vol. 24.jpg
File:Lai_haraoba_manipur.JPG
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Lai Haraoba in Bangladesh]]
* [[Lai Haraoba in Myanmar]]
* [[Lai Haraoba in Tripura]]
* [[Khamba Thoibi]]
** [[Lei Langba (Khamba Thoibi)]]
* [[Lists of deities in Sanamahism]]
* [[Sanamahi creation myth]]
* [[Meitei people in Assam]]
* [[Meitei people in Bangladesh]]
* [[Meitei people in Meghalaya]]
* [[Meitei people in Myanmar]]
* [[Meitei people in Nagaland]]
* [[Meitei people in Tripura]]
* [[Cheibi]]
* [[Huiyen Lallong]]
* [[Sarit Sarak]]
* [[Thang Ta]]

== Bibliography ==
* Arambam, Lokendro. 2002. ‘Some Aspects of Kanglei Lai Haraoba’, in Traditional Customs and Rituals of North-East India, Vol. 1, ed. P.C. Sharma. Guwahati: Vivekananda Kendra Institute of Culture.
* Brara, N. Vijayalakshmi, 1998. Politics, society and cosmology in India’s North East. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
* Chaki-Sircar, Manjusri, 1984. Feminism in a traditional society: women of the Manipur valley. Delhi: Shakti Books.
* Chatterji, Suniti Kumar. 1974. Kirata-Jana-Kriti: The Indo-Mongoloids, their Contribution to the History and Culture of India. Calcutta: Calcutta Asiatic Society.
* Levi-Strauss, Claude. 1970. The Raw and the Cooked. tr. Weightman, J. & Weightman, D. London: Jonathan Cate.
* Parratt, S.N. 1980. The Religion of Manipur. Calcutta: Firma KLM (Pvt.) Limited.
* Parratt, S.N. and J. Parratt. 1997. The Pleasing of the Gods: Meitei Lai Haraoba. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.
* Sanajaoba, N. (ed.). 1991. Manipur: Past and present – the ordeals of and heritage of a civilization, Vol. 2. New Delhi: Mittal Publications.
* Shakespeare, J. 1913. ‘The Pleasing of the God Thangjing’. Man. XIII.1:112.
* Singh, E.Nilakanta. 1982. Aspects of Indian Culture. Imphal: Jawaharlal Nehru Manipur Dance Academy.
* Singh, E.N. 1997. Manipuri Dance. New Delhi: Omsons Publications.
* Singh, Kh. Ratan. 2001. Lai Haraoba of Manipur: Indigenous Festival of the Meitei (A Social-Historical Perspective). Manipur: Smt. Pratima Devi
* Singh, L. Bhagyachandra. 1987. A Critical Study of the Religious Philosophy of the Meitei Before the Advent of Vaishnavism in Manipur. Manipur: L. Momon Devi
* Singh, W. Lukhoi. 2008. Lai Haraoba. Manipur: author
* Kshetrimayum, Otojit. (2014). ''Ritual, Politics and Power in North East India: Contexualising the Lai Haraoba of Manipur''. New Delhi: Ruby Press & Co.
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite book|last=Parratt|first=Saroj Nalini|author2=John Parratt |title=The Pleasing of the Gods: Meitei Lai Haraoba|publisher=Vikas Publishing House|date=1997}}
{{Refend}}
== References ==
{{Notelist}}
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wiktionary|Lai Haraoba}}
{{Commonscat}}
{{Portal bar|Arts|Asia|Bangladesh|Holidays|India|Music|Myanmar|Mythology|Religion}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Festivals in Manipur]]
[[Category:Sanamahism]]
[[Category:Meitei festivals]]
[[Category:Meitei music]]
[[Category:Meitei folklore]]
[[Category:Festivals in Assam]]
[[Category:Festivals in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Festivals in Myanmar]]
[[Category:Festivals in Tripura]]
[[Category:Dances of Assam]]
[[Category:Dances of Manipur]]
[[Category:Dances of Tripura]]

Leopard cat

2026-02-12T20:59:07Z

RyanQuintana2: small edit

{{Short description|Small wild cat species}}
{{Distinguish|Leopard}}
{{speciesbox
| image = Prionailurus bengalensis bengalensis 2-Découpe.JPG
| image_caption = Indian leopard cat (''P. b. bengalensis'')
| image2 = Chat Léopard de Sibérie.jpg
| image2_caption = Amur leopard cat (''P. b. euptilura'') both at the [[Parc des Félins]]
| name = Leopard cat
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |title=''Prionailurus bengalensis'' |name-list-style=amp |date=2023 |author=Ghimirey, Y. |author2=Petersen, W. |author3=Jahed, N. |author4=Akash, M. |author5=Lynam, A.J. |author6=Kun, S. |author7=Din, J. |author8=Nawaz, M.A. |author9=Singh, P. |author10=Dhendup, T. |author11=Chua, M.A.H. |author12=Gray, T.N.E. |author13=Phyoe Kyaw, P. |article-number=e.T223138747A226150742 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T223138747A226150742.en |access-date=12 February 2023}}</ref>
| status2 = CITES_A2
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_ref = <ref name=iucn/>{{NoteTag|''Prionailurus bengalensis bengalensis'' is listed in Appendix I.}}
| genus = Prionailurus
| species = bengalensis
| authority = ([[Robert Kerr (writer)|Kerr]], 1792)
| subdivision = * ''P. b. bengalensis'' (Kerr, 1792)
* ''P. b. euptilura'' ([[Daniel Giraud Elliot|Elliott]], 1871)
| range_map = Leopard cat distribution 2022.jpg
| range_map_caption = Distribution of the leopard cat, 2022<ref name=iucn/>
}}

The '''leopard cat''' ('''''Prionailurus bengalensis''''') is a [[Felinae|small wild cat]] native to continental [[South Asia|South]], [[Southeast Asia|Southeast]], and [[East Asia]]. Since 2002 it has been listed as [[Least Concern]] on the [[IUCN Red List]] as it is widely distributed although threatened by habitat loss and hunting in parts of its range.<ref name=iucn />

Historically, the leopard cat of continental Asia was considered the same [[species]] as the [[Sunda leopard cat]]. As of 2017, the latter is recognised as a distinct species, with the [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] name ''Prionailurus javanensis''.<ref name=catsg>{{cite journal |last1=Kitchener |first1=A. C. |last2=Breitenmoser-Würsten |first2=C. |last3=Eizirik |first3=E. |last4=Gentry |first4=A. |last5=Werdelin |first5=L. |last6=Wilting |first6=A. |last7=Yamaguchi |first7=N. |last8=Abramov |first8=A. V. |last9=Christiansen |first9=P. |last10=Driscoll |first10=C. |last11=Duckworth |first11=J. W. |last12=Johnson |first12=W. |last13=Luo |first13=S.-J. |last14=Meijaard |first14=E. |last15=O'Donoghue |first15=P. |last16=Sanderson |first16=J. |last17=Seymour |first17=K. |last18=Bruford |first18=M. |last19=Groves |first19=C. |last20=Hoffmann |first20=M. |last21=Nowell |first21=K. |last22=Timmons |first22=Z. |last23=Tobe |first23=S. |year=2017 |title=A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 11 |pages=26–29 |url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/32616/A_revised_Felidae_Taxonomy_CatNews.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y#page=28}}</ref>

Leopard cat [[subspecies]] differ widely in fur colour, tail length, skull shape and size of [[carnassial]]s.<ref name="groves97">{{cite journal |author=Groves, C. P. |year=1997 |title=Leopard-cats, ''Prionailurus bengalensis'' (Carnivora: Felidae) from Indonesia and the Philippines, with the description of two new subspecies |journal=Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde |volume=62 |pages=330–338}}</ref> Archaeological evidence indicates that the leopard cat was the first cat species domesticated in [[Neolithic]] China about 5,000 years ago in [[Shaanxi province|Shaanxi]] and [[Henan Province]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vigne |first1= J.D. |last2=Evin |first2=A. |last3=Cucchi |first3=T. |last4=Dai |first4=L. |last5=Yu |first5=C. |last6=Hu |first6=S. |last7=Soulages |first7=N. |last8=Wang |first8=W. |last9=Sun |first9=Z. |last10=Gao |first10=J. |last11=Dobney |first11=K. |last12=Yuan |first12=J. |year=2016 |title=Earliest "Domestic" Cats in China Identified as Leopard Cat (''Prionailurus bengalensis'') |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=11 |issue=1 |article-number=e0147295 |doi-access=free |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0147295 |pmid=26799955 |pmc=4723238 |bibcode=2016PLoSO..1147295V}}</ref>

== Characteristics ==
[[File:Leopard cat vertical pupils nocturnal ambush predator.jpg|thumb|An adult leopard cat]]

A leopard cat is about the size of a [[domestic cat]], but more slender, with longer legs and well-defined webs between its toes. Its small head is marked with two prominent dark stripes and a short and narrow white muzzle. There are two dark stripes running from the eyes to the ears and smaller white streaks running from the eyes to the nose. The backs of its moderately long and rounded ears are black with central white spots. Body and limbs are marked with black spots of varying size and colour, and along its back are two to four rows of elongated spots. The tail is about half the size of its head-body length and is spotted with a few indistinct rings near the black tip. The background colour of the spotted fur is tawny, with a white chest and belly. However, in their huge range, they vary so much in colouration and size of spots as well as in body size and weight that initially they were thought to be several different [[species]]. The fur colour is yellowish brown in the southern populations, but pale silver-grey in the northern ones. The black markings may be spotted, [[Rosette (zoology)|rosette]]d, or may even form dotted streaks, depending on subspecies. In the [[tropics]], leopard cats weigh {{convert|0.55|-|3.8|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, have head-body lengths of {{convert|38.8|-|66|cm|in|abbr=on}}, with long {{convert|17.2|-|31|cm|in|abbr=on}} tails. In northern China and [[Siberia]], they weigh up to {{convert|7.1|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, and have head-body lengths of up to {{convert|75|cm|in|abbr=on}}; generally, they put on weight before winter and become thinner until spring.<ref name=WCoW>{{cite book |author=Sunquist, M. |author2=Sunquist, F. |name-list-style=amp |year=2002 |title=Wild Cats of the World |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |pages=225–232 |isbn=978-0-226-77999-7 |chapter=Leopard cat ''Prionailurus bengalensis'' (Kerr, 1792) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hFbJWMh9-OAC&pg=PA226 |access-date=2020-11-14 |archive-date=2022-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417145609/https://books.google.com/books?id=hFbJWMh9-OAC&pg=PA226 |url-status=live }}</ref> Shoulder height is about {{convert|41|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International Society for Endangered Cats (ISEC) Canada |date=2018 |title=Leopard Cat |url=https://wildcatconservation.org/wild-cats/asia/leopard-cat/ |website=International Society for Endangered Cats (ISEC) Canada}}</ref>

== Taxonomy ==
[[File:Tsushima Cat 001.jpg|thumb|Tsushima leopard cat]]

''Felis bengalensis'' was the [[scientific name]] proposed by [[Robert Kerr (writer)|Robert Kerr]] in 1792 for a leopard cat from [[Bengal]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kerr |first1=R. |title=The Animal Kingdom or zoological system of the celebrated Sir Charles Linnaeus. Class I. Mammalia |date=1792 |publisher=A. Strahan & T. Cadell |location=Edinburgh & London |page=151−152 |chapter=Bengal Tiger-Cat ''Felis bengalensis'' |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/animalkingdomorz00linn/page/150}}</ref> In the subsequent decades, 20 more leopard cat [[zoological specimen|specimen]]s were described and named, including:<ref name="ems66">{{cite book |author1=Ellerman, J. R. |author2=Morrison-Scott, T. C. S. |year=1966 |title=Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals 1758 to 1946 |edition= Second |publisher=British Museum of Natural History |location=London |pages=312–313 |chapter=''Felis bengalensis'' Kerr, 1792 Leopard Cat |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/checklistofindia00elle#page/312/mode/2up}}</ref>

* ''Felis nipalensis'' ([[Thomas Horsfield|Horsfield]] & [[Nicholas Aylward Vigors|Vigors]], 1829) from Nepal
* ''Felis chinensis'' ([[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1837) from [[Guangdong|Canton Province]], China
* ''Leopardus ellioti'' (Gray, 1842) from the area of [[Bombay Presidency]]
* ''Felis horsfieldi'' (Gray, 1842) from [[Bhutan]]
* ''Felis wagati'' (Gray, 1867) and ''Felis tenasserimensis'' (Gray, 1867) from [[Tanintharyi Region|Tenasserim]]
* ''Felis euptilura'' ([[Daniel Giraud Elliot|Elliot]], 1871) based on two skins from Siberia. One was depicted in [[Gustav Radde]]'s illustration cum description of a wild cat; the other was part of a collection at the [[Regent's Park Zoo]]. The ground colour of both was light brownish-yellow, strongly mixed with grey and covered with reddish-brown spots, head grey with a dark-red stripe across the cheek.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Elliott |first1=D. G. |year=1871 |title=Remarks on Various Species of Felidae, with a Description of a Species from North-Western Siberia |journal=Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London |pages=765–761 |url=https://archive.org/stream/proceedingsofgen71zool#page/n939/mode/2up}}</ref> The initial binomial ''euptilura'' given by Elliott has been incorrectly changed to "''euptilurus''" by some later authors, but under the [[International Code of Zoological Nomenclature]] Article 31.2.1, nouns and noun phrases are not subject to gender agreement;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted-sites/iczn/code/|title=International Code of Zoological Nomenclature|website=www.nhm.ac.uk|access-date=2017-03-07|archive-date=2015-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226171112/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted-sites/iczn/code/|url-status=live}}</ref> at present, both terms appear in use, but only the spelling "''euptilura''" is correct.
* ''Felis microtis'' ([[Alphonse Milne-Edwards|Milne-Edwards]], 1872) from the [[Peking]] area; and also from [[Tsushima Island]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thomas |first1=O. |year=1908 |title=The Duke of Bedford's zoological exploration in Eastern Asia. – VII List of mammals from the Tsushima Islands |journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London |volume=1908 |issue=January – April |pages=47–54 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1908.tb01833.x |url=https://archive.org/stream/proceedingsofzoo19081430zool#page/52/mode/2up}}</ref>
* ''Felis manchurica'' ([[Tamezo Mori|Mori]], 1922) from the vicinity of [[Mukden]] in Manchuria was a light grey spotted skin.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mori |first1=T. |year=1922 |title=On some new Mammals from Korea and Manchuria |journal=The Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Including Zoology, Botany, and Geology |series=Ninth |volume=X |pages=609–610 |url=https://archive.org/stream/ser9annalsmagazi10londuoft#page/608/mode/2up}}</ref>
In 1939, [[Reginald Innes Pocock]] subordinated them to the genus ''[[Prionailurus]]''. The collection of the [[Natural History Museum, London]] comprised several skulls and large numbers of skins of leopard cats from various regions. Based on this broad variety of skins, he proposed to differentiate between a southern [[subspecies]] ''P. bengalensis bengalensis'' from warmer [[latitude]]s to the west and east of the [[Bay of Bengal]], and a northern ''P. bengalensis horsfieldi'' from the [[Himalayas]], having a fuller winter coat than the southern. His description of leopard cats from the areas of [[Gilgit]] and [[Karachi]] under the [[trinomen]] ''Prionailurus bengalensis trevelyani'' is based on seven skins that had longer, paler and more greyish fur than those from the Himalayas. He assumed that ''trevelyani'' inhabits more rocky, less forested habitats than ''bengalensis'' and ''horsfieldi''.<ref name="pocock">{{cite book |author=Pocock, R. I. |year=1939 |title=The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia. – Volume 1 |publisher=Taylor and Francis, Ltd. |location=London |chapter=''Prionailurus bengalensis'' |pages=266–276 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/PocockMammalia1/pocock1#page/n339/mode/2up}}</ref>

Two more subspecies were proposed and described:
* ''P. b. alleni'' ([[:nl:Henri Jacob Victor Sody|Sody]], 1949) from [[Hainan]] Island<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sody, H. J. V. |year=1949 |title=Notes on some Primates, Carnivora and the babirusa from the Indo-Malayan and Indo-Australian regions |journal=Treubia |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=121–190 |doi=10.14203/treubia.v20i2.2624 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* ''P. b. iriomotensis'' (Imaizumi, 1967), known as the [[Iriomote cat]], from [[Iriomote Island]] in the [[Japanese Archipelago]];<ref name="imaizumi67">{{cite journal |author=Imaizumi, Y. |year=1967 |title=A new genus and species of cat from Iriomote, Ryukyu Islands |journal=Journal of Mammalian Society Japan |volume=3 |issue=4 |page=74}}</ref> Initially, the Iriomote cat was recognised as a distinct species, but following [[mtDNA]] analysis in the 1990s was considered a leopard cat subspecies.<ref name="masuda95">{{cite journal |last1=Masuda |first1=R. |last2=Yoshida |first2=M. C. |year=1995 |title=Two Japanese wildcats, the Tsushima cat and the Iriomote cat, show the same mitochondrial DNA lineage as the leopard cat ''Felis bengalensis'' |journal=Zoological Science |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=655–659 |doi=10.2108/zsj.12.655 |pmid=8590833 |s2cid=31111378 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

In the 1970s and 1980s, the Russian zoologists [[Vladimir Geptner|Geptner]], Gromov and Baranova disagreed with this classification. They emphasized the differences of skins and skulls at their disposal and the ones originating in Southeast Asia, and coined the term '''Amur forest cat''', which they regarded as a distinct species.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Heptner, V. G. |year=1971 |title=[On the systematic position of the Amur forest cat and some other east Asian cats placed in ''Felis bengalensis'' Kerr, 1792.] |journal=Zoologicheskii Zhurnal |volume=50 |pages=1720–1727 |language=ru}}</ref><ref>Gromov, I.M., Baranova, G.I., Baryšnikov, G. F. (eds.) (1981). ''Katalog mlekopitaûŝih SSSR : pliocen--sovremennostʹ'' Zoologičeskij Institut "Nauka." Leningradskoe otdelenie, Leningrad</ref> In 1987, Chinese zoologists pointed out the affinity of leopard cats from northern China, Amur cats and leopard cats from southern latitudes. In view of the [[Morphology (biology)|morphological]] similarities they did not support classifying the Amur cat as a species.<ref>Gao, Y.; Wang, S.; Zhang, M.L.; Ye, Z.Y.; Zhou, J.D.; eds. (1987). [Fauna Sinica. Mammalia 8: Carnivora.] Science Press, Beijing. (in Chinese)</ref>

[[Molecular genetics|Molecular analysis]] of 39 leopard cat tissue samples clearly showed three [[clade]]s: a northern lineage and southern lineages 1 and 2. The northern lineage comprises leopard cats from [[Tsushima Island]], the [[Korean Peninsula]], the continental [[Far East]], Taiwan, and [[Iriomote Island]]. Southern lineage 1, comprising Southeast Asian populations, showed higher [[genetic diversity]]. Southern lineage 2 is genetically distant from the other lineages.<ref name=Tamada>{{cite journal |author1=Tamada, T. |author2=Siriaroonrat, B. |author3=Subramaniam, V. |author4=Hamachi, M. |author5=Lin, L.-K. |author6=Oshida, T. |author7=Rerkamnuaychoke, W. |author8=Masuda, R. |year=2006 |title=Molecular Diversity and Phylogeography of the Asian Leopard Cat, ''Felis bengalensis'', Inferred from Mitochondrial and Y-Chromosomal DNA Sequences |journal=Zoological Science |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=154–163 |doi=10.2108/zsj.25.154 |pmid=18533746 |citeseerx=10.1.1.332.7592 |s2cid=16057327 |url=http://www2.thu.edu.tw/~biology/files/writing_journal/12/121_808f5b32.pdf |access-date=2011-02-19 |archive-date=2011-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721081858/http://www2.thu.edu.tw/~biology/files/writing_journal/12/121_808f5b32.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

Following a revision of Felidae taxonomy in 2017, two leopard cat [[species]] are recognised, based on molecular analyses, morphological differences, and biogeographic separation:<ref name=catsg/>
* the mainland leopard cat (''P. bengalensis'') is widely distributed on mainland Asia, from Pakistan to Southeast Asia, China, and the [[Russian Far East]].
* the [[Sunda leopard cat]] (''P. javanensis'') is native to Java, Bali, Borneo, Sumatra, Palawan, Negros, Cebu, Panay, and possibly the [[Malay Peninsula]].

Two mainland leopard cat subspecies are also recognised:<ref name=catsg/>
* ''P. b. bengalensis'' (Kerr, 1792) ranges in South and East Asia, from Pakistan to China, and probably the Malay Peninsula; and
* ''P. b. euptilura'' (Elliott, 1871) is native to the Russian Far East, [[Manchuria]], Korea, Taiwan, Iriomote and Tsushima Islands.

