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Khardaha Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T15:02:53Z

Rxsolution: Started Basic Stub W/ Infobox!

{{Short description|Constituency of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly, in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Khardaha
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Khardaha.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Khardaha Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Kalyan Chakraborti]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Dum Dum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum]]
| constituency_no = 109
| established = 1957
| electors = 168,586
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Khardaha Assembly constituency''' is a [[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative Assembly]] constituency of [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].
{{Pie chart|value1=64.70|value2=23.53|value3=5.88||value4=5.88|label1=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist) |Communist Party of India (Marxist) (11 times)]]|label2=[[Trinamool Congress |'''Trinamool Congress''' (4 time)]]|label3=[[Communist Party of India]] (1 time)|label4=[[Praja Socialist Party|Praja Socialist Party (1 time)]]|color1={{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|color2={{party color|Trinamool Congress}}|color3={{party color| Communist Party of India}}|color4={{party color| Praja Socialist Party}}|caption=Most Successful parties from Khardaha assembly}}

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 109 Khardaha Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Khardaha]] municipality, Ward Nos.15, 18 to 21 and 35 of [[Panihati]] municipality, and Bandipur, Bilkanda I, Bilkanda II and Patulia [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Barrackpore II (Community development block)|Barrackpore II]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date=15 October 2010 |work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Khardaha Assembly constituency is part of No. 16 [[Dum Dum (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Satkari Mitra
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Gopal Banerjee
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|rowspan="3"|Sadhan Kumar Chakraborty
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes|rowspan=11}}
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Sisir Kumar Ghosh
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan="2"|Kamal Sarkar
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|rowspan="5"|Dr. [[Asim Dasgupta]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|rowspan="2"|Amit Mitra
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[Kajal Sinha]]
|-
|2021^
|[[Sovandeb Chattopadhyay]]
|-
|[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|Prof.(Dr) Kalyan Chakraborti
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

* ^ by-election

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Khardaha}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Kalyan Chakraborti]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 97752
|percentage = 49.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = DEVADEEP PUROHIT

|party =Trinamool Congress
|votes = 73266

|percentage = 37.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Debojyoti Das (Subho)
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 19818
|percentage = 10.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Jaydeb Ghosh
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 1559
|percentage = 0.79
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Nasim Khan
|party = Janata Unnayan Party
|votes = 163
|percentage = 0.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = 1316
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 24486
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = BJP
|loser = AITC
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021 Bye election===
{{Election box begin | title= Bye-election, 2021: Khardaha<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-10-20|title=খড়দহে সাড়ে চার হাজার অশীতিপর, অক্ষম বুথে গিয়েই ভোট দিতে আগ্রহী {{!}} পোস্টাল ব্যালটের আবেদন মাত্র ৬৪৪|url=https://www.bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=12&nID=325029&P=16&nPID=20211020|newspaper=Bartaman|language=bn|access-date=2021-11-04|archive-date=19 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919142035/https://www.bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=12&nID=325029&P=16&nPID=20211020|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-01|title=With more than 79% voter turnout, Gosaba records highest polling percentage|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/with-more-than-79-voter-turnout-gosaba-records-highest-polling-percentage-457545|work=Millennium Post|access-date=2021-11-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2021/ConstituencywiseS25109.htm?ac=109|website=results.eci.gov.in|access-date=2021-11-02|archive-date=2021-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102112828/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2021/ConstituencywiseS25109.htm?ac=109|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2021/RoundwiseS25109.htm?ac=109|website=results.eci.gov.in|access-date=2021-11-02|archive-date=2021-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102113030/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2021/RoundwiseS25109.htm?ac=109|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Form20 - 109 Khardaha AC|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/UploadFiles/Byeelec_oct_2021/Form20_AC109.pdf|work=Chief Electoral Officer, West Bengal|access-date=2021-11-13}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Sovandeb Chattopadhyay]]|votes=1,14,086|percentage=73.59|change=+24.55}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Joy Saha|votes=20,254|percentage=13.07|change=-20.6}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Debajyoti Das(Subho)|votes=16,110|percentage=10.39|change=-4.31}}
{{Election box majority|votes=93,832|percentage=60.52|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,55,069|percentage=66.73|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Khardaha]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Kajal Sinha]]|votes=89,807|percentage=49.04|change=-0.61}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Silbhadra Dutta|Shilbhadra Dutta]]|votes=61,667|percentage=33.67|change=+23.99}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Debojyoti Das (Subho)|votes=26,916|percentage=14.70|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=2,415|percentage=1.32|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Samar Das|votes=1,097|percentage=0.60|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=28,140|percentage=15.36|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,83,221|percentage=78.76|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Khardaha]]<ref name=vidhansabha2016>{{cite web| url =http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25109.htm?ac=109| title =General Elections, India, 2016, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal| work =Constituency-wise Data| publisher =Election Commission| access-date =14 June 2016| archive-date =12 June 2016| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160612134740/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25109.htm?ac=109| url-status =dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Doctor (title)|Dr.]] [[Amit Mitra]]
|votes = 83,680
|percentage = 49.65
|change = -6.84
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Doctor (title)|Dr.]] [[Asim Dasgupta]]
|votes = 62,488
|percentage = 37.07
|change = -1.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Mahadeb Basak
|votes = 16,321
|percentage = 9.68
|change = +7.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 3,169
|percentage = 1.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Samar Das
|votes = 1,568
|percentage = 0.93
|change = -0.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Party of Democratic Socialism (India)
|candidate = Paritosh Sengupta
|votes = 1,322
|percentage = 0.78
|change = -0.21
}}

{{Election box majority
|votes = 21,200
|percentage = 12.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,68,666
|percentage = 82.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
In the 2011 elections, Amit Kumar Mitra of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival Asim Dasgupta of CPI(M).
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Khardaha]]<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=109| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120327192151/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=109| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 27 March 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work =Khardah| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 24 April 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Doctor (title)|Dr.]] [[Amit Mitra|Amit Kumar Mitra]]
|votes = 83,608
|percentage = 56.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Doctor (title)|Dr.]] [[Asim Dasgupta]]
|votes = 57,454
|percentage = 38.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Anadi Kumar Biswas
|votes = 3,673
|percentage = 2.48
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sampa Biswas
|votes = 1,813
|percentage = 1.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Party of Democratic Socialism (India)
|candidate = Jay Prakash Pandey
|votes = 1,470
|percentage = 0.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 26,154
|percentage = 17.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,48,050
|percentage = 87.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}

Trinamool Congress did not contest this seat in 2006
===1977–2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]], 2001, 1996, 1991 and 1987 state assembly elections, [[Asim Dasgupta]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]], won the Khardaha seat defeating his nearest rivals Mahadeb Basak of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] in 2006,<ref name="vidhansabha2006">{{cite web|title=General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf|access-date=13 August 2014|work=Constituency-wise Data|publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> Ranjit Kumar Mukherjee of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] in 2001,<ref name="vidhansabha2001">{{cite web|title=General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf|access-date=13 August 2014|work=Constituency-wise Data|publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> Chinmoy Chatterjee of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1996,<ref name="vidhansabha1996">{{cite web|title=General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf|access-date=13 August 2014|work=Constituency-wise Data|publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> Sipta Bishnu of Congress in 1991<ref name="vidhansabha1991">{{cite web|title=General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|access-date=13 August 2014|work=Constituency-wise Data|publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> and Sudhir Banerjee of Congress in 1987.<ref name="vidhansabha1987">{{cite web|title=General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf|access-date=13 August 2014|work=Constituency-wise Data|publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> Kamal Sarkar of CPI(M) had won this seat in 1982 and 1977 defeating Nirmal Ghosh of Congress in 1982<ref name="vidhansabha1982">{{cite web|title=General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf|access-date=13 August 2014|work=Constituency-wise Data|publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> and Harshadhari Bhattacharya of Congress in 1977.<ref name="vidhansabha1977">{{cite web|title=General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf|access-date=13 August 2014|work=Constituency-wise Data|publisher=Election Commission}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp134.htm |title = 134 - Khardah Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 15 October 2010}}</ref>

===1957–1972===
Satkari Mitra of [[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]] won in [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]].<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> Gopal Banerjee of CPI won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]].<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> Sadhan Kumar Chakraborty of CPI(M) won in 1967,<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 13 August 2014}}</ref> 1969<ref name="vidhansabha1969">{{cite web|title=General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|access-date=13 August 2014|work=Constituency-wise Data|publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> and 1971.<ref name="vidhansabha1971">{{cite web|title=General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf|access-date=13 August 2014|work=Constituency-wise Data|publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> Sisir Kumar Ghosh of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] won in 1972.<ref name="vidhansabha1972">{{cite web|title=General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf|access-date=13 August 2014|work=Constituency-wise Data|publisher=Election Commission}}</ref>

===1952===
The Khardaha constituency did not exist in [[1952 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1952]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{North 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in West Bengal]]

Angamaly Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T14:06:11Z

Rxsolution: creating article!

{{short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Angamaly
| type = SLA
| state = Kerala
| constituency_no = 75
| map_image = Angamaly ksrtc bustation 1303.jpg
| map_caption = [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] Bus Station at [[Angamaly]]
| established = 1965
| reservation = None
| electors = 1,63,696 (2016)
| mla = [[Roji M. John]]
| party = [[File:Indian National Congress hand logo.svg|20px]] [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| alliance = {{legend2|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|'''[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| latest_election_year = [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| district = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
}}
'''Angamaly legislative assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Chalakudy Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://ernakulam.nic.in/legislative-assembly |title= State Assembly Constituencies in Ernakulam district, Kerala}}</ref> As of the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021 assembly elections]], the current MLA is [[Roji M John|Roji M. John]] of [[Indian National Congress|INC]].

This Constituency is Dominated by [[Syro-Malabar Church|Syrian Catholics]], And Therefore Is A Congress Stronghold.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnakumar |first=G. |date=2026-03-18 |title=Kerala Assembly Elections 2026: Angamaly remains Congress stronghold despite shift in fortunes |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/kerala-assembly/kerala-assembly-elections-2026-angamaly-remains-congress-stronghold-despite-shift-in-fortunes/article70757773.ece |access-date=2026-04-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Local self-governed segments==
Angamaly Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref name="ekm">{{cite web|url= http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/ernakulam.html |website= www.ceo.kerala.gov.in |title= State Assembly constituencies in Ernakulam district, Kerala.}}</ref>
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
! width="100px" | Name
! width="130px" | Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])
! width="100px" | [[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
| [[Angamaly]]
| Municipality
| [[Aluva]]
|-
| [[Ayyampuzha]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Aluva]]
|-
| [[Kalady]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Aluva]]
|-
| [[Karukutty]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Aluva]]
|-
| [[Malayattoor]]-[[Neeleeswaram]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Aluva]]
|-
| [[Manjapra]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Aluva]]
|-
| [[Mookkannoor]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Aluva]]
|-
| [[Parakkadavu]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Aluva]]
|-
| [[Thuravoor, Angamaly|Thuravoor]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Aluva]]
|}

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented the constituency:

'''Key'''

{{Party index link|Indian National Congress}} {{Party index link|Kerala Congress}} {{Party index link|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} {{Party index link|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="60%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Election
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Niyama
Sabha
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Member
! colspan="2" style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Party
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Tenure
|-
|[[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|3rd
| rowspan="4" |A. P. Kurian
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=4}}
|1967 – 1970
|-
|[[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
|4th
|1970 – 1977
|-
|[[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|5th
|1977 – 1980
|-
|[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|6th
|1980 – 1982
|-
|[[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|7th
| rowspan="2" | M. V. Mani
| {{Party name with color|Kerala Congress|rowspan=2}}
|1982 – 1987
|-
|[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|8th
|1987 – 1991
|-
|[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|9th
| rowspan="3" |[[P. J. Joy]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|1991 – 1996
|-
|[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|10th
|1996 – 2001
|-
|[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|11th
|2001 – 2006
|-
|[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|12th
| rowspan="2" |[[Jose Thettayil]]
| {{Party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)|rowspan=2}}
|2006 – 2011
|-
|[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|13th
|2011 – 2016
|-
|[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|14th
| rowspan="3" |[[Roji M John]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|2016 - 2021
|-
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|15th
|2021 - 2026
|-
|[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|16th
|[[Incumbent]]
|}
{{notelist}}

== Election results ==
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.

===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Angamaly}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Roji M. John]]
|votes = '''78331'''
|percentage = '''59.86'''
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = CPI(M)
|candidate = [[Saju Paul]]
|votes = 41323
|percentage = 31.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Twenty20 Party
|candidate = Promy Kuriakose
|votes = 9893
|percentage = 7.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = NOTA
|candidate = NOTA
|votes = 666
|percentage = 0.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = SUCI(C)
|candidate = P V RAJEESH
|votes = 220
|percentage = 0.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = JOBY PAUL UPPAN
|votes = 163
|percentage = 0.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = SUPHIL SEBASTIAN
|votes = 156
|percentage = 0.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = SUBRAN
|votes = 96
|percentage = 0.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 37008
|percentage = 28.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 130848
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===
There were 1,77,927 registered voters in the constituency for the 2021 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ceo.kerala.gov.in|url=http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/GE-2021/VoterTurnout2021.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416184312/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/GE-2021/VoterTurnout2021.pdf |archive-date=16 April 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS1175.htm?ac=75 |title=Election Commission of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506205842/https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS1175.htm?ac=75 |archive-date=6 May 2021 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Angamaly}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Roji M. John]]
|votes = 71,562
|percentage = 51.86
|change = {{gain}}2.90
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (Secular)
|candidate = [[Jose Thettayil]]
|votes = 55,633
|percentage = 40.31
|change = {{loss}}1.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Adv. K.V. Sabu
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 8677
|percentage = 6.29
|change = {{loss}}0.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the Above|votes=669|percentage=0.48|change={{loss}}0.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Martin Paul|votes=623|percentage=0.45|change=–}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Stalin Nikathithara|votes=326|percentage=0.24|change={{loss}}0.30
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=Jothilakshmi|votes=301|percentage=0.22|change={{loss}}0.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Velayudhan|votes=206|percentage=0.15|change=– }}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 15,929
|percentage = 11.55
|change = {{gain}}4.81
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 137,997
|percentage = 77.55
|change = {{loss}}5.63
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{gain}}2.90
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
There were 1,63,696 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Angamaly}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Roji M. John]]|votes=66,666|percentage=48.96|change=–}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Janata Dal (Secular)|candidate=Benny Moonjely|votes=57,480|percentage=42.22|change={{decrease}}7.34}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Kerala Congress|candidate=P. J. Babu|votes=9,014|percentage=6.62|change=– }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=811|percentage=0.60|change=– }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Jayanthi Avinash|votes=742|percentage=0.54|change={{decrease}}0.08}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=M. M. Kanjanavally|votes=595|percentage=0.44|change={{decrease}}0.03}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=P. R. Manickyamangalam|votes=385|percentage=0.28|change=–}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Sunny Thomas Madassery|votes=245|percentage=0.18|change=–}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Samajwadi Party|candidate=Shajan Thattil|votes=219|percentage=0.16|change=–}}
{{Election box margin of victory||votes=9,186|percentage=6.74|change={{gain}}0.94}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,36,157|percentage=83.18|change={{increase}}1.74}}
{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Indian National Congress|loser=Janata Dal (Secular)|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,52,370 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Angamaly}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Janata Dal (Secular)|candidate=[[Jose Thettayil]]|votes=61,500|percentage=49.56|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Kerala Congress (Jacob)|candidate=Johnny Nellore|votes=54,330|percentage=43.78|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=M. A. Brahmaraj|votes=4,17|percentage=3.32|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Johnson I. T.|votes=1,374|percentage=1.11|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=M. G. Purushottaman|votes=774|percentage=0.62|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Kerala Janapaksham|candidate=Poulose Kidangen|votes=518|percentage=0.42|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=K. C. Jayan|votes=514|percentage=0.41|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Samajwadi Jan Parishad|candidate=Francis Njaliyan|votes=482|percentage=0.39|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Johnson|votes=248|percentage=0.20|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=John Chacko|votes=229|percentage=0.18|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory||votes=7,170|percentage=5.78|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,24,086|percentage=81.44|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Janata Dal (Secular)|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Angamaly]]
* [[Ernakulam district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}
{{coords|10.20|76.38|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]
[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1965]]
[[Category:1965 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Angamaly]]

Government Lawngtlai College

2026-05-04T01:25:35Z

Rxsolution: New Data...

{{Short description|College in Mizoram, India}}

{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Government Lawngtlai College|timestamp=20260504012535|year=2026|month=May|day=4|substed=yes|help=off}}


{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox university
|name =Government Lawngtlai College
|image_name =
|image_size=170px
|caption=
|motto = ''Clarior e tenebris''
|established = 1980
|type = [[Public university|Public]]
|principal= T. Thangṭhuama
|city = [[Lawngtlai]]
|state = [[Mizoram]]
|country = [[India]]
|campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
|students=
|administrative_staff= 27 teaching, 11 non-teaching
|affiliations= [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]] [[Mizoram University]]
|website = http://www.lawngtlaicollege.mizoram.gov.in
}}

'''Government Lawngtlai College''' is the only institute of [[higher education]] in [[Lawngtlai district]] of [[Mizoram]], [[northeast India]]. It was established by public demand in 1980 in [[Lawngtlai]]. It became a government college under the [[Government of Mizoram]] in 1988.

The college is a branch member of the [[Mizoram College Teachers' Association]],<ref>{{cite web| author= MCTA|title= About Mizoram College Teachers' Association |date= 2012| url= http://www.mcta.org.in/13-mcta-newsletter/1-about-mizoram-college-teachers-association |work= mcta.org.in |publisher= Mizoram College Teachers' Association|accessdate= 8 August 2013}}</ref> and the Red Ribbon Club of the Mizoram State AIDS Control Society.<ref>{{cite web| author= MSACS|title=Mizoram State AIDS Control Society: RED RIBBON CLUB |date= 2010| url= http://mizoramsacs.nic.in/menu/red_ribbon_club.html |work= mizoramsacs.nic.in|publisher= Mizoram State AIDS Control Society|accessdate= 9 August 2013}}</ref>

==History ==
Government Lawngtlai College was established by the people of [[Lai Autonomous District Council]] in 1980. It was upgraded to deficit status on 1 July 1988. It was originally affiliated to the [[North Eastern Hill University]], but the jurisdiction was transferred to [[Mizoram University]], when the university was established in 2001. It is recognised by the [[University Grants Commission (India)]].<ref>{{cite web| author= |title= PROFILE OF GOVT. LAWNGTLAI COLLEGE, LAWNGTLAI|date= | url= http://www.lawngtlaicollege.mizoram.gov.in/page/College%20profile.html |work= |publisher=Government Lawngtlai College, Government of Mizoram |accessdate= 9 August 2013}}</ref>

==Location==
Government Lawngtlai College is located in the southern region of Mizoram, 300 km away from [[Aizawl]], the capital city of the state. The college is ideally situated on a hillock within Lawngtlai town. It has an approach road of 700 m (approximately) branching off the main [[National Highway (India)|National Highway]] No. 54.

==Departments==
*Department of English
*Department of History
*Department of Geography
*Department of Education
*Department of Political Science
*Department of Economics
*Department of Public Administration
*Department of Sociology
*Department of Mizo

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.lawngtlaicollege.mizoram.gov.in/ }}

{{Mizoram University}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Mizoram University]]
[[Category:Lawngtlai district| ]]

Vinod Kumar (politician)

2026-04-27T17:22:53Z

Rxsolution:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vinod Kumar
| image = Vinod Kumar MLA Nachan-28.png
| caption =
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA Nachan Constituency Himachal Pradesh]]
| native_name = विनोद कुमार
| constituency = [[Nachan Assembly constituency]]
| country = [[India]]
| predecessor = Dile Ram
| president = [[Draupadi Murmu]]
| prime_minister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| term_start = 2012
| source = https://hpvidhansabha.nic.in/Member/Details/30
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
| birth_name = Vinod Kumar <ref>https://hpvidhansabha.nic.in/Member/Details/30</ref>
| birth_date = 18 April 1980
| birth_place = V.P.O Chail Chowk [[Chachiot]], [[Mandi district]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]]
| citizenship = {{flag|India}}
| spouse = Harsha Kumari
| children = *Swarnim Chauhan
*Vaibhav Chauhan
| parents = Kanhaiya Lal (father)
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| profession = *[[Agriculturist]]
*[[business person]]
}}
'''Vinod Kumar'''<ref>Hon'ble Member Legislative Assembly
https://hpvidhansabha.nic.in/Member/Details/30</ref> is an Indian politician, social worker and incumbent Member of [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] for [[Nachan Assembly constituency]] as a member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].He is serving his third term as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] in the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], winning continuously since 2012 in the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] Government of Himachal Pradesh.In [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]s, Vinod Kumar defeated Naresh Kumar of [[Indian National Congress]] party by the margin of 8,956 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-07 |title=Nachan election: BJP's Vinod Kumar wins, defeats Congress' Naresh Kumar by 8,956 votes |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/nachan-election-result-2022-live-check-winner-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-15345481.htm |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Raju |date=2022-11-04 |title=Himachal Pradesh election results: BJP's Vinod Kumar wins Nachan with 8956 votes margin |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/nachan-assembly-constituency-himachal-pradesh-election-2022-details-history-voting-dates-results-mla-population-2022-11-04-821376 |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==
*2002 - 2005, Secretary of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] Yuva Mocha
*2012 - 2017, [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] for [[Nachan Assembly constituency]]
*2013 - 2017, Member of Welfare, Rules and Ethics Committees
* 2017 - 2022, 2nd term [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] for [[Nachan Assembly constituency]]
*2018 - 2021, Member of Estimates Committee
*2019 - 2022, Member of Privileges Committee
*2021 - 2022, Chairman of Human Development Committee
* 2022 - Ongoing, 3rd term [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] for [[Nachan Assembly constituency]]
* 2023 - Ongoing, State Secretary of [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] [[Himachal Pradesh]]

== Electoral performance ==
{{trim|{{#section-h:Nachan Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2022}}}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Nachan Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2017}}}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Nachan Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2012}}}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Vinod}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Mandi district]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]

{{HimachalPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Lisa Gill

2026-04-25T16:04:42Z

Rxsolution: added basic entry first draft

{{Short description|5th Chief Justice of Andhra Pradesh High Court}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Lisa Gill
| office = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Andhra Pradesh High Court|5th Chief Justice]] of [[Andhra Pradesh High Court]]
| term_start = 25 April 2026
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Dhiraj Singh Thakur]]
| nominator = [[Surya Kant]]
| appointer = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| office1 = [[Judge]] of [[Andhra Pradesh High Court]]
| term_start1 = 13 March 2026
| term_end1 = 24 April 2026
| nominator1 = [[Surya Kant]]
| appointer1 = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| office2 = [[Judge]] of [[Punjab & Haryana High Court]]
| term_start2 = 31 March 2014
| term_end2 = 12 March 2026
| nominator2 = [[P. Sathasivam]]
| appointer2 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Chief Justice
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1966|11|17|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| education = [[B. A.]], [[LL.B]] and [[LL.M]]
| alma_mater = [[Panjab University]]
}}
'''Lisa Gill''' (born 17 November 1966) is an Indian judge, currently serving as the 5th Chief Justice [[Andhra Pradesh High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=High Court of Andhra Pradesh |url=https://aphc.gov.in/profiles.php |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=aphc.gov.in}}</ref> She is a former judge of Andhra Pradesh High Court and [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=High Court of Punjab and Haryana |url=https://www.highcourtchd.gov.in/?mod=chief |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251214155727/https://www.highcourtchd.gov.in/?mod=chief |archive-date=2025-12-14 |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=highcourtchd.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Justice Gill was born on 17 November 1966. She completed her schooling from [[Carmel Convent School]] at [[Chandigarh]]. She is completed her [[B. A.]], [[LL.B]] and [[LL.M]] from Department of Laws at [[Panjab University]]. In 1990 she enrolled as an advocate and started practising in [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]]. She has experience in various cases including criminal, civil revenue, constitutional and service matters.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=Newsmeter |date=2026-02-28 |title=Who is Justice Lisa Gill, set to become first female CJ of Andhra High Court |url=https://newsmeter.in/regional/andhra-pradesh/who-is-justice-lisa-gill-set-to-become-first-female-cj-of-andhra-high-court-763785 |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=newsmeter.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
She was appointed as an Additional Judge of the [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]] on 31 March 2014<ref>{{Cite web |last=NETWORK |first=LIVELAW NEWS |date=2014-03-29 |title=Lisa Gill as 47th judge of Punjab and Haryana High Court, 5 names impending with Supreme Court |url=https://www.livelaw.in/lisa-gill-47th-judge-punjab-haryana-high-court-5-names-impending-supreme-court |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref> and was made permanent on 19 December 2014. In February 2026, Supreme court collegium, in accordance with its new transfer policy for chief justices,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-27 |title=Collegium adopts new policy to transfer prospective HC chief justices in advance |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/collegium-adopts-new-policy-to-transfer-prospective-hc-chief-justices-in-advance-101772162967557.html |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> first recommended her transfer as puisne judge and subsequent elevation as chief justice of [[Andhra Pradesh High Court]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bench |first=Bar & |date=2026-02-27 |title=Collegium recommends appointment of P&H High Court Justice Lisa Gill as Chief Justice of Andhra Pradesh High Court |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/collegium-recommends-appointment-of-ph-high-court-justice-lisa-gill-as-chief-justice-of-andhra-pradesh-high-court |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref> in April 2026 when the then chief justice [[Dhiraj Singh Thakur]] were to be retire.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohanty |first=Suchitra Kalyan |date=2026-02-08 |title=Collegium moots Justice Lisa Gill as next CJ of Andhra Pradesh HC |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2026/Feb/28/collegium-moots-justice-lisa-gill-as-next-cj-of-andhra-pradesh-hc |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> She was transferred to Andhra Pradesh High Court in March 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=NETWORK |first=LIVELAW NEWS |date=2026-03-06 |title=Centre Notifies Transfer Of Justice Lisa Gill From P&H HC To Andhra Pradesh High Court |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/centre-notifies-transfer-of-justice-lisa-gill-from-ph-hc-to-andhra-pradesh-high-court-525447 |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=Live Law |language=en}}</ref>

On 22 April 2026 she was appointed as chief justice<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bench |first=Bar & |date=2026-04-23 |title=Centre notifies appointment of Justice Lisa Gill as Chief Justice of Andhra Pradesh High Court |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/centre-notifies-appointment-of-justice-lisa-gill-as-chief-justice-of-andhra-pradesh-high-court |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref> and took oath of office on 25 April 2026<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2026-04-25 |title=Justice Lisa Gill sworn in as Chief Justice of AP HC |url=https://telanganatoday.com/justice-lisa-gill-sworn-in-as-chief-justice-of-ap-hc |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref> becoming first woman to hold the chief justice post in Andhra Pradesh High Court.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2026-04-25 |title=Justice Lisa Gill Takes Oath As First Woman Chief Justice Of Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/state/justice-lisa-gill-takes-oath-as-first-woman-chief-justice-in-andhra-pradesh-today-enn26042502334 |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references responsive="1"></references>

[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Andhra Pradesh High Court]]

M. K. Binodini Devi

2026-04-24T00:35:50Z

Rxsolution: added basic biography more to come

{{Short description|Indian writer, poet, and princess (1922 – 2011)}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Maharaj Kumari Binodini Devi
| image =
| pseudonym = Binodini
| birth_name = Sana Wangol
| birth_date = {{birth date|1922|02|06|df=y}}
| birth_place = Royal Palace, [[Imphal]], [[Manipur Kingdom]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2011|01|17|1922|02|06}}
| death_place = Yaiskul, [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]], [[India]]
| occupation = Writer, poet, playwright
| language = Manipuri (Meiteilon)
| genre = 
| subject = 
| spouse = Dr L. Nanda Babu Roy (m. 1950, sep. 1967)
| children = L. Debabrata Roy L. Somi Roy
| awards = Jamini Sundar Guha Gold Medal (1966) [[Padma Shri]] (1976) [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (1979)
| signature = M.K. Binodini Devi.png
}}

'''Maharaj Kumari Binodini Devi''' (born ''Sana Wangol''; 6 February 1922 – 17 January 2011), known as M.K. Binodini Devi and henceforth referred to as MK Binodini or '''Binodini,''' the mononym that she wrote under, was a writer, social activist and princess of [[Manipur]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=L. Somi |title=Makers of Indian Literature: M.K. Binodini Devi |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=2022 |isbn=978-93-5548-290-7 |edition=1st |location=Kolkata}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> She worked in multiple genres, including fiction, essays, drama, screenplays, lyrics, and ballet scripts often addressing themes such as patriarchy and colonialism in Manipuri society.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chowdhury |first=Payel Dutta |date=2021-06-30 |title=WOMEN IN PATRIARCHY: CRITIQUING THE POSITION OF MANIPURI WOMEN IN M.K. BINODINI DEVI'S THE PRINCESS AND THE POLITICAL AGENT |url=https://hrdc.gujaratuniversity.ac.in/Publication/article?id=3640 |journal=Towards Excellence |language=en |pages=721–727 |doi=10.37867/TE130258|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Maharaj Kumari Binodini Devi Foundation,IMASI,imasi,imasi.org |url=https://www.imasi.org/biography.php |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=www.imasi.org}}</ref> She received the [[Padma Shri]] in 1976 (returned 2001), and her historical novel ''[[Boro Saheb Ongbi Sanatombi]]'' (1976) won the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 1979.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=..:: SAHITYA : Akademi Awards ::.. |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref> The novel was subsequently translated into English as ''The Princess and the Political Agent'' and published as a Penguin Modern Classic in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Wire: The Wire News India, Latest News, News from India, Politics, External Affairs, Science, Economics, Gender and Culture |url=https://thewire.in/books/binodini-manipuri-princess-story-translation |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=thewire.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-05-22 |title=41 years on, Manipuri classic relives forgotten chapter of British Raj |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/41-years-on-manipuri-classic-relives-forgotten-chapter-of-british-raj/articleshow/75885145.cms#_ga=2.153753531.2051262709.1712292241-1759822458.1712292241 |access-date=2024-04-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Life==

Sana Wangol or Wangolsana was born 6 February 1922 to Sir [[Churachand Singh|Maharaja Churachand Singh]] of the [[Manipur (princely state)|Manipur Kingdom]] and Maharani Dhanamanjuri Devi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 Feb 2015 |title=A Slice of Royalty |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/a-slice-of-royalty/ |access-date=12 Feb 2019 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=9 March 2018 |title=Binodini's Women: The three strong characters of My Son, My Precious |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/gender/binodinis-women-the-three-strong-characters-of-my-son-my-precious-5091936/ |access-date=12 February 2019 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/books/2020/may/04/iconic-manipuri-novelist-mk-binodinis-the-princess-and-the-political-agent-to-release-on-may-11-24655.html|title=Iconic Manipuri novelist M.K. Binodini's 'The Princess and the Political Agent' to release on May 11|website=www.indulgexpress.com|date=4 May 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-27 |title=Maharaja Churachand Singh, KCSI, CBE |url=https://www.geni.com/people/Maharaja-Churachand-Singh-KCSI-CBE/6000000063005979870 |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=geni_family_tree |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Churachand Higher Secondary School, Imphal-about-us |url=https://preprimaryschools.com/school/churachand-higher-secondary-school-7149/about-us |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=preprimaryschools.com}}</ref> M.K. Binodini Devi was the first woman to graduate in Manipur and its first woman writer.

She married Dr. Laifungbam Nanda Babu Roy,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr Laifangbam Nanda Babu Roy |url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.Top_Stories.Dr_Laifangbam_Nanda_Babu_Roy |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shamurailatpam Gautam |date=2014-02-05 |title=Somi Roy's Journey towards Setting a Pony Agenda {{!}} Manipur Times |url=https://manipurtimes.com/somi-roy-s-journey-towards-setting-a-pony-agenda/ |access-date=2024-04-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> on 26 January 1950; they had two sons, L. Debabrata Roy and L. Somi Roy.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=MK Binodini Literature |url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=features.Profile_of_Manipuri_Personalities.Donny_Luwang.MK_Binodini_Literature |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

Binodini was also a sculptor and studied art in [[Shantiniketan|Santiniketan]] with [[Ramkinkar Baij]] (also Vaij) and other artists. Many of the portraits painted by Baij of her are now held in the [[National Gallery of Modern Art|National Gallery of Modern Art in New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ningthoujam |first=Diana |date=9 September 2012 |title=A Portrait of the Muse |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/a-portrait-of-the-muse/999854/ |access-date=3 April 2024 |website=Financial Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Binodini by Ramkinkar Baij |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/binodini-ramkinkar-baij/7QFfklVZSFvnAA?hl=en |access-date=4 April 2024 |website=Google Arts and Culture}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=donyluwang |date=2013-03-02 |title=Biography of Late M.K. Binodini |url=https://donyluwang.wordpress.com/2013/03/02/biography-of-late-m-k-binodini/ |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=DONY |language=en}}</ref>

[https://imasi.org/ Imasi: The Maharaj Kumari Binodini Devi Foundation] was established in Imphal, Manipur, by her son, L. Somi Roy, and the writer's friends and associates. Its stated goal is to preserve, protect and promote the legacy of M.K. Binodini Devi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=L. Somi Roy |url=https://www.penguin.co.in/book_author/somi-roy/ |access-date=4 April 2024 |website=Penguin Random House India}}</ref>

==Career==

=== Literature ===
M.K. Binodini Devi wrote her first short story, ''Imaton'' (Stepmother)'','' while she was still a student at Tamphasana Girls High School. <blockquote>"My first short story was called ''Imaton''. It is about a relationship between a young man and his young stepmother. I liked it immensely as a good story. So, I showed it to my teacher, Oja Salam Tombi, who also happened to be my tutor. Contrary to my expectations, he gave me a sound scolding for writing it. He said it was unbecoming of me to write such an immoral adult story."<ref name=":7" /></blockquote>
Her first book ''was Nunggairakta Chandramukhi (ꯅꯨꯡꯒꯥꯏꯔꯛꯇ ꯆꯟꯗꯔꯥꯃꯨꯈꯤ; A Chrysanthemum in Gravel)'', a collection of 19 short stories published in 1965, for which she was awarded the Jamini Sundar Guha Gold Medal.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=30 June 2009 |title=Cultural Root Is The Strength To My Literature Interview with Maharajah Kumari Binodini Devi |url=https://e-pao.org/erang/Classic/write/MK_Binodini_cultural_roots.php |access-date=5 April 2024 |website=E-Pao}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Governor lauds MK Binodini |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2022/2/6/IMPHAL-Feb-5-Governor-La-Ganesan-has-extended-heartiest-greetings-to-the-people-on-the-100th-birt.html |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref> Her collected short stories were published by Imasi Foundation as ''Wari Macha Binodinigi'' (Short Story Collection of Binodini) which included seven of her previously unpublished short stories. These 26 short stories are turned into audio recordings as an initiative of Imasi Foundation's [https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PL_4uhKmvG1n5bcyTQObN4VAiBuvqZuzos&si=VvZhh9-c6lNjKr0k Imasi Podcast] project available on the Imasi Foundation YouTube channel. She received a [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 1979 for her historical novel ''[[Boro Saheb Ongbi Sanatombi]] (The Princess and the Political Agent).'' The historical novel is about Princess Sanatombi, her aunt, and Colonel Henry St. P. Maxwell, the political agent of Manipur, and is set in the years leading up and following the [[Anglo-Manipur War|Anglo-Manipuri War of 1891.]] It was recorded as an audiobook by Penguin Random House, India and Audible in 2023.

Binodini wrote her play ''[[Ashangba Nongjabi|Asangba Nongjabi]]'' (''Crimson Rainclouds,'' Thema Books, 2012) (''ꯑꯁꯪꯕ ꯅꯣꯡꯖꯥꯕꯤ''), adapting it for the stage from her radio play called ''Shilpi.'' She wrote 15 radio plays, 12 of which are published in the collection, ''Khonjel Lila Binodinigi'' (''The Collected Radio Plays of Binodini;'' ''ꯈꯣꯟꯖꯦꯜ ꯂꯤꯂꯥ ꯕꯤꯅꯣꯗꯤꯅꯤꯒꯤ;'' Imasi Publications, 2016). She translated ''[[Evam Indrajit|Ebong Indrajit]],'' a notable [[Bengali language|Bangla-language]] play by [[Badal Sircar]], as well as works by [[Rabindranath Tagore]] and [[Sankar (writer)|Sankar.]]

Her last book was a volume of memoir essays about life in the royal palace, titled ''Churachand Maharajgi Imung'' (''ꯆꯨꯔꯥꯆꯥꯟꯗ ꯃꯥꯍꯥꯔꯥꯖꯒꯤ ꯏꯃꯨꯡ'') (''The Maharaja's Household: A Daughter's Memories of Her Father'', Zubaan 2015). It covers the reign of Maharaja Churachand from 1891-1941. These essays appeared first in the Manipuri daily, Poknapham. The volume of essays was published in 2008.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chowdhury |first=Payel Dutta |date=2021-06-30 |title=Women in Patriarchy: Critiquing the Position of Manipuri Women in M.k. Binodini Devi's The Princess and the Political Agent |journal=Towards Excellence |pages=721–727 |doi=10.37867/te130258 |issn=0974-035X|doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Film===
Binodini wrote screenplays for Manipuri feature films like ''[[Olangthagee Wangmadasoo|Olangthagee Wangmadasu]] (ꯑꯣꯂꯥꯡꯊꯥꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯡꯃꯗꯁꯨ;1980)'', ''[[Imagi Ningthem]] (ꯏꯃꯥꯒꯤ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯦꯝ;1981)'', ''[[Paokhum Ama]] (ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯨꯝ ꯑꯃꯥ;1983)'', ''Thengmallabara Radhamanbi (ꯊꯦꯡꯃꯜꯂꯕꯔꯥ ꯔꯥꯘꯥ ꯃꯥꯟꯕꯤ;1985),'' ''[[Ishanou]] (ꯏꯁꯥꯅꯧ;1990)'', ''[[Mayophygee Macha]] (ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯐꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯆꯥ;1994)'', ''[[Ashangba Nongjabi|Asangba Nongjabi]], 2003'' and ''[[Nangna Kappa Pakchade]] (ꯅꯪꯅ ꯀꯞꯄ ꯄꯛꯆꯗꯦ; 2013)''. Her story ''Ngaihak Lambida (ꯉꯥꯏꯍꯥꯛ ꯂꯝꯕꯤꯗꯥ)'' was made into a short film by [[Haobam Paban Kumar]]. She also wrote the scripts for non-fiction films such as ''[[Orchids of Manipur (film)|Orchids of Manipur]] (1993)'', ''Sangai: The Dancing Deer of Manipur (1991)'', and ''Laa (ꯂꯥ)''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=E-CineIndia (January-March 2024) – FIPRESCI-India |url=https://fipresci-india.org/e-cineindia-january-march-2024/ |access-date=2024-04-09 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

In 1981, Aribam Syam Sharma's film ''[[Imagi Ningthem]]'' (''My Son, My Precious'', screenplay published by Cinewave, 1981) based on her screenplay adapted from her radioplay of the same name, won the Montgolfiere Grand Prix at Nantes in France.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |author=Unknown |date=2010-09-15 |title=Kumari Binodini passes away |url=https://assamtribune.com/kumari-binodini-passes-away |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Press |first=Imphal Free |date=2014-05-20 |title=Towards an Inclusive Indian Cinema: Three Forgotten Voices – KanglaOnline |url=https://kanglaonline.in/2014/05/towards-an-inclusive-indian-cinema-three-forgotten-voices/ |access-date=2024-04-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> She wrote the original screenplay of ''[[Ishanou]]'' (Aribam Syam Sharma, 1990), whch was selected for [[Un Certain Regard]] at the [[1991 Cannes Film Festival]]. It was later recognised as a Cannes Classic in May 2023. She scripted the film version of the Manipuri ballet called ''Sangai: The Dancing Deer of Manipur'' by [[Aribam Syam Sharma]] which was selected as the Outstanding Film of the Year Award for 1991 by the [[British Film Institute]] (BFI).

Many of her screenplays won national and state film awards in India, including multiple awards for ''[[Olangthagee Wangmadasoo|Olangthagee Wangmadasu]]'' and the Best Story Award at the 9th Manipur State Film Awards for the movie, ''Nangna Kappa Pakchade'' in 2014, awarded posthumously.

===Songs===
Binodini wrote 58 songs and translated 29 ''[[Rabindra Sangeet]]'' into Manipuri. These were published in ''Isei Binodinigi (ꯏꯁꯩ ꯕꯤꯅꯣꯗꯤꯅꯤꯒꯤ)'' by Imasi Publications in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Two books by Mk Binodini Devi launched on her birth centenary at Sri Sri Govindaji by Imasi Foundation. |url=https://www.hoten.life/p/two-books-by-mk-binodini-devi-launched-o-ziwifsie83873kuv |access-date=4 April 2024 |website=hoten.life}}</ref> The second edition of this collection of songs by Binodini was published as ''Khongjom Parba Amadi Isei Binodinigi'' as a dual Meitei Mayek and Bangla script edition in 2026 by Imasi Foundation, with the addition of her epic ballad, ''Khongjom Parba,'' about the Anglo-Manipuri War of 1891 and its aftermath. She wrote lyrics for a song titled ''Lapna Lotna Leiyu'' (''ꯂꯥꯞꯅ ꯂꯣꯠꯅ ꯂꯩꯌꯨ'') for the first Manipuri feature film ''[[Matamgi Manipur]]'' (''ꯃꯇꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯤꯄꯨꯔ'') (1973). Many of her songs are still sung today and are classics of contemporary Manipuri songs. They were all performed by artists of Roop Raag (ꯔꯨꯞ ꯔꯥꯒ) and were broadcast over [[All India Radio]], Imphal.

Patriotic songs written by her such as ''Kannada Sinnani Phiral Ase'' (ꯀꯟꯅꯥꯗ ꯁꯤꯟꯅꯅꯤ ꯐꯤꯔꯥꯜ ꯑꯁꯦ)'', Sukna Mamla Guha Nungda (''ꯁꯨꯛꯅ ꯃꯝꯂ ꯒꯨꯍꯥ ꯅꯨꯡꯗ'') ''and ''Lairabini Hainei Ima Nangbu Mina'' (ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯕꯤꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅꯩ ꯏꯃꯥ ꯅꯪꯕꯨ ꯃꯤꯅ) were associated with the Great June Uprising on 18 June 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The great June 18 uprising and the 18 great souls By Samarjit Kambam 2 |url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.opinions.Opinion_on_Manipur_Integrity_Issue.The_great_June_18_uprising_and_the_18_great_souls_By_Samarjit_Kambam_2 |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref> It was the occasion when she returned her [[Padma Shri]] awarded to her by the [[Government of India]] in 1976.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=BINODINI, RATAN THIYAM TO DISOWN PADMASHREE TITLES : 04th jul01 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=3..040701.jul01 |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

===Dance===
Binodini wrote the scripts for six modern Manipuri ballets. They were produced by the [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] Manipur Dance Academy (JNMDA) where she served as Secretary for 11 years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=KanglaOnline |date=2011-01-17 |title=Grand Old Lady of Manipur, MK Binodini no more – KanglaOnline |url=https://kanglaonline.in/2011/01/grand-old-lady-of-manipur-mk-binodini-no-more/ |access-date=2024-04-05 |language=en-US}}</ref> They include ''Keibmuchamjao (ꯀꯩꯕꯨꯜ ꯂꯝꯖꯥꯎ; 1985)'' and ''Loktak Isei (ꯂꯣꯛꯇꯥꯛ ꯏꯁꯩ, 1991; The Ballad of Loktak).''<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=L. Somi |date=2022-05-28 |title=A Shade of Green: Another One of M.K. Binodini's Immortal Lyrics – Sangbanabi » Imphal Review of Arts and Politics |url=https://imphalreviews.in/a-shade-of-green-another-one-of-m-k-binodinis-immortal-lyrics-sangbanabi/ |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=imphalreviews.in |language=en-GB}}</ref><blockquote>"The Loktak lake is a rich depository of several legendary tales. There is a big tradition, a huge cultural tradition associated with the lake. There has been so much literature on the Loktak, inspired by its beauty and charm, of its legends and folktales. That is why I have tried to write the ballet Loktak Eshei [sic] for the Jawaharlal Nehru Manipur Dance Academy."<ref name=":7" /></blockquote>They use both classical [[Manipuri dance|Manipuri Dance]] and folk styles to tell stories based on Manipuri folklore. These ecological ballets contributed to environmental awareness and wildlife preservation in Manipur. The film version of her ballet ''Keibul Lamjao's,'' titled ''Sangai: The Dancing Deer of Manipur,'' was produced by [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Sangeet Natak Akademi |title=Sangai - Dancing Deer of Manipur |date=1987 |url=http://archive.org/details/pli.sangeet.Sangai |access-date=2024-04-05}}</ref>

In 1976, M.K. Binodini Devi led a Manipuri dance troupe to perform at the [[Smithsonian Institution]] in Washington DC for the celebration of the [[United States Bicentennial|US Bicentennial]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=MK Binodini honoured with award : 08th jun10 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=21..080610.jun10 |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref> The troupe also toured [[Mexico]], [[Canada]] and [[Europe]]. In 2003, she wrote ''Ho Mexico! Lamkoi Wari'' (ꯍꯣ ꯃꯦꯛꯁꯤꯀꯣ! ꯂꯝꯀꯣꯏ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ; ''O Mexico! Travel Tales''), a series of travel essays about the dance tour.<ref name=":4" />

===Essays and social activism===
M.K. Binodini Devi used her literature to advocate for wildlife and environmental causes. Her essay ''Thoibido Warouhou'i'' (''ꯊꯣꯏꯕꯤꯗꯣ ꯋꯥꯔꯧꯍꯧꯏ'') (The Pique of the Doe, 1973) was her basis for her ballet Keibul Lamjao. These works ignited themes of wildlife appreciation and environmental awareness. <blockquote>"I felt ashamed to ride in the presence of the animals. I got off and walked down the hill. The car followed me, stupidly."<ref name=":11" /></blockquote>

The essay along with others ''Ahong Yumna Haihou'i'' (ꯑꯍꯣꯡ ꯌꯨꯝꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯍꯧꯢ;''The Ancestral Home'') and ''Darjeeling Chat'ngeida'' (''ꯗꯥꯔꯖꯤꯂꯤꯡ ꯆꯠꯉꯩꯗ''; ''Upon a Visit to Darjeeling'').<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=L. Somi |date=2022-05-28 |title=A Shade of Green: Another One of M.K. Binodini's Immortal Lyrics – Sangbanabi » Imphal Review of Arts and Politics |url=https://imphalreviews.in/a-shade-of-green-another-one-of-m-k-binodinis-immortal-lyrics-sangbanabi/ |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=imphalreviews.in |language=en-GB}}</ref> Most of them were published in Manipuri newspapers like [[Poknapham]] (ꯄꯣꯛꯅꯐꯝ) and [[Naharolgi Thoudang]] (ꯅꯥꯍꯥꯔꯣꯜꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ).<blockquote>"A woman of letters, she contributes regularly to the local dailies such as [[Poknapham]], [[Naharolgi Thoudang]] and the [[Imphal Free Press]] with letters, stories, articles and commentaries of current social and political issues in Manipur."<ref name=":8" /> </blockquote>M.K. Binodini Devi took part in the [[Quit India Movement]] in 1942,<ref name=":10" /> and was a lifetime president of the Manipur chapter of the [[Indian People's Theatre Association]] (IPTA).<ref name=":2" />

Her patriotic songs including ''Kannada Sinnani Phiral Ase'' and ''Lairabini Hainei Ima Nangbu Mina'' are popular in Manipur today.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Meisnam Luwang |first=Donny |date=9 Nov 2009 |title=Maharaj Kumari (MK) Binodini: Padmashree Awardee in the field of Literature and Social Work |url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=features.Profile_of_Manipuri_Personalities.Donny_Luwang.MK_Binodini_Literature |access-date=5 April 2024 |website=E-pao}}</ref> In October 2001, she founded LEIKOL (Leima Khorjei Kol) (ꯂꯩꯃ ꯈꯣꯔꯖꯩ ꯀꯣꯜ), a women's writers' circle.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Leikol |url=https://leikolmanipur.com/about-leikol/ |access-date=4 April 2024 |website=LEIKOL MANIPUR}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> In 1975, she introduced microfinancing for market women and was the founding chairman of the Manipur Women's Cooperative Bank Ltd.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ningombam |first=Rojibala |date=2022-01-31 |title=Maharaj Kumari Binodini Devi (1922-2011), A Harbinger of Modernity and Feminism in Manipur |url=https://ajmrr.thelawbrigade.com/article/maharaj-kumari-binodini-devi-1922-2011-a-harbinger-of-modernity-and-feminism-in-manipur/ |journal=Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research & Review |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=17–28 |issn=2582-8088}}</ref>

She was elected to the Manipur Assembly in 1952.

==Bibliography==
===Publications (in Manipuri)===
* ''Nunggairakta Chandramukhi'' (A Chrysanthemum in Gravel'','' 1965'')'', short stories
* ''Asangba Nongjabi'' (Crimson Rainclouds, 1966), plays
* ''[[Boro Saheb Ongbi Sanatombi]]'' (The Princess and the Political Agent, 1976), novel
* ''Amasung Indrajit'' (And Indrajit, 1990), translation of the Bengali play by Badal Sircar
* ''O Mexico! Lamkoi Wari'' (2004), travel writing about Mexico, the US and Europe
* ''Churachand Maharajgi Imung'' (The Maharaja's Household, memoir essays, 2008)
* ''Isei Binodinigi'' (Songs of Binodini, ed.: Aribam Syam Sharma, Chongtham Kamala; Imasi Publications, 2014)
* ''Khonjel Lila Binodinigi'' (Radio Plays of Binodini, ed.: Chongtham Kamala, Dr. Tarunkumari Bishnulatpam; Imasi Publications, 2016)
* ''Wari Macha Binodinigi'' (Collected Short Stories of Binodini) ed. L. Somi Roy; Imasi Publications, 2022)

===Film scripts (in Manipuri)===
* ''[[Olangthagee Wangmadasoo]]'' (feature film, original screenplay, 1980)
* ''[[Imagi Ningthem]]'' (feature film, 1981)
* ''[[Paokhum Ama]]'' (feature film, original screenplay, 1983)
* ''Sangai, the Dancing Deer of Manipur'' (documentary, 1988),
* ''[[Ishanou]] (''feature film, original screenplay,''1990)''
* ''[[Mayophygee Macha]]'' (feature film, 1994)
* ''[[Orchids of Manipur (film)|Orchids of Manipur]]'' (documentary, 1994)
* ''[[Sanabi]]'' (feature film, 1995)
* ''La'' (documentary, 1997),
* ''Thengmallabara Radhamanbi'' (feature film, 1999)
* ''[[Ashangba Nongjabi]]'' (television feature film, 2003)
* ''[[Ngaihak Lambida]]'' (short feature, story, 2006)
* ''[[Nangna Kappa Pakchade]]'' (feature, 2013)

===Radio plays===
* ''Basi Marol Chumdaba''
* ''Charangnaraba Nung''
* ''Cheisra''
* ''Chithi''
* ''Imagi Ningthem''
* ''Imphal Kaba''
* ''Jahanara'' or ''Ketabgi Segaikhraba Lamai''
* ''Kanana Keithel Kabini?''
* ''Kaorabara Ras Sannabagi Ahingdo''
* ''Nandini''
* ''Nangna Kappa Pakchade''
* ''Ngaikho, Hingminakhisi''
* ''Nongphadok Lakpada''
* ''Shilpi,'' later ''Asangba Nongjabi''
* ''Sribon Chinggi Tamnalai''
* ''Thengmallabara Radhamanbi''

===Adaptations===
* ''Ahing Amagi Wari'' (based on a story by Haobam Satyabati)
* ''Charangnaraba Nung'' (Rabindranath Tagore's ''Hungry Stones'')
* ''Nongphadok Lakpada'' (based on Lamabam Biramani's ''Atithi'')
* ''Sanabi'' (based on Binodini's ''Sanabi'')

===Ballet scripts (in Manipuri)===
* ''Kong Hangoi'' (children's ballet, 1971)
* ''Thoibi'' (ballet, 1972)
* ''Keibul Lamjao'' (wildlife ballet, 1984'')''
* ''Loktak Isei'' (ecology ballet, 1991)
* ''Pebet'' (children's ballet, 1996)
* ''A Throw of Dice'' (based on the Mahabharata)

===Translations===
* ''Ima (Mother,'' Maxim Gorky'')''
* ''Amasung Indrajit'' (''Evam Indrajit'', Badal Sircar)
* ''Solution X'' (Badal Sircar)
* ''Sakhangdaba Kayani'' (''Koto Ajanare'', Shankar)
* ''Charangnaraba Nung'' (''Khudito Pashan'', Rabindranath Tagore)
* ''Karna Kunti Sangbad'' (Rabindranath Tagore)
* ''28 Rabindra Sangeet'' (Rabindranath Tagore)

===Selected translations===
* ''My Son, My Precious'' (''Imagi Ningthem''). Translation by L. Somi Roy. Cinewave, Calcutta 1981
* ''One Answer'' (''Paokhum Ama''). Cinewave, Calcutta 1982
* ''My Little Friend'' (''Imphal Turelgi'' ''Itamacha''). Translation by L. Somi Roy. Sahitya Akademi anthology. New Delhi 2005
* ''A String of Beads'' (''Charik Pareng'', in ''The Grasshopper and Other Stories'') Cambridge University Press, New Delhi 2011
* ''Crimson Rainclouds'' (''Asangba Nongjabi''). Translation by L. Somi Roy. Thema Books, Calcutta 2012
* ''Sanatombi'' (''Boro Saheb Ongbi Sanatombi''). Translated into Assamese by Indramani Rajkumar; Sahitya Akademi, 2012
* ''The Maharaja's Household: A Daughter's Memories of Her Father'' (''Churachandgi Maharajgi Imung''). Translation by L. Somi Roy. Zubaan Books, 2015
* ''Girls Hostel'' (''Sri Bhavana''). Translation by L. Somi Roy. Viswabharati Quarterly, 2018; ''Crafting the World,'' Zubaan Books, 2019
* ''The Princess and the Political Agent'' (''Boro Saheb Ongbi Sanatombi''). Translation by L. Somi Roy. Penguin Modern Classics, Penguin Random House India, 2020
* ''Nil Sandhyar Agun Megh'' (''Asangba Nongjabi'' and ''Sri Bhavana''). Translation into Bangla by Minati Ghosh and L. Somi Roy, Bhasha Samsad, 2022)

===Biography===
* ''Binodini: A Writer's Life,'' Film by [[Aribam Syam Sharma]], Sahitya Akademi, 2003, 26 min.
* ''MK Binodini Devi,'' L. Somi Roy, Sahitya Akademi, Makers of Indian Literature series, 2022

==Awards==
* ''Nunggairakta Chandramukhi,'' Jamini Sunder Guha Gold Medal, 1966<ref name=":3" />
* [[List of Padma Shri award recipients (1970–1979)|Padma Shri, 1976]], returned 2001<ref name=":5" />
* ''[[Boro Saheb Ongbi Sanatombi]]'', Sahitya Akademi Award, 1979<ref name=":1" />
* [[Kamal Kumari National Award|Kamal Kumari National Award for Culture, 2002]]
* Eminent Senior Writer Award, Sahitya Akademi, 2007
* Lifetime Achievement Award'','' Manipur State Kala Akademi, 2011 (posthumous)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipur State Kala Akademi(MSKA) |url=https://artnculturemanipur.gov.in/en/manipur-state-kala-akademimska/#:~:text=The%20MSKA%20Lifetime%20Achievement%20Award,Honour,%20Memento%20and%20a%20Shawl. |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=artnculturemanipur.gov.in }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-08-08 |title=Award presentation ceremony of Manipur State Kala Academy held – Manipur News |url=https://www.manipur.org/news/2012/08/08/award-presentation-ceremony-of-manipur-state-kala-academy-held/ |access-date=2024-04-05 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Best Story award at the 9th Manipur State Film Awards for ''[[Nangna Kappa Pakchade]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=One Stop Solution for Career and Livelihod |url=https://www.advancingnortheast.in/beti_bachao/m-k-binodini-devi/ |access-date=2025-02-22}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0222458}}
*[https://leikolmanipur.com/ LEIKOL MANIPUR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403164806/https://leikolmanipur.com/ |date=3 April 2024 }}
*[https://imasi.org/ Imasi: The Maharaj Kumari Binodini Devi Foundation]
*M.K. Binodini Devi directed by Aribam Syam Sharma in YouTube.
*Somi Roy. (2016, February 29). ''Loktak Isei (Ballad of Loktak)'' [Video]. YouTube.
*JOHNY HEIYAM. (2019, February 12). ''Kanada Sheenani Firal Asay / Emaleibak ningba eshei'' [Video]. YouTube.
*Rabindra Sangeet Roop Raag Archive. (2021, August 7). ''Rabindra Sangeet | Roop Raag Manipur | Meiteilon |'' [Video]. YouTube.

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Binodini Devi, M. K.}}
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Indian women novelists]]
[[Category:Indian women dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Meitei]]
[[Category:Indian princesses]]
[[Category:Daughters of monarchs]]
[[Category:Ningthouja dynasty]]

Shambhavi Choudhary

2026-04-21T11:51:01Z

Rxsolution: Created a page

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shambhavi Choudhary
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1998|06|15}}
| alma_mater = • [[Notre Dame Academy, Patna]] • [[Lady Shri Ram College|Lady Shri Ram College for Women(LSR)]] • [[Delhi School of Economics|Delhi School of Economics (DSE)]]
| birth_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Samastipur Lok Sabha constituency|Samastipur]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = [[Prince Raj]]
| successor =
| party = [[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)]]
| spouse = Saayan Kunal
| father = [[Ashok Choudhary]]
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
| relations = [[Kishore Kunal]] (father-in-law)
| education = [[B.A.]] & [[M.A.]] ([[sociology]])
}}
'''Shambhavi Choudhary''' (born 15 June 1998) is an Indian politician from [[Bihar]]. She is a [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] from [[Samastipur Lok Sabha constituency]], which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community and represented the [[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)]]. She is one of the youngest MPs in the [[18th Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Breaking News of Shambhavi Choudhary |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/topic/shambhavi-choudhary}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramashankar |date=2024-06-04 |title=NDA's Shambhavi Choudhary set to make history by becoming country's youngest MP from Bihar |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Jun/04/ndas-shambhavi-choudhary-set-to-make-history-by-becoming-countrys-youngest-mp-from-bihar |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Shambhavi is from [[Patna]], [[Bihar]]. She is the daughter of [[Ashok Choudhary]], who was the cabinet minister for the Building Construction Department of the Bihar government, currently cabinet minister of Rural works department of Bihar government and the National General Secretary of Janata Dal (United).<ref name=":0" />

Shambhavi was educated at [[Notre Dame Academy, Patna]]. She then completed her bachelor's degree in sociology at [[Lady Shri Ram College for Women]], [[Delhi]], in 2019 and later earned her master's degree in sociology from the [[Delhi School of Economics]] in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/results-2024-who-is-shambhavi-choudhary-indias-youngest-mp-101717560072900.html|title=Results 2024: Who is Shambhavi Choudhary, India's youngest MP?|publisher=Hindustan Times|access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref>

Shambhavi married Sayan Kunal, son of [[Kishore Kunal|Acharya Kishore Kunal]], in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shambhavi-Sayan Love Story : दलित की बेटी और सवर्ण का बेटा, सगाई में पहुंचे सीएम नीतीश, अशोक चौधरी और किशोर कुणाल बने समधी |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/patna/bihar-breaking-caste-distinction-ashok-choudhary-and-kishore-kunal-became-relatives-shambhavi-sayan-love-story-will-change-in-relationship/articleshow/89665262.cms |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shambhavi Choudhary: One Of The Youngest Candidates Who One Lok Sabha Polls |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/shambhavi-choudhary-one-of-the-youngest-candidates-who-one-lok-sabha-polls-5822631 |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

== Literary works ==
Shambhavi's book ''Bihar ke Gandhi Nitish Kumar,'' which she co authored with Ashok Choudhary was published by Prabhat Prakashan and it became a bestseller.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Choudhary |first=Ashok |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Bihar_Ke_Gandhi_Nitish_Kumar/bKkbEQAAQBAJ?hl=en |title=Bihar Ke Gandhi Nitish Kumar: Ashok Choudhary [Author]; Shambhavi Choudhary's Bestseller & Famous Book |last2=Choudhary |first2=Shambhavi |date=2024-08-22 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-93-5562-216-7 |publication-date=22 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref> She also translated the Constitution of India into Maithili. On the occasion of its release in Delhi, she met the Prime Minister Narendra Modi, who congratulated her on her translation and enquired about the development of her constituency.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2024 |title=Samastipur MP Shambhavi Chaudhary met PM Modi: congratulated him for the release of the Constitution in Maithili |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/samastipur/news/samastipur-mp-shambhavi-choudhary-met-the-prime-minister-134037186.html |access-date=14 July 2025 |website=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Shambhavi has been elected as a Member of Parliament from [[Samastipur Lok Sabha constituency]] in the [[2024 Indian general election in Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Samastipur Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Lok Sabha Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MP, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/samastipur-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-lok-sabha-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mp-margin-8918435.html |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> It has four Vidhana Sabha segments in [[Samastipur district]] and two in [[Darbhanga district]]. She polled 579,786 votes and defeated her nearest rival, Sunny Hazari of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 187,251 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Samastipur, Bihar Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 Highlights: Shambhavi Secures the Seat by 187251 Votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/samastipur-bihar-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-clse-2547654-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Samastipur Election Result 2024 Live Updates: LJPRV's Shambhavi Has Won This Lok Sabha Seat |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/samastipur-election-result-2024-live-updates-counting-of-votes-bihar-lok-sabha-seat-latest-news |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref>

In February 2025, she met home minister Amit Shah, along with her husband, a social worker, and discussed about development issues of her constituency.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=अमित शाह से मिलीं समस्तीपुर की सांसद शांभवी चौधरी, पति सायन कुणाल भी रहे साथ |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/samastipur-mp-shambhavi-chaudhary-met-amit-shah-husband-sayan-kunal-also-accompanied-him-201738666912868.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250213223941/https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/samastipur-mp-shambhavi-chaudhary-met-amit-shah-husband-sayan-kunal-also-accompanied-him-201738666912868.html |archive-date=2025-02-13 |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=www.livehindustan.com |language=hi-IN}}</ref>

== Social works ==
Choudhary oversees Gyan Niketan School, a school in [[Patna]] that actively supports female education.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-15 |title=Shambhavi Choudhary: One Of The Youngest Candidates Who One Lok Sabha Polls |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/shambhavi-choudhary-one-of-the-youngest-candidates-who-one-lok-sabha-polls-5822631|access-date=2024-06-15|website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{18th Lok Sabha members from Bihar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Choudhary, Shambhavi}}
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Lok Janshakti Party politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Bihar]]
[[Category:Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas) politicians]]
[[Category:Lady Shri Ram College alumni]]
[[Category:Delhi School of Economics alumni]]

Kuki-Chin–Naga languages

2026-04-18T07:50:37Z

Rxsolution:

{{Short description|Geographic language cluster}}
{{Infobox language family
| name = Kuki-Chin–Naga
| acceptance = geographic / cultural
| region = [[South Asia]] and [[Southeast Asia]]
| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
| fam2 = [[Central Tibeto-Burman languages|Central Tibeto-Burman]]?
| child1 = [[Kuki-Chin languages|Kuki-Chin]]
| child2 = [[Naga languages|Naga]]
| child3 = [[Meitei language|Meitei]]
| child4 = [[Karbi language|Karbi]]
| glotto = kuki1245
| glottorefname = Kuki-Chin–Naga
}}

The '''Kuki-Chin–Naga languages''' are a geographic clustering of languages of the [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan family]] in [[James Matisoff]]'s classification used by ''[[Ethnologue]]'', which groups it under the non-[[monophyly|monophyletic]] "Tibeto-Burman".<ref name=Ethnologue>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=284-16 SIL ''Ethnologue'']</ref> Their genealogical relationship both to each other and to the rest of Sino-Tibetan is unresolved, but Matisoff lumps them together as a convenience pending further research.

The languages are spoken by the ethnically related [[Naga people]] of [[Nagaland]], the Chin people of [[Myanmar]], and the [[Kuki people]]. The larger among these languages have communities of several tens of thousands of native speakers, and a few have more than 100,000, such as [[Mizo language|Mizo]] (674,756 in [[India]] as of 2001<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/partb.htm Distribution of the 100 non-scheduled languages]</ref>), [[Thadou language|Thadou]] (350,000) or [[Lotha language]] (180,000).

"Kuki" and "Chin" are essentially synonyms, whereas the Naga speak languages belonging to several Sino-Tibetan branches.

==Languages==
The established branches are:
* [[Kuki-Chin languages|Kuki-Chin]]
** [[Northwestern Kuki-Chin languages|Northwestern / Southern Naga]]
** [[Northern Kuki-Chin languages|Northern]]
** [[Central Kuki-Chin languages|Central]]
** [[Maraic languages|Maraic]]
** [[Khomic languages|Khomic]]
** [[Southern Kuki-Chin languages|Southern]]
* [[Naga languages|Naga]]
** [[Ao languages|Ao]], in north-central [[Nagaland]]
** [[Angami–Pochuri languages|Angami–Pochuri]], in southern [[Nagaland]]
** [[Tangkhul-Maring languages|Tangkhul-Maring]], in eastern [[Manipur]]
** [[Zemeic languages|Zemeic]], in northwestern [[Manipur]]
* [[Meitei language|Meitei]], the official language of [[Manipur]]
* [[Karbi language|Karbi]], in [[Karbi Anglong district|Karbi Anglong]], Central [[Assam]]

The [[Konyak languages]] of Nagaland, also spoken by ethnic [[Naga people|Naga]], are not grouped within Kuki-Chin–Naga, but rather within Brahmaputran ([[Sal languages|Sal]]).