=== Phylogeny ===
[[Phylogenetic]] analysis of the [[nuclear DNA]] in tissue samples from all Felidae species revealed that the [[evolutionary radiation]] of the Felidae began in Asia in the [[Miocene]] around {{mya|14.45|8.38}}.<ref name=Johnson2006>{{cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=W. E. |last2=Eizirik |first2=E. |last3=Pecon-Slattery |first3=J. |last4=Murphy |first4=W. J. |author5=Antunes, A. |author6=Teeling, E. |author7=O'Brien, S. J. |name-list-style=amp |year=2006 |doi=10.1126/science.1122277 |title=The Late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=311 |pages=73–77 |pmid=16400146 |issue=5757 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1230866 |bibcode=2006Sci...311...73J |s2cid=41672825 |access-date=2020-04-30 |archive-date=2020-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004075725/https://zenodo.org/record/1230866 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Werdelin2010>{{cite book |last1=Werdelin |first1=L. |last2=Yamaguchi |first2=N. |last3=Johnson |first3=W. E. |last4=O'Brien |first4=S. J. |name-list-style=amp |chapter=Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae) |year=2010 |pages=59–82 |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266755142 |editor1-last=Macdonald |editor1-first=D. W. |editor2-last=Loveridge |editor2-first=A. J. |title=Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, UK |isbn=978-0-19-923445-5 |access-date=2020-04-30 |archive-date=2018-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925141956/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266755142 |url-status=live}}</ref> Analysis of [[mitochondrial DNA]] of all Felidae species indicates a radiation at around {{mya|16.76|6.46}}.<ref name=Li_al2016>{{cite journal |author=Li, G. |author2=Davis, B. W. |author3=Eizirik, E. |name-list-style=amp |author4=Murphy, W. J. |year=2016 |title=Phylogenomic evidence for ancient hybridization in the genomes of living cats (Felidae) |journal=Genome Research |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1101/gr.186668.114 |pmid=26518481 |pmc=4691742}}</ref>

The ''Prionailurus'' species are estimated to have had a [[common ancestor]] between {{mya|8.16|4.53}},<ref name=Johnson2006/> and {{mya|8.76|0.73}}.<ref name=Li_al2016/>
Both models agree in the [[rusty-spotted cat]] (''P. rubiginosus'') having been the first cat of this [[evolution]]ary [[Lineage (genetic)|lineage]] that [[Genetic divergence|genetically diverged]], followed by the [[flat-headed cat]] (''P. planiceps'') and then the [[fishing cat]] (''P. viverrinus'').<ref name=Johnson2006/><ref name=Li_al2016/> It is estimated to have diverged together with the leopard cat between {{mya|4.31|1.74}}<ref name=Johnson2006/> and {{mya|4.25|0.02}}.<ref name=Li_al2016/>

The following [[cladogram]] shows the phylogenetic relationships of the leopard cat as derived through analysis of nuclear DNA:<ref name=Johnson2006/><ref name=Werdelin2010/>
{{cladogram |align=left |style=font-size:90%;line-height:100%;width:500px;
|cladogram={{clade |label1=[[Felidae]]
|1={{clade |label1=[[Felinae]]
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade |label1=''Prionailurus''
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1='''Leopard cat'''
|2=Fishing cat }}
|2=Flat-headed cat }}
|2=Rusty-spotted cat }} }}
|2=[[Pallas's cat]] (''O. manul'') |label2=''Otocolobus''}} }}
|2=other Felinae lineages }}
|2=[[Pantherinae]] }} }} }}
{{clear}}

== Distribution and habitat ==
The leopard cat is the most widely distributed Asian small wild cat. Its range extends from eastern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan and large parts of the [[Indian subcontinent]] and [[Southeast Asia]] to the [[Russian Far East]]. It lives in tropical evergreen rainforests and plantations at sea level, in subtropical [[Deciduous forest|deciduous]] and [[coniferous forest]]s in the foothills of the [[Himalayas]] at elevations above {{cvt|1000|m}}.<ref name=WCoW/> It is able to tolerate human-modified landscapes with vegetation cover to some degree, and inhabits agriculturally used areas such as [[oil palm]] and [[sugar cane]] plantations.<ref name=WCoW/><ref name=Chua16>{{Cite journal |last1=Chua |first1=M. A. H. |last2=Sivasothi |first2=N. |last3=Meier |first3=R. |year=2016 |title=Population density, spatiotemporal use and diet of the leopard cat (''Prionailurus bengalensis'') in a human-modified succession forest landscape of Singapore |journal=Mammal Research |volume=61 |issue=2 |pages=99–108 |doi=10.1007/s13364-015-0259-4 |s2cid=14269188 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291014902 |access-date=2019-02-15 |archive-date=2022-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417145609/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291014902_Population_density_spatiotemporal_use_and_diet_of_the_leopard_cat_Prionailurus_bengalensis_in_a_human-modified_succession_forest_landscape_of_Singapore |url-status=live}}</ref>

In [[Afghanistan]], it was reported in the 1970s from Jalalkot and Norgul in the [[Kunar Valley]], and the Waygul forest of [[Dara-I-Pech District]].<ref>Habibi, K. (2004). ''Mammals of Afghanistan''. Zoo Outreach Organisation, Coimbatore, India.</ref> It is rare in Pakistan's arid treeless areas.<ref>{{cite book |author=Roberts, T. J. |year=1977 |title=The mammals of Pakistan |location=London |publisher=Ernest Benn |chapter=Leopard cat}}</ref>

In 2009, a leopard cat was recorded by a [[camera trap]] in [[Nepal]]'s [[Makalu-Barun National Park]] at an elevation of {{cvt|3254|m}}. At least six individuals inhabit the survey area, which is dominated by associations of [[rhododendron]], [[oak]] and [[maple]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ghimirey |first1=Y. |last2=Ghimire |first2=B. | year=2010 |title=Leopard Cat at high altitude in Makalu-Barun National Park, Nepal |journal=Cat News |issue=52 |pages=16–17}}</ref> The highest elevation record was obtained in September 2012 at {{cvt|4474|m}} in the [[Kanchenjunga Conservation Area]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thapa |first1=K. |last2=Pradhan |first2=N. M. B. |last3=Barker |first3=J. |last4=Dahal |first4=M. |last5=Bhandari |first5=A. R. |last6=Gurung |first6=G. S. |last7=Rai |first7=D. P. |last8=Thapa |first8=G. J. |last9=Shrestha |first9=S. |last10=Singh |first10=G. R. |year=2013 |title=High elevation record of a leopard cat in the Kangchenjunga Conservation Area, Nepal |journal=Cat News |issue=58 |pages=26–27}}</ref>

In [[Thailand]]'s [[Phu Khiao Wildlife Sanctuary]], 20 leopard cats were [[Radio telemetry|radio-collared]] between 1999 and 2003. Home ranges of males ranged from {{cvt|2.2|km2}} to {{cvt|28.9 |km2}}, and of the six females from {{cvt|4.4|km2}} to {{cvt|37.1|km2}}.<ref name="lon05">{{cite journal |last1=Grassman Jr, L. I. |last2=Tewes, M. E. |last3=Silvy, N. J. |last4=Kreetiyutanont, K. |year=2005 |title=Spatial organization and diet of the leopard cat (''Prionailurus bengalensis'') in north-central Thailand |journal=Journal of Zoology |volume=266 |pages=45–54 |doi=10.1017/s095283690500659x}}</ref>

In China, it was recorded in the [[Changqing National Nature Reserve]] in the [[Qinling]] Mountains, in the Tangjiahe National Nature Reserve in the [[Min Mountains]], in [[Wolong Nature Reserve]] and other protected areas in the [[Qionglai Mountains]] and [[Daliang Mountains]] between 2002 and 2008.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Li, S.|author2=Wang, D. |author3=Lu, Z. |author4=Mc Shea, W. J. |year=2010 |title=Cats living with pandas: The status of wild felids within giant panda range, China |journal=Cat News |issue=52 |pages=20–23}}</ref>

In far eastern Russia, it lives close to rivers, valleys and in [[ravine]] forests, but avoids areas with more than {{cvt|10|cm}} of snowfall.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Heptner, V. G. |author2=Sludskij, A. A. |orig-date=1972 |year=1992 |title=Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola |trans-title=Mammals of the Soviet Union. Volume II, Part 2. Carnivora (Hyaenas and Cats) |publisher=Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation |location=Washington DC |chapter=Amur, or Far Eastern Forest Cat |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/mammalsofsov221992gept#page/328/mode/2up |pages=328–355}}</ref>
In the [[Japanese archipelago]], the leopard cat is currently restricted to the islands of [[Iriomote Island|Iriomote]] and [[Tsushima Island|Tsushima]].<ref name="imaizumi67"/><ref name="NES13">Ministry of the Environment, Tsushima Wildlife Conservation Center (2005). [http://kyushu.env.go.jp/twcc/multilang/english/pamph.htm ''National Endangered Species Tsushima Leopard Cat - English Version''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130105232037/http://kyushu.env.go.jp/twcc/multilang/english/pamph.htm |date=2013-01-05 }}.</ref> Fossils [[Excavation (archaeology)|excavated]] dating to the [[Pleistocene]] period suggest a broader distribution in the past.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ohdachi |first1=S. |last2=Ishibashi |first2=Y. |last3=Iwasa |first3=A.M. |last4=Fukui |first4=D. |last5=Saitohet |first5=T. |year=2015 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280721253 |title=The Wild Mammals of Japan |publisher=Shoukadoh |isbn=978-4-87974-691-7 |access-date=2016-05-19 |archive-date=2018-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916202137/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280721253 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Ecology and behaviour ==
[[File:Leopard cat India.jpg|thumb|A leopard cat photographed in the [[Sundarbans]], India]]
[[File:Leopard Cat Tennoji.jpg|thumb|An alert leopard cat]]

Leopard cats are [[wiktionary:solitary|solitary]], except during the breeding season. Some are active during the day, but most hunt at night, preferring to stalk [[Muridae|murids]], [[tree shrew]]s and [[hare]]s. They are agile climbers and quite arboreal in their habits. They rest in trees, but also hide in dense thorny undergrowth on the ground.<ref name="lon05" /> There, leopard cats feed on a large proportion of rats compared to forested areas.<ref name=Chua16 />

Leopard cats can swim, but seldom do so. They produce a similar range of vocalisations to the domestic cat. Both sexes [[scent mark]] their territory by [[spraying urine]], leaving faeces in exposed locations, [[Bunting (animal behavior)|head rubbing]], and scratching.<ref name=WCoW/>

=== Diet ===
Leopard cats are carnivorous, feeding on a variety of small prey including mammals, lizards, amphibians, birds and insects. In most parts of their range, small rodents such as rats and mice form the major part of their diet, which is often supplemented with grass, eggs, poultry, and aquatic prey. They are active hunters, dispatching their prey with a rapid pounce and bite. Unlike many other small cats, they do not "play" with their food, maintaining a tight grip with their claws until the animal is dead. This may be related to the relatively high proportion of birds in their diet, which are more likely to escape when released than are rodents.<ref name=WCoW/>

===Reproduction and development===
The breeding season of leopard cats varies depending on the climate. In tropical habitats, kittens are born throughout the year. In colder habitats farther north, females give birth in spring. Their [[gestation]] period lasts 60–70 days. Litter size varies between two and three kittens. Captive-born kittens weighed {{convert|75|to|130|g|oz}} at birth and opened their eyes by 15 days of age. Within two weeks, they double their weight and are four times their birth weight at the age of five weeks. At the age of four weeks, their permanent canines break through, and they begin to eat meat. Captive females reach [[sexual maturity]] earliest at the age of one year and have their first litter at the age of 13 to 14 months. Captive leopard cats have lived for up to thirteen years.<ref name=WCoW/>

The [[estrus]] period lasts five to nine days.{{citation needed|date=June 2010}}

== Threats ==
[[File:Prionailurus bengalensis pelt id.jpg|thumb|Skin and skin details from an identification guide for law enforcement agents]]

In China, leopard cats are hunted mainly for their fur. Between 1984 and 1989, about 200,000 skins were exported yearly. A survey carried out in 1989 among major fur traders revealed more than 800,000 skins on stock. Since the [[European Union]] imposed an import ban in 1988, Japan has become the main importing country, and received 50,000 skins in 1989.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Nowell, K. |author2=Jackson, P. |year=1996 |title=Wild Cats: status survey and conservation action plan |location=Gland, Switzerland |publisher=IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group |chapter=Leopard Cat ''Prionailurus bengalensis'' (Kerr 1792): Principal Threats |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724185409/http://lynx.uio.no/lynx/catsgportal/cat-website/catfolk/bengal07.htm |archive-date=2011-07-24 |chapter-url=http://lynx.uio.no/lynx/catsgportal/cat-website/catfolk/bengal07.htm}}</ref> Although commercial trade is much reduced, the leopard cat continues to be hunted throughout most of its range for fur, food, and for sale as a pet. It is widely viewed as a poultry thief and killed in retribution.<ref name=iucn />

In [[Myanmar]], 483 body parts of at least 443 individuals were observed in four markets surveyed between 1991 and 2006. Numbers were significantly larger than non-threatened species. Three of the surveyed markets are situated on international borders with China and Thailand, and cater to international buyers, although the leopard cat is completely protected under Myanmar's national legislation. Implementation and enforcement of [[CITES]] is considered inadequate.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Shepherd, C. R. |author2=Nijman, V. |year=2008 |title=The wild cat trade in Myanmar |location=Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia |publisher=TRAFFIC Southeast Asia |url=http://www.traffic.org/species-reports/traffic_species_mammals40.pdf |access-date=2011-02-19 |archive-date=2010-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704203401/http://www.traffic.org/species-reports/traffic_species_mammals40.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Conservation ==
[[File:Stavenn Felis bengalensis 00.jpg|thumb|A leopard cat at the [[Bronx Zoo]]]]
The leopard cat is listed in [[CITES Appendix II]]. In [[Hong Kong]], it is [[List of protected species in Hong Kong|protected]] under the Wild Animals Protection Ordinance Cap 170. The population is well over 50,000 individuals and, although declining, the cat is not endangered.<ref name=iucn />

The Tsushima leopard cat is listed as Critically Endangered on the Japanese Red List of Endangered Species, and has been the focus of a conservation program funded by the Japanese government since 1995.<ref name=murayama>{{cite thesis |author1=Murayama, A. |year=2008 |title=The Tsushima Leopard Cat (''Prionailurus bengalensis euptilura''): Population Viability Analysis and Conservation Strategy |type=MSc thesis |publisher=Imperial College London |location=London |url=http://www.carnivoreconservation.org/files/thesis/murayama_2008_msc.pdf |access-date=2013-01-03 |archive-date=2013-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627215643/http://www.carnivoreconservation.org/files/thesis/murayama_2008_msc.pdf }}</ref> It is threatened by habitat loss, including from logging in the 1950s and 1960s, and a growing deer population which removes undergrowth that the Tsushima cat hunts for rodents in. The historical population has been split into two by the dividing of Tsushima island by a canal, and the southern population was thought extinct until a sighting in 2007. A recorded 122 individuals were killed by cars from 1992 to 2022. A captive breeding program has been initiated, but has not led to any successful reintroductions.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2023/10/meet-japans-iriomote-and-tsushima-cats-ambassadors-for-island-conservation/ |title=Meet Japan's Iriomote and Tsushima cats: Ambassadors for island conservation |author=Annelise Giseburt |work=Mongabay |date=24 October 2023 |access-date=26 November 2023}}</ref>

In the United States, the leopard cat is listed as Endangered under the [[Endangered Species Act]] since 1976; except under permit, it is prohibited to import, export, sell, purchase and transport leopard cats in [[interstate commerce]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Department of the Interior |year=1976 |title=Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants. Endangered Status of 159 Taxa of Animals |journal=Federal Register |volume=41 |issue=115 |pages=24062−24067 |url=http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/federal_register/fr103.pdf |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-date=2011-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111017180259/http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/federal_register/fr103.pdf }}</ref> A permit is required for the import or exportation of the Asian leopard cat. Those who import/export without a CITES permit face large fines.<ref>{{cite web |title=Olathe Man Fined $5,000 For Unlawfully Importing Asian Leopard Cats |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-ks/pr/olathe-man-fined-5000-unlawfully-importing-asian-leopard-cats |date=2018 |work=U.S. Department of Justice |access-date=31 March 2019 |archive-date=31 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331173448/https://www.justice.gov/usao-ks/pr/olathe-man-fined-5000-unlawfully-importing-asian-leopard-cats |url-status=live}}</ref>

Leopard cats are considered an [[umbrella species]], being the second most effective umbrella species for core habitat protection.<ref name="Penjor-2024">{{Cite journal |last1=Penjor |first1=Ugyen |last2=Kaszta |first2=Zaneta M. |last3=Macdonald |first3=David W. |last4=Cushman |first4=Samuel A. |date=2024-01-25 |title=Identifying umbrella and indicator species to support multispecies population connectivity in a Himalayan biodiversity hotspot |journal=Frontiers in Conservation Science |language=English |volume=5 |article-number=1306051 |doi=10.3389/fcosc.2024.1306051 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024FrCS....506051P |issn=2673-611X}}</ref> The only animal ahead of the leopard cat as an effective umbrella species is the Asian elephant.<ref name="Penjor-2024"/> Umbrella species' protection indirectly protects other species within its ecosystem.<ref name="Penjor-2024" /> As an umbrella species, leopard cats play a role in the conservation of many species within its ecosystem, being more effective than larger predators.<ref name="Penjor-2024" /> Along with being an umbrella species, leopard cats are [[indicator species]], meaning their presence is an indicator of a healthy ecosystem.<ref name="Ghai-2024">{{Cite web |last=Ghai |first=Rajat |date=2024-05-17 |title=India's small cats have been ignored & overlooked, experts tell DTE as leopard cat spotted in Maharashtra's Pench |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/wildlife-biodiversity/india-s-small-cats-have-been-ignored-overlooked-experts-tell-dte-as-leopard-cat-spotted-in-maharashtra-s-pench-96208#:~:text=India's%20small%20cats%20have%20been,due%20to%20its%20adaptive%20flexibility |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=Down To Earth |language=en}}</ref> When leopard cats are present, their prey species are more controlled and larger predator species' health is improved, meaning the entire ecosystem is healthier.<ref name="Ghai-2024"/>

== Leopard cats and hybrids as pets ==
[[Fossil]] remains of leopard cats were [[Excavation (archaeology)|excavated]] at [[Neolithic]] villages in Central China in 2001. [[Radiometric dating]] of these bones showed that they are at least 5,000 years old. These findings indicate that the leopard cat was a human [[commensal]] or [[domesticate]]d in [[Neolithic China]]. They were later replaced with domestic [[cat]]s that originated in the Middle East, some time before the [[Tang dynasty]].<ref name="Vigne2016">{{cite journal |last1=Vigne |first1=J.-D. |last2=Evin |first2=A. |last3=Cucchi |first3=T. |last4=Dai |first4=L. |last5=Yu |first5=C. |last6=Hu |first6=S. |last7=Soulages |first7=N. |last8=Wang |first8=W. |last9=Sun |first9=Z. |last10=Gao |first10=J. |last11=Dobney |first11=K. |last12=Yuan |first12=J. |title=Earliest "Domestic" Cats in China Identified as Leopard Cat (''Prionailurus bengalensis'') |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=11 |issue=1 |date=2016 |article-number=e0147295 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0147295 |pmid=26799955 |pmc=4723238 |bibcode=2016PLoSO..1147295V|doi-access=free }}</ref>

The [[Bengal cat]] is a [[Cross breed#Interspecific hybrids|cross breed]] between the leopard cat and the domestic cat. It was introduced to cat shows in the 1970s. The fifth generation is marked like a leopard cat.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Robbins |first1=N. |title=Domestic Cats: Their History, Breeds and Other Facts |date=2013 |publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform |location=Scotts Valley, CA |isbn=978-1-300-69542-4 |chapter=Breeds of Domestic Cats: Bengal |pages=115−119 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RQ63-D3C9wcC&pg=PA115 |access-date=2020-11-14 |archive-date=2022-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417145609/https://books.google.com/books?id=RQ63-D3C9wcC&pg=PA115 |url-status=live }}</ref> This hybrid is usually permitted to be kept as a pet without a licence. The founding parents from the [[F1 generation|F1]]–F3 generations of breeding are usually reserved for [[breeding stock]] purposes or the specialty-pet home environment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bengalcat.co.uk/asian-leopard-cat.htm|title=The Asian Leopard Cat – the Bengals wild ancestor|website=bengalcat.co.uk|date=4 June 2018|access-date=2 November 2009|archive-date=2 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102075913/http://www.bengalcat.co.uk/asian-leopard-cat.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Explanatory notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.catsg.org/index.php?id=123 |work=Cat Specialist Group |title=Leopard Cat ''Prionailurus bengalensis'' |access-date=2014-12-16 |archive-date=2018-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206102349/http://www.catsg.org/index.php?id=123}}

{{Carnivora|Fe.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q42627}}

[[Category:Carnivorans of Malaysia]]
[[Category:Felids of Asia]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1792]]
[[Category:Mammals of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Mammals of Bhutan]]
[[Category:Mammals of Cambodia]]
[[Category:Mammals of China]]
[[Category:Mammals of India]]
[[Category:Mammals of Japan]]
[[Category:Mammals of Korea]]
[[Category:Mammals of Laos]]
[[Category:Mammals of Nepal]]
[[Category:Mammals of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Mammals of Russia]]
[[Category:Mammals of Singapore]]
[[Category:Mammals of Taiwan]]
[[Category:Mammals of Thailand]]
[[Category:Mammals of Vietnam]]
[[Category:Prionailurus]]

Raajesh Johri

2026-02-10T02:42:16Z

RyanQuintana2: post

{{Short description|Indian poet and lyricist}}
{{Lead too short|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rajesh Johri <big>{{Nastaliq}}</big>
| image = Raajesh Johri 2016.jpg
| caption = Johri in 2016
| imagesize = 220px
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1952|6|19|}}
| birth_place = [[Pilani]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2017|03|01|1952|06|19}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| education = M.sc in Physics
| occupation = Poet, lyricist, Scriptwriter, Compere
| years_active = 1972–2017
| children =
| father =
| spouse = {{marriage|Archana Johri|1986}}
| signature = Raajesh Johri Sign.jpg
}}
'''Rajesh Johri''' ({{langx|hi|राजेश जौहरी}} {{lang|hi-Aran|size=125%|راجیش سنار}}; 19 June 1952 – 1 March 2017<ref name="kusnur">Kusnur, Narendra. "[http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/the-wonder-years/article17403860.ece The wonder years]", The Hindu, 4 March 2017.</ref>) was an Indian poet, Lyricist, Ad Film Maker, Voice Over Artist, and Anchor based in [[Mumbai]].

==Early life and education==
Rajesh belonged to [[Uttar Pradesh]] and was born in 1952 in [[Pilani]]. His father, Dr. A. N. Johri, was a professor of [[English literature|English]] [[Literature]] and an author, and his mother, Chandra Johri, was well-educated. Rajesh was the youngest of three brothers and also had two sisters. Artistically inclined from a very young age, he penned his first poem at the age of 10. He had a deep interest in music and literature. In one of his interviews, he was quoted saying that his father's paternal grandmother, Heera Kunwar, used to pen [[bhajan]]s in praise of Lord [[Krishna]], and that she is who he got it from.

Rajesh received his primary education from [[Pilani]] in [[Rajasthan]] and since his father was in a transferable job, he travelled during his childhood to [[Chandausi]], [[Khurja]] and finally, [[Saharanpur]] where he completed his graduation in science stream from Jain College, in 1972. His parents' dream was that he would become an engineer, and so they enrolled him for an [[Master of Science|MSc]] course in physics. However, following his passion for writing, one day before his 20th birthday, he boarded a train to [[Mumbai]] from [[Saharanpur]] for the purpose of fulfilling his creative dreams. Having no connection whatsoever with the music industry leading to a single-handed struggle, he left for his journey to the city of his dreams.

== Career==
=== 1972–1990 ===
Rajesh Johri's first song was sung by Chandru Aatma, "Chanchal Nain Tihare" and soon after that his career picked up wonderfully, crossing milestone after milestone. Soon after this bhajan, "Hari ka Dhyaan Laga",<ref>{{Citation |title=Hari Ka Dhyan Laga Man Mere | date=28 July 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AkaPywSkL8I |language=en |access-date=2022-03-27}}</ref> "Mere Shyaam Tera Naam"<ref>{{Citation |title=Mohammed Rafi - MERE SHYAM TERA NAAM |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Ty_WykHhPw |language=en |access-date=2022-03-27}}</ref> and "Mann Re Tan Hai Dukh Ka Gaon"<ref>{{Citation |title=Man Re Tan Hai Dukh Ka Gaon {{!}} Mohammed Rafi {{!}} Bhajan {{!}} Non Filmy. | date=24 June 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oMczRO8dTwM |language=en |access-date=2022-03-27}}</ref> were sung by [[Mohammed Rafi]] which became quite popular. Johri gave his voice for numerous ad-jingles of that era namely Ajanta watches for [[Ajanta Group]], [[Nescafe]], and "Vardhman Knitting Yarn" For [[Vardhman Group of Companies]]. He worked closely with Pandit Vinod Sharma and voice-over legend [[Ameen Sayani]] whom he considered his mentors. He was a regular anchor for Sur Singar Samsad in which he shared stage with the best of artists and musicians such as [[Bismillah Khan]], [[Ram Narayan]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], [[Suresh Wadkar]], and others. Johri Penned numerous bhajans for [[Anup Jalota]] of which "Hey Sharde Maa"[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p_qjOEI1S1k], "Tere Tan Mein Ram", "Jo Tu Mitaana Chahe"[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VVTLLdUASnQ] and many more. Another very popular album by Johri was "Baby Doll" by Alisha Chinai.

=== 1990–2017 ===
Johri created a niche for himself in the world of Indian pop. The album [[Halka Nasha]] was very well received, which had ghazals sung by [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]. The song "Sa Ni Dha Pa" from the [[Colonial Cousins]], a fusion album by Hariharan and Lewis, was the first ever offering that was a part of [[MTV Unplugged]]. He worked for many online projects in this era of online channels, giving his services as a lyricist, voice over artist and also as a brand ambassador for teleshopping product English Guru.<ref>{{cite web | title=English Guru - Spoken English Course | website=[[YouTube]] | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OHcmcPsTmDk | date= 10 January 2011}}</ref> His notable works include "Asian Sky Shop", Theme Songs for [[Border Security Force]], [[Delhi Police]] and many more. He designed programs for online radio channel "2B! Radio" and also contributed as a voice-over artist and a scriptwriter.

===Discography===
He was credited as a lyricist for the film ''[[Thank You for Coming]]'' (2023), the song "Pari Hoon Main" is remake version of the famous [[Suneeta Rao]]'s song "Paree Hoon Main" from the album ''Dhuan'' (1991).

==Personal life==
Rajesh married Archana Johri, a scriptwriter, anchor and poet in the year 1986. He had two daughters, Ratika Johri and Rashee Johri. The elder one, Ratika is a singer and lending her voice for many albums, serials and films. The younger one, Rashee is an anchor, choreographer, director and founder of an event company - 'Zodiac events'.

==Death==
Johri suffered from kidney disease in the last few years of his life. As a result, he suffered cardiac arrest on 1 March 2017 and died at the Bhartiya Aaroya Nidhi Hospital in Mumbai.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Johri, Raajesh}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:Poets from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Indian lyricists]]
[[Category:People from Jhunjhunu district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Musicians from Mumbai]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian musicians]]

Meghana Lokesh

2026-02-08T17:39:45Z

RyanQuintana2: further updated article for accuracy

{{short description|Indian film and television actress}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{COI|date=July 2018}}
{{undisclosed paid|date=July 2018}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name =
| image = Meghana.png
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2013 – present
}}

'''Meghana Lokesh''' is an Indian actress. She predominantly appears in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Kannada]] television series, and became known for the serial ''[[Sasirekha Parinayam (TV series)|Sasirekha Parinayam]]'' (2013 - 2016) as Sasi B.Tech and Devayani which premiered on the [[Star Maa]] channel.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/I-have-embraced-my-new-identity-says-Meghana-Lokesh/articleshow/35678210.cms|title=I have embraced my new identity, says Meghana Lokesh - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161218163320/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/I-have-embraced-my-new-identity-says-Meghana-Lokesh/articleshow/35678210.cms|archive-date=2016-12-18|url-status=live}}</ref>

She portrayed the double roles of Manga and Nithya and also Divya in the [[Zee Telugu]] television series ''[[Kalyana Vaibhogam (TV series)|Kalyana Vaibhogam]]'' from (2017-2023) the role of Tulasi in [[Zee Telugu]]'s ''[[Raktha Sambandham (TV series)|Raktha Sambandham]] from (2018-2021) S''he played dual characters as Chaitra and Alakananda in the series ''[[Kalyanam Kamaneeyam (TV series)|Kalyanam Kamaneeyam]] (2022-2023) in'' Zee Telugu.

== Early life and career ==
Meghana Lokesh was born in [[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]]. Her father is an engineer and her mother is a Kannada lecturer. She has a brother who is also an engineer.<ref name=":6">{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/061217/tv-actress-meghana-lokesh-to-make-her-film-debut.html|title=TV actress Meghana Lokesh to make her film debut|date=6 December 2017|website=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=23 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212112531/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/061217/tv-actress-meghana-lokesh-to-make-her-film-debut.html|archive-date=12 December 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Meghana has been associated with theatre from very young age. She started her theatre at the age of 8 and performed nearly 270 shows till her degree and [[Mandya Ramesh]] was her theatre guru.<ref name=":6" /> She started her [[Television show|Television]] career with supporting role in [[Kannada]] television soap opera ''Devi'', which aired on [[Zee Kannada]]. Meghana's first lead role was in [[Kannada]] [[Television show|Television Series]] ''Pavitra Bandhana'', where she played the role of Pavitra. Following this, She also worked in other [[Kannada]] TV Series named ''Purushottama'', which aired on [[Zee Kannada]].

Her big breakthrough was with the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] hit series ''[[Sasirekha Parinayam (TV series)|Sasirekha Parinayam]]'' which screened on [[Star Maa]] from 2013 to 2016. She also acted in the feature film ''Idhi Ma Prema Katha''<ref name=":3">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/anchor-ravi-and-meghana-lokeshs-debut-film-idhi-maa-prema-katha-to-release-on-december-8/articleshow/61948386.cms|title=Anchor Ravi and Meghana Lokesh's debut film 'Idhi Maa Prema Katha' to release on December 8 - Times of India|website=indiatimes.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723184737/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/anchor-ravi-and-meghana-lokeshs-debut-film-idhi-maa-prema-katha-to-release-on-december-8/articleshow/61948386.cms|archive-date=23 July 2018|url-status=live|access-date=23 July 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> opposite Anchor Ravi, which received mixed reviews.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/anchor-ravi-and-meghana-lokeshs-debut-film-idhi-maa-prema-katha-delayed-to-an-indefinite-date/articleshow/61949941.cms|title=Anchor Ravi and Meghana Lokesh's debut film 'Idhi Maa Prema Katha' delayed to an indefinite date - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723151214/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/anchor-ravi-and-meghana-lokeshs-debut-film-idhi-maa-prema-katha-delayed-to-an-indefinite-date/articleshow/61949941.cms|archive-date=2018-07-23|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2017, she acted in two message-oriented [[Telugu language|Telugu]] [[short film]]s named ''Emotion'' and ''Beautiful Life''. Later that year, Meghana started a new [[Zee Telugu]] series ''[[Kalyana Vaibhogam (TV series)|Kalyana Vaibhogam]]'' in which she is portraying the dual role of Manga and Nithya. In 2018, She featured in a film called ''Ameerpet 2 America''. Around the time, She was signed to play a lead role in her third Telugu Soap Opera titled, ''[[Raktha Sambandham (TV series)|Raktha Sambandham]].''<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |title=New shows 'Raktha Sambandham' and 'Gundamma Katha' coming soon to Zee Telugu - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/new-shows-raktha-sambandham-and-gundamma-katha-coming-soon-to-zee-telugu/articleshow/63431017.cms |access-date=2018-08-04 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Filmography ==
===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
!Role
!Language
!Channel
!Notes
|-
|2011
|''Devi''
|Akshatha
|[[Kannada]]
|[[Zee Kannada]]
|Debut in [[Kannada]]
|-
|2012
|''Pavitra Bandhana''
|Pavitra
|[[Kannada]]
|[[Colors Kannada]]
|
|-
|2013
|''Purushottama''
|Chaitra
|[[Kannada]]
|[[Zee Kannada]]
|
|-
|2013-2016
|[[Sasirekha Parinayam (TV series)|''Sasirekha Parinayam'']]
|Sasi/Sasirekha Devayani
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|[[Star Maa]]<ref name=":0" />
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]] Debut Dual role
|-
|2017–2023
|''[[Kalyana Vaibhogam (TV series)|Kalyana Vaibhogam]]''
|(Manga and Nitya (Twins)), Divya
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|[[Zee Telugu]]
|Dual Role
|-
|2018–2021
|''[[Raktha Sambandham (TV series)|Raktha Sambandham]]''
|Tulasi
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|[[Zee Telugu]]<ref name=":5" />
|
|-
|2018
|''Dance Jodi Dance''
|Herself/Mentor
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|[[Zee Telugu]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/regional/zee-telugu-announces-the-launch-of-a-brand-new-dance-reality-show-dance-jodi-dance-181204|title=Zee Telugu announces the launch of a brand-new dance reality show - Dance Jodi Dance|date=2018-12-04|website=Indian Television|access-date=2018-12-08}}</ref>
|
|-
|2022–2023
|''[[Kalyanam Kamaneeyam (TV series)|Kalyanam Kamaneeyam]]''
|Chaitra Alakananda
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|[[Zee Telugu]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-29 |title=అసలైన పేగు బంధానికి నిలువెత్తు సాక్ష్యం జీ తెలుగు వారి 'కళ్యాణం కమనీయం' |url=https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/entertainment/kalyanam-kamaneeyam-serial-story-kalyanam-kamaneeyam-serial-starting-on-zee-telugu-tv-channel-54394 |access-date=2022-03-03 |website=Zee News Telugu |language=te}}</ref>
|Two roles
|-
|2025–
|''Chamanthi''
|Chamanthi
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|[[Zee Telugu]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.medianews4u.com/zee-telugu-to-end-2024-with-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-party-ki-velayera-and-launch-chamanthi-on-1st-jan/|title=Zee Telugu to end 2024 with 'Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Party ki Velayera' and launch 'Chamanthi' on 1st Jan|website=Media News}}</ref>
|
|}

===Film===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!Notes
|-
|2017
|''Idhi ma Prema Katha''
|Sandhya
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|[[Telugu cinema|Telugu Debut]] Film<ref name=":3" />
|-
|2017
|''Emotion''
|Bujji
|Telugu
|[[Short film]]
|-
|2017
|''Beautiful Life''
|not known
|Telugu
|[[Short film]]
|-
|2018
|''Ameerpet to America''
|Krishnaveni gowd
|Telugu
|[[Film]]<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Meghana-Lokesh|title=Meghana Lokesh: Movies, Photos, Videos, News & Biography {{!}} eTimes|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111075738/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Meghana-Lokesh|archive-date=2017-01-11|url-status=live|access-date=2018-07-23}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=9783834}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lokesh, Meghana}}
[[Category:Kannada actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada television]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu television]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Sarabhai family

2026-02-07T19:15:14Z

RyanQuintana2:

{{Short description|Indian industrialists (c.1820–c.2000)}}
{{other people||Sarabhai}}

The '''Sarabhai family''' is a prominent Indian family active in several fields. The patriarch, [[Ambalal Sarabhai]], was a leading [[industrialist]]. While he created significant wealth, his children interested themselves in a wide variety of other endeavours, and the family is better known for those activities, rather than for their industrial enterprise. The family's business activities continue through Ambalal Sarabhai Enterprises.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2021 |title=Synbiotics eyes double revenue amid black fungus crisis; expert weighs in on opportunities for small pharma firms |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/healthcare/synbiotics-eyes-double-revenue-amid-black-fungus-crisis-expert-weighs-in-on-opportunities-for-small-pharma-firms-9425841.htm |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

==Family history==
The Sarabhai family are a major business family in India belonging to the [[Shrimal Jain]] [[Bania (caste)|Bania]] community.<ref name="outlook">{{cite news|title=Vikram A Sarabhai|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/vikram-a-sarabhai/216858|access-date=21 March 2018|publisher=Outlook|date=19 August 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TRe6EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA346|title=Business and Politics in India|page=346|author=Stanley A. Kochanek|date=28 April 2023|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520319127 |quote=The Sarabhais are Gujarati (Jain Bania Shrimali) from Ahmedabad.}}</ref> Its twentieth century patriarch, Sheth [[Ambalal Sarabhai]], was a Jain industrialist. He had five daughters and three sons who were involved in the family business as well as the [[Indian independence movement]]. After India's independence, the family remained involved in developmental tasks undertaken by the [[Government of India]].

Ambalal Sarabhai was a prominent mill owner and also interested in philanthropic activities. His wife Sarladevi Sarabhai was impressed by the [[Maria Montessori]] philosophy and in the year 1922, Montessori sent E. M. Standing to India for the [[homeschooling]] of Sarabhai children.

Sarabhai Enterprises branched out after India's independence and many pioneer ventures were made in fields dominated by foreign companies. The manufacture of drugs and pharmaceuticals, chemicals and intermediates, dyes and pigments, industrial and household detergents, soaps and cosmetics, industrial packaging and containers, and later engineering and electronic products.

==Family members==
Prominent members of the Sarabhai family include:
*[[Ambalal Sarabhai]]. Patriarch of the family. Born into a family of tradesmen, he invested the family wealth into various industrial enterprises in the early 1900s, including Sarabhai Textile Mills at [[Ahmedabad]], which was one of the largest in India at that time.
*[[Anasuya Sarabhai]] (sister of Ambalal Sarabhai), a trade unionist, activist and freedom fighter. Married young, she never cohabited with her husband.
*Saraladevi Sarabhai (wife of Ambalal Sarabhai) and the mother of his eight children (three sons and five daughters)
**Suhrid Sarabhai Sr. (son of Ambalal Sarabhai), industrialist
***Manorama Sarabhai (wife of Suhrid Sarabhai), commissioned [[Villa Sarabhai]]
***Anand Sarabhai (son of Suhrid Sr), molecular biologist, partner of [[Lynda Benglis]], American [[sculptor]] and [[visual artist]]
***Suhrid Sarabhai Jr (son of Suhrid Sr), industrialist
****Asha Sarabhai, wife of Suhrid Jr, clothing designer
***Sanjay Sarabhai (son of Suhrid Jr)
***Samir Sarabhai (son of Suhrid Jr)
**[[Gautam Sarabhai]] (son of Ambalal Sarabhai), industrialist, philanthropist, co founder & the architect of the [[National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-02-17 |title=C20 Magazine |url=https://hcp.co.in/reviews/c20-magazine/ |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=HCP Design, Planning and Management Pvt. Ltd. |language=en-US}}</ref>
***[[Kamalini Sarabhai]] (wife of Gautam Sarabhai), co founder of [[B.M. Institute of Mental Health]]
***Mana Sarabhai Brearley (daughter of Gautam Sarabhai)
****Mischa Gorchov Brearley (son of Mana Sarabhai Brearley with artist Robert Gorchov)
****Lara Brearley (daughter of Mana Sarabhai Brearley with [[Mike Brearley]])
***Shyama Gautam Sarabhai (daughter of Gautam Sarabhai)
****Anand Zaveri (husband of Shyama Gautam Sarabhai)
*****Shaan Zaveri (son of Shyama Gautam Sarabhai with Anand Zaveri), real estate developer in Ahmedabad<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 11, 2003 |first=Uday |last=Mahurkar |title=In two years, hospital in Ahmedabad treats over 10,000 animals |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/offtrack/story/20030811-in-two-years-hospital-in-ahmedabad-treats-over-10000-animals-791945-2003-08-11 |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
*****Neel Zaveri (son of Shyama Gautam Sarabhai with Anand Zaveri)
**[[Mridula Sarabhai]] (daughter of Ambalal Sarabhai), Indian independence activist and politician; unmarried
**[[Vikram Sarabhai]] (son of Ambalal Sarabhai), co-founder of [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]] and [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad|IIM Ahmedabad]]
***[[Mrinalini Sarabhai]] (wife of Vikram Sarabhai), dancer
***[[Kartikeya Sarabhai]] (son of Vikram Sarabhai), educationist and environmentalist is married to Dr Prithi Nambiar, author, academic and Senior Program Director, CEE
****Rajshree Sarabhai (former wife of Kartikeya Sarabhai), writer and director of Rajka Designs, a textile design studio
****Samvit Sarabhai (son of Kartikeya Sarbhai), current director of Rajka Designs
****Mohal Sarabhai (son of Kartikeya Sarbhai), managing director of Asence Pharma Pvt. Ltd., and Synbiotics Limited (a Sarabhai Family company incorporated in 1960)
*****Christina Sarabhai (wife of Mohal Sarabhai)
*****Kavan Sarabhai (son of Mohal and Christina Sarabhai)
***[[Mallika Sarabhai]] (daughter of Vikram Sarabhai), a dancer and activist; briefly married to Bipin Shah, a publisher
****[[Revanta Sarabhai]] (son of Mallika Sarabhai and Bipin Shah), dancer
****Anahita Sarabhai (daughter of Mallika Sarabhai), performance artist & co-founder of QueerAbad<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/magazine/890421/in-ahmedabad-two-women-are-giving-the-queer-community-a-safe-space-where-they-can-ask-questions|title=In Ahmedabad, two women are giving the queer community a safe space where they can ask questions|date=22 August 2018 }}</ref>
**Leena Mangaldas (daughter of Ambalal Sarabhai), founder of Shreyas Foundation.
***Madanmohan Mangaldas Girdhardas (husband of Leena Mangaldas), noted industrialist
***Kamal Mangaldas (son of Leena Mangaldas), noted architect
****Arjun Mangaldas (son of Kamal Mangaldas), architect
****Abhay Mangaldas (son of Kamal Mangaldas), hotelier, founder of House of MG, a heritage hotel in Ahmedabad
**[[Gira Sarabhai]] (daughter of Ambalal Sarabhai), co-founder of the [[National Institute of Design]], the [[Calico Museum of Textiles]]
**[[Gita Sarabhai|Gita Mayor]] (daughter of Ambalal Sarabhai), Indian musician; well known for her patronage in music
***Satyadev Mayor, (husband of Gita Mayor)
***Pallavi Satyadev Mayor (daughter of Gita Mayor)
****Ajay Mayor (son of Pallavi Mayor)
**Bharti Sarabhai, (daughter of Ambalal Sarabhai), unmarried

==Institutions built by Sarabhai family==
# [[Calico Mills]] - Ambalal Sarabhai
# [[Jubilee Mills]] - Ambalal Sarabhai
# [[Kasturba Gandhi Rashtriya Smarak Trust]] - Sarladevi Ambalal Sarabhai
# [[Majoor Mahajan]] - Anasuyaben Sarabhai
# Jyoti Sangh - Mridulaben Sarabhai
# Vikas Gruh - Mridulaben Sarabhai
# Shreyas Foundation & School - Leenaben Mangaldas
# B.M. Institute of Mental Health - Gautam Sarabhai
# The Psychotherapy Study Group - Gautam Sarabhai
# [[National Institute of Design]] - Gautam Sarabhai and Gira Sarabhai
# [[Darpana Academy of Performing Arts]] - Mrinalini & Vikram Sarabhai
# [[Calico Museum of Textiles]] - Gira Sarabhai
# Ambalal Sarabhai Enterprises, Baroda - Gautam Sarabhai, a commercial (corporate) venture
# [[Centre for Environment Education]] - Kartikeya Sarabhai
# [[Nehru Foundation for Development#Vikram Sarabhai Centre for Development Interaction .28VIKSAT.29|VIKSAT]] - Kartikeya Sarabhai
# [[Nehru Foundation for Development#Centre for Health Education.2C Training and Nutrition Awareness .28CHETNA.29|CHETNA]] - Kartikeya Sarabhai
# Sangeet Kendra - Geeta Mayor
# Darpana for Development - Mallika Sarabhai
# Mapin Publishing - Mallika Sarabhai and her husband Bipin Shah [[File:Gautam Gira Sarabhai Square.jpg|thumb|Gautam Gira Sarabhai Square, [[National Institute of Design]], Ahmedabad. Earlier known as Nayak Square. ]]

==Major institution building efforts of Vikram Sarabhai (1947-1971)==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
# [[Ahmedabad Textile Industry's Research Association]] (ATIRA)
# [[Physical Research Laboratory]] (PRL), Ahmedabad
# [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad]]
# [[Community Science Centre]] (CSC), Ahmedabad
# [[Nehru Foundation for Development]] (NFD), Ahmedabad
# [[Ahmedabad Management Association]] (AMA), Ahmedabad
# [[Sarabhai Chemicals]], Baroda
# [[Sarabhai Glass]], Baroda
# [[Suhrid Geigy]], Baroda
# [[Synbiotics]], Baroda
# [[Sarabhai Merck]], Baroda
# [[Sarabhai Engineering Group]], Baroda
# [[Operations Research Group]] (ORG), Baroda
# [[Sarabhai Research Centre]] (SRC), Baroda
# [[Systronics]], Ahmedabad
# [[Swastik Oil Mills]], Bombay
# [[Standard Pharmaceuticals]], Calcutta
# [[Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station]] (TERLS), Trivandrum
# [[Space Science and Technology Centre]] (SSTC), Trivandrum
# [[Shriharikota Rocket Range]] (SHAR), Sriharikota
# [[Experimental Satellite Communication Earth Station]] (ESCES), Ahmedabad
# [[Satellite Communication System Division]] (SCSD), Ahmedabad
# [[Electronics System Division]] (ESD), Ahmedabad
# [[Microwave Antenna Systems Engineering Group]] (MASEG), Ahmedabad
# [[Audio Visual Instructional Division]] (AVID), Ahmedabad
# [[Remote Sensing and Meteorological Division]] (RSMD), Ahmedabad
# [[Indian Scientific Satellite Project]] (ISSP), Bangalore
# [[Satellite Instructional Television Experiment]] (SITE), Ahmedabad
# [[Indian National Satellite]] (INSAT) Satellite Launching Vehicle (SLV) Trivandrum
# [[Satellite Communication Earth Station]],
# [[Arvi Fast Breeder Reactors]] (FBR), Kalpakkam
# [[Nuclear Centre for Agriculture]], New Delhi
# [[Variable Energy Cyclotron Project]] (VECP), Calcutta
# [[Electronic Prototype Engineering Laboratory]] (EPEL), Bombay
# [[Electronics Corporation of India]] (ECIL), Hyderabad
# [[Uranium Corporation of India]] (UCIL), Jaduguda, Jharkhand
}}

No.4 was renamed the Vikram A. Sarabhai Community Science Centre after Dr. Sarabhai’s death in 1971. No.18 & 19 were merged under the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre after Dr. Sarabhai’s death in 1971. Nos.21,22,23,24,25 and 26 were merged under the Space Applications Centre after Dr. Sarabhai’s death in 1971. No. 31 was renamed Vikram Earth Station after Dr. Sarabhai’s death in 1971.