''Ethnologue'' adds [[Koki Naga language|Koki]], [[Long Phuri language|Long Phuri]], [[Makuri language|Makuri]], and [[Para language|Para]], all unclassified, and all distant from other Naga languages they have been compared to. Koki is perhaps closest to (or one of) the [[Tangkhulic languages]], and the other three may belong together.

==Classification==
[[Scott DeLancey]] (2015)<ref>DeLancey, Scott. 2015. "Morphological Evidence for a Central Branch of Trans-Himalayan (Sino-Tibetan)." ''Cahiers de linguistique - Asie oriental'' 44(2):122-149. December 2015. {{doi|10.1163/19606028-00442p02}}</ref> considers Kuki-Chin–Naga to be part of a wider [[Central Tibeto-Burman languages|Central Tibeto-Burman]] group.

The following is a preliminary internal classification of the Kuki-Chin–Naga languages by Hsiu (2021).<ref>{{cite web|last=Hsiu|first=Andrew|url=https://sites.google.com/site/sinotibetanbranches/central-sino-tibetan/kuki-chin-naga|title=Kuki-Chin-Naga|work=Sino-Tibetan Branches Project|date=2021|access-date=2024-09-17}}</ref>

{{tree list}}
*Northern Kuki-Chin-Naga linguistic area (linkage)
**Greater Central Naga
***[[Makury language|Makury]]
***[[Long Phuri language|Long Phuri]]
***[[Para language|Para]] (Jejara)
***[[Central Naga languages|Central Naga]]
****[[Lotha language|Lotha]]
****[[Sangtam language|Sangtam]]
****[[Yimchungrü language|Yimchungrü]]
****[[Ao language|Ao]]
**[[Angami–Pochuri languages|Angami-Pochuri]]
***Angamic-Sumic
****Angamic
*****[[Angami language|Angami]], [[Chokri language|Chokri]]
*****[[Khezha language|Khezha]]
*****[[Sopvoma language|Mao]]
*****[[Poumai language|Poumai]]
****Sumic
*****[[Sumi language|Sumi]]
*****[[Rengma language|Rengma]]
***Pochuric
****[[Meluri language|Meluri]]
****[[Ntenyi language|Ntenyi]]
*Southern Kuki-Chin-Naga branch
**[[Zeme languages|Greater Zeme]] ("Western Naga")
***[[Zeme language|Zeme]], [[Mzieme language|Mzieme]]
***[[Liangmai language|Lianglad]]
***[[Rongmei language|Nruanghlat]]
***[[Maram language|Maram]]
***[[Khoirao language|Khoirao]]
***[[Puiron language|Puiron]]
**Greater Tangkhulic
***[[Akyaung Ari language|Akyaung Ari]]
***[[Tangkhulic languages|Tangkhulic]]
**[[Maring language (India)|Maring]], [[Khoibu language|Khoibu]] (Uipo)
**[[Kokak language|Kokak]]
**[[Suansu language|Suansu]] (?)
**[[Southern Naga languages|Southern Naga]]
**[[Kuki-Chin languages|Kuki-Chin]]
***[[Northern Kuki-Chin languages|Northern]]
***[[Central Kuki-Chin languages|Central]]
***[[Maraic languages|Maraic]]
***[[Southern Kuki-Chin languages|Southern]]
***[[Khomic languages|Khomic]]
{{tree list/end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

'''Reconstructions'''
*Bruhn, Daniel W. 2014. ''[http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~dwbruhn/Bruhn_2014_A-Phonological-Reconstruction-of-Proto-Central-Naga.pdf A phonological reconstruction of Proto-Central Naga]''. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.
*Mortensen, David R. 2012. ''Database of Tangkhulic Languages''. (unpublished ms. contributed to STEDT).
*VanBik, Kenneth. 2009. ''[http://stedt.berkeley.edu/pubs_and_prods/STEDT_Monograph8_Proto-Kuki-Chin.pdf Proto-Kuki-Chin: A reconstructed ancestor of the Kuki-Chin languages]''. STEDT Monograph Series 8. Berkeley, CA: STEDT.
*Khoi Lam Thang. 2001. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20161026164522/http://ic.payap.ac.th/wp-content/uploads/linguistics_PDF/Khois-Proto-Reconstruction-of-Chin-revised.pdf A phonological reconstruction of Proto Chin]''. M.A. Dissertation, Payap University.
*Button, Christopher. 2011. ''[http://stedt.berkeley.edu/pubs_and_prods/STEDT_Monograph10_Proto-Northern-Chin.pdf Proto Northern Chin]''. STEDT Monograph Series 10. Berkeley, CA: STEDT.

==External links==
*[https://sites.google.com/site/sinotibetanbranches/central/kuki-chin-naga Kuki-Chin-Naga] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022005223/https://sites.google.com/site/sinotibetanbranches/central/kuki-chin-naga |date=2020-10-22 }} (Sino-Tibetan Branches Project)

{{Portal|Languages|Linguistics|Asia}}

{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Kuki-Chin–Naga languages}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kuki-Chin-Naga languages}}
[[Category:Kuki-Chin–Naga languages| ]]

[[br:Yezhoù koukiek-tchinek]]

Chennai 600028 (soundtrack)

2026-04-13T22:34:50Z

Rxsolution: New New Entry...

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Chennai 600028 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| cover = Chennai 600028 (soundtrack).png
| alt =
| released = 19 February 2007
| recorded = 2006
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 37:20
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = Five Star Audio
| producer = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| prev_title = [[Deepavali (2007 film)|Deepavali]]
| prev_year = 2007
| next_title = [[Aadavari Matalaku Ardhalu Verule]]
| next_year = 2007
}}
'''''Chennai 600028 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] to the 2007 film [[Chennai 600028|of the same name]] directed by [[Venkat Prabhu]] in his directorial debut. The album featured nine songs composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] and arranged by [[Premgi Amaren]] who also composed the film score; lyrics for the songs were written by [[Gangai Amaran]], [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] and Yuvan himself. The soundtrack was released twice: first in India on 19 February 2007, followed by a release in Singapore and Malaysia four days later. The album was a critical and commercial success, with the songs achieving popularity amongst listeners.

== Background ==
Venkat Prabhu associated with his brother [[Premgi Amaren]] (one of the film's cast members) and cousin [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] for the soundtrack, the former provided musical arrangements for two of the tracks and also remixed one song. Prabhu's father and veteran composer-lyricist [[Gangai Amaran]] wrote two songs—"Jalsa" and "Saroja Saman Nikalo"—and Yuvan wrote the song "Natpukullae" while poet [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] wrote the remainder of the album. 19 singers had recorded their vocals for the songs. The recording of the musical score and songs took place at the Kalasa Studios in 2006 with besides Yuvan, Premgi, Prabhu, the other people present where [[Silambarasan]], directors [[Selvaraghavan]] and [[Vishnuvardhan (director)|Vishnuvardhan]].

== Production and composition ==

=== Songs ===
The first song composed for the film was the [[duet]] "Yaaro" which had two versions: a "love theme" which had vocals by [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] and [[K. S. Chithra]] and a "friendship theme" with vocals by Prabhu and [[S. P. Charan]] (the film's producer). When Prabhu sent the finished tune to S. P. Charan, the latter was however unsatisfied with it, but later agreed due to Prabhu convincing him.<ref name=":0">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGhNELP6fsc |title=The Beauty of Chennai 28 {{!}} 15 Year Anniversary {{!}} Venkat Prabhu {{!}} Sudhir Srinivasan |date=2022-05-04 |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |type=Interview |language=ta |publisher=[[Cinema Express]] |time=37:05–48:44 |access-date=2024-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203141303/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGhNELP6fsc |archive-date=2022-12-03 |via=YouTube}}</ref> He suggested Yuvan to have a vintage orchestration resembling the melodies 1980s, referencing the song "Edho Mogam" from ''[[Kozhi Koovuthu (1982 film)|Kozhi Koovuthu]]'' (1982) which was set in the [[Carnatic raga]] Nayaki,{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=127}} and insisted on using [[Live recording|live]] drums and orchestra so that it would reflect the musical style of Yuvan's father [[Ilaiyaraaja]]. While the love theme version was composed by Yuvan, the friendship theme version was composed by Premgi, under Gangai Amaren's suggestion, who believed that a song would become a hit if it has more than one version.<ref name=":0" />{{Efn|In the interview, Prabhu referenced the songs "Shenbagame Shenbagame" from ''[[Enga Ooru Pattukaran]]'' (1987) and "Maanguyilae" from ''[[Karakattakkaran]]'' (1989)—both films directed by Gangai Amaren—which had two versions. Yesteryear songs in the 1970s and 1980s had hit numbers with two or three versions, which Prabhu attributed to Gangai Amaren.<ref name=":0" />}}

The song "Un Parvai" sung by [[Vijay Yesudas]] was originally composed for the [[Vishnuvardhan (director)|Vishnuvardhan]]-directional 2009 film ''[[Sarvam]]'' (which began it's production in 2006), but as the film being shelved at that time, Yuvan played that tune for Prabhu which he agreed to use it for this film.<ref name=":0" /> Similarly, the song "Oh! Oh! Ennammo" was intended for another film. When Prabhu visited the recording session of the song, he found it to have a "jazzy" and "playful" tone and wanted to use it, though Yuvan stated that he had compose the tune for that particular film which he was on re-recording. However, that evening, Yuvan told Prabhu that he had not used it for re-recording and eventually gave the song to be used in this film as he liked it to the tune.<ref name=":0" />

Premgi orchestrated and arranged the dance numbers "Jalsa" and "Saroja Saman Nikalo" and remixed the former, which had two different set of vocalists.<ref name=":0" /> The song "Jalsa" had an initial version which was conceived to have vocals by [[gaana]] singers.<ref name=":0" /> Prabhu met singer Gana Ulaganathan, who rose to popularity after the hit number "Vaalameenukkum" from ''[[Chithiram Pesuthadi]]'' (2006).<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |date=4 March 2006 |title=Oscar to the rescue! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/oscar-to-the-rescue-news-tamil-kkfvq1acjaf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022160534/http://www.sify.com/movies/oscar-to-the-rescue-news-tamil-kkfvq1acjaf.html |archive-date=22 October 2012 |access-date=29 July 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> He conceived the tune as a "gaana version of 'Sentamizh Thenmozhiyal' from ''[[Maalaiyitta Mangai]]'' (1968)"<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=7 December 2012 |title=Notes that intrigue |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/Notes-that-intrigue/article15616721.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118235754/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/Notes-that-intrigue/article15616721.ece |archive-date=18 January 2021 |access-date=31 August 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and had different charanams where the friends sing through different perspectives of their lives and how they feel.<ref name=":0" />

The track "Saroja Saman Nikalo" was partly composed by Yuvan, except for the [[charanam]] part which Premgi composed.<ref name=":0" /> Silambarasan, who was present at the Kalasa Studios, where Yuvan re-recorded for ''[[Vallavan]]'' (2006) had suggested on composing a "mass beat" number before the climax sequence which would result in a popular appeal.{{Efn|Silambarasan attributed this to the popularity of "Yammadi Aathadi" which featured prior to the film's climax sequence.<ref name=":0" />}} As per his suggestion, he had composed "Saroja Saman Nikalo".<ref name=":0" /> The song was named after a dialogue spoken by [[Arjun Sarja]] in ''[[Mudhalvan]]'' (2007).<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2020-04-01 |title=Venkat Prabhu on Saroja Saman Nikalo song from Chennai 600028 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/venkat-prabhu-on-saroja-saman-nikalo-song-from-chennai-600028/articleshow/74928139.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230063716/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/venkat-prabhu-on-saroja-saman-nikalo-song-from-chennai-600028/articleshow/74928139.cms |archive-date=2020-12-30 |access-date=2024-10-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>{{Efn|While Premgi Amaren in an X (formerly [[Twitter]]) post claimed that the dialogue was "sushma saman nikalo" and not "saroja saman nikalo", Prabhu, however, understood the misunderstanding of that name while attributing director [[S. Shankar]] for the inspiration of the song.<ref name=":1" />}} Yuvan incorporated elements of "Annaaththe Aaduraar" from ''[[Apoorva Sagodharargal (1989 film)|Apoorva Sagodharargal]]'' (1989) in this song.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=24 July 2020 |title=Kamal's 'Annathey Aduraar' to Sai Pallavi's 'Rowdy Baby': 16 Tamil dance party songs |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/kamals-annathey-aduraar-sai-pallavis-rowdy-baby-16-tamil-dance-party-songs-129353 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104150901/https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/kamals-annathey-aduraar-sai-pallavis-rowdy-baby-16-tamil-dance-party-songs-129353 |archive-date=4 November 2023 |access-date=1 February 2024 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

=== Score ===
Since Yuvan was working on the score for ''[[Paruthiveeran]]'' (2007), Premgi was eventually involved in composing the film score with Yuvan supervising it.<ref name=":0" /> The charanam part of "Saroja Saman Nikalo" was used as background music in one of the particular sequences.<ref name=":0" /> The film reused the emotional theme music from ''Apoorva Sagodharagal'' in a sequence where Gopi ([[Vijay Vasanth]]) loses his favorite cricket bat, after Sharks team's defeat in a betting cricket match with schoolchildren,<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j0D2YHqjqyI |title=Gopi loses his favorite cricket bat {{!}} Chennai 600028 |date=21 March 2022 |type=Motion picture |language=Ta |publisher=[[Sun NXT]] |time=4:42 |access-date=1 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523073708/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j0D2YHqjqyI |archive-date=23 May 2023 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> which would be in-turn remixed as "Gopi Bat Theme" in the sequel ''[[Chennai 600028 II]]'' (2016).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Shivakumar |first=Vivek |date=23 April 2020 |title=Venkat Prabhu: 5 Instances When The Director And His Team Celebrated Inside Humour In Tamil Cinema |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/tamil-features/venkat-prabhu-5-instances-when-the-director-and-his-team-celebrated-inside-humour-in-tamil-cinema/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612102757/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/tamil-features/venkat-prabhu-5-instances-when-the-director-and-his-team-celebrated-inside-humour-in-tamil-cinema/ |archive-date=12 June 2020 |access-date=2 May 2020 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref> A background song "Ivan MGR Paeran" was composed by Premgi for the introductory sequence featuring Raghuvaran ([[Jai (actor)|Jai]]) that turns humorous in the end.<ref name=":2" />

== Release ==
''Chennai 600028'''s soundtrack was released at the [[Radio Mirchi]] station on 19 February 2007, where all the songs were broadcast live at a special program aired between 5:00 p.m. to 9:00 p.m., which was for the first time in India.<ref name="Indiaglitzaudio">{{Cite web |date=18 February 2007 |title=Chennai-600028 audio on 19 Feb |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/29324.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223035534/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/29324.html |archive-date=23 February 2007 |access-date=28 July 2009 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> The launch saw the attendance of Prabhu, Premgi Amaren, Gangai Amaren, Yuvan, Vaali, Balasubramanyam and Charan.<ref name="Indiaglitzaudio" /> The program also had contests in which winners were given away free autographed CDs as prizes.<ref name="Indiaglitzaudio" /> The album was also launched in Singapore and Malaysia on 23 February 2007 where the songs are aired through [[Mediacorp]] Radio Oli and [[Raaga (radio station)|THR Raaga]] radio stations.<ref name="Indiaglitzaudio" />

== Reception ==

=== Critical ===
A review from Indiaglitz wrote: "The entire album is filled with youthful flavour, both in lyrics as well as in tunes. Yuvan has underlined his feel for nuanced rhythms with this album."<ref name="Indiaglitzreview">{{Cite web |date=26 February 2007 |title=Chennai 600028 – A youthful musical journey |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/musicreview/8805.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070305225733/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/musicreview/8805.html |archive-date=5 March 2007 |access-date=28 July 2009 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> Saraswathy Srinivas of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' called it as "an interesting album" and gave three out of five stars.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivas |first=Saraswathy |date=2007-03-07 |title=Chennai 600028 is an interesting listen |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/review/chennai/20070307.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624152427/https://m.rediff.com/movies/review/chennai/20070307.htm |archive-date=2023-06-24 |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=Rediff.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Karthik Srinivasan]] of ''[[Milliblog]]'' described it as a "passable soundtrack that's a lot out of Chennai".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=2007-02-21 |title=Chennai 600028 (Tamil – Yuvan Shankar Raja) |url=https://milliblog.com/2007/02/24/chennai-600028-tamil-yuvan-shankar-raja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126202039/https://milliblog.com/2007/02/24/chennai-600028-tamil-yuvan-shankar-raja/ |archive-date=2018-01-26 |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=[[Milliblog]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' called the music as one of the "aesthetic highlights" of the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=4 May 2007 |title=Leading a winning team – Chennai 600028 |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/05/04/stories/2007050400100200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070505061431/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/05/04/stories/2007050400100200.htm |archive-date=5 May 2007 |access-date=28 July 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> A reviewer from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote: "Yuvan Shankar Raja has dished out eight fast youthful numbers with ''Yaro....'' being the pick of the lot."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chennai-600028 |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/chennai-600028-review--pclwoBaajccbf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429025157/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14439141&ctid=5&cid=2429 |archive-date=29 April 2007 |access-date=9 January 2020 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

=== Commercial ===
Over 25,000 CDs were sold on the first day of its release that harbored a significant increase in sales and demands for the audio CDs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2007 |title=Chennai-600028 audio a big hit |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/29505.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302072511/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/29505.html |archive-date=2 March 2007 |access-date=28 July 2009 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> Songs from the film eventually appeared in top 10 charts across Chennai, Singapore, Malaysia, Sri Lanka and Canada.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=30 March 2007 |title=Chennai 600028's Audio Rules Top 10 List Worldwide! |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/30209.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070406172529/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/30209.html |archive-date=6 April 2007 |access-date=28 July 2009 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> The songs: "Jalsa", "Saroja Saman Nikolo" and "Yaaro" in particular received most consumer response.<ref name=":3" /> ''Chennai 600028'' has been mentioned as one of the best Tamil albums of 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivas |first=Saraswathy |date=2007-07-10 |title=2007's best Tamil albums so far |url=https://specials.rediff.com/movies/2007/jul/10sli6.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118201950/https://specials.rediff.com/movies/2007/jul/10sli6.htm |archive-date=2008-01-18 |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Prabhu, in an interview to Shobha Warrier of ''[[Rediff.com]]'', said on the film's first day theatrical response where the audience chanting to the song "Saroja Saman Nikalo" and "realised that it was Yuvan Shankar Raja who's responsible for the packed houses" crediting him for the success.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |author-link=Shobha Warrier |date=July 2007 |title=Rajni Sir enjoyed Chennai 600028 |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/jul/11sld5.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081017105219/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/jul/11sld5.htm |archive-date=17 October 2008 |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> The success of the film and the song "Saroja Saman Nikalo" led Prabhu to subsequently name his sophomore outing as ''[[Saroja (2008 film)|Saroja]]'' (2008) retaining much of the same cast from ''Chennai 600028''.<ref>{{cite web |date=2 September 2008 |title=Saroja is not Chennai 600028 |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/sep/02slid7.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102112023/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/sep/02slid7.htm |archive-date=2 November 2012 |access-date=19 December 2011 |work=Rediff.com}}</ref>

== Track listing ==
{{Track listing
| headline = ''Chennai 600028 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)'' track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ulle Vaa
| lyrics1 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| extra1 = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], [[Yogi B]], DJ Funky Sathiya, SilveStar
| length1 = 3:51
| title2 = Un Paarvai Mele
| lyrics2 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| extra2 = [[Vijay Yesudas]]
| length2 = 4:09
| title3 = Natpukkullae
| lyrics3 = Yuvan Shankar Raja
| extra3 = Yuvan Shankar Raja
| length3 = 2:36
| title4 = Yaaro
| note4 = Love Theme
| lyrics4 = Vaali
| extra4 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length4 = 5:15
| title5 = Jalsa
| lyrics5 = [[Gangai Amaran]]
| extra5 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Premgi Amaren]], [[Haricharan]], [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| length5 = 3:57
| title6 = Oh! Oh! Ennanamo
| lyrics6 = Vaali
| extra6 = [[Anushka Manchanda]]
| length6 = 4:06
| title7 = Yaaro
| note7 = Friendship Theme
| lyrics7 = Vaali
| extra7 = [[S. P. B. Charan]], [[Venkat Prabhu]]
| length7 = 5:01
| title8 = Jalsa
| note8 = remix by Premgi Amaren
| lyrics8 = Gangai Amaran
| extra8 = [[Sabesh–Murali|Sabesh]], Gana Ulaganathan, Gana Pazhani, [[Karunas]], Premgi Amaren
| length8 = 4:08
| title9 = Saroja Saman Nikalo
| lyrics9 = Gangai Amaran
| extra9 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], Premgi Amaren
| length9 = 4:15
| total_length = 37:20
}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

=== Further reading ===
* {{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}

=== Footnotes ===
{{notelist}}
{{Yuvan Shankar Raja}}
[[Category:2007 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Tamil film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Yuvan Shankar Raja soundtracks]]

Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy case

2026-04-12T17:09:47Z

Rxsolution: Started A Entry V1

{{Short description|1924 court case in British India}}
{{moresources|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
The '''Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Case''' was a controversial [[court case]] initiated in [[British India]] in 1924.

After Peshawar in 1922, two more conspiracy cases were prosecuted by the British government, one in Kanpur (1924) and another in Meerut (1929). The accused in the cases included, among others, important communist organisers who worked in India, such as [[S. V. Ghate]], [[Shripad Amrit Dange|S. A. Dange]], <bdi>[[Muzaffar Ahmad]]</bdi>, and Akshay Thakur, and members of the émigré Communist Party of India (Tashkent group), such as Rafiq Ahmad and [[Shaukat Usmani]].

In March 1924, S. A. Dange, [[M. N. Roy]], Muzaffar Ahmad, Nalini Gupta, Shaukat Usmani, [[Malayapuram Singaravelu]], Ghulam Hussain, and other communists were charged with seeking "to deprive the King Emperor of his sovereignty of British India, by complete separation of India from Britain by a violent revolution" in what was called the [[Kanpur|Cawnpore]] (now spelt Kanpur) Bolshevik Conspiracy case. It brought scrutiny of an alleged Comintern plan to foment revolution in India: "Pages of newspapers daily splashed sensational communist plans and people for the first time learned such a large scale about communism and its doctrines and the aims of the Communist International in India".<ref name="Ralhan, O.P.">Ralhan, O.P. (ed.) ''Encyclopedia of Political Parties''. New Delhi: Anmol Publications, p. 336</ref> The case was considered a key factor in introducing communism to the Indian masses.<ref name="Ralhan, O.P."/>

Singaravelu Chettiar was released on account of illness. M. N. Roy was out of the country and therefore could not be arrested. Ghulam Hussain confessed that he had received money from the Russians in [[Kabul]] and was pardoned. Muzaffar Ahmed, Shaukat Usmani and Dange were sentenced to four years imprisonment. This highly publicized case was considered a key factor in introducing communism to the Indian masses.<ref name="Ralhan, O.P."/>

Britain triumphantly declared that the Kanpur case had "finished off the communists".<ref name=Stevenson>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Communist Biographies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411070304/https://grahamstevenson.me.uk/2008/09/20/shaukat-pron-shavkat-usmani/ |url=https://grahamstevenson.me.uk/2008/09/20/shaukat-pron-shavkat-usmani/ |publisher=[[Graham Stevenson (trade union leader)|Graham Stevenson]] |title=Shaukat Usmani |archive-date=11 April 2021 |date=20 September 2008}}</ref> But the industrial town of Kanpur witnessed in December 1925 a conference of different communist groups, under the chairmanship of Singaravelu Chettiar. Among the key organizers were Dange, Muzaffar Ahmed, Nalini Gupta, and Usmani. The conference adopted a resolution to form a new Communist Party of India (CPI) with headquarters in [[Bombay]] (now: [[Mumbai]]). Because of the British Government's extreme hostility toward Bolsheviks, the CPI decided to not operate as an avowed communist party, but instead to set up a non-federated platform under the name, Workers and Peasants Party.<ref name=Stevenson />

==See also==
* [[Communism in India]]
* [[Foundation of the Communist Party of India]]
* [[Meerut Conspiracy Case]]
* [[Peshawar Conspiracy Cases]]

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category: Communist Party of India]]
[[Category:1924 in India]]
[[Category:1924 in case law]]
[[Category:British administration in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Political repression in British India]]
[[Category:History of Kanpur]]
[[Category:Indian case law]]

Didwana

2026-04-08T13:28:40Z

Rxsolution: New Post...

{{Short description|City Council in Rajasthan, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Didwana
| native_name = Abhanagri
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| image_skyline = Didwana (2013-07-24 08.52.33).jpg
| image_alt = jat
| image_caption = Didwana (Rajasthan)
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.4|N|74.57|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = <nowiki>Didwana-Kuchaman</nowiki>
| established_title = 
| established_date = 12th Century AD
| founder = Didu Shah
| named_for =
| government_type = Constitution
| governing_body =
| leader_title = MLA
| leader_name = [[Yunus Khan]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 320
| population_total = As per the 2021 Aadhar estimates, Didwana
population was 492,284 (including rural and urban)
| population_as_of = 2021
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 341303
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 01580
| registration_plate = RJ-37
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1000/1000
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
[[File:Landscape of Didwana.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Didwana (2013)]]

'''Didwana''' is a [[city]] and the district headquarters of the [[Didwana-Kuchaman district]] in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Rajasthan]]. It is known as "the lion gateway" of [[Marwar]] and "the archway" of [[Merta City|Merta]]. It is mentioned in Puranic texts such as Abhanagri and Upakashi. It is situated on the northern side of Didwana Salt Lake and was administered as a [[subdistrict]] of [[Nagaur district|Nagaur]] before becoming a separate district on 4 August 2023.

The people of Didwana speak [[Marwari language|Marwadi]], a [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani language]].

== Geography ==
The city is divided into 40 wards which are Governed by Nagar Parishad Didwana.

== Transport ==
Didwana is an important station on the Jodhpur-Delhi Broad gauge rail route of the North West Railway Jodhpur division

== Demographics ==
As of 2021, Didwana's population was 492,284. Literate people numbered 226,426, of whom 139,916 were male and 86,510 were female. Total workers were 155,998 out of whom 97,012 were men and 58,986 were women. 43,918 cultivators worked there including14,641 women. Male literacy was 70% and female literacy was 54%. 17% of the population were under 6 years of age.

==Archaeological importance==
In the Didwana region of [[Rajasthan]], [[hand axe]]s were discovered that resembled those in the [[Sivalik Hills|Shiwalik Range]]. These date to around 400,000 years ago. Analysis of desert soil layers and other evidence uncovered a link between the prevailing climate and the technological progressions observed in the [[Paleolithic|Paleolithic period]].

Didwana preserved [[Lower Paleolithic]] artifacts in both primary and semi-primary contexts. Through geological [[stratigraphy]] of [[Aeolian processes|aeolian]] and playa sediments, hand axes found in stratified contexts have been dated to the [[Middle Pleistocene]]. To understand the technological evolution of the [[Acheulean|Acheulian culture]] in this area, 301 hand axes from 10 locations were studied using Roe's methodology, supplemented with additional attributes. Variations in size, shape, and refinement were noted among the collections. Statistical analyses, diagrams, factor assessments, and cluster analyses indicated a technological evolution within the assemblages, helping to establish the chronology. These hand axes may align with cultural stages ranging from early Acheulian to very late Acheulian or even early [[Middle Paleolithic]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gaillard |first=C. |last2=Raju |first2=D. R. |last3=Misra |first3=V. N. |last4=Rajaguru |first4=S. N. |date=1986 |title=Handaxe Assemblages from the Didwana region, Thar Desert, India: A Metrical Analysis |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/proceedings-of-the-prehistoric-society/article/abs/handaxe-assemblages-from-the-didwana-region-thar-desert-india-a-metrical-analysis/915257F2A57408EEA9541EFDEEF02971# |journal=Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society |language=en |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=189–214 |doi=10.1017/S0079497X00006654 |issn=0079-497X|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Didwana {{!}} archaeological site, India {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Didwana |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Didwana Kuchaman district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Didwana Kuchaman district]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Rajasthan]]

Komaravolu Sivaprasad

2026-04-04T22:18:00Z

Rxsolution: Started Some Data From Scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Komaravolu Sivaprasad
| image = Komaravolu Sivaprasad.jpg
| alt =whistle wizard siva prasad
| caption =
| native_name_lang = te
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1955|4|26|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bapatla|Guntur]],
| occupation = Performing Musician
| years_active = 1967–present
| awards = [[Kala Ratna]] Government of Andhra Pradesh (2016)
| website = {{URL|www.whistlewizard.com}}
| module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes
| background = solo_singer
| genre = {{flat list|
* [[Indian classical music]]
* [[Carnatic Music]]
* Whistle
}}
}}
}}
[[File:Komaravolu Sivaprasad whistling.jpg|thumb|Komaravolu Sivaprasad]]

'''Komaravolu Sivaprasad''' (born 26 April 1955) is a whistling musician in the [[Carnatic music|Carnatic tradition]]. He is the first professional whistling artist in Indian classical music. He was awarded the title [[Kala Ratna]] by the Government of Andhra Pradesh in 2016.

== Early life==
Sivaprasad was born in [[Bapatla]], a coastal town in Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh, India as the ninth child of K.S.V. Subba Rao and Rajyalakshmi.<ref name="vs">{{cite web |last1=v |first1=s |title=Melodious whistle blower |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/melodious-whistle-blower/article2718621.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=5 May 2023 |language=en-IN |date=15 December 2011}}</ref>
He started whistling at an young age. Whistling is generally not appreciated in Indian culture. It is considered as a loafer's pastime. However, his uncle Prof. K.Chandrasekharan, a [[Padmasri]] awardee in the year 1959.<ref name="award54-59">{{cite web|title=Padma Awards Directory (1954–2014)|url= http://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/YearWiseListOfRecipientsBharatRatnaPadmaAwards-1954-2014.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|date=21 May 2014|accessdate=22 March 2016|format=PDF|pp=2–11}}</ref> and his elder brother Pardhasarathi (an amateur whistler himself) encouraged Sivaprasad to hone his skill.

His maiden public performance was at the age of twelve,<ref name="pradeep">{{cite web |last1=Kumar |first1=V. Pradeep |title=Whistle wizard lets MS come alive |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2017-09-17/Whistle-wizard-lets-MS-come-alive/327106 |website=www.thehansindia.com |access-date=5 May 2023 |language=en |date=17 September 2017}}</ref> when he covered for the late arrival of veteran artist Mulukutla Sadasiva Sastry. actor, director, producer, and later Governor of Puducherry and Maharastra, [[Kona Prabhakara Rao]] was impressed by the talent of young Sivaprasad and became his mentor.

== Musical style==
The whistling sound can typically be produced only on exhalation of the breath. Therefore, an uninterrupted performance was not possible which precluded it from becoming a serious art form. However, Sivaprasad mastered a technique through which he could produce the sound even when inhaling. This was his breakthrough and encouraged him to consider more serious training.

== Training ==
Sivaprasad was introduced to Padmavibhushan Dr. [[M. Balamuralikrishna]], a celebrated classical musician, and Dr. N.S.Srinivasan, a flute vidwan (disciple of veteran artist [[T. R. Mahalingam (flautist)|T. R. Mahalingam]]) from whom he received advance training in Classical Carnatic music.<ref name="sakshi">{{cite web |title=ఈల కాదది.. స్వరలీల |url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/features/komaravolu-siva-prasad-to-perform-as-whistle-wizard-200226 |website=Sakshi |access-date=5 May 2023 |language=te |date=2 January 2015}}</ref>

== Performances ==
Up to the present time, Sivaprasad has given more than 10000 performances worldwide.<ref name="thi">{{cite web |title=Whistle maestro mesmerises audience |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2016-02-29/Whistle-maestro-mesmerises-audience/210577 |website=www.thehansindia.com |access-date=5 May 2023 |language=en |date=29 February 2016}}</ref> He was selected by the Government of India for participation in the Festival of India in Moscow in the year 1988-89 under the leadership of [[P.V. Narasimha Rao]], the then External Affairs Minister of India. He also participated in the International Music Festival as a ''Unique Artiste of the Globe'' in the year 1996.

== Recognition ==
He entered the [[Limca Book of Records]] in 1991 as the first Whistling artist to release an LP record in the world.<ref name="tnie">{{cite web |title=Whistles With a Melody |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2015/jan/03/whistles-with-a-melody-700922.html |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=5 May 2023}}</ref> He was appointed as the Asthana Vidwan of Mysore Datta Peetam in 1984 and of Kanchi Kamakoti Peetam in 2013.

== Honours ==

=== Titles ===

* Whistle Wizard - [[The Indian Express]], 1981
* Gala Murali - Dr.M.Balamuralikrishna
* Andhra Koyila - M.G.Ramachandran, The then Chief Minister, Tamil Nadu, 1981
* Human Flute - Pupul Jayakar, Cultural Adviser to the Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, 1981
* Mukha Murali - bestowed by Ganapathy Sachidananda Swami of Datta Peetham, Mysore, 1986
* Swasa Murali - conferred by Padmabhushan Dr. C. Narayanareddy, 1991
* Prakruti Murali - Sri.Sri.Sri.Vijayendra Saraswati of Kanchipeetham, 1998

=== Awards ===
* Kala Saraswati - A.P.Kala Vedika, 1984
* Gaana Vibhushana - Parupalli Foundation, Vijayawada, 1998
* Pride of India - Mata Nirmala Devi of Sahaja Yoga Foundation, New Delhi, 2004
* Kala Ratna - Govt of Andhra Pradesh, 2016
* International Lions Life Award, Hyderabad, 2013
* Life Time Achievement Awards from Wichita Asian Association (WAA) Kansas, USA; Telugu Fine Arts Society (TFAS), New York, ANR Lifetime Achievement Award

== Compositions ==
He composed Saptaraaga Sagaram, a ragamalika based on 7 Carnatic ragas that included Charukesi, Abhogi, Abheri, Durga, Hamsanadam, Mohanam, and Desh. He also composed pallavis in Raagam Sankarabharam, Mohanam, and Jog.

== Cinema ==
Sivaprasad contributed whistle music in the following films:

* Telugu film ''‘Neerajanam’'' (Music director [[O.P.Nayyar]])
* Sanskrit film ''[[Adi Shankaracharya]]'' (Music Director Dr. [[M.Balamuralikrishna]])
* Kannada film ''‘Kona Eedhaite’'' (Music Director [[Hamsalekha]])
* Hollywood film ''‘Time Expired’''.

== Discography ==

=== Carnatic classical ===
# Annamacharya Keertanas on Whistle Titled -‘Seven Hills Whistle’- 2004.
# Melodies of Tyagaraja - 2005
# Melodies of Deekshitar - 2006
# Bhadrachala Ramadasu Keertanalu – 2008
# Melodies of Shamasastri – 2015
# Tribute to Smt. M.S Subbulkshmi – 2017

=== Devotional music ===
# Bhagavan Sri.Satyasaibaba Bhajanaamrutam, volumes I 2008
# Bhagavan Sri.Satyasaibaba Bhajanaamrutam, volume II - 2009
# Bhagavan Sri.Satyasaibaba Bhajanaamrutam, volume III-2010
# SriKrishna Bhajanamrutam - 2011

=== Film music ===
# Western Music On whistle - 2013
# Old Classics ''Laahiri Laahiri Laahiri Lo''(ANR Melodies) – 2010
# Old Classics ''Himagiri Sogasululu'' (NTR Melodies) - 2011
# Old Classics (Hindi Film Music titled ''Suhaana …Safar…'')-2012

=== Concept albums ===

# Rabindra Sangeet ''Aananda Dhara'' on Whistle
# "My Nation – My Breath" - Patriotic Songs
# Kavi Bharateeyar Songs on Whistle
# Tribute to MS Amma - on the occasion of 101 Birthday Celebrations of Bharata Ratna [[M S Subbulakshmi]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Guntur district]]
[[Category:Carnatic musicians]]
[[Category:Indian whistlers]]

Dhavalbhai Patel

2026-04-04T20:25:21Z

Rxsolution: New Article...

{{Short description|Member of the Lok Sabha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = DhavalBhaiPatel.jpg
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Valsad Lok Sabha constituency|Valsad]]
| party = {{flagicon image|BJP flag.svg}}[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = [[K C Patel]]
| occupation = Politician, Business Person

|
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1986|04|28|df=y}}
}}

'''Dhaval Laxmanbhai Patel''' is an [[Indian politician]] originally from Jhari Village of [[Vansda]], [[Navsari]] Gujarat. He was elected as a Member of Parliament from [[Valsad Lok Sabha constituency]]. He currently serves as a [[Lok Sabha]] [[Whip]] and holds significant roles within the BJP's organizational structure, particularly focusing on tribal outreach and digital strategy.

'''Early Life and Education'''

Patel hails from [[Jhari]] Village of [[Vansda]], [[Navsari]], [[Gujarat]]. He earned a Bachelor of Technology in Computer Engineering from [[NIT Surat]] in 2008 and an MBA in Marketing from [[Symbiosis International University|Symbiosis University]] in 2010. Before entering politics, he accumulated over a decade of experience in senior management roles at multinational corporations such as [[IBM]], [[Accenture]] Strategy, and [[Capgemini]], working across various regions including the USA, UK, Europe, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://myneta.info/LokSabha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=3502 | title=Dhaval Laxmanbhai Patel(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- VALSAD (ST)(GUJARAT) - Affidavit Information of Candidate }}</ref>

'''Political Career'''

''Parliamentary Role''

In the 2024 Indian general elections, Patel was elected to the [[18th Lok Sabha]], representing the [[Valsad Lok Sabha constituency]]. He secured a decisive victory with 764,226 votes, defeating his nearest rival by a margin of 210,704 votes.<ref>https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0626.htm</ref> As a Member of Parliament, he has been active in parliamentary debates and has raised numerous questions pertaining to rail projects, healthcare, housing, and women's empowerment.<ref>https://dspstg.sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/5665?from=members</ref>

''Political Positions''

1. Lok Sabha Whip
Dhaval Patel serves as a Whip in the 18th Lok Sabha, representing the Valsad constituency.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://deshgujarat.com/2024/07/30/two-gujarat-mps-among-16-bjp-whips-appointed-in-lok-sabha/ | title=Two Gujarat MPS among 16 BJP Whips appointed in Lok Sabha | date=29 July 2024 }}</ref>

2. National Social Media In-Charge, BJP Scheduled Tribe (ST) Morcha
He holds the position of National Social Media In-Charge for the BJP's ST Morcha.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://deshgujarat.com/2024/03/13/who-is-dhaval-patel-bjp-lok-sabha-candidate-from-valsad-st/ | title=Who is Dhaval Patel, BJP Lok Sabha candidate from Valsad (ST) | date=13 March 2024 }}</ref>

'''Publications'''

He has authored a book ‘Bharat ke Janjatiya Krantiveer; Swatantrata Sangram ki 75 Ansuni Kahaniya’.

He belongs to [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Quint |first=The |date=2024-06-04 |title=Valsad Election Result 2024 Live Updates: BJP's Dhaval Laxmanbhai Patel Has Won This Lok Sabha Seat |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/valsad-election-result-2024-live-updates-counting-of-votes-gujarat-lok-sabha-seat-latest-news |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Valsad Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Lok Sabha Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MP, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/valsad-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-lok-sabha-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mp-margin-8916648.html |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>[https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0626.htm Election Commission of India]</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Dhavalbhai}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:People from Navsari district]]
[[Category:1986 births]]

{{Gujarat-BJP-politician-stub}}

Pavithiram

2026-04-04T18:09:46Z

Rxsolution:

{{Short description|Town in Namakkal district, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pavithiram
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11|08|29|N|78|21|49|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Namakkal district|Namakkal]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[:Sendamangalam taluk|Senthamangalam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 8172
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Pavithiram''' is a Town in [[Sendamangalam taluk|Senthamangalam Taluk]], [[Namakkal district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] state in India, located 1.5 km from both [[Varagur]] and [[Pavithrampudur]], 8 km from [[Erumaipatti]] and 9 km from [[Thathaiyangarpet]].

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, the village was home to 915 people and 271 households.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Pavithiram Village Population - Namakkal, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/tamil-nadu/namakkal/namakkal/pavithiram-population.html |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=Censusindia2011.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

The literacy rate is 64.7%; 72.97% of men and 56.9% of women are literate.<ref name=":0" />

== Politics ==
The [[sarpanch]] (head of village) is elected every five years.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Villages in Namakkal district]]

{{Namakkal-geo-stub}}

Subramania Bharati

2026-03-29T12:13:33Z

Rxsolution: enhanced structure after review and updated info

{{Short description|Indian writer, poet, and Independence activist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{indian name|Subramaniyan|Chinnaswami}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Subramania Bharati
| image = Subramanya_Bharathi.jpg
| caption = Subramania Bharati
| citizenship = [[India|Indian]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1882|12|11}}
| birth_place = [[Ettayapuram]], [[Tirunelveli district]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] {{small|(present-day [[Thoothukudi district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India)}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1921|09|11|1882|11}}
| death_place = [[Madras]], Madras Presidency, British India {{small|(present-day Tamil Nadu, India)}}
| other_names = Bharatiyar, Subbaiah, Sakthi Dasan, Mahakavi, Mundasu Kavignar, Veera Kavi
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Writer]]|[[Poet]]|[[Composer]]|[[Journalist]]|[[Teacher]]|[[Indian Independence Movement|Indian Independence Activist]]|[[Social reformer]]|[[Polyglot]]}}
| movement = [[Indian independence movement]]
| spouse = Chellamma (m. 1896–1921)
| children = 2
| family = [[Rajkumar Bharathi]] (great-grandson)
| signature = Subramanya Bharathi Signature.jpg
}}
'''Subramania Bharati'''{{efn|Birth name: Chinnaswami Subramaniyan, person's given name is Subramaniyan and father's given name is Chinnaswami. C. Subramaniyan by the prevalent [[Patronymic#India|patronymic initials as prefix]] naming system in Tamil Nadu and it is Subramaniyan Chinnaswami by the [[Patronymic#India|patronymic suffix]] naming system. Bharathi is a conferred title meaning blessed by the goddess of learning. His name became C. Subramania Bharathi and he is also widely known mononymously as Bharathi. In this article, the subject is referred to using his title Bharathi because the subject is generally mentioned by his title.}} (Born '''Chinnaswami Subramaniyan'''; 11 December 1882 – 11 September 1921) was an Indian writer, poet, composer, journalist, teacher, Indian independence activist, social reformer and polyglot. He was bestowed the title ''Bharati'' for his poetry and was a pioneer of modern [[Tamil language|Tamil]] poetry. He is popularly known by his title ''Bharati'' or ''Bharathiyar'' and also by the other title "Mahakavi Bharati" ("the great poet Bharati"). His works included patriotic songs composed during the [[Indian Independence movement]]. He fought for the [[emancipation of women], and advocated reforms of the society and religion.

Born in [[Ettayapuram]] of [[Tirunelveli district]] (present-day [[Thoothukudi district|Thoothukudi]]) in 1882, Bharati had his early education in [[Tirunelveli]]. He later lived in [[Varanasi]] for sometime where he was exposed to Hindu theology and new languages. He worked as a journalist with many newspapers, including ''[[Swadesamitran]]'', ''[[The Hindu]]'', ''Bala Bharata'', ''Vijaya'', ''Chakravarthini'' and ''India''. He considered [[Sister Nivedita]], a disciple of [[Vivekananda|Swami Vivekananda]], as his guru.

In 1908, the [[British Raj|British Government]] issued an arrest warrant for Bharathi which pushed him to live in exile in the [[French India|French]]-controlled [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]] for about ten years until 1918. He was attacked by an [[Indian elephant]] at [[Parthasarathy Temple, Chennai|Thiruvallikeni Parthasarathy Temple]] whom he fed daily and died a few months later on 11 September 1921.

Bharthi was well-versed in several languages and had a passion for Tamil. His works covered political, social and spiritual themes. Songs and poems composed by Bharthi are used in Tamil literature, music and daily life. His works include ''[[Panjali Sabatham]]'', ''Kannan Paatu'', ''Kuyil Paatu'', ''Paapa Paatu'', ''Chinnanchriu Kiliye'', ''Vinayagar Nanmanimalai'' and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] translations of [[Patanjali]]'s ''[[Yoga Sutra]]'' and ''[[Bhagavat Gita]]''. Bharathi was the first poet whose literature was nationalized in 1949.

==Early life==
[[File:Subramanya Bharathi with his wife Chellamma.jpg|thumb|left|Subramanya Bharathi with his wife Chellamma]]

Subramaniyan was born on 11 December 1882 in a [[Tamil Brahmin]] Iyer family in the town of [[Ettayapuram]] in [[Tirunelveli district]], [[Madras Presidency]] (present day [[Thoothukudi district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]) to Chinnaswami Iyer and Lakshmi Ammal. He was called as Subbaiah by his parents.<ref name="BBC">{{cite web|last=Kasi Viswanathan|first=Muralidharan|title=In Memory of Bharathi|url=https://www.bbc.com/tamil/india-54125178|lang=ta|work=[[BBC|BBC Tamil]]|access-date=30 November 2022|archive-date=30 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130131334/https://www.bbc.com/tamil/india-54125178|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w2AwAQAAIAAJ|title=Tamil Nadu State Thoothukudi District · Volume 1|year=2007|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|page=168}}</ref> His mother died in 1887 when he was five years old and he was brought up by his father and his grandmother.<ref name="BBC"/><ref name="TVU">{{cite web|title=Subramanya Bharathi biography|url=https://www.tamilvu.org/courses/degree/c011/c0111/html/c0111111.htm|work=[[Tamil Virtual University]]|access-date=30 November 2022|archive-date=12 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012124420/https://www.tamilvu.org/courses/degree/c011/c0111/html/c0111111.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Subramaniyan's father wanted him to learn [[English language|English]] and [[Maths]] and become an [[engineer]].<ref name="life">{{cite book|title=Panchali's Pledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1NA4AgAAQBAJ|last1=Bharati|first1=Subramania|last2=Rajagopalan|first2=Usha|year=2013|publisher=[[Hachette UK]]|isbn=978-9-350-09530-0|page=1|access-date=8 December 2018|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228174601/https://books.google.com/books?id=1NA4AgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> From a young age, Subramaniyan was inclined towards music and poetry. At the age of 11, he was given the title of "Bharathi" (meaning blessed by the goddess of learning [[Saraswati]]) for his excellence in poetry. In 1897, at the age of 15, he married Chellamma, who was then seven years old. His father died when he was sixteen.<ref name="TVU"/> After the death of his father, he wrote a letter to the Raja of Ettayapuram, requesting for financial assistance. He was granted a job in the court of Ettayapuram, which he left after a while and went to [[Varanasi]]. During his stay in Varanasi, he was exposed to [[Hinduism|Hindu spirituality]] and nationalism and learned new languages such as [[Sanskrit]], [[Hindi]] and [[English language|English]]. He also changed his outward appearance, growing a beard and started wearing a turban.<ref name="BBC"/>

== Literary life and independence activism ==
[[File:பாரதி, அபூர்வ புகைப்படம் (cropped).JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|Bharathi in the 1900s]]
Bharathi returned to Ettayapuram during 1901 and served as the chief court poet of the Raja of Ettayapuram. He served as a Tamil teacher from August to November 1904 in Sethupathy High School in [[Madurai]].<ref name="life"/> During this period, Bharathi understood the need to be well-informed of the world outside and took interest in the world of [[journalism]] and the print media. In the same year, Bharathi joined as an assistant editor at ''[[Swadesamitran]]'', a Tamil daily.<ref name="BBC"/> In December 1905, he attended a session of [[Indian National Congress]] in Varanasi. On his journey back home, he met [[Sister Nivedita]], who was Swami [[Vivekananda]]'s spiritual heir. She inspired Bharathi to recognize the rights and privilege of women.<ref name="BBC"/> Bharathi considered her as an embodiment of [[Hindu]] goddess [[Parvati|Shakti]] and considered Nivedita as his [[Guru]]. He later attended the Indian National Congress session in [[Calcutta]] held under [[Dadabhai Naoroji]], which demanded [[Swaraj]] and boycott of British goods.<ref name="life"/>

[[File:Newspaper INDIA Bharathiyar.jpg|upright|thumb|left|A weekly newspaper edited by Bharathi in 1907]]

By April 1907, he started editing the Tamil weekly ''India'' and the English newspaper ''Bala Bharatham'' along with [[M.P.T. Acharya]].<ref name="BBC"/> These newspapers served as a means of expressing Bharathi's creativity and he continued to write poems in these editions. His writings included diverse topics ranging from nationalism to contemplations on the relationship between God and Man. He also wrote on the [[Russian Revolution of 1917|Russian]] and [[French Revolution]]s.<ref name="Univ">{{cite book|title=Indian Literature: An Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mivv3p-msd8C&pg=PA125|publisher=Pearson Education India|year=2005|isbn=9788131705209|pages=125–126|access-date=6 October 2016|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228174600/https://books.google.com/books?id=mivv3p-msd8C&pg=PA125#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:1909magazine vijaya.jpg|upright|thumb|Cover page of the 1909 magazine ''Vijaya'', published first from [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]]]]

Bharathi participated in the Indian National Congress meeting held in [[Surat]] in 1907 along with [[V.O. Chidambaram Pillai]] and Mandayam Srinivachariar.<ref name="BBC"/> The meeting deepened the divisions within the Congress with a section preferring armed resistance. This section was primarily led by [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]], which was supported by Bharathi, Chidambaram Pillai and Varathachariyar.<ref name="life"/> In 1908, the British instituted a case against Chidambaram Pillai. In the same year, the proprietor of the journal ''India'' in which Bharathi was writing, was arrested in [[Madras]].<ref name="BBC"/> Faced with the prospect of an imminent arrest, Bharathi escaped to [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]], which was under the [[French India|French]] rule.<ref>{{cite news|title=On the streets where Bharati walked|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/on-the-streets-where-bharati-walked/article5455980.ece|access-date=22 June 2020|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625165123/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/on-the-streets-where-bharati-walked/article5455980.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bharati's Tamil daily Vijaya traced in Paris|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/12/05/stories/2004120500201100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121180131/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/12/05/stories/2004120500201100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 November 2016|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=5 December 2004}}</ref>

[[File:BHARATHIYAR MUSEUM.JPG|thumb|left|upright=0.8|The house in which Bharathi lived in [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]]]]

In Pondicherry, Bharathi edited and published the weekly journal ''India'', a Tamil daily ''Vijaya'', an English monthly ''Bala Bharatham'' and a local weekly ''Suryodayam''. The British tried to ban Bharathi's publications and the newspapers ''India'' and ''Vijaya'' were banned in British India in 1909.<ref name="life"/> During his exile, Bharathi had the opportunity to meet other revolutionary leaders of the [[Indian Independence movement]] like [[Aurobindo]], [[Lajpat Rai]] and [[Varahaneri Venkatesa Subrahmanya Iyer|V. V. Subrahmanya Iyer]], who had also sought asylum under the French. Bharathi assisted Aurobindo in publishing the journals ''[[Arya (journal)|Arya]]'' and ''Karma Yogi''.<ref name="Univ"/> He also started learning [[Veda|Vedic literature]]. Three of his greatest works namely, ''Kuyil Pattu'', ''[[Panjali Sabatham]]'' and ''Kannan Pattu'' were composed during 1912. He also translated Vedic hymns, [[Patanjali]]'s ''[[Yoga Sutra]]'' and ''[[Bhagavat Gita]]'' to [[Tamil language]].<ref name="life"/>

When Bharathi entered the British India near [[Cuddalore]] in November 1918, he was arrested.<ref name="BBC"/> He was imprisoned in the Central prison in Cuddalore for three weeks from 20 November to 14 December. He was released after the intervention of [[Annie Besant]] and [[C.P. Ramaswamy Aiyar]]. He was stricken by poverty and ill health during this period. In the following year, Bharathi met [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|Gandhi]] for the first time. He resumed editing ''[[Swadesamitran]]'' in 1920 from [[Madras]].<ref name="Lal">{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: sasay to zorgot|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C&pg=PA4190|last=Lal|first=Mohan|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=1992|isbn=978-8-126-01221-3|pages=4191–3}}</ref>

== Death ==
Bharathi was badly affected by the imprisonments and struggled from ill health. In 1920, a general amnesty was issued which finally removed restrictions on his movements. He delivered his last speech at Karungalpalayam Library in [[Erode]] on the topic ''Man is Immortal''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/15/stories/2008041554140500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415224901/http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/15/stories/2008041554140500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 April 2008|title= Last speech delivered in Erode|date=15 April 2008|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=20 December 2013}}</ref> He was struck by a temple [[Indian elephant|elephant]] named Lavanya at the [[Parthasarathy Temple, Chennai|Thiruvallikeni Parthasarathy Temple]] whom he used to feed often. When he fed a coconut to the elephant, the elephant attacked him. Although he survived the incident, his health deteriorated. A few months later, he died in the early morning on 11 September 1921. Though Bharathi was considered a great poet and nationalist, it was recorded that only 14 people attended his funeral.<ref name="BBC"/>

== Literary work ==
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Bharathi was one of the pioneers of modern Tamil literature.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Changing society and modern Tamil literature|journal=Tamil Issue|jstor=40874190|volume=4|issue=3/4|pages=21–36|year=1968|last1=Annamalai|first1=E.}}{{Subscription required}}</ref> He is known by the nickname "Mahakavi" ("The Great Poet").<ref>{{cite news|title=Congress Veteran reenacts Bharathis escape to Pondy|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Congress-veteran-re-enacts-Bharatis-escape-to-Pondy/articleshow/53879675.cms|access-date=29 January 2021|archive-date=2 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210402032748/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/congress-veteran-re-enacts-bharatis-escape-to-pondy/articleshow/53879675.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Bharathi used simple words and rhythms, unlike the previous century works in Tamil, which had complex vocabulary. He also proposed novel ideas and techniques in his poems. He used a [[Metre (poetry)|metre]] called ''Nondi Chindu'' in most of his works, which was earlier used by Gopalakrisnha Bharathiar.<ref>{{cite book|title=Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: Plays and prose|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1R2Pa3f7r0C&pg=PA379|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-7201-324-0|page=379|editor=George, K.M.|year=1992|location=New Delhi|access-date=20 December 2018|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228174507/https://books.google.com/books?id=m1R2Pa3f7r0C&pg=PA379#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

Bharathi's poetry expressed progressive and reformist ideals. His poetry was a forerunner to modern Tamil poetry in different aspects and combined classical and contemporary elements. He penned thousands of verses on diverse topics like Indian Nationalism, love, children, nature, glory of the Tamil language, and odes to prominent freedom fighters. He fought for the [[emancipation of women]], against [[child marriage]], vehemently opposed the [[Caste system in India|caste system]], and stood for reforming society and religion.<ref>{{cite news|title=Knowing Subramania Bharati beyond his turban colour|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/knowing-subramania-bharati-beyond-his-turban-colour/cid/1691909|access-date=1 June 2020|work=Telegraph India|archive-date=26 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226214328/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/knowing-subramania-bharati-beyond-his-turban-colour/cid/1691909|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Raman|first=Aroon|date=21 December 2009|title=All too human at the core|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/All-too-human-at-the-core/article16854491.ece|access-date=11 December 2020|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=10 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210213417/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/All-too-human-at-the-core/article16854491.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> His poems were the first to be nationalized in India in 1949.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/bharathi-the-first-poet-whose-works-were-nationalised/article7490803.ece|title=Bharathi, the first poet whose works were nationalised|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=2 August 2015|access-date=23 August 2015}}</ref>

His works include ''[[Panjali Sabatham]]'', ''Kannan Paatu'', ''Kuyil Paatu'', ''Paapa Paatu'', ''Chinnanchriu Kiliye'' and ''Vinayagar Nanmanimalai''. He also translated [[Patanjali]]'s ''[[Yoga Sutra]]'' and ''[[Bhagavat Gita]]'' to Tamil.<ref name="life"/> Apart from this he also wrote various patriotic songs, religious verses, short stories and translations of speeches of reformist leaders.<ref name="Lal"/>

== Legacy ==
[[File:EttayapuramBharathiHouse.png|thumb|Bharathi's house in [[Ettayapuram]]]]
The last years of his life were spent in a house in [[Triplicane|Thiruvallikeni]] in Chennai. The house was bought and renovated by the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] in 1993 and named "Bharathi Illam" (Home of Bharathi).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5QITEAAAQBAJ&dq=Bha%E2%88%92rathi+Illam&pg=PT60|title=A Madras Mystery|author=Rangarajan|date=11 January 2021|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-637-14757-3|access-date=28 December 2023|archive-date=3 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903201957/https://books.google.com/books?id=5QITEAAAQBAJ&dq=Bha%E2%88%92rathi+Illam&pg=PT60|url-status=live}}</ref> The house in which he was born in Ettayapuram and the house where he lived in Puducherry are maintained as memorial houses.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://art.py.gov.in/mahakavi-bharathiyar-museum|title=Mahakavi Bharatiyar museum|publisher=Government of Puducherry|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=16 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716172741/https://art.py.gov.in/mahakavi-bharathiyar-museum|url-status=live}}</ref> A statue of Bharathi, a memorial complex and a photo exhibition related to his life history are on display at Etayapuram, his birthplace.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://tnrajbhavantour.tn.gov.in/tnrb-website-archive/PressReleases/2021/PR131221-1.pdf|title=Hon'ble Governor of Tamil Nadu Thiru. R.N.Ravi, visited Mahakavi Subrmania Bharathiyar Memorial and Bharathiyar's house at Ettayapuram today|publisher=[[Raj Bhavan, Chennai|Raj Bhavan]]|date=13 February 2021|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=7 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607160925/https://tnrajbhavantour.tn.gov.in/tnrb-website-archive/PressReleases/2021/PR131221-1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1960, [[India Post]] issued a commemorative stamp on Bharati.<ref>{{cite book|title=Who's who on Indian Stamps|year=1999|publisher=[[University of Michigan]]|author=Sushma Suresh|page=47}}</ref> The [[Subramanyam Bharti Award]] was constituted in 1987 to award contributions to literature. The award is conferred annually by the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development]] of [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://alumni.iiit.ac.in/newsroom/news/Prof-Nand-Kishore-Acharya-Presented-Prestigious-Literary-Award-Maharana-Kumbha-Samman-2012|title=Prof. Nand Kishore Acharya Presented Prestigious Literary Award Maharana Kumbha Samman 2012|date=1 February 2012|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[Indian Institutes of Information Technology]]}}</ref> In 2021, Government of Tamil Nadu instituted a yearly "Bharati young poet Award".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/national-poets-death-anniversary-declared-as-mahakavi-day-in-tamil-nadu-2536735|title=Poet Subramania Bharati's Death Anniversary Declared As "Mahakavi" Day In Tamil Nadu|date=11 September 2021|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[NDTV]]|archive-date=7 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607160924/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/national-poets-death-anniversary-declared-as-mahakavi-day-in-tamil-nadu-2536735|url-status=live}}</ref> Statutes of Bharathi include the [[Indian Parliament]] and [[Marina Beach]] facade in Chennai.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://loksabhadocs.nic.in/our%20parliament/List%20of%20Statues%20and%20Portraits.htm|title=Portraits and statues in Parliament of India|publisher=[[Parliament of India]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326224149/https://loksabhadocs.nic.in/our%20parliament/List%20of%20Statues%20and%20Portraits.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Roads are named after him include Bharathiar road in Coimbatore and Subramaniam Bharti Marg in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/Free-helmet-distribution-disrupts-vehicle-movement-on-crucial-traffic-island/articleshow/49237568.cms|title=Free helmet distribution|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 October 2015|access-date=8 October 2015|archive-date=10 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810213838/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/Free-helmet-distribution-disrupts-vehicle-movement-on-crucial-traffic-island/articleshow/49237568.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/drunk-car-driver-rams-53-year-old-traffic-cop-fractures-his-leg/|title=Subramaniam Bharti Marg|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=3 October 2015|access-date=8 October 2015|archive-date=6 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006051648/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/drunk-car-driver-rams-53-year-old-traffic-cop-fractures-his-leg/|url-status=live}}</ref> Several educational institutions are named after him including [[Bharathiar University]], a [[State university (India)|state university]], which was established in 1982 at [[Coimbatore]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Handbook of Universities, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKgM7P5iGwgC&pg=PA114|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|year=2006|last1=Gupta|first1=Ameeta |last2=Kumar|first2=Ashish |isbn=978-8-126-90607-9|page=14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Activities: School|url=http://www.sevalaya.org/activities/|publisher=Sevalaya|access-date=23 December 2013|archive-date=5 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205093155/http://www.sevalaya.org/activities/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 11 September 2021, on the 100th death anniversary of Bharati, then Indian [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] announced the establishment of a Subramania Bharathi chair of Tamil Studies at the [[Banaras Hindu University]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-announces-chair-at-bhu-in-honour-of-tamil-poet-subramania-bharati-101631345149470.html|title=PM Modi announces chair at BHU in honor of Tamil poet Subramania Bharti|date=11 September 2021|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.puthiyathalaimurai.com/tamilnadu/tamil-seat-in-banaras-hindu-university-in-the-name-of-bharati-says-prime-minister-modi|title=Tamil seat in Banaras Hindu university in the name of Bharti says prime minister Modi|date=11 September 2021|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[Puthiya Thalaimurai]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/education-career/pm-announces-subramania-bharati-chair-on-tamil-studies-at-bhu-know-who-mahakavi-bharati-4191263.html|title=PM announces Subramania Bharti chair on Tamil studies at BHU|date=11 September 2021|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[News 18]]}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
A [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film]] titled ''[[Bharathi (2000 film)|Bharathi]]'' was made in the year 2000 on the life of the poet by [[Gnana Rajasekaran]], which won [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]].<ref>{{cite news|title=SA women 'swoon' over Sanjay|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-177276773.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610170958/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-177276773.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 June 2014|date=30 March 2008|access-date=30 November 2013|work=Sunday Tribune|location=South Africa}}</ref> The movie ''[[Kappalottiya Thamizhan]]'' based on the life of V. O. Chidambaram Pillai also chronicles the life of Bharathi. The [[Musical ensemble|musical duo]] [[Hiphop Tamizha]] use a caricature of Bharati as a part of their [[logo]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guindytimes.com/articles/english-pesnalum-tamizhan-da-a-hip-hop-tamizha-exclusive|title=English Pesnalum Tamizhan Da – A Hip Hop Tamizha Exclusive|last=Akshaya Raju|date=16 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141128051344/http://www.guindytimes.com/articles/english-pesnalum-tamizhan-da-a-hip-hop-tamizha-exclusive|archive-date=28 November 2014|access-date=28 November 2014|newspaper=Guindy Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2014/kollywood-gets-a-new-music-director-164016.html|title=Kollywood Gets A New Music Director!|last=Avinash Gopinath|date=11 November 2014|work=[[Oneindia.in]]|access-date=23 November 2014|archive-date=21 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141121104510/http://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2014/kollywood-gets-a-new-music-director-164016.html|url-status=live }}</ref> Many of the poems written by Bharati are used in various films in the form of songs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tcrcindia.com/2017/08/07/filmy-ripples-mahakavi-bharathiyars-works-in-tamil-film-music/|title=Filmy Ripples – Mahakavi Bharathiyar's works in Tamil Film Music|date=7 August 2017|access-date=9 July 2021|archive-date=23 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223171426/https://tcrcindia.com/2017/08/07/filmy-ripples-mahakavi-bharathiyars-works-in-tamil-film-music/|url-status=live}}</ref> Phrases or lines from his poems are also used as film titles.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/ner-konda-paarvai-subramania-bharatis-line-poem-becomes-title-ajith-starrer-793206|title=Ner Konda Paarvai : Subramania Bharati's line from a poem becomes the title of Ajith-starrer|website=[[International Business Times]]|date=5 March 2019|access-date=9 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709191050/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/ner-konda-paarvai-subramania-bharatis-line-poem-becomes-title-ajith-starrer-793206|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/bharathi-references-in-tamil-cinema|title=Bharathi references in Tami cinema|work=[[Vikatan]]|date=11 December 2019 |access-date=30 November 2021|archive-date=15 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200315113426/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/bharathi-references-in-tamil-cinema|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[wikisource:ta:ஆசிரியர்:பாரதியார்|Subramaniya Bharathi's works at Wikisource Tamil]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|title=Fire In The Soul: The Life And Times of Subramania Bharati|oclc=339 }}
* [http://www.cssscal.org/pdf/Annual_report_2015-16.pdf “Subramania Barati and Tamil Modernism”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912063302/https://www.cssscal.org/pdf/Annual_report_2015-16.pdf|date=12 September 2021 }}
* [https://www.academia.edu/38522940/ACLA_2019_-_Fictionalizing_an_Untold_History_The_Recent_Cases_of_Mexico_and_Italy_ "Fictionalizing an Untold History"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926044848/https://www.academia.edu/38522940/ACLA_2019_-_Fictionalizing_an_Untold_History_The_Recent_Cases_of_Mexico_and_Italy_|date=26 September 2019 }}

==External links==

{{Commons category|Subramanya Bharathi}}

{{wikiquote|Subramanya Bharathi}}

{{Wikisource|ta:ஆசிரியர்:பாரதியார்|சுப்பிரமணிய பாரதி}}

{{Wikiquote|ta:சுப்பிரமணிய பாரதியார்|சுப்பிரமணிய பாரதி}}
* [https://www.projectmadurai.org/index.html Works by Bharathi at the open access repository: Project Madurai]
* Long list of [http://www.mahakavibharathiyar.info/b_paadalgal.htm works by Bharathi] on the left side menu, some songs have audio files
* [https://dheivegam.com/tamil-kavithaigal/bharathiyar-kavithaigal/ Songs by Mahakavi Bharathiyar]
* {{Librivox author|id=8754}}

{{Indian independence movement}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharathy, Subramania}}
[[Category:Tamil poets]]
[[Category:Tamil activists]]
[[Category:Tamil-language writers]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Hindu poets]]
[[Category:1882 births]]
[[Category:1921 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Thoothukudi district]]
[[Category:Indian reformers]]
[[Category:Indian autobiographers]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Deaths due to elephant attacks]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Brahmins who fought against discrimination]]
[[Category:Tamil-language literature]]
[[Category:Anti-caste activists]]

Barbie

2026-03-26T19:10:00Z

Rxsolution: brief cleanup lead after review and updated info

{{About|the fashion doll and brand|other uses|Barbie (disambiguation)}}
{{Use American English|date=March 2012}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2012}}
{{Infobox toy
|name=Barbie
|image=Barbie Logo.svg
|caption=The current Barbie logo
|type=[[Fashion doll]]
|inventor=[[Ruth Handler]]
|company=[[Mattel]]
|country=[[United States]]
|from=March 9, 1959
|to=present
|materials=Plastic
|website=https://shop.mattel.com/pages/barbie
}}

'''Barbie''' is a [[fashion doll]] franchise created by American businesswoman [[Ruth Handler]], manufactured by American toy and entertainment company [[Mattel]] and introduced on March 9, 1959. The toy was based on the German [[Bild Lilli doll|Bild Lilli]] doll which Handler had purchased while in Europe. The figurehead of an eponymous brand that includes a range of fashion dolls and accessories, Barbie has been an important part of the toy [[fashion]] doll market for over six decades. Mattel has sold over a billion Barbie dolls, making it the company's largest and most profitable line.<ref name="wsj.com" /> The brand has expanded into [[Barbie (media franchise)|a multimedia franchise]] since 1984, including video games, [[List of Barbie films|animated films]], television/web series, and a [[Barbie (film)|live-action film]].