<gallery mode="nolines" caption="Various photographs of Sarabhais collected/photographed by Nathan Hughes Hamilton (Squibb - Sarabhai Chemicals) in early 1950s, Baroda, Ahmedabad and Bombay">
File:Sitting fourth from left is Vikram Sarabhai. Baroda, 1950.jpg|Vikram Sarabhai
File:This luncheon group photo with several members of the Sarabhai family. Baroda, 1951.jpg|Seated Gita Sarabhai Mayor, Vikram Sarabhai and Gira Sarabhai.
File:Gita Sarabhai Mayor, Ahmedabad, 1952.jpg|Gita Sarabhai Mayor
File:Gita (nee Sarabhai) Mayor, Baroda, 1951.jpg|Gita Sarabhai Mayor
File:Gita (nee Sarabhai) Mayor in either Ahmedabad or New York, 1952.jpg|Gita Sarabhai Mayor
File:Mr. Pandya of Sarabhai, Gita Sarabhai Mayor and daughter Pallavi, Dorothy Waller, and Satyadev Mayor seeing off the Hamiltons,Bombay Airport, 1953.jpg
File:Baroda, 1951.jpg|Seated fifth from left, Gita sarabhai Mayor
File:Luncheon at the Polo Club, Baroda, 1951.jpg|Ambalal Sarabhai can be spotted at the back close to the glass windows/doors.
File:Gita and Ambalal, Ahmedabad, 1952.jpg|Gita and Ambalal Sarabhai
File:"Retreat", Sarabhai Residence, Ahmedabad, 1951.jpg|Ambalal Sarabhai and Saraladevi Sarabhai (back towards the camera)
File:Gautam's home, Ahmedabad, 1952.jpg|Gautam Sarabhai wearing half shirt and tie, third from the left standing next to his father Ambalal Sarabhai
File:Vikram Ambalal Sarabhai, Ahmedabad, 1951.jpg|A young Vikram Sarabhai
File:Retreat, Ahmedabad, 1951.jpg|Ambalal Sarabhai third from left. First from left is Nathan Hughes Hamilton, an employee at Squibb- Sarabhai Chemicals, Baroda.
File:Gita Mayor and others. Shiv Mahal Palace, Baroda, 1952.jpg|Gita Sarabhai Mayor in black saree wearing a bindi, on the right.
File:Gira Sarabhai Ahmedabad 1951.jpg|Gira Sarabhai probably at [[Calico Museum of Textiles]]
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Anusyabehn Sarabhai]]
*[[Jainism]]
*[[Swaminathan family]]
*[[Calico Museum of Textiles]]
*[[Mill Owners' Association Building]]
*[[National Institute of Design]]
*[[ISRO]]
*[[Gira Sarabhai]]
*[[Gautam Sarabhai]]
*[[Vikram Sarabhai]]
*[[Mrinalini Sarabhai]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.montessori-india.org/montessori_india.php Maria Montessory In India]

[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:Sarabhai family| ]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian Jains]]
[[Category:Jain families]]
[[Category:Business families of India]]

Majuli Music Festival

2026-02-07T17:25:32Z

RyanQuintana2: stub

{{Infobox recurring event
| name = Majuli Music Festival
| genre = [[Indie music|Indie]], [[pop music|pop]], [[folk song|folk]], [[rock music|rock]], [[hip-hop]], [[global music|global]], [[electronic music]]
| date = November
| location = [[Majuli]]
| years_active = 2019 - Present
| founders = Mukul Doley, Momee Pegu
| organised = Majuli Music Festival Foundation (MMFF)
| current_season =
}}

The '''Majuli Music Festival (MMF)''' is a [[Nonprofit organization|non-profit]] indie [[music festival]] held in [[Majuli]], [[Assam]], [[India]]. It was founded in 2019 by Mukul Doley and his wife Momee Pegu, the founder of RIGBO.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=9 November 2024 |title=One man is an Island |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/travel/2024/Nov/09/one-man-is-an-island |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=The third edition of the Majuli Music Festival to promote craft tourism through live demonstrations |url=https://www.authindia.com/the-third-edition-of-the-majuli-music-festival-to-promote-craft-tourism-through-live-demonstrations/|website=AuthIndia}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

MMF was founded to promote [[tourism]] in [[Majuli]], and make it more self-sufficient to help cope with its annual flooding.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Majuli Music Festival |url=https://utsav.gov.in/view-event/majuli-music-festival-1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250404073615/https://utsav.gov.in/view-event/majuli-music-festival-1 |archive-date=2025-04-04 |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=utsav.gov.in |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Majuli Music Festival 2023: India's biggest Indie Music Festival |url=https://exploremajuli.com/majuli-music-festival-2023-indias-biggest-indie-music-festival/ |date=27 September 2023|website=Explore Majuli}}</ref><ref name=":2"/> The festival features the island's traditional music, arts and culture, local [[craft]]s and [[cuisine]], including its traditionally brewed [[rice beer]].<ref>{{cite web |date=26 October 2024 |title=Here's what you need to know about the next edit of Majuli Music Festival in Assam |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2024/Oct/26/heres-what-you-need-to-know-about-the-next-edit-of-majuli-music-festival-in-assam |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Music festivals in India]]
[[Category:Festivals in Assam]]
[[Category:Majuli]]
{{Music-festival-stub}}
{{India-music-stub}}

Saravanaa Bhavan

2026-02-03T05:17:22Z

RyanQuintana2: Made new details - done

{{Advert|date=February 2024}}
{{Short description|Restaurant chain}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Saravanaa Bhavan
| logo = Saravanaa Bhavan Logo.svg
| logo_size = 350px
| type = [[Private company|Private]]
| industry = Restaurant
| genre = [[South Indian cuisine|Southern Indian Cuisine]]
| foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1981}}
| former_name = Hotel Saravana Bhavan
| founder = [[P. Rajagopal (businessman)|P. Rajagopal]]
| dissolved =
| location = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| locations = 33 branches in India, 92+ branches In 28 countries 
| area_served = [[India]], [[Singapore]], [[Malaysia]], [[Thailand]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Japan]], [[South Korea]], [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Oman]], [[Qatar]], [[Bahrain]], [[Kuwait]], [[South Africa]], [[Ireland]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Netherlands]], [[Belgium]], [[Sweden]], [[Italy]], [[Spain]], [[Poland]], [[Switzerland]], [[United Kingdom]], [[Canada]], [[United States]], [[Australia]], and [[New Zealand]].
| key_people =
| products = Food, Sweets, Bakery, Ice cream
| services = Fast Food, Take Away, Home Delivery and Outdoor Catering
| revenue = {{profit}}{{INRConvert|29782.4|m}} (2017)
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| num_employees = 8,700 (in India - 2023)
| parent =
| subsid =
| footnotes =
| homepage = {{Unbulleted_list
|{{url|saravanabhavan.com}} (Global)
|{{url|saravanabhavan.co}} (India)
|{{url|saravanabhavanlondon.co.uk}} (UK)
|{{url|saravanaabhavan.us}} (US)
|{{url|saravanabhavan.ca}} (Canada)
|{{url|saravanaabhavan.com.au}} (Australia)
|{{url|saravanaabhavan.se}} (Sweden)
}}
}}
[[File:Saravana Bhavan Edison NJ.jpg|thumb|300px|The Saravanaa Bhavan restaurant in [[Edison, New Jersey|Edison]], [[New Jersey]], U.S., near [[Indians in the New York City metropolitan area|New York City]], is the largest and busiest branch restaurant outside [[South India]].]]
'''Saravanaa Bhavan''', previously '''Hotel Saravana Bhavan''', is an Indian restaurant chain based in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India.<ref name="passion">{{cite web |title=Founder & Key Personalities |url=http://www.saravanabhavan.com/passion.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070120110200/https://saravanabhavan.com/passion.php |archive-date=2007-01-20 |access-date=2007-05-31 |publisher=Saravana Bhavan}}</ref> The chain serves [[South Indian cuisine]] and operates 33 locations in India (24 in [[Chennai]]) and 92+ across 28 countries in [[North America]], [[Asia]], the [[Middle East]], [[Europe]], and [[Oceania]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Berry |first=Rynn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=knJbcXVse0kC&q=%22Saravana+Bhavan%22&pg=PA27 |title=The Vegan Guide to New York City |author2=Suzuki, Chris A. |author3=Litsky, Barry |publisher=Ethical Living |year=2006 |isbn=0-9788132-0-0 |pages=27 |author-link=Rynn Berry |access-date=2008-07-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Addison |first=Bill |date=2006-06-30 |title=Diners line up for Saravana dosas |work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |url=https://www.sfgate.com/restaurants/diningout/article/diners-line-up-for-saravana-dosas-2300633.php |access-date=2008-07-03}}</ref>

==History==
In 1968, [[P. Rajagopal (businessman)|P. Rajagopal]] opened a tiny grocery shop in [[K. K. Nagar, Chennai|K. K. Nagar]], on the outskirts of [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Romig |first=Rollo |date=7 May 2014 |title=Masala Dosa to Die For |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/11/magazine/masala-dosa-to-die-for.html |access-date=12 April 2019 |publisher= |via=NYTimes.com}}</ref> In 1981, he opened his first restaurant, which initially operated at a huge loss. However, his restaurant quickly became both popular and profitable.

While visiting [[Singapore]] in 1992, Rajagopal observed the functioning of multinational fast food restaurants like [[McDonald's]]. He used them as a model for his restaurant chains.<ref>The Hindu, Friday, 21 August 1998</ref>

By the 1990s, Saravanaa Bhavan had opened multiple restaurant locations throughout Chennai. In 2000, Saravanaa Bhavan opened its first branch outside [[India]], in [[Dubai]], a city with a large number of [[Indians in the United Arab Emirates|Indian expatriates]].

Currently, Saravanaa Bhavan has multiple overseas locations which are run by [[Franchising|franchise]]es.<ref name="sar ref12">{{cite news |date=3 November 2012 |title=Saravana Bhavan plans foray into hospitality sector after it strengthens international presence further |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/hotels-/-restaurants/saravana-bhavan-plans-foray-into-hospitality-sector-after-it-strengthens-international-presence-further/articleshow/17069637.cms?from=mdr |access-date=28 October 2021 |publisher=economic times}}</ref> While the restaurants have gained popularity among non-Indians, they mostly target the [[South Asian diaspora|South Asian expatriate]] population. They have been referred to as "[[cafeteria|canteen]]-like joints strictly aimed at Indian expatriates missing a taste of home".<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=18 November 2015 |title=Coconuts Hong Kong Hot Spot food review of Indian restaurant Saravana Bhavan |url=https://coconuts.co/hongkong/food-drink/can-you-overlook-violent-history-for-perfect-dosa/ |access-date=12 April 2019 |website=Coconuts}}</ref> To save on labor costs, Saravanaa Bhavan sends workers from India to work in their foreign branches.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Management |first1=Strategic |last2=Asia-Pacific |last3=China |last4=India |last5=America |first5=North |date= |title=Indian Restaurant Chains Have Overseas Expansion on Their Menus |url=https://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/indian-restaurant-chains-have-overseas-expansion-on-their-menus/ |access-date=12 April 2019 |website=Knowledge@Wharton}}</ref>

== Legal Issues ==
In 2004, founder [[P. Rajagopal (businessman)|P. Rajagopal]] was found guilty of the murder of Prince Santhakumar, the husband of a woman who had rejected his marriage proposal.<ref>{{cite news |date=10 July 2019 |title=Saravana Bhavan murder: The rise and fall of dosa king Rajagopal |publisher=India Today| url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/saravana-bhavan-murder-dosa-king-rajagopal-1565902-2019-07-10 | access-date=1 May 2024}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Udupi cuisine#Udupi restaurants and hotels|Udupi restaurants and hotels]]
* [[Vegetarian Society (Singapore)#Vegetarian and Vegan Restaurants in Singapore|Vegetarian and Vegan Restaurants in Singapore]]
* [[List of vegetarian restaurants]]
* [[Indians in the New York City metropolitan area]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Saravanaa Bhavan}}
*{{official website|http://www.saravanabhavan.com}}

{{Vegetarianism}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Vegetarian restaurants in India]]
[[Category:Restaurants in Chennai]]
[[Category:South Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Restaurants established in 1981]]
[[Category:Fast-food chains of India]]
[[Category:Catering and food service companies of India]]
[[Category:Restaurants in India]]
[[Category:Indian restaurants outside India]]
[[Category:Vegetarian restaurants in Singapore]]
[[Category:Restaurant chains in India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Chennai]]
[[Category:1981 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

Bijoy Krishna Goswami

2026-01-30T06:30:13Z

RyanQuintana2: general rework section for accuracy after review

{{Short description|Hindu reformer and religious figure (1841–1899)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=December 2021}}{{Cleanup rewrite|date=January 2024}}
}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}

{{Infobox Hindu leader
| honorific-prefix = Śrī
| name = Bijoy Krishna Goswami
| image = Prabhupad Bijoy Krishna Goswamiji.jpg
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| caption =
| birth_date = 2 August 1841
| birth_place = santipur village, [[Nadia district]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| birth_name = Bijoy Krishna Goswami
| death_date = {{death date and age|1899|6|4|1841|8|2|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Puri]], British India
| guru = [[Brahmananda Paramahamsa]] (mantra guru)
| philosophy = [[Bhakti yoga]], [[Achintya Bheda Abheda]]
| known_for = Expounded [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]], [[Bhakti yoga]]
| father = Ananda Kishore Goswami
| mother = Swarnamoyee Devi
| other_names = Jatia Baba, Achyutananda Paramahamsa, Gosaiji
| background = Orange
}}
{{Hinduism}}
'''Bijoy Krishna Goswami''' ({{IAST3|Vijaya-kṛṣṇa Gosvāmī}}; 2 August 1841 – 4 June 1899),<ref name="Jones1990">{{cite book|author=Kenneth W. Jones|title=The New Cambridge History of India: Socio-religious reform movements in British India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8HV4nHv8urgC&pg=PA39|access-date=6 July 2012|date=1 May 1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-24986-7|pages=39–}}</ref> also known by the honorific '''''Gosaiji''''', was a Hindu social reformer and religious figure in India during the British period.<ref name="(Swāmi)Prabhavananda1970">{{cite book|author1=Prabhavananda (Swāmi)|author2=Swami Prabhavananda|title=The Eternal Companion: Brahmananda; Teachings and Reminiscences, with a Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y7jro0DKNwIC&pg=PA42|access-date=6 July 2012|year=1970|publisher=Vedanta Press|isbn=978-0-87481-024-0|pages=42–}}</ref>

[[Brahmo Samaj]] was started at [[Calcutta]] on 20 August 1828 by Raja [[Ram Mohan Roy]] and [[Debendranath Tagore]] as a reformation of the prevailing tradition of the times (specifically Kulin practices). From the ''Brahmo Samaj'' springs Brahmoism, one of the legally recognised religions in India and Bangladesh, reflecting its foundation on reformed spiritual Hinduism with elements of Christian-Islamic faith and practice.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://brahmosamaj.in |title=Official Brahmo website |publisher=Brahmosamaj.in |accessdate=2012-10-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lawcommissionbangladesh.org/reports/36.pdf |title=Bangladesh Law Commission|accessdate=2012-10-15}}</ref> Gosaiji's disillusionment from Brahmo Samaj led him to study the ''[[Chaitanya Charitamrita]]'', a biography detailing the life and teachings of Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu (1486–1534), a Vaisnava saint and founder of the [[Gaudiya Vaishnava]] Sampradaya.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=7O7ADAAAQBAJ&dq=Bijoy+Krishna+Goswami&pg=PT115 Shandilya, Krupa. ''Intimate Relations: Social Reform and the Late Nineteenth-Century South Asian Novel'', Chapter 2, note 12, Northwestern University Press, 2017]{{ISBN|9780810134249}}</ref>

Bijoy Krishna Goswami belonged to the "Advaita ''parivar''" (family), as the 10th-generation descendant of [[Advaita Acharya]], personal teacher and associate of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]].

== Prophecy of appearance ==
The prophecy of the birth of Bijoy Krishna Goswami can be found in the text, [[Chaitanya Mangala]] written by Lochana Dasa and in the text, Adwaitya Abhisaap written by Paramananda Dasa. It is written by Lochana Dasa and Paramananda Dasa that during his Leela at [[Nabadwip]], [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] was travelling towards [[Vrindavan]] in ecstasy, [[Nityananda|Nityananda Prabhu]], however, diverted Chaitanya from [[Vrindavan]] and took him to Sripad [[Advaita Acharya]]'s residence, in [[Shantipur]]. [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] stayed in [[Shantipur]] for ten days and then ignoring the tearful eyes of [[Shantipur]]'s residents and grief-stricken requests from his mother Sachi Devi, he left [[Shantipur]] for [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

[[Advaita Acharya]] could not bear the pangs of separation from Mahaprabhu, and in anticipation of parting, Adwaitya Achary cursed Mahaprabhu saying – "You have stayed here for ten days, but in this incarnation, your work will remain incomplete, you have to re-incarnate in my family as my tenth generation."

Gosaiji appeared in Shantipur as a tenth-generation successor of Sripad Adwaitya Acharya.

== Early life ==
Bijoy Krishna Goswami was born on 2 August 1841 Shikarpur ([[Nadia district|Nadia]]),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Century-old Nadia school with major contribution in Bangladesh Freedom Movement|url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/century-old-nadia-school-with-major-contribution-in-bangladesh-freedom-movement|access-date=2021-04-26|website=Get Bengal}}</ref> in a [[colocasia]] thicket, to Ananda Kishore Goswami and Swarnamoyee Devi.<ref>{{Citation|last=Gupta|first=Amitabha|title=English: Plaque on Main Memorial inside Bijoy Krishna Goswami Memorial Temple at Shikarpur of Nadia district. Bijoy Krishna Goswami was a prominent Hindu social reformer and religious figure in India during the British period who was born on 2 August 1841 at Shikarpur (Nadia district). A temple has been built here in his memory. Displayed In the photograph is closeup of the plaque on stone memorial which describes Shikarpur as the birth place of Bijoy Krishna Goswami.|date=2021-03-03|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bijoy_Krishna_Goswami_Memorial_Temple_at_Shikarpur_of_Nadia_district_07.jpg|access-date=2022-01-07}}</ref> Desirous of a child, Ananda Kishore Goswami Prabhu travelled from [[Shantipur]] to [[Jagannath Temple, Puri]], performing [[Prostration (Buddhism)|dandavat prostration]] all along the way. This method of travelling took him one and a half-year to reach [[Puri]]. The night he arrived at the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri]], it is believed that he dreamt of [[Jagannath]] Swami, who promised him that he would take birth as his son. Thus, assured Ananda Kishore Goswami returned home to [[Shantipur]].

The family deity worshipped in the Goswami household was Sri Shyamsundar. Gosaiji later recounted that as an infant, Shyamsundar would appear before him and became his playmate. This ''[[Bhava|sakhyabhāva]] (''the attitude of a friend) with Shyamsundar would remain with Gosaiji throughout in his life.

Ananda Kishore Goswami died on 1844 AD, entering into [[Bhava samadhi|maha bhava samadhi]] while reciting the [[Bhagavata Purana|Srimad Bhagavatam]]; Gosaiji was then only three years old. Goswamiji started his academic life in 1850 AD, enrolling in the Bhagwan Sarkar's [[Sanskrit]] school at Shikarpur. He also studied [[Vedanta]] under the tutelage of Acharya Krishna Gopal Goswami. He later joined the [[The Sanskrit College and University|Calcutta Sanskrit College]], during this time he married Ramchandra Bhaduri's eldest daughter Yogmaya Devi.

It was a tradition in the Goswami family of becoming hereditary spiritual preceptor of devoted families. In keeping with the culture, Gosaiji once visited the family of a disciple, who begged him for redemption. Gosaiji was shocked; he thought – ''"How can I provide salvation when I am myself bound to [[Saṃsāra]]?"''; Gosaiji consequently, left the ancestral tradition of spiritual mentorship, and in the year 1860 AD joined the [[Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata|Calcutta Medical College]] to pursue a career in medicine. During those times, [[white supremacy]] was very much prevalent in [[British India]]. Infuriated by the racist comments made by a British professor, Gosaiji organised the first student strike in British India. The mediation of [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar|Sri Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]] brought the situation under control, but a disillusioned Gosaiji left his studies at the medical college and instead became a [[Homeopathy|homoeopathy]] medicine practitioner. During his wanderings as a [[Homeopathy|homoeopathy]] doctor, Gosaiji's religion fervour grew and under the influence of [[Debendranath Tagore|Acharya Devendra Nath Tagore]], he renounced his Hindu heritage and joined the [[Brahmo Samaj]].

== Life as a Brahmo preacher ==
Gosaiji was an [[Acharya]] of the [[Adi Dharm|Adi Brahmo Samaj]] by the year 1864. As the Brahmo movement began to spread, there was a clash between the elderly conservative [[Adi Dharm|Adi Brahmo Samaj]] members led by [[Debendranath Tagore|Acharya Devendranath Tagore]] and the fresh members of the samaj led by [[Keshub Chandra Sen]]. As a result, Gosaiji resigned the position of acharya of the [[Adi Dharm|Adi Brahmo Samaj]] and joined [[Keshub Chandra Sen]]'s new samaj called the Brahmo Samaj of India. As a member of the new Brahmo Samaj, Gosaiji took upon the duties of education of women and the abolition of child marriage. During this time he worked with [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar|Iswarchandra Vidyasagar]] to achieve the prohibition of child marriage. Aiming to educate the women of India, he started contributing to Bengali magazines like Bamabodhini (edited by Umesh Chandra Dutta), Tattwabodhini, Dharmatattwa etc. His writings in Bamabodhini magazine, under the pseudonym "Ashabati" received recognition; these writings were compiled later in a book called "Asahabatir Upakhan".

The year 1874 saw the emergence of the [[Kirtan|Sankirtan]] movement in Brahmo Samaj premises, due to the efforts of Gosaiji. Gosaiji composed numerous Brahmo songs during this period. In this period Gosaiji started preaching the Brahmo way of worship throughout India, he visited interior parts of [[Bihar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Assam]] and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].

The years between 1874 and 1878 was trying timee in Gosaiji's life. As a preacher, he walked length and breadth of India, sometimes sustaining himself by only drinking water and eating the mud from river banks. There was a second schism in the Brahmo Samaj in May 1878, when [[Keshub Chandra Sen]] married his underage daughter to the prince of [[Cooch Behar|Cooch Bihar]] who was also a minor. Gosaiji, who had spent his life as a Brahmo preacher advocating against child marriage. Subsequently, Brahmo Samaj of India split into [[Nava Vidhan|Navavidhan Brahmo Samaj]] led by Keshub Chandra Sen and [[Sadharan Brahmo Samaj]] which included [https://www.thebrahmosamaj.net/founders/sivnath.html Sivnath Shastri], [[Anandamohan Bose|Ananda Mohan Bose]], Gosaiji and others. This split in Brahmo Samaj caused deep anguish to Gosaiji. He realised that the Brahmo method of approach towards God-realisation through logic and reasoning was insufficient.

Once while sermonising in a province of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], he was disturbed by lust; disgusted with himself, he decided to commit suicide by drowning himself in the waters of the [[Ravi River|Ravi]]. The fateful night when Gosaiji was about to end his life, it is believed that a [[Mahātmā|mahatma]] appeared before him. The [[Mahātmā|mahatma]] consoled him by saying that philosophical speculations, logic and reasoning cannot bring about God realisation. One can only realise God by the grace of a God-realised [[Guru]]. The [[Mahātmā|mahatma]] also reassured Gosaiji by saying that his Guru is preordained and will reveal himself when the time comes. Thus encouraged, Gosaiji started searching for his divine preordained [[Guru]].

== Initiation into [[Ajapa japa|Ajapa]] [[Sādhanā|Sadhana]] ==
[[File:Vijay Krishna Goswamiji.jpg|thumb|right|Idol of Sri Bijoy Krishna Goswamiji]]In his search for a [[Guru–shishya tradition|Guru]], Gosaiji joined various sects and schools of Hindu spiritualism. He associated with disciplines as diverse as [[Baul]], [[Kapalika|Kapalik]], [[Kartabhaja]] etc. He met [[Ramakrishna|Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa]] in [[Dakshineswar]] during this period on 27 October 1882 AD. On seeing Gosaiji, [[Ramakrishna|Sri Ramakrishna]] remarked, ''"When the soul soars high in the sky, why to keep the body in a cage?"'' – The indication was that it was time for Gosaiji to resign from the duty-bound job of a priest of Brahmo Samaj and lead a free life of an ascetic. He also met other saints of that time including Yogiraj Gambhir Nath, [[Siddha]] Caitanya Das Babaji of [[Nabadwip]], [[Siddha]] Bhagavan Das Babaji of [[Kalna City|Kalna]] and [[Trailanga|Mahatma Trailanga Swami]].

Caitanya Das Babaji on being asked by Gosaiji about how to obtain [[Bhakti]] became ecstatic and replied - ''"Gosai, what did you say? You are the purveyor of [[Bhakti]], and you ask how to get [[Bhakti]]? Whatever you may do now, I can see the marks of a devout [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite]] in you."''

None of these mahatmas agreed to become Gosaiji's [[Guru]], they instead stated that his [[Guru]] is waiting for the opportune moment to reveal himself.