Barbie and her male counterpart, [[Ken (doll)|Ken]], have been described as the two most popular dolls in the world.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Norton|first1=Kevin I.|last2=Olds|first2=Timothy S.|last3=Olive|first3=Scott|last4=Dank|first4=Stephen|date=1996-02-01|title=Ken and Barbie at life size|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01544300|journal=Sex Roles|language=en|volume=34|issue=3|pages=287–294|doi=10.1007/BF01544300|s2cid=143568530|issn=1573-2762|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mattel generates a large portion of Barbie's revenue through related [[merchandising|merchandise]]{{snd}}accessories, clothes, friends, and relatives of Barbie. Writing for ''Journal of Popular Culture'' in 1977, Don Richard Cox noted that Barbie has a significant impact on social values by conveying characteristics of female independence, and with her multitude of accessories, an idealized upscale lifestyle that can be shared with affluent friends.<ref>Don Richard Cox, "Barbie and her playmates." ''Journal of Popular Culture'' 11.2 (1977): 303–307.</ref>

==History==

===Development===

[[File:Ruth Handler in 1961.jpg|thumb|Barbie creator [[Ruth Handler]] with an assortment of Barbie and Mattel products (1961)]]
[[Ruth Handler]] watched her daughter Barbara play with paper dolls, and noticed that she often enjoyed giving them adult roles. At the time, most children's toy dolls were representations of infants. Realizing that there could be a gap in the market, Handler suggested the idea of an adult-bodied doll to her husband [[Elliot Handler|Elliot]], a co-founder of the [[Mattel]] toy company. He was unenthusiastic about the idea, as were Mattel's directors.<ref>Mary G. Lord, ''Forever Barbie: The unauthorized biography of a real doll'' ([[Bloomsbury Publishing]] USA, 2004).</ref>

During a trip to Switzerland in 1956 with her children Barbara and [[Kenneth Handler|Kenneth]], Ruth Handler came across a German toy doll called [[Bild Lilli doll|Bild Lilli]].<ref name="WP-20230525">{{cite news |last=Javaid |first=Maham |title=Barbie's 'pornographic' origin story, as told by historians - A new trailer for the Barbie movie shows her visiting the real world. In reality, the doll was based on a German sex toy called Lilli. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/2023/05/25/barbie-trailer-creator-pornographic-origin-doll/ |date=May 25, 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20230526144415/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/2023/05/25/barbie-trailer-creator-pornographic-origin-doll/ |archivedate=May 26, 2023 |accessdate=May 26, 2023 }}</ref>{{efn|In an interview with Mary G. Lord, the author of ''Forever Barbie'', Ruth Handler said that she saw the doll in [[Lucerne]], Switzerland. However, the book points out that on other occasions Handler said that she saw the doll in [[Zürich]] or [[Vienna]].}} The adult-figured doll was exactly what Handler had in mind, so she purchased three of them. She gave one to her daughter and took the others back to Mattel. The Lilli doll was based on a popular character appearing in a satirical [[comic strip]] drawn by Reinhard Beuthin for the newspaper ''[[Bild]]''.<ref name="Lilli">{{cite news |title=Sassy with a sidelong glance: Meet Lilli, Barbie's German inspiration |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/north-america/sassy-with-a-sidelong-glance-meet-lilli-barbie-s-german-inspiration-20230719-p5dpo0.html |access-date=August 29, 2023 |work=Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref> The Lilli doll was first sold in [[West Germany]] in 1955, and although it was initially sold to adults, it became popular with children who enjoyed dressing her up in outfits that were available separately.<ref name="Lilli"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet Lilli, the High-end German Call Girl Who Became America's Iconic Barbie Doll|url=http://www.messynessychic.com/2016/01/29/meet-lilli-the-high-end-german-call-girl-who-became-americas-iconic-barbie-doll/|website=Messy Nessy|access-date=10 February 2018|date=January 29, 2016|archive-date=August 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826213647/https://www.messynessychic.com/2016/01/29/meet-lilli-the-high-end-german-call-girl-who-became-americas-iconic-barbie-doll/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Upon her return to the United States, Handler redesigned the doll (with help from local inventor-designer [[Jack Ryan (designer)|Jack Ryan]]) and the doll was given a new name, ''Barbie'', after her daughter Barbara (born May 21, 1941).<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=July 26, 2023 |title=Barbie Is Named For This Real Person...Who Is Still Alive Today |url=https://www.womenshealthmag.com/life/a44599769/barbara-handler-barbie/ |access-date=May 29, 2025 |magazine=[[Women's Health (magazine)|Women's Health]] |language=en-US |archive-date=May 29, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250529222139/https://www.womenshealthmag.com/life/a44599769/barbara-handler-barbie/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Barbara Handler "hated being known as the inspiration for the Barbie doll."<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=All About Ruth Handler's Daughter and Son, Who Barbie and Ken Were Named After |url=https://people.com/all-about-ruth-handler-children-barbara-kenneth-7562635 |access-date=May 29, 2025 |first=Kelsie |last=Gibson |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]] |language=en |archive-date=July 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722164334/https://people.com/all-about-ruth-handler-children-barbara-kenneth-7562635 |url-status=live }}</ref> The doll made its debut at the [[American International Toy Fair]] in [[New York City]] on March 9, 1959.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://jwa.org/thisweek/mar/09/1959/ruth-mosko-handler | title=Ruth Mosko Handler unveils Barbie Doll | publisher=[[Jewish Women's Archive]] | access-date=8 March 2014 | archive-date=June 9, 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090609161316/http://jwa.org/thisweek/mar/09/1959/ruth-mosko-handler | url-status=live }}</ref> This date is also used as Barbie's official birthday.

===Launch===

[[File:MattelBarbieno1br.jpg|thumb|upright|The first Barbie doll was introduced in [[Blonde versus brunette rivalry|both blonde and brunette]] on March 9, 1959.]]
The first Barbie doll wore a black-and-white [[zebra]] striped swimsuit and signature topknot [[ponytail]], and was available as either a [[blonde]] or [[brunette]]. The doll was marketed as a "Teen-age Fashion Model", with her clothes created by Mattel fashion designer Charlotte Johnson.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Barbie|url=https://www.firstversions.com/2014/12/barbie.html|access-date=2021-06-02|website=FirstVersions.com|archive-date=July 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718062231/https://www.firstversions.com/2014/12/barbie.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Analysts expected the doll to perform poorly due to her adult appearance and widespread assumptions about consumer preferences at the time. Ruth Handler believed it was important for Barbie to have an adult appearance, but early [[market research]] showed that some parents were unhappy about the doll's chest, which had distinct breasts.<ref name="oust">{{Cite web|title=Mattel, Inc. History|url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/mattel-inc-history/|work=International Directory of Company Histories. Vol.61.|publisher=St. James Press (2000)|access-date=May 7, 2014|archive-date=June 2, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602044245/http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/mattel-inc-history/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Barbie sold about 350,000 units in her first year, beating market expectations and generating [[upside risk]] for investors. Sales of Barbie [[Deadweight loss|exceeded]] Mattel's ability to produce her for the first three years of her run. The market stabilized for the next decade while volume and margin increased by exporting [[Refurbishment (electronics)|refurbished]] dolls to [[Japan]]. Barbie was manufactured in Japan during this time, with her clothes hand-stitched by Japanese homeworkers.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dean |first1=Grace |title=Barbie is the star of the summer's hottest blockbuster. The much-hyped movie is the pinnacle of a 60-year history filled with rejections, lawsuits, and controversies for the world's most iconic doll. |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/barbie-history-mattel-ruth-handler-ken-doll-toy-fashion-movie |website=Business Insider |access-date=14 October 2023 |archive-date=October 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019072010/https://www.businessinsider.com/barbie-history-mattel-ruth-handler-ken-doll-toy-fashion-movie |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Louis Marx and Company]] sued Mattel in March 1961. After licensing Lilli, they claimed that Mattel had "infringed on Greiner & Hausser's patent for Bild-Lilli's hip joint", and also claimed that Barbie was "a direct take-off and copy" of Bild-Lilli. The company additionally claimed that Mattel "falsely and misleadingly represented itself as having originated the design". Mattel counter-claimed and the case was settled out of court in 1963. In 1964, Mattel bought Greiner & Hausser's copyright and patent rights for the Bild-Lilli doll for $21,600, {{Inflation|index=US|value=21000|start_year=1964|r=-3|fmt=eq}}.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Toy monster: the big, bad world of Mattel|last = Oppenheimer|first = Jerry|publisher = Wiley|year = 2009|isbn = 978-0071402118|location = Hoboken, N.J.|pages = 33–34}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-dec-23-fi-barbie23-story.html| title=Mattel Wins Ruling in Barbie Dispute | work=[[Los Angeles Times]] | access-date=29 April 2015}}</ref>

[[File:Charlotte Johnson with 1965 Barbie doll.jpg|thumb|Clothing designer Charlotte Johnson with a 1965 doll]]
Barbie's appearance has been changed many times, most notably in 1971, when the doll's eyes were adjusted to look forwards rather than having the demure sideways glance of the original model. This would be the last adjustment Ruth would make to her own creation as, three years later, she and her husband Elliot were removed from their posts at Mattel after an investigation found them guilty of issuing false and misleading financial reports.<ref name="oust" />

Barbie was one of the first toys to have a marketing strategy based extensively on television advertising, which has been copied widely by other toys. In 2006, it was estimated that over a billion Barbie dolls had been sold worldwide in over 150 countries, with Mattel claiming that three Barbie dolls are sold every second.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/5370398.stm | work=[[BBC News]] | title=Vintage Barbie struts her stuff | date=September 22, 2006 | access-date=April 26, 2010 | archive-date=December 13, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213233954/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/5370398.stm | url-status=live }}</ref>

Sales of Barbie dolls declined sharply from 2014 to 2016.<ref name="wsj.com">{{Cite web|last=Ziobro|first=Paul|date=28 January 2016|title=Mattel to Add Curvy, Petite, Tall Barbies: Sales of the doll have fallen at double-digit rate for past eight quarters|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/mattel-to-add-curvy-petite-tall-barbies-1453991134|website=[[Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=23 September 2020|archive-date=June 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601092123/https://www.wsj.com/articles/mattel-to-add-curvy-petite-tall-barbies-1453991134|url-status=live}}</ref> According to [[MarketWatch]], the release of the 2023 film [[Barbie (film)|''Barbie'']] is expected to create "significant growth" for the brand until at least 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2023 "Barbie Doll Market" Regional Sales and Future Trends Analysis |url=https://www.marketwatch.com/press-release/2023-barbie-doll-market-regional-sales-and-future-trends-analysis-2023-04-25 |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=MarketWatch |language=EN-US |archive-date=July 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719074132/https://www.marketwatch.com/press-release/2023-barbie-doll-market-regional-sales-and-future-trends-analysis-2023-04-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{anchor|Barbiecore}}As well as reinvigorated sales, the release of the film triggered a fashion trend known as "Barbiecore"<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=2023-06-27 |title=The Long, Complicated, and Very Pink History of Barbiecore |url=https://time.com/6290606/barbiecore-trend-history/ |access-date=2023-07-19 |magazine=Time |language=en |archive-date=September 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925132613/https://time.com/6290606/barbiecore-trend-history/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and a film-related cultural phenomenon named [[Barbenheimer]].

==Appearances in media==
{{Further|Barbie (media franchise)|List of Barbie films|List of Barbie video games|Barbie (film)}}
[[File:Margot_Robbie_(53012385004).jpg|thumb|[[Margot Robbie]] at the 2023 ''[[Barbie (film)|Barbie]]'' premiere in [[Sydney]], [[Australia]]]]

Since 1984, in response to a rise of [[digital media|digital]] and [[interactive media]] and a gradual decline in toys and doll sales at that time, Barbie has been featured in an eponymous [[media franchise]] beginning with the release of two eponymous video games, [[barbie (1984 video game)|one that year]] and [[barbie (1991 video game)|another in 1991]] and two [[broadcast syndication|syndicated]] [[television special]]s released in 1987; ''[[Barbie and the Rockers: Out of This World]]'' and [[Barbie and the Sensations: Rockin' Back to Earth|its sequel]]. She then began to appear as a [[virtual actor|virtual actress]] in [[list of Barbie films|a series]] of [[direct-to-video]] animated feature films with ''[[Barbie in the Nutcracker]]'' in 2001,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Barbie Animated Film Series|url=http://www.imdb.com/list/ls063299924/|access-date=19 May 2021|website=[[IMDb]]|archive-date=October 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025151317/https://www.imdb.com/list/ls063299924/|url-status=live}}</ref> which were also broadcast on [[Nickelodeon]] in the United States as promotional specials until 2017.<ref name="Detroit Free Press">{{Cite web |date=18 April 2015 |title=Barbie shows signs of life as Mattel plots comeback |url=https://www.freep.com/story/life/2015/04/18/barbie-makeover-comeback-mattel/25981851/ |access-date=15 January 2017 |website=[[Detroit Free Press]] |archive-date=October 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022154344/https://www.freep.com/story/life/2015/04/18/barbie-makeover-comeback-mattel/25981851/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Since 2017, the film series were revamped as [[streaming television]] films, branded as animated "specials" and released through [[streaming media]] services, primarily on [[Netflix]].<ref name="BPopC">{{Cite web |title=Barbie in pop culture |url=http://www.barbiemedia.com/pop-culture/entertainment.html |access-date=27 March 2022 |website=Barbie Media |archive-date=July 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712130826/http://www.barbiemedia.com/pop-culture/entertainment.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Laurie |first=Virginia |date=22 January 2022 |title=The Legacy of the Barbie Cinematic Universe |url=https://studybreaks.com/tvfilm/barbie-cinematic-universe/ |access-date=5 July 2022 |website=Study Breaks |language=en-us |archive-date=June 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608111500/https://studybreaks.com/tvfilm/barbie-cinematic-universe/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |date=1 August 2020 |title=Barbie® Makes Music in Mattel Television's New Animated Movie|work=[[Mattel Television]] |publisher=[[Mattel]] |url=https://corporate.mattel.com/news/barbie-makes-music-in-mattel-television-s-new-animated-movie|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907050140/https://corporate.mattel.com/news/barbie-makes-music-in-mattel-television-s-new-animated-movie |archive-date=7 September 2020|access-date=2 November 2020}}</ref>

At the time of the release of ''[[Barbie in the Pink Shoes]]'' on February 26, 2013, the film series has sold over 110 million units globally.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Strecker|first=Erin|date=26 February 2013|title=Barbie celebrates 25th DVD release today|url=https://ew.com/article/2013/02/26/barbie-25-dvd-release-pink-shoes/|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|access-date=6 February 2019|quote=...they’ve sold over 110 million Barbie DVDs to date!...|archive-date=December 31, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231040439/https://ew.com/article/2013/02/26/barbie-25-dvd-release-pink-shoes/|url-status=live}}</ref> Since 2012, she has appeared in several [[television shows|television]] and [[web series]], including; ''[[Barbie: Life in the Dreamhouse]]'', ''[[Barbie Dreamtopia|Barbie: Dreamtopia]]'', ''[[Barbie Dreamhouse Adventures|Barbie: Dreamhouse Adventures]]'', ''[[Barbie: It Takes Two]]'' and ''[[Barbie: A Touch of Magic]]''. Aside from lead roles, she has appeared as a supporting character in the [[Toy Story (franchise)|''Toy Story'' films]] between its [[Toy Story 2|second]] and [[Toy Story 3|third sequels]] with a cameo in the [[Toy Story 4|fourth]] and the ''[[My Scene]]'' media franchise.<ref name="BPopC" /> In 2015, Barbie began appearing as a [[vlogger]] on [[YouTube]] called ''Barbie Vlogger'' where she talks about her fictional life, fashion, [[List of Barbie's friends and family|friends and family]], and even charged topics such as [[mental health]] and [[racism]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Barbie Vlogger|date=19 June 2015|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9425096/|type=Animation|work=[[Mattel Television]]|publisher=[[Mattel]]|access-date=27 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Scott |first=Ellen|date=30 May 2017|title=Why it's so powerful for Barbie to talk about mental health |url=https://metro.co.uk/2017/05/30/why-its-so-powerful-for-barbie-to-talk-about-mental-health-6671475/|access-date=27 March 2022|website=[[Metro (British newspaper)|Metro]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Mitchell|first=Skylar|date=10 October 2020|title=Barbie confronts racism in viral video and shows how to be a White ally|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/10/us/barbie-vlog-teaches-allyship-trnd/index.html|access-date=27 March 2022|website=[[CNN]]|language=en}}</ref> She was portrayed by Australian actress [[Margot Robbie]] in [[Barbie (film)|a live-action film adaptation]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 March 2022|title=Everything to Know About Margot Robbie's Live-Action 'Barbie' Movie|url=https://www.usmagazine.com/entertainment/pictures/barbie-everything-to-know-about-margot-robbies-live-action-movie/|access-date=27 March 2022|website=Us Weekly|language=en-US|archive-date=March 27, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327204955/https://www.usmagazine.com/entertainment/pictures/barbie-everything-to-know-about-margot-robbies-live-action-movie/|url-status=live}}</ref> released on July 21, 2023, by [[Warner Bros. Pictures]] in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Donnelly|first=Matt|date=26 April 2022|url=https://variety.com/2022/film/news/margot-robbie-barbie-release-date-1235241864/|title=Margot Robbie's Barbie Sets 2023 Release Date, Unveils First-Look Photo|website=[[variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=1 May 2022|archive-date=April 26, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426234219/https://variety.com/2022/film/news/margot-robbie-barbie-release-date-1235241864/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Fictional biography==
{{See also|List of Barbie's friends and family}}
{{Infobox character
| full_name = Barbara Millicent Roberts
| image =
| first = {{start date and age|1959|3|9}}
| nickname = Barbie
| occupation = See: [[Barbie's careers]]
| family = See: [[List of Barbie's friends and family]]
| creator = [[Ruth Handler]]
}}
Barbie's full name is '''Barbara Millicent Roberts''' and her parents' names are given as George and Margaret Roberts from the fictional town of Willows, [[Wisconsin]], in a series of novels published by [[Random House]] in the 1960s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lawrence |first=Cynthia |title=Here's Barbie |author2=Bette Lou Maybee |publisher=[[Random House]] |year=1962 |oclc=15038159}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 23, 2013 |title=Original Model Barbie Doll |url=http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Article/CS2720 |website=[[Wisconsin Historical Society]] |access-date=May 12, 2021 |archive-date=September 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921232253/https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Article/CS2720 |url-status=live }}</ref> In those novels, Barbie attended Willows High School; while in the ''Generation Girl'' books, published by [[Western Publishing|Golden Books]] in 1999, she attended the fictional Manhattan International High School in New York City (based on the real-life [[Stuyvesant High School]]).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Biederman |first=Marcia |date=September 20, 1999 |title=Generation Next: A newly youthful Barbie takes Manhattan. |work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |url=https://nymag.com/nymetro/urban/family/features/2033/ |access-date=June 4, 2009 |archive-date=April 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407055624/https://nymag.com/nymetro/urban/family/features/2033/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

She has an on-off romantic relationship with her then-boyfriend [[Ken (doll)|Ken]] (full name "Kenneth Sean Carson"), who first appeared in 1961. A [[press release|news release]] from Mattel in February 2004 announced that Barbie and Ken had decided to split up,<ref>[http://investor.shareholder.com/mattel/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=128705 The Storybook Romance Comes To An End For Barbie And Ken] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171101193455/http://investor.shareholder.com/mattel/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=128705 |date=November 1, 2017 }} Mattel February 12, 2004</ref> but in February 2006, they were hoping to rekindle their relationship after Ken had a makeover.<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2006/US/02/09/ken.barbie.reut/ Madeover Ken hopes to win back Barbie] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127121734/http://edition.cnn.com/2006/US/02/09/ken.barbie.reut/ |date=January 27, 2023 }} [[CNN International|CNN]] February 10, 2006</ref> In 2011, Mattel launched a campaign for Ken to win Barbie's affections back.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=STRANSKY |first1=TANNER |date=14 Feb 2011 |title=Valentine's Day Surprise! Barbie and Ken are officially back together |url=http://www.ew.com/article/2011/02/14/ken-barbie-back-together-valentines-day |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |access-date=February 29, 2020 |archive-date=July 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711052039/https://ew.com/article/2011/02/14/ken-barbie-back-together-valentines-day/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The pair officially reunited on [[Valentine's Day]] 2011.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kavilanz |first=Parija |date=2011-02-14 |title=Barbie and Ken: Back together on Valentine's Day |work=[[CNN Money|CNN]] |url=https://money.cnn.com/2011/02/14/news/companies/ken_barbie_reunite_valentines_day/index.htm |archive-date=May 30, 2021 |access-date=August 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210530081612/https://money.cnn.com/2011/02/14/news/companies/ken_barbie_reunite_valentines_day/index.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Beginning with ''Barbie Dreamhouse Adventures'' in 2018, the pair are seen as just friends or next-door neighbors until a brief return to pre-2018 aesthetics in the 2023 television show, ''Barbie: A Touch of Magic''.

Mattel has created a range of companions and relatives for Barbie. She has three younger sisters: [[Skipper (Barbie)|Skipper]], [[Stacie (Barbie)|Stacie]], and [[Chelsea (Barbie)|Chelsea]] (named Kelly until 2011).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.barbiemedia.com/about-barbie/family-friends.html|title=About Barbie: Family and friends|publisher=[[Mattel]]|quote=Barbie has three sisters: Skipper, Stacie, Chelsea|access-date=July 13, 2022|archive-date=July 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724155606/http://www.barbiemedia.com/about-barbie/family-friends.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Her sisters have co-starred in many entries of the ''Barbie'' film series, starting with ''Barbie & Her Sisters in A Pony Tale'' from 2013. 'Retired' members of Barbie's family included [[List of Barbie's friends and family#Main characters|Todd]] (twin brother to Stacie), [[Krissy (Barbie)|Krissy]] (a baby sister), and [[Francie (Barbie)|Francie]] (cousin). Barbie's friends include [[Hispanic]] [[Teresa (Barbie)|Teresa]], [[Midge (Barbie)|Midge]], [[African Americans|African American]] Christie, and Steven (Christie's boyfriend). Barbie was also friendly with [[List of Barbie's friends and family#Discontinued characters|Blaine]], an Australian surfer, during her split with Ken in 2004.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Joseph Lee |work=[[CNN Money]] |date=June 29, 2004 |title=Aussie hunk wins Barbie's heart |publisher=[[CNN]] |url=https://money.cnn.com/2004/06/29/news/fortune500/mattel_barbie/ |access-date=May 23, 2011 |archive-date=September 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912213600/https://money.cnn.com/2004/06/29/news/fortune500/mattel_barbie/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Barbie has had over 40 pets including cats and dogs, horses, a [[Giant panda|panda]], a lion cub, and a [[zebra]]. She has owned a wide range of vehicles, including pink [[Volkswagen New Beetle|Beetle]] and [[Chevrolet Corvette|Corvette]] [[convertible]]s, trailers, and [[Jeep]]s. She also holds a [[Pilot (aeronautics)|pilot]]'s license, and operates commercial airliners in addition to serving as a [[flight attendant]]. Barbie's [[Barbie's careers|careers]] are designed to show that women can take on a variety of roles in life, and the doll has been sold with a wide range of titles including ''Miss Astronaut Barbie'' (1965), ''Doctor Barbie'' (1988), and ''Nascar Barbie'' (1998).<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Barbie : Fast Facts|url=http://www.barbiemedia.com/about-barbie/fast-facts.html|access-date=27 March 2022|website=Barbie Media|archive-date=February 8, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208113119/http://www.barbiemedia.com/about-barbie/fast-facts.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Legacy and influence==

Barbie has become a [[cultural icon]] and has been given honors that are rare in the toy world. In 1974, a section of [[Times Square]] in New York City was renamed Barbie Boulevard for a week. The [[Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris]] at the Louvre held a Barbie exhibit in 2016. The exhibit featured 700 Barbie dolls over two floors as well as works by contemporary artists and documents (newspapers, photos, videos) that contextualize Barbie.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Musée des Arts Décoratifs|url=http://www.lesartsdecoratifs.fr/en/exhibitions/current-events-1322/musee-des-arts-decoratifs/barbie/|website=Musée des Arts Décoratifs|access-date=September 14, 2016|archive-date=September 17, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917080306/http://www.lesartsdecoratifs.fr/en/exhibitions/current-events-1322/musee-des-arts-decoratifs/barbie/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1986, the artist [[Andy Warhol]] created a painting of Barbie. The painting sold at auction at [[Christie's]], London for $1.1{{nbsp}}million. In 2015, The Andy Warhol Foundation then teamed up with Mattel to create an Andy Warhol Barbie.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Neuendorf|first1=Henri|title=Limited Edition Andy Warhol Barbie Hits the Shelves|url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world/andy-warhol-barbie-doll-383987|website=Artnet|date=December 3, 2015|access-date=September 23, 2016|archive-date=March 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304134628/https://news.artnet.com/art-world/andy-warhol-barbie-doll-383987|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Moore|first1=Hannah|title=Why Warhol painted Barbie|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-34407991|work=[[BBC News]]|date=October 2015|archive-date=June 23, 2018|access-date=June 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623180640/https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-34407991|url-status=live}}</ref>

Outsider artist [[Al Carbee]] took thousands of photographs of Barbie and created countless collages and dioramas featuring Barbie in various settings.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Gómez|first1=Edward|title=Al Carbee's Art of Dolls and Yearning: "Oh, for a real, live Barbie!"|url=http://hyperallergic.com/125248/al-carbees-art-of-dolls-and-yearning-oh-for-a-real-live-barbie/|website=Hyperallergic|date=May 10, 2014}}</ref> Carbee was the subject of the 2013 feature-length documentary ''[[Magical Universe]]''. Carbee's collage art was presented in the 2016 Barbie exhibit at the [[Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris]] in the section about visuals artists who have been inspired by Barbie.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Bender|first1=Silke|title=Widerlegt! Die 10 größten Irrtümer über Barbie|url=https://www.welt.de/icon/article153220825/Widerlegt-Die-10-groessten-Irrtuemer-ueber-Barbie.html|newspaper=[[Die Welt]]|publisher=[[Die Welt|Welt]]|date=March 12, 2016|language=de-DE}}</ref>
[[File:Interior of the Barbie Cafe.jpg|thumb|Interior of the Barbie café in Taiwan in 2013]]
In 2013, in [[Taiwan]], the first Barbie-themed restaurant called "Barbie Café" opened under the Sinlaku group.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2013\story_31-1-2013_pg9_1 |title=First Barbie-themed restaurant opens in Taiwan |date=31 January 2013 |newspaper=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]] |access-date=1 February 2013 }}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

''[[The Economist]]'' has emphasized the importance of Barbie to children's imagination:{{Blockquote|From her early days as a teenage fashion model, Barbie has appeared as an astronaut, surgeon, Olympic athlete, downhill skier, aerobics instructor, TV news reporter, vet, rock star, doctor, army officer, air force pilot, summit diplomat, rap musician, presidential candidate (party undefined), baseball player, scuba diver, lifeguard, fire-fighter, engineer, dentist, and many more.{{nbsp}}[...] When Barbie first burst into the toy shops, just as the 1960s were breaking, the doll market consisted mostly of babies, designed for girls to cradle, rock and feed. By creating a doll with adult features, Mattel enabled girls to become anything they want.<ref>''[[The Economist|Economist]]'' 21 Dec 2002, Vol. 365 Issue 8304, pp 20-22.</ref>}}

On September 7, 2021, following the debut of the [[streaming television|streaming]] [[television film]] ''[[Barbie: Big City, Big Dreams]]'' on [[Netflix]], Barbie joined forces with [[Grammy Awards|Grammy Award]]-nominated music producer, songwriter, singer and actress [[Ester Dean]] and Girls Make Beats – an organization dedicated to expanding the female presence of [[Record producer|music producers]], [[Disc jockey|DJs]] and [[audio engineer]]s – to inspire more girls to explore a future in music production.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-13|title=Barbie® Launches New Music Producer Doll to Highlight the Gender Gap in The Industry|url=https://corporate.mattel.com/news/barbie-launches-new-music-producer-doll-to-highlight-the-gender-gap-in-the-industry|access-date=2021-09-20|website=[[Mattel|Mattel News]]|language=en-US|archive-date=November 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107145927/https://corporate.mattel.com/news/barbie-launches-new-music-producer-doll-to-highlight-the-gender-gap-in-the-industry|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-07|title=Barbie|url=https://www.girlsmakebeats.org/barbie|access-date=2021-09-10|website=Girls Make Beats|language=en-US|archive-date=November 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107152931/https://www.girlsmakebeats.org/barbie|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-14|title=Barbie Makes Big Announce With Girls Make Beats Introducing New Doll|url=https://1035thebeat.iheart.com/featured/stichiz/content/2021-09-14-barbie-makes-big-announce-with-girls-make-beats-introducing-new-doll/|access-date=2021-10-01|website=Stichiz on [[iHeartRadio]]|language=en|archive-date=November 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107145926/https://1035thebeat.iheart.com/featured/stichiz/content/2021-09-14-barbie-makes-big-announce-with-girls-make-beats-introducing-new-doll/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Mattel Adventure Park ===
{{main article|Mattel Adventure Park}}

In 2023, Mattel broke ground on a theme park near [[Glendale, Arizona|Phoenix, Arizona]]. The park is to open in 2025 and highlights Mattel's toys, including a Barbie Beach House, a [[Thomas & Friends]] themed ride, and a [[Hot Wheels]] go-kart race track.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Theme Park with A Barbie Beach House is Opening in Arizona in 2024 |url=https://www.instagram.com/accounts/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.instagram.com%2Fp%2FCvD5tHopp0R%2F%3Fimg_index%3D1 |access-date=2023-07-25 |website=www.instagram.com |archive-date=February 22, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222055835/https://www.instagram.com/accounts/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.instagram.com%2Fp%2FCvD5tHopp0R%2F%3Fimg_index%3D1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mattel Adventure Park |url=https://www.matteladventurepark.com/ |access-date=2023-07-25 |website=www.matteladventurepark.com |archive-date=July 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725221829/https://www.matteladventurepark.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="usatoday.com">{{Cite web |title=Barbie and more at Mattel Adventure Park: What to know about the new Arizona theme park |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/experience/theme-parks/2023/07/11/mattel-adventure-park-arizona-opening-info/70403169007/ |access-date=2023-07-25 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US |archive-date=July 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725222306/https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/experience/theme-parks/2023/07/11/mattel-adventure-park-arizona-opening-info/70403169007/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The theme park will take place at the [https://www.vairesort.com/ VAI Resort complex], located {{convert|15|mi}} west of [[Phoenix, Arizona]].<ref name="usatoday.com"/>

===50th anniversary===
In 2009, to celebrate the franchise's 50th anniversary, a runway show was held in New York for the [[New York Fashion Week|Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week]].<ref>
{{Cite web |url=http://myitthings.com/FashionWeek/Post/fashion/It_Thing/Barbie-Runway-Show---Fall-2009-Mercedes-Benz-Fashion-Week-New-York-/802142009235862557.htm
|title=Barbie Runway Show – Fall 2009 Mercedes Benz Fashion Week New York
|publisher=MyItThings.com
|date=February 14, 2009
|access-date=May 23, 2011
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714143349/http://myitthings.com/FashionWeek/Post/fashion/It_Thing/Barbie-Runway-Show---Fall-2009-Mercedes-Benz-Fashion-Week-New-York-/802142009235862557.htm
|archive-date=July 14, 2011
|df=mdy
}}</ref> The event showcased fashions contributed by fifty well-known [[haute couture|haute couturiers]] including [[Diane von Fürstenberg]], [[Vera Wang]], [[Calvin Klein]], [[Bob Mackie]], and [[Christian Louboutin]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://alldolldup.typepad.com/all_dolld_up/2009/02/runway-rundown-the-barbie-shows-50-designers-.html |title=Runway Rundown: The Barbie Show's 50 Designers! |publisher=[[TypePad]] |access-date=May 23, 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110707025915/http://alldolldup.typepad.com/all_dolld_up/2009/02/runway-rundown-the-barbie-shows-50-designers-.html| archive-date= July 7, 2011 | url-status= live}}
</ref><ref>
{{Cite web
|url=http://www.handbag.com/fashion/news-christian-louboutin-explains-barbie-fat-ankle-comments/v1
|title=Christian Louboutin explains Barbie "fat ankle" comments
|publisher=Handbag.com
|date=October 16, 2009
|access-date=May 23, 2011
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100303163457/http://www.handbag.com/fashion/news-christian-louboutin-explains-barbie-fat-ankle-comments/v1
|archive-date=March 3, 2010
|df=mdy
}}</ref>

===Barbie Dream Gap Project===
In 2019, Mattel launched the "Barbie Dream Gap Project" to raise awareness of the phenomenon known as the "Dream Gap": beginning at the age of five, girls begin to doubt their own intelligence, whereas boys do not. This leads to boys pursuing careers requiring a higher intelligence, and girls being underrepresented in those careers.<ref name=":52">{{Cite web |last=Haneline |first=Amy |title=A girl with a gavel! Barbie debuts judge dolls, partners with GoFundMe to close 'dream gap' |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/parenting/2019/10/07/barbie-debuts-judge-dolls-partners-gofundme-close-dream-gap/3862758002/ |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=[[USA Today]] |language=en-US |archive-date=September 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220919092946/https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/parenting/2019/10/07/barbie-debuts-judge-dolls-partners-gofundme-close-dream-gap/3862758002/ |url-status=live }}</ref> As an example, in the U.S., 33% of sitting judges are female. This statistic inspired the release of Judge Barbie in four different skin tones and hairstyles with judge robes and a gavel accessory.<ref name=":52" />

===Thank You Heroes===
In May 2020, in response to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], Mattel announced a new line of career dolls modeled after the first responders and essential workers of 2020. For every doll purchased, Mattel donated a doll to the First Responders Children's Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 13, 2020|title=Mattel Unveils #ThankYouHeroes Program from Barbie® Supporting First Responders Children's Foundation|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200513005235/en/Mattel-Unveils-ThankYouHeroes-Program-From-Barbie%C2%AE-Supporting-First-Responders-Children%E2%80%99s-Foundation|website=[[Business Wire]]|access-date=October 23, 2020|archive-date=January 24, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124032308/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200513005235/en/Mattel-Unveils-ThankYouHeroes-Program-From-Barbie%C2%AE-Supporting-First-Responders-Children%E2%80%99s-Foundation|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Habitat for Humanity===
In February 2022, Mattel celebrated its 60-year anniversary of the Barbie Dreamhouse by partnering with Habitat for Humanity International. Mattel committed to taking on 60 projects, including new construction, home preservation, and neighborhood revitalization.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-03 |title=Barbie Dreamhouse™ Celebrates 60 Years of Giving Dreams a Home™ with Habitat for Humanity Collaboration |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20220203005159/en/Barbie-Dreamhouse%E2%84%A2-Celebrates-60-Years-of-Giving-Dreams-a-Home%E2%84%A2-with-Habitat-for-Humanity-Collaboration |access-date=2022-09-08 |website=[[Business Wire]] |language=en |archive-date=September 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908164805/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20220203005159/en/Barbie-Dreamhouse%E2%84%A2-Celebrates-60-Years-of-Giving-Dreams-a-Home%E2%84%A2-with-Habitat-for-Humanity-Collaboration |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Bad influence concerns===
In July 1992, Mattel released ''[[Teen Talk Barbie]]'', which spoke a number of phrases including "Will we ever have enough clothes?", "I love shopping!", and "Wanna have a pizza party?" Each doll was programmed to say four out of 270 possible phrases, so that no two given dolls were likely to be the same (the number of possible combinations is 270!/(266!4!) = 216,546,345). One of these 270 phrases was "Math class is tough!", which led to criticism from the [[American Association of University Women]]; about 1.5% of all the dolls sold said the phrase. The doll was often erroneously misattributed in the media as having said "Math is hard!"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Flickr |first=vaniljapulla // |title=1992: Barbie tells girls math is hard |url=https://dailyprogress.com/lifestyles/1992-barbie-tells-girls-math-is-hard/image_8cd0601c-b1dc-5e22-bb2d-348c60308c3e.html |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=The Daily Progress |date=September 5, 2020 |language=en |archive-date=November 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109180016/https://dailyprogress.com/lifestyles/1992-barbie-tells-girls-math-is-hard/image_8cd0601c-b1dc-5e22-bb2d-348c60308c3e.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shapiro |first=Susan |date=2019-03-09 |title=Barbie, Like her Creator, Is a Feminist |language=en |work=The Daily Beast |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/barbie-like-her-creator-ruth-handler-is-a-feminist |access-date=2022-11-09 |archive-date=April 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402023854/https://www.thedailybeast.com/barbie-like-her-creator-ruth-handler-is-a-feminist |url-status=live }}</ref> In October 1992, Mattel announced that ''Teen Talk Barbie'' would no longer say "Math class is tough!", and offered a swap to anyone who owned a doll that did. Also in October 1992, Mattel opened its production factory in Indonesia as the main factory of Barbie in the world. The factory is located at [[Jababeka Group|Jababeka Industrial Park]] in Cikarang.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/21/business/company-news-mattel-says-it-erred-teen-talk-barbie-turns-silent-on-math.html?scp=1|title=Company News: Mattel Says It Erred; Teen Talk Barbie Turns Silent on Math|date=October 21, 1992|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=June 15, 2010|archive-date=September 15, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915021217/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/21/business/company-news-mattel-says-it-erred-teen-talk-barbie-turns-silent-on-math.html?scp=1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mattel Indonesia Celebrates its 30th Anniversary and Inaugurates Plant Expansion |url=https://corporate.mattel.com/news/mattel-indonesia-celebrates-30th-anniversary-inaugurates-plant-expansion |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=corporate.mattel.com}}</ref>

In 2002, Mattel introduced a line of pregnant [[Midge (Barbie)|Midge]] (and baby) dolls, but this ''Happy Family'' line was quickly pulled from the market due to complaints that she promoted teen pregnancy, though Midge was supposed to be a married adult.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pregnant doll pulled from Wal-Mart after customers complain |date=24 Dec 2002 |website=[[USA Today]] |url=https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/industries/retail/2002-12-24-pregnant-doll_x.htm |access-date=September 13, 2020 |archive-date=November 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127053055/https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/industries/retail/2002-12-24-pregnant-doll_x.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In September 2003, the Middle Eastern country of [[Saudi Arabia]] outlawed the sale of Barbie dolls and franchises, stating that they did not conform to the ideals of [[Islam]]. The [[Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Saudi Arabia)|Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice]] warned, "Jewish Barbie dolls, with their revealing clothes and shameful postures, [[fashion accessory|accessories]] and tools are a symbol of decadence to the [[Perversion|perverted]] West. Let us beware of her dangers and be careful."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.adl.org/main_Arab_World/barbie.htm|title="Jewish" Barbie Dolls Denounced in Saudi Arabia|publisher=Adl.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525154306/http://www.adl.org/main_Arab_World/barbie.htm|archive-date=May 25, 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=May 23, 2011}}</ref> The 2003 Saudi ban was temporary.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1430566/lifestyle|title=Barbie at 60, and how she made her mark on the Arab world|date=January 5, 2019|work=[[Arab News]]|access-date=December 16, 2019|archive-date=February 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228212313/https://www.arabnews.com/node/1430566/lifestyle|url-status=live}}</ref> In Muslim-majority nations, there is an alternative doll called [[Fulla (doll)|Fulla]], which was introduced in November 2003 and is equivalent to Barbie, but is designed specifically to represent traditional Islamic values. Fulla is not manufactured by Mattel (although Mattel still licenses Fulla dolls and franchises for sale in certain markets). Despite the committee's warning, the Barbie brand is still available in other [[Sunni Islam|Muslim]]-majority countries including [[Egypt]] and [[Indonesia]] as of January 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2006/797/li1.htm|title=Al-Ahram Weekly | Living | Move over, Barbie|date=June 7, 2006|publisher=Weekly.ahram.org.eg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513181613/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2006/797/li1.htm|archive-date=May 13, 2011 |url-status=live|access-date=May 23, 2011}}</ref> In [[Iran]], the [[Sara and Dara dolls]], which were introduced in March 2002, are available as an alternative to Barbie, even though they have not been as successful.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1856558.stm|title=Muslim dolls tackle 'wanton' Barbie|date=March 5, 2002|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=April 26, 2010|archive-date=March 13, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313191655/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/1856558.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

In November 2014, Mattel received criticism over the book ''[[Computer Engineer Barbie|I Can Be a Computer Engineer]]'', which depicted Barbie as personally [[Computer illiteracy|inept at computers]], requiring her two male friends to complete all of the necessary tasks to restore two laptops after she accidentally [[USB flash drive security#Malware infections|infects]] her and her sister's laptop with a [[malware]]-laced USB flash drive, before ultimately getting credit for recovering her sister's school project.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gizmodo.com/barbie-f-cks-it-up-again-1660326671|title=Barbie F*cks It Up Again|last1=Ribon|first1=Pamela|date=November 18, 2014|website=[[Gizmodo]]|access-date=20 November 2014|archive-date=August 31, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831220801/http://gizmodo.com/barbie-f-cks-it-up-again-1660326671|url-status=live}}</ref> Critics felt that the characterization of Barbie as a [[software design]]er lacking [[Computer programming|low-level technical skills]] was sexist, as other books in the ''I Can Be...'' series depicted Barbie as someone who was totally competent in those jobs and did not require outside assistance from others.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailydot.com/geek/barbie-engineer-book-girls-game-developers/|title=Barbie book about programming tells girls they need boys to code for them|last1=Romano|first1=Aja|work=[[Daily Dot]]|access-date=20 November 2014|archive-date=November 21, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141121104132/http://www.dailydot.com/geek/barbie-engineer-book-girls-game-developers/|url-status=live}}</ref> Mattel later removed the book from sale on [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] in response to the criticism,<ref name="TC">{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2014/11/19/mattel-pulls-sexist-barbie-book-i-can-be-a-computer-engineer-off-amazon/|title=Mattel Pulls Sexist Barbie Book "I Can Be A Computer Engineer" Off Amazon|last1=Buhr|first1=Sarah|date=November 20, 2014|publisher=[[TechCrunch]]|access-date=20 November 2014|archive-date=August 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828080954/https://techcrunch.com/2014/11/19/mattel-pulls-sexist-barbie-book-i-can-be-a-computer-engineer-off-amazon/|url-status=live}}</ref> and the company released a "[[Computer Engineer Barbie]]" doll who was a game programmer rather than [[game designer]].<ref name="TC"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2014/11/22/365968465/after-backlash-computer-engineer-barbie-gets-new-set-of-skills|title=After Backlash, Computer Engineer Barbie Gets New Set Of Skills|work=NPR|date=2014-11-12|access-date=2020-12-31|archive-date=September 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903033128/https://www.npr.org/2014/11/22/365968465/after-backlash-computer-engineer-barbie-gets-new-set-of-skills|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Diversity==
{{Redirect|Black Barbies|the Nicki Minaj song|Black Barbies (song)}}
''For the documentary about the creation of the first Black Barbie, see [[Black Barbie: A Documentary]].''
[[File:Oreo Fun Barbie.jpg|thumb|upright|''Barbie Oreo School Time Fun'' from 2001<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-10-12 |title=2001 Oreo Barbie |url=http://www.authentichistory.com/diversity/african/images/2001_Oreo_Barbie.html |access-date=2022-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012041355/http://www.authentichistory.com/diversity/african/images/2001_Oreo_Barbie.html |archive-date=October 12, 2007 }}</ref> was controversial due to a negative interpretation of the doll's name.]]
"Colored [[Francie (Barbie)|Francie]]" made her debut in 1967, and she is sometimes described as the first [[African Americans|African-American]] Barbie doll. However, she was produced using the existing head molds for the white Francie doll and lacked distinct African characteristics other than dark skin. The first African-American doll in the Barbie range is usually regarded as Christie, who made her debut in 1968.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mastercollector.com/articles/dolls/dollnews31301.shtml |title=African American Fashion Dolls of the 60s |publisher=MasterCollector.com |access-date=May 23, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822175140/http://www.mastercollector.com/articles/dolls/dollnews31301.shtml |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |df=mdy }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kattisdolls.net/faces/christie.htm |title=Faces of Christie |publisher=Kattisdolls.net |access-date=May 23, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720091540/http://kattisdolls.net/faces/christie.htm |archive-date=July 20, 2011 |df=mdy }}</ref> Black Barbie, designed by [[Kitty Black Perkins]], was launched in 1980,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.today.com/popculture/movies/black-barbie-documentary-interview-rcna157779|title=In ‘Black Barbie,’ the 44-year-old doll reclaims her spotlight|date=June 19, 2024|website=TODAY.com}}</ref> but still had Caucasian features. In 1990, Mattel created a focus group with African-American children and parents, early childhood specialists, and clinical psychologist, Darlene Powell Hudson. Instead of using the same molds for the Caucasian Barbies, new ones were created. In addition, facial features, skin tones, hair texture, and names were all altered. The body shapes looked different, but the proportions were the same to ensure clothing and accessories were interchangeable.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ducille|first=Ann|date=1994|title=Dyes and Dolls: Multicultural Barbie and the merchandising of difference|journal= Differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies |volume=6|pages=46}}</ref> In September 2009, Mattel introduced the So In Style range, which was intended to create a more realistic depiction of African-American people than previous dolls.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,562706,00.html |title=Mattel introduces black Barbies, to mixed reviews |publisher=[[Fox News]] |date=October 9, 2009 |access-date=October 18, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011234536/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0%2C2933%2C562706%2C00.html |archive-date=October 11, 2009 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

Starting in 1980, it produced Hispanic dolls, and later came models from across the globe. For example, in 2007, it introduced "[[Cinco de Mayo]] Barbie" wearing a ruffled red, white, and green dress (echoing the Mexican flag). ''[[Hispanic (magazine)|Hispanic]]'' magazine reports that:{{Blockquote|[O]ne of the most dramatic developments in Barbie's history came when she embraced multi-culturalism and was released in a wide variety of native costumes, hair colors and skin tones to more closely resemble the girls who idolized her. Among these were Cinco De Mayo Barbie, Spanish Barbie, Peruvian Barbie, Mexican Barbie and Puerto Rican Barbie. She also has had close Hispanic friends, such as Teresa.<ref>"A Barbie for Everyone" ''[[Hispanic (magazine)|Hispanic]]'' (February–March 2009), Vol. 22, Issue 1</ref>}} Professor Emilie Rose Aguilo-Perez argued that over time, Mattel shifted from ambiguous Hispanic presentations in their dolls to one that is more assertive in its "Latinx" marketing and product labeling.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Perez |first1=Emilie Rose Aguilo |title=The Marketing of Children's Toys |chapter=Commodifying Culture: Mattel's and Disney's Marketing Approaches to "Latinx" Toys and Media |date=2021 |pages=143–163 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-62881-9_8 |isbn=978-3-030-62880-2 |s2cid=234253829 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-62881-9_8}}</ref>

Mattel has responded to criticisms pointing to a lack of diversity in the line.<ref>Marco Tosa, ''Barbie: Four decades of fashion, fantasy, and fun'' (1998).</ref> In 2016, Mattel expanded the So In Style line to include seven skin tones, twenty-two eye colors, and twenty-four hairstyles. Part of the reason for this change was due to declining sales.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Barbie breaks the mold with ethnically diverse dolls|last=Shan|first=Li|date=January 2016|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> The brand now offers over 22 [[skin tones]], 94 [[Human hair color|hair colors]], 13 [[eye colors]] and five [[Female body shape|body types]].<ref name="Gilblom">{{Cite news |last=Gilblom |first=Kelly |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-02-24/barbie-s-pandemic-sales-boom-followed-yearslong-revamp-at-mattel |title=How a Barbie Makeover Led to a Pandemic Sales Boom |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=2021-02-24 |accessdate=2021-02-25 }}</ref>

Mattel teamed up with [[Nabisco]] to launch a cross-promotion Barbie doll with [[Oreo]] [[cookie]]s in 1997 and 2001. While the 1997 release of the doll was only released in a [[White people|white]] version, for the 2001 release Mattel manufactured both a white and a [[Black people|black]] version. The 2001 release ''Barbie Oreo School Time Fun'' was marketed as someone with whom young girls could play after class and share "America's favorite cookie". Critics argued that in the African American community, ''Oreo'' is a derogatory term meaning that the person is "black on the outside and white on the inside", like the chocolate sandwich cookie itself.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Oreo Fun Barbie|url=http://www.authentichistory.com/diversity/african/images/2001_Oreo_Barbie.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012041355/http://www.authentichistory.com/diversity/african/images/2001_Oreo_Barbie.html|archive-date=October 12, 2007|access-date=23 June 2010}}</ref>

In May 1997, Mattel introduced ''Share a Smile Becky'', a doll in a pink [[wheelchair]]. Kjersti Johnson, a 17-year-old high school student in [[Tacoma, Washington]] with [[cerebral palsy]], pointed out that the doll would not fit into the [[elevator]] of Barbie's $100 Dream House. Mattel announced that it would redesign the house in the future to accommodate the doll.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Barbie's Disabled Friend Can't Fit |url=http://www.washington.edu/doit/Press/barbie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101001040037/http://www.washington.edu/doit/Press/barbie.html |archive-date=October 1, 2010 |access-date=November 6, 2010 |publisher=[[University of Washington]] |location=EL SEGUNDO, Calif. |agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref>

In April 2023, Mattel released the first Barbie with down syndrome in collaboration with [[National Down Syndrome Society]]. Coinciding with this, [[MINISO|Miniso Group Holding Limited]] (NYSE:MNSO, SEHK:9896) started to produce and sell the Miniso-Barbie collaboration products, and launched over 100 products by July 2023, following the release of [[Barbie (film)|Barbie The Movie]]. The products are launched in several locations, such as [[Mattel]] headquarters in [[El Segundo, California|El Segundo]], [[California]], Miniso headquarters in [[Guangzhou]], and also its flagship store in China and [[Times Square]]. MINISO also acquired several percentage of Mattel's shares by July 2023 and April 2024 as part of its IP partnership.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zhang |first=Amber |title=MINISO: how China’s 10-Yuan shop became a global sensation |url=https://www.baiguan.news/p/miniso-how-chinas-10-yuan-shop-became |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=www.baiguan.news |language=en}}</ref>

In July 2024, Mattel released the first [[Visual impairment|blind]] Barbie in collaboration with the [[American Foundation for the Blind]].<ref name="2024 disability Barbies">{{cite web |last1=Bancroft |first1=Holly |title=First blind Barbie released by toy maker Mattel |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/barbie-mattel-toys-blind-disability-b2583671.html |website=[[The Independent]] |access-date=29 July 2024 |language=en |date=23 July 2024 |archive-date=July 29, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729145820/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/barbie-mattel-toys-blind-disability-b2583671.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Alongside this, the company also launched a black Barbie with [[Down syndrome]].<ref name="2024 disability Barbies" />

In July 2025, Mattel introduced a Barbie with [[Type 1 diabetes]], with an [[insulin pump]], [[glucose monitor]] and a phone to check her blood sugar.<ref name=Heath>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2025-07-09/mattels-newest-barbie-has-type-1-diabetes|title=Mattel’s newest Barbie has diabetes|last=Heath|first=Piper|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=July 9, 2025|access-date=September 1, 2025}}</ref>

In January 2026, Mattel introduced an [[Autism|autistic]] Barbie with [[noise-cancelling headphones]], a [[fidget spinner]] and a [[tablet computer]] configured as a [[Augmentative and alternative communication|communication aid]]. The doll's eyes have a slightly shifted gaze, its wrists and elbows are configured to simulate [[stimming]] and its dress is a loose fit. It was developed in collaboration with the [[Autistic Self Advocacy Network]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2026/jan/12/mattel-launches-its-first-autistic-barbie |title=Mattel launches its first autistic Barbie |last=Bawden |first=Anna |date=January 12, 2026 |access-date=January 12, 2026 |work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/mattel-autistic-barbie-doll-neurodivergent-children-b2898859.html |title=Mattel launches first ever autistic Barbie doll to represent neurodivergent children |last=Fox |first=Aine |date=January 12, 2026 |access-date=January 12, 2026 |work=The Independent}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cd6w2xdww11o |title='My daughter helped shape new autistic Barbie doll' |last=Hore |first=James |date=January 12, 2026 |access-date=January 12, 2026 |work=BBC News}}</ref>

==Role model Barbies==
In March 2018, in time for [[International Women's Day]], Mattel unveiled the "Barbie Celebrates Role Models" campaign with a line of 17 dolls, informally known as "sheroes", from diverse backgrounds "to showcase examples of extraordinary women".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://barbie.mattel.com/en-us/about/role-models.html|title=Barbie {{!}} Role Models {{!}} Inspiring Women {{!}} You Can Be Anything|date=2018|website=Barbie.com by [[Mattel]]|access-date=2018-03-08|archive-date=March 9, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309184641/https://barbie.mattel.com/en-us/about/role-models.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/03/06/us/barbie-dolls-inspiring-women-trnd/index.html|title=Barbie unveils dolls based on Amelia Earhart, Frida Kahlo, Katherine Johnson and Chloe Kim|last1=Leguizamon|first1=Mercedes|date=2018-03-07|work=[[CNN News]]|access-date=2018-03-08|last2=Ahmed|first2=Saeed|archive-date=March 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323044417/https://www.cnn.com/2018/03/06/us/barbie-dolls-inspiring-women-trnd/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Mattel developed this collection in response to mothers concerned about their daughters having positive female role models.<ref name=":0" /> Dolls in this collection include [[Frida Kahlo]], [[Patty Jenkins|Patti Jenkins]], [[Chloe Kim]], [[Nicola Adams]], [[Ibtihaj Muhammad]], [[Bindi Irwin]], [[Amelia Earhart]], [[Misty Copeland]], [[Hélène Darroze|Helene Darroze]], [[Katherine Johnson]], [[Sara Gama]], [[Martyna Wojciechowska]], [[Sonia Peronaci]], [[Gabby Douglas]], [[Guan Xiaotong]], [[Ava DuVernay|Ava Duvernay]], [[Yuanyuan Tan|Yuan Yuan Tan]], [[Iris Apfel]], [[Ashley Graham (model)|Ashley Graham]], and [[Leyla Piedayesh]].<ref name=":0" /> In 2020, the company announced a new release of "shero" dolls, including Paralympic champion [[Madison de Rozario]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.womenshealth.com.au/barbie-shero-2020-madison-de-rozario|title=Barbie Has Created A Doll Of Madison De Rozario And It Is So Dang Powerful|website=Women's Health|language=en-us|access-date=2020-03-05|archive-date=March 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200315200150/https://www.womenshealth.com.au/barbie-shero-2020-madison-de-rozario|url-status=dead}}</ref> and world four-time sabre champion [[Olga Kharlan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kyivpost.com/post/7783|title=Barbie launches doll inspired by Ukrainian fencer Olga Kharlan|website=Kyiv Post|author=Toma Istomina|date=March 5, 2020|access-date=August 11, 2023|archive-date=August 11, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811024545/https://www.kyivpost.com/post/7783|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fie.org/articles/964|title=Fencing focus: Olga Kharlan|website=FIE official website|date=June 30, 2020}}</ref> In July 2021, Mattel released a [[Naomi Osaka]] Barbie doll as a part of the 'Barbie Role Model' series. Osaka originally partnered with Barbie two years earlier.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-18|title=Barbie Doll Modeled After Naomi Osaka Sells Out Within Hours of Release|url=https://www.blackenterprise.com/barbie-doll-modeled-after-naomi-osaka-sells-out-within-hours-of-release/|access-date=2021-08-20|website=Black Enterprise|language=en-US|archive-date=November 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107145927/https://www.blackenterprise.com/barbie-doll-modeled-after-naomi-osaka-sells-out-within-hours-of-release/|url-status=live}}</ref> A month earlier, a [[Julie Bishop]] doll was released to acknowledge the former Australian politician,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Singer|first=Melissa|date=2021-06-15|title='It sent a message': Julie Bishop just got her own Barbie doll|url=https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/fashion/it-sent-a-message-julie-bishop-just-got-her-own-barbie-doll-20210615-p5816v.html|access-date=2021-06-28|website=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|language=en|archive-date=December 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208123023/https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/fashion/it-sent-a-message-julie-bishop-just-got-her-own-barbie-doll-20210615-p5816v.html|url-status=live}}</ref> as was one for general practitioner [[Kirby White (physician)|Kirby White]] for her work during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] in Australia.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Price|first=Kimberley|date=2021-08-05|title=Aussie GP honoured as one of six special Barbies|url=https://www.dailyliberal.com.au/story/7371904/aussie-gp-honoured-as-one-of-six-special-barbies/|access-date=2021-08-05|website=Daily Liberal|language=en-AU|archive-date=August 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805231127/https://www.dailyliberal.com.au/story/7371904/aussie-gp-honoured-as-one-of-six-special-barbies/|url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2021, a Barbie modelled after [[European Space Agency]] astronaut [[Samantha Cristoforetti]] was released.<ref name="Samantha Cristoforetti Barbie">{{Cite web | title=Samantha Cristoforetti Barbie Doll | website=Mattel Creations | url=https://creations.mattel.com/products/samantha-cristoforetti-barbie-doll-gtj81 | access-date=2022-12-23 | archive-date=December 23, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223062401/https://creations.mattel.com/products/samantha-cristoforetti-barbie-doll-gtj81 | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Collecting==

The standard range of Barbie dolls and related accessories are manufactured to approximately 1/6 scale, which is also known as ''playscale''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://miniatures.about.com/od/glossaryofminiatureterms/g/playscale.htm |title=Playscale per About.com |publisher=[[About.com]] |date=March 2, 2011 |access-date=May 23, 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110707075027/http://miniatures.about.com/od/glossaryofminiatureterms/g/playscale.htm| archive-date= July 7, 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref> The standard dolls are approximately {{convert|11+1/2|in|cm}} tall.

Mattel estimates that there are well over 100,000 avid Barbie collectors. Ninety percent are women, at an average age of 40, purchasing more than twenty Barbie dolls each year. Forty-five percent of them spend upwards of $1000 a year.
Vintage Barbie dolls from the early years are the most valuable at [[auction]], and while the original Barbie was sold for $3.00 in 1959, a mint boxed Barbie from 1959 sold for $3552.50 on [[eBay]] in October 2004.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://scoop.diamondgalleries.com/scoop_article.asp?ai=6539&si=123|archive-url=https://archive.today/20060223104353/http://scoop.diamondgalleries.com/scoop_article.asp?ai=6539&si=123|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 23, 2006|title=1959 Blonde Ponytail Barbie Brings Over $3,000!|date=October 16, 2004|work=Scoop|access-date=November 6, 2010}}</ref> On September 26, 2006, a Barbie doll set a world record at auction of £9,000 [[pound sterling|sterling]] (US$17,000) at [[Christie's]] in London. The doll was a Barbie in Midnight Red from 1965 and was part of a private collection of 4,000 Barbie dolls being sold by two Dutch women, Ietje Raebel and her daughter Marina.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://au.news.yahoo.com/060926/15/10osv.html|title=Midnight Red Barbie Doll sets auction record|date=September 27, 2006|publisher=[[Yahoo!|Yahoo! Australia]]|access-date=November 6, 2010|location=London|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061003010439/http://au.news.yahoo.com/060926/15/10osv.html|archive-date=October 3, 2006}}</ref>

In recent years, Mattel has sold a wide range of Barbie dolls aimed specifically at collectors, including [[porcelain]] versions, vintage reproductions, and depictions of Barbie as a range of characters from film and television series such as ''[[The Munsters]]'' and ''[[Star Trek: The Original Series|Star Trek]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.barbiecollector.com/showcase/product.aspx?id=1001084&t=modern |title=Welcome to the official Mattel site for Barbie Collector |publisher=BarbieCollector.com |access-date=March 3, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311173241/http://www.barbiecollector.com/showcase/product.aspx?id=1001084&t=modern |archive-date=March 11, 2012 |df=mdy }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.barbiecollector.com/showcase/product.aspx?id=150303&t=modern |title=Welcome to the official Mattel site for Barbie Collector |publisher=BarbieCollector.com |access-date=March 3, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311173251/http://www.barbiecollector.com/showcase/product.aspx?id=150303&t=modern |archive-date=March 11, 2012 |df=mdy }}</ref> There are also collector's edition dolls depicting Barbie dolls with a range of different ethnic identities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.barbiecollector.com/showcase/gallery.aspx?t=modern&y=tmp1 |title=Welcome to the official Mattel site for Barbie Collector |publisher=BarbieCollector.com |access-date=March 3, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311173304/http://www.barbiecollector.com/showcase/gallery.aspx?t=modern&y=tmp1 |archive-date=March 11, 2012 |df=mdy }}</ref> In 2004, Mattel introduced the Color Tier system for its collector's edition Barbie dolls including pink, silver, gold, and platinum, depending on how many of the dolls are produced.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://barbie.mattel.com/shop/en-us/ba/barbie-signature|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828201824/http://www.barbiecollector.com/collecting/tiers/|url-status=dead|title=Collectible Barbie Dolls: Become A Barbie Collector : Barbie Signature|archivedate=August 28, 2008|website=Barbie by [[mattel|Mattel.com]]}}</ref> In 2020, Mattel introduced the [[Day of the Dead|Dia De Los Muertos]] collectible Barbie doll, the second collectible released as part of the company's La Catrina line which was launched in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Kelly Murray|title=Mattel releases second edition of 'Day of the Dead' Barbie|url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/barbie-dia-de-los-muertos-trnd/index.html|access-date=2020-09-13|website=[[CNN]]|date=September 12, 2020|language=en|archive-date=September 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913124656/https://www.cnn.com/style/article/barbie-dia-de-los-muertos-trnd/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>





==Parodies and lawsuits==
Barbie has frequently been the target of [[parody]]: 
* Mattel sued artist [[Tom Forsythe]] over a 1999 series of photographs called ''Food Chain Barbie'' in which Barbie winds up in a [[blender]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.out-law.com/page-4681 |title=Barbie-in-a-blender artist wins $1.8 million award |publisher=Out-Law.Com |access-date=March 3, 2012 |archive-date=November 25, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061125071221/http://www.out-law.com/page-4681 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://barbieinablender.org/ |title=National Barbie-in-a-Blender Day! |publisher=Barbieinablender.org |access-date=March 3, 2012 |archive-date=February 11, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211205103/http://www.barbieinablender.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alteredbarbie.com/pdf/mattelfeescase.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326174636/http://www.alteredbarbie.com/pdf/mattelfeescase.pdf |archive-date={{Format date|2009|03|26}}| access-date={{Format date|2016|08|01}}| url-status=dead| date={{Format date|2004|06|21}} |title=Mattel v. Tom Forsythe}}</ref> Mattel lost the lawsuit and was forced to pay Forsythe's legal costs.<ref name=":1" />
* On the 25th episode of ''[[In Living Color]]'', in December 1990, a [[Homey D. Clown]] sketch found HDC filling in for [[Santa Claus]] at a shopping mall. A little girl ([[Kelly Coffield]]) asks for a Malibu Barbie & Condominium playset; instead, "Homey Claus" gives her "[[Compton, California|Compton]] Carlotta" (a crude doll made of sticks and bottlecaps) with a slum-apartment (a milk carton). When the girl complains, Homey raises his signature [[blackjack (weapon)|blackjack]] and wishes her a Merry Christmas; taking the hint, she thanks him and hastily retires.
* In Latin America, notable controversies include a 2018 legal dispute involving the Panama-based Frida Kahlo Corporation's allegations that [[Frida Kahlo]]'s great-niece in Mexico had wrongly licensed the Frida Kahlo trademark for the "Frida Kahlo Barbie" doll.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://hyperallergic.com/442262/barbie-lawsuit-frida-kahlo-licensing-company-artists-relative/|title=After Frida Kahlo Barbie Debacle, Licensing Company Sues Artist's Relative|work=Hyper Allergic|access-date=2020-12-31|archive-date=April 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210408192545/https://hyperallergic.com/442262/barbie-lawsuit-frida-kahlo-licensing-company-artists-relative/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Mattel filed a lawsuit in 2004 in the U.S. against Barbara Anderson-Walley, a Canadian business owner whose nickname is ''Barbie'', over her website, which sells [[Sexual fetishism|fetish]] clothing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.barbiesshop.com/news.htm|title=BarbiesShop.com News|access-date=June 5, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611121552/http://barbiesshop.com/news.htm|archive-date=June 11, 2009|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lawdit.co.uk/reading_room/room/view_article.asp?name=../articles/Mattel%20Loses%20Trade%20Mark%20Battle%20with.htm |title=Mattel Loses Trade Mark Battle with 'Barbie' |publisher=LawdIt UK |date=July 25, 2005 |access-date=March 3, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219102401/http://www.lawdit.co.uk/reading_room/room/view_article.asp?name=..%2Farticles%2FMattel%20Loses%20Trade%20Mark%20Battle%20with.htm |archive-date=February 19, 2012 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> The lawsuit was dismissed.<ref name=":1" />
* In 2011, [[Greenpeace]] parodied Barbie, calling on Mattel to adopt a policy for its paper purchases that would protect the rainforest. Four months later, Mattel adopted a paper sustainability policy.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.scpr.org/news/2011/10/05/29262/mattel-breaks-asia-pulp-and-paper-after-greenpeace/| title=Mattel breaks up with Asia Pulp and Paper after Greenpeace's Barbie-based campaign| date=October 5, 2011| access-date=August 29, 2013| archive-date=December 3, 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203022432/http://www.scpr.org/news/2011/10/05/29262/mattel-breaks-asia-pulp-and-paper-after-greenpeace/| url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' aired a parody of the Barbie commercials featuring "Gangsta Bitch Barbie" and "Tupac Ken".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://s77.photobucket.com/albums/j79/cmbeall/?action=view&current=SNL-Commercials-GangstaBitchBarbiem.flv |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716050952/http://s77.photobucket.com/albums/j79/cmbeall/?action=view&current=SNL-Commercials-GangstaBitchBarbiem.flv |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 16, 2012 |title=''Gangsta Bitch Barbie'' video |publisher=S77.photobucket.com |access-date=March 3, 2012 }}</ref> In 2002, the show also aired a skit, which starred [[Britney Spears]] as Barbie's sister [[Skipper (Barbie)|Skipper]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://s177.photobucket.com/albums/w227/dollydutson/?action=view&current=BritneySpears-SNL-InsideBarbiesDrea.flv |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120722153054/http://s177.photobucket.com/albums/w227/dollydutson/?action=view&current=BritneySpears-SNL-InsideBarbiesDrea.flv |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 22, 2012 |title=Saturday Night Live skit | Inside Barbie's Dream House |publisher=S177.photobucket.com |access-date=March 3, 2012 }}</ref>
* In November 2002, a New York judge refused an [[injunction]] against the British-based artist Susanne Pitt, who had produced a "Dungeon Barbie" doll in [[bondage (BDSM)|bondage]] clothing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Innes|first=John |url=http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/international.cfm?id=1242812002 |title=Barbie's kinky rival wins first court battle |publisher=[[The Scotsman]] |date=November 8, 2002 |access-date=Oct 25, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013190953/http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/international.cfm?id=1242812002 |archive-date=October 13, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Aqua (band)|Aqua's]] 1997 song "[[Barbie Girl]]", which topped the charts worldwide, was the subject of the 2002 lawsuit ''[[Mattel, Inc. v. MCA Records, Inc.|Mattel v. MCA Records]]''. Mattel lost, with Judge [[Alex Kozinski]] saying that the song was a "parody and a social commentary".<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/2150432.stm | work=[[BBC News]] | title=Barbie loses battle over bimbo image | date=July 25, 2002 | access-date=April 26, 2010 | archive-date=March 13, 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313185049/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/2150432.stm | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.purelyrics.com/index.php?lyrics=fhjpacrk |title=Aqua Barbie Girl lyrics |publisher=Purelyrics.com |access-date=May 23, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629231234/http://purelyrics.com/index.php?lyrics=fhjpacrk |archive-date=June 29, 2011 |url-status=usurped |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
* Two commercials by automobile company [[Nissan]] featuring dolls similar to Barbie and Ken was the subject of another lawsuit in 1997. In the first commercial, a female doll is lured into a car by a doll resembling [[G.I. Joe]] to the dismay of a Ken-like doll, accompanied by [[Van Halen]]'s "[[You Really Got Me#Van Halen version|You Really Got Me]]".<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VI2L82eUoJU "1990's Nissan 300ZX Commercial"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416095624/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VI2L82eUoJU |date=April 16, 2016 }} ''[[YouTube]]'' April 25, 2010</ref> In the second commercial, the "Barbie" doll is saved by the "G.I. Joe" doll after she is accidentally knocked into a swimming pool by the "Ken" doll to [[Kiss (band)|Kiss]]'s "Calling Dr. Love".<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yuoUD9fOk5U "Nissan Toys 2 Barbie Ken Commercial" ''youtube''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417000524/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yuoUD9fOk5U |date=April 17, 2016 }} April 25, 2010</ref> The makers of the commercial said that the dolls' names were Roxanne, Nick and Tad. Mattel claimed that the commercial did "irreparable damage" to its products,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/20/business/mattel-sues-nissan-over-tv-commercial.html |title=Mattel Sues Nissan Over TV Commercial |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 20, 1997 |access-date=March 3, 2012 |archive-date=May 24, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524104634/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/20/business/mattel-sues-nissan-over-tv-commercial.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20031119231723/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1424993/19970924/aqua.jhtml After Aqua, Mattel goes after Car Ad] [[MTV.com]] September 24, 1997</ref> but settled.<ref>[http://www.thefreelibrary.com/BATTLEGROUND+BARBIE%3a+WHEN+COPYRIGHTS+CLASH.(News)-a083824028 Battleground Barbie: When Copyrights Clash] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021184125/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/BATTLEGROUND+BARBIE:+WHEN+COPYRIGHTS+CLASH.(News)-a083824028 |date=October 21, 2012 }} Peter Hartlaub, The Los Angeles Daily News, May 31, 1998. Accessed July 3, 2009.</ref>
* In 1999, Canadian nude model Barbie Doll Benson was involved in a trademark infringement case over her domain name, BarbieBenson.com.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/1999/06/stripper-barbie-lawsuit-a-bust/|title=Stripper: Barbie Lawsuit a Bust|magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|access-date=2020-12-31|archive-date=November 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128000426/https://www.wired.com/1999/06/stripper-barbie-lawsuit-a-bust/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* In 1993, a group calling itself the [[Barbie Liberation Organization]] secretly modified a group of Barbie dolls by implanting voice boxes from [[G.I. Joe]] dolls, then returning the Barbies to the toy stores from where they were purchased.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sniggle.net/barbie.php |title=Barbie Liberation |publisher=Sniggle.net |date=May 23, 1996 |access-date=May 23, 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110608150245/http://www.sniggle.net/barbie.php| archive-date= June 8, 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/31/us/while-barbie-talks-tough-g-i-joe-goes-shopping.html?pagewanted=all | work=[[The New York Times]] | title=While Barbie Talks Tough, G. I. Joe Goes Shopping | first=David | last=Firestone | date=December 31, 1993 | access-date=April 26, 2010 | archive-date=June 14, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614203120/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/31/us/while-barbie-talks-tough-g-i-joe-goes-shopping.html?pagewanted=all | url-status=live }}</ref>
* Malibu Stacy from ''[[The Simpsons]]'' 1994 episode "[[Lisa vs. Malibu Stacy]]".
* ''Savior Barbie'' refers to a satirical Instagram account. Savior Barbie is depicted as being in Africa where she runs an NGO that provides drinking water to locals and makes sure to provide footage that depicts her glorious acts of goodness. The account is likely to have inspired others such as "Hipster Barbie" and "Socality Barbie".<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://qz.com/africa/665764/instagrams-white-savior-barbie-neatly-captures-whats-wrong-with-voluntourism-in-africa/ | work=Quartz Africa | title=Instagram's White Savior Barbie neatly captures what's wrong with "voluntourism" in Africa | first=Lily | last=Kuo | date=April 20, 2016 | access-date=April 8, 2021 | archive-date=April 14, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414103603/https://qz.com/africa/665764/instagrams-white-savior-barbie-neatly-captures-whats-wrong-with-voluntourism-in-africa/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.instagram.com/barbiesavior/?hl=en | work=[[Instagram]] | title=Barbie Savior | first= | last= | date= | access-date=April 8, 2021 | archive-date=November 10, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110202824/https://www.instagram.com/barbiesavior/?hl=en | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Competition from ''Bratz'' dolls==
In May 2001, [[MGA Entertainment]] launched the ''[[Bratz]]'' series of dolls, a move that gave Barbie her first serious competition in the fashion doll market. In 2004, sales figures showed that Bratz dolls were outselling Barbie dolls in the United Kingdom, although [[Mattel]] maintained that in terms of the number of dolls, clothes, and accessories sold, Barbie remained the leading brand.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3640958.stm | work=[[BBC News]] | title=Bratz topple Barbie from top spot | date=September 9, 2004 | access-date=April 26, 2010 | archive-date=October 21, 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081021001254/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3640958.stm | url-status=live }}</ref> In 2005, figures showed that sales of Barbie dolls had fallen by 30% in the United States, and by 18% worldwide, with much of the drop being attributed to the popularity of Bratz dolls.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4350846.stm | work=[[BBC News]] | title=Barbie blues for toy-maker Mattel | date=October 17, 2005 | access-date=April 26, 2010 | archive-date=January 25, 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125013746/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4350846.stm | url-status=live }}</ref>

In December 2006, Mattel sued MGA Entertainment for $1 billion, alleging that Bratz creator [[Carter Bryant]] was working for Mattel when he developed the idea for ''Bratz''.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Barbie sues Bratz for $1bn|url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/2601442/Barbie-sues-Bratz-for-1bn.html|work = [[The Daily Telegraph]]|location = London|date = August 22, 2008|access-date = December 7, 2015|archive-date = December 11, 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151211041241/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/2601442/Barbie-sues-Bratz-for-1bn.html|url-status = live}}</ref> On July 17, 2008, a federal jury agreed that the Bratz line was created by Carter Bryant while he was working for Mattel and that MGA and its chief executive officer [[Isaac Larian]] were liable for converting Mattel property for their own use and intentionally interfering with the contractual duties owed by Bryant to Mattel.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/18/business/18toy.html?_r=1&ref=business&oref=slogin |title= Jury rules for Mattel in Bratz doll case |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=July 18, 2008 |access-date=December 7, 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150623085951/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/18/business/18toy.html?_r=1&ref=business&oref=slogin| archive-date=June 23, 2015| url-status= live}}</ref> On August 26, the jury found that Mattel would have to be paid $100 million in damages. On December 3, 2008, U.S. District Judge Stephen Larson banned MGA from selling ''Bratz'' dolls. He allowed the company to continue selling the dolls until the winter holiday season ended.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Barbie beats back Bratz |url=https://money.cnn.com/2008/12/04/news/companies/bratz_dolls.ap/index.htm?postversion=2008120406 |publisher=[[CNN Money]] |date=December 4, 2008 |access-date=December 7, 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081207083628/https://money.cnn.com/2008/12/04/news/companies/bratz_dolls.ap/index.htm?postversion=2008120406| archive-date= December 7, 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |first=David |last=Colker |title=Bad day for the Bratz in L.A. court |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2008/12/bad-day-for-the.html |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=December 4, 2008 |access-date=December 7, 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081207034354/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2008/12/bad-day-for-the.html| archive-date= December 7, 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> On appeal, a stay was granted by the [[U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit]]; the Court also overturned the District Court's original ruling for Mattel, where MGA Entertainment was ordered to forfeit the entire ''Bratz'' brand.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.publicbroadcasting.net/wxxi/news.newsmain/article/0/0/1678979/US/Court.throws.out.Mattel.win.over.Bratz.doll |title=Court throws out Mattel win over Bratz doll |agency=[[Reuters]] |date=July 22, 2010 |access-date=July 22, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724024113/http://www.publicbroadcasting.net/wxxi/news.newsmain/article/0/0/1678979/US/Court.throws.out.Mattel.win.over.Bratz.doll |archive-date=July 24, 2011 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>[http://www.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2010/07/22/09-55673.pdf ''Mattel Inc. v. MGA Entertainment, Inc.''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100731162937/http://www.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2010/07/22/09-55673.pdf |date=July 31, 2010 }}, no. 09-55763 (9th Cir. Jul 22, 2010)</ref>

[[Mattel|Mattel Inc.]] and [[MGA Entertainment|MGA Entertainment Inc.]] returned to court on January 18, 2011, to renew their battle over who owns ''Bratz'', which this time included accusations from both companies that the other side stole trade secrets.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://latimes.com/business/la-fi-0119-bratz-trial-20110118,0,28631.story | work=[[Los Angeles Times]] | first=Andrea | last=Chang | date=January 18, 2011 | title=Mattel, MGA renew fight over Bratz dolls in court | archive-date=January 19, 2011 | access-date=December 12, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119230236/http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-0119-bratz-trial-20110118,0,28631.story | url-status=live }}</ref> On April 21, 2011, a federal jury returned a verdict supporting MGA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.scpr.org/news/2011/04/21/federal-jury-says-mga-not-mattel-owns-bratz-copyri/|title=Federal jury says MGA, not Mattel, owns Bratz copyright|access-date=April 22, 2011|publisher=Southern California Public Radio|archive-date=January 13, 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130113050909/http://www.scpr.org/news/2011/04/21/federal-jury-says-mga-not-mattel-owns-bratz-copyri/|url-status=live}}</ref> On August 5, 2011, Mattel was also ordered to pay MGA $310 million for attorney fees, stealing trade secrets, and false claims rather than the $88.5 million issued in April.<ref name="Los Angeles Times">{{Cite news|last=Chang|first=Andrea|title=Mattel must pay MGA $310 million in Bratz case|url=https://www.latimes.com/business/la-xpm-2011-aug-05-la-fi-mattel-bratz-20110805-story.html|access-date=August 5, 2011|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=August 5, 2011|archive-date=September 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190907022424/https://www.latimes.com/business/la-xpm-2011-aug-05-la-fi-mattel-bratz-20110805-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In August 2009, MGA introduced a range of dolls called [[Moxie Girlz]], intended as a replacement for '' Bratz'' dolls.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Mae |last=Anderson |title=Bratz maker introduces new doll line |url=http://www.newsday.com/bratz-maker-introduces-new-doll-line-1.1343720 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=August 3, 2009 |access-date=October 29, 2009 |archive-date=August 4, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090804205321/http://www.newsday.com/bratz-maker-introduces-new-doll-line-1.1343720 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Effects on body image==
From the start, some have complained that "the blonde, plastic doll conveyed an unrealistic body image to girls."<ref>Ziobro, "Mattel to Add Curvy, Petite, Tall Barbies: Sales of the doll have fallen at double-digit rate for past eight quarters". ''The Wall Street Journal''. January 28, 2016.</ref>

Criticisms of Barbie are often centered around concerns that children consider Barbie a role model and will attempt to emulate her. One of the most common criticisms of Barbie is that she promotes an unrealistic idea of body image for a young woman, leading to a risk that girls who attempt to emulate her will become [[anorexia nervosa|anorexic]]. Unrealistic body proportions in Barbie dolls have been connected to some [[eating disorders]] in children.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dittmar|first1=Helga|last2=Halliwell|first2=Emma|last3=Ive|first3=Suzanne|date=2006|title=Does Barbie make girls want to be thin? The effect of experimental exposure to images of dolls on the body image of 5- to 8-year-old girls|journal=Developmental Psychology|volume=42|issue=2|pages=283–292|doi=10.1037/0012-1649.42.2.283|issn=0012-1649|pmid=16569167}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Brownell|first1=Kelly D.|last2=Napolitano|first2=Melissa A.|date=1995|title=Distorting reality for children: Body size proportions of Barbie and Ken dolls|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/1098-108X%28199511%2918%3A3%3C295%3A%3AAID-EAT2260180313%3E3.0.CO%3B2-R|journal=International Journal of Eating Disorders|language=en|volume=18|issue=3|pages=295–298|doi=10.1002/1098-108X(199511)18:3<295::AID-EAT2260180313>3.0.CO;2-R|pmid=8556027|issn=1098-108X|url-access=subscription|archive-date=July 9, 2021|access-date=July 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182748/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/1098-108X(199511)18:3%3C295::AID-EAT2260180313%3E3.0.CO;2-R|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2008-03-01|title=Why Barbie feels heavier than Ken: The influence of size-based expectancies and social cues on the illusory perception of weight|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0010027707001424|journal=Cognition|language=en|volume=106|issue=3|pages=1109–1125|doi=10.1016/j.cognition.2007.05.009|issn=0010-0277|last1=Dijker|first1=Anton J.M.|pmid=17599820|s2cid=26233026|url-access=subscription|archive-date=July 9, 2021|access-date=July 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181742/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0010027707001424|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Anschutz|first1=Doeschka J.|last2=Engels|first2=Rutger C. M. E.|date=2010-11-01|title=The Effects of Playing with Thin Dolls on Body Image and Food Intake in Young Girls|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-010-9871-6|journal=Sex Roles|language=en|volume=63|issue=9|pages=621–630|doi=10.1007/s11199-010-9871-6|issn=1573-2762|pmc=2991547|pmid=21212808|archive-date=September 30, 2023|access-date=July 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930181601/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11199-010-9871-6|url-status=live}}</ref>

A standard Barbie doll is {{convert|11.5|in|cm}} tall, giving a height of {{convert|5|ft|9|in}} at 1/6 scale. Barbie's vital statistics have been estimated at {{convert|36|inches|cm}} (chest), {{convert|18|inches|cm}} (waist) and {{convert|33|inches|cm}} (hips). According to research by the University Central Hospital in Helsinki, Finland, she would lack the 17 to 22 percent body fat required for a woman to [[Menstrual cycle|menstruate]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=March 6, 2009|title=What would a real life Barbie look like?|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/7920962.stm|website=[[BBC News]]|access-date=23 June 2015}}</ref> In 1963, the outfit "Barbie Baby-Sits" came with a book titled ''How to Lose Weight'' which advised: "Don't eat!"<ref name="autogenerated1959">{{Cite book|title=Barbie Doll Fashion: 1959–1967|last=Eames|first=Sarah Sink|publisher=Collector Books|year=1990|isbn=0-89145-418-7|url=https://archive.org/details/barbiedollfashio00eame}}</ref> The same book was included in another ensemble called "Slumber Party" in 1965 along with a pink bathroom scale permanently set at {{convert|110|lb|kg}},<ref name="autogenerated1959" /> which would be underweight for a woman {{convert|5|ft|9|in}} tall.<ref>M.G. Lord, ''Forever Barbie'', Chapter 11 {{ISBN|0-8027-7694-9}}</ref> Mattel said that the waist of the Barbie doll was made small because the waistbands of her clothes, along with their seams, snaps, and zippers, added bulk to her figure.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/subjects/b/barbie_doll/index.html|title=Barbie (Doll) – Times Topics|last=Elliott|first=Stuart|date=October 21, 2010|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=February 16, 2012|archive-date=November 25, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125202521/http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/subjects/b/barbie_doll/index.html?|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1997, Barbie's body mold was redesigned and given a wider waist, with Mattel saying that this would make the doll better suited to contemporary fashion designs.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/32312.stm|title=Barbie undergoes plastic surgery|date=November 18, 1997|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=April 26, 2010|archive-date=December 11, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211173157/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/32312.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/7920962.stm|title=What would a real life Barbie look like?|last=Winterman|first=Denise|date=March 6, 2009|access-date=May 23, 2011|work=[[BBC News]]|archive-date=October 23, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023041311/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/7920962.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2016, Mattel introduced a range of new body types: 'tall', 'petite', and 'curvy', releasing them exclusively as part of the Barbie Fashionistas line. 'Curvy Barbie' received a great deal of media attention<ref name="Bates">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-35670446|title=How does 'Curvy Barbie' compare with an average woman?|last=Bates|first=Claire|date=2016-03-03|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=2018-04-19|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2016/jan/28/curvy-barbie-is-it-the-end-of-the-road-for-the-thigh-gap|title=Curvy Barbie: is it the end of the road for the thigh gap?|last=Cartner-Morley|first=Jess|date=2016-01-28|website=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-04-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/julie-wosk/the-new-curvy-barbie-dolls-what-they-tell-us-about-being-overweight_b_9193136.html|title=The New Curvy Barbie Dolls: What They Tell Us About Being Overweight|last=Wosk|first=Julie|date=2016-02-12|website=[[Huffington Post]]|language=en-US|access-date=2018-04-19|archive-date=February 23, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223171550/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/julie-wosk/the-new-curvy-barbie-dolls-what-they-tell-us-about-being-overweight_b_9193136.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and even made the cover of ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine with the headline "Now Can We Stop Talking About My Body?".<ref name="Barbie's Got a New Body">{{Cite magazine|url=https://time.com/barbie-new-body-cover-story/|title=Barbie's Got a New Body|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=2018-04-19|archive-date=August 12, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812210231/https://time.com/barbie-new-body-cover-story/|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite the curvy doll's body shape being equivalent to a US size 4 in clothing,<ref name="Bates" /> some children reportedly regarded her as "fat".<ref name="Barbie's Got a New Body" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thisisinsider.com/allison-kimmey-curvy-barbie-body-positive-lesson-2018-3|title=A mom found her daughter's 'curvy Barbie' in the trash — and used it to teach her a lesson about body diversity|last=Ahlgrim|first=Callie|work=[[Business Insider]]|access-date=2018-04-19|archive-date=April 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420074222/http://www.thisisinsider.com/allison-kimmey-curvy-barbie-body-positive-lesson-2018-3|url-status=live}}</ref>

Although Barbie had been criticized for its unrealistic-looking "tall and petite" dolls, the company has been offering more dolls set to more realistic standards in order to help promote a positive body image.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90511123/a-woman-wondered-what-barbies-would-look-like-in-quarantine-her-answer-is-amazing|title=A woman wondered what Barbies would look like in quarantine. Her answer is amazing|work=Fast Company|access-date=2020-12-31|archive-date=January 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122070923/https://www.fastcompany.com/90511123/a-woman-wondered-what-barbies-would-look-like-in-quarantine-her-answer-is-amazing|url-status=live}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Barbieswaistwidens.jpg|{{center|Barbie's waist has been widened in more recent versions of the doll.}}
File:How to lose weight II.JPG|{{center|Back cover of the vintage booklet titled ''How to Lose Weight'', stating "Don't Eat!"}}
File:Barbie bathroom scale.jpg|{{center|Bathroom scale from 1965, permanently set at {{convert|110|lb|kg}}}}
</gallery>

==="Barbie syndrome"===
"Barbie syndrome" is a term that has been used to depict the desire to have a physical [[Human physical appearance|appearance]] and lifestyle representative of the Barbie doll. It is most often associated with pre-teenage and [[Adolescence|adolescent]] girls but is applicable to any age group or gender. A person with Barbie syndrome attempts to emulate the doll's physical appearance, even though the doll has unattainable body proportions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lind |first=Amy |title=Battleground: Women, Gender, and Sexuality |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |date=2008}}</ref> This syndrome is seen as a form of [[body dysmorphic disorder]] and results in various eating disorders as well as an obsession with cosmetic surgery.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rosen|first1=David S.|last2=Adolescence|first2=the Committee on|date=2010-12-01|title=Identification and Management of Eating Disorders in Children and Adolescents|journal=Pediatrics|language=en|volume=126|issue=6|pages=1240–1253|doi=10.1542/peds.2010-2821|issn=0031-4005|pmid=21115584|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Ukrainian model [[Valeria Lukyanova]] has received attention from the press, due in part to her appearance having been modified based on the physique of Barbie.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.inquisitr.com/224402/valeria-lukyanova-model-seeks-to-be-real-life-barbie-doll-photos/ |title=Valeria Lukyanova: Model Seeks to Be Real-Life Barbie Doll |date=April 23, 2012 |website=Inquisitr.com |access-date=August 22, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208192925/http://www.inquisitr.com/224402/valeria-lukyanova-model-seeks-to-be-real-life-barbie-doll-photos/ |archive-date=December 8, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Valeria Lukyanova & Another Real Life Barbie Doll, Olga Oleynik, Come to America |date=December 10, 2012 |url=http://www.enstarz.com/articles/10329/20121210/valeria-lukyanova-another-real-life-barbie-doll-olga-oleynik-come-to-america-photos.htm |website=EnStarz.com |access-date=December 13, 2012 |archive-date=April 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423012853/https://www.enstarz.com/articles/10329/20121210/valeria-lukyanova-another-real-life-barbie-doll-olga-oleynik-come-to-america-photos.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> She stated that she has only had breast implants and relies heavily on make up and contacts to alter her appearance.<ref name="Women's">{{Cite news|url=https://women-s.net/barbie-doll-syndrome/|title=The Barbie Doll Syndrome: Why Girls Are Becoming Obsessed with Unrealistic Curvy Bodies {{!}} Women's|date=2018-01-13|work=Women's|access-date=2018-04-27|language=en-US|archive-date=April 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428181534/https://women-s.net/barbie-doll-syndrome/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Similarly, [[Lacey Wildd]], an American reality television personality frequently referred to as "Million Dollar Barbie", has also undergone 12 breast augmentation surgeries to become "the extreme Barbie".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://hollywoodlife.com/2014/07/02/barbie-mom-36-surgeries-6-kids/|title=Mom Of 6 Has 36 Surgeries To Look Like A Barbie Doll — Did It Work?|last=Intern|first=HL|date=2014-07-02|work=[[Hollywood Life]]|access-date=2018-04-27|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315125253/http://hollywoodlife.com/2014/07/02/barbie-mom-36-surgeries-6-kids/|archive-date=March 15, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Jessica Alves]], prior to coming out as transgender, underwent over £373,000 worth of cosmetic procedures to match the appearance of Barbie's male counterpart, garnering her the nickname the "Human Ken Doll". These procedures have included multiple nose jobs, six pack ab implants, a buttock lift, and hair and chest implants.<ref name="Women's"/> Sporting the same nickname, [[Justin Jedlica]], the American businessman, has also received multiple cosmetic surgeries to enhance his Ken-like appearance.

In 2006, researchers Helga Dittmar, Emma Halliwell, and Suzanne Ive conducted an experiment testing how dolls, including Barbie, affect self-image in young girls. Dittmar, Halliwell, and Ive gave picture books to girls age 5–8, one with photos of Barbie and the other with photos of Emme, a doll with more realistic physical features. The girls were then asked about their ideal body size. Their research found that the girls who were exposed to the images of Barbie had significantly lower self-esteem than the girls who had photos of Emme.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dittmar|first=Helga|date=2006|title=Does Barbie Make Girls Want to Be Thin? The Effect of Experimental Exposure to Images of Dolls on the Body Image of 5- to 8-Year-Old Girls|url=http://willettsurvey.org/TMSTN/Gender/DoesBarbieMakeGirlsWantToBeThin.pdf|journal=Developmental Psychology|volume=42|issue=2|pages=283–292|access-date=April 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216120203/http://www.willettsurvey.org/TMSTN/Gender/DoesBarbieMakeGirlsWantToBeThin.pdf|archive-date=December 16, 2018|url-status=dead|doi=10.1037/0012-1649.42.2.283 |pmid=16569167}}</ref> However, [[Benjamin Radford]] noted that the answer may not be this simple since this research also showed that the age of the girl was a significant factor in the influence the doll had on her self esteem.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Radford|first=Benjamin|date=2023|title=American Beauty:Idolizing Barbie-or Not|url=https://centerforinquiry.org/blog/barbie-beauty-bully-or-both/|journal=Center for Inquiry|archive-date=July 25, 2023|access-date=August 2, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725233200/https://centerforinquiry.org/blog/barbie-beauty-bully-or-both/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Cultural globalization and representation ==
Feminist scholars have examined how Western media and consumer culture circulate gendered and racialized images around the world.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Mason |first=Corinne L. |title=Gender and Women's Studies: Critical Terrain |date=2018 |publisher=Women's Press |editor-last=Hobbs |editor-first=Margaret |edition=2nd |pages=709-723 |chapter=Transnational Feminism |editor-last2=Rice |editor-first2=Carla}}</ref> Since her introduction in 1959, Barbie has become a global commodity that both reflects and reproduces Western ideals of beauty, such as hair colour, skin tone, and body shape. Mattel markets Barbie as a symbol of female empowerment; however, scholars note that this image conceals the economic exploitation of the Global South that is required to manufacture these dolls.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chan |first=Shuk Ying |last2=Patten |first2=Alan |year=2024 |title=What’s Wrong with Neocolonialism: The Case of Unequal Trade in Cultural Goods |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/whats-wrong-with-neocolonialism-the-case-of-unequal-trade-in-cultural-goods/4EC21E24587B2473FAD7F96EF814C148 |journal=American Political Science Review |language=en |volume=118 |issue=4 |pages=1643–1657 |doi=10.1017/S0003055423000795 |issn=0003-0554|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Through her worldwide distribution, Barbie enables the West to impose and normalize its own standards of female beauty and femininity, influencing how women and girls perceive themselves and how societies define womanhood. Even culturally diverse dolls, such as those in Mattel’s ''Dolls of the World'' collection, have been criticized for simplifying complex cultural identities into simple, stereotypical depictions that conform to mainstream beauty norms.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=McGee |first=Alexis |url=https://ccdigitalpress.org/book/shorthand/chapter_mcgee.html |title=Racial Shorthand |publisher=CCDigitalPress |editor-last=Medina |editor-first=Cruz |publication-date=n.d. |chapter=Barbie goes abroad: Critiquing feminism, technology, and stereotypes in the narratives and social media strategies of Barbie |editor-last2=Pimentel |editor-first2=Octavio}}</ref>

== Notable designers ==
* [[Kitty Black Perkins]], creator of the First Black Barbie
* [[Byron Lars]], guest designer for Barbie
* [[Bob Mackie]], guest designer for Barbie
* [[Carol Spencer]], Barbie fashion designer from 1963 to 1999

==See also==
* [[Creatable World]]
* [[Lammily]] – a [[Crowdfunding|crowdfunded]] alternative developed by Nickolay Lamm
* [[List of Barbie films]]
* [[List of Barbie video games]]
* [[The Marvelous World of Shani]]
* ''[[The Most Popular Girls in School]]''
* [[My Scene]]
* [[Sindy]]
* ''[[Superstar: The Karen Carpenter Story]]''
* [[Totally Hair Barbie]]
* [[Jenny (doll)]]
* [[Sara and Dara dolls]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Best, Joel. "Too Much Fun: Toys as Social Problems and the Interpretation of Culture", ''Symbolic Interaction'' 21#2 (1998), pp. 197–212. DOI: 10.1525/si.1998.21.2.197 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/si.1998.21.2.197 in JSTOR]
* {{Cite book | author=BillyBoy*|author-link=BillyBoy* | title= Barbie: Her Life & Times| year=1987 | publisher=Crown| isbn=978-0-517-59063-8 }}
* Cox, Don Richard. "Barbie and her playmates." ''Journal of Popular Culture'' 11#2 (1977): 303–307.
* Forman-Brunell, Miriam. "Barbie in" LIFE": The Life of Barbie." ''Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth'' 2#3 (2009): 303-311. [http://muse.jhu.edu/article/316618 online]
* {{Cite book | last=Gerber | first=Robin | title=Barbie and Ruth: The Story of the World's Most Famous Doll and the Woman Who Created Her | year=2009 | publisher=Collins Business| isbn=978-0-06-134131-1 | url=https://archive.org/details/barbieruthstoryo0000gerb }}
* Karniol, Rachel, Tamara Stuemler-Cohen, and Yael Lahav-Gur. "Who Likes Bratz? The Impact of Girls’ Age and Gender Role Orientation on Preferences for Barbie Versus Bratz." ''Psychology & Marketing'' 29#11 (2012): 897-906.
* Knaak, Silke, "German Fashion Dolls of the 50&60". Paperback www.barbies.de.
* {{Cite book | last=Lord | first=M. G. | title=Forever Barbie: the unauthorized biography of a real doll | year=2004 | publisher=[[Walker & Co.]] | location=New York | isbn=978-0-8027-7694-5 }}
* {{Cite book | editor1-last=Plumb | editor1-first=Suzie | title=Guys 'n' Dolls: Art, Science, Fashion and Relationships | year=2005 | publisher=Royal Pavilion, Art Gallery & Museums | isbn=0-948723-57-2 }}
* {{Cite book | last=Rogers | first=Mary Ann | title=Barbie culture | year=1999 | publisher=SAGE Publications | location=London | isbn=0-7619-5888-6 | url=https://archive.org/details/barbieculture00roge }}
* Sherman, Aurora M., and Eileen L. Zurbriggen. "'Boys can be anything': Effect of Barbie play on girls’ career cognitions." ''Sex roles'' 70.5-6 (2014): 195-208. [http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1957/49768/ShermanAuroraPsychologicalScienceBoysCanBeAnything.pdf?sequence=1 online]
* {{Cite book | last=Singleton | first=Bridget | title=The Art of Barbie | year=2000 | publisher=Vision On | location=London | isbn=0-9537479-2-1 }}
* Weissman, Kristin Noelle. ''Barbie: The Icon, the Image, the Ideal: An Analytical Interpretation of the Barbie Doll in Popular Culture'' (1999).
* Wepman, Dennis. "Handler, Ruth" ''American National Biography'' (2000) [https://doi.org/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1002288 online]

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{official website}}


* ''[[St. Petersburg Times]] Floridian'': [http://www.sptimes.com/2005/05/15/Floridian/The_doll_that_has_eve.shtml "The doll that has everything – almost"], an article by Susan Taylor Martin about the "Muslim Barbie"
* ''[[USA Today]]'': [https://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2006-10-16-influential-people_x.htm Barbie at number 43 on the list of ''The 101 Most Influential People Who Never Lived'']
* ''[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]'': [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/4014779/Doll-power-Barbie-celebrates-50th-anniversary-and-toy-world-dominance.html Doll power: Barbie celebrates 50th anniversary and toy world dominance]
* [[NPR|NPR Audio Report]]: [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=87997519 Pretty, Plastic Barbie: Forever What We Make Her]
* [http://www.wsaz.com/home/headlines/40657447.html? Lawmaker Wants Barbie Banned in W.Va.; Local Residents Quickly React] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227065852/http://www.wsaz.com/home/headlines/40657447.html |date=February 27, 2014 }} March 3, 2009
* ''[[New York Times]]'': [https://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/23/garden/barbie-doll-icon-or-sexist-symbol.html?pagewanted=1 Barbie: Doll, Icon Or Sexist Symbol?] December 23, 1987
* [http://www.thefirstpost.co.uk/46470,news-comment,news-politics,in-pictures-barbie-50th- Barbie's 50th] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110110808/http://www.thefirstpost.co.uk/46470,news-comment,news-politics,in-pictures-barbie-50th- |date=November 10, 2010 }} – slideshow by ''[[The First Post]]''
* ''[[BBC News]]'': [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-12670950 Mattel shuts flagship Shanghai Barbie concept store] March 7, 2011
* ''[[BBC News]] 1'': [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/174836.stm Making Cindy into Barbie?] - [[BBC News]], HEALTH (21 September 1998)
* ''[[CBS News]]'': [https://web.archive.org/web/20040810081651/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/07/29/48hours/main632909.shtml Becoming Barbie: Living Dolls, Real Life Couple Are Models Of Plastic Perfection] - by Rebecca Leung (Aug. 6, 2004) [[CBS News]]
* {{Cite journal| last1=Glowka| journal=American Speech| volume=76| issue=1| date=2001| pages=79–96| url=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/american_speech/v076/76.1glowka.html| title=Among the New Words| publisher=Project MUSE| doi=10.1215/00031283-76-1-79|display-authors=etal| url-access=subscription}}
* Anna Hart, [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/shopping-and-consumer-news/12122027/Introducing-the-new-realistic-Barbie-The-thigh-gap-has-officially-gone.html Introducing the new, realistic Barbie: 'The thigh gap has officially gone'], ''[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]'' website, January 28, 2016

{{Barbie}}
{{Dolls}}
{{Mattel}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Barbie| ]]
[[Category:Barbie characters| ]]
[[Category:Fashion dolls]]
[[Category:Playscale figures]]
[[Category:Mascots introduced in 1959]]
[[Category:Products introduced in 1959]]
[[Category:Fictional models]]
[[Category:Female characters in advertising]]
[[Category:1950s toys]]
[[Category:Fictional characters from Wisconsin]]
[[Category:Fictional characters from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Toy mascots]]
[[Category:Toy controversies]]
[[Category:Fictional adolescents]]
[[Category:Culture of the United States]]

Religion in Tamil Nadu

2026-03-25T11:02:13Z

Rxsolution: Added A Info Nd Citations

{{Short description|Religion in the Indian state}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Tamils}}
'''Religion in Tamil Nadu''' consists of various religions practiced by the populace of the state. [[Hinduism]] is the predominant religion in the state with significant [[Christian]] and [[Muslim]] minorities. As a home to a multitude of religions, the Tamil culture reflects the influence of the same. Various places of worship are spread across the state.

== Demographics ==
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Tamil Nadu (2011)<ref name="census2011">{{cite report|title=Population by religion community – 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Hinduism]]
|color1 = Darkorange
|value1 = 87.58
|label2 = [[Christianity]]
|color2 = Blue
|value2 = 6.12
|label3 = [[Islam]]
|color3 = Green
|value3 = 5.86
|label4 = [[Jainism]]
|color4 = Brown
|value4 = 0.12
|label5 = Others/Not stated
|value5 = 0.31
|color5 = gray
}}

{{Table alignment}}
{|class="wikitable sortable defaultcenter col1left"
|+ Religion in Tamil Nadu
!rowspan="2"|Religion
!colspan="2"|2001
!colspan="2"|2011
|-
!Population<ref name="religion1">{{cite report|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm|title=Total population by religious communities|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=20 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119031333/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm|archive-date=19 January 2008}}</ref>
!% of Population
!Population<ref name="religion2">{{cite report|publisher=[[Government of India]]|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/c-01.html|title=Indian Census 2011|access-date=25 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|archive-date=13 September 2015}}</ref>
!% of Population
|-
|[[Hinduism]]
|54,985,079
|88.1
|63,188,168
|87.58
|-
|[[Christianity]]
|3,785,060
|6.06
|4,418,331
|6.12
|-
|[[Islam]]
|3,470,647
|5.56
|4,229,479
|5.86
|-
|[[Jainism]]
|83,359
|0.13
|89,265
|0.12
|-
|[[Sikhism]]
|9,545
|0.01
|14,601
|0.02
|-
|[[Buddhism]]
|5,393
|0.01
|11,186
|0.02
|-
|Other
|7,252
|0.01
|7,414
|0.01
|-
|Not stated
|NA
|0
|188,586
|0.26
|-
!Total
!62,405,679
!100
!72,147,030
!100
|}

== Hinduism ==
{{Main|Hinduism in Tamil Nadu}}
As per the [[Sangam literature]], the [[Sangam landscape]] (300 BCE to 300 CE) was classified into five categories known as ''thinais'', which were associated with a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] deity: [[Murugan]] in ''kurinji'' (hills), [[Thirumal]] in ''mullai'' (forests), [[Indra|Indiran]] in ''marutham'' (plains), [[Varuna]]n in the ''neithal'' (coasts), and [[Durga|Kotravai]] in ''palai'' (desert).<ref>{{cite book|title=Arts and Crafts of Tamil Nadu|first=C.|last=Chandramouli|year=2004|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations|page=74}}</ref> Thirumal is indicated as a deity during the [[Sangam period|Sangam era]] who was regarded as ''Paramporul'' ("the supreme one") and also known as Māyavan, Māmiyon, Netiyōn, and Māl in various Sangam literature.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hardy|first=Friedhelm|title=Viraha Bhakti: The Early History of Krsna Devotion|year=2015|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-3816-1|pages=156}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Padmaja|first=T.|title=Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamilnāḍu|date=2002|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-398-4|pages=27}}</ref> While [[Shiva]]-worship existed in the Shaivite culture as a part of the [[Tamil mythology|Tamil pantheon]], [[Murugan]] became regarded as the ''Tamil kadavul'' ("God of the Tamils").<ref>{{cite book|last=Clothey|first=Fred W.|title=The Many Faces of Murukan: The History and Meaning of a South Indian God. With the Poem Prayers to Lord Murukan|year=2019|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG|isbn=978-3-11-080410-2|pages=34}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Mahadevan|first=Iravatham|title=A Note on the Muruku Sign of the Indus Script in light of the Mayiladuthurai Stone Axe Discovery|year=2006|publisher=Harappa|url=http://www.harappa.com/arrow/stone_celt_indus_signs.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060904034700/http://www.harappa.com/arrow/stone_celt_indus_signs.html|archive-date=4 September 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Essential Hinduism|author=Steven Rosen, Graham M. Schweig|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2006|page=45}}</ref> In the 7th century CE, the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyas]] and [[Pallava dynasty|Pallavas]], supporters of [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]], transitioned to become patrons of Hinduism. This shift occurred with the revival of [[Shaivism|Saivism]] and [[Vaishnavism]] during the [[Bhakti movement]] spearheaded by the [[Alvars|Alwars]] and [[Nayanars|Nayanmars]].<ref name="Sastri"/><ref name="Bhakti"/> Hinduism developed in the temples and ''[[matha]]s'' of medieval Tamil Nadu with self-conscious rejection of Jain practices.<ref>{{cite book|title=Open boundaries: Jain communities and culture in Indian history|last=Cort|first=John|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-7914-9985-6|page=208}}</ref>

[[File:Ayyanar_idols_near_Gobichettipalayam.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|[[Aiyyanar|Aiyyan̲ār]], guardian folk deity of Tamils]]

In Tamil tradition, Murugan is the youngest son of Shiva and [[Parvati]]; [[Ganesha|Pillayar]] is regarded as the eldest son and venerated as the ''Mudanmudar kadavul'' ("foremost god").<ref>{{cite book|title=Tamil Civilization:Quarterly Research Journal of the Tamil University|volume=5|year=1987|publisher=[[University of Michigan]]|page=9}}</ref> The worship of [[Amman (goddess)|Amman]], also called [[Mariamman]], is thought to have been derived from an ancient [[mother goddess]], and is also very common.<ref name="Tradition">{{cite book|title=Ayyanar and Mariamman, Folk Deities in South India|first=Christa|last=Neuenhofer|year=2012|isbn=978-1-457-99010-6|publisher=Blurb, Incorporated}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Principles and Practice of Hindu Religion|work=Hindu Heritage Study Program|url=http://www.bnaiyer.com/hinduism/hist-34.html|access-date=5 December 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061114082702/http://www.bnaiyer.com/hinduism/hist-34.html|archive-date=14 November 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref> In rural areas, local deities, called [[Aiyyanar|Aiyyan̲ār]] (also known as Karuppan, Karrupasami), are worshipped who are thought to protect the villages from harm.<ref name="Tradition"/><ref>{{cite journal|title=Horse Shrines in Tamil India: Reflections on Modernity|first=Mark|last=Jarzombek|journal=Future Anterior|year=2009|url=http://web.mit.edu/mmj4/www/downloads/future_ant4_1.pdf|volume=4|issue=1|pages=18–36|doi=10.1353/fta.0.0031|doi-access=free}}</ref>

As of the 21st century, majority of the population of Tamil Nadu are adherents of Hinduism with more than 89% of the population adhering to the same.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm|title=Census 2001 – Statewise population by Religion|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=18 July 2010}}</ref><ref name="census2011"/> As a majority religion, the influence of Hinduism is seen widely in the [[Tamil culture]] including [[Tamil literature|literature]], [[Music of Tamil Nadu|music]] and [[Dance forms of Tamil Nadu|dance]]. Most visual arts are religious in some form and usually centers on Hinduism, although the religious element might be a vehicle to represent universal and, occasionally, [[humanism|humanist]] themes.<ref>{{cite book|last=Coomaraswamy|first=A.K.|title=Figures of Speech or Figures of Thought|publisher=World Wisdom Books|isbn=978-1-933-31634-5|year=2007}}</ref> Visual art ranges from stone sculptures in temples, to detailed [[bronze]] icons and [[fresco]]es and [[mural]]s on temple walls.<ref>{{cite web|title=Shilpaic literature of the tamils|first=V.|last=Ganapathi|url=http://www.intamm.com/arts/ancient.htm|publisher=INTAMM|access-date=4 December 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Ajanta of TamilNadu|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20051127/spectrum/main3.htm|newspaper=The Tribune|date=27 November 2005|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

[[File:Shiva as the Lord of Dance LACMA edit.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|A [[Chola Empire|Chola]] bronze statue of [[Nataraja]], god of dance, to whom [[Bharatanatyam]] is often dedicated]]

Majority of the available literature from the Sangam period was Hindu and categorized in the tenth century CE into two categories based roughly on chronology as the ''[[Eighteen Greater Texts|patiṉeṇmēlkaṇakku]]'' ("the eighteen greater text series") comprising ''[[Eight Anthologies|Ettuthogai]]'' (or ''Ettuttokai'', "Eight Anthologies") and the ''[[Ten Idylls|Pattuppāṭṭu]]'' ("Ten Idylls").<ref>{{cite book|first=Takanobu|last=Takahashi|title=Tamil Love Poetry and Poetics|year=1995|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-10042-3|pages=1–3}}</ref> The Tamil literature that followed in the next 300 years after the Sangam period is generally called the "post-Sangam" literature.<ref>{{cite book|first=Kamil|last=Zvelebil|title=Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature|year=1992|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-09365-6|pages=12–13}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=T.V. Mahalingam|title=Proceedings of the Second Annual Conference|year=1981|publisher=South Indian History Congress|pages=28–34}}</ref> ''[[Tirukkural]]'' is a book on ethics, by [[Thiruvalluvar]].<ref>{{cite book|first=M. S.|last=Pillai|title=Tamil literature|publisher=Asian Education Service|date=1994|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-8-120-60955-6}}</ref> Prominent works include ''[[Ramavataram]]'', written in 12th century CE by [[Kambar (poet)|Kambar]] and ''[[Thiruppugazh|Tiruppugal]]'' by [[Arunagirinathar]] in 14th century CE.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bergunder|first1=Michael|title=Ritual, Caste, and Religion in Colonial South India|last2=Frese|first2=Heiko|last3=Schröder|first3=Ulrike|date=2011|publisher=Primus Books|isbn=978-9-380-60721-4|page=107}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=P S Sundaram|title=Kamba Ramayana|date=3 May 2002|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-9-351-18100-2|pages=18–}}</ref>

Apart from traditional instruments from the Sangam period, [[Nadaswaram]], a [[reed instrument]] that is often accompanied by the [[thavil]], a type of [[drum instrument]] are the major musical instruments used in temples and weddings.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sound of Indian Music|first=Ganavya|last=Doraisamy|author-link=Ganavya Doraiswamy|date=5 August 2014|isbn=978-1-3045-0409-8|publisher=Lulu|page=35}}</ref> The traditional music of Tamil Nadu is known as [[Carnatic music]], which includes rhythmic and structured music dedicated to Gods.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Karnatak-music|title=Karnatak music|publisher=[[Britannica]]|access-date=1 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=When the Kurinji Blooms|first=Rājam|last=Kiruṣṇan̲|year=2002|page=124|isbn=978-8-125-01619-9|publisher=Orient BlackSwan}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Oxford Handbook of Applied Ethnomusicology|year=2015|isbn=978-0-199-35171-8|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=370|editor1=Jeff Todd Titon|editor2=Svanibor Pettan}}</ref> [[Bharatanatyam]] is a major genre of [[Indian classical dance]] that originated in Tamilakam and is represented to invoke [[Nataraja]], a form of Shiva.<ref name="Britbn">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/bharata-natyam|title=Bharata-natyam|encyclopedia=Britannica|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Banerjee|first=Projesh|title=Indian Ballet Dancing|year=1983|publisher=Abhinav Publications|location=New Jersey|page=43}}</ref> There are many [[folk dance]] forms that originated and are practiced in the region which are done in veneration to Hindu gods and goddesses such as [[Kavadi Aattam|Kavadiattam]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Kent|first=Alexandra|title=Divinity and Diversity: A Hindu Revitalization Movement in Malaysia|publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]]|year=2005|isbn=978-8-791-11489-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Portals: Opening Doorways to Other Realities Through the Senses|first=Lynne|last=Hume|year=2020|isbn=978-1-000-18987-2|publisher=Taylor & Francis}}</ref> [[Mayilattam]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Madhavan|first=Arya|title=Kudiyattam Theatre and the Actor's Consciousness|year=2010|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-420-2799-2|page=113}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Knapp|first=Stephen|title=The Heart of Hinduism: The Eastern Path to Freedom, Empowerment, and Illumination|year=2005|publisher=CreateSpace|isbn=978-1-721-03274-7|page=187}}</ref> Bhagavatha nadanam, Devarattam, Kai silambattam, Kuravanji and Urumiattam.<ref>{{cite book|title=Flipside of Hindu Symbolism:Sociological and Scientific Linkages in Hinduism|first=M.K.V.|last=Narayan|year=2007|page=181|isbn=978-1-596-82117-0|publisher=Fultus Corporation}}</ref> [[Koothu]] is a form of street theater that consists of a play performance which consists of dance along with music, narration and singing, usually dedicated to goddesses such as [[Mariamman]] with stories drawn from Hindu epics such as [[Ramayana]] and [[Mahabharata]], mythology and folklore.<ref>{{cite book|title=Images of the Body in India: South Asian and European Perspectives on Rituals and Performativity|year=2012|isbn=978-1-136-70392-8|publisher=Taylor & Francis|editor1=Axel Michaels|editor2=Christoph Wulf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Masks and Performance with Everyday Materials|first1=Gita|last1=Wolf|first2=V.|last2=Geetha|first3=Anushka|last3=Ravishankar|year=2003|isbn=978-8-186-21147-2|publisher=Tara Publishing|pages=36–39}}</ref> The dance is accompanied by music played from traditional instruments and a ''kattiyakaran'' narrates the story during the performance.<ref name="Koothu">{{cite web|title=Koothu: The Expressive Dance-Drama of Tamil Nadu|url=https://secondnature.ws/blogs/masks-in-performing-arts/koothu-and-theyyam-vibrant-traditional-performances-from-india|work=Second Nature|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

[[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] is a major and multi-day [[harvest festival]] dedicated to the [[Surya]], the Sun God.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Denise Cush|author2=Catherine A. Robinson|author3=Michael York|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|year=2008|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-7007-1267-0|pages=610–611}}</ref> [[Puthandu]] is known as Tamil New Year which marks the first day of year on the [[Tamil calendar]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC|year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-14-341421-6|page=406}}</ref> Other prominent festivals include [[Karthika Deepam|Karthikai Deepam]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Spagnoli|first1=Cathy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6_Aci8KA7JEC&dq=karthigai+deepam+november+december&pg=PA133|title=Jasmine and Coconuts: South Indian Tales|last2=Samanna|first2=Paramasivam|date=1999|publisher=Libraries Unlimited|isbn=978-1-56308-576-5|pages=133|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Gajrani|first=S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zh6z0nuIjAgC&dq=karthigai+deepam&pg=PA207|title=History, Religion and Culture of India|date=2004|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-8205-061-7|pages=207|language=en}}</ref> [[Thaipusam]],<ref>{{cite book|author=Kent, Alexandra|title=Divinity and Diversity: A Hindu Revitalization Movement in Malaysia|publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]]|year=2005|isbn=978-8-7911-1489-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Portals: Opening Doorways to Other Realities Through the Senses|first=Lynne|last=Hume|year=2020|isbn=978-1-0001-8987-2|publisher=Taylor & Francis}}</ref> [[Aadi Perukku]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2022/jul/26/an-ode-to-aadi-and-ayyanar-2480584.html|title=An ode to Aadi and Ayyanar|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]|date=26 July 2022|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> and [[Panguni Uthiram]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Holiday Symbols & Customs|year=2015|isbn=978-0-780-81365-6|first=James|last=Chambers|publisher=Infobase Publishing}}</ref>

[[File:Aerial view of Sri Rangam temple near Tiruchirapalli 1.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam]], the largest functioning temple in India]]

[[Dravidian architecture]] is the distinct style of rock architecture from the state, where the [[koil]]s considered of porches or ''Mantapas'' preceding the door leading to the sanctum, Gate-pyramids or ''[[Gopuram]]s'' in quadrangular enclosures that surround the temple, ''Pillared halls'' and a tank called the ''Kalyani'' or ''Pushkarni''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Fergusson|first=James|title=History of Indian and Eastern Architecture|orig-date=1910|edition=3rd|year=1997|publisher=Low Price Publications|location=New Delhi|page=309}}</ref><ref name="Hindu"/> The [[Gopuram]] is a monumental tower, usually ornate at the entrance of the temple forms a prominent feature of the [[Hindu temple architecture|Hindu temples]] of the Dravidian style.<ref>{{cite book|first=Francis D.K.|last=Ching|year=2007|title=A Global History of Architecture|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|location=New York|isbn=978-0-4712-6892-5|page=762|display-authors=etal}}</ref> There are a number of [[Indian rock-cut architecture|rock-cut]] cave-temples established by the ancient Tamil kings and later by Pandyas and Pallavas.<ref>{{cite book|title=Cave-temples in the Regions of the Pāṇdya, Muttaraiya, Atiyamān̤ and Āy Dynasties in Tamil Nadu and Kerala|first=D.|last=Dayalan|year=2014|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India}}</ref> The [[Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram]], built by the Pallavas in the 7th and 8th centuries has more than forty rock-cut temples and monoliths including one of the largest open-air [[rock relief]]s in the world.<ref>{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch|url-access=registration|year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8|page=399}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=National Geographic|title=Sacred Places of a Lifetime: 500 of the World's Most Peaceful and Powerful Destinations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jNqDFSxR8-MC&pg=PA154|year=2008|publisher=National Geographic Society|isbn=978-1-4262-0336-7|page=154}}</ref>

[[File:India Meenakshi Temple.jpg|thumb|[[Meenakshi Temple]] at [[Madurai]]. The large [[Gopuram]] is a hall-mark of [[Dravidian architecture]]]]

There are more than 34,000 temples in Tamil Nadu built across various periods some of which are several centuries old.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Tamil-Nadu-Andhra-Pradesh-build-temple-ties-to-boost-tourism/articleshow/6284409.cms|title=Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh build temple ties to boost tourism|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 August 2010|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> Most temples follow the Dravidian architecture, a distinct style of rock architecture.<ref name="Hindu">{{cite book|last=Harman|first=William P.|title=The sacred marriage of a Hindu goddess|date=9 October 1992|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|page=6|isbn=978-8-1208-0810-2}}</ref> 84 of the 108 [[Divya Desam]]s, which are Vishnu and [[Lakshmi]] temples that is mentioned in the [[Nalayira Divya Prabandham|works]] of the Alvars are located in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Sri Divya Desams|publisher=Sarva Sastra Maha Vidyalaya|location=[[Coimbatore]]|last=P.M.|first=Neelakrishnan|journal=Ancient Science of Life|pages=193–7|volume=11|issue=3|date=April 1992|pmc=3336602|pmid=22556587}}</ref> [[Paadal Petra Sthalam]] are 276 Shaivite temples that are revered in the verses of Nayanars in the 6th-9th century CE.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.templenet.com/Tamilnadu/shivlist.html|title=A comprehensive description of the 276 Shivastalams glorified by the Tevaram hymns|work=Templenet|access-date=11 January 2011}}</ref> [[Pancha Bhuta Sthalam]] refers to temples dedicated to [[Shiva]], each representing a manifestation of the five prime elements of nature.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ramaswamy|first=Vijaya|title=Historical dictionary of the Tamils|year=2007|publisher=Scarecrow Press, INC.|location=United States|isbn=978-0-470-82958-5}}</ref> [[Six Abodes of Murugan|Arupadaiveedu]] are six temples which are dedicated Murugan.<ref>{{cite book|last=Aiyar|first=P.V.Jagadisa|title=South Indian Shrines: Illustrated|year=1982|publisher=Asian Educational Services|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-0-4708-2958-5|pages=191–203}}</ref> [[Madurai]] also called as "Temple city" consists of many temples including the massive [[Meenakshi Amman Temple]] with [[List of temples in Kanchipuram|Kanchipuram]], considered as one of the [[Sapta Puri|seven great holy cities]] being another major temple town with many temples dating back to the Pallava period.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kanchipuram|title=Kanchipuram|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Britannica]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Meenaskshi-Amman-Temple|title=Meenakshi Amman Temple|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Britannica]]}}</ref> [[Srirangam]] [[Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Ranganathaswamy Temple]] is the largest temple complex in India and the biggest functioning Hindu temple in the world with a {{convert|236|ft|m}} tall [[Rajagopuram]], one of the tallest in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5894/|title=Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

[[Ramanathaswamy Temple]] located at [[Rameswaram]] island forms a part of [[Adam's Bridge|Ram setu]] and is said to be sanctified by the lord [[Rama]] when he crossed the island on his journey to rescue his wife, [[Sita]] from the [[Ravana]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rameswaram|title=Rameswaram|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Britannica]]}}</ref> [[Namakkal Anjaneyar Temple]] hosts a {{convert|18|ft|m|abbr=on}} tall [[Hanuman]] statue, one of the tallest in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://namakkal.nic.in/tourist-place/namakkalanjaneyartemple/|title=Namakkal Anjaneyar Temple|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]}}</ref> There are a lot of temples devoted to lord [[Ganesha]], major of which are the [[Ucchi Pillayar Temple, Rockfort|Uchippillaiyar temple in Tiruchirappalli]], [[Eachanari Vinayagar Temple|Eachanari Vinayagar temple in Coimbatore]] hosting a {{convert|6.3|ft|abbr=on}} tall idol and [[Karpaka Vinayakar Temple|Karpaka Vinayakar temple in Pillayarapatti]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/eachanari-vinayagar-temple-coimbatore|title=Eachanari Vinayagar temple|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/tiruchirappalli-rockfort-temple|title=Ucchi Pillayar Temple, Rockfort|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]}}</ref> There are a number of hill temples dedicated to lord Murugan and Amman temples across the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.com/temples/amman-temples.php|title=Amman temples|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]}}</ref> [[Swami Vivekananda]] is said to have attained [[moksha|enlightenment]] on a rock, located off the coast of [[Kanniyakumari]], which houses the [[Vivekananda Rock Memorial]] since 1970.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kanniyakumari|title=Kanniyakumari|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Britannica]]}}</ref>

== Christianity ==
{{Main|Christianity in Tamil Nadu}}
[[File:Vailankanni Church, front view.jpg|thumb|The 16th-century [[Basilica of Our Lady of Good Health]] at [[Velankanni]]]]
The [[twelve apostles|Christian apostle]], [[Thomas (apostle)|St. Thomas]], is believed to have landed in the [[Malabar Coast]] in 52 CE and built [[St. Mary's Church, Thiruvithamcode|St. Mary's Church]] in [[Thiruvithamcode]], [[Kanyakumari district]] in 63 AD and preached in the area around present day [[Chennai]] till 70 CE.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-church-that-st-thomas-built/article4720703.ece|title=The church that St. Thomas built|last=Sathyendran|first=Nita|date=16 May 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=13 November 2019|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The [[Santhome Church]], which was originally built by the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] in 1523, is believed to house the remains of St. Thomas and was rebuilt in 1893 in [[neo-Gothic]] style.<ref>{{cite web|title=Santhome Cathedral|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/santhome-cathedral-and-basilica|access-date=28 December 2022|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130204928/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/santhome-cathedral-and-basilica|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1578, the Portuguese published a book in old Tamil script named 'Thambiraan Vanakkam', the first book in any Indian language to be printed and published.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-saw-its-first-book-in-1578/article476102.ece|title=Tamil saw its first book in 1578|first=Karthik|last=Madhavan|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=8 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101181012/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-saw-its-first-book-in-1578/article476102.ece|archive-date=1 January 2016|url-status=live|date=21 June 2010}}</ref> The Europeans started to establishing trade centers from the 16th century CE along the eastern coast of the state, and the region was under the rule of [[British Raj]] from the 18th century to the mid 20th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iias.asia/the-newsletter/article/rhythms-portuguese-presence-bay-bengal|title=Rhythms of the Portuguese presence in the Bay of Bengal|publisher=Indian Institute of Asian Studies|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Danish flavour|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2622/stories/20091106262211800.htm|access-date=5 August 2013|newspaper=Frontline|date=6 November 2009|location=India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060423/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2622/stories/20091106262211800.htm|archive-date=21 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A short history of the world|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3QZXvUhGwhAC|publisher=Helicon publishing Ltd.|page=277|year=1997|author=Roberts J. M.|isbn=978-0-1951-1504-8}}</ref> This also brought Christian missionaries, who established [[Church (building)|churches]] and introduced the religion to various parts of the state.<ref>{{cite book|title=Christianity in India: From Beginnings to the Present|last=Frykenberg|first=Robert Eric|date=26 June 2008|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-1982-6377-7|page=180}}</ref>

As per the 2011 census, [[Christianity]] is the second largest religion in the state with the total number of Christians numbering 4,418,331, forming 6.12% of the total population of the state.<ref name="census2011"/> There is a larger proportion of Christians in the southern districts, [[Christianity in Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari]] (46%), [[Thoothukudi district|Thoothukudi]] (16.7%) and [[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]] (10.6%).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://census2001.tn.nic.in/religion.aspx|title=Archived copy|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305140514/http://census2001.tn.nic.in/religion.aspx|archive-date=5 March 2012|access-date=29 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/tamil-nadu-with-72-million-people-records-80-literacy/articleshow/20367915.cms?from=mdr|title=Tamil Nadu, with 72 million people, records 80% literacy|date=31 May 2013|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=25 November 2019}}</ref> The 16th-century [[Basilica of Our Lady of Good Health]] is located at [[Velankanni]], about {{convert|12|km|abbr=on}} south of Nagapattinam on the Eastern coast. The town declared as a holy city by the [[pope]] is known as the '[[Lourdes]] of the East'.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/velankanni|title=Velankanni|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|archive-date=5 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205182654/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/velankanni|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Islam ==
{{Main|Tamil Muslim}}
[[File:Ervadidargah.jpg|thumb|[[Erwadi|Erwadi Dargah]], one of the oldest [[mosque]]s]]
[[Islam]] was introduced due to the influence from the [[Arab region]] and the majority of the Muslims are native Tamils who converted on the influence of [[Legend of Cheraman Perumals|Cheraman Perumal]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jean-Baptiste|first=Prashant More|title=The Marakkayar Muslims of Karikal, South India|date=1991|url= |journal=Journal of Islamic Studies|volume=2|pages=25–44|doi=10.1093/jis/2.1.25|pmid=15455059|pmc=355923|series=Oxford Academic Journals}}</ref> Unlike from other parts of India, nearly 90% of the Muslims in the state speak Tamil rather than [[Urdu]] as their mother tongue.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jain|first=Dhanesh|contribution=Sociolinguistics of the Indo-Aryan languages|editor1-last=Cardona|editor1-first=George|editor2-last=Jain|editor2-first=Dhanesh|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages|publisher=Routledge|place=London|year=2003|series=Routledge language family series|isbn=0-7007-1130-9|page=57}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=More|first=J.B.P.|title=Muslim identity, print culture and the Dravidian factor in Tamil Nadu|publisher=Orient Longman|place=Hyderabad|year=2007|isbn=978-81-250-2632-7}}</ref> [[Arabic language|Arabic]] inscriptions from the ninth century CE at [[Kayalpatnam]], detail about endowments given to the mosques by Pandyas.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://muslimmirror.com/eng/muslims-of-tamil-nadu-history-social-structure-and-current-status/|title=Muslims of Tamil Nadu – History, social structure, and current status|date=13 July 2022|access-date=1 December 2023|work=Muslim mirror}}</ref> The earliest literary work in the community was the ''Palsanthmalai'' from the 13th century with the most popular being the epic ''Seerapuranam'' by [[Umaru Pulavar]] in the 17th century<ref>{{cite book|last=Narayanan|first=Vasudha|title=India's Islamic Traditions, 711-1750|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2003|isbn=0-19-568334-X|editor-last=Eaton|editor-first=Richard M.|location=New Delhi|pages=393–408|chapter=Religious Vocabulary and Regional Identity: A Study of the Tamil Cirappuranam ('Life of the Prophet')}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.international.ucla.edu/southasia/article.asp?parentid=27779|title=The Diversity in Indian Islam|publisher=[[University of California]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

{{As of|2011}}, [[Islam]] is the third largest religion in the state with 4,229,479 followers, making up 5.86% of the population.<ref name="census2011"/> The [[Palaiya Jumma Palli|Kilakarai Jumma Masjid]], built in the 7th century CE, has prominent Dravidian architectural characteristics and is one of the oldest mosques in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/mosques-in-dravidian-islamic-style-about-the-islamic-architecture-in-tamil-nadu/article20696593.ece|title=Mosques in Dravidian-Islamic style: About the Islamic architecture in Tamil Nadu|date=23 November 2017|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Erwadi]] houses an 840-year-old [[mosque]] and the annual [[Erwadi santhanakoodu festival|santhanakoodu festival]] held during the Islamic month of [[Dhul Qidah]] attracts people of all faiths from different regions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://utsav.gov.in/view-event/ervadi-santhanakoodu-festival-1|title=Erwadi santhanakoodu festival|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Government of India]]}}</ref> [[Nagore Dargah]] where the urs festival is celebrated every year and attracts pilgrims from both [[Sufism|Sufi Islam]] and Hinduism.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Landis|first1=Dan|last2=Albert|first2=Rosita D.|title=Handbook of Ethnic Conflict: International Perspectives|page=150|year=2012|publisher=Springer Science+Business Media, LLC|location=London|isbn=978-1-4614-0447-7}}</ref>