Gosaiji then met [[Trailanga|Mahatma Trailanga Swami]] in [[Varanasi|Benaras]]. A fascinating anecdote regarding this meeting was shared later by Gosaiji to his disciples. Gosaiji said that the first meeting with the [[Mahātmā|mahatma]] left him shocked as Tailanga Swami was worshipping [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] using his urine as [[Ganges|Ganga]] water. The puritan Gosaiji attempted to leave without meeting the [[Mahātmā|mahatma]]. However, [[Trailanga|Trailanga Swami]] caught up with him and asked him if he wanted initiation. Gosaiji refused to be initiated by the Swami, the mahatma then lifted the able-bodied Gosaiji by the neck and took him to the Ganga and immersed him in the Ganga for three times, and initiated him with three [[mantra]]s. One for regular repetition, the second for remembrance when he was in trouble and the third, to the astonishment of Gosaiji was the same "[[Mantra|Kula-Mantra]]" (A traditional mantra that passes down from generation to generation in a family). The [[Mahātmā|mahatma]] revealed that although he had initiated him, he was not his [[Guru]]. These [[mantra]]s would help draw Gosaiji's [[Guru]] towards him, shortening his waiting time.

Finally, in the year 1883 AD, Gosaiji arrived at Akash Ganga hill at [[Gaya, India|Gaya]], where he ultimately obtained his Guru - Sripad Brahmananda [[Paramahamsa]]dev. The incidents of the initiation of Gosaiji was later penned down by him in the Bamabodhini magazine where Gosaiji wrote under the pseudonym - ''Ashabati''. Gosaiji writes that he and another [[yogi]] was staying at Akash Ganga hill in the ashram of Raghuvar Das Baba. One day when the ashram was empty, the local shepherds reported that a[[Mahātmā|mahatma]] had arrived at the peak of AkashGanga hill. After a brief introduction, the mahatma revealed that his residence is at [[Lake Manasarovar|Manasarovar]] near [[Mount Kailash]] and he was the [[Guru]], Gosaiji was searching for; taking Gosaiji on his lap, the mahatma initiated him and disappeared. Gosaiji fell unconscious into a state of [[samadhi]] that lasted eleven days and Raghuvar Das Baba looked after him during this period. After a brief period of sadhana at the Akash Ganga hill, Gosaiji at the direction of his Guru arrived at Benaras. After completing three days as a [[Brahmacarya|Brahmachari]], he received [[Sannyasa]] from Swami Hariharananda Saraswati in the year 1885 AD. Brahmo Bijoy Krishna Goswami thus made a complete reversal to [[Hinduism]] as the [[monk]] Achyutananda Saraswati.

== Manifestation as Sadguru ==
===Return to society as [[Acharya]] Bijoy Krishna===
[[File:KuladanandaBrahmachari.jpg|thumb|Brahmachari Kuladananda]]
Gosaiji spent a year of his life as an itinerant monk. According to the memoirs in the book - শ্রী শ্রী সদগুরু সঙ্গ (Shree Shree Sadguru Sanga), Gosaiji started experiencing irritation accompanied by a burning sensation while practising Ajapa Sadhana. This affliction resulted in the singeing of his androgenic hair. Gosaiji asked his Guru to relieve this affliction; Brahmananda [[Paramahamsa]]deb consequently asked him to relocate to [[Jawalamukhi]] in [[Himachal Pradesh]] and continue his practices there. Gosaiji thus travelled from place to place for a year, before his Guru finally asked him to return to society as a householder saint and take up the work of an [[acharya]] - preaching the [[Kirtan|Sri-Naam kirtan]] and initiating suitable candidates with the [[Ajapa japa|Ajapa Naam Sadhana.]]

Gosaiji thus returned to society and rejoined the [[Kolkata]] [[Brahmo Samaj]] as an [[acharya]]. All the incidents after that from 1886 AD to 1893 AD is recorded by Srimad Kuladananda Brahmachari<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Shree Shree Kuladananda Brahmachari|url=http://www.gosaiji.com/sadhanapath/lifekuladanandabrahmachariji.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615063013/http://www.gosaiji.com/sadhanapath/lifekuladanandabrahmachariji.htm|archive-date=15 June 2011|access-date=|website=}}</ref> in his Bengali journal - শ্রী শ্রী সদগুরু সঙ্গ (Shree Shree Sadguru Sanga).<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=শ্রী শ্রী সদ্ধগুরু সাঙ্গ|url=http://www.gosaiji.com/books/english-ShreeShreeSadguruSangh.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615074245/http://www.gosaiji.com/books/english-ShreeShreeSadguruSangh.htm|archive-date=15 June 2011|access-date=|website=}}</ref>

The spiritual experiences and practice of the [[Ajapa japa|Ajapa sadhana]] had changed Gosaiji. He refused to conduct the duties of an acharya following the sectarian Brahmo samaj process, thus resulting in antagonism within the samaj power structure. According to the letters by Gosaiji's disciple Srimat Kiranchand Darvesh (later collected and collated as [[iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.456883|Darvesh Darshan]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=17 February 1964|title=দরবেশ দর্শন|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.456883|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>) during this time there was an assassination attempt on him by Trailokyanath Sanyal (Sadhu Chiranjeeb Sharma) of the [[Kolkata]] [[Brahmo Samaj]]. The assassination attempt failed, and subsequently, on 24 March 1886 AD, Gosaiji resigned his position from the [[Kolkata]] [[Brahmo Samaj]] and on the invitation of the members of the Dhaka Brahmo samaj travelled to [[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]] to take over the duties of an [[acharya]].

Gosaiji's mission as SadGuru began at [[Dhaka]] Brahmo Samaj. Brahmachari Kuladananda writes that every day the Brahmo Samaj grounds would be swarming with [[Hindus|Hindu]], [[Christianity|Christian]], [[Muslims|Muslim]] and [[Brahmo]] devotees who would gather to hear Gosaiji speak. Most of the time, Gosaiji was not able to complete his speeches. Overflowing with [[divine love]] he would cry in ecstasy and would get immersed in [[Bhava samadhi|maha bhava samadhi]]. Gosaiji's lectures during this time were later collected and published under the title বক্তৃতা ও উপদেশ (Baktritā Ō upadēśa). Gosaiji also wrote books like করুণাকণা (Karuṇākanā) during this period. Shyama Kanta Pandita became the first disciple of Gosaiji, and the number of initiates increased. Gosaiji's also initiated his spiritual successor Srimat Kuladananda Brahmachari in [[Dhaka District|Dhaka]] during this time.

===Meeting with Lokenath Brahmachari===
While a Brahmo Acharya, Gosaiji travelled to [[Darbhanga|Darbhanga, Bihar]] on 15 May 1887 A.D where he contracted [[Classification of pneumonia|double pneumonia]]. His condition deteriorated, and physicians lost hope for his life. In this crisis, Gosaiji's disciple Shyamacharan Bakshi approached the [[Mahātmā|mahatma]] Lokenath Brahmachari<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-02 |title=Lokenath Baba: আসছে বাবা লোকনাথের তিরোধান দিবস! জেনে নিন পুজোর দিনক্ষণ এবং সঠিক নিয়ম |url=https://www.tollywoodonline.in/lokenath-baba-puja-2025-when-and-why-this-day-is-celebrated/ |access-date=2025-06-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> and begged him to save Gosaiji's life - Lokenath Brahmachari later revealed that he was Gosaiji's খুল্লতাত (father's younger brother). Kuladananda [[Brahmacarya|Brahmachari]], in his journal, writes that while travelling from [[Goalundo Ghat]] to [[Darbhanga]]; Gosaiji's son Yogjeeban Goswami spotted Lokenath Brahmachari drifting in the air towards [[Darbhanga]]. Many other disciples of Gosaiji saw Lokenath Brahmachari, Brahmananda [[Paramahamsa]] (Gosaiji's Guru) and other anonymous saints appear and disappear spontaneously near the bedside of the ailing Gosaiji. Against all speculations of Gosaiji's demise, Gosaiji regained full health; He arrived at [[Baradi Union|Baradi, Narayanganj]] on 14 June 1887 A.D to pay his respects to Lokenath Brahmachari.

=== Foundation of [[Dhaka]] [[Gendaria Thana|Gendaria]] Ashram ===
[[File:Gendaria Ashram.png|thumb|340x340px|Gendaria Ashram]]
Gosaiji's non-sectarian method of conducting the [[Brahmo Samaj]] resulted in dissent within the [[Brahmo Samaj]]. Hardliner Brahmo members began to oppose Gosaiji's induction of Hindu deity worship to the samaj, insistence on [[Hindu texts|Hindu scriptures]]' infallibility and the importance of a personal guru for spiritual realisation. Gosaiji thus resigned his post of [[Acharya]] of the Dhaka Brahmo Samaj on 6 June 1887. After living a year in a rented house at Ekrāmpur – [[Dhaka District]]; Gosaiji, with financial help from his devotees and disciples, founded the Dhaka Gendaria Ashram on 31 August 1888, the day coincided with the [[Krishna Janmashtami|Janmashtami]] celebration. [[Brahmacarya|Brahmachari]] Kuladananda described Gendaria Ashram in his diary as a clearing made on the edges of a wild animal infested wilderness. The ashram consisted of a collection of sheds - used as living spaces and kitchen. Gosaiji inscribed the following sermon on the wall of the hut where he resided:

ওঁ [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|শ্রীকৃষ্ণ চৈতন্যায়]] নমঃ। (Salutations to [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Sri Krishna Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]])

এইছা দিন নাহি রহেগা। (Such a day will not remain)

আত্মপ্রশংসা করিও না। (Do not speak highly of yourself)

পরনিন্দা করিও না। (Do not slander others)

অহিংসা পরম ধর্ম। (Non-violence is a supreme virtue)

সর্ব জীবে দয়া কর। (Be kind to all living beings)

শাস্ত্র ও মহাজনদিগকে বিশ্বাস কর। (Trust the holy scriptures and saints)

শাস্ত্র ও মহাজনের আচারের সঙ্গে যাহা মিলিবে না তাহা বিষবৎ ত্যাগ কর। (Reject as poison anything that does not comply with the behaviour of the holy scriptures and saints)

নাহংকারাৎ পরাে রিপুঃ। (Pride is the greatest foe)

From this stage of his life, Gosaiji followed Akash Vritti (i.e. not making effort to earn, beg or borrow and depend on God's mercy). Haridas Basu, in his book - মহা পাতকীর জীবন সদ্‌গুরু লীলা writes that some resident disciples had no income and depended on the ashram for food and shelter. Describing the divine events that occurred in the ashram, [[Brahmacarya|Brahmachari]] Kuladananda writes - "honey used to drop from the leaves of the [[Mangifera indica|mango tree]] under which Gosaiji used to sit. At times it used to ooze out of his matted hair too. A sublime perfume permeated the ashram area. A [[cobra]] used to live in a hole inside his hut. At night Gosaiji remained in [[samadhi]]; sometimes, that snake would come out of the hole and climb on top of his [[Dreadlocks|matted hair]] and stay there." In this regard, answering the query of a disciple, Gosaiji said, "When [[Pranayama|pranayam]] continues through the [[Nadi (yoga)|central nerve of the spinal cord]], it generates a pleasant sound. It spreads its hood near the nose or above the forehead and listens to the sound. At times it draws pleasure by mixing its whistle to that sound. The snake that you see on the neck and head of [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] is nothing unusual."

==Death==
Bijoy Krishna Goswami died on 22 [[Joishtho]] 1306 [[Bengali calendars|BS]] (4 June 1899 in the [[Gregorian calendar]]) in [[Puri]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=গোস্বামী, বিজয়কৃষ্ণ|url=https://bn.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=গোস্বামী,_বিজয়কৃষ্ণ|work=Banglapedia|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=পঞ্জিকা ১৩০৬ বঙ্গাব্দ|url=http://www.usingha.com/sal/1306.html|work=usingha.com|access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref>

His samadhi is currently in a math in Puri, along with his temple. The temple of Bramhachari Kulananda is next to the temple.
==List of major works==
* যোগ সাধন সন্মন্ধে <ref>{{Cite web|title= যোগ সাধন সন্মন্ধে|url=https://granthagara.com/boi/329502-yogsadhan/ |language=bn}}</ref>
* ব্রাহ্মসমাজের বর্ত্তমান অবস্থা এবং আমার জীবনে ব্রাহ্মসমাজের পরীক্ষিত বিষয় [সংস্করণ-২]
* সঙ্গীত-সুধা
* জীবনে ব্রাহ্মসমাজের পরীক্ষিত বিষয় ও কয়েকটীউপদেশ
* আশাবতীর উপখান

==See also==
* [[Keshab Chandra Sen]]
*[[Debendranath Tagore]]
*[[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]
*[[Advaita Acharya]]
*[[Ramakrishna|Sri Ramakrishna]]
*[[Trailanga|Trailanga Swami]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.gosaiji.com/ Sadguru Shree Shree Bijoy Krishna Goswami (Gosaiji)]
* [http://www.sadgurubijoykrishna.com/sadguru_bijoy_krishna_goswami.html Biography - Bijoy Krishna Goswami] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316152344/http://www.sadgurubijoykrishna.com/sadguru_bijoy_krishna_goswami.html |date=16 March 2017 }}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goswami, Bijoy Krishna}}
[[Category:1841 births]]
[[Category:1899 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:Activists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindu saints]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Devotees of Krishna]]
[[Category:Gaudiya religious leaders]]
[[Category:Hindu revivalists]]
[[Category:Hindu reformers]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu monks]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:The Sanskrit College and University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Vaishnava saints]]
[[Category:People from Nadia district]]

Andrew Dalgleish (trader)

2026-01-29T19:02:19Z

RyanQuintana2: started a pg

{{Short description|Scottish trader active in Central and South Asia}}
{{Distinguish|Andrew Dalgleish (diplomat)}}

'''Andrew Dalgleish''' (1853 – 1888, on [[Karakoram Pass]], between [[Ladakh]], [[India]] and [[China]]) was a Scottish trader, traveller and government agent during the [[Great Game]].

==Life and murder==
He took part in the first trading venture of the Central Asian Trading Company, the company having been set up in 1873 with the encouragement of Robert Barkely Shaw. Dalgleish was one of the first British traders in [[Ladakh]], engaged in trans-Karakoram trade in the 1870s and 1880s. He married a [[Yarkant County|Yarkandi]] wife. He had for some years traded between Yarkand and Leh and he was fluent in [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]].<ref name=bower>[[Hamilton Bower]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=yWoMAAAAIAAJ&dq=A+trip+to+Turkistan.+bower+Geographical+Journal+1895&pg=PA240 A trip to Turkistan]. [[Geographical Journal]]. 1895. pp. 241-257</ref>

Dalgleish was murdered by an Afghan named Dad Mahomed, a Kakar [[Pashtun people|Pathan]] from [[Quetta]] who was once a merchant but had gone bankrupt. According to [[Hamilton Bower]], in May 1888 Dalgleish, accompanied by some pilgrims and servants, left Leh for Yarkand. Several days into their journey they were joined by Mahomed. On 8 April 1888 the party crossed the Karakoram Pass and set up some tents to rest. While drinking tea in a tent Dalgleish and Mahomed had a conversation regarding Mahomed's debts. Mahomed excused himself and then returned with a gun and fired into the tent, striking Dalgleish in the shoulder. Dalgleish escaped from the tent but Mahomed pursued him with a sword and killed him. Mahomed did not immediately flee but instead forced Dalgleish's servants to make him a meal, then he slept in his victim's tent. The next day Mahomed departed and Dalgleish's servants and pilgrims made their way to Yarkand. The British community in Yarkand expressed their outrage over the murder and pleaded with the local [[yamen]] to have the murderer arrested. Mahomed later arrived in Kashgar and despite pleas from the Russian Consul [[Nikolai Petrovsky]] local officials refused to arrest Mahomed.<ref name=bower/>

During his travels through [[Qing China]]'s [[Xinjiang under Qing rule|Xinjiang Province]] from 1889–90, British military officer Hamilton Bower attempted without success to pursue Dalgleish's killer.<ref name=bower/> Mahomed was arrested in 1890 in [[Samarkand]] (then [[Russia]]) and committed suicide in prison.

A small memorial made of marble slab was erected by Bower on the desolate site of his death. It read in [[English language|English]] and [[Persian language|Persian]], "Here fell Andrew Dalgleish, murdered by an Afghan, April 6th, 1888."<ref name=dunmore>[[Charles Murray, 7th Earl of Dunmore|The Earl of Dunmore]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=kSnLaNr4U6kC&dq=Andrew+Dalgleish%27%27%27+and+1888+and+murdered&pg=RA1-PA386 Journey in the Pamirs and Central Asia.] Geographical Journal. V. II. No. 5. November. 1893.</ref>

His resting place is in a Christian cemetery in Leh, Ladakh.

== Further reading ==
*Rizvi, Janet. (1996) ''Ladakh. Crossroads of High Asia''. Oxford University Press, New Delhi. {{ISBN|0-19-564546-4}}, pp. 105 f.
*Hopkirk, Peter. (1980) ''Foreign Devils on the Silk Road: The Search for the Lost Cities and Treasures of Chinese Central Asia''. John Murray, ch. 3, p. 45.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://archive.org/stream/bookofescapesand002486mbp/bookofescapesand002486mbp_djvu.txt A Book of Escapes and Hurried Journeys, by John Buchan] pp. 286–291.

{{clear}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dalgleish, Andrew}}
[[Category:1853 births]]
[[Category:1888 deaths]]
[[Category:Scottish spies]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
[[Category:People murdered in China]]
[[Category:Scottish murder victims]]
[[Category:British spies against the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:19th-century Scottish merchants]]

Bhimthadi

2026-01-20T16:01:18Z

RyanQuintana2: started info

{{Short description|Breed of horse}}

[[File:Deccani pony by Kipling.jpg|thumb|right|A money-lender on a Deccan pony - John Lockwood Kipling, Beast and Man in India.]]

The '''Bhimthadi''' or '''Deccani horse''' is an almost extinct breed of Indian horses. It was developed in [[Pune district]] in 17th and 18th centuries during the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha rule]] by crossing [[Arabian horse|Arabian]] and Turkic breeds with local horse breed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-10 |title=Bhimthadi horse gets officially recognised as independent breed |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/bhimthadi-horse-gets-officially-recognised-as-independent-breed-9102573/ |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:BOMBAY C 1890.jpg|thumb|right|Street of [[Bombay]] in 1890, with ox and poney carts.]]
The "Bhimthadi", also known as Deccani or "Deccan breed" gets its name from the vast Deccan Plateau in India. A major trade in [[Arabian horse]]s in the ports of Deccan began after the [[Bahamani Sultanate]] revolted against the [[Delhi Sultanate]].<ref name="Eaton2005">{{cite book|author=Richard M. Eaton|title=A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761: Eight Indian Lives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGd2huLXEVYC&pg=PR12|date=17 November 2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-25484-7|pages=59–62}}</ref> Later in the period also the heavy war horses, sought by the Mughals and the Sultans of the Deccan, were always imported, especially from Iran.<ref>Mushirul Hasan, India partitioned: the other face of freedom, vol. 1, Lotus Collection, 1995, 120 p. ({{ISBN|8174360123}}), p. 103.</ref>

The Bhimthadi breed was developed in [[Pune district]] in 17th and 18th centuries during the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha rule]] by crossing [[Arabian horse|Arabian]] and Turkic breeds with local ponies.<ref name="CABI">{{cite book|last1=Porter |first1=Valeria|last2=Alderson|first2=Lawrence|last3=Hall|first3=Stephen J. G.|last4=Sponenberg|first4=D. Phillip|title=Mason's World Encyclopedia of Livestock Breeds and Breeding|date=2016|publisher=CABI|isbn=978-1845934668|pages=460–461|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2UEJDAAAQBAJ&q=bhimthadi+breeding&pg=PA461|accessdate=13 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Bakshi|first1=G.D.|title=The rise of Indian military power : evolution of an Indian strategic culture|date=2010|publisher=KW Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-8187966524|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FEG6DQAAQBAJ&q=bhimthadi+&pg=PT10}}</ref> These horses proved excellent for Maratha forces in fighting the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal army]] in the hilly terrains of Western [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bakshi|first1=GD|title=The Rise of Indian Military Power: Evolution of an Indian Strategic Culture: Evolution of an Indian Strategic Culture|date=2015|publisher=KW publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-93-83649-49-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FEG6DQAAQBAJ&q=bhimthadi+ponies&pg=PT10}}</ref>
During their conquests in the 18th century, the Marathas were proud to claim that the Deccan horses had quenched their thirst with waters of the [[Indus]]<ref>Haig, W., 1930. The Maratha Nation. Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, 78(4049), pp.870-884.[https://www.jstor.org/stable/41358538?read-now=1&seq=2#page_scan_tab_contents]</ref>
The warrior and Maharajah Maratha Yashwantrao Holkar (1776-1811) is reputed to have always battle mounted a mare named Mahua, of Bhimthadi breed.

It seems that the Marathas raised a specific breed from the end of 18th century.<ref>Gommans, J., 1994. The horse trade in eighteenth-century South Asia. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient/Journal de l'histoire economique et sociale de l'Orient, pp.228-250.</ref> According to local oral tradition from early 19th century, the breed was crossed with 500 Arabian horses and mares, obtained by the Nizam and nobles of Hyderabad directly Arabia. The breed is described as "Bhimthadi" in British sources. The breed also had some genetic contribution Persian and Turkish varieties. The best Bhimthadi horses were reputed to come from the valleys of the Bhima and Nira rivers in the present day Pune district.

However, the breed was allowed to degenerate during British rule in India.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Ahmadnagar district|journal=Imperial Gazetteer 2 of India|volume=5|page=117|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/text.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V05_125.gif|archive-date=2022-10-11|access-date=2021-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011162225/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/text.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V05_125.gif|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The government of Gujarat took an initiative in 2010 to perform research on saving Bhimthadi and other near extinct breeds.<ref name="CABI"/>

In his description of the economy of India at the end of the 19th century, Sir [[George Watt (botanist)|George Watt]] was very impressed with this breed, he considers it one of the best in India. He reports that the best ponies are named "Dhangar" or "Khilari". The people see them as a separate breed, but Watt believes that this distinction comes from a difference in breeding practices, the breeders from the [[Dhangar]] community used to castrate their animals. The latter raise groups of 20 to 30 ponies.

After their conquest of Maratha territories, the British encouraged inhabitants of the Bombay area to continue horse breeding in order to restore the old characteristics that are useful to them in the breed, by investing from around 1827 about £100,000 in a stud farm in Alegaon Paga. The experiment was abandoned fifteen years later in 1842. Famines and various British conquests that hit the region in the 19th century wiped out the livestock of Marathas. In 1850, the so-called Deccan race of the south completely disappeared. In 1898, the British could no longer find these ponies for their regiments and therefore replaced them with mules, because the race was decimated during the second campaign of Afghanistan. In 1907, the racehorse breeder, [[Sir Humphrey de Trafford, 3rd Baronet|Sir Humphrey Francis De Trafford]] reported that the Deccani breed lives "bad days".