== Jainism ==
{{Main|Jainism in Tamil Nadu}}

[[File:Tirumalai_3329.JPG|thumb|upright=0.75|[[Mahavira]] temple at [[Tirumalai (Jain complex)|Tirumalai]]]]

[[Tamil Jain]]s existed from the sangam era with inscriptions and drip-ledges from first century BCE to sixth century CE and temple monuments likely built by [[Digambara]] Jains in the ninth century found in [[Chitharal Jain Monuments|Chitharal]] and several [[Tamil-Brahmi]] inscriptions, stone beds and sculptures from more than 2,200 years ago found in [[Samanar Hills|Samanar hills]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Nagarajan|first=Saraswathy|title=On the southern tip of India, a village steeped in the past|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=17 November 2011|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/travel/on-the-southern-tip-of-india-a-village-steeped-in-the-past/article2636325.ece|access-date=23 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/2200yearold-tamilbrahmi-inscription-found-on-samanamalai/article3220674.ece|title=2,200-year-old Tamil-Brahmi inscription found on Samanamalai|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 March 2012|access-date=19 January 2014|first=T. S.|last=Subramanian}}</ref> They were known as ''Camaṇar'' in Tamil and the [[Sangam literature]] of ''[[Silappatikaram]]'', ''[[Nālaṭiyār]]'' and ''[[Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi]]'' were attributed to Jain authors.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.129893|title=Jaina Literature in Tamil|first=M.A.|last=Chakravarti|publisher=Bhartiya Jnanaptha Publication|year=1944}}</ref> The early Jains were part of the Digambara sect and use the title ''Nainar''.<ref>{{cite book|volume=40|title=People of India:Tamil Nadu|last=Kumar|first=Suresh Singh|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|year=1997|page=1437}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/jgen/090/02/0191-0202|title=Genetic admixture studies on four in situ evolved, two migrant and twenty-one ethnic populations of Tamil Nadu|first=G.|last=Suhasini|journal=Journal of Genetics|volume=90|year=2011|pages=191–202 |doi=10.1007/s12041-011-0067-9 |pmid=21869467 }}</ref> The [[Kalabhra dynasty]], who ruled over the [[ancient Tamil country]] in the 3rd–7th century CE were patrons of Jainism.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kulke|first1=Hermann|author-link1=Hermann Kulke|last2=Rothermund|first2=Dietmar|author-link2=Dietmar Rothermund|title=A History of India|date=2007|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0-4153-2920-0|page=105|edition=4th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RoW9GuFJ9GIC|access-date=7 September 2016|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=te1sqTzTxD8C&pg=PA72|title=The First Spring: The Golden Age of India|isbn=978-0-6700-8478-4|last1=Eraly|first1=Abraham|year=2011| publisher=Penguin Books India}}</ref> Some of the early kings of the Cheras, Pandyas and Pallavas patronized Jainism.<ref name="Sastri">{{cite book|last=Sastri|first=K.A. Nilakanta|title=A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar|orig-year=1955|year=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-0-19-560686-7|page=333}}</ref><ref name="Bhakti">{{cite book|last=Pillai|first=P. Govinda|title=The Bhakti Movement: Renaissance or Revivalism?|date=2022-10-04|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-000-78039-0|pages=Thirdly, the movement had blossomed first down south or the Tamil country|language=en|chapter=Chapter 11}}</ref>

{{As of|2011}}, [[Jainism]] is the fourth largest religion in the state with 89,265 (0.12%) adherents.<ref name="census2011"/> The northern districts of [[Tiruvannamalai district|Tiruvannamalai]], [[Vellore district|Vellore]], [[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]] and [[Viluppuram district|Villupuram]] have a significant Jain population.<ref>{{cite book|title=Castes and Tribes of Southern India, Volume II of VII|first=Edgar|last=Thurston|year=2020|isbn=978-1-465-58237-9|publisher=Library of Alexandria|page=282}}</ref> They generally are [[vegetarians]] and retain some of the old Jain customs.<ref>{{cite report|title=Reading History with the Tamil Jainas, A Study on Identity, Memory and Marginalisation|first=R.|last=Umamaheshwari|publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study|page=100}}</ref>

[[Kalugumalai]] consist of three rock-cut temples{{ndash}}[[Kalugumalai Jain Beds]], [[Vettuvan Koil]] and [[Kalugasalamoorthy Temple]], with [[rock relief]] sculptures dating back to Pandya period of 8th to 9th century.<ref>{{cite book|first= K.V. Soundara|last= Rajan|year= 1998|title= Rock-cut Temple Styles'|publisher=Somaily Publications|location=Mumbai, India|isbn= 81-7039-218-7|page=7}}</ref> Major Jain temples include [[Trilokyanatha Temple|Kanchi Trilokyanatha temple]], [[Chitharal Jain Temple]], [[Mannargudi Mallinatha Swamy Temple]], [[Vijayamangalam Jain temple]], [[Alagramam Jain Temple]], [[Poondi Arugar Temple]], [[Adisvaraswamy Jain Temple, Thanjavur|Thanjavur Adisvaraswamy Jain Temple]] and [[Chandraprabha Jain Temple, Kumbakonam|Kumbakonam Chandraprabha Jain Temple]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thread/arts-culture-society/article8179948.ece|title=Looking for Jina Kanchi|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=February 2016|last1=Jain|first1=Mahima A.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Chitharal| website=Tamil Nadu Tourism| url=http://www.tamilnadutourism.org/places/citiestowns/Kanniyakumari2.aspx?catid=c1&subcat1id=c1s1&subcat2id=c1s1s7|access-date=23 March 2017}}</ref> [[Tirumalai (Jain complex)|Tirumalai]] is an ancient Jain temple complex in the outskirts of Tirvannamalai that houses caves and [[Jain temples]] and a {{convert|16|ft|m}} high sculpture of [[Neminatha]] dated from the 12th century and the tallest Jain image in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jainheritagecentres.com/jainism-in-india/tamil-nadu/tirumalai-arihantagiri/|title=Arihantagiri – Tirumalai|publisher=Jain Heritage centres|access-date=29 December 2022}}</ref>

== Buddhism ==
[[Buddhist|Buddhism]] was influential in Tamil Nadu before the later Middle Ages with the early Pandyas and Pallavas patronizing Buddhism.<ref name="Sastri"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/Buddhism-in-Tamil-Nadu/article14965365.ece|title=Buddhism in Tamil Nadu|date=29 March 2011|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=25 November 2019|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> There is a mention of a Buddhist pilgrimage route from [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]] to [[Bodh Gaya]] via [[Poompuhar|Kaveripattinam]] in ancient Tamilakam with ruins of a 4th-century Buddhist monastery, a Buddha statue and a Buddhapada (footprint of the Buddha) found in the region.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Marine archaeological explorations of Tranquebar-Poompuhar region on Tamil Nadu coast|last=Rao|first=S.R.|journal=Journal of Marine Archaeology|volume=2|year=1991|page=6|url=http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/2264/3295/2/Mar_Archaeol_2_5.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Duraiswamy|first=Dayalan|title=Role of Archaeology on Maritime Buddhism|url=https://www.academia.edu/19992743}}</ref> [[Nagapattinam|Nākappaṭṭinam]] is found in the Burmese historical text of the 3rd century BCE, mentioning a [[Vihāra]] from the period of [[Ashoka]].<ref name="Buddha"/> Various scholarly works in Tamil and [[Pali]], dating back to the 5th-7th century CE have been attributed to Tamil Buddhist scholars, with the most well-known being the epic-poem ''[[Manimekalai]]'' by [[Chithalai Chathanar]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Rao Bahadur|author2=Krishnaswāmi Aiyangar|title=Maṇimekhalai in its Historical Setting|location=London|year=1928|url=https://archive.org/details/manimekhalaiinit031176mbp}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Hisselle|last=Hammaratana|title=Buddhism in South India|publisher=Buddhist Publication Society|location=Kandy|year=1964|url=http://www.bps.lk/olib/wh/wh124-u.html|archive-date=4 March 2016|access-date=9 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025849/http://www.bps.lk/olib/wh/wh124-u.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Buddhism saw some revival from the late 9th century CE and the [[Chudamani Vihara]] in Nagapattinam was built by the [[Srivijaya]] king [[Maravijayottunggavarman]] under the patronage of [[Raja Raja Chola I]] in early 11th century CE with various Buddha bronze statues dated between 11th and 16th century CE being found in the region.<ref name="Buddha">{{cite book|title=Survey of Buddhist temples and monasteries|first=Akhtar|last=Malik|year=2007|isbn=978-8-126-13259-1|publisher=Anmol Publications|page=306}}</ref> As per the 2011 census, 11,186 people identified as followers of Buddhism, which was 0.02% of the total population of Tamil Nadu.<ref name="census2011"/>

== Sikhism ==
{{As of|2011}}, [[Sikhs]] numbered 14,601 (0.02%) in the total population of Tamil Nadu.<ref name="census2011"/> Majority of the Sikhs are people who migrated to Tamil Nadu for agricultural and business purposes.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/tamil-nadu/story/little-punjab-in-tamil-nadu-bunch-of-farmers-make-arid-land-cultivable-in-ramanad-333102-2016-08-02|title=Little Punjab in Tamil Nadu: Bunch of farmers make arid land cultivable in Ramanad|first=Akshaya|last=Nath|date=3 August 2016|magazine=India Today|access-date=25 November 2019}}</ref> Sikhs have settled in most major cities and have established various [[Gurudwara]]s and educational institutions in the state.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Sikh Review|volume=60|issue=703–708|year=2012|publisher=Sikh Cultural Centre|pages=35–40}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Religion in Chennai]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tamil Nadu, Religion in}}
[[Category:Religion in Tamil Nadu|Religion in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Religion in India by state or union territory]]
[[Category:History of religion in India]]
[[Category:Tamils and religion]]

Ketika Sharma

2026-03-24T21:38:00Z

Rxsolution: quick updated layout per standard format and updated info

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1995)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ketika Sharma
| image = Ketika Sharma.png
| caption = Sharma in 2022
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1995|12|24}}<ref name="Ketika Sharma Birthday">{{cite news |last1=The Times of India |title=Ketika Sharma Birthday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ketika-sharma-birthday-delhi-bombshell-raises-the-mercury-levels-in-these-bewitching-pics/photostory/79938608.cms |accessdate=8 November 2021 |work= |date=24 December 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108102658/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ketika-sharma-birthday-delhi-bombshell-raises-the-mercury-levels-in-these-bewitching-pics/photostory/79938608.cms |archivedate=8 November 2021 |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| alma mater =
| occupation = Actress
| yearsactive = 2021–present
}}

'''Ketika Sharma''' (born 24 December 1999) is an Indian film actress who appears in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu films]]. She is known for ''[[Romantic (film)|Romantic]]'' (2021) and ''[[Ranga Ranga Vaibhavanga]]'' (2022) as well as for ''[[Bro (2023 film)|Bro]]'' (2023), which is her highest grossing release.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-08-31|title=Bro WW Closing Collections|url=https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/bro-world-wide-box-office-closing-collections-pawan-kalyan-career-another-flop-movie-ta-2085700-page-11.html|access-date=2023-11-01|website=[[News18 Telugu]]|language=te}}</ref>

==Early life==
Sharma was born on 24 December 1995, in [[New Delhi]], India. She started modeling after completing her studies. She has also become a social influencer. Sharma went viral over social media because of her [[Dubsmash]] video clips.<ref>{{cite web |title='Romantic' actress Ketika Sharma is turning up the heat with her bewitching avatar in these glamorous clicks |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/celebrity/fashion/article/romantic-actress-ketika-sharma-is-turning-up-the-heat-with-her-bewitching-avatar-in-these-glamorous-clicks/739847 |website=www.zoomtventertainment.com |date=April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Sharma made her acting debut with ''[[Romantic (film)|Romantic]]'', in 2021 opposite [[Akash Puri]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Prabhas all praise about Akash Puri and Ketika Sharma's chemistry in Romantic trailer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/prabhas-all-praise-about-akash-puri-and-ketika-sharmas-chemistry-in-romantic-trailer/articleshow/87155355.cms |website=The Times of India |date=20 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Murali Krishna CH of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' opined that she "shows promise".<ref>{{Cite web|title='Romantic' movie review: An assault on our senses|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2021/oct/30/romantic-movie-review-an-assault-on-our-senses-2377444.html|access-date=2021-11-14|website=The New Indian Express |date=30 October 2021 }}</ref> In the same year, she also appeared opposite [[Naga Shaurya]] in ''[[Lakshya (2021 film)|Lakshya]]'', where critics thought that she just looked "pretty on-screen".<ref>{{cite web |title=Naga Shaurya And Kethika Sharma Close Together For Lakshya |url=https://clapnumber.com/news/naga-shaurya-and-kethika-sharma-close-together-for-lakshya |website=Clapnumber |access-date=25 September 2022 |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917192908/https://clapnumber.com/news/naga-shaurya-and-kethika-sharma-close-together-for-lakshya |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Lakshya Movie Review: An interesting sports drama with minor flaws|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/lakshya/movie-review/88205214.cms|access-date=2021-12-18}}</ref> In 2022, Sharma appeared in ''[[Ranga Ranga Vaibhavanga]]'' opposite [[Panja Vaisshnav Tej]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vaisshnav Tej's film with Ketika Sharma goes on floors|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/apr/02/vaisshnav-tejs-film-with-ketika-sharma-goes-on-floors-23738.html|access-date=2022-02-13|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=2 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Sangeetha Devi Dundoo stated "Ketika's performance is just about adequate in a film that doesn’t flesh out her character well enough."<ref>{{cite news|title='Ranga Ranga Vaibhavanga' movie review: Old wine in an old bottle|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ranga-ranga-vaibhavanga-movie-review-old-wine-in-an-old-bottle/article65840288.ece/|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=2 September 2022 |access-date=14 September 2022 |last1=Dundoo |first1=Sangeetha Devi }}</ref>

Sharma appeared opposite [[Sai Dharam Tej]] in the 2023 film, ''[[Bro (2023 film)|Bro]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-22 |title=Samuthirakani directorial with Pawan Kalyan, Sai Dharam Tej goes on floor |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/samuthirakani-directorial-with-pawan-kalyan-sai-dharam-tej-goes-on-floor-8459763/ |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The film emerged as the fifth highest grossing film of the year and her first commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-22 |title=Bro' box office collection Day 6: Pawan Kalyan and Sai Dharam Tej's film surpasses Rs 118 crore in Andhra and Telangana |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/bro-box-office-collection-day-6-pawan-kalyan-and-sai-dharam-tejs-film-surpasses-rs-118-crore-in-andhra-and-telangana/articleshow/102393064.cms |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Balakrishna Ganeshan of ''[[The News Minute]]'' noted, "Ketika gives a decent performance in her limited role."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/bro-review-pawan-kalyan-s-fantasy-comedy-fails-sustain-interest-180323|title=BRO review: Pawan Kalyan's fantasy comedy fails to sustain interest|date=28 July 2023|website=The News Minute|access-date=28 July 2023|archive-date=28 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728123201/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/bro-review-pawan-kalyan-s-fantasy-comedy-fails-sustain-interest-180323|url-status=live}}</ref> Sharma made her Hindi film debut in 2024, with ''[[Vijay 69]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/anupam-kher-wraps-the-shoot-of-vijay-69-4561731|title=Anupam Kher Wraps The Shoot Of Vijay 69|work=[[NDTV]]|date=9 November 2023|access-date=10 November 2023|archive-date=10 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110064329/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/anupam-kher-wraps-the-shoot-of-vijay-69-4561731|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-01 |title=Vijay 69 Review (2024) {{!}} Leisurebyte |url=https://www.leisurebyte.com/vijay-69-review/ |access-date=2025-05-01 |language=en-US}}</ref> Devesh Sharma of ''[[Filmfare]]'' noted, "Ketika's portrayal of the teenager's older girlfriend adds an emotional layer."<ref>{{cite web |title=Vijay 69 Movie Review: Triumph of spirit |url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/vijay-69-movie-review-triumph-of-spirit-69536.amp |accessdate=28 November 2024 |work=Filmfare}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
{{Pending films key}}
*''All films are in [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language, unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" |Notes
! class="unsortable" |Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
| ''[[Romantic (film)|Romantic]]''
| Monica
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Akash Puri and Ketika Sharma starrer Romantic has a release date - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/akash-puri-and-ketika-sharma-starrer-romantic-has-a-release-date/articleshow/81270059.cms |website=The Times of India |date=March 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Lakshya (2021 film)|Lakshya]]''
| Rithika
|
| <ref name="నాలాంటి వాళ్లను భరించడం కష్టం: హీరోయిన్ కేతిక శర్మ">{{cite news |last1=Andhrajyothy |title=నాలాంటి వాళ్లను భరించడం కష్టం: హీరోయిన్ కేతిక శర్మ |url=https://chitrajyothy.com/telugunews/ketika-sharma-talks-about-lakshya-movie-kbk-mrgs-chitrajyothy-1921120308134576 |accessdate=3 December 2021 |work= |date=3 December 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203154726/https://chitrajyothy.com/telugunews/ketika-sharma-talks-about-lakshya-movie-kbk-mrgs-chitrajyothy-1921120308134576 |archivedate=3 December 2021 |language=te}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Ranga Ranga Vaibhavanga]]''
| Radha
|
| <ref name="వైష్ణవ్‌ సరసన..">{{cite news |last1=Namasthe Telangana |title=వైష్ణవ్‌ సరసన.. |url=https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/kethika-with-vaishnav-tej-26390/ |accessdate=8 November 2021 |work= |date=27 March 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108121034/https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/kethika-with-vaishnav-tej-26390/ |archivedate=8 November 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Bro (2023 film)|Bro]]''
| Ramya
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-24 |title='PKSDT' set to hit theatres: Pawan Kalyan and Sai Dharam Tej fans rejoice |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pksdt-set-to-hit-theatres-pawan-kalyan-and-sai-dharam-tej-fans-rejoice/articleshow/98972351.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-16 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Vijay 69]]''
| Malti
| Debut in [[Hindi]] film
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Vijay 69 Movie Review: VIJAY 69 is a light-hearted tale that works due to the relatability, performance and climax |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/vijay-69/critic-review/vijay-69-movie-review/vijay-69-is-a-light-hearted-tale-that-works-due-to-the-relatability-performance-and-climax/ |accessdate=13 November 2024 |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=8 November 2024 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2025
|''[[Robinhood (2025 film)|Robinhood]]''
| Herself
| Special appearance in song "Adhi Dha Surprisu"
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Ketika Sharma's dance number from Nithiin's Robinhood to be out on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Dec/09/ketika-sharmas-dance-number-from-nithiins-robinhood-to-be-out-on-this-date |accessdate=10 December 2024 |work=Cinema Express |date=9 December 2024 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Single (film)|Single]]''
| Purva Nettem
|
|
|-
|2026
|Meesaya Murukku 2
|Laila
|Tamil Film
|
|-
| TBA
| {{Pending film|italic=yes|Rajesh M Selva's next}}
| {{TableTBA}}
| Filming
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Aditi Rao Hydari starrer director Rajesh M Selva's next goes on floors |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/aditi-rao-hydari-to-star-in-director-rajesh-m-selvas-next/article67153169.ece/ |accessdate=21 September 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=3 August 2023 }}</ref>
|}

=== Music video appearances ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Singer(s)
! class="unsortable" |Ref.
|-
| 2019
| "Haaye Ve"
| [[Ammy Virk]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Haaye Ve (Official Video) Ammy Virk {{!}} Raj, SunnyVik, Navjit, Ketika {{!}} Latest Punjabi Songs{{!}} Jjust Music | website=[[YouTube]] | date=16 December 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=glaZwDDrTSo |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|nm11023884}}
* {{Instagram|ketikasharma}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Ketika}}
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from New Delhi]]

Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019

2026-03-23T18:12:49Z

Rxsolution: refine information and added references for accuracy

{{short description|Act of the Indian Parliament}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019
| legislature = [[Parliament of India]]
| image = Emblem of India.svg
| imagesize = 150
| imagealt = Emblem of India
| long_title = An Act to provide for the reorganisation of the existing State of Jammu and Kashmir and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
| autocollapse_long_title = true
| citation = [https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/210407.pdf Act No. 34 of 2019]
| territorial_extent = *State of Jammu and Kashmir
| enacted_by = [[Rajya Sabha]]
| date_enacted = 5 August 2019
| enacted_by2 = [[Lok Sabha]]
| date_enacted2 = 6 August 2019
| date_assented = 9 August 2019
| date_signed = 9 August 2019
| signed_by = [[President of India|President]] [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| date_commenced =
| date_effective = 31 October 2019
| bill =
| bill_citation = [https://web.archive.org/web/20210506231839/https://www.prsindia.org/sites/default/files/bill_files/Jammu%20and%20Kashmir%20Reorganisation%20Bill,%202019.pdf Bill No. XXIX of 2019]
| bill_date = 5 August 2019
| introduced_by = [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]] [[Amit Shah]]
| amends =
| passed = 5 August 2019
| passed_for = (Voice Vote) 125
| passed_against = (Voice Vote) 61
| passed_abstention = 1
| introduced_on2 = 5 August 2019
| passed2 = 6 August 2019
| passed2_for = 370
| passed2_against = 70
| passed2_abstention =
| white_paper =
| related_legislation = A number of orders for the adaptation of state laws and central laws to both union territories.<ref name=":11" /> [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation (Amendment) Bill, 2021]]
| related_cases = Constitution bench of 5 judges held the act constitutionally valid.
| supreme_court = [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]]
| summary = Bifurcates the ''State of Jammu and Kashmir'' into '''Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir''' and the '''Union Territory of Ladakh''' and provides with legislative and executive powers related to state matters for Parliament to administer the territories.
| keywords =
| status = in force
| By order = President D Murmu
}}

The '''Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019''' is an act of the [[parliament of India]] containing provisions to split the state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] into two [[union territories]]: [[Ladakh]] and the residuary [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], and becoming effective on 31 October 2019. A bill for the act was introduced by the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]], [[Amit Shah]], in the [[Rajya Sabha]] on 5 August 2019 and was passed on the same day. It was then passed by the [[Lok Sabha]] on 6 August 2019 and received the [[President of India|president]]'s assent on 9 August 2019.

The act consists of 103 clauses, extends 106 central laws to the union territories, repeals 153 state laws, and abolishes the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Council]], among other things. The introduction of the bill was preceded by a presidential order which indirectly amended [[Article 370 of the Indian constitution]] and [[Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir|revoked Jammu and Kashmir's special status]]. The act has also given powers to the central government to pass a number of executive orders in relation to both the union territories. These orders have resulted in the modification or repeal of over 400 state and central laws with respect to the union territories. The act was challenged in the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] through a number of petitions. On 11 December 2023, the court declared the act and the related orders to be valid and constitutional, ordering to restore statehood "as soon as possible".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Padmakshi |date=2023-12-11 |title=Restore Statehood Of Jammu & Kashmir Soon, Holds Elections To J&K Assembly By September 2024 : Supreme Court |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/restore-statehood-of-jammu-kashmir-soon-holds-elections-to-jk-assembly-by-september-2024-supreme-court-244207 |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref>

The combination of the presidential orders and enactment of the Reorganisation Act was followed by a [[2019–2021 Jammu and Kashmir lockdown|security lockdown and communications blackout]].

==Background==
[[File:Map of UT of Jammu and Kashmir and UT of Ladakh.jpg|thumb|center|320x226px|Map of the '''Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir''' and the '''Union Territory of Ladakh''' as released by the Government of India.]]
Article 370 of the Indian constitution gave Jammu and Kashmir special status. In contrast to other [[states of India]], Jammu and Kashmir had its own [[Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir|constitution]] and a substantially higher degree of administrative autonomy.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Venkataramanan|first=K.|date=2019-08-05|title=Explained {{!}} How the status of Jammu and Kashmir is being changed|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/explained-how-the-status-of-jammu-and-kashmir-is-being-changed/article28822866.ece|url-access=subscription|access-date=2021-10-16|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In particular, Indian citizens from other states could not purchase land or property in Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 August 2019|title=Article 370 and 35(A) revoked: How it would change the face of Kashmir|newspaper=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/article-370-and-35a-revoked-how-it-would-change-the-face-of-kashmir/articleshow/70531959.cms|access-date=16 August 2021}}</ref>

Jammu and Kashmir had three distinct areas: overwhelmingly Muslim-majority [[Kashmir Valley]] (95% Muslim) with a population of nearly 7 million people, a Hindu-majority (66%) [[Jammu Division|Jammu]] with a population of 5.35 million people and a 30% Muslim population, and [[Ladakh]], which has sparse population of 287,000 people, a Muslim [[Plurality (voting)|plurality]], or relative majority, at 46%, and a Buddhist minority at 40% (with Hindus making up 12%).<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Sandhu|first1=Kamaljit Kaur|date=4 June 2019|title=Government planning to redraw Jammu and Kashmir assembly constituency borders: Sources|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/government-toys-with-delimitation-commission-in-j-k-1542446-2019-06-04|access-date=16 August 2021|website=India Today}}</ref> Violence and unrest persisted in the Muslim majority areas and, following a disputed state election in 1987, an [[insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|insurgency persisted]] in protest over autonomy and rights.<ref name="BBCKashmir">{{cite news|title=India-Pakistan: Troubled relations. Kashmir insurgency|work=BBC News|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/south_asia/2002/india_pakistan/timeline/1989.stm|url-status=live|access-date=21 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222035446/http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/south_asia/2002/india_pakistan/timeline/1989.stm|archive-date=22 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Jeelani|first1=Mushtaq A.|date=25 June 2001|title=Kashmir: A History Littered With Rigged Elections|url=https://www.mediamonitors.net/kashmir-a-history-littered-with-rigged-elections/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051443/http://www.mediamonitors.net/jeelani4.html|archive-date=4 March 2016|access-date=24 February 2017|website=Media Monitors Network}}</ref> The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) came to power in the [[2014 Indian general election]] and had included in their [[2019 Indian general election|2019 election manifesto]] the revocation of Article 370 of the Constitution of India.<ref>{{Cite news|date=6 August 2019|title=Article 370: What happened with Kashmir and why it matters|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49234708|access-date=2021-08-16}}</ref>

Prior to the introduction of the bill and the revocation of the state's special status, the central government put the Kashmir Valley on lock-down, with a surge in security forces, imposition of [[Section 144]] preventing assembly, and the placement of political leaders such as former Jammu and Kashmir chief ministers [[Omar Abdullah]] and [[Mehbooba Mufti]] under [[house arrest]].<ref>{{Cite news |agency=PTI|date=5 August 2019|title=Jammu Kashmir Article 370: Govt revokes Article 370 from Jammu and Kashmir, bifurcates state into two Union Territories|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/article-370-to-be-scrapped-jk-will-ceases-to-be-a-state-2-union-territories-created/articleshow/70531899.cms|access-date=2021-08-24|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=7 August 2019|editor-last=Chakraborty|editor-first=Abhishek|editor2-last=Bhasin|editor2-first=Swati|title=Parliament Clears Bill To Split Jammu And Kashmir To 2 Union Territories: Highlights|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/article-370-jammu-and-kashmir-live-updates-resolution-to-revoke-article-370-in-lok-sabha-today-2080833|access-date=2021-08-16|website=NDTV}}</ref> The State had been first under [[governor's rule]] and then under [[president's rule]] since 20 June 2018,<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-12-20|title=After Governor's rule, President's rule comes into force in Jammu and Kashmir|work=The Economic Times|agency=PTI|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/after-governors-rule-presidents-rule-comes-into-force-in-jammu-and-kashmir/articleshow/67168758.cms|access-date=2020-04-28}}</ref> after the coalition government headed by Mehbooba Mufti lost support from the Bharatiya Janata Party. Additional 35,000 paramilitary troops were deployed to Jammu and Kashmir,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ashiq|first=Peerzada|date=2019-08-02|title=25,000 more troops being deployed in J&K|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/25000-more-troops-being-deployed-in-jk/article28789294.ece|url-access=subscription|access-date=2020-04-28|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> prior to which a warning was issued to annual Hindu pilgrims and tourists citing a terror threat. The imposition of restrictions included the blocking of internet and phone services.<ref name="Ratcliffe">{{cite news |last1=Ratcliffe |first1=Rebecca |title=Kashmir: Pakistan will 'go to any extent' to protect Kashmiris |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/06/india-kashmir-pakistan-will-go-to-any-extent-to-protect-kashmiris-special-status |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=6 August 2019|date=6 August 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-08-09|title=Inside Kashmir's lockdown: 'Even I will pick up a gun'|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49294301|access-date=2021-08-16}}</ref> The preemptive moves preceded the revocation of the state's special status and the passage of the Reorganisation Act.<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 October 2019|title=Indian paramilitary forces injured in grenade attack|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/27/kashmir-under-lockdown-all-the-latest-updates|access-date=2021-08-16|website=Al Jazeera}}</ref>

==Statutory provisions==
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Kashmir map.svg
| image2 = J,K and L - Indian Union Territories.jpg
| caption1 = Blue area represents the former Indian-administered state of Jammu and Kashmir, green represents Pakistan-administered regions of Kashmir and yellow represents China-administered regions of Kashmir
| caption2 = The two new Indian-administered union territories of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Ladakh]] have been created
}}
The Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act divides the Indian-administered state into two Indian-administered union territories, Jammu and Kashmir, and Ladakh. Whereas the former, Jammu and Kashmir, will have a legislative assembly, the latter, Ladakh, will be administered by a lieutenant governor alone. The union territory of Ladakh will include the districts of [[Leh district|Leh]] and [[Kargil district|Kargil]], while all other districts will be accorded to Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2019-08-05|title=Jammu & Kashmir Reorganisation Bill passed by Rajya Sabha: Key takeaways|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jammu-kashmir-bifurcation-ladakh-union-territory-key-takeaways-from-reorganisation-bill-article-370-amit-shah-5880177/|access-date=2021-08-16|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Of six Lok Sabha seats [[List of parliamentary constituencies in Jammu and Kashmir|allocated]] to the former state, one will be allocated to Ladakh and five to the Jammu and Kashmir union territory. The [[High Court of Jammu and Kashmir]] will function as the High Court for both the union territories.<ref name=":6" />

The act provides that the administration of the Jammu and Kashmir will be as per [[:s:Constitution of India/Part VIII#Article 239A|Article 239A]] of the Indian constitution. Article 239A, originally formulated for the union territory of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], will also be applicable to Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name=":6" /> A [[List of lieutenant governors of Jammu and Kashmir|lieutenant governor]] appointed by the president will administer the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, which will have a [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly]] of 107 to 114 members. The legislative assembly may make laws for any of the matters in the [[State List|state list]] except "public order" and "police", which will remain as the law-making powers of the union government.<ref name=":6" /> A council of ministers including a chief minister will be appointed by the lieutenant governor from the members of the legislative assembly, with the role to advise the lieutenant governor in the exercise of functions in matters under the legislative assembly's jurisdiction. In other matters, the lieutenant governor is empowered to act in his own capacity, who will also have the power to promulgate ordinances having the same force as acts enacted by the legislature.<ref name=":6" /> The act abolishes the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Council|Legislative Council]] of the state of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|last=Mohanty|first=Prasanna|date=6 August 2019|title=Jammu & Kashmir Reorganisation Bill 2019: A rush job raising concerns of democratic propriety|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/news-analysis/story/jammu-kashmir-reorganisation-bill-2019-decoded-1577790-2019-08-06|access-date=2021-08-16|website=India Today}}</ref> It comprises 103 clauses which extend 106 central laws and 7 amended state laws, in part or as a whole, to the two union territories.<ref name=":9" /> The act also repeals 153 state laws and Governor's Acts.<ref name=":9" />

== Enactment ==
{{Sidebar timeline
| title = Important dates leading up to the implementation of the Reorganisation Act

| years1 = 17 October 1949
| color1 =
| events1 = Roots of [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India|Article 370]] laid down in the Indian Constitution<ref name="1949specialstatus">{{Cite web|date=2019-08-06|title=October 17, 1949: Special status is born|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/october-17-1949-special-status-is-born/story-7jBc91VIBSW6icN7kTBG4L.html|access-date=2021-10-16|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

| years2 = 14 May 1954
| color2 =
| events2 = Constitution (Application to J&K) Order, 1954 (C.O. 48)<ref name="law1954">{{cite web|date=14 May 1954|title=C.O. 48. Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part II, Section 3|url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1954/E-2227-1954-0111-103041.pdf|access-date=16 October 2021|website=The Gazette of India|publisher=Government of India}}</ref> adds [[Article 35A of the Constitution of India|Article 35A]] to the Constitution of India<ref name="LibraryofCongress">{{Cite web|last1=Ahmad|first1=Tariq|last2=Buchanan|first2=Kelly|date=2019-10-03|title=FALQs: Article 370 and the Removal of Jammu and Kashmir's Special Status|url=https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2019/10/falqs-article-370-and-the-removal-of-jammu-and-kashmirs-special-status/|access-date=2021-10-16|website=blogs.loc.gov (Library of Congress)|publisher=In Custodia Legis: Law Librarians of Congress}}</ref>

| years3 = 1954 to 2011
| color3 =
| events3 = Presidential orders extended 94 of the 97 subjects in the [[Union List]] to the State of Jammu and Kashmir, and 260 of the 395 Articles of the Constitution of India.<ref>{{citation |last=Noorani |first=A. G. |author-link=A. G. Noorani |title=Article 370: A Constitutional History of Jammu and Kashmir |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-19-807408-3 |url=http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198074083.001.0001/acprof-9780198074083 |url-access=subscription|pages=13–14}}</ref> These orders were amendments to the C.O. 48, not replacements.<ref>{{citation |last=Cottrell |first=Jill |chapter=Kashmir: The vanishing autonomy |editor-first1=Yash |editor-last1=Ghai |editor-first2=Sophia |editor-last2=Woodman |title=Practising Self-Government: A Comparative Study of Autonomous Regions |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rY9fAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT259 |date=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-29235-2 |page=174 |doi=10.1017/CBO9781139088206.006}}</ref>

| years4 = 5 August 2019
| color4 =
| events4 = Constitution (Application to J&K) Order, 2019 (C.O. 272) passed, superseding C.O. 48.<ref name="co272">{{cite web|date=5 August 2019|title=C.O. 272. Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part II, Section 3|url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/210049.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805094806/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/210049.pdf|archive-date=5 August 2019|access-date=16 October 2021|website=The Gazette of India|publisher=Government of India}}</ref> leading to abrogation of [[Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir]] and Article 35A.<ref name="LibraryofCongress" /><ref name=":20" />

| years5 = 5 August 2019
| color5 =
| events5 = [[Rajya Sabha]] passes J&K Reorganisation Act, 2019<ref name="TOI1" />

| years6 = 6 August 2019
| color6 =
| events6 = Declaration under Article 370(3) of the Constitution (C.O. 273)<ref name="co273">{{cite web|date=6 August 2019|title=C.O. 273. Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part II, Section 3|url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/210243.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806192403/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/210243.pdf|archive-date=6 August 2019|access-date=16 October 2021|website=The Gazette of India|publisher=Government of India}}</ref>

| years7 = 6 August 2019
| color7 =
| events7 = [[Lok Sabha]] passes J&K Reorganisation Act, 2019<ref name="TOI1" />

| years8 = 9 August 2019
| color8 =
| events8 = Presidential assent for J&K Reorganisation Act, 2019<ref name="assent&implement">{{cite news |title=President Kovind gives assent to J&K Reorganisation Bill, two new UTs to come into effect from Oct 31 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/president-ram-nath-kovind-gives-assent-to-jk-reorganisation-bill-two-new-uts-come-into-effect-5892839/ |access-date=16 October 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=16 October 2021}}</ref>

| years9 = 31 October 2019
| color9 =
| events9 = Implementation of J&K Reorganisation Act, 2019<ref name="assent&implement" />

| years15 =
| color15 =
| events15 =

| below =
|state=collapsed}}

The passage of the Reorganisation Act, 2019 was part of a combination of moves by the government of India, including a presidential order C.O. 272 dated 5 August 2019 and a presidential declaration C.O. 273 dated 6 August 2019,<ref name="LibraryofCongress" /> aided by a [[Majority government|parliamentary majority]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 August 2019|title=Lok Sabha Passes J&K Reorganisation Bill, Resolution to Revoke Article 370|url=https://thewire.in/politics/jammu-and-kashmir-amit-shah-lok-sabha|access-date=2021-10-16|website=The Wire}}</ref> These two orders together [[Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir|revoked the special status]] heretofore enjoyed by the state of Jammu and Kashmir.

=== C.O. 272, C.O. 273, statutory resolutions ===
Presidential order C.O. 272 and presidential declaration C.O. 273 resulted in the ''indirect'' and complete change of [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India|Article 370]], the foundation on which the state had a special status.<ref name="LibraryofCongress" /> The 'indirect' amendment refers changes to Article 367 via C.O. 272 dated 5 August 2019; it caused all references to the [[Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir]] in Article 370(3) to be interpreted as the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name="LibraryofCongress" />

As the state was under [[President's rule|President's Rule]] at the time, the powers of the Legislative Assembly were entrusted to the Parliament of India.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Article 370. Manohar Lal Sharma v. Union of India.|url=https://www.scobserver.in/court-case/article-370|access-date=2021-10-16|website=www.scobserver.in (Supreme Court Observer)}}</ref> With this done, on the same day after C.O. 272 was issued, the Upper House of the Indian parliament passed a statutory resolution under Article 370(3) endorsing the same.<ref name="LibraryofCongress" /><ref>"[http://164.100.47.5/newlobsessions/sessionno/249/S050819.pdf Statutory Resolutions". Supplementary List of Business. ''Rajya Sabha.'' 5 August 2019]. Accessed on 18 October 2021</ref> The statutory resolution recommended that most of Article 370 cease to be operative, except the one which says that all provisions and amendments of the Constitution of India would be applicable to the state of Jammu and Kashmir. The next day, C.O. 273 put into effect Rajya Sabha's recommendation.<ref name="LibraryofCongress" /><ref name=":1" /> C.O. 273 also supersedes the [[The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1954|1954 presidential order]] and has led to the abrogation of the [[Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Article 35A of the Constitution of India]].<ref name="LibraryofCongress" /><ref name=":13">{{Cite news|last=Rajagopal|first=Krishnadas|date=2019-08-05|title=Explained {{!}} President's Order scraps its predecessor and amends Article 370|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/explained-presidents-order-scraps-its-predecessor-and-amends-article-370/article28826722.ece|url-access=subscription|access-date=2021-08-16|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":20">{{Cite web|last=Acharyulu|first=M. Sridhar|date=18 August 2019|title=The Legal Subversions That Helped the Centre Undercut J&K's Powers|url=https://thewire.in/law/article-370-jammu-kashmir-constituent-assembly|access-date=2021-10-17|website=The Wire}}</ref>

=== Voting in Parliament ===
The bill was introduced by [[Amit Shah]], the Minister of Home Affairs, in the Rajya Sabha on 5 August 2019. Opposition was seen, two members of the [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party]] (PDP) tore up copies of the Indian constitution in protest, following which they were suspended from the House;<ref>{{Cite magazine|agency=IANS|date=5 August 2019|title=PDP MPs tear Constitution, removed from Rajya Sabha|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pdp-mps-tear-constitution-removed-from-rajya-sabha-1577378-2019-08-05|access-date=2019-08-06|magazine=India Today|place=Delhi}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite news |agency=PTI|date=5 August 2019|title=Regional parties' support ensures smooth adoption of resolution on Article 370, J&K bifurcation bill|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/regional-parties-support-ensures-smooth-adoption-of-resolution-on-article-370-jk-bifurcation-bill/articleshow/70542396.cms|access-date=2019-08-06|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> 13 members of the [[All India Trinamool Congress]] walked out of the House; and 6 members of [[Janata Dal (United)]] (allied to the ruling BJP) boycotted the voting.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=Prabhu|first=Sunil|editor-last=Sanyal|editor-first=Anindita|title=Already, Rajya Sabha Clears J&K As Union Territory Instead Of State|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bill-to-bifurcate-jammu-and-kashmir-into-2-union-territories-passed-by-rajya-sabha-2080688|access-date=2021-08-16|website=NDTV}}</ref> Opposition was also seen from [[Dravidian Progressive Federation]], [[Nationalist Congress Party]], [[Communist Party of India]] and [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Communist Party of India]] (Marxist).<ref name=":10">{{Cite news|date=5 August 2019|title=Regional parties' support ensures smooth adoption of resolution on Article 370, J-K bifurcation bill|work=The Economic Times|agency=PTI|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/regional-parties-support-ensures-smooth-adoption-of-resolution-on-art-370-j-k-bifurcation-bill/articleshow/70543339.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-08-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=5 August 2019|title=Congress, DMK, JD(U), others opposed the Bill|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/photo-gallery-jk-reorganisation-bill-2019-how-parties-voted-to-bifurcate-state-2779205/congress-dmk-jdu-others-opposed-the-bill-2779207|access-date=2021-08-23|website=DNA India}}</ref> However, the bill acquired the support of [[Bahujan Samaj Party]], [[YSR Congress|YSR Congress Party]], [[Telugu Desam Party]] and the [[Aam Aadmi Party]]. Along with the 107 members of the ruling [[National Democratic Alliance]], the number of supporting parliamentarians totaled to 117.<ref name=":7" /> The bill also acquired the support of some independent and nominated members.<ref name=":10" /> It was passed by the Rajya Sabha with 125 members in favour and 61 members against.<ref name=":14" /><ref name=":7" />

The bill was introduced in the lower house of Indian parliament, Lok Sabha on 6 August 2019. The All India Trinamool Congress and Janata Dal (United) walked out from the house, while [[Indian National Congress]], [[Nationalist Congress Party]] and [[Samajwadi Party]] opposed the bill; Bharatiya Janata Party, [[Shiv Sena]], [[Biju Janata Dal]], [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]], [[Shiromani Akali Dal]], [[Lok Janshakti Party]], Bahujan Samaj Party and others supported it.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=2019-08-06|title=Parliament Live {{!}} Lok Sabha passes Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Bill, Ayes: 370, Noes 70|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/parliament-live-govt-to-move-jammu-and-kashmir-reorganisation-bill-for-passage-in-lok-sabha/article28831274.ece|url-access=subscription|access-date=2019-08-06|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The bill was passed by the house with 370 votes in favour and 70 votes against.<ref name="TOI1">{{Cite news |agency=PTI|date=6 August 2019|title=Jammu Kashmir News: Bill to bifurcate J&K, resolution to scrap Article 370 get Parliament nod|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bill-to-bifurcate-jk-resolution-to-scrap-article-370-get-parliament-nod/articleshow/70556953.cms|access-date=2019-08-06|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web|author1=Nikhil Kumar |author2=Swati Gupta |author3=Manveena Suri |author4=Helen Regan |date=7 August 2019|title=India parliament votes to change Kashmir's status, give Delhi more control over contested region|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/08/06/asia/india-kashmir-union-territory-intl-hnk/index.html|access-date=2021-08-16|website=CNN|quote=[...] lower house, the bill was passed by a digital vote with 370 members in favor and 70 against it....}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%;"
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center; background:silver;"|'''Question before the Houses''': The Question is that the Jammu & Kashmir Reorganisation Bill, 2019 be passed. The motion is put to vote.
|-
! colspan="3" style="width:200px" | {{plainlist|
*Rajya Sabha
*Voice Vote Count of members present
*5 August 2019<ref>{{Cite web|last=Das|first=Shaswati|date=2019-08-05|title=Rajya Sabha passes J&K Reorganisation Bill, scraps Articles 370, 35A|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/rajya-sabha-passes-jammu-and-kashmir-reorganisation-bill-scraps-articles-370-35a-1565011796209.html|access-date=2021-08-23|website=mint|language=en|quote=The Bill... was passed by Upper House through a voice vote and 125 were in favour while 61 were against}}</ref>}}
! colspan="3" style="width:200px" |{{plainlist|
*Lok Sabha
*Electronic/Slip Vote Count of members present
*6 August 2019<ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-08-06|title=Parliament Live {{!}} Lok Sabha passes Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Bill, Ayes: 370, Noes 70|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/parliament-live-govt-to-move-jammu-and-kashmir-reorganisation-bill-for-passage-in-lok-sabha/article28831274.ece|url-access=subscription|access-date=2021-08-23|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>}}
|-
! style="width:2px; background:green;" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Ayes
|{{Composition bar|125|209|green|width=200px}}
! style="width:2px; background:green;" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Ayes
|{{Composition bar|370|440|green|width=200px}}
|-
! style="width:2px; background:red;" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Noes
|{{Composition bar|61|209|red|width=200px}}
! style="width:2px; background:red;" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Noes
|{{Composition bar|70|440|red|width=200px}}
|-
! style="width:2px; background:gray;" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Abstentions
|{{Composition bar|23|209|gray|width=200px}}
! style="width:2px; background:gray;" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Abstentions
|{{Composition bar|0|440|gray|width=200px}}
|-
|colspan="8" style="text-align:centre; background:silver;" |'''Result''': The Ayes have it, the Ayes have it, the Ayes have it. The motion is adopted and the bill is passed.<ref>{{Citation|title=Voting and passing of The Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Bill, 2019| date=5 August 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ur7n041TaUY|postscript=. Timestamp = 18:40|type=YouTube video|publisher=Rajya Sabha TV|language=en|access-date=2021-08-23}}</ref>
|}

=== Assent and publication ===
The bill received the assent of the president on 9 August 2019,<ref>{{Cite magazine |agency=PTI|date=9 August 2019|title=President gives assent to J&K reorganisation legislation, 2 UTs to come into existence on October 31|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/president-ram-nath-kovind-article-370-jammu-kashmir-reorganisation-1579288-2019-08-09|access-date=2020-04-28|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref> subsequent to which it was published in [[The Gazette of India|''The'' ''Gazette of India'']] on the same date.<ref name=":RSprofile2019">{{Cite book|url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/performance_profile/2019.pdf|title=Rajya Sabha and its Secretariat: A Performance Profile – 2019|publisher=Rajya Sabha Secretariat. Parliament of India.|year=2020|location=New Delhi|pages=3, 27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724235629/https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/performance_profile/2019.pdf|archive-date=24 July 2021}}</ref><ref name=":egazette">[https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/210407.pdf Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019]. Ministry of Law and Justice, Legislative Department. 9 August 2019. [[The Gazette of India|''The'' ''Gazette of India'']]. Retrieved on 16 August 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210816083253/https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/210407.pdf Archived] on 16 August 2021.</ref> A notification published on the same day provided for the union territories to come into effect from 31 October 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=PTI|date=2019-08-09|title=Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh to come into existence on October 31 after President Ram Nath Kovind's nod|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jammu-and-kashmir-ladakh-to-come-into-existence-on-october-31-after-president-ram-nath-kovind-s-nod/story-ALBR6ktXUy9yqK24nHjlkM.html|access-date=2021-08-16|newspaper=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=31 October 2019|title=Jammu and Kashmir bifurcated: India has one less state, gets two new Union Territories in J&K, Ladakh|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jammu-and-kashmir-bifurcated-ladakh-union-territory-october-31-1614249-2019-10-31|access-date=2021-08-16|website=India Today}}</ref>
{{Wikisource|Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019}}
The two union territories came into existence on 31 October 2019, which is celebrated as [[National Unity Day (India)|National Unity Day]] (marking the birth anniversary of [[Sardar Vallabhai Patel]], who had a major role in the [[political integration of India]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=31 October 2019|title=What is National Unity Day and why is it celebrated on 31st October?|url=https://scroll.in/announcements/942195/what-is-national-unity-day-and-why-is-it-celebrated-on-31st-october|access-date=2021-10-18|website=Scroll.in}}</ref>).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tiwary|first=Deeptiman|date=2019-10-31|title=Explained: Jammu and Kashmir state to two UTs — today, later|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/jammu-and-kashmir-union-territories-today-article-370-special-status-6095406/|access-date=2021-10-18|website=The Indian Express}}</ref> The president of India appointed a [[List of lieutenant governors of Jammu and Kashmir|lieutenant governor for the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir]] and a [[List of lieutenant governors of Ladakh|lieutenant governor for the Union Territory of Ladakh]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Baruah|first=Amit|date=2019-10-31|title=Lieutenant Governors take charge in Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jammu-kashmir-ceases-to-be-state-becomes-ut-along-with-ladakh/article29841139.ece|url-access=limited|access-date=2021-10-18|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Both the lieutenant governors were sworn in by Justice [[Gita Mittal]], the chief justice of [[High Court of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh|Jammu and Kashmir (and Ladakh) High Court]], on 31 October 2019, first at Leh and then at Srinagar.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Krishnan|first=Sangeeta|date=31 October 2019|title=GC Murmu sworn in as J&K's first Lieutenant Governor, RK Mathur takes oath as Ladakh's first LG|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/girish-chandra-murmu-appointed-as-jk-first-lieutenant-governor-radha-krishna-mathur-to-be-ladakh-first-lg-1572343020-1|access-date=18 October 2021|website=Jagran Josh|publisher=[[Jagran Prakashan Limited]]}}</ref> President's rule was revoked following bifurcation and newly applied to the union territories through the lieutenant governors.<ref>{{Cite web|date=31 October 2021|title=President rule imposed in J&K finally revoked|url=http://ddnews.gov.in/national/president-rule-imposed-jk-finally-revoked|access-date=18 October 2021|website=ddnews.gov.in ([[DD News]])}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Chopra|first=R|date=31 October 2019|title=President's rule revoked in undivided J-K; central rule to remain in J-K UT|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/j-k/presidents-rule-revoked-in-undivided-j-k-central-rule-to-remain-in-j-k-ut-854380|access-date=2021-10-18|website=Tribune India}}</ref>

== Legal challenges ==
{{Quote box
| quote = The president's order under Article 370 made on August 5, 2019, the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Bill and the two resolutions passed this week by parliament were conceived in malice and executed in deceit. [...] Have you ever heard of a state robbing its regions of autonomy because they have suffered terrorist attacks? [...] In the entire exercise, vile passions have triumphed over elementary concern with the law. The presidential order is patently unconstitutional. [...] the entire order is afflicted with defects... So, in consequence, is the entire Reorganisation Act which is based on it.
| author = [[A. G. Noorani]]
| source = (''13 August 2019, in [[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]'')<ref>{{Cite web|last=Noorani|first=A.G.|date=13 August 2019|title=Murder of Insaniyat, and of India's Solemn Commitment to Kashmir|url=https://thewire.in/law/murder-of-insaniyat-and-of-indias-solemn-commitment-to-kashmir|access-date=2021-10-18|website=The Wire}}</ref>
| align = right
| width = 360px
}}
From 9 August 2019 onwards, a number of petitions were filed that challenged the validity of the act.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sinha|first=Bhadra|date=3 January 2021|title=A year & counting — clock ticking, but SC verdict yet awaited on over 20 pleas on Article 370 scrapping|work=ThePrint|url=https://theprint.in/judiciary/a-year-counting-clock-ticking-but-sc-verdict-yet-awaited-on-over-20-pleas-on-article-370-scrapping/577946/|access-date=23 August 2021|quote=The first petition, seeking to challenge the presidential order that notified the J&K (Reorganisation) Act, was filed on 9 August 2019. A spate of petitions followed... The challenge was on multiple grounds.}}</ref> This includes petitions by members of parliament, former bureaucrats and military officers, advocates, lawyers, activists and non-governmental organisations.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Prakash|first=Satya|date=24 June 2021|title=Abrogation of Article 370: Around two dozen petitions hang fire in Supreme Court|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/abrogation-of-article-370-around-two-dozen-petitions-hang-fire-in-supreme-court-273416|access-date=2021-08-23|website=Tribune india}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=17 August 2019|title=Retired bureaucrats, military officers move SC over abrogation of Article 370, bifurcation of Kashmir|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/retired-military-officers-move-sc-over-abrogation-of-article-370-call-it-constitutionally-invalid-1581846-2019-08-17|access-date=2021-08-23|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> Members of parliament [[Mohammad Akbar Lone]] and [[Hasnain Masoodi]] of [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]] filed a petition in the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] on 10 August 2019 challenging the presidential orders and the Reorganisation Act 2019 together.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web|last=Sachdev|first=Vakasha|date=2019-08-10|title=Arguments NC is Making in SC to Term Centre's Art 370 Move Illegal|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/national-conference-supreme-court-pil-article-370-jammu-and-kashmir-reorganisation-unconstitutional|access-date=2021-10-16|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref> With regard to the Reorganisation Act 2019 the petition challenges the downgrading of representation, the degradation and unilateral changes to constitutionalized federalism through the change from statehood to a union territory, and the right to autonomy as per the constitution.<ref name=":15" /> Further, the Reorganisation Act 2019 is challenged to be invalid as the presidential orders are also questionable.<ref name=":15" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhatia|first=Gautam|date=5 August 2019|title=The Article 370 Amendments On Jammu & Kashmir: Key Legal Issues|url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/opinion/the-article-370-amendments-key-legal-issues|access-date=2021-10-16|website=BloombergQuint}}</ref> There are multiple reasons given for the invalidity of the presidential orders, including unconstitutionally using an article to amend itself in a way other than what was written in the constitution, making changes unilaterally, going against articles in the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir, constitutional morality and arbitrariness.<ref name=":15" /> [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference]] has also challenged the presidential orders in court, deeming them invalid as per articles 14, 19 and 21 of the Indian Constitution, and that the will of the people of Jammu and Kashmir has not appropriately been taken into account.<ref name=":16">{{Cite news |agency=PTI|date=13 September 2019|title=J&K People's Conference Moves Supreme Court Against Article 370 Removal|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/j-k-peoples-conference-moves-supreme-court-against-article-370-removal-2100633|access-date=2021-10-16|work=NDTV}}</ref> Further, as the changes were made during Governor's Rule, a temporary representative of the Union government itself, making permanent changes was unconstitutional.<ref name=":16" />

On 5 August 2019, the Home Minister had stated that the reorganisation could be lifted and statehood restored.<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 August 2019|title=Article 370 Revoked: J&K Leaders Detained, PM Modi Praises Amit Shah|url=https://thewire.in/security/kashmir-curfew-internet-house-arrest|access-date=2021-08-16|website=The Wire|quote=Shah said that J&K could be made a state again "as soon as normalcy returns".}}</ref> In October 2019, a spokesperson for the [[United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]], Rupert Colville, stated that "The Supreme Court of India has been slow to deal with petitions concerning habeas corpus, freedom of movement and media restrictions".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-29|title=Supreme Court slow in dealing with petitions on Kashmir situation: United Nations panel|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kashmir-lockdown-united-nations-supreme-court-media-curbs-6093277/|access-date=2021-10-18|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-29|title='Supreme Court Has Been Slow To Deal With Kashmir Petitions': United Nations High Commissioner For Human Rights [Read Statement]|url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/supreme-court-has-been-slow-to-deal-with-kashmir-petitions-united-nations-high-commissioner-for-human-rights-149324|url-access=subscription|access-date=2021-10-17|website=Live Law|language=en}}</ref> The Supreme Court stated that it would hear related pleas after its summer vacation in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2022 |agency=Press Trust of India |title=Supreme Court To Hear Pleas Against Article 370 Repeal After Summer Vacation |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sc-agrees-to-list-after-summer-vacation-pleas-against-abrogation-of-article-370-2917214 |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=NDTV}}</ref>

== Reactions and aftermath ==
{{See also|Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir#International reactions|Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir#Demonstrations|label 2=Demonstrations}}
{{Further|2019–2021 Jammu and Kashmir lockdown}}
On 4 August 2019, [[People's Alliance for Gupkar Declaration]], an alliance of several political parties in Jammu and Kashmir, unanimously passed a resolution— "That all the parties would be united in their resolve to protect and defend the identity, autonomy and special status of J&K against all attacks and onslaughts whatsoever. That modification, abrogation of Articles 35A, 370, unconstitutional delimitation or trifurcation of the State would be an aggression against the people of Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh".<ref name=":02">{{Cite magazine|date=25 October 2019|title=Gupkar Declaration August 4, 2019|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article29604393.ece|magazine=Frontline|language=en|access-date=16 October 2021}}</ref> On 5 and 6 August 2019, cross-party support for the creation of the union territory of Ladakh was seen in Leh, however Kargil leaders voiced opposition to its creation.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=PTI|date=2019-08-06|title=Ladakh's UT Status Triggers Jubiliation in Leh, Resentment in Kargil|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/ladakhs-ut-status-triggers-jubiliation-in-leh-resentment-in-kargil-2259427.html|access-date=2021-10-17|work=News18}}</ref>

Gupkar Alliance passed another declaration to the same effect as the one in 2019 on 22 August 2020.<ref name=":21">{{Cite web|last=Wani|first=Fayaz|date=15 October 2020|title=Gupkar Declaration signatories set to come up with a roadmap on Article 370?|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/oct/15/gupkar-declaration-signatories-set-to-come-up-with-roadmap-on-article-370-2210630.html|access-date=2021-10-16|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web|last=Ganai|first=Naseer|date=22 August 2020|title=Year After Gupkar Declaration, Parties In Kashmir Unanimously Call For Restoration Of Special Status|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-year-after-gupkar-declaration-parties-in-kashmir-unanimously-call-for-restoration-of-special-status/359131|access-date=2021-10-16|website=Outlook India}}</ref> [[Farooq Abdullah]] was released from preventive detention on 13 March 2020, [[Omar Abdullah]] on 24 March 2020 and [[Mehbooba Mufti]] on 13 October 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hussain|first=Ashiq|date=2020-10-14|title=Mehbooba Mufti released after 14 months in detention|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mehbooba-mufti-released-after-14-months-in-detention/story-Ht1GSTCOnlUQ7EGy7CBX2L.html|access-date=2021-10-17|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Masood|first=Bashaarat|date=2020-10-14|title=Mehbooba released, says 'will take back what Delhi snatched'|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/mehbooba-mufti-released-from-detention-6723785/|access-date=2021-10-17|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> In Ladakh, by October 2020, a certain amount of apprehension over its status as a union territory had developed due to subsequent legislation and fears of losing jobs and land.<ref name=":23">{{Cite web|last=Kuchay|first=Bilal|date=14 October 2020|title=Ladakh Buddhists who hailed India's Kashmir move not so sure now|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/10/14/kashmirs-leh-region-demands-constitutional-safeguards|access-date=2021-10-17|website=Al Jazeera}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=11 August 2021|title='Dictatorial Regime': Three Ladakh Residents Move SC Challenging Dilution of Article 370|url=https://thewire.in/rights/dictatorial-regime-three-ladakh-leaders-move-sc-challenging-dilution-of-article-370|access-date=2021-10-17|website=The Wire}}</ref> The Leh unit of the BJP passed a resolution in the [[Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Leh|Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council]] to the same effect.<ref name=":23" /> Those in Kargil also continued with their disapproval of being included into the union territory of Ladakh.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Donthi|first=Praveen|date=30 October 2019|title="In J&K's reorganisation, Kargil is the biggest loser": Asgar Ali Karbalai|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/politics/kargil-asgar-karbalai-leh-ladakh-union-territory-370|access-date=2021-10-17|website=The Caravan|language=en}}</ref> On 3 August 2020, [[P. Chidambaram|P Chidambaram]] wrote "All major fundamental rights are effectively suspended" and that there was a "new" Kashmir issue, as opposed to the 1947 one before.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chidambaram|first=P|date=2020-08-03|title=No end to a tragic saga|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/jammu-kashmir-lockdown-article-370-internet-p-chidambaram-6534719/|access-date=2021-10-17|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Solidarity events between "Kashmiri and [[Palestinians|Palestinian]] networks" were also seen.<ref name=":33">{{Cite journal|last1=Osuri|first1=Goldie|last2=Zia|first2=Ather|date=2020-05-03|title=Kashmir and Palestine: archives of coloniality and solidarity|journal=Identities|volume=27|issue=3|pages=251, 261|doi=10.1080/1070289X.2020.1750200|s2cid=221058702|issn=1070-289X|doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Movement and communication restrictions ===
{{Tweet
| name = [[United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs|House Foreign Affairs Committee]]
| username = HouseForeign
| date = 7 October 2019
| text = India's communication blackout in Kashmir is having a devastating impact on the lives and welfare of everyday Kashmiris. It’s time for India to lift these restrictions and afford Kashmiris the same rights and privileges as any other Indian citizen. [Linked NYT article "In Kashmir, a Race Against Death, With No Way to Call a Doctor"]
| ID = 1181259470221008896
| width = 360px
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210111190912/https://twitter.com/HouseForeign/status/1181259470221008896
| archive-date = 11 January 2021
}}

A [[Indian Army operations in Jammu and Kashmir|security lockdown]] and [[Censorship in Kashmir|communications blackout]] was extended throughout the new union territories in a pre-emptive manner.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web|date=2019-08-14|title=Restrictions removed from Jammu, Kashmir to be in lockdown on I-Day|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/restrictions-removed-from-jammu-kashmir-to-be-in-lockdown-on-i-day/story-uipRlSPJMkNLV5RqioETIJ.html|access-date=2021-10-16|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":18">{{Cite web|date=8 October 2019|title=US Congress Committee Urges India to Lift Kashmir Communication Blackout|url=https://thewire.in/diplomacy/us-congress-committee-urges-india-to-lift-kashmir-communication-blackout|access-date=2021-10-16|website=The Wire}}</ref> Restrictions in Kashmir continued for a longer duration than those in Jammu.<ref name=":17" /> Some parts of Jammu saw restrictions being lifted a few days later.<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" /> Government of India data showed that thousands of arrests were made.<ref name=":19">{{Cite news|last1=Ghoshal|first1=Devjyot|last2=Pal|first2=Alasdair|date=2019-09-12|title=Thousands detained in Indian Kashmir crackdown, official data reveals|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-kashmir-detentions-idUSKCN1VX142|access-date=2021-10-16}}</ref> Politicians, including three former [[List of chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|Chief Ministers of Jammu and Kashmir]], were put under [[preventive detention]].<ref name=":19" /> The [[Media in Jammu and Kashmir|press in the region]] was heavily impacted.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chakravarty|first=Ipsita|date=24 August 2021|title=Killing the story: How the Kashmiri press was silenced after the region lost autonomy|url=https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/killing-story-how-kashmiri-press-was-silenced-after-region-lost-autonomy|access-date=2021-10-17|website=Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism|language=en}}</ref> According to [[Access Now]], the communications blackout was the longest any democracy has ever seen.<ref name=":26" /><ref name=":34">{{Cite news|last1=Masih|first1=Niha|last2=Irfan|first2=Shams|last3=Slater|first3=Joanna|date=4 August 2020|title=Voices from Kashmir: Inside India's year-long crackdown|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/kashmir-india-crackdown-anniversary/2020/08/04/19a35776-d63f-11ea-a788-2ce86ce81129_story.html|access-date=2021-10-20|issn=0190-8286}}</ref>

=== Civil society ===
{{POV section|date=September 2023}}
Disappointment came about in Kashmir in the days post 5–6 August 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Chakravarty|first1=Ipsita|last2=Zargar|first2=Safwat|date=29 November 2019|title=Shutters down: How Kashmir has kept up a slow-burning protest since Article 370 was revoked|url=https://scroll.in/article/945208/shutters-down-how-kashmir-has-kept-up-a-slow-burning-protest-since-article-370-was-revoked|access-date=2021-10-20|website=Scroll.in}}</ref><ref name=":36">{{Cite web|author1=[[Jean Drèze]] |author2=[[Kavita Krishnan]] |author3=Maimoona Mollah |author4=Vimal Bhai |date=14 August 2019|title=Kashmir Caged: Fact Finding Report|url=https://countercurrents.org/2019/08/kashmir-caged-fact-finding-report/|access-date=2021-10-20|website=[[Countercurrents.org]]}}</ref><ref name=":34" /> A fact finding team including [[Jean Drèze]] and [[Kavita Krishnan]] reported that "People expressed their anger freely in informal conversation, but no-one was willing to speak on camera", children were heard calling Modi 'Iblees' (meaning 'Satan'), and a man in Sopore said that the situation was "silence at gunpoint", and the peace was the "peace of a graveyard", while someone else said "It's Army rule not Modi rule".<ref name=":36" /> The newspaper ''[[Greater Kashmir]]'' had two pages devoted to the cancellation of weddings. With regard to pellet injuries, the fact finding team met two people with pellet injuries at [[SMHS Hospital]].<ref name=":36" /> According to rights' groups, 412 [[habeas corpus]] petitions challenging detentions under the [[Jammu and Kashmir Public Safety Act, 1978]] were filed after 5 August 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-31|title=Annual Human Rights Review 2019|url=https://jkccs.net/annual-human-rights-review-2019-2/|access-date=2021-10-20|website=Jammu Kashmir Coalition of Civil Society (JKCCS)}}</ref>

=== National and international media ===
{{Quote box
| title =
| quote = India is wedged between two nuclear-armed allies that routinely defy fundamental international rules and norms. Until China and Pakistan stop trying to undermine its territorial sovereignty in Jammu and Kashmir, India will have little choice but to take steps to protect itself.
| author = [[Brahma Chellaney]]
| source = (''2 September 2019, in [[Project Syndicate]]'';<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chellaney|first=Brahma|date=2019-09-02|title=Myths of Kashmir|url=https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/jammu-kashmir-special-status-india-pakistan-china-terrorism-by-brahma-chellaney-2019-08|access-date=2021-10-23|website=Project Syndicate}}</ref> Chellaney told ''[[ThePrint]]'' that this piece was picked up by "over 100 newspapers abroad"<ref name=":38" />)
| width = 360px
}}

International media frequently referred to the situation as a nuclear flashpoint.<ref name=":37">{{Cite news|last1=John|first1=Rachel|last2=Grewal|first2=Kairvy|others=With inputs from Srijan Shukla and Shailaja Bajpai|date=3 September 2019|title=How foreign media has covered Kashmir crisis — and run foul of Modi govt|work=ThePrint|url=https://theprint.in/india/how-foreign-media-has-covered-kashmir-crisis-and-run-foul-of-modi-govt/285602/|access-date=23 October 2021}}</ref>