==Livestock distribution==

[[File:Distribution map of horse breeds in India.svg|thumb|right|Geographical origin of different Indian horse breeds]]
The breed originates from the valley of the Bhima River in the Pune District, hence its name, Bhimthadi.{{sfn|Porter|Alderson|Hall|Sponenberg|2016|p=460}}<ref>Chandra, R., 2004. Cities and towns of India. Commonwealth Publishers.</ref> Deccani has become extremely rare: in 1988, according to the count sent to FAO, they numbered less than 100. It was later added to the list of indigenous breeds of horses by FAO, around 1999, with Chummarti and Sikang, two other endangered breeds. CAB International (2002) 26 and other sources (2004) consider race to be "virtually extinct". The [[conservation status]] of the Deccani was listed as 'critical' by the [[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]] in 2007.{{r|barb|p=61}}

==References==
{{reflist|45em|refs=

<ref name=barb>Barbara Rischkowsky, Dafydd Pilling (editors) (2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200623201209/http://www.fao.org/3/a1250e/annexes/List%20of%20breeds%20documented%20in%20the%20Global%20Databank%20for%20Animal%20Genetic%20Resources/List_breeds.pdf List of breeds documented in the Global Databank for Animal Genetic Resources], annex to [https://web.archive.org/web/20170110125634/http://www.fao.org/3/a-a1250e.pdf ''The State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture'']. Rome: Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. {{isbn|9789251057629}}. Archived 23 June 2020.</ref>
}}

{{Horse breeds of India}}

[[Category:Horse breeds]]
[[Category:Horse breeds originating in India]]
[[Category:Maratha Empire]]

KHAM theory

2025-11-25T06:27:50Z

RyanQuintana2: improved article

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{confusing|date=April 2025}}

'''KHAM'''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chatterji|first=Rakhahari|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dzVuAAAAMAAJ&q=kham+Koli|title=Politics India: The State-society Interface|publisher=South Asian Publishers|year=2001|isbn=978-81-7003-245-8|location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]]|pages=322|language=en}}</ref> ([[hindi]]: [[:hi:खाम|खाम]]) stands for [[Koli people|Koli]], [[Kshatriya]], [[Harijan]], [[Adivasi]] and [[Muslim]]. Here Kshatriya is taken to include the Kolis.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gupta|first=Dipankar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BBaY1QCFS2oC&dq=kham+Koli&pg=PA103|title=Political Sociology in India: Contemporary Trends|publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]]|year=1996|isbn=978-81-250-0665-7|location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]]|pages=103|language=en}}</ref> In the KHAM combine, Kolis were the largest caste represented at different levels of politics, and [[Madhavsinh Solanki]] increased the reservation quota for [[Other Backward Class]]es in Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lobo|first=Lancy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1DBuAAAAMAAJ|title=The Thakors of North Gujarat: A Caste in the Village and the Region|publisher=Hindustan Publishing Corporation|year=1995|isbn=978-81-7075-035-2|location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]]|pages=176|language=en}}</ref> The theory was propounded by Madhavsinh Solanki in 1980s in [[Gujarat]] to create [[vote bank]] for [[Indian National Congress]] and prepared by Jhinabhai Darji.<ref name="castpli2015">
{{cite news | title=The fixed centre around which Gujarat caste politics revolves | newspaper=The Indian Express | date=27 August 2015 | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/the-fixed-centre-around-which-gujarat-caste-politics-revolves/ | access-date=31 August 2015}}
</ref><ref name=Shani>
{{Cite book|title = Communalism, Caste and Hindu Nationalism: The Violence in Gujarat|url = https://archive.org/details/communalismcaste00shan_766|url-access = limited|last = Shani|first = Ornit|publisher = Cambridge University Press|year = 2007|isbn = 978-0-521-68369-2|pages = [https://archive.org/details/communalismcaste00shan_766/page/n85 70]}}
</ref><ref name=Engineer>
{{Cite book|title = Introduction|last = Engineer|first = Asghar Ali|publisher = Orient Longman|year = 2003|isbn = 81-250-2496-4|location = New Delhi|pages = 1–24|work = The Gujarat Carnage}}</ref> Using the formula, Congress was able to capture 149 seats in the 182-member Assembly. However the formula alienated [[Patel]]s permanently from Congress.<ref name=Bhattacharya>
{{Cite news|url = https://www.indiatoday.in/opinion/d.p-bhattacharya/story/looking-past-2012-120642-2012-11-05|title = Looking past 2012|last = Bhattacharya|first = D. P.|date = 6 Nov 2012|access-date = 5 Aug 2014|newspaper = Mail Today}}
</ref><ref name="Langa 2015">
{{cite web | last=Langa | first=Mahesh | title=Quota agitation in Gujarat heading for caste conflicts? | website=The Hindu | date=23 August 2015 | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/quota-agitation-in-gujarat-heading-for-caste-conflicts/article7570338.ece | access-date=23 August 2015}}
</ref> during the Kham alliance, castes such as [[Bania (caste)|Bania]], [[Patidar]] and [[Brahmin]]s lost their importance in the state, so they propounded the [[Mandal Commission protests of 1990|Anti reservation]] agitation in 1981 and 1985 in Gujarat to get rid of the power of [[Other Backward Class|OBC]] castes.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shinoda|first=Takashi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KZNfS7mikMoC&dq=kham+Koli&pg=PA30|title=The Other Gujarat|publisher=Popular Prakashan|year=2002|isbn=978-81-7154-874-3|location=India|language=en}}</ref>

[[Bharatsinh Madhavsinh Solanki|Bharatsinh Solanki]], state Congress president and the son of Madhavsinh Solanki, attempted to revise his father's formula by coming up with KHAMP (Kshatriya, Harijan, Adivasi, Muslim, and Patel) in 2017.<ref>[https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/10065-congress-will-go-kham-formula Congress will go for ‘KHAM’ formula, Kundan Jha, Sunday Guardian Live, July 8, 2017]</ref> While Congress was able to increase its seat count by 16, it ultimately failed to receive majority. The Congress was able to get [[Hardik Patel]], the leader of the [[Patidar reservation agitation]] to campaign for it.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/the-patel-factor-the-real-influence-on-gujarats-elections/articleshow/61992704.cms The Patel vote: The decisive factor in Gujarat Elections, Dec 11,2017, TOI, http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/61992704.cms]</ref>

An article by Deepal Trivedi in 2019 suggests the combination OPT (OBC, Patidar, Tribals) is the new winning combination in Gujarat. It suggests these numbers for the major caste groups in Gujarat: OBC 43%, Patidar 12.6%, Tribals 15%, Muslims 10%, Scheduled castes 8%. The forward castes are Rajputs 6%, Brahmins 2%, Bania 2%, Jain 1%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad/cover-story/opt-is-the-new-kham-of-gujarat/articleshow/68729911.cms|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406134806if_/https://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad/cover-story/opt-is-the-new-kham-of-gujarat/articleshow/68729911.cms|title=OPT is the new KHAM of Gujarat|author=Deepal Trivedi |website=Ahmedabad Mirror |date=9 April 2019 |archive-date=6 April 2019 }}</ref> [[Other Backward Class|OBC]] (Other backward class) refer to a group of castes, as determined by the state government for [[affirmative action]].

==See also==
* [[List of Koli people]]
* [[List of Koli states and clans]]
* [[Caste politics]]
* [[Kokam (political theory)|Kokam theory]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Identity politics in India]]
[[Category:Initialisms]]

{{India-poli-stub}}

Khawkhawm

2025-11-12T23:49:07Z

RyanQuintana2: redirect

#REDIRECT [[Operation Accomplishment]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from alternative language|lus}}
}}

Irene Heredia

2025-10-23T09:05:03Z

RyanQuintana2: New First Data W/ Infobox

{{Short description|Indian author (1917–2013)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Irene Heredia
| image = Irene Heredia in her youth.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Irene Heredia in her youth
| pseudonym =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 1917
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2013|1|21|1917|df=yes}}
| death_place =
| resting_place = St. Peter Haines Road Cemetery
| occupation =
| language =
| nationality = 
| citizenship = 
| education = 
| alma_mater = 
| period =
| genre = 
| subject = 
| movement = [[Goa liberation movement]]
| notable_works = ''It's Been a Long Day - A Nonagenarian Remembers''
| spouse = [[J. N. Heredia]]
| partner = 
| children = 5
| relatives =
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
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}}

'''Irene Heredia''' (1917 – 21 January 2013)<ref name="ToIObituary">{{Cite news |date=2013-01-25 |title=IRENE HEREDIA |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/irene-heredia/articleshow/18184261.cms |access-date=2025-04-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> was an Indian author, educator, and social advocate.<ref name="QuestEdu24">{{Cite journal |last=Abraham |first=Anna Usha |date=July 2024 |title=Irene Heredia: It's Been a Long Day – A Nonagenarian Remembers |journal=Quest in Education |url=https://www.gandhishikshan.com/wp-content/Quest-in-edu/2024/Quest_in_Education_Jul_2024.pdf |pages=183–204 |access-date=2025-04-13}}</ref>

==Early life==
Irene Heredia was born in 1917 in Goa.<ref name="ToIObituary" /> Following her father’s death when she was young, moved with her widowed mother and five siblings to [[Poona]].<ref name="QuestEdu24"/> There she learned Marathi from a European governess and experienced diverse schooling: first at a [[Protestantism|Protestant]] institution, then at an English‑style finishing school in Bombay. She excelled in her studies, topping the [[Bombay Presidency]] in her Bachelor’s degree and earning the [[Duke of Edinburgh]] scholarship.<ref name="QuestEdu24"/>

==Career and public service==
From 1958 to 1964, Heredia served as a member of the Central Film Censor Board, contributing to national cultural policy. Later, she dedicated herself to social work, joining three non‑governmental organisations and founding the Civic Group (later the Social Advocacy Group) to address public grievances and promote community welfare.<ref name="QuestEdu24"/>

==Goa liberation movement==
Irene and her husband were active members of the Goa Liberation Council in [[Bombay]], working towards Goa's freedom.<ref name="SakhardandeWomen24">{{Cite book |last=Sakhardande |first=Prajal |author-link=Prajal Sakhardande |title=History of Women's contributions to Goa's struggle for Freedom (1928-1961) |publisher=Ideas Age |year=2024 |isbn=9-788197-748936 |location=Goa |pages=74–75}}</ref> She also contributed to ''Free Goa'' magazine along with [[Bertha Braganza]].<ref name="HeraldNationalist10">{{Cite web |last=Martins |first=Levinson J. |date=2010-08-11 |title=A nationalist & a gentleman |url=https://issuu.com/herald-goa/docs/11_aug/9 |access-date=2025-04-13 |work=[[oHeraldo]] |language=en |archive-date=13 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250413082114/https://issuu.com/herald-goa/docs/11_aug/9 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In December 1960,<ref name="HeraldNationalist10" /> Heredia was part of a delegation that met with then [[Home Minister of India]] [[Pandit Pant]] in [[New Delhi]], urging the Indian government to take action for the freedom of Goa. Others in the delegation were Eclito D’Souza, [[George Vaz]], [[Vishwanath Lawande]], [[Lambert Mascarenhas]], [[Aruna Asaf Ali]] and Bertha Braganza.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-07-31 |title=Freedom fighter Dr Eclito passes away |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/goa/na/freedom-fighter-dr-eclito-passes-away/38650 |access-date=2025-04-12 |website=Herald Goa |language=en}}</ref>

==Memoir==
Heredia’s memoir, ''It's Been a Long Day - A Nonagenarian Remembers'', was first published in 2012 and updated in 2015. Her life story is narrated along with major historical events. She recounts life under British rule, the impact of [[World War II]] on Indian society, the [[Quit India Movement]], India’s independence celebrations on 15 August 1947, and the [[Goa Liberation Day]] on 19 December 1961. The second edition includes an appendix of her speeches and writings, highlighting her role as a community leader and mentor.<ref name="QuestEdu24"/>

Her memoir thus highlights the experiences of Goan women and the socio‑political transformations of mid‑20th‑century India, inspiring readers to appreciate the contributions of “unknown housewives” and community advocates.<ref name="QuestEdu24"/>

==Personal life==
Irene married [[J. N. Heredia]], then honorary Consul for Brazil and son of a prominent Goan physician.<ref name="QuestEdu24"/> Together, they had 5 children, Kit, Rudi (S.J.), Chantal, Delia, Selena.<ref name="ToIObituary" />

==Death==
Irene Heredia died in her sleep on 21 January 2013. The funeral was held on 23 January at the St. Michael's Church, [[Taleigao]]. Her ashes were then interred at the St. Peter's Haines Road Cemetery on 28 January.<ref name="ToIObituary" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Heredia, Irene}}
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Portuguese India]]
[[Category:Goa liberation activists]]

Bhuneshwar Anuj

2025-10-16T17:15:43Z

RyanQuintana2: started new stub

{{Short description|Indian journalist, writer, and scholar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Bhuneshwar Anuj
| image = Bhuneshwar Anuj.jpeg
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 12 October 1936
| birth_place = Chharda, [[Sisai block|Sisai]], [[Ranchi district]] (now [[Gumla district]]), [[Bihar Province]] (now [[Jharkhand]]), [[British India]]
| death_date = 2 April 2021 (aged 88)
| death_place = [[Ranchi]], Jharkhand, India
| resting_place =
| occupation = Journalist, writer, and scholar
| language = {{ubl|[[Hindi]]|[[Nagpuri language|Nagpuri]]}}
| nationality = Indian
| citizenship = India
| education = M.A, Ph.D. in Hindi
| alma_mater = [[St. Xavier's College, Ranchi]]
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks = {{ubl|Nagpuri Lok Sahitya|Atit ke Darpan me Jharkhand|Chotanagpur ke Prachin Smarak|Jharkhand ke sahid|Shital Bund|Nagpuri aur Uska Lokmanas|Nagpuri Lok katha Sahitya|Nagpuri Padhya lok Sahitya}}
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| relatives =
| awards = Jharkhand Ratna<ref name="navbharattimes"/>
| signature =
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}}

'''Bhuneshwar Anuj''' (12 October 1936 – 2 April 2021) was an Indian journalist, litterateur, and scholar. He is known for his journalism and scholarly works in the [[Nagpuri language]]. He also has a prominent role in the separate state movement of Jharkhand. He was central adviser of ''Lok Seva Samiti''.<ref name="bhaskar">{{cite news|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/JHA-RAN-HMU-MAT-latest-ranchi-news-035502-683282-NOR.html/|title=भुवनेश्वर अनुज : नागपुरी भाषा और संस्कृति को किया जीवन समर्पित|publisher=bhaskar|date=2018|access-date=25 September 2022|language=Hindi|archive-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925204141/https://www.bhaskar.com/JHA-RAN-HMU-MAT-latest-ranchi-news-035502-683282-NOR.html/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="jagran">{{cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/ranchi-waiting-21522535.html|title=नहीं रहे नागपुरी साहित्यकार डा. भुनेश्वर अनुज|publisher=Jagran|date=3 April 2021|access-date=25 September 2022|language=Hindi|archive-date=6 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406131539/https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/ranchi-waiting-21522535.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Life==
===Early life===
He was born on 12 October 1936 in Chharda village of [[Sisai block|Sisai]] in [[Gumla district]] in a farmer family.<ref name="jagran"/> He was journalist. He studied in [[St. Xavier's College, Ranchi]].<ref name="bhaskar"/> He studied M.A and P.hd in Hindi.<ref name="etvbharat">{{cite news|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/jharkhand/state/ranchi/renowned-litterateur-dr-bhubaneswar-anuj-died-in-ranchi/jh20210403023501546|title=रांची में प्रख्यात साहित्यकार डॉ भुवनेश्वर अनुज का निधन, शोक में साहित्य जगत|publisher=etvbharat|date=3 April 2021|access-date=25 September 2021|language=Hindi|archive-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925204143/https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/jharkhand/state/ranchi/renowned-litterateur-dr-bhubaneswar-anuj-died-in-ranchi/jh20210403023501546|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="navbharattimes">{{cite news|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/jharkhand/ranchi/jharkhands-famous-litterateur-dr-bhubaneswar-anuj-passed-away-union-minister-arjun-munda-expressed-grief/articleshow/81876581.cms|title=झारखंड के प्रसिद्ध साहित्यकार डॉ भुवनेश्वर अनुज का निधन, केंद्रीय मंत्री अर्जुन मुंडा ने जताया दुख|publisher=navbharattimes|date=2 April 2021|access-date=25 September 2022|language=Hindi|archive-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925204238/https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/jharkhand/ranchi/jharkhands-famous-litterateur-dr-bhubaneswar-anuj-passed-away-union-minister-arjun-munda-expressed-grief/articleshow/81876581.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

He took interview of [[Jaipal Singh Munda]] in hindi during his college days. Jaipal Singh Munda referred non-tribal as ''Dikku''. When Anuj uttered a word in napuri. Jaipal Singh talk with him in Nagpuri. When He asked about why Jaipal call non-tribal Dikku, Jaipal told that there is no meaning of Dikku and he call Dikku one who do ''Dik Dik'' or Dikat means problem. He laughingly referred himself as biggest Dikku as people face problem when he do meetings.<ref name="bhaskar"/>

===Career===
He had worked in HEC for 32 years alongside his journalism.<ref name="bhaskar"/> He established high School in his village Chharda in name of [[Kartik Oraon]]. He founded Baidhnath Jalan Mahavidyalaya in [[Sisai block|Sisai]] in [[Gumla district]], Sanjay Gandhi memorial College of Pandra in Ranchi district and Basia college of [[Basia, Gumla|Basia]], Lupung Inter Mahavidyalaya.<ref name="etvbharat"/>

He was scholar of Nagpuri language and editor of many magazines. He had prominent role in starting teaching in Nagpuri language and other languages of Jharkhand in various University. He written many books which includes ''Nagpuri Lok Sahitya'' which taught in [[Ranchi University]] in Graduation, ''Atit ke Darpan me Jharkhand'', ''Chotanagpur ke Prachin Smarak'', ''Jharkhand ke sahid'', ''Shital Bund'', ''Nagpuri aur Uska Lokmanas'', ''Nagpuri Lok katha Sahitya'', ''Nagpuri Padhya lok Sahitya'', ''Nagpuri Lok Gadhya Sahitya'', '' Chotanagpur ke Janjation aur Sadano Ke Lok Viswas'' etc. He also edited some books including ''Dui Dair Bis Phool'', Ek Jhopa Nagpuri Phool'', Khukdi Rugda''.<ref name="jagran"/> He was editor of Hindi weekly magazine ''Chotanagpur Sandesh'' which published about language and literature of different languages, culture and history of Jharkhand and assistant editor of ''Nagpuri Patrika''. He was also editor of various Magazines including ''Lak Seva Patrika'' and ''Jawa Dali''.<ref name="bhaskar"/> He had prominent role in movement of separate Jharkhand as intellectual.<ref name="navbharattimes"/>

===Chhota Nagpuria Teli Utthan Samaj===
He was also activist and social worker of chhotanagpuria [[teli]] society renowned for his works in jharkhand .<ref name="bhaskar2">{{cite news|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/teli-will-not-get-st-status-society-will-vote-for-loss-and-vis-polls-radha-mohan-sahu-025535-3599076.html|title=तेली को एसटी दर्जा नहीं मिला तो लोस व विस चुनाव में समाज देगा जवाब : राधा मोहन साहू|publisher=bhaskar|date=2018|access-date=25 September 2022|language=Hindi|archive-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925204232/https://www.bhaskar.com/news/teli-will-not-get-st-status-society-will-vote-for-loss-and-vis-polls-radha-mohan-sahu-025535-3599076.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He was president of Chotanagpuria Teli Utthan Samaj. In 1991, In the leadership of Bhuneshwar Anuj seven member from [[Sisai block|Sisai]] went to New Delhi and handover a letter to Home Minister of India to include Teli into Scheduled Tribe category. Then Tribal Research Centre of Ranchi conducted study on Chotanagpuria Teli and Government of Jharkhand recommend to include Teli into category of [[Scheduled Tribe]]. But it never happened.<ref name="bhaskar2018">{{cite news|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/jharkhand/gumla/news/awakening-to-teli-society-for-haq-025516-3440444.html|title=हक के लिए तेली समाज को किया जा रहा है जागरूक|publisher=bhaskar|date=2018|access-date=25 September 2022|language=Hindi|archive-date=27 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727113319/https://www.bhaskar.com/jharkhand/gumla/news/awakening-to-teli-society-for-haq-025516-3440444.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In the meeting of June 2013, he told that chhotanagpuria Teli community in Jhakhand is socially, economically, educationally and politically in pathetic condition. Political parties have always cheated and decepted chhotanagpuria Teli society. He demanded Scheduled Tribe status for chhotanagpuria Teli in Jharkhand.<ref name="Jagran2013">{{cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/gumla-10485385.html|title=लीड - जागरूकता से ही मिलेगा अधिकार|publisher=jagran|date=17 June 2013|access-date=25 September 2022|language=Hindi|archive-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925204233/https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/gumla-10485385.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, chottanagpuria Teli society demanded Scheduled Tribe status from government of Jharkhand.<ref name="bhaskar"/> [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] led government recommend to include Teli along with Kurmi in the category of Scheduled Tribes. It was protested by several tribal organization by organising rally against the move of government in Ranchi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/tribals-warn-govt-against-st-status-to-kurmi-teli.html|title=Tribals warn Govt against ST status to Kurmi, Teli|website=The Pioneer|date=11 March 2018|access-date=24 September 2022|archive-date=24 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524002947/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/tribals-warn-govt-against-st-status-to-kurmi-teli.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Death===
He was admitted to Seva Sadan private hospital in Ranchi due to [[brain haemorrhage]] in 1 April 2021. He died on Friday 2 April 2021.<ref name="jagran"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/ghumla/story-dr-bhuneshwar-anuj-is-no-more-3951648.html|title=नही रहे डॉ. भुनेश्वर अनुज|publisher=livehindustan|date=3 April 2021|access-date=25 September 2022|language=Hindi|archive-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925204237/https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/ghumla/story-dr-bhuneshwar-anuj-is-no-more-3951648.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Awards==
He was awarded Jharkhand Ratna for his contribution in the field of Journalism and education.<ref name="navbharattimes"/>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anuj, Bhuneshwar}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Ranchi University alumni]]
[[Category:Scholars from Bihar]]
[[Category:People from Gumla district]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Nagpuri-language writers]]
[[Category:Nagpuria people]]

National Highway 86 (India, old numbering)

2025-09-23T21:23:05Z

RyanQuintana2: Redirect page

#REDIRECT [[National Highway 146 (India)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R with history}}
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Birla Corporation

2025-09-17T09:49:21Z

RyanQuintana2: cleaned up page further and improved wording per sources

{{Short description|Indian-based company of the chandu Birla Group}}
{{advert|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Birla Corporation Limited
| logo =
| type = public company
| traded_as = {{BSE|500335}} {{NSE|BIRLACORPN}}
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|INE340A01012}}
| key_people = [[Madhav Prasad Birla]] ([[Co-founder]]) [[Shri Ghanshyam Das Birla]] ([[Co-founder]])
| industry = [[Conglomerate (company)|Conglomerate]]
| products =
| revenue =
| net_income =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner = [[M.P Birla Group]]
| num_employees =
| homepage = {{url|birlacorporation.com}}
| company_slogan =
| foundation = {{start date and age|1910}}
| location = [[Kolkata|Kolkata, WestBengal]]
}}
'''Birla Corporation Limited''' is an Indian-based company of the [[M.P Birla Group]], founded by [[Ghanshyam Das Birla]] in the late 1910s and carried on by [[Madhav Prasad Birla]].

In the 1890s, Birla Corporation was a jute manufacturing company, but over time, it grew to operate four main divisions: cement, jute, linoleum, and auto trim.<ref>{{cite web|website=NDTV |title=Birla Corp Ltd History|url=http://profit.ndtv.com/stock/birla-corporation-ltd_birlacorpn/reports|access-date=2014-04-27}}</ref> It is not a part of the [[Aditya Birla Group]], a multinational conglomerate with products ranging from metals, cements, textiles, agricultural businesses, telecommunications, IT, and financial services. Formerly known as Birla Jute Manufacturing Company Limited, with the expansion of divisions, the company changed their name in 1998 to Birla Corporation Limited.