In a statement [[BBC]] said that they "... strongly refute any claims that we have misrepresented events in Kashmir."<ref name=":37" /> [[Sevanti Ninan]] explains to ''[[ThePrint]]'' "For the foreign press, Kashmir is both a conflict zone, and disputed territory, and it covers it as such. After Kashmir's change of status, they think it is their job to capture protests, not to pander to the Indian government's sensitivities."<ref name=":37" /> [[Brahma Chellaney]] explains that this internationalisation was normal and that the real failure was the minimal number of Indians who wrote on international issues.<ref name=":38">{{Cite news|last=Singh|first=Nandita|date=29 October 2019|title=How foreign media coverage of Kashmir crisis has become a headache for Modi govt|work=ThePrint|url=https://theprint.in/features/how-foreign-media-coverage-of-kashmir-crisis-has-become-a-headache-for-modi-govt/312558/|access-date=23 October 2021}}</ref>

=== International community ===
The Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019, has been subject to significant controversy and debates in the international community, with some countries questioning its legality and respect for democracy. On 8 August 2019, [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|UN Secretary-General António Guterres]] stated his concern and called for "maximum restraint". He noted that "the position of the United Nations on this region is governed by the Charter of the United Nations and applicable Security Council resolutions."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-08 |title=Guterres appeals for 'maximum restraint' over Jammu and Kashmir, as tensions rise {{!}} UN News |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/08/1043961 |access-date=2023-04-29 |website=news.un.org |language=en}}</ref>

China and Pakistan are the countries that have condemned India's decision most insistently.<ref name=":03">{{Cite book |last=Westcott |first=Stephen P. |title=The United Nations: Friend or Foe of Self-Determination? |publisher=E-International Relations |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-910814-48-2 |location=Bristol, England |pages=127–143 |language=English}}</ref> On 13 August 2019, Pakistan requested, and Permanent Member China supported, a consideration of this issue by the [[United Nations Security Council|UN Security Council]] in 2019; many other countries reinforced these moves.<ref name=":03" /> Ambassador Zhang noted that Council members had "expressed their serious concern" and he expressed the general belief that the Kashmir controversy should be "resolved properly through peaceful means, in accordance with the UN Charter, the relevant Security Council resolutions and bilateral agreements."<ref name=":110">{{Cite web |date=2019-08-16 |title=UN Security Council discusses Kashmir, China urges India and Pakistan to ease tensions {{!}} UN News |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/08/1044401 |access-date=2023-04-29 |website=news.un.org |language=en}}</ref>

The Jammu and Kashmir Reorganization Act, 2019, impacted India's regional security due to the deterioration of the bilateral relations with Pakistan since it increased the fresh military skirmishes along the Line of Control between these two nations.<ref name=":03" /> Pakistan has continuously criticized the Government of India's decision to remove Article 370 on grounds of its being unconstitutional and unacceptable, as it directly impacted people's fundamental rights.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pathak |first1=Mintu |last2=Mushahary |first2=Jhanin |date=2022-03-03 |title=The Revocation of Article 370 in Indian Constitution: An Analysis of the Socio-Political and Economic Effects after Withdrawal of the Article in Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://www.journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/3779 |journal=Journal of Positive School Psychology |language=en |pages=3012–3018 |issn=2717-7564}}</ref> Pakistan's Ambassador, Maleeha Lodhi, said outside the UNSC chamber in August, 2019, that "the voice of the Kashmiri people resonated in the chambers of the world's highest diplomatic forum today. The whole world is discussing the occupied state. This is an international dispute."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iqbal |first=Anwar |date=2019-08-17 |title=UNSC Kashmir moot gives lie to Indian claim |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1499949 |access-date=2023-04-29 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref>

On 16 August 2019 India's Ambassador, [[Syed Akbaruddin]], said that "our national position was, and remains, that matters related to Article 370 of the Indian Constitution, are entirely an internal matter of India. The recent decisions taken by the Government of India and our legislative bodies are intended to ensure that good governance is promoted, socio-economic development is enhanced for our people in Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh. India remains committed to ensure that the situation there remains calm and peaceful. We are committed to all the agreements that we have signed on this issue."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-17 |title=UN Security Council Needs To "Wake Up" And Resolve Kashmir Crisis Between Nuclear-Armed India, Pakistan |url=https://diplomatictimes.net/2019/08/17/un-security-council-needs-to-wake-up-and-resolve-kashmir-crisis-pro-pakistan-protester/ |access-date=2023-04-29 |website=DIPLOMATIC TIMES |language=en-US}}</ref> He added "that all issues between India and Pakistan, as well as India and any other country, will be resolved bilaterally, peacefully, and in a manner that behooves normal inter-state relations between countries."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-17 |title=UNSC meeting expresses 'serious concern' over Kashmir issue |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/international/unsc-meeting-expresses-serious-concern-over-kashmir-issue |access-date=2023-04-29 |website=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref>

=== China and border skirmishes ===
On 6 August 2019, [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China|Chinese foreign affairs]] spokeswoman [[Hua Chunying]] opposed the integration of the "Chinese territory in the western sector of the China-India boundary" into India's administrative jurisdiction.<ref>{{cite news|date=6 August 2019|title=China says India move on Kashmir violates its territorial sovereignty|work=Dawn|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1498428|access-date=7 August 2019}}</ref> In early October 2019, Chinese President [[Xi Jinping]] released a statement saying that the situation in Kashmir was being observed and that Pakistan had the support of China.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-10-09|title=China's Xi voices support for Pakistan over Kashmir: Xinhua|language=en|work=Reuters|publication-place=Beijing/Islamabad|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-pakistan-kashmir-idUSKBN1WO0ST|access-date=2021-10-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |agency=Reuters|date=9 October 2019|others=Xinhua News Agency|title=Xi Jinping Says He's Watching Kashmir, Will Back Pak On Core Interests: Report|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/chinese-president-xi-jinping-says-he-is-watching-kashmir-will-back-pakistan-on-core-interests-xinhua-2114058|access-date=2021-10-17|work=NDTV}}</ref> On 31 October 2019, the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China|Chinese Foreign ministry]] said that India's decision to unilaterally change its domestic laws and administrative divisions is void, illegal and will not affect "the fact that the area (Aksai Chin) is under Chinese actual control".<ref>{{Cite news|date=31 October 2019|title=Reorganisation of J&K internal affair: India slams China over Kashmir statement|work=Press Trust of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/reorganisation-of-jk-internal-affair-india-slams-china-over-kashmir-statement/articleshow/71837640.cms|access-date=2 November 2019|via=The Times of India}}</ref> In June 2020, Wang Shida of [[China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations]] linked the [[2020–2021 China–India skirmishes]] to India's decision to change the status of Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh.<ref name=":152">{{Cite news|last=Krishnan|first=Ananth|date=12 June 2020|title=Beijing think-tank links scrapping of Article 370 to LAC tensions|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/beijing-think-tank-links-scrapping-of-article-370-to-lac-tensions/article31815266.ece|url-access=subscription|access-date=17 October 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Indian diplomat [[Gautam Bambawale]] and Pravin Sawhney also held the same reasoning.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sawhney|first=Pravin|date=10 June 2020|title=Here's Why All's Not Well for India on the Ladakh Front|work=[[The Wire (India)]]|url=https://thewire.in/diplomacy/heres-why-alls-not-well-for-india-on-the-ladakh-front|access-date=17 October 2021}}</ref><ref name=":142">{{Cite news|last=Wahid|first=Siddiq|date=11 June 2020|title=There is a Global Dimension to the India-China Confrontation in Ladakh|work=[[The Wire (India)]]|url=https://thewire.in/diplomacy/global-dimension-india-china-confrontation-in-ladakh|access-date=17 October 2021}}</ref> A spokesman of the Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan also linked the two in a tweet.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Laskar|first=Rezaul H|date=2020-06-13|title=Chinese diplomat tweets a twist to Ladakh standoff, sees link to Article 370|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/chinese-diplomat-links-ladakh-standoff-to-scrapped-art-370-creates-a-flutter/story-Jn0zkpbBFql6pcsdfKe82K.html|access-date=2021-10-17|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

=== Restoration of statehood, delimitation and elections ===
{{Further|Restoration of the statehood of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh}}
The first elections in the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir took place in the last two months of 2020 in the form of by-elections to [[District Development Council]]s and municipal and panchayat level bodies.<ref name=":102">{{Cite web|date=5 November 2020|title=J&K: First-ever District Development Council elections to be held in eight phases from November 28|url=https://scroll.in/latest/977700/j-k-first-ever-district-development-council-elections-to-be-held-in-eight-phases-from-november-28|access-date=17 October 2021|website=Scroll.in}}</ref><ref name=":112">{{Cite web|date=2020-11-05|agency=PTI|title=Jammu and Kashmir DDC polls, panchayat-municipal by-elections notifications issued|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/jammu-and-kashmir-ddc-polls-panchayat-municipal-by-elections-notifications-issued/2121899/|access-date=17 October 2021|website=The Financial Express}}</ref> Even though 220 candidates were fielded by the Gupkar Alliance,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Iqbal|first=Naveed|date=2020-12-22|title=Jammu & Kashmir DDC polls: Gupkar Alliance fields 220 candidates, BJP 183 and Apni Party 134|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jammu-kashmir-ddc-polls-gupkar-alliance-fields-220-candidates-bjp-183-and-apni-party-134-7114794/|access-date=2021-10-18|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> some of those elected were dissatisfied post elections, accusing the government of creating a powerless body.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ganai|first=Naseer|date=9 March 2021|title=J-K: DDC Members Claim Government Is Trying To Curb Their Powers, Stage Protests|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-jammu-and-kashmir-ddc-members-claim-government-is-trying-to-curb-their-powers-stage-protests/376648|access-date=2021-10-18|website=Outlook India}}</ref>

A fresh delimitation process for [[List of constituencies of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|assembly constituencies]] began in February–March 2020.<ref name=":132">{{Cite web|date=18 February 2020|title=Jammu and Kashmir: Centre begins process of delimitation of Assembly seats|url=https://scroll.in/latest/953526/jammu-and-kashmir-centre-begins-process-of-delimitation-of-assembly-seats|access-date=2020-11-17|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":143">{{Cite web|date=2021-06-24|title=J&K leaders-Modi meeting Live Updates: Talks with PM ends, Azad says asked for restoration of statehood|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jammu-and-kashmir-leaders-narendra-modi-meeting-live-updates-7373120/|access-date=2021-06-24|website=The Indian Express|language=en|quote=All leaders demanded statehood. To which PM said, the delimitation process should conclude first and then other issues will be addressed. It was a satisfactory meeting. There was complete unanimity for restoring peace in Jammu and Kashmir}}</ref> The Reorganisation Act has complicated the delimitation, with suspicion being created over whether the new seats would go to Kashmir or Jammu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 July 2021|title=Explained: The Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019, and why it has become a bone of contention in the delimitation process|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/explained-the-jammu-and-kashmir-reorganisation-act-2019-and-why-it-has-become-a-bone-of-contention-in-the-delimitation-process/2291836/|access-date=2021-10-17|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref> At an [[Meeting with leaders from Jammu and Kashmir (2021)|all-party meet of Jammu and Kashmir leaders]] in New Delhi on 24 June 2021, statehood, delimitation and elections were discussed.<ref name="allpartymeet">{{Cite web|date=25 June 2021|title=J&K talks: Here's what unfolded at the first meet and what lies ahead|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jk-talks-heres-what-unfolded-at-the-first-meet-and-what-lies-ahead-7375114/|access-date=2021-10-17|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> During the meeting, restoration of statehood was raised; this was acknowledged by both the Prime Minister and the Home Minister.<ref name="allpartymeetHT">{{Cite web|last=Ghosh|first=Poulomi|date=2021-06-24|title=PM Modi tells J&K leader he's committed to restoring statehood, wants to remove 'Dilli ki Duri, Dil ki Duri'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-said-he-is-committed-to-restore-statehood-says-j-k-leader-after-3-hr-meet-101624541229384.html|access-date=2021-10-18|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

=== Killings and militant recruitment ===
Between August 2019 and August 2021, 23 BJP leaders and workers (12 in Kashmir and 11 in Jammu) were killed.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Malik|first=Irfan Amin|date=20 August 2021|title=J&K: 23 BJP Leaders, Workers Killed Since Union Govt's Article 370 Move|url=https://thewire.in/security/jk-23-bjp-leaders-workers-killed-since-union-govts-article-370-move|access-date=2021-10-17|website=The Wire}}</ref> In the first six months of 2021, 89 militants died in roughly 47 gunfights in Kashmir.<ref name=":24">{{Cite web|last=Mir|first=Shakir|date=15 August 2021|title=Kashmir: Militancy Remains a Zero-Sum Game, Two Years after August 5 Move|url=https://thewire.in/security/kashmir-militancy-zero-sum-game-two-years-after-august-5-move|access-date=2021-10-17|website=The Wire}}</ref> During October 2021, 13 civilians were killed; the highest death toll in a single month in the past two years, leading to the exodus of hundreds of migrant labourers and their families.<ref name="satp">{{cite web |title=Jammu & Kashmir: Timeline (Terrorist Activities) -2021 |url=https://www.satp.org/terrorist-activity/india-jammukashmir-Oct-2021 |website=satp.org |access-date=6 November 2021|quote="The killing of 13 civilians in a month, most of them non-locals, is the highest death toll in the last two years and the fourth-highest since 2012, reports said."}}</ref> Militant recruitment still occurs.<ref name=":24" /> Cross-border cease-fire violations along the [[Line of Control]] still occur resulting in deaths of civilians and security forces.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=PTI|date=2021-03-16|title=Ceasefire violations in J&K killed 31 civilians, 39 security personnel since abrogation of Article 370, Centre tells LS-India News|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/ceasefire-violations-in-jk-killed-31-civilians-39-security-personnel-since-abrogation-of-article-370-centre-tells-ls-9425231.html|access-date=2021-10-17|newspaper=Firstpost|language=en}}</ref> While India's [[Multi-Agency Centre]] estimated that 55 terrorists crossed the LoC post 5 August in 2019,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wani|first=Ayjaz|date=28 January 2020|title=Life in Kashmir after Article 370|url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/life-in-kashmir-after-article-370-60785/|access-date=2021-10-18|website=Observer Research Foundation (ORF)}}</ref> the military put the number much lower, adding that many infiltration attempts had been thwarted.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Philip|first=Snehesh Alex|date=30 December 2019|title=Intel data says 55 terrorists sneaked into J&K since 5 August, but Army doesn't think so|work=ThePrint|url=https://theprint.in/defence/intel-data-says-55-terrorists-sneaked-into-jk-since-5-august-but-army-doesnt-think-so/341754/|access-date=18 October 2021}}</ref> In 2020, 60 security men were killed in the region.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mir|first=Hilal|date=31 December 2020|title=Kashmir: 225 militants, 60 security men killed in 2020|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/kashmir-225-militants-60-security-men-killed-in-2020/2095249|access-date=2021-10-17|website=Anadolu Agency}}</ref>

=== Fundamental rights, human rights and civil rights ===
Members of 'The Forum for Human Rights in Jammu and Kashmir' came out with three reports post August 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 February 2021|title=Human Rights Report Shows Worrying Trends in Post-Lockdown Kashmir|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/human-rights-forum-reports-shows-worrying-trends-in-post-lockdown-kashmir|access-date=2021-10-17|website=TheQuint}}</ref> The informal group, concerned about the situation of human rights in the state, included Justice [[Madan Lokur]], Justice [[Hasnain Masoodi]], Justice [[Ruma Pal]], Justice [[Bilal Nazki]], Justice [[Ajit Prakash Shah]], [[Radha Kumar]], [[Nirupama Rao]], [[Shantha Sinha]], [[Ramachandra Guha]], [[Moosa Raza]], Air Vice-Marshal (retd) [[Kapil Kak]], Lieutenant-General (retd) [[H S Panag]], Major-General (retd) [[Ashok K. Mehta]] and others.<ref name=":25" /> The first report, while condemning the situation of human rights in the state and that security concerns were being placed first, recommended— (''[[sic]]'') "release all remaining political detainees", "repeal the [[Jammu and Kashmir Public Safety Act, 1978|PSA]] and any other preventive detention legislation", "remove all restrictions on freedom of representation and expression", "release all detained juveniles and withdraw charges against them", "allow smooth passage for medical personnel and patients", "reinstate all the former state's statutory oversight bodies, especially those monitoring human rights, such as the [[Jammu and Kashmir Human Rights Commission]]", "encourage all shades of opinion to be freely and peacefully expressed, as the laws apply in every part of the Indian Union".<ref name=":25">Forum for Human Rights in Jammu and Kashmir (23 July 2020). ''[https://kashmirscholars.files.wordpress.com/2020/07/jammu-and-kashmir-impact-of-lockdown-on-human-rights-report-july-23-2020.pdf Jammu and Kashmir: The Impact of Lockdowns on Human Rights (August 2019–July 2020)]''. pages: 72. Retrieved on 17 October 2021. Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). via—indianculturalforum.in</ref> The second report covered the period August 2020– January 2021 and stated that "most of the violations described in the forum's first report... remain even 18 months after the imposition of a lockdown on Jammu and Kashmir".<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 February 2021|title=Human rights violations continue in J&K, says forum led by former SC judge Madan Lokur|url=https://scroll.in/latest/986941/human-rights-violations-continue-in-j-k-says-forum-led-by-former-sc-judge-madan-lokur|access-date=2021-10-17|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>Forum for Human Rights in Jammu and Kashmir (15 February 2021). ''[https://indianculturalforum.in/2021/02/15/human-rights-in-jammu-and-kashmir/ Human rights in Jammu and Kashmir]''. pages: 67. Retrieved on 17 October 2021. Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). via—indianculturalforum.in</ref> The third report was published in August 2021, marking the completion of two years of changes in the state.<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 August 2021|title=Two Years After Article 370 Read Down, Rights Violations Continue: J&K Rights Forum|url=https://thewire.in/rights/article-370-two-years-read-down-rights-violations-continue-jk-rights-forum|access-date=2021-10-17|website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>Forum for Human Rights in Jammu and Kashmir (4 August 2021). [https://indianculturalforum.in/2021/08/04/two-years-of-lockdown-human-rights-in-jammu-and-kashmir-2021/ ''Two years of lockdown: Human rights in Jammu and Kashmir, 2021'']. pages: 78. Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). Retrieved on 17 October 2021. via—indianculturalforum.in

</ref> The findings of the third report include:<ref>Forum for Human Rights in Jammu and Kashmir (4 August 2021). [https://indianculturalforum.in/2021/08/04/two-years-of-lockdown-human-rights-in-jammu-and-kashmir-2021/ ''Two years of lockdown: Human rights in Jammu and Kashmir, 2021'']. pages: viii–ix. Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). Retrieved on 17 October 2021. via—indianculturalforum.in</ref>
{{Blockquote|text=The security situation has not improved; on the contrary, it has worsened. [...] Counter-insurgency concerns continue to be given priority... leading to an across-the-board vitiation of human and civil right protections. [...] the Jammu and Kashmir administration continues to oppose bail and stifle dissent on increasingly bizarre grounds [...] recruitment of cyber volunteers, to monitor... for 'anti-national' content. [...] Rates of domestic abuse, too, have increased drastically. Incidents of dowry – and/or wife burning, rarely heard before, have surfaced [...] Journalists have been harassed, assaulted and charged under UAPA.}}
However, considering the regions history including ethnic cleansing, many today still place public security, safety and order as paramount.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bansal|first1=Rahul|last2=Punia|first2=Muskan|title=Human Rights in Kashmir – Violated or Restored|url=https://ijpsl.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Human-Rights-in-Kashmir-Violated-or-Restored_Rahul-Bansal-Muskan-Punia.pdf|journal=International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law|volume=1|issue=2|page=741|quote=...they note that the land of Kashmir has witnessed over 30 years of terrorism and ethnic cleansing. They say that the concerns of public order and public safety remain paramount...}}</ref> In October 2019, India invited a group of largely right-wing [[Member of the European Parliament|MEP]]'s, in their personal capacity, to the Kashmir Valley to see the on-ground situation.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-10-30|title=Outrage over right-wing Euro-MPs' Kashmir visit|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50231022|access-date=2021-10-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bagchi|first=Indrani|date=29 October 2019|title=Government allows 27 European lawmakers to visit Kashmir|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/government-allows-27-european-lawmakers-to-visit-kashmir/articleshow/71798121.cms|access-date=2021-10-17|website=The Times of India}}</ref> A third foreign delegation visited the region in February 2021; the envoys represented various countries including Brazil, Malaysia, Bolivia, Ghana and Kyrgyzstan.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Mir Ehsan |author2=Rezaul H Laskar |date=2021-02-18|title=24 diplomats visit J&K in third delegation since Article 370 move|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/24-diplomats-visit-j-k-in-third-delegation-since-article-370-move-101613594403320.html|access-date=2021-10-17|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

[[Michelle Bachelet]], the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, put out a comment in September 2021, expressing concerns about the human rights situation in the state including the communication blackouts and stated,
{{Blockquote
|text=..Ongoing use of the [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act]] throughout India is worrying, with Jammu & Kashmir having among the highest number of cases in the country. While I acknowledge the Government's efforts to counter terrorism and promote development in the region, such restrictive measures can result in human rights violations and foster further tensions and discontent.<ref>{{cite web |title=48th session of the Human Rights Council |url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=27443&LangID=E |website=ohchr.org |access-date=4 November 2021 |date=13 September 2021}}</ref>}}

The Supreme Court of India also stated "freedom of internet access is a fundamental right" and that internet restrictions could not continue indefinitely.<ref name=":26">{{Cite news|last1=Phartiyal|first1=Sankalp|last2=Bukhari|first2=Fayaz|date=2020-01-10|title=India's top court says indefinite Kashmir internet shutdown is illegal|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-kashmir-internet-idUSKBN1Z90FR|access-date=2021-10-17}}</ref>

== Subsequent legislation ==

=== Orders ===
Following the implementation of the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019, and through the powers given by the act, the central government of India further approved eight orders which provide for the adaption of state and central laws to the union territories.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|last=Maqbool|first=Umer|date=2 November 2020|title=How the Centre Effected Changes in J&K Laws Through Executive Orders|url=https://thewire.in/law/centre-jammu-and-kashmir-laws-executive-order|access-date=2021-08-23|website=The Wire}}</ref> Five orders deal with the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir and three with the union territory of Ladakh.<ref name=":11" /> Through these executive orders the central government has made changes to, or repealed, over 400 laws in relation to the union territories by November 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 January 2021|title=Year End Review 2020 Ministry of Home Affairs|url=http://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1686899|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107152022/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1686899|archive-date=7 January 2021|access-date=2021-08-23|website=Press Information Bureau, Government of India|language=en|quote=Orders were notified for adaptation of 48 Central Laws and 167 State Laws in respect of UT of J&K. Orders relating to adaptation of 44 Central Laws and 148 State Laws in UT of Ladakhwere also notified.}}</ref>

{{hidden begin
|title=List of Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Orders
|titlestyle=font-size: 0.95em; padding: 5px 5px 5px 115px; text-align: left; border: 1px #b2b2b2 solid; background-color: #f2f2f2;
|expanded=
|style=width: 89%; margin-left: 19px;
}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
|+Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Orders
!Date
!Legislation
!Notes
!
|-
|18.03.2020
|J&K Reorganization (Adaptation of Central Laws) Order, 2020
|A number of central acts extended to the UT including [[Code of Civil Procedure (India)|Code of Civil Procedure 1908]] and [[Code of Criminal Procedure (India)|Code of Criminal Procedure 1973]]
|<ref name=":orders">[https://www.livelaw.in/pdf_upload/pdf_upload-383967.pdf Writ Petition (Civil) No. 1048 of 2019. (Supreme Court of India)]— via Livelaw.in. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201111104240/https://www.livelaw.in/pdf_upload/pdf_upload-383967.pdf Archived] on 11 November 2020.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Awasthi|first=Prashasti|date=20 March 2020|title=Centre orders 'Adaptation of Central Laws' in J&K; Here's a complete list of 37 central laws to be implemented|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/centre-orders-adaptation-of-central-laws-in-jk-heres-a-complete-list-of-37-central-laws-to-be-implemented/article31116159.ece|access-date=2021-08-23|website=The Hindu Business Line|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|31.03.2020
|J&K Reorganization (Adaptation of State Laws) Order, 2020
|Repeals a number of state acts. Amends a number of state acts
|<ref name=":orders" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://164.100.117.97/WriteReadData/userfiles/218978.pdf|title=Order S.O. 1229(E)|publisher=The Gazette Of India Extraordinary|others=Ministry of Home Affairs: Department of Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh Affairs|year=2020|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617115958/http://164.100.117.97/WriteReadData/userfiles/218978.pdf|archive-date=17 June 2020}}</ref>
|-
|20.05.2020
|J&K Reorganization (Adaptation of State Laws) Second Order, 2020
|Amends J&K Civil Services (Decentralization and Recruitment) Act, 2010
|<ref name=":orders" />
|-
|05.10.2020
|J&K Reorganization (Adaptation of Central Laws) Second Order, 2020
|Extends a number of central laws with amendments
|<ref name=":orders" />
|-
|05.10.2020
|J&K Reorganization (Adaptation of State Laws) Third Order, 2020
|Amends state acts to provide for the restructuring of different municipal bodies of the UT
|<ref name=":orders" />
|-
|16.10.2020
|J&K Reorganization (Adaptation of State Laws) Fourth Order, 2020
|Amends the [[Jammu and Kashmir Panchayati Raj Act, 1989|J&K Panchayati Raj Act, 1989]]
|<ref name=":orders" />
|-
|26.10.2020
|J&K Reorganization (Adaptation of State Laws) Fifth Order, 2020
|Extends a number of central laws with amendments
|<ref name=":orders" />
|-
|26.10.2020
|J&K Reorganization (Adaptation of Central Laws) Third Order, 2020
|Amends a number of state acts. Repeals a number of state acts
|<ref name=":orders" />
|}
{{hidden end}}

==== Changes to domicile legislation ====
The Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation (Adaptation of State Laws) Order, 2020 dated 31 March 2020 resulted in the complete repeal of 25 prior state laws.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|last=ANI|date=2020-04-01|title=MHA orders adaptation of state laws of J-K, jobs to be reserved for "domicile"|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/mha-orders-adaptation-of-state-laws-of-j-k-jobs-to-be-reserved-for-domicile-120040100621_1.html|access-date=2020-10-29}}</ref> The remaining 113 state laws were adopted with changes.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=1 April 2020|title=Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation (Adaptation of State Laws) Order, 2020|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1609804|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617115958/http://164.100.117.97/WriteReadData/userfiles/218978.pdf|archive-date=17 June 2020|access-date=2020-10-27|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> This move by the central government came under specific criticism for the changes to the Jammu and Kashmir Civil Services (Decentralization and Recruitment) Act, 2010 which resulted in a modification to the states' [[Domicile (law)|domicile]] laws. Previously, Article 370 reserved land and jobs only for 'permanent residents', the definition of which was altered to include domiciles through the approval of the new order.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tripathi|first=Rahul|date=2020-04-04|title=Centre notifies amendments to the act providing domicile reservation for govt jobs in Jammu & Kashmir|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/centre-notifies-amendments-to-the-act-providing-domicile-reservation-for-govt-jobs-in-jammu-kashmir/articleshow/74975107.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2020-05-04}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Wani|first=Riyaz|date=7 April 2020|title=India's new domicile law for Jammu & Kashmir is making residents anxious|url=https://qz.com/india/1834012/after-article-370-new-jammu-kashmir-domicile-law-fuels-anxiety/|access-date=2020-05-04|website=Quartz India|language=en}}</ref> Under the new laws domiciles would be given jobs in the state. Among the various criteria under the modified law anybody who has "resided for a period of fifteen years in the Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir" or migrants registered by the Relief and Rehabilitation Commissioner of the union territory would be eligible for a domicile.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|last=Rashid|first=Hakeem Irfan|date=2020-04-01|title=Central government defines domicile for J&K; those who have lived in UT for 15 yrs, registered migrants & students|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/central-govt-defines-domicile-for-jk-those-who-have-lived-in-ut-for-15-yrs-registered-migrants-students/articleshow/74923952.cms|access-date=2020-05-04}}</ref> A number of political parties including [[Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party]] and the Jammu unit of BJP opposed the order and showed discontentment, stating that there were no safeguards to protect the rights and privileges of the people of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ashiq|first=Peerzada|date=2020-04-01|title=Kashmir parties oppose Centre's new domicile law|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/kashmir-parties-oppose-centres-new-domicile-law/article31225866.ece|url-access=subscription|access-date=2020-05-04|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> On 3 April 2020, a fresh order was issued by the central government that made six changes to the previous order. Among the changes were providing protection to domiciles in any government post as compared to only selected posts before.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|last=Singh|first=Vijaita|date=2020-04-04|title=Union Home Ministry modifies Jammu & Kashmir domicile order, offers protection to all government posts|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/mha-modifies-jk-domicile-order-offers-protection-to-domiciles-in-all-government-posts/article31253516.ece|url-access=limited|access-date=2020-05-04|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> A new order, the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation (Adaptation of State Laws) Second Order, 2020 was passed on 20 May 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 May 2020|others=Cabinet|title=Cabinet approves issuance of the Jammu & Kashmir Reorganisation (Adaptation of State Laws) Second Order, 2020 in relation of Jammu & Kashmir Civil Services (Decentralisation and Recruitment) Act|url=http://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1625302|access-date=2021-08-16|website=pib.gov.in (Press Information Bureau, Government of India)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Jammu and Kashmir domicile rules: Centre trying to change demography of UT, claim political parties|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/may/19/jammu-and-kashmir-domicile-rules-centre-trying-to-change-demography-of-ut-claim-politcial-parties-2145386.html|date=19 May 2020|website=The New Indian Express|agency=PTI|access-date=2020-05-20}}</ref> This order modified applicability of domicile orders to "all level of jobs" in the union territory.<ref name=":31">{{Cite web|date=2020-05-21|title=Law on domicile conditions for J&K jobs gets Cabinet nod|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/law-on-domicile-conditions-for-jk-jobs-gets-cabinet-nod-6420004/|access-date=2021-08-16|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

Jammu division saw 33,157 people applying for the domicile document between 18 May 2020 and 26 June 2020. Among them 25,000 domicile certificates were issued. Out of those applying, about 32,000 application were from Jammu, while Kashmir saw only 720 applications.<ref name=":27">{{Cite web|last=Lateef|first=Samaan|date=26 June 2020|title=IAS officer among 25,000 people granted domicile certificates in J-K|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/ias-officer-among-25-000-people-granted-domicile-certificates-in-j-k-104783|access-date=2021-10-18|website=Tribune India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Shah|first1=Khalid|last2=Iyer|first2=Prithvi|date=30 June 2020|title=Decoding the new domicile law of Jammu and Kashmir|url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/decoding-new-domicile-law-jammu-kashmir-68777/|access-date=2021-10-18|website=Observer Research Foundation}}</ref> Refugees from Pakistan and [[Valmiki caste|Valmikis]] are among those who have been issued the residency certificates; they came in the 1950s when [[sanitation worker]]s in Jammu went on strike.<ref name=":27" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-08-05|title=Full text of document on govt.'s rationale behind removal of special status to J&K|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/full-text-of-document-on-govts-rationale-behind-removal-of-special-status-to-jk/article28821368.ece|access-date=2021-10-19|issn=0971-751X|quote=Valmikis (Dalits) were brought to ...(J&K) in 1957... From that time, the present and future generations were compelled to become sweeper... [...] There were West Pakistan Refugees and Gorkhas... they were not entitled to property rights; employment in state government; participation in... elections... and other social benefits... Women in J&K were not allowed to choose her life partner outside the state.}}</ref>

These changes in domicile rules have been compared academically to "post-colonial colonialism" and reinforcing [[settler colonialism]] in the region,<ref name=":29">{{Cite web|last=Wilson|first=Erika K.|date=10 May 2021|title=From Domicile to Dominion: India's Settler Colonial Agenda in Kashmir|url=https://harvardlawreview.org/2021/05/from-domicile-to-dominion-indias-settler-colonial-agenda-in-kashmir/|access-date=2021-10-18|website=Harvard Law Review}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Osuri|first=Goldie|date=22 August 2019|title=Kashmiris are living a long nightmare of Indian colonialism|url=http://theconversation.com/kashmiris-are-living-a-long-nightmare-of-indian-colonialism-121925|access-date=2021-10-20|website=The Conversation|language=en}}</ref> and [[Patrick Wolfe]]'s models of colonialism.<ref name=":29" /><ref name=":28">{{Cite web|last=Wani|first=Maknoon|date=2020-09-01|title=Kashmir and the rise of settler colonialism|url=https://www.himalmag.com/kashmir-and-the-rise-of-settler-colonialism-2020/|access-date=2021-10-18|website=Himal Southasian}}</ref> Kashmiri author and academician Ather Zia holds the same views, "settler-colonial techniques in Kashmir predate the foreboding of the siege of August 2019".<ref name=":33" /> On the other hand, the change in residency rules have been seen to correct past injustices.<ref>{{Cite web|date=19 May 2020|others=Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances & Pensions|title=J&K Domicile Rules Notification is the dawn of a new era for Jammu & Kashmir, says Union Minister Dr Jitendra Singh|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1625162|access-date=2021-10-18|website=pib.gov.in (Press Information Bureau, Government of India)}}</ref> For the first time, women from Jammu and Kashmir who married outside the state, can get domiciles.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Khajuria|first=Sanjay|date=21 July 2021|title=BJP welcomes 'domicile grant' to J&K women married outside|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bjp-welcomes-domicile-grant-to-jk-women-married-outside/articleshow/84619737.cms|access-date=2021-10-18|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The spouse of natives can also apply for domicile.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Arun|date=22 July 2021|title=Non-native spouses of J&K women can now get domicile certificate|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/non-native-spouses-of-jk-women-can-now-get-domicile-certificate-7416153/|access-date=2021-10-18|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

==== Changes to land legislation ====
On 26 October 2020, the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation (Adaptation of Central Laws) Third Order, 2020 came into force. [[Asian News International|''ANI'']] reported that under the orders "12 state laws have been repealed and 26 others have been adapted with changes or substitutes".<ref name=":32">{{Cite web|date=27 October 2020|title=Centre notifies new laws allowing anyone to buy land in J&K, Ladakh|url=https://scroll.in/latest/976910/centre-notifies-new-laws-allowing-anyone-to-buy-land-in-j-k-ladakh|access-date=2020-10-27|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-27|title=Centre notifies new laws allowing any Indian citizen to buy land in Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/centre-notifies-new-laws-allowing-any-indian-citizen-to-buy-land-in-jammu-and-kashmir-ladakh-8956781.html|access-date=2020-10-27|website=Firstpost}}</ref> Among the changes were modifications to the land laws which now allowed those from other states to buy land in the UT.<ref name=":ht">{{Cite web|last1=Chauhan|first1=Neeraj|last2=Hussain|first2=Ashiq|date=2021-08-10|title=Two from outside bought property in J&K since 2019: Centre tells LS|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/two-persons-from-outside-purchased-properties-in-j-k-since-august-2019-mha-101628593101063.html|access-date=2021-08-12|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> By August 2021, two people from outside of the union territory had bought property.<ref name=":ht" />

=== Amendments ===
====First Amendment====
[[G. Kishan Reddy|G Kishan Reddy]], the Minister of State for Home Affairs, introduced the [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation (Amendment) Bill, 2021]] to replace the existing ordinance for the same.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |agency=PTI|date=13 February 2021|title=Govt introduces Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation (Amendment) Bill, 2021 in LS|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/govt-introduces-jammu-and-kashmir-reorganisation-amendment-bill-2021-in-ls/articleshow/80894816.cms|access-date=2021-08-16|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> The ordinance merged the Jammu and Kashmir cadre of civil services officers with the Arunachal Pradesh, Goa, Mizoram Union Territory (AGMUT) cadre.<ref name=":8" /> By 13 February 2021, both houses of the Parliament had passed the bill.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=PTI|date=2021-02-13|title=Parliament approves J-K reorganisation amendment bill|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/parliament-approves-j-k-reorganisation-amendment-bill-101613214738625.html|access-date=2021-08-16|newspaper=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

====Second Amendment====
In December 2023, the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation (Second Amendment) Bill was passed which would extend women reservation of 33% in Jammu & Kashmir on par with the [[One Hundred and Sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |title=Parliament passes bills to extend women's reservation to Puducherry, J&K assemblies |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/parliament-passes-bills-to-extend-womens-reservation-to-puducherry-jk-assemblies-2815662 |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== References and notes ==
;Notes
{{notelist}}

;References
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* {{Citation|last=Verma|first=Maansi|title=The Case of the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Bill|date=1 November 2019|url=https://www.epw.in/engage/article/diminishing-role-parliament-case-jammu-and-kashmir|volume=54 |issue=45|publisher=Economic and Political Weekly}}
*{{Cite news|date=4 July 2021|title=MHA corrects 64 errors in adaptation of state laws orders in JK|work=ETV Bharat|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/national/state/jammu-and-kashmir/j-and-k-reorganisation-act-centre-corrects-64-errors-in-adaptation-of-state-laws-orders/na20210704081230650}}
*{{Citation|last=Seth|first=Shivangi|title=Kashmiri Pandits and J&K Reorganisation|date=22 January 2020|url=http://www.ipcs.org/comm_select.php?articleNo=5645|publisher=Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Deva|first=Zaid|date=2020-05-03|title=Basic without structure?: the Presidential Order of 1954 and the Indo-Jammu & Kashmir constitutional relationship|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/24730580.2020.1791520|journal=Indian Law Review|language=en|publisher=Taylor and Francis Online|volume=4|issue=2|pages=163–198|doi=10.1080/24730580.2020.1791520|s2cid=221521110|issn=2473-0580|url-access=subscription}}
*—{{Cite web|last=Amin|first=Muhammad Mutahhar|date=2021-01-26|title=Response to Zaid Deva's Article – Basic without Structure?: the Presidential Order of 1954 and the Indo-Jammu & Kashmir Constitutional Relationship|url=https://lawandotherthings.com/2021/01/response-to-zaid-devas-article-basic-without-structure-the-presidential-order-of-1954-and-the-indo-jammu-kashmir-constitutional-relationship/,%20https://lawandotherthings.com/2021/01/response-to-zaid-devas-article-basic-without-structure-the-presidential-order-of-1954-and-the-indo-jammu-kashmir-constitutional-relationship/,%20https://lawandotherthings.com/2021/01/response-to-zaid-devas-article-basic-without-structure-the-presidential-order-of-1954-and-the-indo-jammu-kashmir-constitutional-relationship/|access-date=2021-10-16|website=Law and Other Things|language=en-GB}}
*{{Cite web|date=8 August 2019|title=Modi Addresses Nation: 'Jammu and Kashmir Will Now See Economic Development and Integration'|url=https://thewire.in/government/narendra-modi-address|access-date=2021-10-18|website=The Wire}}
*{{Cite news|last=Iyer|first=P Vaidyanathan|date=15 December 2020|title=Manoj Sinha Interview: 'Where is the contradiction between DDC and Assembly elections?'|work=The Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/manoj-sinha-jammu-kashmir-ddc-elections-assembly-polls-7105142/|access-date=18 October 2021}}

== External links ==
* [http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/210407.pdf Full text of the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act 2019] via Gazette of India.
*[http://jkhighcourt.nic.in/doc/upload/notices/CENTRAL%20ACTS%20EXTENDED%20BY%20J&K%20Reorganisation%20Act%202019.pdf Alphabetical Index of Central Acts extended by J&K Reorganisation Act 2019] via Jammu and Kashmir High Court.
*[https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/legislative_references/CO_PtI_0.pdf Orders Issued Under the Constitution of India (Part 1)] via Legislative Department, Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200617115958/http://164.100.117.97/WriteReadData/userfiles/218978.pdf Full text of the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation (Adaptation of State Laws) Order, 2020] via Gazette of India.

{{Jammu and Kashmir topics}}
{{Kashmir conflict}}

[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 2019]]
[[Category:Reorganisation of Indian states]]
[[Category:Government of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:2019 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:History of Ladakh]]
[[Category:Politics of the Kashmir conflict]]
[[Category:August 2019 in India]]

M. S. Reddy

2026-03-22T09:31:18Z

Rxsolution:

{{Short description|Indian film producer, lyricist, and screenwriter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = M. S. Reddy
| image =
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Mallemala Sundara Rami Reddy
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1924|8|15}}
| birth_place = near [[Nellore]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2011|12|11|1924|8|15}}
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[India]]
| othername =
| occupation = {{hlist|Film producer|lyricist|screenwriter}}
| children = [[Shyam Prasad Reddy]]
| yearsactive = 1962–2011
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| website =
}}

'''Mallemala Sundararami Reddy''' (15 August 1924 – 11 December 2011), popularly known as '''M. S. Reddy''' and '''Mallemala''', was an Indian film producer, lyricist, and screenwriter in [[Telugu cinema]]. Over his career, he produced more than 25 films, several of which received [[Nandi Awards|Nandi]] and [[National Film Awards|National Awards]]. He penned over 5,000 songs and poems, earning the title "Sahaja Kavi" (The Natural Poet) for his simple and accessible writing style. In recognition of his significant contributions to cinema, he was honoured with the [[Raghupathi Venkaiah Award]] in 2005.<ref name=":4">{{cite news |date=2007-02-18 |title=Raghupathi Venkaiah award for M.S. Reddy |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/18/stories/2007021804760600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524150044/http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/18/stories/2007021804760600.htm |archive-date=2007-05-24 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

M. S. Reddy established the Kaumudi Pictures and M. S. Arts banners, under which he produced notable films like [[Sri Krishna Vijayamu|''Sri Krishna Vijayam'']] (1971), ''Kode Nagu'' (1974), ''Muthyala Pallaki'' (1977), ''Palnati Simham'' (1985), ''Aahuthi'' (1987), ''[[Ankusam]]'' (1989), ''[[Ammoru]]'' (1995), [[Ramayanam (1997 film)|''Baala Ramayanam'']] (1997), and [[Arundhati (2009 film)|''Arundhati'']] (2009). ''Baala Ramayanam'', featuring 3,000 child artistes, won the [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]] for [[National Film Award for Best Children's Film|Best Children's Film]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=12 December 2011 |title=Telugu film producer MS Reddy passes away |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/telugu-film-producer-ms-reddy-passes-away-622584 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=[[NDTV]] |language=en}}</ref>

M. S. Reddy played a key role in the relocation of the Telugu film industry from [[Chennai|Madras]] to [[Hyderabad]] and founded Sabdalaya Studios, a prominent [[recording studio]] in [[Banjara Hills]], Hyderabad. In addition to his contributions to filmmaking, Reddy held several leadership positions within the industry, including President of the Telugu Film Producers Council, the South Indian Film Writers Association, the [[Film Nagar]] Cooperative Housing Society, and as Chairman of the Andhra Pradesh Film Development Corporation.<ref name=":4" />

==Early and personal life==
Mallemala Sundararami Reddy was born in the village of Alimili, near [[Nellore]]. His date of birth is usually given as 15 August 1924.<ref name="tcobit">{{cite news |date=11 December 2011 |title=M S Reddy is no more! |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/starsprofile/tribute_msreddy.php |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419203632/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/starsprofile/tribute_msreddy.php |archivedate=19 April 2012 |accessdate=22 March 2012 |publisher=[[TeluguCinema.com]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> He was known for his outspoken nature. Aside from his work, M. S. Reddy was also a campaigner for various social causes and had [[Gandhian]] views.<ref name=":2">[http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Hyderabad/Veteran-Telugu-film-producer-MS-Reddy-dies/Article1-780930.aspx Veteran Telugu film producer MS Reddy dies – Hindustan Times] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213203650/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Hyderabad/Veteran-Telugu-film-producer-MS-Reddy-dies/Article1-780930.aspx|date=13 December 2011}}</ref> Film and television producer [[Shyam Prasad Reddy]] is his son.<ref name="hindu20070218">{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/18/stories/2007021804760600.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524150044/http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/18/stories/2007021804760600.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=24 May 2007 | title=Raghupathi Venkaiah award for M. S. Reddy | date=18 February 2007 | accessdate=16 April 2007 | work=[[The Hindu]] | location=Chennai, India }}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Film production ===
M. S. Reddy began his career at a photographic studio in Madras (now Chennai). His first production was the Telugu-dubbed version of the Tamil film ''[[Kumari Penn]]'' (1966), released as ''Kanne Pilla'' in the same year. He also dubbed two other Tamil films, ''[[Parakkum Pavai]]'' (1966) and ''[[Panam Padaithavan]]'' (1965), as ''Kontepilla'' and ''Kalachakram'' respectively, both released in 1967.

He made his debut as a film producer with the 1968 Telugu film ''Bharya'', starring [[Sobhan Babu]], under the Kaumudi Pictures banner.<ref name="tcobit" /> Reddy went on to produce a series of notable films, including [[Sri Krishna Vijayamu|''Sri Krishna Vijayam'']] (1971) featuring [[N. T. Rama Rao]], ''Kodenaagu'' (1974) with Sobhan Babu, and ''Mutyala Pallaki'' (1977), starring Narayana Rao and [[Jayasudha]]. His collaborations with actor [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] resulted in films like ''Ekalavya'' (1982) and ''Palnati Simham'' (1985). Other significant productions included ''Aahuthi'' (1987), ''[[Ankusam]]'' (1989), and [[Ramayanam (1997 film)|''Baala Ramayanam'']] (1997).<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=2011-12-12 |title='Sahaja Kavi' Mallemala no more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/amplsquosahaja-kaviamprsquo-mallemala-no-more/articleshow/11076364.cms |access-date=2024-08-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name="tcobit" />

M. S. Reddy was instrumental in launching the career of [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr|Jr. NTR]] through the film ''Baala Ramayanam'' and contributed to the success of actor [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]] by producing several of his films, including ''Ankusam'', in which Reddy also portrayed the role of a chief minister.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-05-16 |title=Dr Rajashekar, on his bond with MS Reddy |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2011/Dec/12/dr-rajashekar-on-his-bond-with-ms-reddy-319505.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Lyricist ===
As a lyricist, M. S. Reddy used his surname Mallemala as his [[pen name]]. He wrote over 5,000 songs and poems, earning the title "Sahaja Kavi" (The Natural Poet) for his simple and accessible writing style.<ref name=":1" />

=== Sabdalaya Studios ===
In 1984, the [[Andhra Pradesh government]] allotted M. S. Reddy half an [[acre]] of land on Road No. 2, [[Banjara Hills]], specifically for developing a recording and re-recording theatre.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-03-06 |title=Studio owners sit pretty on government land |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/studio-owners-sit-pretty-on-government-land/articleshow/12154001.cms |access-date=2024-08-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Reddy utilized this opportunity to establish Sabdalaya Studios, a prominent recording studio in the Telugu film industry.<ref name=":5" />

== Autobiography ==
M. S. Reddy’s autobiography, ''Idhi Naa Kadha'', caused a stir in the Telugu film industry with its critical remarks about prominent stars, leading to backlash, particularly from fans of [[N. T. Rama Rao]] (NTR) and [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr]] (Jr. NTR).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-06-18 |title=Autobiography of M S Reddy creates controversy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/autobiography-of-m-s-reddy-creates-controversy/articleshow/8900743.cms |access-date=2024-08-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In the book, M. S. Reddy described N. T. Rama Rao's on-set tantrums during the filming of [[Sri Krishna Vijayamu|''Sri Krishna Vijayam'']] (1971), including an incident where Rama Rao was upset with actor [[Nagabhushanam (actor)|Nagabhushanam]]’s costume, which resembled his own as [[Lord Krishna]]. Reddy explained that it took considerable effort to convince Rama Rao that Nagabhushanam was playing the role of Poundrika Vasudeva, a character who imitates Krishna.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2011-06-17 |title=M S Reddy's autobiography withheld |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/m-s-reddys-autobiography-withheld/articleshow/8876888.cms |access-date=2024-08-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

M. S. Reddy also criticized Jr. NTR, whom he had introduced as [[Lord Rama]] in the film [[Ramayanam (1997 film)|''Bala Ramayanam'']] (1997). Reddy recalled that Jr. NTR had initially promised to debut as a lead actor under his production house but instead debuted with [[Usha Kiran Movies]]. Despite this, Reddy continued to seek a collaboration, and Jr. NTR eventually agreed to work on his ninth film under Reddy’s banner. However, during a script meeting at M. S. Reddy’s office, [[T. Subbarami Reddy]] arrived unexpectedly. When M. S. Reddy asked Jr. NTR to wait while he met with Subbarami Reddy, Jr. NTR left, reportedly saying, "Who is M. S. Reddy to make me wait?"<ref name=":3" />

The book also detailed a dispute between actresses [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]] and [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]] on the set of ''Sri Krishna Vijayam''. M. S. Reddy accused director [[Gunasekhar]] of betraying a promise to make the film ''[[Okkadu]]'' (2003) under Reddy’s banner. Gunasekhar responded by holding a press conference, dismissing the allegations as fabrications. Following the uproar, it was decided to withdraw the limited copy edition of the book.<ref name=":3" />

== Death ==
M. S. Reddy died on 11 December 2011 at his residence in [[Film Nagar]], [[Hyderabad]], after a prolonged illness. He was 87 years old.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

== Filmography ==
Source: <ref>{{Cite web |title=M. S. Reddy Filmography |url=https://indiancine.ma/grid/year/name=M.S._Reddy |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>

=== Producer/actor/presenter ===
* ''Bharya'' (1968)
* ''Kalasina Manasulu'' (1968)
* [[Sri Krishna Vijayamu|''Sri Krishna Vijayam'']] (1971)
* ''Ooriki Upakari'' (1972)
* ''Kode Nagu'' (1974)
* ''Ramaya Thandri'' (1975)
* ''Doralu Dongalu'' (1976)
* ''Mutyala Pallaki'' (1977)
* ''Nayudu Bava'' (1978)
* ''Rama Banam'' (1979)
* ''[[Thathayya Premaleelalu]]'' (1980)
* ''Bhola Shankarudu'' (1980)
* ''Ekalavya'' (1982)
* ''Kalyana Veena'' (1983)
* ''Palnati Simham'' (1985)
* ''Lady Doctor'' (1985)
* ''O Prema Katha'' (1987)
* ''Aahuthi'' (1987)
* [[Choopulu Kalasina Subhavela|''Chupulu Kalasina Subhavela'']] (1988)
* ''[[Ankusam]]'' (1989)
* ''Aagraham'' (1991)
* ''[[Ammoru]]'' (1995)
* [[Ramayanam (1997 film)|''Ramayanam'']] (1997)
* ''[[Velugu Needalu (1999 film)|Velugu Needalu]]'' (1999) (also actor)<ref>{{cite web|website=Express India|access-date=28 August 2025|title=Veluguneedalu: Remaking a Gujarati hit|url=http://www.expressindia.com/screen/dec11/south.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000824091251fw_/http://www.expressindia.com/screen/dec11/south.htm|archive-date=24 August 2000|date=11 December 1998}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hindu.com/thehindu/2001/09/23/stories/0423403j.htm|work=The Hindu |title=Softie hunk set for a second innings|date=1 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201000748/http://hindu.com/thehindu/2001/09/23/stories/0423403j.htm |archive-date=2010-12-01 }}</ref>
* ''[[Vamsoddharakudu]]'' (2000)
* ''Andham'' (2001)
* [[Arundhati (2009 film)|''Arundhati'']] (2009)
Dubbed films

* [[Kumari Penn|''Kannepilla'']] (1966)
* ''[[Parakkum Pavai|Kontepilla]]'' (1967)
* [[Panam Padaithavan|''Kalachakram'']] (1967)

=== Writer ===

* ''Ooriki Upakari'' (1972)
* ''Ramaya Thandri'' (1975)
* ''Doralu Dongalu'' (1976)
* ''Nayudu Bava'' (1978)
* ''Rama Banam'' (1979)
* ''[[Thathayya Premaleelalu]]'' (1980)
* [[Ramayanam (1997 film)|''Ramayanam'']] (1997)

=== Lyricist ===

* [[Sri Krishna Vijayamu|''Sri Krishna Vijayam'']] (1971)
* ''Kode Naagu'' (1974): "Sangamam Sangamam Anuraaga Sangamam"
* ''Ramaya Thandri'' (1974): "Malli Virisindi"
* ''Doralu Dongalu'' (1976): "Cheppalanukunnaanu, Doralevvaroo Dongalevvaroo Telusukunnaanu"
* ''Mutyala Pallaki'' (1976): "Sannajaajiki, Gunnamaamiki Pellli Kudhirindi", "Tellavaarakamundee Palle Lechindi"
* ''[[Thathayya Premaleelalu]]'' (1980): "Vennello Vinnanu Sannayi Geetam"
* ''Ekalavya'' (1982): All songs
* ''Kalyana Veena'' (1983): "Veguchukka Molichindi"
* ''[[Talambralu (film)|Talambralu]]'' (1986)
* [[Choopulu Kalasina Subhavela|''Chupulu Kalasina Subhavela'']] (1988): "Chupulu Kalasina Subhavela"
* ''Puttinti Gauravam'' (1996)
* ''[[Velugu Needalu (1999 film)|Velugu Needalu]]'' (1999) : All songs<ref>{{cite web |last1=Balakrishna |first1=Palli |title=Velugu Needalu (1999) |url=https://www.telugulyricsworld.in/2018/05/veluguneedalu-1999.html?m=1 |website=Telugu Lyrics World |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

==Awards==
;[[Nandi Awards]]
* [[Nandi Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]] - ''[[Ankusam]]'' (1989)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008) |trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008) |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |access-date=21 August 2020 |publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>
* [[Nandi Award for Best Children Film|Best Childrens Film - Gold]] - ''[[Ramayanam (1997 film)|Ramayanam]]'' (1997)<ref name=":0" />

==See also==
* [[Raghupathi Venkaiah Award]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Raghupathi Venkaiah Award Recipients}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, M. S.}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:Film producers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu screenwriters]]
[[Category:People from Nellore district]]
[[Category:Film directors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Producers who won the Best Children's Film National Film Award]]

Akashdeep S Batth

2026-03-15T15:24:53Z

Rxsolution:

{{Short description|Indian film producer and writer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}

{{Infobox person
| birth_name = Akashdeep Singh Batth
| name = Akashdeep Singh Batth
| image = Akashdeep S Batth.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1992|01|30|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Jalandhar]], Punjab, India
| years_active = 2011–present
| occupation = Film director, producer, author, screenwriter, politician (Belgium - Vooruit)
| spouse = Pritty Kaur Batth
}}

'''Akashdeep Singh Batth''' (born 30 January 1992) is an Indian [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] film director, producer, author and screenwriter. Batth made his directional debut with ''[[Myself Ghaint]] ''(2014).<ref name="toi">{{cite news
| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news-interviews/Gaurav-Kakkar-in-Akashdeeps-Myself-Ghaint/articleshow/20552528.cms
| title = Times Of India Coverage
| accessdate = 12 June 2013
| author = Sukhpal Bajwa
| date = 12 June 2013
| work = Times of India
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| url = http://punjabimania.com/gaurav-kakkar-in-akashdeeps-myself-ghaint/
| title = Punjabi Mania Coverage
| accessdate = 12 June 2013
| author = Punjabimania.com
| date = 12 June 2013
| work = Punjabi Mania
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| url = http://simplybhangra.com/punjabi-movies/6687-punjabi-movie-myself-ghaint-music-mr-vgrooves.html
| title = Simply Bhangra News
| accessdate = 15 June 2013
| author = simplybhangra.com
| date = 15 June 2013
| work = Simply Bhangra
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite news
|url = http://www.timesofpb.com/myself-ghaint-promotion-entertainment-da-dose-ptc-news/
|title = Times of Punjab
|accessdate = 7 April 2014
|author = Entertainment da Dose
|date = 7 April 2014
|work = PTC News
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140725185752/http://www.timesofpb.com/myself-ghaint-promotion-entertainment-da-dose-ptc-news/
|archive-date = 25 July 2014
|url-status = dead
|df = dmy-all
}}
</ref> In 2011, Batth became a published author with his English fiction ''[[Anhad -The Man on Mission]]''. Akashdeep was 18 years old when he first published his English fiction<ref name="Jasmine Singh">{{cite news
| url = http://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140509/ttlife1.htm
| title = Tribune India
| accessdate = 9 May 2014
| author = Jasmine Singh
| date = 9 May 2014 | work = Tribuneindia.com
}}</ref> and 22 years old when he released his first Punjabi feature film, ''Myself Ghaint'', thus becoming the youngest film director in the Punjabi film industry.<ref name="Jasmine Singh"/>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Film !! Status !! Release date !! Notes !! Feature Film
|-
| ''[[Myself Ghaint]]'' || Released || 9 May 2014 || Co- Producer, director, screenwriter || Yes
|-
| ''We Are Warriors'' || Pre-Production || TBA || Co-Producer, director, screenwriter || Yes
|-
| ''The Akali Babbar'' || Pre Production || TBA || Director, screenwriter || Yes
|}

==Author==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Status !! Release date !! Notes
|-
| ''Anhad- The Man on Mission'' || Released || 30 December 2011 || [[English novel]] (Fiction)
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Batth, Akashdeep S}}
[[Category:Film directors from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Suryakant Lavande

2026-03-15T05:06:05Z

Rxsolution: Created post

{{short description|Indian cinematographer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Suryakant Lavande
| image = Suryakant Lavande.jpg
| birth_place = [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Konkani cinema's big night|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/goa/konkani-cinemas-big-night/articleshow/64073947.cms|website=The Times of India|date=8 May 2018 |access-date=2023-06-05}}</ref>
| death_place = [[Dahisar]], [[Maharashtra]], India<ref>{{Cite web|title=Renowned cinematographer Suryakant Lavande passed away|url=https://www.lokmat.com/goa/suryakant-lavande-dies/|website=Lomkat|date=25 January 2020 |access-date=2023-06-05}}</ref>
| occupation = {{hlist|Cinematographer|actor}}
| notable_works = [[Samna (film)|''Samna'']] (1975) ''[[Gammat Jammat]]'' (1987)
| children =
}}

'''Suryakant Lavande''' was an Indian cinematographer who worked primarily in [[Marathi cinema]], occasionally in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] and [[Gujarati cinema]]. He received the V. Shantaram Lifetime Achievement Award from the [[Government of Maharashtra]] for his work in [[cinematography]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shashikala, Vidya Balan named for Maharashtra government awards |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/vidya-balan-shashikala-maharashtra-government-awards-2015-raj-kapoor-250591-2015-04-28 |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=India Today |date=28 April 2015 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-04-27 |title=Maharashtra announces awards for film legends |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/maharashtra-announces-awards-for-film-legends/article7147608.ece |access-date=2023-06-05 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Career ==
Lavande worked as a cinematographer on [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Hindi]] and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] films in a career spanning 60 years. He mainly worked under the direction of [[Sachin Pilgaonkar (actor)|Sachin Pilgaonkar]], [[Mahesh Kothare]], and [[Jabbar Patel]]. He was the cinematographer of many films like [[Samna (film)|''Samna'']], ''[[Sinhasan]]'', ''[[Navri Mile Navryala]]''. He received many awards for his work, including the [[Maharashtra State Film Awards|Maharashtra State Award]] for "Best Cinematographer" eight times and the [[National Film Awards|Central Government Award]] once.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-01-25 |title=नामवंत सिनेछायाचित्रकार सूर्यकांत लवंदे यांचे निधन |url=https://www.lokmat.com/goa/suryakant-lavande-dies/ |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=Lokmat |language=mr-IN}}</ref>

== Selected filmography ==

=== As Cinematographer ===

* ''[[Zapatlela]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pune International Film Festival |url=https://www.piffindia.com/Possessed.php |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=www.piffindia.com}}</ref>
* ''[[De Danadan]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=De Danadan (1987) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ABRG |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
* [[Samna (film)|''Samna'']]<ref>{{Citation |title=Samna (1975) |url=https://www.filmaffinity.com/en/film791186.html |access-date=2023-06-05 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''[[Gammat Jammat]]''
* ''[[Dhadakebaaz]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhadakebaaz (1990) |url=https://indiancine.ma/AERH |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
* ''[[Majha Chakula]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=माझा छकुला |url=https://www.marathifilmdata.com/chitrapat/majha-chhakula/ |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=मराठी चित्रपट सूची |language=en-US}}</ref>
* ''[[Dhoom Dhadaka]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhumdhadaka (1985) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ZQF |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
* ''[[Thartharat]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=थरथराट |url=https://www.marathifilmdata.com/chitrapat/thartharat/ |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=मराठी चित्रपट सूची |language=en-US}}</ref>
* ''[[Shame To Shame]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shame To Shame (1991) |url=https://indiancine.ma/AGGN |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
* ''Pahila Bhau''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pahila Bhau Movie Trailer, Star Cast, Release Date, Box Office, Movie Review {{!}} Pahila Bhau Movie budget and Collection {{!}} Pahila Bhau {{!}} Indian Film History |url=https://www.indianfilmhistory.com/movie/pahila-bhau-1 |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=www.indianfilmhistory.com |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Yuge Yuge Mi Vat Pahili''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yuge Yuge Mi Vaat Pahili (1965) |url=https://indiancine.ma/LWE |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
* ''[[Sinhasan]]''
* ''[[Lek Chalali Sasarla]]''
* ''[[Bin Kamacha Navra]]''
* ''[[Gadbad Ghotala]]''

=== As an actor ===
''[[De Danadan]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suryakant Lavande |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0487991/ |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Death ==
He died in [[Dahisar]], Mumbai at the age of 90.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search =
|d = yes
|d-search =
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 =
}}
* {{IMDb name|id=0487991}}

[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Indian cinematographers]]
[[Category:Cinematographers from Maharashtra]]

Planned economy

2026-03-14T03:06:08Z

Rxsolution: added structure per sources per sources

{{short description|Type of economic system}}
{{Use American English|date=October 2023}}
{{economic systems sidebar|by coordination}}
{{socialism sidebar|models}}
A '''planned economy''' is a type of [[economic system]] where [[Investment (macroeconomics)|investment]], [[Production (economics)|production]] and the allocation of [[capital good]]s takes place according to economy-wide economic plans and production plans. A planned economy may use [[Central planning|centralized]], [[Decentralized planning|decentralized]], [[Participatory economics|participatory]] or [[Soviet-type economic planning|Soviet-type]] forms of [[economic planning]].<ref>[[Alec Nove]] (1987). "Planned Economy". ''[[The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics]]''. vol. 3. p. 879.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Devine|first=Pat|title=Democracy and Economic Planning|publisher=Polity|date=2010|isbn=978-0745634791}}</ref> The level of [[centralization]] or [[decentralization]] in decision-making and participation depends on the specific type of planning mechanism employed.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gregory|first1=Paul R.|last2=Stuart|first2=Robert C.|year=2003|title=Comparing Economic Systems in the Twenty-First Century|location=Boston|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|isbn=978-0618261819|pages=23–24}}</ref>

[[List of non-communist socialist states|Socialist states]] based on the Soviet model have used central planning, although a minority, such as the former [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]], adopted some degree of [[market socialism]]. [[Market abolitionist]] socialism replaces [[factor market]]s with direct calculation as the means to coordinate the activities of the various [[socially owned]] economic enterprises that make up the economy.<ref>{{cite book|last=Prychito|first=David L.|title=Markets, Planning, and Democracy: Essays After the Collapse of Communism|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|date=2002|isbn=978-1840645194|page=72|quote=Traditional socialism strives to plan all economic activities comprehensively, both within and between enterprises. As such, it seeks to integrate the economic activities of society (the coordination of socially owned property) into a single coherent plan, rather than to rely upon the spontaneous or anarchic ordering of the market system to coordinate plans.}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite journal|title= In Defence of Socialist Planning|last= Mandel|first=Ernest|year=1986|journal=New Left Review|volume=159|pages=5–37|article-number= 928|doi= 10.64590/cz2|url=http://www.ernestmandel.org/en/works/pdf/Mandel%20socialist%20planning.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516205246/http://www.ernestmandel.org/en/works/pdf/Mandel%20socialist%20planning.pdf |archive-date=2008-05-16 |url-status=live|quote=Planning is not equivalent to 'perfect' allocation of resources, nor 'scientific' allocation, nor even 'more humane' allocation. It simply means 'direct' allocation, ''ex ante''. As such, it is the opposite of market allocation, which is ''ex post''.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ellman|first=Michael|title= Socialist Planning|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date= 1989|isbn=978-0521358668|page=327|quote='[S]ocialist planning', in the original sense of a national economy which replaced market relationships by direct calculation and direct product exchange, has nowhere been established [...].}}</ref> More recent approaches to socialist planning and allocation have come from some economists and computer scientists proposing planning mechanisms based on advances in computer science and information technology.<ref name=":1" />

Planned economies contrast with [[unplanned economies]], specifically [[market economies]], where autonomous firms operating in [[Market (economics)|market]]s make decisions about production, distribution, pricing and investment. Market economies that use [[indicative planning]] are variously referred to as [[mixed economies]], mixed market economies and planned market economies. A '''command economy''' follows an [[administrative-command system]] and uses Soviet-type economic planning, which was characteristic of the former [[Soviet Union]] and [[Eastern Bloc]] before most of these countries converted to market economies. This highlights the central role of hierarchical administration and public ownership of production in guiding the allocation of resources in these economic systems.<ref>{{cite book|title=Comparing Economic Systems: A Political-Economic Approach|last=Zimbalist, Sherman and Brown|first=Andrew, Howard J. and Stuart|date= 1988|publisher=Harcourt College Pub|isbn= 978-0155124035|page=[https://archive.org/details/comparingeconomi0000zimb_q8i6/page/4 4]|quote= Almost all industry in the Soviet Union is government owned and all production is directed, in theory, by a central plan (though in practice much is left for local discretion and much happens that is unplanned or not under government control).|url=https://archive.org/details/comparingeconomi0000zimb_q8i6/page/4}}</ref><ref name="The Soviet Union Has an Administered, Not a Planned, Economy, 1985">{{cite journal|last= Wilhelm|first=John Howard|year=1985|title=The Soviet Union Has an Administered, Not a Planned, Economy|journal= [[Europe-Asia Studies|Soviet Studies]]|volume=37|issue=1|pages=118–130|doi=10.1080/09668138508411571}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Transition and Beyond: Essays in Honour of Mario Nuti|last= Ellman|first=Michael|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2007|isbn=978-0230546974|editor1-last=Estrin|editor1-first=Saul|location=New York|page=22|chapter=The Rise and Fall of Socialist Planning|quote=In the USSR in the late 1980s the system was normally referred to as the 'administrative-command' economy. What was fundamental to this system was not the plan but the role of administrative hierarchies at all levels of decision making; the absence of control over decision making by the population [...].|editor2-last= Kołodko|editor2-first=Grzegorz W.|editor3-last=Uvalić|editor3-first=Milica}}</ref>

== Overview ==
In the [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic]] and post-Hellenistic world, "compulsory state planning was the most characteristic trade condition for the [[Hellenistic Egypt|Egyptian]] countryside, for [[Indo-Greek Kingdom|Hellenistic India]], and to a lesser degree the more barbaric regions of the [[Seleucid Empire|Seleucid]], the [[Attalid kingdom|Pergamenian]], the southern [[Arabia]]n, and the [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]] empires".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Heichelheim|first1=Friedrich Moritz |author-link1=Fritz Heichelheim|year=1949|chapter=Commerce, Greek and Roman|editor1-last= Hammond |editor1-first=Nicholas G. L.|editor1-link=N. G. L. Hammond|editor2-last=Scullard|editor2-first=H. H.|editor2-link=Howard Hayes Scullard|title=The Oxford Classical Dictionary|edition= 2|location= Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|publication-date=1970|page= [https://archive.org/details/oxfordclassicald00hamm/page/274 274]|isbn=0198691173|chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/oxfordclassicald00hamm/page/274}}</ref> Scholars have argued that the [[Inca Empire|Incan]] economy was a flexible type of command economy, centered around the movement and utilization of labor instead of goods.<ref>{{cite journal|author= La Lone, Darrell E.|title= The Inca as a Nonmarket Economy: Supply on Command versus Supply and Demand|journal= Contexts for Prehistoric Exchange|year= 1982|page= 292|url= https://www.academia.edu/885136|access-date= 17 December 2018|archive-date= 19 October 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201019175439/https://www.academia.edu/885136/The_Inca_as_a_nonmarket_economy_Supply_on_command_versus_supply_and_demand|url-status= live}}</ref> One view of [[mercantilism]] sees it as involving planned economies.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Blaug|editor1-first= Mark |editor1-link=Mark Blaug|title=The Early mercantilists: Thomas Mun (1571–1641), Edward Misselden (1608–1634), Gerard de Malynes (1586–1623)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dua5AAAAIAAJ |series=Pioneers in economics|issue=4|publisher=E. Elgar Pub. Co.|date= 1991|page= 136|isbn= 978-1852784669 |access-date= 7 September 2018|quote=To this approach belongs at least in part an attempt to view mercantilism as ''economic dirigee'', a planned economy with national economic objectives – 'wealth', 'plenty' or simply 'welfare' within the framework of the nation and at the expense of other nations.}}</ref>

The Soviet-style planned economy in Soviet Russia evolved in the wake of a continuing existing [[World War I]] [[war economy|war-economy]] as well as other policies, known as [[war communism]] (1918–1921), shaped to the requirements of the [[Russian Civil War]] of 1917–1923. These policies began their formal consolidation under an official organ of government in 1921, when the Soviet government founded [[Gosplan]]. However, the period of the [[New Economic Policy]] ({{circa | 1921}} to {{circa | 1928}}) intervened before the planned system of regular [[Five-year plans of the Soviet Union|five-year plans]] started in 1928. [[Leon Trotsky]] was one of the earliest proponents of economic planning during the [[New Economic Policy|NEP]] period.<ref name=Twiss>{{cite book |last1=Twiss |first1=Thomas M. |title=Trotsky and the Problem of Soviet Bureaucracy |date=2014 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-9004269538 |pages=88–113 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3o2fAwAAQBAJ&dq=Trotsky+economic+planning+1923&pg=PA135 |language=en |access-date=2023-10-27 |archive-date=2023-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726215733/https://books.google.com/books?id=3o2fAwAAQBAJ&dq=Trotsky%20economic%20planning%201923&pg=PA135 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Day |first1=Richard B. |title=Leon Trotsky and the Politics of Economic Isolation |date=1973 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521524360 |page=109 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGx-pzsksksC&dq=Trotsky+economic+planning+1923&pg=PA109 |language=en |access-date=2023-10-27 |archive-date=2023-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726214400/https://books.google.com/books?id=cGx-pzsksksC&dq=Trotsky+economic+planning+1923&pg=PA109 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Deutscher |first1=Isaac |title=The prophet unarmed: Trotsky, 1921–1929 |date=1965 |publisher=New York, Vintage Books |isbn=978-0394707471 |page=468 |url=https://archive.org/details/prophetunarmed00isaa/page/468/mode/2up}}</ref> Trotsky argued that [[Economic specialization|specialization]], the concentration of [[Production (economics)|production]] and the use of planning could "raise in the near future the [[coefficient]] of [[economic growth|industrial growth]] not only two, but even three times higher than the [[Economy of the Russian Empire after the abolition of serfdom|pre-war rate]] of 6% and, perhaps, even higher".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rogovin |first1=Vadim Zakharovich |title=Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years |date=2021 |publisher=Mehring Books |isbn=978-1893638976 |pages=404–405 |language=en}}</ref> According to historian [[Sheila Fitzpatrick]], the scholarly consensus was that [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] appropriated the position of the [[Left Opposition]] on such matters as [[industrialisation]] and [[collectivisation]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fitzpatrick |first1=Sheila |title=The Old Man |journal=London Review of Books |date=22 April 2010 |volume=32 |issue=8 |url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v32/n08/sheila-fitzpatrick/the-old-man |language=en |issn=0260-9592 |access-date=3 February 2024 |archive-date=3 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203154004/https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v32/n08/sheila-fitzpatrick/the-old-man |url-status=live }}</ref>

After [[World War II]] (1939–1945) France and Great Britain practiced [[dirigisme]] – government direction of the economy through non-coercive means. The Swedish government planned public-housing models in a similar fashion as [[urban planning]] in a project called [[Million Programme]], implemented from 1965 to 1974. Some decentralized participation in economic planning occurred across Revolutionary Spain, most notably in Catalonia, during the [[Spanish Revolution of 1936]].<ref name="Wetzel">Wetzel, Tom. [http://libcom.org/files/workers-power-spanish-revolution.pdf "Workers Power and the Spanish Revolution"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107225933/https://libcom.org/files/workers-power-spanish-revolution.pdf |date=2020-11-07 }}.</ref><ref name="Dolgoff">Dolgoff, Sam, ed. (1974). ''[[The Anarchist Collectives]]'' (1st ed.). Free Life Editions. p. 114. {{ISBN|978-0914156024}}.</ref>

=== Relationship with socialism ===
[[File:Albert Einstein Head.jpg|150px|right|thumb|Albert Einstein advocated for a socialist planned economy with his 1949 article "[[Why Socialism?]]"]]

In the May 1949 issue of the ''[[Monthly Review]]'' titled "[[Why Socialism?]]", [[Albert Einstein]] wrote:<ref>Einstein, Albert (May 1949). [http://www.monthlyreview.org/598einstein.php "Why Socialism?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317032934/http://www.monthlyreview.org/598einstein.php |date=2011-03-17 }}, ''[[Monthly Review]]''.</ref>
<blockquote>I am convinced there is only one way to eliminate these grave evils, namely through the establishment of a socialist economy, accompanied by an educational system which would be oriented toward social goals. In such an economy, the means of production are owned by society itself and are utilized in a planned fashion. A planned economy, which adjusts production to the needs of the community, would distribute the work to be done among all those able to work and would guarantee a livelihood to every man, woman, and child. The education of the individual, in addition to promoting his own innate abilities, would attempt to develop in him a sense of responsibility for his fellow-men in place of the glorification of power and success in our present society.</blockquote>

While [[socialism]] is not equivalent to economic planning{{according to whom|date=March 2026}} or to the concept of a planned economy, an influential conception of socialism involves the replacement of capital markets with some form of economic planning in order to achieve ''[[ex-ante]]'' coordination of the economy. The goal of such an economic system would be to achieve conscious control over the economy by the population, specifically so that the use of the [[surplus product]] is controlled by the producers.<ref>{{cite book|last= Feinstein|first= C. H.|title= Socialism, Capitalism and Economic Growth: Essays Presented to Maurice Dobb|publisher= Cambridge University Press|year= 1975|isbn=0521290074|page= 174|quote=We have presented the view that planning and market mechanisms are instruments that can be used both in socialist and non-socialist societies. [...] It was important to explode the primitive identification of central planning and socialism and to stress the instrumental character of planning.}}</ref> The specific forms of planning proposed for socialism and their feasibility are subjects of the [[socialist calculation debate]].

=== Computational economic planning ===
{{further|Government by algorithm}}

In 1959 [[Anatoly Kitov]] proposed a distributed computing system (Project "Red Book", {{langx |ru| Красная книга}}) with a focus on the management of the Soviet economy. Opposition from the [[Ministry of Defense (Soviet Union)|Defence Ministry]] killed Kitov's plan.<ref>
{{cite book
| last1 = Kitov
| first1 = Vladimir A.
| last2 = Shilov
| first2 = Valery V.
| last3 = Silantiev
| first3 = Sergey A.
| chapter = Trente ans ou la Vie d'un scientifique
| editor1-last = Gadducci
| editor1-first = Fabio
| editor2-last = Tavosanis
| editor2-first = Mirko
| title = History and Philosophy of Computing: Third International Conference, HaPoC 2015, Pisa, Italy, October 8–11, 2015, Revised Selected Papers
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nNY0DQAAQBAJ
| series = Volume 487 of IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology
| issn =1868-4238
| date = 5 October 2016
| location = Cham, Switzerland
| publisher = Springer
| publication-date = 2016
| page = 191
| isbn = 978-3319472867
| access-date = 12 September 2021
| quote = [...] "Measures to overcome the shortcomings in the development, production and introduction of computers in the Armed Forces and national economy". Today this project is known among the specialists as the 'Red Book' project. It was the first project in the USSR, which proposed to combine all the computers in the country into a unified network of compter centers. In peacetime this network must have fulfilled both national economic and defense tasks [...].
}}
</ref>

In 1971 the socialist [[Presidency of Salvador Allende|Allende administration]] of Chile launched [[Project Cybersyn]] to install a telex machine in every corporation and organization in the economy for the communication of economic data between firms and the government. The data was also fed into a computer-simulated economy for forecasting. A control room was built for real-time observation and management of the overall economy. The prototype-stage of the project showed promise when it was used to redirect supplies around a trucker's strike,<ref name=":2">{{cite journal|author=Eden Medina|title= Designing Freedom, Regulating a Nation: Socialist Cybernetics in Allende's Chile|journal=J. Lat. Am. Stud.|number=38|pages=571–606|doi=10.1017/S0022216X06001179|year=2006|volume=38|publisher=Cambridge University Press|s2cid= 26484124}}</ref> but after CIA-backed [[Augusto Pinochet]] led a [[1973 Chilean coup d'état|coup in 1973]] that established a [[Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990)|military dictatorship]] under his rule the program was abolished and Pinochet moved Chile towards a more [[Economic liberalization|liberalized]] [[market economy]].

In their book ''[[Towards a New Socialism]]'' (1993), the computer scientist [[Paul Cockshott]] from the [[University of Glasgow]] and the economist Allin Cottrell from [[Wake Forest University]] claim to demonstrate how a democratically planned economy built on modern computer technology is possible and drives the thesis that it would be both economically more stable than the free-market economies and also morally desirable.<ref name=":1" />

=== Cybernetics ===
{{further|Cybernetics}}[[File:CyberSyn-render-106.png|right|250px|thumb|[[Project Cybersyn]] was an early form of computational [[economic planning]].]]

The use of computers to coordinate production in an optimal fashion has been variously proposed for [[socialist economies]]. The Polish economist [[Oskar Lange]] (1904–1965) argued that the computer is more efficient than the market process at solving the multitude of simultaneous equations required for allocating economic inputs efficiently (either in terms of physical quantities or monetary prices).<ref name=":3">{{cite web|url= http://www.calculemus.org/lect/L-I-MNS/12/ekon-i-modele/lange-comp-market.htm|title= The Computer and the Market|last= Lange|first= Oskar|publisher= Calculemus.org|date= 1979|access-date= 12 September 2012|archive-date= 17 April 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210417151550/https://www.calculemus.org/lect/L-I-MNS/12/ekon-i-modele/lange-comp-market.htm|url-status= live}}</ref>

In the Soviet Union, [[Anatoly Kitov]] had proposed to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union a detailed plan for the re-organization of the control of the Soviet armed forces and of the Soviet economy on the basis of a network of computing centers in 1959.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kitova|first=O|others=Translated by Alexander Nitusov|title=Kitov Anatoliy Ivanovich. Russian Virtual Computer Museum|url=https://www.computer-museum.ru/english/galglory_en/Kitov.htm|access-date=2021-10-11|website=computer-museum.ru|archive-date=2023-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204143509/https://www.computer-museum.ru/english/galglory_en/Kitov.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Kitov's proposal was rejected, as later was the 1962 [[OGAS]] economy management network project.<ref>{{Cite book |isbn = 978-0262034180|title = How Not to Network a Nation: The Uneasy History of the Soviet Internet|last1 = Peters|first1 = Benjamin|date = 25 March 2016| publisher=MIT Press }}</ref> Soviet [[cybernetician]], [[Viktor Glushkov]] argued that his OGAS information network would have delivered a fivefold [[savings|savings return]] for the [[Soviet economy]] over the first fifteen-year investment.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Peters |first1=Benjamin |title=How not to network a nation : the uneasy history of the Soviet internet |date=2016 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |isbn=978-0262034180 |pages=114}}</ref>

[[Salvador Allende]]'s socialist government pioneered the 1970 Chilean distributed [[decision support system]] [[Project Cybersyn]] in an attempt to move towards a decentralized planned economy with the [[Viable system model|experimental viable system model]] of computed organisational structure of autonomous operative units through an [[algedonic feedback]] setting and bottom-up participative decision-making in the form of [[participative democracy]] by the Cyberfolk component.<ref>
[http://www.cybersyn.cl/ingles/cybersyn/cyberfolk.html "Cyberfolk"]. Project Cybersyn. {{webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110512062330/http://www.cybersyn.cl/ingles/cybersyn/cyberfolk.html
|date=12 May 2011}}. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
</ref>

== Central planning ==
=== Advantages ===
Supporters of a planned economy argue that the government can harness [[land (economics)|land]], [[Work (human activity)|labor]], and [[capital (economics)|capital]] to serve the economic objectives of the state. Consumer demand can be restrained in favor of greater capital investment for economic development in a desired pattern. In international comparisons, supporters of a planned economy have said that state-socialist nations have compared favorably with capitalist nations in health indicators such as infant mortality and life expectancy. However, according to [[Michael Ellman]], the reality of this, at least regarding infant mortality, varies depending on whether official Soviet or [[World Health Organization|WHO]] definitions are used.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ellman|first=Michael|title=Socialist Planning|date=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1107427327|page=372|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4L2ZBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA372|quote=For the USSR, the official Soviet statistics of infant mortality give too favourable a picture. There are two reasons for this. First, the USSR used a definition of 'birth' different from the WHO one (Chapter 8, pp. 321–322). The percentage increase in the infant mortality rate caused by switching from the Soviet definition to the WHO one seems to have ranged from 13 per cent in Moldova to 40 per cent in Latvia. In Poland, which has a much larger population than the two previously mentioned countries, it was about 21 per cent. Secondly, there seems to have been significant under-registration of deaths, particularly in certain regions, such as Central Asia and Azerbaijan. Estimates of 'true' infant mortality in 1987–2000 show very high increases over the official figures in Central Asia, Azerbaijan, Albania, Romania, and Bulgaria. In Russia – which was supposed to have adopted the WHO definition of 'birth' by 1993 and where under-registration is much less than in Central Asia or Azerbaijan – in 1987–2000 the estimated increase of the official figures to measure 'true' infant mortality is 26.5 percent.|access-date=2020-11-02|archive-date=2024-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207234259/https://books.google.com/books?id=4L2ZBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA372#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

The state can begin building massive heavy industries at once in an underdeveloped economy without waiting years for capital to accumulate through the expansion of light industry and without reliance on external financing. This is what happened in the Soviet Union during the 1930s when the government forced the share of [[gross national income]] dedicated to private consumption down from 80% to 50%. As a result of this development, the Soviet Union experienced massive growth in heavy industry, with a concurrent massive contraction of its agricultural sector due to the labor shortage.<ref>{{cite book|first=Paul|last=Kennedy|title=The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers|url=https://archive.org/details/risefallofgreatp00kenn|url-access=registration|location=New York|publisher=Random House|year=1987|isbn=0394546741|pages=[https://archive.org/details/risefallofgreatp00kenn/page/322 322–323]}}</ref>

=== Disadvantages ===
==== Economic instability ====
Studies of command economies of the [[Eastern Bloc]] in the 1950s and 1960s by both American and Eastern European economists found that contrary to the expectations of both groups they showed greater fluctuations in [[Output (economics)|output]] than market economies during the same period.<ref name="Economic Reforms in Polish Industry">{{cite book|last=Zielinski|first=J.G.|title=Economic Reforms in Polish Industry|location=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1973|isbn=0192153234}}</ref>

==== Inefficient resource distribution ====
Critics of planned economies argue that planners cannot detect consumer preferences, shortages and surpluses with sufficient accuracy and therefore cannot efficiently co-ordinate production (in a [[market economy]], a [[free price system]] is intended to serve this purpose). This difficulty was notably written about by economists [[Ludwig von Mises]] and [[Friedrich Hayek]], who referred to subtly distinct aspects of the problem as the [[economic calculation problem]] and [[local knowledge problem]], respectively.<ref name="Mises">{{cite book|title=Economic calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth|access-date=8 September 2008|last=Von Mises|first=Ludwig|author-link=Ludwig von Mises|year=1990|publisher=[[Ludwig von Mises Institute]]|url=http://library.freecapitalists.org/books/Ludwig%20von%20Mises/Economic%20Calculation%20in%20the%20Socialist%20Commonwealth.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216200523/http://library.freecapitalists.org/books/Ludwig%20von%20Mises/Economic%20Calculation%20in%20the%20Socialist%20Commonwealth.pdf|archive-date=16 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="AER519-30">Hayek, Friedrich A. (1945). "[[The Use of Knowledge in Society|The Use of Knowledge]]". ''American Economic Review''. XXXV: 4. pp. 519–530.</ref> These distinct aspects were also present in the economic thought of [[Michael Polanyi]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Biro|first=Gabor|date=2022|title=From Red Spirit to Underperforming Pyramids and Coercive Institutions: Michael Polanyi Against Economic Planning," History of European Ideas, 2022.|journal=History of European Ideas|volume=48|issue=6|pages=811–847|doi=10.1080/01916599.2021.2009359|s2cid=225260656|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01916599.2021.2009359?journalCode=rhei20|access-date=2022-08-16|archive-date=2022-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816094159/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01916599.2021.2009359?journalCode=rhei20|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Whereas the former stressed the theoretical underpinnings of a market economy to [[subjective value theory]] while attacking the [[labor theory of value]], the latter argued that the only way to satisfy individuals who have a constantly changing hierarchy of needs and are the only ones to possess their particular individual's circumstances is by allowing those with the most knowledge of their needs to have it in their power to use their resources in a competing marketplace to meet the needs of the most consumers most efficiently. This phenomenon is recognized as [[spontaneous order]]. Additionally, misallocation of resources would naturally ensue by redirecting capital away from individuals with direct knowledge and circumventing it into markets where a coercive monopoly influences behavior, ignoring market signals. According to [[Tibor Machan]], "[w]ithout a market in which allocations can be made in obedience to the law of supply and demand, it is difficult or impossible to funnel resources with respect to actual human preferences and goals".<ref name="tibor2001">{{cite book|last=Machan|first=Tibor|chapter-url=http://media.hoover.org/documents/0817929428_xi.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061031225531/http://media.hoover.org/documents/0817929428_xi.pdf |archive-date=2006-10-31 |url-status=live|title=Liberty and Research and Development: Science Funding in a Free Society|chapter=Some Skeptical Reflections on Research and Development|publisher=Hoover Press|year=2002|isbn=0817929428}}</ref>

Historian [[Robert Vincent Daniels]] regarded the [[Stalinist]] period to represent an abrupt break with Lenin's government in terms of economic planning in which an deliberated, [[scientific socialism|scientific system]] of planning that featured former [[Menshevik]] [[economists]] at [[Gosplan]] had been replaced with a hasty version of planning with unrealistic targets, bureaucratic waste, [[bottleneck (production)|bottleneck]]s and [[shortages]]. Stalin's formulations of national plans in terms of physical quantity of output was also attributed by Daniels as a source for the stagnant levels of efficiency and quality.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Daniels |first1=Robert V. |title=The End of the Communist Revolution |date=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1134926077 |pages=90–92 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKeJAgAAQBAJ&dq=stalin+abortion+criminalised&pg=PA94 |language=en |access-date=2023-10-30 |archive-date=2023-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107190548/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKeJAgAAQBAJ&dq=stalin+abortion+criminalised&pg=PA94 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Suppression of economic democracy and self-management ====
{{Main|Socialist democracy}}

Economist [[Robin Hahnel]], who supports [[participatory economics]], a form of [[socialist]] decentralized planned economy, notes that even if central planning overcame its inherent inhibitions of incentives and innovation, it would nevertheless be unable to maximize economic democracy and self-management, which he believes are concepts that are more intellectually coherent, consistent and just than mainstream notions of economic freedom.<ref name="Hahnel, Robin 2002">{{cite book|last=Hahnel|first=Robin|title=The ABC's of Political Economy|location=London|publisher=Pluto Press|year=2002|isbn=0745318584|page=262}}</ref> Furthermore, Hahnel states:
<blockquote>Combined with a more democratic political system, and redone to closer approximate a best case version, centrally planned economies no doubt would have performed better. But they could never have delivered economic self-management, they would always have been slow to innovate as apathy and frustration took their inevitable toll, and they would always have been susceptible to growing inequities and inefficiencies as the effects of differential [[economic power]] grew. Under central planning neither planners, managers, nor workers had incentives to promote the social economic interest. Nor did impeding markets for final goods to the planning system enfranchise consumers in meaningful ways. But central planning would have been incompatible with economic democracy even if it had overcome its information and incentive liabilities. And the truth is that it survived as long as it did only because it was propped up by unprecedented totalitarian political power.<ref name="Hahnel, Robin 2002"/></blockquote>

===Command economy===
Planned economies contrast with command economies in that a planned economy is "an economic system in which the government controls and regulates production, distribution, prices, etc."<ref name="reference1">[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/planned%20economy "Planned economy"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228020932/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/planned%20economy |date=2007-02-28 }}. Dictionary.com. Unabridged (v. 1.1). Random House, Inc. Retrieved 11 May 2008).</ref> whereas a command economy necessarily has substantial public ownership of industry while also having this type of regulation.<ref name="autogenerated1">[http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/command%20economy "Command economy"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070124123940/http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/command%20economy |date=2007-01-24 }}. ''Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary''. Retrieved 11 May 2008.</ref> In command economies, important allocation decisions are made by government authorities and are imposed by law.<ref>{{cite book|title=Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy|last1=Rosser|first1=Mariana V.|last2=Rosser|first2=J. Barkley|date= 2003|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0262182348|page=7|quote=In a command economy the most important allocation decisions are made by government authorities and are imposed by law.}}</ref>

This is contested by some [[Marxist]]s.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Schweickart, David; Lawler, James; Ticktin, Hillel; Ollman, Bertell (1998). "Definitions of Market and Socialism". ''Market Socialism: The Debate Among Socialists''. New York: Routledge. pp. 58–59. {{ISBN|978-0415919678}}. "For an Anti-Stalinist Marxist, socialism is defined by the degree to which the society is planned. Planning here is understood as the conscious regulation of society by the associated producers themselves. Put it differently, the control over the surplus product rests with the majority of the population through a resolutely democratic process. [...] The sale of labour power is abolished and labour necessarily becomes creative. Everyone participates in running their institutions and society as a whole. No one controls anyone else."</ref> [[Decentralized planning]] has been proposed as a basis for [[socialism]] and has been variously advocated by [[anarchists]], [[council communists]], [[libertarian Marxists]] and other [[Democratic socialism|democratic]] and [[Libertarian socialism|libertarian]] socialists who advocate a non-market form of socialism, in total rejection of the type of planning adopted in the [[economy of the Soviet Union]].<ref>Schweickart, David (2007). [http://orion.it.luc.edu/~dschwei/demsoc.htm "Democratic Socialism"]. In Anderson, Gary L.; Herr, Kathryn G., eds. ''Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice''. Sage Publications. p. 448. {{ISBN|978-1452265650}}. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617235335/http://orion.it.luc.edu/~dschwei/demsoc.htm|date=17 June 2012}}. Retrieved 6 August 2020. "Virtually all socialists have distanced themselves from the economic model long synonymous with ''socialism'' (i.e., the Soviet model of a nonmarket, centrally planned economy. [...] Some have endorsed the concept of ''market socialism'', a postcapitalist economy that retains market competition but socializes the means of production and, in some versions, extends democracy to the workplace. Some hold out for a nonmarket, participatory economy. All democratic socialists agree on the need for a democratic alternative to capitalism".</ref>

Most of a command economy is organized in a top-down administrative model by a central authority, where decisions regarding investment and production output requirements are decided upon at the top in the [[command hierarchy|chain of command]], with little input from lower levels. Advocates of economic planning have sometimes been staunch critics of these command economies. [[Leon Trotsky]] believed that those at the top of the chain of command, regardless of their intellectual capacity, operated without the input and participation of the millions of people who participate in the economy and who understand/respond to local conditions and changes in the economy. Therefore, they would be unable to effectively coordinate all economic activity.<ref name=":4">{{cite book|title=Writings 1932–33|page=96|first=Leon|last=Trotsky}}</ref>

Historians have associated planned economies with [[Marxist–Leninist state]]s and the [[Soviet-type economic planning|Soviet economic model]]. Since the 1980s, it has been contested that the Soviet economic model did not actually constitute a planned economy in that a comprehensive and binding plan did not guide production and investment.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wilhelm|first=John Howard|year=1985|title=The Soviet Union Has an Administered, Not a Planned, Economy|journal=[[Europe-Asia Studies|Soviet Studies]]|volume=37|issue=1|pages=118–130|doi=10.1080/09668138508411571}}</ref> The further distinction of an [[administrative-command system]] emerged as a new designation in some academic circles for the economic system that existed in the former [[Soviet Union]] and [[Eastern Bloc]], highlighting the role of centralized hierarchical decision-making in the absence of popular control over the economy.<ref name="The Rise and Fall of Socialist Planning">{{cite book|last=Ellman|first=Michael|chapter=The Rise and Fall of Socialist Planning|title=Transition and Beyond: Essays in Honour of Mario Nuti|editor1-first= Saul|editor1-last=Estrin|editor2-first=Grzegorz W.|editor2-last=Kołodko|editor3-first=Milica|editor3-last=Uvalić|location= New York|publisher= Palgrave Macmillan|year=2007|isbn=978-0230546974|page=22|quote=Realization of these facts led in the 1970s and 1980s to the development of new terms to describe what had previously been (and still were in United Nations publications) referred to as the 'centrally planned economies'. In the USSR in the late 1980s the system was normally referred to as the 'administrative-command' economy. What was fundamental to this system was not the plan but the role of administrative hierarchies at all levels of decision making; the absence of control over decision making by the population [...].}}</ref> The possibility of a digital planned economy was explored in Chile between 1971 and 1973 with the development of [[Project Cybersyn]] and by [[Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Kharkevich]], head of the Department of Technical Physics in Kiev in 1962.<ref>[http://csef.ru/en/politica-i-geopolitica/223/mashiny-kommunizma-pochemu-v-sssr-tak-i-ne-sozdali-svoj-internet-6983 "Machine of communism. Why the USSR did not create the Internet"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308013038/http://csef.ru/en/politica-i-geopolitica/223/mashiny-kommunizma-pochemu-v-sssr-tak-i-ne-sozdali-svoj-internet-6983 |date=2022-03-08 }}.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Kharkevich|first1=Aleksandr Aleksandrovich|title=Theory of information. The identification of the images. Selected works in three volumes|volume=3|date=1973|publisher=Publishing House "Nauka" – Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Institute of information transmission problems|location=Moscow|page=524}}</ref>

While both economic planning and a planned economy can be either authoritarian or [[Economic democracy|democratic]] and [[Participatory economics|participatory]], [[democratic socialist]] critics argue that command economies under modern-day communism is highly undemocratic and totalitarian in practice.<ref>Busky, Donald F. (2000). ''Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey''. Praeger. pp. 7–8. {{ISBN|978-0275968861}}. "Sometimes simply called socialism, more often than not, the adjective ''democratic'' is added by democratic socialists to attempt to distinguish themselves from Communists who also call themselves socialists. All but communists, or more accurately, Marxist-Leninists, believe that modern-day communism is highly undemocratic and totalitarian in practice, and democratic socialists wish to emphasise by their name that they disagree strongly with the Marxist-Leninist brand of socialism."</ref><ref>Prychito, David L. (2002). ''Markets, Planning, and Democracy: Essays After the Collapse of Communism''. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 72. {{ISBN|978-1840645194}}. "It is perhaps less clearly understood that advocates of democratic socialism (who are committed to socialism in the above sense but opposed to Stalinist-style command planning) advocate a decentralized socialism, whereby the planning process itself (the integration of all productive units into one huge organisation) would follow the workers' self-management principle."</ref> [[Indicative planning]] is a form of economic planning in market economies that directs the economy through incentive-based methods. Economic planning can be practiced in a decentralized manner through different government authorities. In some predominantly market-oriented and Western mixed economies, the state utilizes economic planning in strategic industries such as the aerospace industry. Mixed economies usually employ [[macroeconomic]] planning while micro-economic affairs are left to the market and price system.

== Decentralized planning ==
[[File:Portrait of Leon Trotsky.jpg|300x300px|thumb|Leon Trotsky was among the earliest Soviet figures that supported [[economic planning]] and [[decentralization]]<ref name=Twiss/> but opposed the [[Stalinism|Stalinist]] model.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Van Ree |first1=Erik |title=Socialism in One Country: A Reassessment |journal=Studies in East European Thought |date=1998 |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=77–117 |doi=10.1023/A:1008651325136 |jstor=20099669 |s2cid=146375012 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20099669 |issn=0925-9392}}</ref>]]
A decentralized-planned economy, occasionally called horizontally planned economy due to its [[horizontalism]], is a type of planned economy in which the [[Investment (macroeconomics)|investment]] and [[Resource allocation|allocation]] of [[Consumer goods|consumer]] and [[capital goods]] is explicated accordingly to an economy-wide plan built and operatively coordinated through a distributed network of disparate economic agents or even production units itself. '''Decentralized planning''' is usually held in contrast to centralized planning, in particular the [[Soviet-type economic planning]] of the [[Soviet Union]]'s command economy, where economic information is aggregated and used to formulate a plan for production, investment and resource allocation by a single central authority. Decentralized planning can take shape both in the context of a [[mixed economy]] as well as in a [[post-capitalist]] economic system. This form of economic planning implies some process of democratic and participatory decision-making within the economy and within firms itself in the form of [[industrial democracy]]. Computer-based forms of democratic economic planning and coordination between economic enterprises have also been proposed by various [[computer scientists]] and [[radical economists]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1">Cottrell, Allin; Cockshott, W. Paul (1993). [http://ricardo.ecn.wfu.edu/~cottrell/socialism_book/index.html ''Towards a New Socialism''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627091147/http://ricardo.ecn.wfu.edu/~cottrell/socialism_book/index.html |date=2018-06-27 }}. (Nottingham, England: Spokesman. Retrieved 17 March 2012.</ref><ref name=":2" /> Proponents present decentralized and participatory economic planning as an alternative to [[market socialism]] for a post-capitalist society.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://people.umass.edu/dmkotz/What_Ec_Struc_Soc_08_03.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102115926/http://people.umass.edu/dmkotz/What_Ec_Struc_Soc_08_03.pdf |archive-date=2011-01-02 |url-status=live|title=What Economic Structure for Socialism?|last=Kotz|first=David|date=2008|access-date=12 September 2012}}</ref>

Decentralized planning has been a feature of [[Anarchist economics|anarchist]] and [[socialist economics]]. Variations of decentralized planning such as [[economic democracy]], industrial democracy and [[participatory economics]] have been promoted by various political groups, most notably [[anarchists]], [[democratic socialists]], [[guild socialists]], [[libertarian Marxists]], [[libertarian socialists]], [[revolutionary syndicalists]] and [[Trotskyists]].<ref name=":4" /> During the [[Spanish Revolution of 1936|Spanish Revolution]], some areas where anarchist and libertarian socialist influence through the [[Confederación Nacional del Trabajo|CNT]] and [[Unión General de Trabajadores|UGT]] was extensive, particularly in rural regions and parts of Catalonia, did put into practice elements of decentralized planning resembling the principles outlined by [[anarcho-syndicalist]] [[Diego Abad de Santillan]] in his book.<ref>Leval, Gaston. ''Collectives in the Spanish Revolution''. Freedom Press, 1975.</ref><ref>Souchy, Augustin. ''With the Peasants of Aragon''. Kate Sharpley Library, 1982 [orig. 1937].</ref> However, this was only partially actualized: while local collectives and federations coordinated production and distribution to a degree,<ref>Broué, Pierre and Témime, Émile. ''The Revolution and the Civil War in Spain''. MIT Press, 1972, pp. 106-120.</ref><ref>Dolgoff, Sam (ed.). ''The Anarchist Collectives: Workers’ Self-Management in the Spanish Revolution, 1936–1939''. Free Life Editions, 1974.</ref> the broader structures Santillan envisioned—such as economy-wide federations of industries, a unified council of the economy, and systematic plan–counterplan iterations—were never fully established.<ref>Abad de Santillán, Diego. ''El organismo económico de la revolución''. Ediciones Tierra y Libertad, 1936.</ref> As a result, collective planning remained fragmented and localized rather than functioning as a comprehensive, society-wide system.<ref>Mintz, Frank. ''Autogestión y anarcosindicalismo en la España revolucionaria''. La Piqueta, 1977.</ref>
=== Models ===
==== Negotiated coordination ====
Economist [[Pat Devine]] has created a model of decentralized economic planning called "negotiated coordination" which is based upon [[social ownership]] of the [[means of production]] by those affected by the use of the assets involved, with the [[Economic system|allocation]] of [[Consumer goods|consumer]] and [[capital goods]] made through a participatory form of decision-making by those at the most localized level of production.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gesd.free.fr/devine.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817044314/http://gesd.free.fr/devine.pdf |archive-date=2011-08-17 |url-status=live|title=Participatory Planning Through Negotiated Coordination|date=1 March 2002|access-date=30 October 2011}}</ref> Moreover, organizations that utilize [[modularity]] in their production processes may distribute problem solving and decision making.<ref name="Kostakis, Vasilis 2019">Kostakis, Vasilis (2019). [http://halduskultuur.eu/journal/index.php/HKAC/article/view/228/177 "How to Reap the Benefits of the 'Digital Revolution'? Modularity and the Commons"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619031646/http://halduskultuur.eu/journal/index.php/HKAC/article/view/228/177 |date=2023-06-19 }}. ''Halduskultuur: The Estonian Journal of Administrative Culture and Digital Governance''. '''20''' (1): 4–19.</ref>

==== Participatory planning ====
{{see also|Participatory economics}}
The planning structure of a decentralized planned economy is generally based on a consumers council and producer council (or jointly, a distributive cooperative) which is sometimes called a [[consumers' cooperative]]. Producers and consumers, or their representatives, negotiate the quality and quantity of what is to be produced. This structure is central to [[guild socialism]], [[participatory economics]] and the economic theories related to [[anarchism]].

=== Practice ===
==== Kerala ====
{{Main|People's Planning in Kerala}}
Some decentralized participation in economic planning has been implemented in various regions and states in [[India]], most notably in [[People's Planning in Kerala|Kerala]]. Local level planning agencies assess the needs of people who are able to give their direct input through the Gram Sabhas (village-based institutions) and the planners subsequently seek to plan accordingly.<ref>{{Cite book|title=People's Participation in Urban Governance: A Comparative Study of the Working of Wards Committees in Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra and West Bengal|last=Sivaramakrishnan|first=K.C.|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=2006|isbn=8180693260|location=New Delhi|page=140}}</ref>

==== Revolutionary Catalonia ====
{{main|Collectivist anarchism}}
{{see also|Revolutionary Catalonia}}
Some decentralized participation in economic planning has been implemented across Revolutionary Spain, most notably in Catalonia, during the [[Spanish Revolution of 1936]].<ref name="Wetzel"/><ref name="Dolgoff"/>

==== Similar concepts in practice ====
===== Community participatory planning =====
{{main|Participatory planning}}
The [[United Nations]] has developed local projects that promote participatory planning on a community level, requiring opportunities for all people to be politically involved and share in the [[community development]] process.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sanoff |first=Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=opndN6irEVsC&dq=UN+planning+community+development+participatory&pg=PA1 |title=Community Participation Methods in Design and Planning |date=1999-12-06 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0471355458 |language=en}}</ref>

== Portrayals in fiction ==
The 1888 novel ''[[Looking Backward]]'' by [[Edward Bellamy]] depicts a fictional planned economy in a United States around the year 2000 which has become a socialist utopia. Other literary portrayals of planned economies include [[Yevgeny Zamyatin]]'s [[We (novel)|''We'']] (1924).

== See also ==
{{cols|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Adhocracy]]
* [[Commanding heights of the economy]]
* [[Communist state]]
* [[Creative destruction]]
* [[Critique of political economy]]
* [[Distributed economy]]
* [[Economic equilibrium]]
* [[Economic interventionism]]
* [[Inclusive democracy]]
* [[Input–output model]]
* [[Laissez-faire]]
* [[Material balance planning]]
* [[Nationalization]]
* [[Peer-to-peer economy]]
* [[Production for use]]
* [[Public ownership]]
* [[Resource-based economy]]
* [[Social peer-to-peer processes]]
* [[Steady-state economy]]
* [[Technocracy]]
* [[Workers' self-management]]
* [[The Venus Project]]
* ''[[Why Socialism?]]'' – an article written by [[Albert Einstein]] which presented a critique of modern capitalism and advocated for a planned economy.

{{colend}}

'''Case studies (Soviet-type economies)'''
{{cols}}
* [[Analysis of Soviet-type economic planning]]
* [[Eastern Bloc economies]]
* [[Economy of Cuba]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/12/18/archives/the-cuban-economy-how-it-works-the-economy-of-cuba-how-it-works.html|title=The Cuban Economy: How It Works|last=Crittenden|first=Ann|newspaper=The New York Times|date=18 December 1977|access-date=29 June 2018|archive-date=29 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629051816/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/12/18/archives/the-cuban-economy-how-it-works-the-economy-of-cuba-how-it-works.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Economy of North Korea]]
* [[Five-year plans of the Soviet Union]]
* [[OGAS]], a plan for creating a computer network to supervise the Soviet economy
* [[Project Cybersyn]], a project for a computer network controlling the economy of Chile under [[Salvador Allende]]
{{colend}}
; Case studies (mixed-market economies)
{{cols}}
* [[Five-year plans of China]]
* [[Dirigisme]] (indicative planning in France)
* [[Five-year plans of India]]
* [[Economy of Singapore]]
* [[First Malaysia Plan]]
* [[Five-year plans of Argentina]]
* [[Five-year plans of South Korea]]
* [[The Lucas Plan]], an industrial plan which combined the theoretical understanding of [[aerospace]] designers and practice knowledge of workers to produce 150 alternative product designs.
{{colend}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
{{Library resources box}}
* Kaplan, Robert – see reference to his work on International Economics and Foreign Relations, where he addresses nature of "command economy", a Weberian term.
* Cox, Robin (2005). [https://libcom.org/files/CommonVoice3.pdf "The Economic Calculation Controversy: Unravelling of a Myth"]. ''Common Voice'' (3).
* Damier, Vadim (2012). [http://aitrus.info/node/2595 "The Economy of Freedom"].
* Devine, Pat (2010). ''Democracy and Economic Planning''. Polity. {{ISBN|978-0745634791}}.
* [[Michael Ellman|Ellman, Michael]] (2014). [http://www.cambridge.org/US/academic/subjects/economics/economics-general-interest/socialist-planning-3rd-edition ''Socialist Planning''] (3rd ed.). [[Cambridge University Press]]. {{ISBN|1107427320}}.
* Grossman, Gregory (1987): "Command economy". ''[[The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics]]''. '''1'''. pp. 494–495.
* Landauer, Carl (1947). ''Theory of National Economic Planning'' (2nd ed.). Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press.
* Mandel, Ernest (1986). ''In Defence of Socialist Planning''. ''New Left Review'' (159).
* {{citation|last1=Myant|first1=Martin|last2=Drahokoupil|first2=Jan|title=Transition Economies: Political Economy in Russia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2010|isbn=978-0470596197}}.
* [[Alec Nove|Nove, Alec]] (1987). "Planned economy". ''The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics''. '''3'''. pp. 879–885.

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote|Planned Economy}}
* [https://www.worldsocialism.org/spgb/socialist-standard/2003/2000s/no-1188-august-2003/myth-permanent-arms-economy/ "The Myth of the Permanent Arms Economy"]
* [http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/stalinmodel.htm "The Stalin Model for the Control and Coordination of Enterprises in a Socialist Economy"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126184403/http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/stalinmodel.htm |date=2021-01-26 }}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Planned economy}}
[[Category:Anarcho-communism]]
[[Category:Anarcho-syndicalism]]
[[Category:Communism]]
[[Category:Economic ideologies]]
[[Category:Economic planning]]
[[Category:Economic systems]]
[[Category:Former communist economies]]
[[Category:Marxism]]
[[Category:Marxism–Leninism]]
[[Category:Schools of economic thought]]
[[Category:Socialism]]
[[Category:Socialist calculation]]
[[Category:Syndicalism]]

Ayalaan

2026-03-11T07:59:04Z

Rxsolution:

{{Short description|2024 Indian film by R. Ravikumar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Ayalaan poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[R. Ravikumar]]
| writer = R. Ravikumar Karundhel Rajesh Rajan Rajamandhalan
| producer = Kotapadi J Rajesh
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Sivakarthikeyan]]
* [[Rakul Preet Singh]]
* [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]]
* [[Sharad Kelkar]]
* [[Isha Koppikar]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Nirav Shah]]
| editing = [[Ruben (film editor)|Ruben]]
| music = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| studio = {{ubl|KJR Studios|Phantom FX Studios}}
| distributor = KJR Studios
| released = {{film date|2024|1|12|df=y}}
| runtime = 155 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ayalaan |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/ayalaan-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde4njgw |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240110131220/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/ayalaan-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde4njgw |archive-date=10 January 2024 |access-date=10 January 2024 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Ayalaan''''' ({{IPAc-en|ə|j|ə|l|ɑː|n}} {{Translation|Alien}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[science fiction film|science fiction]] [[action comedy film]] directed by [[R. Ravikumar]] and produced by KJR Studios. The film stars [[Sivakarthikeyan]] and [[Rakul Preet Singh]] in the lead roles, alongside [[Sharad Kelkar]], [[Isha Koppikar]], [[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]], [[Yogi Babu]], David Broughton-Davies, [[Bhanupriya]] and [[Bala Saravanan]], with [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]] voicing the titular role. It follows a man who teams up with an alien to stop a rogue scientist from making a deadly Nova gas which would endanger the Earth.

The film was announced by 24AM Studios in October 2016, but the studio backed out before KJR Studios took over, and [[principal photography]] commenced in June 2018. The film was predominantly shot in [[Chennai]], and [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] by early-January 2021 after delays due to financial issues, work conflicts and the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], while [[Pick-up (filmmaking)|additional photography]] took place in November 2022. The film has music composed by [[A. R. Rahman]], cinematography by [[Nirav Shah]] and editing by [[Ruben (film editor)|Ruben]].

''Ayalaan'' was released theatrically on 12 January 2024, during the week of [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]], and received mixed reviews from critics. A sequel was announced shortly after its release.

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=September 2024}}
Tamizh, a happy-go-lucky man from [[Poombarai]], is very concerned about taking care of nature. His mother sends him to [[Chennai]] to get another job. There, he befriends Sugirtharaja who is the head of a surprise party agency and joins the agency. He soon falls in love Tara, a young woman after being misinformed by Sugirtharaja.

At a function, Tamizh meets Tattoo, an alien sent to Earth by his leaders to retrieve Sparc, a mysterious element, before humans misuse it. Although initially scared, they form a bond and he introduces Tattoo to his friends.

Meanwhile, a ruthless scientist named Aryan is shown to be hunting for Sparc after losing possession of it. Tamizh and Tattoo retrieve Sparc from a girl who found it. Aryan tracks them down but to no avail. However, Aryan has Tattoo's spaceship after finding it in the beginning of the film after an encounter with Tattoo.

Tattoo decides to return to his planet. Tamizh decides to help him get his spaceship. However, as Tattoo leaves, Tamizh is stabbed by Eliza, Aryan's assistant. Tattoo sees this and returns to save Tamizh with his powers, causing Tamizh to have the same powers. Eliza knocks Tattoo out and kidnaps him and gets Sparc. Tamizh and his friends are unaware of this as Tamizh thought Tattoo had left. What happens next forms the crux of the story.

== Cast ==
''Adapted from the closing credits'':<ref name="movie">{{Cite AV media |title=Ayalaan |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=KJR Studios |year=2024 |time-caption=Closing credits, from |via=[[Sun NXT]]}}</ref>{{rp|2:30:23}}

{{Cast listing|
*[[Sivakarthikeyan]] as Tamizh{{efn|Erroneously listed in the credits as "Shiva".}}
*[[Rakul Preet Singh]] as Tara
*[[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]] as the voice of Tattoo
**Venkatesh Senguttuvan portrays the character via [[motion capture]]
*[[Sharad Kelkar]] as Aryan
*[[Isha Koppikar]] as Eliza{{efn|Despite the character being unnamed in the narrative, the actress revealed her name is Eliza before the film's release.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=11 February 2020 |title=Isha Koppikar on making a comeback in Sivakarthikeyan's 'Ayalaan' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/on-the-comeback-trail/article30789562.ece |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112145113/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/on-the-comeback-trail/article30789562.ece |archive-date=12 January 2024 |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>}}
*[[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]] as Sugirtharaja
*[[Yogi Babu]] as Tyson
*Kothandam as Tamizh's mute roommate
*[[Bala Saravanan]] as Tamizh's friend{{efn|Despite being unnamed in the narrative, he is listed in the credits as "Bala".}}
*[[Bhanupriya]] as Tamizh's mother
*David Broughton-Davies as Dexter Williams
*[[Rahul Madhav]] as Aryan's henchman
*[[Ujjwal Chopra]] as a scientist at Aryan Industries
*Alice as the cancer affected girl
*[[Semmalar Annam]] as the cancer affected girl's mother
*[[Sijoy Varghese]] as Arjun{{efn|Despite being called "Arjun", he is listed in the credits as "Honest investor".}}
*[[George Maryan]] as the fake money lender
*[[Munishkanth]] as the police inspector
}}
[[R. Ravikumar]] and [[Darshan (Tamil actor)|Darshan]], uncredited, appear in the song "Ayalaa Ayalaa" as train passengers.<ref name="movie" />{{rp|1:02:55}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===

24AM Studios, the production company founded by [[R. D. Raja]], former manager of [[Sivakarthikeyan]] had produced three films starring the latter—''[[Remo (film)|Remo]]'' (2016), ''[[Velaikkaran (2017 film)|Velaikkaran]]'' (2017) and ''[[Seemaraja]]'' (2018). On 16 October 2016, the company announced their fourth project with Sivakarthikeyan, that would be directed by [[R. Ravikumar]], in his second directorial after ''[[Indru Netru Naalai]]'' (2015).<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2016 |title=Project with Ravi Kumar will be very ambitious, says Sivakarthikeyan |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-briefs/project-with-ravi-kumar-will-be-very-ambitious-says-sivakarthikeyan-3085889/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207133707/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-briefs/project-with-ravi-kumar-will-be-very-ambitious-says-sivakarthikeyan-3085889/ |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Describing it as an ambitious project, Sivakarthikeyan said that the film would be made on a bigger scale, which allows more time for pre-production works before the film goes on floors.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 October 2016 |title=Project with Ravi Kumar will be very ambitious: Sivakarthikeyan |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/project-with-ravi-kumar-will-be-very-ambitious-sivakarthikeyan-116101600203_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018092201/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/project-with-ravi-kumar-will-be-very-ambitious-sivakarthikeyan-116101600203_1.html |archive-date=18 October 2016 |access-date=3 February 2021 |work=[[Business Standard]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref> Ravikumar then fine-tuned the script, while Sivakarthikeyan went on star in ''Velaikkaran'' and ''Seemaraja''.<ref name=":0" />

In December 2017, prior to the release of ''Velaikkaran'', Sivakarthikeyan reiterated on Ravikumar's project with the script being drafted and also clarified that the production team planning to collaborate with top technicians for the project, which would begin after his commitments on ''Seemaraja''.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2018 |title=Sivakarthikeyan's next is a Sci-fi with KS Ravikumar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyans-next-is-a-sci-fi-with-ks-ravikumar/articleshow/62474572.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724215807/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyans-next-is-a-sci-fi-with-ks-ravikumar/articleshow/62474572.cms |archive-date=24 July 2018 |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> On 15 January 2018, the film was officially announced by 24AM Studios under the tentative title, ''SK14'' (referring to the actor's 14th film)<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2018 |title=Sivakarthikeyan to do a science fiction film next |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sivakarthikeyan-do-science-fiction-film-next-74773 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420210454/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sivakarthikeyan-do-science-fiction-film-next-74773 |archive-date=20 April 2021 |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> and [[A. R. Rahman]] was brought on board to compose music for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2018 |title=AR Rahman to score music for Sivakarthikeyan's next |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/ar-rahman-to-score-music-for-sivakarthikeyan-s-next/story-TWKU8nenyzcbiSo2PuvRPN.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208065933/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/ar-rahman-to-score-music-for-sivakarthikeyan-s-next/story-TWKU8nenyzcbiSo2PuvRPN.html |archive-date=8 February 2021 |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2018 |title=AR Rahman to compose music for Ravikumar's upcoming sci-fi entertainer starring Sivakarthikeyan |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ar-rahman-to-compose-music-for-ravikumars-upcoming-sci-fi-entertainer-starring-sivakarthikeyan-4304659.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207002743/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ar-rahman-to-compose-music-for-ravikumars-upcoming-sci-fi-entertainer-starring-sivakarthikeyan-4304659.html |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> The following month, [[Nirav Shah]] joined the film as the cinematographer;<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2018 |title=Nirav Shah on board for Sivakarthikeyan's next? |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/feb/28/nirav-shah-on-board-for-sivakarthikeyans-next-4797.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120044349/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/feb/28/nirav-shah-on-board-for-sivakarthikeyans-next-4797.html |archive-date=20 January 2021 |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2018 |title=Nirav Shah to crank camera for Sivakarthikeyan's sci-fi film |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/nirav-shah-to-crank-camera-for-sivakarthikeyan's-sci-fi-film-news-tamil-sdfk5Icjadhif.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208195755/https://www.sify.com/movies/nirav-shah-to-crank-camera-for-sivakarthikeyan%E2%80%99s-sci-fi-film-news-tamil-sdfk5Icjadhif.html |archive-date=8 February 2021 |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> further technicians were announced with editor [[Leo John Paul]], art director [[T. Muthuraj]], stunt choreographer duo [[Anbariv]], costume designer Pallavi Singh being brought on board.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} John Paul was later replaced by [[Ruben (film editor)|Ruben]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 January 2022 |title=Sivakarthikeyan's Ayalaan will live {{sic|nolink=y|up to}} Hollywood standards, says editor Ruben |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyans-ayalaan-will-live-upto-hollywood-standards-says-editor-ruben/articleshow/89093638.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118045106/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyans-ayalaan-will-live-upto-hollywood-standards-says-editor-ruben/articleshow/89093638.cms |archive-date=18 January 2024 |access-date=18 January 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

In mid-July 2019, Raja and 24AM Studios decided to back out producing the film due to financial constraints and Sivakarthikeyan himself decided to produce it under his own banner Sivakarthikeyan Productions.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> However, when the project was revived in November, KJR Studios had decided to cash in the shares of Raja's productions including this project.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=7 February 2020 |title=Ayalaan revived |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/070220/ayalaan-revived.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207045745/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/070220/ayalaan-revived.html |archive-date=7 February 2020 |access-date=9 February 2020 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2019 |title=Sivakarthikeyan's long-pending sci-fi film gets a new producer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyans-long-pending-sci-fi-film-gets-a-new-producer/articleshow/72008972.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221210232/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyans-long-pending-sci-fi-film-gets-a-new-producer/articleshow/72008972.cms |archive-date=21 February 2021 |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The makers announced the film's title as ''Ayalaan'' on 3 February 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 February 2020 |title=Sivakarthikeyan's 'SK 14' titled 'Ayalaan' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sivakarthikeyans-sk-14-titled-ayalaan/article30727049.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301075303/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sivakarthikeyans-sk-14-titled-ayalaan/article30727049.ece |archive-date=1 March 2020 |access-date=3 February 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Karthik |date=4 February 2020 |title=Sivakarthikeyan's sci-fi film with Ravikumar titled Ayalaan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/sivakarthikeyan-s-sci-fi-film-with-ravikumar-titled-ayalaan/story-7NUF9JzxEl4VResF03EY3H.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200209094622/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/sivakarthikeyan-s-sci-fi-film-with-ravikumar-titled-ayalaan/story-7NUF9JzxEl4VResF03EY3H.html |archive-date=9 February 2020 |access-date=9 February 2020 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
[[Rakul Preet Singh]] was cast as the female lead in February 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2018 |title=Rakul Preet Singh may team up with Sivakarthikeyan for Ravi Kumar's film |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rakul-preet-singh-may-team-sivakarthikeyan-ravi-kumar-s-film-76673 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304200131/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rakul-preet-singh-may-team-sivakarthikeyan-ravi-kumar-s-film-76673 |archive-date=4 March 2021 |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lakshmi |first=V |date=17 February 2018 |title=Rakul Preet joins Sivakarthikeyan's sci-fi film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rakul-preet-joins-sivakarthikeyans-sci-fi-film/articleshow/62948540.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208201238/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rakul-preet-joins-sivakarthikeyans-sci-fi-film/articleshow/62948540.cms |archive-date=8 February 2021 |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> That April, [[Yogi Babu]] and [[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]] were reported to be a part of the cast.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2018 |title=Yogi Babu to play a comedian in Sivakarthikeyan's sci-fi film? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yogi-babu-to-play-a-comedian-in-sivakarthikeyans-scifi-film/articleshow/63811165.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208030103/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yogi-babu-to-play-a-comedian-in-sivakarthikeyans-scifi-film/articleshow/63811165.cms |archive-date=8 February 2021 |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2018 |title=Karunakaran lands a role in Sivakarthikeyan's next |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karunakaran-lands-a-role-in-sivakarthikeyans-next/articleshow/63582920.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014062307/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karunakaran-lands-a-role-in-sivakarthikeyans-next/articleshow/63582920.cms |archive-date=14 October 2022 |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> On 27 June 2018, coinciding with the film's launch, [[Bhanupriya]], Kothandam and [[Bala Saravanan]] were present at the ceremony, actively confirming their inclusions in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2020 |title=Sivakarthikeyan and director Ravikumar's sci-fi film gets a catchy title |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyan-and-director-ravikumars-sci-fi-film-gets-a-catchy-title/articleshow/73905307.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022014122/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyan-and-director-ravikumars-sci-fi-film-gets-a-catchy-title/articleshow/73905307.cms |archive-date=22 October 2020 |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In July 2018, [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]] actress [[Isha Koppikar]] was cast, marking her return to Tamil cinema after ''[[Narasimha (2001 film)|Narasimha]]'' (2001).<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2019 |title=Isha Koppikar returns to Tamil cinema with Sivakarthikeyan's film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/isha-koppikar-returns-to-tamil-cinema-with-sivakarthikeyan-film-5634256/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320122854/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/isha-koppikar-returns-to-tamil-cinema-with-sivakarthikeyan-film-5634256/ |archive-date=20 March 2019 |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2018 |title=Isha Koppikar joins the sets of Sivakarthikeyan's 'SK14' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/isha-koppikar-joins-the-sets-of-sivakarthikeyans-sk14/articleshow/64974786.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004151931/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/isha-koppikar-joins-the-sets-of-sivakarthikeyans-sk14/articleshow/64974786.cms |archive-date=4 October 2018 |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> She described her character Eliza as a [[femme fatale]] and assassin, inspired by the ''[[Tomb Raider]]'' character [[Lara Croft]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=10 February 2020 |title=As a woman, I'm proud that even at 40, I have a career: Isha Koppikar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/as-a-woman-im-proud-that-even-at-40-i-have-a-career-isha-koppikar/articleshow/74045233.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231006114140/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/as-a-woman-im-proud-that-even-at-40-i-have-a-career-isha-koppikar/articleshow/74045233.cms |archive-date=6 October 2023 |access-date=6 October 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In August 2018, [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] actor [[Sharad Kelkar]] was cast as the main antagonist, making his Tamil debut.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2018 |title=Sharad Kelkar joins Sivakarthikeyan's sci-fi film |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/aug/13/sharad-kelkar-joins-sivakarthikeyans-sci-fi-film-7410.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929070201/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/aug/13/sharad-kelkar-joins-sivakarthikeyans-sci-fi-film-7410.html |archive-date=29 September 2023 |access-date=29 September 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2018 |title=Sharad Kelkar lands a role in Sivakarthikeyan's next |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sharad-kelkar-lands-a-role-in-sivakarthikeyans-next/articleshow/65384668.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331091039/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sharad-kelkar-lands-a-role-in-sivakarthikeyans-next/articleshow/65384668.cms |archive-date=31 March 2022 |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> He described his character as someone who is "hungry for power and new technology". Though Kelkar did not know Tamil, he would fluently communicate with Ravikumar during production as he felt that "cinema doesn't have any language".<ref name="different pattern" /> Welsh actor David Broughton-Davies portrays Dexter Williams, an American [[Ufology|Ufologist]]. He spoke his dialogues in English and they were dubbed in Tamil.<ref name="Critic's Notebook" />

Venkatesh Senguttuvan was cast as the stand-in for the alien, performed through motion capture. He signed the project first even before he went on to debut in ''[[Mathimaran]]'' (2023), released during the film's delay. Speaking to ''[[The New Indian Express]]'', he said he used to wear a blue-coloured suit embedded with multiple sensors to capture his movements, while the facial expressions being captured by another person. It took the film team five takes to shoot each movement with and without him.<ref name=":8" /> In November 2023, [[Vadivelu]] was considered to voice the alien before [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]] was finalised by the producers in December 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kosalairaman |first=Muthu Vinayagam |title=Sivkarthikeyan: முதல் முறையாக இணையும் சிவகார்த்திகேயன் - வடிவேலு காம்போ? முழு விவரம் இதோ |url=https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/sivkarthikeyan-and-vadivelu-collabrating-first-time-for-ayalaan-movie-know-full-details-here-131699452493178.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124103854/https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/sivkarthikeyan-and-vadivelu-collabrating-first-time-for-ayalaan-movie-know-full-details-here-131699452493178.html |archive-date=24 January 2024 |access-date=24 January 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=Ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2023 |title=Siddharth to voice act as & in Sivakarthikeyan's 'Ayalaan' |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/siddharth-to-voice-act-as-in-sivakarthikeyans-ayalaan-754157 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213062436/https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/siddharth-to-voice-act-as-in-sivakarthikeyans-ayalaan-754157 |archive-date=13 December 2023 |access-date=13 December 2023 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref> Siddharth charged no fee for his work.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 December 2023 |title=Siddharth lends voice to alien in Sivakarthikeyan's Ayalaan for free |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/siddharth-lends-voice-to-alien-in-sivakarthikeyans-ayalaan-for-free-9084663/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109090804/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/siddharth-lends-voice-to-alien-in-sivakarthikeyans-ayalaan-for-free-9084663/ |archive-date=9 January 2024 |access-date=15 January 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Sivakarthikeyan had previously dubbed for Siddharth in ''Sridhar'', the Tamil dubbed version of ''[[Oh My Friend]]'' (2011).<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1734923702230245769 |user=SSMusicTweet |title=Life is Complete Circle 🔃. |author=SS Music |author-link=SS Music |date=13 December 2023 |access-date=4 February 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250809094819/https://x.com/SSMusicTweet/status/1734923702230245769 |archive-date=9 August 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] began on 27 June 2018, preceded by a launch event in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2018 |title=SK14: Sivakarthikeyan kicks off his next with Ravikumar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/sivakarthikeyan-ravikumar-sk14-5236002/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930214626/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/sivakarthikeyan-ravikumar-sk14-5236002/ |archive-date=30 September 2018 |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Thereafter, the film's team headed to Gokulam Studios for a brief schedule.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=27 June 2018 |title=Photo: Sivakarthikeyan's next with Ravikumar goes on the floors |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/photo-sivakarthikeyans-next-with-ravikumar-goes-on-the-floors/articleshow/64759200.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331090916/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/photo-sivakarthikeyans-next-with-ravikumar-goes-on-the-floors/articleshow/64759200.cms |archive-date=31 March 2022 |access-date=3 February 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Nirav Shah used the [[Arri Alexa|Alexa LF]] camera, making ''Ayalaan'' the first Indian film to be shot using this camera.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2018 |title=Sivakarthikeyan's sci-fi film to be shot with the latest in camera technology |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/jul/03/sivakarthikeyans-sci-fi-film-to-be-shot-with-the-latest-in-camera-technology-6791.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207225353/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/jul/03/sivakarthikeyans-sci-fi-film-to-be-shot-with-the-latest-in-camera-technology-6791.html |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> Major portions of the film were shot in Chennai and has been shot at regular intervals, which delayed due to Sivakarthikeyan's commitments in other projects.<ref name=":4" /> On 18 February 2019, Sivakarthikeyan confirmed that filming had been resumed in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2019 |title=Sivakarthikeyan resumes shoot of science-fiction film with Ravikumar. See pic |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/sivakarthikeyan-resumes-shoot-of-science-fiction-film-with-ravikumar-see-pic/story-9qDRqymbcPjAtfR1MMVU0M.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205014157/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/sivakarthikeyan-resumes-shoot-of-science-fiction-film-with-ravikumar-see-pic/story-9qDRqymbcPjAtfR1MMVU0M.html |archive-date=5 February 2021 |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> However, his involvement in the production of ''[[Mr. Local]]'', ''[[Namma Veettu Pillai]]'' and ''[[Hero (2019 Tamil film)|Hero]]'' delayed the project further.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CR |first=Sharanya |date=22 March 2019 |title=That's five back-to-back films for Sivakarthikeyan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thats-five-back-to-back-films-for-sivakarthikeyan/articleshow/68510887.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328235701/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thats-five-back-to-back-films-for-sivakarthikeyan/articleshow/68510887.cms |archive-date=28 March 2019 |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Adding to these were the financial issues surrounding Raja's production house, 24AM Studios, which led him backing out of the project, and Sivakarthikeyan himself offered to lend financial support for the film before KJR Studios took over.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