==History==

<gallery>
File:Birla Family Tree.jpg|Family tree of Birla group companies
</gallery>

===Before Birla Corporation Ltd.===

[[Ghanshyam Das Birla]]’s grandfather, Shiv Narayana Birla, used his capital from a moneylending business and started a cotton business. With a successful venture, he went back to Pilani, his birthplace, and built a mansion for the family. Business boomed with World War I as the British Empire relied on Birla to provide for the war efforts. GD Birla inherited the family business and expanded into many industries, and by 1919, the Birla Brothers Limited was formed with his other three siblings. He ventured into the motor vehicle industry, tea, textiles, cement, chemicals, and by 1942, also organized the [[United Commercial Bank Limited]], one of the first commercial banks of India. While still in the early years of the Birla Group, an inkling of the future of Birla Brothers Limited was depicted in GD Birla’s life.

===Founding of Birla Corporation Ltd.===

Born in 1918, Madhav Prasad of Bombay, son of RD Birla, was a part of the Birla Jute Manufacturing Company since the beginning.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Piramal|first=Gita|title=Business Legends|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gt5WXOQ08DYC&q=madhav+prasad&pg=PA81|publisher=Penguin Books|access-date=27 April 2014|isbn=9780140271874|year=1999}}</ref> By the time he finished college, he was already in charge of Birla Jute which had suffered economic downturns and wars. Madhav changed the company from Birla Jute Manufacturing Company to a company with activities across a wide spectrum of industries. In MP Birla’s time, Birla Corporation and the other businesses under Birla Group gained significant power and stance in the cement, auto trims, steel, and building materials. When he died in 1990, his wife, Priyamvada Birla took over as the chairman of Birla in 1998 and changed the name to Birla Corporation Limited.<ref>{{cite web|title=Birla Corp Ltd|url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/snapshot/snapshot.asp?ticker=878371|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140428022331/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/snapshot/snapshot.asp?ticker=878371|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 April 2014|website=BusinessWeek|access-date=27 April 2014}}</ref> Priyamvada was known for her active roles in the community, healthcare, and education.

==Businesses==
*'''Birla Jute Supply Company Ltd -''' Operates in manufacturing and trading of jute products, focusing on sustainable packaging solutions.
*'''Budge Budge Floorcoverings Ltd -''' Specializes in manufacturing and exporting eco-friendly jute floor coverings, rugs, and home décor products.
*'''Hindustan Gums & Chemicals Ltd -''' Produces guar gum and derivatives, catering to industries like food, pharmaceuticals, textiles, and oil drilling.
*'''Lok Cements Ltd -''' Focuses on manufacturing and distributing high-quality cement products for construction and infrastructure projects.
*'''RCCPL Pvt Ltd -''' Manufactures and markets premium-grade cement for construction and infrastructure projects.

===Recent Events===

In 2013, Birla Corporation merged with its subsidiary company, Talavadi Cements Ltd as the firm could not meet requirements for raw materials due to a ban on the mines in Rajasthan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Birla Corp in merger mode|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130726/jsp/business/story_17158782.jsp#.U124GfldWSp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140428022352/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130726/jsp/business/story_17158782.jsp%23.U124GfldWSp|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 April 2014|website=The Telegraph|publisher=A Staff Reporter|access-date=27 April 2014}}</ref> This caused a decrease in the Birla stock around the months of June and July.

==Problems==

===Birla vs Lodha dispute===

When Priyamvada died in 2004, she gave the Rs 5000 crore estate to her close accountant, [[Rajendra Singh Lodha]], who was a co-chairman. Lodha eventually became chairman of Birla Corporation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lodha becomes chairman of Birla Corporation|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2005-06-29/news/27504815_1_birla-corporation-rs-lodha-birla-family|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428051729/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2005-06-29/news/27504815_1_birla-corporation-rs-lodha-birla-family|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 April 2014|website=The Economic Times|access-date=27 April 2014}}</ref> This estate included key holdings in the East India Investments Co and Gwalior Webbing, Birla Corporation, Vidhya Telelinks, and Universal cables, among others. However, the Birla family challenged the Lodha family in court in 2008 about the contents of the will, and Priyamvada’s previous two wills. The case changed course with the sudden death of RS Lodha in October 2008.<ref>{{cite news|title=Calcutta HC ruling in Birla-Lodha dispute|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/companies/calcutta-hc-ruling-in-birlalodha-dispute/article3812403.ece|website=The Hindu|date=23 August 2012 |access-date=27 April 2014}}</ref> In her will, Priyamvada declared that after RS Lodha, his son, Harsh Lodha would inherit the estates. Since the will was written in 1999 and was not officially granted "probate," the Lodha family currently holds the MP Birla group.<ref name="Harsh Lodha">{{cite web|title=Management - Board Of Directors|url=http://www.birlacorporation.com/management.html|website=Birla Corporation Ltd.|access-date=27 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406223344/http://www.birlacorporation.com/management.html|archive-date=6 April 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Paul|first=Aniek|title=Lodha dies in London; cases not important says BK Birla|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/1zjb7ZzJ7sjP9FkDuas84I/Lodha-dies-in-London-cases-not-important-says-BK-Birla.html|website=Livemint|date=4 October 2008 |publisher=HT Media|access-date=27 April 2014}}</ref>

=== Cement in 2011 ===
In 2011, Birla Corporation faced problems with [[overproduction]] of cement during a long period of decreasing demand. Naturally, Harsh Lodha became worried for the corporation since cement is the largest revenue generator for Birla Corp.<ref>{{cite web|title=Huge overcapacity in cement worries Birla Corporation|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-06-27/news/29708909_1_cement-plant-cement-industry-mtpa|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428053804/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-06-27/news/29708909_1_cement-plant-cement-industry-mtpa|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 April 2014|website=The Economic Times|publisher=PTI|access-date=27 April 2014}}</ref> He is currently looking into other alternatives for growth in the coal industry. Meanwhile, Birla Corporation has signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Assam Mineral Development for a cement plant in Assam where Birla will invest Rs 2500 crores over a time span of three years.<ref>{{cite web|title=Birla Corp MoU for Assam cement plant|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/birla-corp-mou-for-assam-cement-plant-111011400077_1.html|website=Business Standard: News & analysis on economy, business and market|date=14 January 2011 |publisher=BS Reporter|access-date=27 April 2014}}</ref> In November 2017 it was announced that ''M.P Birla Cement'' had agreed to become the co-sponsor [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan A.C]] for the period between December 2019.{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=I |first=PT |date=13 January 2011 |title=Birla Corp signs MoU for Rs 450 cr cement unit in Assam |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/cement/birla-corp-signs-mou-for-rs-450-cr-cement-unit-in-assam/articleshow/7277299.cms?from=mdr |access-date=14 February 2024 |work=The Economics Times}}</ref>

===Harsh Lodha indicted===

Harsh Lodha and his brother, Aditya Lodha, were indicted in 2013 for malpractice. Three members of the Birla Corporation, Om Prakash Agarwal, Suresh Kumar Sharma, and Shashi Agarwal claimed there was malpractice in the firm and alleged misconduct in falsifying the information about the number of partners in the firm. This was a problem as Aditya Lodha had a part in the Chartered Accountant firm Lodha and Company. His brother, Harsh, was the chairman of Birla Corporation. At the time, Lodha and Company was the auditor of Birla Corporations. As a result, the ICAI suspended Harsh and Aditya Lodha for 3 months.<ref>{{cite web|title=ICAI suspends Harsh Lodha, Aditya Lodha for 3 months|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/icai-suspends-harsh-lodha-aditya-lodha-for-3-months-113112100027_1.html|website=Business Standard|date=21 November 2013 |publisher=BS Reporter|access-date=27 April 2014}}</ref>

=== Removal and reinstatement of Harsh Vardhan Lodha ===
On 19 September 2020, the [[Calcutta High Court]] ordered the removal of [[Harsh Vardhan Lodha]] from all the directorships and other positions in the trust's and societies of the [[M.P Birla Group|MP Birla Group of Companies.]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Calcutta HC removes Harsh Vardhan Lodha from MP Birla group|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/calcutta-hc-removes-harsh-vardhan-lodha-from-mp-birla-group/story-tQbUZqqmGInf3v8WJY06FK.html|access-date=2020-09-19|website=hindustantimes.com|date=19 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

In July 2021, The Supreme Court ruled that Harsh Vardhan Lodha can continue as director and chairman in Birla Corporation, Universal Cables, Vindhya Telelinks and Birla Cable. However the company has been a part of major controversies since the reinstatement of Harsh Vardhan Lodha.<ref>[https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/sc-rejects-birla-slp-against-hc-dismissal-of-contempt-plea-against-lodha-121071201262_1.html Harsh Lodha wins Supreme Court battle, can head four Birla companies, Business Standard, Ishita Ayan Dutt, July 13, 2021]</ref>

==Philanthropy==
===Healthcare===

Birla Corporation is a supporter of health, education, and social welfare under the MP Birla Group. Priyamvada Birla showed an interest in health care, helping to build hospitals and funding research ranging from eye health to cardiology, oncology, neurology, and orthopedics. She also founded the Priyamvada Birla Cancer Research Institute and joined with Aravind Eye Care Center to build the Priyamvada Birla Aravind Eye Hospital. After the death of Priyamvada Birla, the healthcare units like hospitals and research centres under her leadership have reached a stagnant phase with no major improvements in research and development factor.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-05-02/news/28421835_1_birlapur-hospital-mp-birla-group-eye-surgeries|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140515082343/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-05-02/news/28421835_1_birlapur-hospital-mp-birla-group-eye-surgeries|url-status = dead|archive-date = 15 May 2014|title = MP Birla group to set up cancer centre|date = 2 May 2007|access-date = 14 May 2014|website = The Economic Times Healthcare|publisher = The Economic Times|last = Mukherjee|first = Writankar}}</ref> Medical students train at these hospitals.<ref>{{cite web|title=Birla Corporation Ltd|url=http://www.birlacorporation.com/charity_medical.html|website=Birla Corporation Ltd.|access-date=27 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141002193653/http://www.birlacorporation.com/charity_medical.html|archive-date=2 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Education===

The MP Birla Foundation built many schools in India. These schools include institutions, industrial training in computers, mechanical and electrical studies, a Sanskrit school for students interested in Vedic studies. They also cater to children of employees at Birla with an education taught in Hindi and financial aid for students.<ref>{{cite web|title=Birla Corporation Ltd. - Education|url=http://www.birlacorporation.com/charity_education.html|website=Birla Corporation Ltd.|access-date=27 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141002193628/http://www.birlacorporation.com/charity_education.html|archive-date=2 October 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

'''Chairpersons'''
* Ghanshyamdas Birla
* [[M. P. Birla]] (d. 1990)
* Mrs. Priyamvada Birla (d. 3 July 2004)
* [[Rajendra Singh Lodha|R. S. Lodha]] (d. 3 October 2008)

==See also==
*[[Birla family]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Aditya Birla Group}}

[[Category:Aditya Birla Group]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1910]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1919]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Shyam Ramsay

2025-08-16T00:19:35Z

RyanQuintana2: brief fix intro as per guidelines and improved wording for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian film director (1952–2019)}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2008}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shyam Ramsay
| image = Shyam Ramsay.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Ramsay in February 2007
| birth_date = 17 May 1952
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Bombay State]], [[India]]
| death_date = 18 September 2019 (aged 67)
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
}}

'''Shyam Ramsay''' (17 May 1952 – 18 September 2019)<ref>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/film-maker-shyam-ramsay-passes-away-at-67/articleshow/71179781.cms Film-maker Shyam Ramsay passes away at 67]</ref> was a [[Bollywood]] film director.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.timescrest.com/culture/ramsay-international-8297 |title=Ramsay International |work=Timescrest |accessdate=2014-01-30 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202230102/http://www.timescrest.com/culture/ramsay-international-8297 |archivedate=2 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="Zaveri2005">{{cite book|last=Zaveri|first=Hanif|title=Mehmood, a man of many moods|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w4R2lC3b5e4C&pg=PA191|year=2005|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7991-213-3|page=191}}</ref> He was one of the seven [[Ramsay Brothers]] who were active in [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]] throughout the 1970s and the 1980s. Shyam Ramsay was considered the main artist and head of this group. They produced a number of horror movies such as ''[[Darwaza]]'' (1978), ''[[Purana Mandir]]'' (1984), and ''[[Veerana]]'' (1988).

Their popularity waned towards the end of the 1980s, as Ramsay started diverting his creative energy and focus on television programming which was in demand because of the multiple private channels such as [[Zee TV]], [[Star Plus]] etc. that were launched in the early nineties in India. He started India's first horror TV series for Zee TV – ''[[Zee Horror Show]]''. It was a huge hit and its popularity is proved by the various communities created in its memory on social networking communities like Facebook & Orkut by its fans.

After ''Zee Horror Show'', he made a few episodes of ''[[Saturday Suspense]]'', ''X Zone'' and ''Nagin'' for Zee TV. In 2008, he along with his daughter, Saasha Ramsay, directed a supernatural series based on the concept of wishful female serpent for Sahara One, called [[Neeli Aankhen]].

Shyam Ramsay came back to feature films from the year 2000 when he started the production of ''[[Dhund: The Fog]]'' which was released on 21 February 2003. Then he made ''[[Ghutan (film)|Ghutan]]'' in 2007 and a comedy horror film, ''Bachao'' in 2010. His latest release ''Neighbours'' released in January 2014.

==Films directed==
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/previews/Neighbours/articleshow/30617422.cms|title=Neighbours|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 February 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.planetbollywood.com/Film/Dhund-TheFog/ |title=Planet-Bollywood - Film Review - Dhund - the Fog |access-date=30 August 2014 |archive-date=12 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412183200/http://www.planetbollywood.com/Film/Dhund-TheFog/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Gentayangan (2018)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8793606/|title = Gentayangan|website = [[IMDb]]}}</ref>
* Koi Hai (2017)
* [[Neighbours (2014 Indian film)|Neighbours]] (2014)
* Bachaao - Inside Bhoot Hai... (2010)
* [[Ghutan (film)|Ghutan]] (2007)
* [[Dhund: The Fog]] (2003)
* [[Talashi]] (2000)
* Nagin (1999) ''(TV series)''
* [[Anhonee (TV series)|Anhonee]] (1998) ''(TV series)''
* [[Zee Horror Show|The Zee Horror Show]] (1993–97) ''(TV series)''
* [[Mahakaal (1993 film)|Mahakaal]] (1993)
* [[Police Mathu Dada]] (1991)
* [[Inspector Dhanush]] (1991)
* [[Ajooba Kudrat Ka]] (1991)
* [[Bandh Darwaza]] (1990)
* [[Purani Haveli (film)|Purani Haveli]] (1989)
* [[Veerana]] (1988)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.in.com/tv/movies/zee-cinema-4/veerana-9548.html |title=Veerana Movie on Zee Cinema: Veerana Movie Schedule, Songs and Trailer Videos |website=www.in.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903125410/http://www.in.com/tv/movies/zee-cinema-4/veerana-9548.html |archive-date=3 September 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Tahkhana]] (1986)
* [[Telephone (1985 film)|Telephone]] (1985)
* [[Saamri]] (1985)
* [[Purana Mandir]] (1984)
* [[Ghungroo Ki Awaaz]] (1981)
* [[Hotel (1981 film)|Hotel]] (1981)
* [[Sannata (film)|Sannata]] (1981)
* [[Dahshat]] (1981)
* [[Saboot]] (1980)
* [[Guest House (1980 film)|''Guest House'' (1980 film)]] (1980)
* [[Aur Kaun?]] (1979)
* [[Darwaza]] (1978)
* [[Andhera]] (1975)
* [[Do Gaz Zameen Ke Neeche]] (1972)
* [[Nakuli Shaan]] (1971)

==Films edited==

* [[Veerana]] (1988)
* [[Khel Mohabbat Ka]] (1986) (as Shyam)
* [[Telephone (1985 film)|Telephone]] (1985)
* [[Purana Mandir]] (1984)
* [[Ghungroo Ki Awaaz]] (1981)
* [[Dahshat]] (1981) (co-editor)
* [[Saboot]] (19 deep in the world is a great80) (co-editor)
* [[Guest House (1985 film)|Guest House]] (1980) (co-editor)

==Films written==

* [[Inspector Dhanush]] (1991) (story) (as Tulsi-Shyam)
* [[Bandh Darwaza]] (1990) (screenplay)
* [[Veerana]] (1988) (screenplay)
* [[Buddha Mil Gaya (film)|Buddha Mil Gaya]] (1971) (story) (as Shyam)

==Films produced==

* [[Ghutan (film)|Ghutan]] (2007) (producer)
* [[Bandh Darwaza]] (1990)
* [[Veerana]] (1988)
* [[Saamri 3D]] (1986) (producer)<ref name="BrowningPicart2010">{{cite book|last1=Browning|first1=John Edgar|last2=Picart|first2=Caroline Joan|title=Dracula in Visual Media: Film, Television, Comic Book and Electronic Game Appearances, 1921-2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=32-FBgZ1Ct4C&pg=PA26|year=2010|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-3365-0|page=26}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|nm0708913|Shyam Ramsay}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramsay, Shyam}}
[[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]

Ratna De

2025-08-10T08:30:22Z

RyanQuintana2: Updated article with clearer structure

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dr Ratna De Nag
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Dr Ratna Nag
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1948|9|6}}
| birth_place = [[Serampore]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| residence = Serampore Kolkata
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| office1 = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor1 = Sk.Amjad Hossain
| termstart1 = 2 May 2021
| predecessor2 = Jyoti Chowdhury
| constituency2 = [[Sreerampur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Serampore]], [[Hooghly (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hooghly]]
| term_start2 = 2001
| office4 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| predecessor4 = [[Rupchand Pal]]
| successor4 = [[Locket Chatterjee]]
| termstart4 = 2009
| termend4 = 2019
| constituency4 = [[Hooghly (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hooghly]]
| office3 = [[Chairperson]] of [[Hooghly District]] [[Trinamool Congress]]
| term_start3 = 4 July 2019
| term_end3 = 16 August 2021
| president3 = Dilip Yadav
| successor3 = Asima Patra
| office5 =
| spouse =
| children = 2
| website =
| date = 11 September
| year = 2009
| source = <ref name="dr ratna">{{cite web| url = http://164.100.47.134/newls/Biography.aspx?mpsno=4499| title = Biography| access-date = 2009-09-11| work = Lok Sabha Members – 15th Lok Sabha| archive-date = 3 March 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184850/http://164.100.47.134/newls/Biography.aspx?mpsno=4499| url-status = dead}}</ref>
| governor = [[Jagdeep Dhankhar]]
| predecessor = * [[Somen Mahapatra]] (''as Minister of Environment'')
* [[Bratya Basu]] (''as Minister of Science,Technology and Bio-Technology'')
| successor = * [[Ujjal Biswas]] (''as Minister of Science,Technology and Bio-Technology'')
* [[Manas Bhunia]] (''as Minister of Environment'')
| termend2 = 2008
| termstart = 10 May 2021
| termend = 2 August 2022
| office = [[Minister of State|Minister of State (Independent Charge)]] [[Government of West Bengal]]
| 2namedata = * [[Department of Environment (West Bengal)|Environment]]
* Science, Technology and Bio-Technology
| 1namedata = [[Mamata Banerjee]]
| 2blankname = Department
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of West Bengal|Chief Minister]]
| constituency1 = [[Pandua (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pandua]], [[Hooghly (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hooghly]]
| successor2 = Dr. Sudipto Roy
}}

'''Dr Ratna De Nag''' (born 6 September 1948) is an Indian [[politician]] who has been serving as [[Third Mamata Banerjee ministry|Minister of State]] for [[Department of Environment (West Bengal)|Environment]]
Science, Technology and Bio-Technology in the [[Government of West Bengal]]. She was a member of the [[15th Lok Sabha]] and [[16th Lok Sabha]] from [[Hooghly (Lok Sabha constituency)]], which includes the [[Singur]] area. She lost the [[2019 Indian general election|Lok Sabha Elections 2019]] to [[Locket Chatterjee]], who was elected as a [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] candidate from the Hooghly Lok Sabha constituency. In the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021 election]], she was elected as the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|MLA]] of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Pandua (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pandua Vidhan Sabha Constituency]].

She is daughter of Gopal Das Nag, who was Labour Minister in the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] government under [[Siddhartha Shankar Ray]]. In 2001 and 2006, she won the assembly election from [[Sreerampur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sreerampur]] ([[Serampore]]).<ref>{{cite web | url =http://news.indiainfo.com/article/0906040859_why_mamata_didnt_give_women_mps_a_chance/368890.html | title =Why Mamata didn't give women MPs a chance | access-date =2009-08-12 | archive-date =6 June 2009 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20090606115040/http://news.indiainfo.com/article/0906040859_why_mamata_didnt_give_women_mps_a_chance/368890.html | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url =http://ibnlive.in.com/politics/keycandidate/8583.html| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20121003123612/http://ibnlive.in.com/politics/keycandidate/8583.html| url-status =dead| archive-date =2012-10-03| title = Dr. Ratna De(nag) | access-date = 2009-08-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/electionanalysis/AE/S25/partycomp180.htm |title=180 Serampore Assembly Constituency |access-date=2009-08-12 |work=Partywise Comparison Since 1977 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410185213/http://eci.nic.in/electionanalysis/AE/S25/partycomp180.htm |archive-date=10 April 2009}}</ref>

A doctor ([[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MBBS]] and [[Doctor of Medicine|DCH]]) by profession, she was Member of the Committee on Petroleum and Natural Gas, [[Lok Sabha]].<ref name="dr ratna" /> She was a member of the Panel of chairpersons in the [[16th Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/members/panel_chairmen.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-03-27 |archive-date=2016-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320195510/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/members/panel_chairmen.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ten-member-panel-of-chairpersons-in-lok-sabha/articleshow/36296344.cms|title=Ten-member Panel of Chairpersons in Lok Sabha|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Parliament-Budget-session-day-7-live-updates/article17245691.ece|title=Modi's remark against Manmohan triggers walkout by Congress|newspaper=The Hindu|date=8 February 2017}}</ref>

She was sworn in as the Minister of State (Independent Charge) as a part of the [[Third Banerjee ministry|21st Council of Ministers for the state of West Bengal]] under the leadership of [[Mamata Banerjee]] with the portfolios of [[Department of Environment (West Bengal)|Department of Environment]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.environmentwb.gov.in/|title=Environmental Department, Govt. of West Bengal|website=www.environmentwb.gov.in}}</ref> and Department of Science & Technology and Bio-Technology.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wbdstbt.in/|title=Department Of Science & Technology And Biotechnology|website=www.wbdstbt.in|access-date=16 May 2021|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308111836/https://wbdstbt.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/list-of-new-ministers-of-3rd-mamata-banerjee-government-dgtl/cid/1280164|title=১০টা ৪৫-এ শপথ, নীলবাড়িতে মমতার নতুন মন্ত্রিসভায় অভিজ্ঞ ২৭, একদম নতুন ১৬|website=www.anandabazar.com|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/amit-mitra-42-others-set-to-join-mamatas-3rd-cabinet/articleshow/82512465.cms|title=West Bengal: Amit Mitra, 42 others set to join Mamata's third cabinet - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{16th LS members from West Bengal|state=expanded}}
{{15th LS members from West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal Legislative Assembly3}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:De, Ratna}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from West Bengal]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Women in West Bengal politics]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Hooghly district]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Women members of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Women members of the Lok Sabha]]

King Edward Memorial Hospital and Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College

2025-07-24T13:21:49Z

RyanQuintana2: general fix citations based on references also and cleaned formatting per standard format

#REDIRECT [[Seth G.S. Medical College and King Edward Memorial Hospital]]

{{Redirect category shell|
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Penchikal dinna

2025-07-17T03:58:58Z

RyanQuintana2: details

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{cleanup|reason=Translation clean up needed|date=July 2017}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Penchikal dinna
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Telangana
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.8321|N|79.4356|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Suryapet district|Suryapet]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 16.54
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2905
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 508218
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08683
| registration_plate = TS-29
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Penchikal dinna''' (also spelled as '''Penchikaldinne)''' is a village in [[Neredcherla mandal]], [[Suryapet district]] in [[Telangana]] state, India.<ref name="district">{{cite web|title=Suryapet district|url=http://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/uploads/gos-circulars/1476130644554246.Suryapet.pdf|website=New Districts Formation Portal|accessdate=11 October 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011225153/http://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/uploads/gos-circulars/1476130644554246.Suryapet.pdf|archivedate=11 October 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Penchikaldinna village is also called Moscow nagar in [[the times]] of Telangana freedom fight from nizam nawabs. It is located 43 km towards South from District headquarters [[Suryapet]]. There are many freedom fighters from this village who fought against nijam nawabs.president of the village from 2019 to 2024 is sunkari Vani

==Location==
Penchikal Dinna is a village panchayat located in the Suryapet district of Telangana state, India. The latitude 17.0586693 and longitude 79.265585 are the geocoordinate of the Penchikal Dinna. Village is 5 km from [[Neredcherla]] and almost 23 km from Miryalaguda. It is surrounded by Garide Pally Mandal towards East, Miryalaguda Town towards west, Penpahad towards North, Vemula Pally towards west.

=== Politics ===
It is a [[gram panchayat]] headed by a Sarpanch the incumbent Sarpanch is Sunkara Kranthi Kumar(CPM). The village comes under [[Huzurnagar (Assembly constituency)|Huzurnagar Assembly constituency]] which become a separate assembly constituency with the delimitation in 2009 elections. First MLA is captain [[N. Uttam Kumar Reddy|N. Uttam Kumar reddy]].

=== Temples ===
Temples in the village include Ramalayam Temple, Anjaneyaswami temple, Vigneshwara Temple, Kanakadurga Temple and Mutyalamma Temple.
[[File:RAMALAYAM TEMPLE.jpeg|thumbnail|Ramalayam Temple]]

=== Economy ===
The village is depends on the [[Nagarjuna Sagar Dam|Nagarjuna-Sagar]] left canal, and the village economy is based on rice cultivation. 90% of the economy of the village is from rice and daily wages. 
modern agricultural practices are done.(Paddy Straw Baler)
[[File:Modern agricultural practices are done.jpg|thumbnail|Paddy Straw Baler]]

=== Facilities ===
Village has one Primary school, Anganvadi school, Library, Government Hospital, Bank, Post Office, two Water tanks and Power supply. school has history of 75 years.

=== Transport ===
Sharing autos are available daily from Nereducherla, TSRTC runs buses on week days between [[Suryapet]] and miryalaguda connecting this village.

==== By Road ====
Nereducherla, the mandal headquarters is 5 km away from the village.

==== By Public Bus ====
Nereducharla [[TSRTC]] Bus Station is the nearby Bus Station to Penchikal Dinna. TSRTC runs Number of buses from major cities to here.

==Notable people==
Ex CPM MLA Aribandi LaxmiNarayana is from the village of Penchikaldinna.<ref>[http://www.elections.in/telangana/assembly-constituencies/miryalguda.html Miryalguda MLA results]</ref>

=== Sub Villages in Penchikal Dinna ===
Telaga Ramaiahgudem 
Gantavari Gudem

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="200px" height="150px" perrow="4" align="center">
File:Different Meetings Held in Penchikal dinna.jpg|Different Meetings Held in Penchikal dinna
File:Penchikal dinna.jpg|Rangoli competition
File:Meeting in penchikaldinna.jpg|Different Meetings Held in Penchikal dinna
File:Tree planting in penchikaldina.jpg|Planting Trees
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}

[[Category:Villages in Suryapet district]]

Meeting with leaders from Jammu and Kashmir (2021)

2025-07-07T04:19:56Z

RyanQuintana2: stub - done

{{Infobox summit meeting|date=24 June 2021|participants=Four former chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir, four former deputy chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir, and other mainstream politicians from the region.
Prime Minister of India, Union Minister of Home Affairs, National Security Advisor of India and the Lieutenant Governor of Jammu and Kashmir|image=[[File:PM Modi chairing the All-Party meeting with various political leaders from Jammu and Kashmir, in New Delhi on June 24, 2021.jpg|300px]]|venues=[[7, Lok Kalyan Marg]], New Delhi|name=All-party meet on Jammu and Kashmir}}

On 24 June 2021 the first major interaction between leaders of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and the [[Union Government of India]] post [[Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir|revocation of the former states special status]] and its [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act (2019)|reorganisation]] took place.

== Attendees ==
[[Narendra Modi]], the [[Prime Minister of India]], chaired the meeting which was held in New Delhi. The leaders from Jammu and Kashmir included four former [[List of chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|chief ministers]] of the state, [[Farooq Abdullah]], [[Omar Abdullah]], [[Ghulam Nabi Azad]] and [[Mehbooba Mufti]]; four former [[List of deputy chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|deputy chief ministers]], [[Kavinder Gupta]], [[Nirmal Kumar Singh]], [[Tara Chand (Jammu-Kashmir politician)|Tara Chand]], [[Muzaffar Hussain Baig]], and other mainstream politicians from the region such as [[Jitendra Singh (politician, born 1956)|Jitendra Singh]], [[Sajjad Lone]], [[Bhim Singh (politician)|Bhim Singh]], [[Ghulam Ahmad Mir]], [[Altaf Bukhari]] and [[Mohammed Yousuf Tarigami]].<ref name=":2" /> The politicians represented eight mainstream political parties with presence in Jammu and Kashmir— [[Indian National Congress]], [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|National Conference]], [[Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party|Peoples Democratic Party]], [[Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party|Apni Party]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janta Party]], [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], [[Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party|National Panthers Party]] and [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference|People's Conference]].<ref name=":3" /> Also present were [[Amit Shah]], the [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Union Minister of Home Affairs]]; [[Ajit Doval]], the [[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Advisor of India]]; and [[Manoj Sinha]], the [[List of lieutenant governors of Jammu and Kashmir|lieutenant governor of Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=|date=2021-06-24|title=PM Modi to meet with J-K leaders today: Who will attend, what's on agenda|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pm-modi-s-all-party-meet-with-j-k-political-leaders-today-who-will-attend-what-s-on-agenda-11624491885650.html|access-date=2021-10-23|website=Livemint}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=2021-06-24|editor-last=Chaturvedi|editor-first=Amit|title=Explained: Why all-party meeting on J&K is important and what's on agenda|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/explained-why-all-party-meeting-on-j-k-is-important-and-what-s-on-agenda-101624504035701.html|access-date=2021-10-23|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

== Pre-meeting ==
Various reasons had been cited by the media for holding the meeting, from back-channel talks to changing geo-politics, to speculation on the topics which would be discussed ranging from further bifurcation, administrative issues to the need to chalk out an outline for the next few months.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Mir|first=Nazir Ahmad|date=22 July 2021|title=Prime Minister's Outreach to Political Leaders of Jammu and Kashmir|url=https://idsa.in/idsacomments/pm-outreach-to-political-leaders-of-jammu-kashmir|access-date=2021-10-24|website=Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Officially there was no pre-decided agenda for the meeting.<ref name=":4" />

== Proceedings ==
Topics discussed included strengthening the democratic processes of the region, release of political prisoners, delimitation, assembly elections and restoration of statehood.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Akhilesh|date=25 June 2021|editor-last=Ghosh|editor-first=Deepshikha|title=Jammu And Kashmir To Become State Again 'At Right Time', PM Said At Meet|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-modi-meets-jammu-and-kashmir-leaders-in-big-outreach-parties-firm-on-demands-2471475|access-date=2021-10-23|website=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=5 July 2021|title=Disappointed at outcome of PM Modi's all-party meet on J&K, says Gupkar Alliance|work=ThePrint|agency=PTI|url=https://theprint.in/politics/disappointed-at-outcome-of-pm-modis-all-party-meet-on-jk-says-gupkar-alliance/690001/|access-date=23 October 2021}}</ref> Everyone got a chance to speak.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Radha|author-link=Radha Kumar|date=25 June 2021|title=Does Modi's Meeting With Jammu and Kashmir Parties Signal a Thaw or a Trap?|url=https://thewire.in/politics/modi-meeting-kashmir-political-parties-thaw-trap|access-date=2021-10-23|website=The Wire}}</ref> There was no "grand announcements" following the meeting.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Sareen|first=Sushant|date=25 June 2021|title=Rebooting Jammu and Kashmir|url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/rebooting-jammu-and-kashmir/|access-date=2021-10-24|website=Observer Research Foundation}}</ref> Article 370 did not take up too much time of the meeting, with general agreement that the decision of the Supreme Court would be waited for.<ref name=":1" /> Commentators noted that all the attendees said that the meeting was in a "cordial" and "friendly atmosphere".<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" />

== Commentary ==
Following the meeting Lt Gen [[Syed Ata Hasnain]] (Retd) commented,<ref>{{Cite web|author=Syed Ata Hasnain |date=26 June 2021|title=Jammu and Kashmir: Opening windows towards peace|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/columns/2021/jun/26/jammu-andkashmir-opening-windows-towards-peace-2321517.html|access-date=2021-10-23|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|text=Peace building and furtherance of narratives by consensus seem to have been the purpose of the meeting without agenda... With the UT administration making strident efforts at enhancing the efficiency of governance and reducing corruption along with a genuine outreach to the citizens, fresh hopes of a better future seemed to develop in the people, although alienation was by no means overcome. Many became fence sitters and those actively involved in street agitation took a back seat since the security forces ensured effective clampdown and the separatist leaders were all detained [...]

Although one was keenly looking out for political statements after the three-hour talks, it is only prudent not to expect any outcomes from what should be the first of many such meetings... Hopefully this will just be the beginning of more consultation and opinion-sharing, both dire needs.}}[[Radha Kumar]] commented that,<ref name=":0" />
{{Blockquote|text=All attendees agreed that it was a cordial meeting and each participant spoke his or her mind. [...] Beyond the atmospherics, there appears to have been little to welcome. [...] Much depends on whether the Modi administration treats this meeting as an initial discussion to be followed by a series of meetings negotiating the issues raised at it...}}There was also general criticism against the meeting.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mir|first=Hilal|date=24 June 2021|title=Pro-India Kashmiri politicians draw flak over meeting with Modi|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/pro-india-kashmiri-politicians-draw-flak-over-meeting-with-modi/2284536|access-date=2021-10-24|website=Anadolu Agency}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=24 June 2021|title=Kashmiri leaders denounce Modi's all-parties conference|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/854386-kashmiri-leaders-denounce-modis-all-parties-conference|access-date=2021-10-24|website=The News International|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Meeting at Hendaye]]
* [[First Ma–Xi meeting]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*{{Cite journal|last=Chowdhary|first=Rekha|date=2015-06-05|title=On All-party Meeting|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2021/28/comment/all-party-meeting.html|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|language=en|volume=56|issue=28|pages=7–8|url-access=subscription}}
*{{Cite web|last=Thakur|first=Sankarshan|author-link=Sankarshan Thakur|date=7 July 2021|title=Welcome to the show|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/the-farcical-nature-of-narendra-modis-meeting-with-kashmirs-leaders/cid/1821493|access-date=2021-10-24|website=Telegraph India}}

[[Category:2021 in Indian politics]]

Parinay Phuke

2025-06-06T02:38:49Z

RyanQuintana2: added references

#REDIRECT [[Parinay Fuke]]
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Suhas Katti v. Tamil Nadu

2025-05-25T12:30:09Z

RyanQuintana2: Made new details - done

{{Short description|Cyber crime case in India}}
{{Orphan|date=August 2016}}

{{Infobox court case
|name = Suhas Katti v. Tamil Nadu
|court = Metropolitan Magistrate, Egmore
|image = Chennai Egmore (3622427105).jpg
|imagesize = 180px
|imagelink =
|imagealt =
|caption = Egmore Railway station
|full name = Suhas Katti v. Tamil Nadu
|date decided = {{start date|2004|11|05}}
|citations =
|ECLI =
|transcripts =
|judges =
|number of judges = 1
|decision by =
|concurring =
|dissenting =
|concur/dissent =
|prior actions =
|appealed from =
|appealed to =
|subsequent actions =
|related actions =
|opinions =
|keywords = 
|italic title =
}}
'''Suhas Katti''' v. '''Tamil Nadu''' was the first case in [[India]] where a conviction was handed down in connection with the posting of obscene messages on the internet under the controversial section 67 of the [[Information Technology Act]], 2000. The case was filed in February 2004 and In a short span of about seven months from the filing of the FIR, the [[Chennai Cyber Crime Cell]] achieved the conviction .
In the case, a woman complained to the police about a man who was sending her obscene, defamatory and annoying messages in a Yahoo message group. The accused also forwarded emails received in a fake account opened by him in the victim's name. The victim also received phone calls by people who believed she was soliciting for sex work.<ref>{{cite web|title=Important Cyber Law Case Studies|url=http://www.cyberralegalservices.com/detail-casestudies.php|accessdate=19 December 2015}}</ref>

== Facts ==

After the victim made the complaint in February 2004, the police traced the accused, who was the victim's friend, to Mumbai and arrested him. The police found the accused was interested in marrying the victim but she turned him down and married someone else instead. The marriage, however, ended in divorce, which is when the accused started contacting the victim again but she rejected him again. The accused then started harassing the victim online.
On March 24, 2004, a chargesheet was filed under section 67 of the IT Act 2000, 469 and 509 IPC before the metropolitan magistrate in Egmore, Chennai.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tamil Nadu v Suhas Katti (2004): Case related to the posting of obscene messages on the Internet|url=http://lawmantra.co.in/tamil-nadu-v-suhas-katti-2004-case-related-to-the-posting-of-obscene-messages-on-the-internet/|accessdate=19 December 2015}}</ref>
The defence argued that the offending mails were sent either by the victim's husband or by herself to implicate the accused.
On November 5, 2004, the magistrate found the accused guilty of offences under section 469, 509 IPC and 67 of IT Act 2000. He was sentenced to rigorous imprisonment for 2 years under 469 IPC and to pay a fine of Rs.500/-, one year simple imprisonment and Rs 500 fine under 509 IPC and two years imprisonment with a fine of Rs 4,000 under section 67 of IT Act 2000. All sentences were to run concurrently.

== More information ==
'''Section 67''' in '''The Information Technology Act, 2000'''

[ 67 Punishment for publishing or transmitting obscene material in electronic form. -Whoever publishes or transmits or causes to be published or transmitted in the electronic form, any material which is lascivious or appeals to the prurient interest or if its effect is such as to tend to deprave and corrupt persons who are likely, having regard to all relevant circumstances, to read, see or hear the matter contained or embodied in it, shall be punished on first conviction with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to three years and with fine which may extend to five lakh rupees and in the event of second or subsequent conviction with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to five years and also with fine which may extend to ten lakh rupees. ]<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1318767/|title = Section 67 in The Information Technology Act, 2000|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref>

The case is also significant for having introduced electronic evidence under Section 65B of the Indian Evidence Act for the first time in a Court, where a certified copy of the electronic document present on Yahoo server was produced by a private techno legal consultant, not being part of a Government forensic lab, and was accepted as the prime evidence of crime. The role of a private person as an "Expert" and the "Validity of Section 65B of Indian Evidence Act" were examined and validated in the trial.

During the trial conviction was also brought on the concept of "Forgery" of an electronic document under Indian Penal Code when a person writes his name below a message intending the recipient to consider it as a message sent by that person.

== Impact ==

The impact of the case was far reaching and set a benchmark for the courts and inspired people to lodge cases related to harassment on the internet.<ref>{{cite web|title=11 Landmark Judgments By The Indian Supreme Court In Recent Times|url=http://homegrown.co.in/11-landmark-judgments-by-the-indian-supreme-court-in-recent-times/|accessdate=19 December 2015}}</ref>
Section 67 subsequently ran into controversy after the government used the section to enforce a partial ban on pornography in India with activists questioning the vague definition of "obscene" in the provision that could be used to curtail any sexually explicit material.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://internetdemocracy.in/2013/08/the-naked-truth-why-banning-online-pornography-is-a-bad-idea/|title=The naked truth: Why banning online pornography is a bad idea|date=2 August 2013 |accessdate=19 December 2015}}</ref>

The Case also brought out the responsibilities of an intermediary like a Cyber Cafe in maintaining a visitor's register and its importance as evidence.

The case validated the concept of production of electronic evidence through Section 65B certification without the production of the original hard disk containing the document.

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* [http://indiankanoon.org/ Indian Kanoon website]
* [http://ceac.in/wp/ Cyber Evidence Archival Center (copy of Judgement)]

[[Category:Information technology in India]]

Baldha Garden

2025-03-03T03:15:50Z

RyanQuintana2:

{{Short description|Botanical garden in Dhaka, Bangladesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox park
| name = Baldha Garden
| native_name = বলধা গার্ডেন
| native_name_lang = bn
| photo =
Pond of Baldha Garden - 1.jpg
| photo_width =
| photo_caption = Baldha Garden, Dhaka
| type = [[Botanical garden]]
| location = Wari, [[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]]
| coords = {{coord|23|43|06|N|90|25|04|E|source:kolossus-eswiki|display=title, inline}}
| map = Bangladesh
| map_label = Balda Garden
| area = {{convert|3.15|acre|m2}}
| created = 1909
| operator = Department of Forestry, [[Ministry of Environment and Forests]].
| visitation_num =
| status =
| open = All year
| embedded = {{Designation/divbox|Old Dhaka}}
}}

'''Baldha Garden''' is a [[botanical garden]] which spans {{convert|3.15|acre|ha}} of land located at Wari in the old part of the city of [[Dhaka]], the capital of [[Bangladesh]]. It has a collection of 672 species of plants.<ref name=Banglapedia>{{cite book
|author=Zia Uddin Ahmed
|chapter=Baldah Garden
|chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Baldah_Garden
|title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |editor=Sirajul Islam and Ahmed A. Jamal |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |year=2012 |edition=Second}}</ref>
The Baldha Garden is now managed as a satellite unit of the [[National Botanical Garden of Bangladesh|National Botanical Garden]] by the Department of Forestry.

Baldha Garden is one of the oldest botanical gardens in Bangladesh. The garden is enriched with rare plant species collected from different parts of the world.

Visitors expressed dismay in July 2024, over a fivefold increase in entry fee to the garden.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Visitors outraged as entry fees raised fivefold for six botanical gardens, eco parks |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/351105/visitors-outraged-as-entry-fees-raised-fivefold |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
Baldha Garden is one of the oldest botanical gardens established in this part of Bengal. Narendra Narayan Roy Chaudhury, landlord of the Estate of Balda, began creating it in 1909 and continued to add to it until his death in 1943. He simultaneously built up a museum collection, which was known as the Balda Museum. The museum collections are now housed at the [[Bangladesh National Museum]].<ref>{{citation
|author=SM Humayun Kabir
|chapter=Baldah Museum
|chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Baldah_Museum
|title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |editor=Sirajul Islam and Ahmed A. Jamal |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |year=2012 |edition=Second}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="190" heights="190">
File:Baldha Garden 04.jpg
File:Bottle fly.jpg
File:Ant Fights.jpg
File:BABY AMAZON LILY.jpg
File:Baby red.jpg
File:Beauty Of Flower.jpg
File:Darter 09.jpg
File:Beautiful Plant at Baldha Garden.jpg
File:Araucaria plant at Baldha Garden.jpg
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Christian cemetery, Dhaka|Christian cemetery in Wari]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{commons category|Baldha Garden}}
* Muntasir Mamun, Dhaka: Smriti Bismritir Nogory, Volume-2, Pg- 142–143, Annana Publications.
* Cultural Survey of Bangladesh, Asiatek Society, Architecture, Asiatek Society of Bangladesh.

{{Use British English|date=November 2010}}

{{Protected Forests of Bangladesh}}

[[Category:Old Dhaka]]
[[Category:Botanical gardens in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Parks in Dhaka]]

Archibald James Fergusson Eden

2025-02-09T11:09:16Z

RyanQuintana2: refined section for clarity and added references for accuracy

#REDIRECT [[Archibald Eden]]

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Alampur Jarkhi

2025-01-13T00:23:46Z

RyanQuintana2: started a entry

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Other uses|Alampur (disambiguation){{!}}Alampur|Jarkhi}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Alampur Jarkhi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Firozabad block Alampur Jarkhi.png
| map_caption = Map showing Alampur Jarkhi in Firozabad block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.1639|N|78.34707|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Firozabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
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| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.342
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1481
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Alampur Jarkhi''' ({{IAST|Ālampur Jārkhī}}) is a village in [[Firozabad]] block of [[Firozabad district]], Uttar Pradesh. As of 2011, it had a population of 1,481, in 242 households.

== Geography ==
Alampur Jarkhi is located a short distance northwest of Firozabad, on the main line of the [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]. The train tracks pass by the south side of the village. The village of [[Jalupura]] is a short distance to the northwest.<ref name="Survey of India map G44A8">{{cite map |author=[[Survey of India]] |title=Open Series Map No. G44A8 |date=2005 |scale=1:50,000 |type=[[Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system|Universal Transverse Mercator]] projection |edition=1st}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Alampur Jarkhi had a population of 1,481, in 242 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|119}} This population was 54.8% male (812) and 45.2% female (669). The 0–6 age group numbered 235 (125 male and 110 female), making up 15.9% of the total population. 95 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 6.4% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1211/download/3858/DH_2011_0916_PART_B_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|110-1}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Alampur Jarkhi as having a population of 952 people (530 male and 422 female), in 162 households and 153 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-B: Village & Town Directory, District Agra |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28672/download/31854/28391_1981_AGR.pdf |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|192-3}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Alampur Jarkhi as comprising 1 hamlet, with a total population of 630 people (335 male and 295 female), in 102 households and 73 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 328 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (22 - Agra District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28472/download/31654/21841_1961_AGR.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|xciv}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Alampur Jarkhi had 1 primary school; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by hand pump and tube well/bore well; there were no public toilets. The village did not have a post office or public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1210/download/3854/DH_2011_0916_PART_A_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|119-24}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Firozabad district}}

[[Category:Villages in Firozabad district]]

Bhonsle (disambiguation)

2024-12-31T16:04:19Z

RyanQuintana2: started a details

{{wikt|Bhonsle}}
'''[[Bhonsle]]''' are a group within the Maratha clan system.

'''Bhonsle''' or its variants may also refer to:

* [[Anubha Bhonsle]], Indian TV and print journalist, author
* [[Nagesh Bhonsle]] (also Bhosle or Bhosale), Indian film, television and theatre actor
* [[Digvijay Bhonsale]] (born 1989), Indian Rock/Metal singer, guitarist and songwriter
* [[Bhonsle (film)|''Bhonsle'' (film)]], an Indian Hindi-language drama film

== See also ==
* [[Bhonsle kingdom]], also known as [[Nagpur kingdom]]
* [[Bhosle (disambiguation)]]
* [[Bhosale (disambiguation)]]

{{disambiguation|surname}}