The project was later revamped on 20 September 2019, after Sivakarthikeyan sorted out the financial issues surrounding between the producers and the financiers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=21 September 2019 |title=Siva Karthikeyan's SK14 to be revamped soon |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/210919/siva-karthikeyans-sk14-to-be-revamped-soon.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106022834/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/210919/siva-karthikeyans-sk14-to-be-revamped-soon.html |archive-date=6 November 2019 |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2019 |title=Sivakarthikeyan to join the sets of Indru Netru Naalai director's next, in November? |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/sep/20/sivakarthikeyan-to-join-the-sets-of-indru-netru-naalai-directors-next-in-november-14419.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127041201/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/sep/20/sivakarthikeyan-to-join-the-sets-of-indru-netru-naalai-directors-next-in-november-14419.html |archive-date=27 January 2021 |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> He further decided to forgo his remuneration to complete the film's shoot.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2019 |title=Sivakarthikeyan to forego remuneration for Ravikumar's sci-fi film |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/sivakarthikeyan-to-forego-remuneration-for-ravikumar-s-sci-fi-film/story-mNiB1El2n2daHSfpPI1QKO.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205014141/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/sivakarthikeyan-to-forego-remuneration-for-ravikumar-s-sci-fi-film/story-mNiB1El2n2daHSfpPI1QKO.html |archive-date=5 February 2021 |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Ravikumar too opted against accepting remuneration due to the film's financial troubles.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 December 2023 |title=Director Ravikumar didn't take a salary for 'Ayalaan' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/director-ravikumar-didnt-take-a-salary-for-ayalaan/articleshow/106416223.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101053311/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/director-ravikumar-didnt-take-a-salary-for-ayalaan/articleshow/106416223.cms |archive-date=1 January 2024 |access-date=25 January 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> By November, 75% of the shooting had been completed and the remaining portions would be shot within 25–30 days.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2019 |title=Sivakarthikeyan on Ravikumar's sci-fi film: Willing to give up my salary for this |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/sivakarthikeyan-on-ravikumar-s-sci-fi-film-willing-to-give-up-my-salary-for-this-1623379-2019-11-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208005826/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/sivakarthikeyan-on-ravikumar-s-sci-fi-film-willing-to-give-up-my-salary-for-this-1623379-2019-11-28 |archive-date=8 February 2021 |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> The shooting resumed on 29 January 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2020 |title=Sivakarthikeyan resumes shooting for his sci-fi film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyan-resumes-shooting-for-his-sci-fi-film/articleshow/73727537.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710111739/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyan-resumes-shooting-for-his-sci-fi-film/articleshow/73727537.cms |archive-date=10 July 2021 |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2020 |title=Sivakarthikeyan and director Ravikumar resume SK 14 shoot |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/jan/28/sivakarthikeyan-and-director-ravikumar-resume-sk-14-shoot-16760.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918095805/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/jan/28/sivakarthikeyan-and-director-ravikumar-resume-sk-14-shoot-16760.html |archive-date=18 September 2020 |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> On 9 February 2020, a report claimed that the film's team worked for 15 hours to shoot the climax sequence.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2020 |title=Sivakarthikeyan and 'Ayalaan' team, work for 15 hours straight to shoot film's climax scene |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyan-and-ayalaan-team-work-for-15-hours-straight-to-shoot-films-climax-scene/articleshow/74044505.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331090925/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyan-and-ayalaan-team-work-for-15-hours-straight-to-shoot-films-climax-scene/articleshow/74044505.cms |archive-date=31 March 2022 |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Filming was further affected due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2020 |title=Official update on Sivakarthikeyan's 'Doctor' and 'Ayalaan' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/official-update-on-sivakarthikeyans-doctor-and-ayalaan/articleshow/76063744.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122004024/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/official-update-on-sivakarthikeyans-doctor-and-ayalaan/articleshow/76063744.cms |archive-date=22 January 2021 |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In July 2020, the makers reported that Sivakarthikeyan will join the shooting after wrapping his commitments with ''[[Doctor (2021 film)|Doctor]]'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2020 |title=Sivakarthikeyan to start shooting for 'Ayalaan' only after completing 'Doctor'? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyan-to-start-shooting-for-ayalaan-only-after-completing-doctor/articleshow/77241946.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010014125/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyan-to-start-shooting-for-ayalaan-only-after-completing-doctor/articleshow/77241946.cms |archive-date=10 October 2020 |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Later, the final schedule was commenced on 26 November 2020, with minimal crew, adhering to the guidelines imposed by the government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2020 |title=Sivakarthikeyan, Rakul Preet Singh begin final schedule of Ayalaan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyan-rakul-preet-singh-begin-final-schedule-of-ayalaan/articleshow/79428938.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119153603/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyan-rakul-preet-singh-begin-final-schedule-of-ayalaan/articleshow/79428938.cms |archive-date=19 January 2021 |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A special team was designated, to observe the crew, including the director and the actor abiding to COVID-19 protocols.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=27 November 2020 |title=Sivakarthikeyan and Rakul Preet resume Ayalaan final schedule. See BTS pic |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/sivakarthikeyan-and-rakul-preet-resume-ayalaan-final-schedule-see-bts-pic-1744611-2020-11-27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127084157/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/sivakarthikeyan-and-rakul-preet-resume-ayalaan-final-schedule-see-bts-pic-1744611-2020-11-27 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Koppikar and Kelkar arrived in Chennai, to join the film's shoot, which went on for two months.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 2020 |title=Sivakarthikeyan to complete Ayalaan shooting by January 2021 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyan-to-complete-ayalaan-shooting-by-january-2021/articleshow/79751496.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122004013/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyan-to-complete-ayalaan-shooting-by-january-2021/articleshow/79751496.cms |archive-date=22 January 2021 |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2020 |title=Isha and Sharad in Chennai for the final schedule of Sivakarthikeyan's Ayalaan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/isha-and-sharad-in-chennai-for-the-final-schedule-of-sivakarthikeyans-ayalaan/articleshow/79606184.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107060817/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/isha-and-sharad-in-chennai-for-the-final-schedule-of-sivakarthikeyans-ayalaan/articleshow/79606184.cms |archive-date=7 January 2021 |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A song sequence was shot within 10 days in Chennai during January 2021, that featured 600 dancers in background.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2021 |title=Rakul Preet to wrap up Ayalaan shooting in 3 days |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rakul-preet-to-wrap-up-ayalaan-shooting-in-3-days/articleshow/80341898.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122004016/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rakul-preet-to-wrap-up-ayalaan-shooting-in-3-days/articleshow/80341898.cms |archive-date=22 January 2021 |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2021 |title=Sivakarthikeyan's Ayalaan shooting to be completed in 10 days |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyans-ayalaan-shooting-to-be-completed-in-10-days/articleshow/80333512.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122004009/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyans-ayalaan-shooting-to-be-completed-in-10-days/articleshow/80333512.cms |archive-date=22 January 2021 |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> On 24 January 2021, the makers announced that principal photography has [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2021 |title=Shoot of Sivakarthikeyan's Ayalaan wrapped up |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shoot-of-sivakarthikeyans-ayalaan-wrapped-up/articleshow/80437988.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126075515/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shoot-of-sivakarthikeyans-ayalaan-wrapped-up/articleshow/80437988.cms |archive-date=26 January 2021 |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The team then returned for [[Pick-up (filmmaking)|additional photography]] which took place in November 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=பாரதிராஜா |first=மை. |date=24 November 2022 |title=Ayalaan: மீண்டும் வேகமெடுக்கும் 'அயலான்' படப்பிடிப்பு; மகிழ்ச்சியில் சிவகார்த்திகேயன்! |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/updated-news-about-ayalaan-movie-shooting |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221124130048/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/updated-news-about-ayalaan-movie-shooting |archive-date=24 November 2022 |access-date=25 November 2022 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2022 |title=Sivakarthikeyan's 'Ayalaan' team shoots a major left-out portion in Chennai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/tamil/sivakarthikeyans-ayalaan-team-shoots-a-major-left-out-portion-in-chennai/videoshow/95763778.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413004854/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/tamil/sivakarthikeyans-ayalaan-team-shoots-a-major-left-out-portion-in-chennai/videoshow/95763778.cms |archive-date=13 April 2023 |access-date=30 April 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Design ===
Bejoy Arputharaj, the CEO of Phantom FX which handled the film's visual effects and whom served as the [[Visual effects supervisor|supervisor]] worked with Ravikumar on conceptualising the design for the alien character. Ravikumar sketched the initial design of the alien for the past seven years, and wanted it to be a prominent figure appearing throughout the film, as well as portray various emotions and reactions. Ravikumar and Bejoy also ensured that the alien should be liked by children as well. Hence, they showcased the initial designs of the alien character to children for look tests and they finalised the design after their approval.<ref name=":10" />

A puppet resembling the alien was procured from the United States to ensure precision in lighting and details by cinematographer Nirav Shah's team, that costed around {{INR|2}} crores.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 April 2023 |title=Alien puppet in Sivakarthikeyan's sci-fi film cost Rs 2cr to make! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/alien-puppet-in-sivakarthikeyans-sci-fi-film-cost-rs-2cr-to-make/articleshow/99749582.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528193100/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/alien-puppet-in-sivakarthikeyans-sci-fi-film-cost-rs-2cr-to-make/articleshow/99749582.cms |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=10 January 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name=":8" /> However, due to the delay in obtaining the model from there, they decided to develop an indigenous puppet resembling the alien by art director Muthuraj, during production. The team then captured the movements of the alien through [[motion capture]] performance with Venkatesh as the stand-in, and then combine it using visual effects. During pre-production in 2017, the motion capture technology costed around {{INR|80}} lakhs, they went ahead with a motion capture suit of {{INR|20}} lakhs due to budget constraints.<ref name=":10" /> But during the period of delay, they bought an advanced motion capture suit at a low price, while also performing facial capture for the alien which helped them provide a better quality.<ref name=":10" />

=== Post-production ===
The film's post-production involved extended visual effects. In January 2021, it was reported that the makers needed more than 10 months to complete the visual effects, which cost over {{INRConvert|40|c|year=2021}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2021 |title=Sivakarthikeyan's 'Ayalaan' needs 10 more months to wrap up the film graphic; read details |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyans-ayalaan-needs-10-more-months-to-wrap-up-the-film-graphic-read-details/articleshow/80402543.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208180115/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyans-ayalaan-needs-10-more-months-to-wrap-up-the-film-graphic-read-details/articleshow/80402543.cms |archive-date=8 February 2021 |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The team further brought in several technicians from Hollywood for the computer graphics and [[digital intermediate]] works.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 December 2022 |title='Avatar' technicians join Sivakarthikeyan's 'Ayalaan' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/avatar-technicians-join-sivakarthikeyans-ayalaan/articleshow/96317882.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223000055/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/avatar-technicians-join-sivakarthikeyans-ayalaan/articleshow/96317882.cms |archive-date=23 December 2022 |access-date=10 January 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The dubbing for the film began in February 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 February 2021 |title=Sivakarthikeyan's Ayalaan dubbing starts today with an auspicious pooja |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyans-ayalaan-dubbing-starts-today-with-an-auspicious-pooja/articleshow/81187096.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110183050/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyans-ayalaan-dubbing-starts-today-with-an-auspicious-pooja/articleshow/81187096.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=10 January 2024 |access-date=10 January 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Besides providing visual effects, Phantom FX also co-produced the film through Phantom FX Studios, which would mark their first production.<ref name=":10" /> The film has over 4500 visual effects shots, claimed to be the most for an Indian film to that point.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2023 |title=Update on Sivakarthikeyan's Ayalaan to be out on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/apr/23/update-on-sivakarthikeyans-ayalaan-to-be-out-on-this-date-42608.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424025510/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/apr/23/update-on-sivakarthikeyans-ayalaan-to-be-out-on-this-date-42608.html |archive-date=24 April 2023 |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> In an interview with Galatta Plus, Sivakarthikeyan attributed the film's delay due to the incomplete post-production works during the pandemic as visual effects could not be done with multiple restrictions. However, the delay helped Ravikumar to use new technologies for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 December 2023 |title=Sivakarthikeyan reveals reason behind delay in Ayalaan release, confirms second part |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/sivakarthikeyan-reveals-reason-behind-delay-in-ayalaan-release-confirms-second-part-9087732/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109090814/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/sivakarthikeyan-reveals-reason-behind-delay-in-ayalaan-release-confirms-second-part-9087732/ |archive-date=9 January 2024 |access-date=10 January 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Main|Ayalaan (soundtrack)}}
The film's [[Ayalaan (soundtrack)|soundtrack]] and background score are composed by A. R. Rahman, which marks his first collaboration with Sivakarthikeyan and Ravikumar. Sivakarthikeyan described it as a "dream come true" moment, on associating with Rahman for the first time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2018 |title=AR Rahman to score music for Sivakarthikeyan's next |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/ar-rahman-to-score-music-for-sivakarthikeyans-next-5026399/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180522154406/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/ar-rahman-to-score-music-for-sivakarthikeyans-next-5026399/ |archive-date=22 May 2018 |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Rahman agreed to do the picture in late-2017 and eventually began the music sittings and composition in March 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2018 |title=Photo: A.R. Rahman begins work on Sivakarthikeyan's next |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/photo-a-r-rahman-begins-work-on-sivakarthikeyans-next/articleshow/63415283.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211204654/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/photo-a-r-rahman-begins-work-on-sivakarthikeyans-next/articleshow/63415283.cms |archive-date=11 February 2021 |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Despite the delay in the film's shoot, Rahman had completed composing three songs for the film, apart from singing the intro song, after Sivakarthikeyan's request.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 September 2018 |title=AR Rahman accepts Sivakarthikeyan's request |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ar-rahman-accepts-sivakarthikeyan-s-request-88634 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207132928/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ar-rahman-accepts-sivakarthikeyan-s-request-88634 |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2018 |title=AR Rahman to sing the intro track of Sivakarthikeyan! |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/ar-rahman-to-sing-the-intro-track-of-sivakarthikeyan-news-tamil-sjrk7Qbbdghdj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021204035/http://www.sify.com/movies/ar-rahman-to-sing-the-intro-track-of-sivakarthikeyan-news-tamil-sjrk7Qbbdghdj.html |archive-date=21 October 2018 |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

On the occasion of Sivakarthikeyan's birthday 17 February 2021, the film's first single "Vera Level Sago" was released online and in the official [[YouTube]] channel of [[Sony Music India|Sony Music South]], which acquired the film's audio rights.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2021 |title=On Sivakarthikeyan's birthday, Ayalaan makers debut first track; Hansika Motwani, SJ Suryah wish actor |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/on-sivakarthikeyans-birthday-ayalaan-makers-debut-first-track-hansika-motwani-sj-suryah-wish-actor-9314241.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217095030/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/on-sivakarthikeyans-birthday-ayalaan-makers-debut-first-track-hansika-motwani-sj-suryah-wish-actor-9314241.html |archive-date=17 February 2021 |access-date=18 February 2021 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> The second single "Ayalaa Ayalaa" was released on 20 December 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2023 |title=Ayalaa Ayalaa song from Sivakarthikeyan's Ayalaan is out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/dec/20/ayalaa-ayalaa-song-from-sivakarthikeyans-ayalaan-is-out-50574.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107121004/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/dec/20/ayalaa-ayalaa-song-from-sivakarthikeyans-ayalaan-is-out-50574.html |archive-date=7 January 2024 |access-date=7 January 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> The audio launch was held on 26 December 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 December 2023 |title='Ayalaan' will surely be released for Pongal. Producer KJ Rajesh raised a challenge at the film's audio launch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ayalaan-will-surely-be-released-for-pongal-producer-kj-rajesh-raised-a-challenge-at-the-films-audio-launch/articleshow/106318244.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228195734/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ayalaan-will-surely-be-released-for-pongal-producer-kj-rajesh-raised-a-challenge-at-the-films-audio-launch/articleshow/106318244.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=28 December 2023 |access-date=7 January 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The third single "Suro Suro" was released on 7 January 2024.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}} The remaining songs, with the film's album were released to music streaming platforms on 11 January 2024, a day before the film's release.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1745147660464718009 |user=SonyMusicSouth |title=Indeed an #Isaipuyal @arrahman delight! 👽😍 #Ayalaan Album STREAMING NOW for y'all ✨🫶🏻 |author=Sony Music India |author-link=Sony Music India |date=11 January 2024 |access-date=14 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114125753/https://twitter.com/SonyMusicSouth/status/1745147660464718009 |archive-date=14 January 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
''Ayalaan'' was released theatrically on 12 January 2024, during the week of [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] and clashing with [[Captain Miller (film)|''Captain Miller'']].<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 January 2024 |title='Ayalaan' social media review: Sivakarthikeyan starrer takes fans on a fun ride |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ayalaan-social-media-review-sivakarthikeyan-starrer-takes-fans-on-a-fun-ride/articleshow/106752312.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112064559/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ayalaan-social-media-review-sivakarthikeyan-starrer-takes-fans-on-a-fun-ride/articleshow/106752312.cms |archive-date=12 January 2024 |access-date=12 January 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> As of December 2021, the film was facing uncertainty over its release due to 24AM Studios borrowing {{INRConvert|5|c|year=2021}} from Tag Entertainment, and the [[Madras High Court]] granted a stay over its release till 3 January 2022 unless the sum was repaid.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2021 |title=Madras HC grants stay against release of Sivakarthikeyan's Ayalaan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/madras-hc-grants-stay-against-release-of-sivakarthikeyans-ayalaan/articleshow/88457886.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224014154/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/madras-hc-grants-stay-against-release-of-sivakarthikeyans-ayalaan/articleshow/88457886.cms |archive-date=24 December 2021 |access-date=12 December 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> On 24 April 2023, it was announced that the film would be released during [[Diwali]] in November 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 April 2023 |title=Sivakarthikeyan's 'Ayalaan' to release on Diwali, 2023 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sivakarthikeyans-ayalaan-to-release-on-diwali-2023/article66772831.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424135512/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sivakarthikeyans-ayalaan-to-release-on-diwali-2023/article66772831.ece |archive-date=24 April 2023 |access-date=24 April 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Later the film was delayed indefinitely to allow time for the visual effects and CGI work to be completed,<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 August 2023 |title=Is Sivakarthikeyan's 'Ayalaan' facing another delay?'; film not to release this Diwali |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/is-sivakarthikeyans-ayalaan-facing-another-delay-film-not-to-release-this-diwali/articleshow/102502655.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230808015458/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/is-sivakarthikeyans-ayalaan-facing-another-delay-film-not-to-release-this-diwali/articleshow/102502655.cms |archive-date=8 August 2023 |access-date=10 August 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> before being scheduled for January 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 September 2023 |title=Sivakarthikeyan's Ayalaan to hit the screens for Pongal 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyans-ayalaan-to-hit-the-screens-for-pongal-2024/articleshow/103889631.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923164639/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyans-ayalaan-to-hit-the-screens-for-pongal-2024/articleshow/103889631.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=23 September 2023 |access-date=23 September 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film's Telugu dubbed version was released on 26 January, but was removed from theatres a few days later due to "unsettled deals" with the digital intermediate partner.<ref name=":3" />

=== Home media ===
The film's broadcast rights were sold to [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] and the streaming rights to [[Sun NXT]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2023 |title=அடிமட்ட விலைக்கு விற்கப்பட்ட 'அயலான்' பட சாட்டிலைட் உரிமை... அதுக்குன்னு இவ்வளவு கம்மியாவா..! பின்னணி என்ன? |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/sivakarthikeyan-starrer-ayalaan-movie-satellite-rights-sold-for-low-price-why-rtnweo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425091351/https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/sivakarthikeyan-starrer-ayalaan-movie-satellite-rights-sold-for-low-price-why-rtnweo |archive-date=25 April 2023 |access-date=8 June 2023 |website=[[Asianet News]] |language=ta}}</ref> It began streaming on Sun NXT from 9 February 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2024 |title=Ayalaan OTT release date confirmed — when, where to watch Sivakarthikeyan's sci-fi comedy |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/ayalaan-ott-release-date-confirmed-when-where-to-watch-sivakarthikeyans-sci-fi-comedy/ff353a0f10458 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207104200/https://www.ottplay.com/news/ayalaan-ott-release-date-confirmed-when-where-to-watch-sivakarthikeyans-sci-fi-comedy/ff353a0f10458 |archive-date=7 February 2024 |access-date=7 February 2024 |website=[[OTTPlay]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=33|count=6|average=7|ref=yes |access-date=3 March 2024}}

=== Critical response ===
''Ayalaan'' received positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 January 2024 |title='Ayalaan' box office collection day 1: Sivakarthikeyan's film gets a steady start, mints more than Rs 13 crores |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ayalaan-box-office-collection-day-1-sivakarthikeyans-film-gets-a-steady-start-mints-more-than-rs-13-crores/articleshow/106801900.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113081108/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ayalaan-box-office-collection-day-1-sivakarthikeyans-film-gets-a-steady-start-mints-more-than-rs-13-crores/articleshow/106801900.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=13 January 2024 |access-date=13 January 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated 3.5/5 stars and wrote, "It is the twists that Ravikumar gives to concepts that we have seen in several Hollywood films – superpowers, UFOs, extra-terrestrials, powerful robots, femme fatales, large-scale destruction – that makes Ayalaan an entertainer for all ages."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=12 January 2024 |title=Ayalaan Movie Review : An enjoyable sci-fi entertainer with a local flavour |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/ayalaan/movie-review/106755748.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112083836/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/ayalaan/movie-review/106755748.cms |archive-date=12 January 2024 |access-date=12 January 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Sanjith Sidhardhan of ''[[OTTplay]]'' rated 3.5/5 and told, "While Ayalaan has a somewhat predictable storyline, the VFX of the film and its fun storytelling aided by appealing characters make this a great festive watch for the families, especially with the children."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sidhardhan |first=Sanjith |date=12 January 2024 |title=Ayalaan movie review: Sivakarthikeyan's children's sci-fi movie soars thanks to its VFX, fun storytelling |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/ayalaan-movie-review-sivakarthikeyans-childrens-sci-fi-movie-soars-thanks-to-its-vfx-fun-storytelling/ce7e15005f337 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112092521/https://www.ottplay.com/review/ayalaan-movie-review-sivakarthikeyans-childrens-sci-fi-movie-soars-thanks-to-its-vfx-fun-storytelling/ce7e15005f337 |archive-date=12 January 2024 |access-date=12 January 2024 |work=[[OTTplay]]}}</ref> Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "'Ayalaan' is a fun film for kids and could appeal to them more because of its simplistic approach."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Janani |first=K |date=12 January 2024 |title='Ayalaan' Review: Sivakarthikeyan's sci-fi film suffers because of rocky screenplay |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/ayalaan-review-sivakarthikeyans-sci-fi-film-suffers-because-of-rocky-screenplay-2488043-2024-01-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112154306/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/ayalaan-review-sivakarthikeyans-sci-fi-film-suffers-because-of-rocky-screenplay-2488043-2024-01-12 |archive-date=12 January 2024 |access-date=12 January 2024 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Priyanka Sundar of Firstpost rated the film 1.5 stars out of 5.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Priyanka |date=13 January 2024 |title=Ayalaan movie review: It's finally time for Chennai to mark its first cinematic alien visit, but this is no ET |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ayalaan-movie-review-its-finally-time-for-chennai-to-mark-its-first-cinematic-alien-visit-but-this-is-no-et-13608252.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240204050957/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ayalaan-movie-review-its-finally-time-for-chennai-to-mark-its-first-cinematic-alien-visit-but-this-is-no-et-13608252.html |archive-date=4 February 2024 |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref>

Kirubhakar Purushothaman of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote, "The laughs in this sci-fi comedy are sparse and few, much like the good ideas."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Purushothaman |first=Kirubhakar |date=12 January 2024 |title=Ayalaan movie review: Sivakarthikeyan's sci-fi film feels dated |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/ayalaan-movie-review-sivakarthikeyans-sci-fi-film-feels-dated-9107235/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112185342/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/ayalaan-movie-review-sivakarthikeyans-sci-fi-film-feels-dated-9107235/ |archive-date=12 January 2024 |access-date=12 January 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Latha Srinivasan of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote, "Ayalaan may have been delayed a few years but it will still appeal to adults – and kids – looking for a place to while away some good time."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Latha |date=12 January 2024 |title=Ayalaan review: Despite the flaws, Sivakarthikeyan's alien movie is a fun timepass |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/ayalaan-movie-review-sivakarthikeyan-alien-film-timepass-fun-101705054391517.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112110802/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/ayalaan-movie-review-sivakarthikeyan-alien-film-timepass-fun-101705054391517.html |archive-date=12 January 2024 |access-date=12 January 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Krishna Selvaseelan of ''[[Tamil Guardian]]'' awarded the film 2 out of 5 stars, stating, "Targeting a film at children does not excuse the filmmaker from creating a good film – it has been done numerous times before."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Selvaseelan |first=Krishna |date=14 January 2024 |title=Ayalaan – yawn-inspiring |url=https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/ayalaan-yawn-inspiring |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114024427/https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/ayalaan-yawn-inspiring |archive-date=14 January 2024 |access-date=14 January 2024 |website=[[Tamil Guardian]]}}</ref> Vivek M. V. of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that the film is "light-hearted and has an expressive alien to entertain, but it doesn't push the boundaries enough to offer a gripping sci-fi experience".<ref name="H" />

=== Accolades ===
{{Expand section|September 2025|date=September 2025}}
At the 2024 VAM Awards, ''Ayalaan'' won in the following categories: Best Motion Capture, Best Compositing, Best VFX Feature (Domestic), Best Innovative Use of Software in VFX and Best VFX Supervisor (Bejoy Arputharaj).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-07 |title=PhantomFX Shines Bright: Scores Big Wins for "Ayalaan" at VAM Awards |url=https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/phantomfx-shines-bright-scores-big-wins-for-ayalaan-at-vam-awards/2073883/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928095206/https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/phantomfx-shines-bright-scores-big-wins-for-ayalaan-at-vam-awards/2073883/ |archive-date=28 September 2024 |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=[[ThePrint]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Sequel ==
During an interview in December 2023, Sivakarthikeyan hinted that a sequel for the film would begin production soon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2023 |title=Ayalaan sequel, making Maaveeran, being a producer, and more – 5 revelations made by Sivakarthikeyan |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/ayalaan-sequel-making-maaveeran-being-a-producer-and-more-5-revelations-made-by-sivakarthikeyan/03a9a72150178 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113205350/https://www.ottplay.com/news/ayalaan-sequel-making-maaveeran-being-a-producer-and-more-5-revelations-made-by-sivakarthikeyan/03a9a72150178 |archive-date=13 January 2024 |access-date=13 January 2024 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref> On 23 January 2024, the sequel was confirmed by KJR Studios and Phantom FX, with Ravikumar and Sivakarthikeyan returning in their positions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2024 |title=Ayalaan makers announce sequel of Sivakarthikeyan-starrer; find out all the details |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/ayalaan-makers-announce-sequel-of-sivakarthikeyan-film-check-details-101706007270257.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123165106/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/ayalaan-makers-announce-sequel-of-sivakarthikeyan-film-check-details-101706007270257.html |archive-date=23 January 2024 |access-date=24 January 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Noteslist}}

== See also ==
*[[Science fiction films in India]]
* [[List of science fiction films of the 2020s]]

== References ==
<references>

<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=1 February 2024 |title=Sivakarthikeyan's 'Ayalaan' Telugu version is blocked from theatres; deets inside |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyans-ayalaan-telugu-version-blocked-from-theatres/articleshow/107321119.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203131600/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyans-ayalaan-telugu-version-blocked-from-theatres/articleshow/107321119.cms |archive-date=3 February 2024 |access-date=3 February 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
<ref name="Critic's Notebook">{{Cite web |last=Manvel |first=Sarah |date=17 January 2024 |title=Escape From Planet Earth |url=https://www.criticsnotebook.com/2024/01/ayalaan-movie-review-sivakarthikeyan-r-ravikumar.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240204050604/https://www.criticsnotebook.com/2024/01/ayalaan-movie-review-sivakarthikeyan-r-ravikumar.html |archive-date=4 February 2024 |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=Critic's Notebook}}</ref>
<ref name="H">{{Cite web |last=M. V. |first=Vivek |date=12 January 2024 |title='Ayalaan' movie review: Sivakarthikeyan strikes a fun chemistry with an alien in an uneven film |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ayalaan-movie-review-sivakarthikeyan-strikes-a-fun-chemistry-with-an-alien-in-an-uneven-film/article67734268.ece |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112130914/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ayalaan-movie-review-sivakarthikeyan-strikes-a-fun-chemistry-with-an-alien-in-an-uneven-film/article67734268.ece |archive-date=12 January 2024 |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=13 December 2017 |title=Sivakarthikeyan confirms teaming up with Indru Netru Naalai director for upcoming sci-fi film |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sivakarthikeyan-confirms-teaming-up-with-indru-netru-naalai-director-for-upcoming-sci-fi-film-4256539.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207133642/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sivakarthikeyan-confirms-teaming-up-with-indru-netru-naalai-director-for-upcoming-sci-fi-film-4256539.html |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref>
<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=8 July 2019 |title=Siva lends financial support for Ravi's film |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2019/07/08234502/1155480/Siva-lends-financial-support-for-Ravis-film.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207225356/https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2019/07/08234502/1155480/Siva-lends-financial-support-for-Ravis-film.vpf |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref>
<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=6 July 2019 |title=Sivakarthikeyan to produce the long-delayed SCI-FI film? |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/sivakarthikeyan-to-produce-the-long-delayed-sci-fi-film-news-tamil-thgq4shfffjci.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208195738/https://www.sify.com/movies/sivakarthikeyan-to-produce-the-long-delayed-sci-fi-film-news-tamil-thgq4shfffjci.html |archive-date=8 February 2021 |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
<ref name="different pattern">{{Cite news |last=Surabhi |first=Mantha |date=17 October 2023 |title=Tamil cinema has a different pattern of filmmaking: Sharad Kelkar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/tamil-cinema-has-a-different-pattern-of-filmmaking-sharad-kelkar/articleshow/104484709.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111024941/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/tamil-cinema-has-a-different-pattern-of-filmmaking-sharad-kelkar/articleshow/104484709.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=11 January 2024 |access-date=10 January 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=M |first=Narayani |date=8 January 2024 |title=Venkat Senguttuvan: The man behind the alien |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2024/jan/08/venkat-senguttuvan-the-man-behind-the-alien-2648846.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110183049/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2024/jan/08/venkat-senguttuvan-the-man-behind-the-alien-2648846.html |archive-date=10 January 2024 |access-date=10 January 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=29 June 2018 |title=Sivakarthikeyan-Ravikumar science-fiction film goes on floors |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sivakarthikeyan-ravikumar-science-fiction-film-goes-floors-83918 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419134541/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sivakarthikeyan-ravikumar-science-fiction-film-goes-floors-83918 |archive-date=19 April 2021 |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>
<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=மா.பாண்டியராஜன் |date=5 October 2023 |title=Ayalaan: 'அயலான்' தள்ளிப் போனதால் சில நன்மைகளும் நடந்திருக்கு..! - VFX Supervisor பிஜோய் ஷேரிங்ஸ் |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/ayalaan-vfx-supervisor-bejoy-interview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110190154/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/ayalaan-vfx-supervisor-bejoy-interview |archive-date=10 January 2024 |access-date=10 January 2024 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>

</references>

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2020s science fiction comedy films]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2024 action comedy films]]
[[Category:2024 science fiction action films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 science fiction films]]
[[Category:Film productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Films about alien visitations]]
[[Category:Films directed by R. Ravikumar]]
[[Category:Films postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Films scored by A. R. Rahman]]
[[Category:Films using motion capture]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian films about extraterrestrial life]]
[[Category:Indian films with live action and animation]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction action films]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language science fiction action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language science fiction comedy films]]

Kantatar

2026-03-04T03:45:03Z

Rxsolution: further expanded structure for clarity and cleaned formatting for clarity

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kantatar
| image = Bangla movie kata tar.jpg
| caption = DVD cover of ''Kantatar''
| director = [[Bappaditya Bandopadhyay]]
| writer =[[Debasis Bandopadhyay]]
| starring = [[Sreelekha Mitra]] [[Sudip Mukherjee]]
| producer = Binay Prakash
| distributor = Shristri Prods
| cinematography =Rana Dasgupta
| editing =Uttam Roy
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2005|07|22|Osian's-Cinefan Festival of Asian Cinema|2006|01|31|ref2=<ref name=tete1>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060130/asp/calcutta/story_5782291.asp|title=The Telegraph - Beyond barbed wires|publisher=www.telegraphindia.com|accessdate=2008-10-24|last=Sengupta|first=Reshmi|location=Calcutta, India|date=2006-01-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034303/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060130/asp/calcutta/story_5782291.asp|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
| country = India
| budget =
| gross =
| runtime = 119 minutes<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citwf.com/film180998.htm|title=KANTATAR - Film Database - Movie Database|publisher=www.citwf.com|accessdate=2008-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225073823/http://www.citwf.com/film180998.htm|archive-date=25 February 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| language = Bengali
| music =Abhijit Bose
}}
'''''Kantatar''''' ({{langx|bn|কাঁটাতার}}, Barbed Wire) is a 2005 [[Bengali language|Bengali]] film directed by [[Bappaditya Bandopadhyay]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/kantatar-9970|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511023143/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/kantatar-9970|url-status=live|archive-date=11 May 2019|title=Kantatar (2005) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|website=Cinestaan|access-date=2019-05-11}}</ref> featuring [[Sreelekha Mitra]], [[Sudip Mukherjee]], and [[Rudranil Ghosh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/808931|title=BFI-Film & TV Database-KANTATAR (2005)|publisher=ftvdb.bfi.org.uk|accessdate=2008-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010132259/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/808931|archive-date=10 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> It received [[Network for the Promotion of Asian Cinema|NETPAC Award]] at [[Vesoul International Film Festival of Asian Cinema]], 2007 for its deceptively simple style with which the complex situation of people trapped in a state of permanent displacement is exposed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemas-asie.com/fr/les-films/item/1443.html|title=Barbelés - Festival des Cinémas d'Asie de Vesoul|last=FICA|website=www.cinemas-asie.com|language=fr-fr|access-date=2019-05-11}}</ref><ref name=tete1/>

==Plot==

Kantatar (Barbed Wire) revolves around the journey of Sudha ([[Sreelekha Mitra]]), a socio-political-love drama, Kantatar centers on an illegal immigrant's search for identity and her effort to survive sake and in search of an identity, moves from one man to another and from one religion to another. The sudden threat of cross border terrorism entirely changes the socio-political situation in a remote village close to the frontier, the army rolls into town, and the drastic changes take their toll on inter-personal relationships as they are marred by suspicion, competition and fear. Sudha takes refuge in a temporary weather camp just outside the village. She develops a physical relationship with Binod (Sudip Mukherjee), the weather balloonist, whose job it is to take note of the frequent change of wind direction. But soon Sudha's identity comes into question and she is seen as a suspect. Her dream of a secure shelter is once again threatened. This is a beautiful and engaging film, which luxuriates in the story and its location. The visual poetry and unfettered exploration of the ongoing conflict on the borders of India and Bangladesh come together with great impact and insight. There are brilliant touches of both satire and social comment, which go to show that Bappaditya Bandhopadhay has a lot to say about today's India. Sudha's hard life consists of weaving herself in and out of different relationships with men and dabbling in various religions. The immediate threat of attack entirely changes the climate of her remote border village, and as the army rolls into town, inter-personal relationships are drastically affected. Suspicion, competition and fear start to grip the villagers. Sudha takes refuge in a temporary weather camp just outside the village. Binod, a meteorologist working in the village, becomes fascinated by Sudha, and they soon begin a physical relationship. But when Sudha's identity is called into question, she is seen as a terrorist suspect. Her dreams of security are once again threatened. Kantatar is visually engaging, luxuriating in the lush locales where it was filmed. Director Bappaditya Bandhopadhay relies on both satire and social comment to tell his story, all the while exploring the ongoing conflict on the borders of India and Bangladesh. Modern India is portrayed with great impact and insight.

==Cast==

*[[Sreelekha Mitra]] as Sudha
*[[Sudip Mukherjee]] as Binod
*[[Rudranil Ghosh]]
*[[Nimai Ghosh]]
*[[Papia Ghoshal]]
*[[Pradip Bhattacharya]]
*Shankar Debnath
*Sudin Adhikari
*Iqbal Sultan

==Critical reception==
[[File:Bappaditya Bandopadhyay01.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bappaditya Bandopadhyay]] at International Asian movies festival in Vesoul, 2007]]
*Though a favourite with foreign festivals (the poster screams that the film has already been to five international fests), Kantatar could have done with a little more finesse.-[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] (4 stars out of 10)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060210/asp/etc/story_5829579.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060527192333/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060210/asp/etc/story_5829579.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 May 2006|title=What's it about ? the barb or the wire?|publisher=www.telegraphindia.com|accessdate=2008-10-24|last=Biswas|first=Pallabi|location=Calcutta, India|date=2006-02-10}}</ref>

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Award
! Year
! Category
! Recipient
! Result
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
![[Network for the Promotion of Asian Cinema|NETPAC Award]] at [[Vesoul International Film Festival of Asian Cinema]]
|2007
|
|[[Bappaditya Bandopadhyay]]
|{{Won}}
|
|-
!rowspan="3"|[[BFJA Awards]]
|rowspan="3"|2007
|Best Actress in a Leading Role
|[[Sreelekha Mitra]]
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/200770.htm |title=69th & 70th Annual Hero Honda BFJA Awards 2007 |publisher=www.bfjaawards.com |accessdate=2008-10-24 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100108192544/http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/200770.htm |archivedate=8 January 2010 }}</ref>
|-
|Best Actor in a Supporting Role
|[[Rudranil Ghosh]]
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|Best Cinematographer
|[[Rana Dasgupta]]
|{{Won}}
|
|-
![[Anandalok Awards]]
|2006
|Best Actress
|Sreelekha Mitra
|{{Won}}
|
|}
*Fribourg International Film Festival, Switzerland, 2006
*São Paulo International Film Festival, Brazil, 2006
*Singapore International Film Festival, 2006
*Raindance International Film Festival, London, U.K. 2005
*Ashdod International Film Festival, Tel Aviv, Israel, 2006
*Bangladesh International Film Festival, Dhaka, 2006
*Inaugural film, International Forum of new cinema, Kolkata International Film Festival, India, 2005
*Inaugural film Chittagong International Film Festival, Bangladesh 2005
*Osian Cinefan Festival of Asian Cinema, New Delhi, India 2005
*Mumbai International Film Festival, India, 2006
*Pune International Film Festival, India, 2005
*Habitat International Film Festival, New Delhi, India, 2005
*Festival des Cinémas d'Asie, Vesoul, 2007
*Silk screen Festival of Asian Cinema, Pittsburg, U.S.A. 2007
*Anandaloke Award for Best Actress.
*B.F.J.A. Awards for Best Cinematographer, Best Actress and Best Supporting Actor.
*Partha Pratim Chowdhury Award for Best Film and Best Director.

World Sales: Wide Management Ltd. France<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kantatar.tripod.com/id3.html|title=FESTIVAL AND AWARDS|publisher=kantatar.tripod.com|accessdate=2008-10-25|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192729/http://kantatar.tripod.com/id3.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1091794|Kantatar}}

[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2005 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Bappaditya Bandopadhyay]]

I Am Sorry Mathe Banni Preethsona

2026-03-03T21:25:18Z

Rxsolution: refined structure as per guidelines and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = I Am Sorry Mathe Banni Preethsona
| image = I Am Sorry Mathe Banni Preethsona.JPG
| alt = Theatrical poster
| caption = Film Poster
| director = Ravindra H P Das
| producer = Vinay Narkar Ravindra H P Das
| writer = Ravindra H P Das
| starring = [[Prem (Kannada actor)|Prem Kumar]] [[Karishma Tanna]] [[Sanjjana]]
| music = [[Anoop Seelin]]
| cinematography = Ashok Cashyap
| editing = Bala Balraj
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2011|6|17}}
| runtime = 136 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''I Am Sorry Mathe Banni Preethsona''''' is a 2011 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] film directed by Ravindra H P Das . It stars [[Prem (Kannada actor)|Prem Kumar]], [[Karishma Tanna]] (in her debut as lead) and [[Sanjjana]] in lead roles. The film revolves around a man's disparaging remarks about a woman's morals lead to a series of unexpected revelations. Shyam is happily married to Chetana when he happens to meet Sinchna who runs a brothel. When he insults Sinchna, she issues him a moraility challenge that Shyam accepts.

The music is composed by [[Anoop Seelin]] . Vinay Narkar has jointly produced the film with Ravindra. The film released on 17 June 2011. Ravindra H.P. Das got the [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay Award]] from [[Karnataka State Film Awards]] for the movie.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/news-interviews/Karnataka-State-Film-Awards-2010-11-winners/articleshow/18966690.cms |title=Karnataka State Film Awards 2010-11 winners - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518070059/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-14/news-interviews/37712086_1_second-best-film-basanth-kumar-patil-sunil-kumar-desai |archive-date=18 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
Shyam and his wife Chetana are leading a happy and contented life. Their life is going at a smooth pace until Shyam finds a mobile, which introduces him to a high tech brothel owner Sinchana. As he goes to give the mobile to Sinchana, the situation leads him to take a challenge from her. While he is on his way to complete the challenge, circumstances once again force him to doubt that his wife is a prostitute. What happens next will form an interesting part of the film.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Prem (Kannada actor)|Prem Kumar]] as Shyam
* [[Karishma Tanna]] as Chetana
* [[Sanjjana]] as Sinchana
* [[Tabla Nani]]
* [[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]]
* [[Vinaya Prasad]]
* [[Dileep Raj]]
* Amritha Chabria
* Anand
* Kritika Pandey
* Manoj Karthik
* Yukti Kapoor
* [[Gaurish Akki]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kannadaprabha.com/cinema/news/2014/jul/18/ಅಕ್ಕಿ-ಕೈಗೆ-ಲಾಂಗು!-230739.html|title=ಅಕ್ಕಿ ಕೈಗೆ ಲಾಂಗು!|website=Kannadaprabha}}</ref>
* [[Srinagar Kitty]] in a special appearance
* [[Nidhi Subbaiah]] in a special appearance
}}

==Soundtrack==
[[Anoop Seelin]] composed the soundtrack and score for the film. The lyrics have been written by Arasu Anthare, [[V. Nagendra Prasad]], Guruprasad, Shankar Guru, Janamitra Anand and the director Ravindra H. P.

{|class="wikitable"
! Sl No. !! Song title !! Singers
|-
| 1 || "Akka Pakkadavaru" || [[Vasundhara Das]]
|-
| 2 || "Zoozoobaa" || [[Vedala Hemachandra]], [[Anuradha Bhat]]
|-
| 6 || "Subhan Allah Re" || [[Anoop Seelin]], [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
|-
| 4 || "Shuruvayithu" || [[Keerthi Sagathia]], Arasu Anthare
|-
| 5 || "Utthamanu Utthamanu" || Keerthi Sagathia
|-
| 3 || "Hula Hula" || Keerthi Sagathia
|-
| 7 || "Eno Madalu Hogi" || Keerthi Sagathia
|-
| 8 || "Onchooru Onchooru" || [[Vijay Prakash]], Sunitha
|-
| 9 || "Haayagi Iru Nee Alle" || Keerthi Sagathia
|-
| 10 || "Kuni Kuni" || [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], Arasu Anthare
|-
|}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
A critic from [[The Times of India]] scored the film at 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "Prem is back to his form, Karishma is credible as his wife. It's Sanjana's performance as a sex worker that adds drama to the story. Anoop Seelin's foot-tapping tunes will impress the youth. Ashok Kashyap's cinematography is commendable".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/matthe-banni-preethsona/movie-review/8899688.cms|title=MATTHE BANNI PREETHSONA MOVIE REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 May 2016}}</ref> Shruti Indira Lakshminarayana from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' scored the film at 2.5 out of 5 stars and says "Gurprasad's dialogues -- romantic, philosophical and comic -- will draw whistles. Anup Silin's songs are a definite advantage. Ashok Kashyap handle's the camera well. If you are a Prem fan and are bored of the run of the mill romantic stories, go find out for yourself".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-i-am-sorry-mathe-banni-preethsona/20110617.htm|title=Review: I Am Sorry... attempts to be different|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=17 June 2011}}</ref> A critic from [[The New Indian Express]] wrote "His dialogues are meaningful. Cinematographer Ashok Kashyap has done a neat job behind the camera. Anup Seelin has composed foot-tapping tunes. Songs are good, especially the song —‘Joojuba Joojuba’ — is hummable. The movie is worth watching for all, especially husbands who suspect their sincere and loving wives".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2011/Jun/20/i-am-sorry-mathe-banni-preethsona-264597.html|title=I am Sorry Mathe Banni Preethsona|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=20 June 2011}}</ref> B S Srivani from [[Deccan Herald]] wrote "Camerawork too measures up to expectations. But for a climax that drags and cheap gimmicks prior to the release, Matthe Banni Prithsona is quite an interesting offering".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/169681/matbanni-prithsona.html|title=Matthe Banni Prithsona|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=18 June 2011}}</ref> A critic from [[News18 India]] wrote "Anoop Sileen has given different tunes for all the five songs of the film. Ashok Kashyap is as usual exceptional behind the camera. 'I'm Sorry Mathe Banni Preethsona' is a must watch".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/kannada-review-refreshing-movie-im-sorry-377712.html|title=Kannada Review: Refreshing movie 'I'm Sorry...'|work=[[News18 India]]|date=20 June 2011}}</ref>

===Awards===
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Screenplay]] - Ravindra H. P

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|6374976}}

[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:2011 romance films]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:2011 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2011 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anoop Seelin]]

Oothikachiya Ponnu

2026-03-03T21:07:40Z

Rxsolution: cleanup content also

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Oothikachiya Ponnu
| image = Oothikachiya Ponnu.JPG
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[P. K. Joseph]]
| producer =
| screenplay = [[V. K. Pavithran]]
| story = John Alunkal
| starring = [[Poornima Jayaram]] [[Shankar Panikkar|Shankar]] [[Mammootty]] [[Mohanlal]]
| music = [[M. K. Arjunan]]
| cinematography = B. R. Ramakrishna
| editing = K. Sankunni
| studio = Shanmugha Priya Films
| distributor = Vijaya & Vijaya
| released = {{Film date|1981|12|11|df=yes}}
| runtime = 129 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Oothikachiya Ponnu''''' ({{Literal translation|Blown-seethed gold}}) is 1981 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film directed by [[P. K. Joseph]] and written by [[V. K. Pavithran]]. The film features [[Shankar Panikkar|Shanker]] and [[Poornima Jayaram]] after ''[[Manjil Virinja Pookkal]]'' (1980); it also features [[Mammootty]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1232|title=Oothikkaachiya Ponnu|accessdate=2014-10-17|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?2858|title=Oothikkaachiya Ponnu|accessdate=2014-10-17|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info|archive-date=17 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017205047/http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?2858|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{More plot|date=June 2020}}
A poor young woman must succeed in her dream as a saleswoman.

==Cast==
*[[Poornima Jayaram]] as Sukumari
*[[Shankar Panikkar|Shankar]] as Vishwanathan
*[[K. P. Ummer]] as Mathachan
*[[Mammootty]] as John Kutty
*[[Mohanlal]] as Nandan
*[[Santhakumari (Malayalam actress)|Santhakumari]] as Sukumari's mother
*[[Sreenath]] as Dr. Samuel
*[[Nellikode Bhaskaran]] as Sukumari's father
*[[Roja Ramani]] as Shalini
*[[Jagathi Sreekumar]] as Vasu
*Indrapani
*Master Kumar
*[[Suchitra Murali|Suchitra]]

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[M. K. Arjunan]] with lyrics by [[Poovachal Khader]].
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Amritha Kalayaayi Nee" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || [[Poovachal Khader]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Ee Raavil Ninte Kaamukiyaavaam" || [[S. Janaki]] || Poovachal Khader ||
|-
| 3 || "Etho Oru Vazhiyil" || K. J. Yesudas || Poovachal Khader ||
|-
| 4 || Theme Music || || ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0267806|Oothikachiya Ponnu}}

[[Category:1981 films]]
[[Category:1981 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1981 romance films]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]

{{1980s-romance-film-stub}}
{{1980s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Tulu Nadu

2026-03-03T05:40:28Z

Rxsolution: updated page

{{Short description|Region and proposed state in southern India}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement 
| name = Tulu Nadu
| native_name = 
| settlement_type = Region
| image_flag =
| image_map = Tulunadu Region.jpg
| map_caption = [[South Canara]], an erstwhile district, forms the centre of the Tuluva region called 'Tulu Nadu'.
| coordinates = {{coord|13.00|N|75.40|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|Districts]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Talukas]]
| subdivision_type4 = Metro
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dakshina Kannada]], [[Udupi district|Udupi]] and [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]]
| subdivision_name4 = 
| established_title = 
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = 
| parts_type = No. of districts & Talukas
| parts_style = para
| p1 = 3 Districts and 18 Taluks
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kar.nic.in/zpdk/tourism.htm |title=Tourism in DK District |publisher=National Informatics Centre, Karnataka State Unit |access-date=26 March 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tourism-of-india.com/karnataka-tour/udupi-tour.html |title=Tour to Udupi |publisher=Tourism of India |access-date=26 March 2008}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 10,432
| population_total = {{formatnum:4574385}}
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="poptn">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/India_WhizMap/IndiaMap.htm |title=Census GIS India |publisher=Census of India |access-date=26 March 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111052456/http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/India_WhizMap/IndiaMap.htm |archive-date=11 January 2010 }}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = {{plainlist|
*[[Tulu people|Tuluve]] (masculine)
*[[Tulu people|Tuluvedi]] (feminine)
}}
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Lingua Franca
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| area_code = 0824, 0825
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| iso_code = ISO 3166-2:IN|
| registration_plate = KA19, KA20, KA21, KA62, KA70, KL14.
| seat1_type = Largest City
| seat1 = [[Mangalore]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tulu language|Tulu]]
| demographics1_title2 = Spoken
| demographics1_info2 = [[Tulu language|Tulu]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Beary language|Beary]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Karnataka |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10208/download/13320/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[IUCN protected area categories|IUCN category]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = 
}}

'''Tulu Nadu,''' or '''Tulunad,''' is a region and a [[Proposed states and union territories of India|proposed state]] on the southwestern coast of [[India]].<ref>{{Cite book
| author = Anthropological Survey of India (Department of Anthropology)
| title = Bulletin of the Anthropological Survey of India, Volume 25
| date = 1980
| publisher = Director, Anthropological Survey of India, Indian Museum
| page = [https://books.google.com/books?id=C3hDAAAAYAAJ&q=Tuluva 41]
}}</ref> The region is predominantly inhabited by the [[Tulu people]], also known as Tuluva, who speak [[Tulu language|Tulu]], a [[Dravidian language]]. The former district encompassed the territories of the contemporary [[Dakshina Kannada]] (Kudla) and [[Udupi]] (Odipu) of [[Karnataka]] State, and [[Kasaragod district]] (Kasrod) of [[Kerala]] state. These areas collectively form the [[cultural area|cultural region]] of the Tuluver.<ref>{{Cite book
| last = Bhat
| first = N. Shyam
| title = South Kanara, 1799–1860: A Study in Colonial Administration and Regional Response
| chapter = Introduction
| pages = [https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0nZzbFDSAoC&q=Tulu+country+South+Kanara 1–16]
| publisher = Mittal Publications
| date = 1998
| isbn = 9788170995869
}}</ref>

Historically, Tulu Nadu lies between the [[Gangavalli River]] ([[Uttara Kannada]] district of [[Karnataka]]) and [[Chandragiri River|Chandragiri/Payaswini River]] (Kasaragod district of Kerala).<ref name=":0">{{cite book
| last = Bhatt
| first = P. Gururaja
| author-link = P. Gururaja Bhat
| date = 1969
| title = Antiquities of South Kanara
| publisher = Prabhakara Press
| page = 2
}}</ref> Despite its distinct cultural identity, the region is not recognized as an official administrative entity.<ref>{{Cite news
| last = Unnithan
| first = Rajmohan
| title = A case for including Tulu in the Eighth Schedule
| date = 7 January 2020
| work = [[The Hindu]]
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-case-for-including-tulu-in-the-eighth-schedule/article30496165.ece
| access-date = 15 January 2020
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news
| last = B
| first = Sreekantswamy
| title = With separate 'flag,' Tulu activists up demand for statehood
| date = 21 July 2017
| work = [[Deccan Herald]]
| url = https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/623813/with-separate-flag-tulu-activists.html
| access-date = 15 January 2020
}}</ref>

[[Mangaluru|Kudla]] (Mangaluru) is the largest city in Tulu Nadu, the third-largest city by area, and the fifth-largest by population in [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ijsr.net/archive/v12i11/SR231115122619.pdf |title=About Mangalore |publisher=Mangaluru Online |access-date=18 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sheth |first=Anisha |date=6 November 2014 |title=This city has six names in six languages, and the official one Mangaluru, is the least popular |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/city-has-six-names-six-languages-and-official-one-mangaluru-least-popular-16480 |access-date=15 January 2020 |work=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> [[Udupi]] (Odipu) and [[Kasaragod|Kasarogod]] (Kasrod) are two other major cities in this region, both located on the Kerala-Karnataka border.<ref>{{Cite news
| last = Malli
| first = Karthik
| title = Mapping Tulu: A rich oral tradition with deep roots in Karnataka
| date = 28 February 2019
| work = [[The News Minute]]
| url = https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mapping-tulu-rich-oral-tradition-deep-roots-karnataka-97512
| access-date = 15 January 2020
| quote = Tulu is a southern Dravidian language that's spoken by 1.85 million people in Dakshina Kannada, Udupi, and Kerala's Kasargod district.
}}</ref>

The term "'''Tulunadu'''" appears as "'''Tuḷu Nāṭṭu'''" in [[Akanaṉūṟu|Akananuru]], a classical [[Tamil literature|Tamil poetic work]] that is part of the "'''Eight Anthologies'''" ([[Eight Anthologies|Ettuthokai]]) — a collection of [[Sangam literature]] composed over 2000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kesikan |first=Puliyur |url=https://archive.org/details/AkananooruMoolamumUraiyumI/page/n1/mode/1up |title=அகநானூறு மூலமும் உரையும் I |publisher=Gowra Book Fair |year=2010 |edition=1st |pages=43–44 |language=tn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://tulupedia.com/home/history/historical-references-of-tulunad/tamizh-literatures/ |title=Reference Of Tulunadu |publisher=Tulupedia |access-date=18 March 2024}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
According to ''[[Keralolpathi]]'', the name ''Tuluva'' comes from the name of one of the [[Legend of Cheraman Perumals|Cheraman Perumal]] kings of [[Kerala]], who located their residence in the northern portion of their dominions just before its separation from [[Kerala]], and was called ''Tulubhan Perumal''.<ref name="Namma Tulu Nadu" />

== Foundation narrative ==
According to its foundation narrative, the district was reclaimed by [[Parashurama]] from the sea.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Jan 23, 2025 |title=Culture & Heritage {{!}} North Goa District, Government of Goa |url=https://northgoa.gov.in/culture-heritage/#:~:text=According%20to%20Ancient%20Indian%20Mythology,to%20create%20Gomantak%20or%20Goa. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://northgoa.gov.in/culture-heritage/ |archive-date=February 3, 2025 |access-date=3 Feb 2025 |website=Culture & Heritage {{!}} North Goa District, Government of Goa}}</ref> According to the 17th-century [[Malayalam]] work ''[[Keralolpathi]]'', the lands of Kerala and Tulu Nadu were recovered from the [[Arabian Sea]] by the ax-wielding warrior sage [[Parashurama|Lord Parashurama]], the sixth [[Dashavatara|avatar]] of [[Vishnu|Lord Vishnu]] (hence, Kerala is also called ''Parasurama Kshetram,'' 'The Land of Parasurama').<ref>S.C. Bhatt, Gopal K. Bhargava (2006) "Land and People of Indian States and Union Territories: Volume 14.", p. 18</ref> Parasurama threw his ax across the sea, and the water receded as far as it reached. According to legend, this new area of land extended from [[Gokarna, Karnataka|Gokarna]] to [[Kanyakumari]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Aiya VN |title=The Travancore State Manual |publisher=Travancore Government Press |pages=210–12 |year=1906 |access-date=12 November 2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RdzaPW-kEvQC}}</ref> The land which rose from sea was filled with salt and unsuitable for habitation; so Parashurama invoked the Snake King [[Vasuki|Nagaraja Vasuki]], who spat holy poison known as [[Halahala]] and converted the soil into fertile lush green land. Out of respect, Vasuki and all snakes were appointed as protectors and guardians of the land. [[P. T. Srinivasa Iyengar]] theorised that [[Senguttuvan|Cheran Senguttuvan]] may have been inspired by the Parashurama legend, which was brought by early Aryan settlers.<ref>{{Cite book |title=History of the Tamils: From the Earliest Times to 600 A.D. |last=Srinivisa Iyengar |first=P. T. |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=1929 |isbn=978-8120601451 |location=Madras |page=515}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Alvakheda map.jpg|thumb|Extent of the [[Alupa kingdom]]|left]][[File:Tulunadu.svg|thumb|A regional map of Tulu Nadu in [[Karnataka]]. Tulu Nadu also includes [[Kasaragod district]] of [[Kerala]] state.|left]]

=== Ancient period ===
According to the works of [[Sangam literature]] (300 BCE – 300 CE),<ref name="Singh2008p27">{{cite book|author=Upinder Singh|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA27 |year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1120-0|pages=27–28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Nadarajah|first=Devapoopathy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ7b6msS3kgC&q=info:Q1h0NSIwwIEJ:scholar.google.com/&pg=PR9|title=Love in Sanskrit and Tamil Literature: A Study of Characters and Nature, 200 B.C.-A.D. 500|date=1994|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-1215-4|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=University|first=Vijaya Ramaswamy, Jawaharlal Nehru|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALUvDwAAQBAJ&q=info:YtwrhAmuSNIJ:scholar.google.com/&pg=PR9|title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils|date=2017-08-25|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-5381-0686-0|language=en}}</ref> Tulu Nadu was one of the 12 socio-geographical regions included in the ancient [[Tamilakam]].<ref>A handbook of Kerala Band 1 (2000), T. Madhava Menon, International School of Dravidian Linguistics, p.98</ref> Tulu Nadu likely formed part of ancient [[Kerala]] ([[Chera dynasty]]), where the western coastal dialect of [[Middle Tamil]] was spoken.<ref name="Namma Tulu Nadu">{{cite book
| author = J. Sturrock | year=1894
| title= Madras District Manuals – South Canara (Volume-I) | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3200/page/n1/mode/2up
}}</ref> It must have separated from [[Tamilakam]] sometime between 300 CE and 500 CE, when the [[Kadamba dynasty|Kadambas]] invaded the northern portions of [[Chera dynasty|Chera kingdom]].<ref name="Namma Tulu Nadu" /> No definite historical records relating to Tulu Nadu, other than those found in [[Sangam literature]], have been discovered of an earlier date than 8th or 9th century CE.<ref name="Namma Tulu Nadu" />

=== Alupa dynasty ===
[[Ptolemy]], a Greco-Roman 2nd-century geographer, identifies the Tulu Nadu region as ''Olokhoira'' which is widely believed to be a corruption of the term ''Alva Kheda,''{{By whom|date=November 2025}} "the land of the Alvas".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-02 |title=History Flash : Pandya Kings ruled Karnataka ! (Post No.14,585) |url=https://tamilandvedas.com/2025/06/02/history-flash-pandya-kings-ruled-karnataka-post-no-14585/ |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=Tamil and Vedas |language=en}}</ref> Historically, Tulu Nadu included the two separate lands of ''Haiva'' and ''Tuluva''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/bekal/tulu-nadu.php |title=Tulunadu history |publisher=Kerala Tourism |access-date=21 March 2024}}</ref> The longest-ruling and oldest known native dynasty of Tulu Nadu was that of the [[Alupas]] ({{Circa}} 5th – 14th century CE).<ref name=bhat /> Their kingdom was also known as ''Alvakheda''. They initially ruled independently and later were the feudatories of the prominent dynasties. The [[Kadamba dynasty]] of [[Banavasi]] was the earliest, under which the [[Alupa dynasty|Alupas]] flourished. Later, the Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta, [[Chalukyas]] of Badami, Chalukyas of Kalyani, [[Hoysalas]] of Dwarasamudra ([[Halebidu]]), and [[Raja#Compound and derived titles|Rayas]] of Vijayanagara were the overlords. The Alupas, however, were independent, and their subordination was nominal at best. They ruled until the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] took control of Tulu Nadu from 14th to the 17th centuries.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alupa dynasty|url=https://shastriyakannada.org/DataBase/KannwordHTMLS/CLASSICAL%20KANNADA%20LAND%20HISTORY%20AND%20PEOPLE%20HTML/ALUPA%20DYNASTY%20HTML.htm|access-date=|website=Shastriya kannada}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/rare-alupa-dynasty-inscription-discovered/ |title=Alupa dynasty Inscription |date=21 October 2023 |publisher=Civilsdaily |access-date=21 March 2024}}</ref>

During the rule of [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]], Tulu Nadu was administered in two parts – '''''Mangaluru Rajya''''' and '''''Barkuru Rajya'''''. Tulu Nadu was governed by the native feudatories of the Vijayanagara Empire until the 18th century. These feudatories gained power towards the end of the Alupa period. An [[Old Malayalam]] inscription ([[Ramanthali inscriptions]]), dated to 1075, mentioning king ''Kunda Alupa'', the ruler of [[Alupa dynasty]] of [[Mangalore]], can be found at [[Ezhimala]] (the former headquarters of [[Mushika dynasty]]), near [[Payyanur]], in [[Kerala]] State.<ref>Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 483.</ref>

Notable among them were<ref name=bhat>{{cite book|last1=Bhat|first1=N. Shyam|title=South Kanara, 1799–1860: A Study in Colonial Administration and Regional Response|date=1998|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788170995869|pages=17–45|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0nZzbFDSAoC|access-date=18 April 2015}}</ref> the [[Chowta]]s of [[Ullal]] and [[Moodabidri]] ({{CE|{{Circa|1160|1801}}}}), [[Ajila]]s of [[Venur]] (c. 1418–1800 CE), the Savanta or Samantha Rajas of [[Mulki, India|Mulki]] (c. 1411–1700 CE), the Bhairahawa Ideas of [[Karkala]] (c. 1240–1650 CE), the Tolaharas of Suralu (c. 1139–1800 CE), the Bangas of Bangadi (c.1410–1800 CE), the Rajas of [[Kumbla]] (c. 12th century – 1800 CE), and the Rajas of [[Vitla]] (c. 1436–1800 CE).

The region became extremely prosperous during the Vijayanagara period, with [[Barkur]] and [[Mangalore]] gaining importance. After the decline of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], the [[Keladi Nayaka]]s of [[Ikkeri]] controlled much of Tulu Nadu.<ref>{{cite book |last=Shastry |first=Bhagamandala Seetharama |author-link= |date=2000|title=Goa-Kanara Portuguese Relations, 1498–1763|url= |location=New Delhi|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|page=112,145–147,180–204|isbn=8170228484}}</ref> Over the following centuries, more ethnic groups migrated to the area. [[Konkanis]] from [[Goa]] arrived by sea, as Mangaluru was a major port that served not only the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] but also the [[Arabs]] for maritime trades. [[Jain Bunt|Jains]] were already a prominent group and even today are uniquely preserved in Tulu Nadu. Though small in number, the [[Jain Bunt|Jains]] left behind indelible reminders of their glory with temples (''[[Basadi|bastis]]''), ([[Hindu temple|mandirs]]) in ([[Moodabidri]]) and monolithic statues of the Jain god [[Bahubali]] in [[Karkala]], [[Venoor]] and [[Dharmasthala]]. In the 16th century, there was a large influx of Catholics to Tulu Nadu from Goa.

Under [[Portuguese India|Portuguese rule]], the region was called the ''Misao do Sul'' (Mission of the South). In the mid- to late-18th century, it was conquered by [[Hyder Ali]], the de facto ruler of [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]]. After the British defeated [[Hyder Ali|Haidar's]] successor [[Tipu Sultan]] in 1799, the region was attached to the [[Madras Presidency]] before being reverted to the [[state of Mysore]] after independence. [[Mangalore]] played a prominent role in Tipu's battles with the British. The British gained full control by 1801 (Mysore has since been renamed [[Karnataka]]). The [[British Raj|British]] ruled the region with [[Madras]] (now [[Chennai]]) as its headquarters. Under the British, the region was organized into the districts of [[North Canara]] and [[South Canara]] respectively.<ref name=":0" />

[[File:Parshuramsaraswats.jpg|thumb|As per [[Hindu mythology]], [[Parashurama]] commanded Lord [[Varuna]] to make the seas recede to make the Tulu Nadu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.boloji.com/index.cfm?md=Content&sd=Articles&ArticleID=865|title=Tulu Nadu: The Land and its People by Dr. Neria H. Hebbar|newspaper=Boloji|access-date=12 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/aktbfkollam/brahmins-of-tulu-nadu|title=Brahmins of Tulu Nadu – Madhwa Samajam Kollam|access-date=12 December 2016}}</ref>]]
When the states were reorganized on a linguistic basis in 1956, Tulu Nadu (South Canara), which was earlier a part of [[Madras Presidency]], and North Canara, which was a part of [[Bombay Presidency]], became part of the newly formed Mysore state, which was later renamed as Karnataka. [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]] became part of the newly formed state of [[Kerala]]. The [[Tulu people|Tuluvas]] began demanding [[Official languages of India|official language]] status for [[Tulu language|Tulu]] and a [[Tulu Nadu state movement|separate state]] named Tulu Nadu for themselves. Organizations like the ''Tulu Rajya Horata Samiti'' have taken up the cause of the ''[[Tulu people|Tuluvas]]'', and meetings and demonstrations were held at towns like [[Mangaluru|Mangalore]] and [[Udupi]] to voice their demand.<ref name="News headlines">{{cite web | url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=27089&n_tit=News+headlines | title=News headlines | publisher=DHNS | date=21 October 2006 | access-date=4 September 2016 | archive-date=23 March 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323061737/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=27089&n_tit=News+headlines | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Tulu organisations to meet soon">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/article1214833.ece | title=Tulu organisations to meet soon | newspaper=The Hindu | date=6 March 2008 | access-date=4 September 2016}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
[[File:South Kanara.jpg|left|thumbnail|[[South Canara]] in 1909]]
{{Historical populations|1871 |918362
|1881 |959514
|1891 |1056081
|1901 |1134713
|1941 |1522016
|1951 |1748991
|footnote=Sources: ''Imperial Gazetteer of India'', Volume 14,<ref name="Imperial1908" /> and 1951 Census Handbook of South Canara<ref name="census1951">{{cite book
| author = Government of Madras | year=1953
| title= 1951 Census Handbook- South Canara District | publisher=Madras Government Press |page=147
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6023/1/7746_1951.pdf
}}</ref>
}}
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = '''Religion in South Canara''' (1951)<ref name="census1951" />
|label1 = [[Hinduism]]
|value1 = 76.58
|color1 = Orange
|label2 = [[Islam]]
|value2 = 14.31
|color2 = Green
|label3 = [[Christianity]]
|value3 = 8.85
|color3 = DodgerBlue
|label4 = Other
|value4 = 0.26
|color4 = Black
}}
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = '''Language in South Canara''' (1951)<ref name="census1951" />
| label1 = [[Tulu language|Tulu]]
| value1 = 39.94
| color1 = Orange
| label2 = [[Malayalam]]
| value2 = 24.19
| color2 = Red
| label3 = [[Kannada]]
| value3 = 17.20
| color3 = Green
| label4 = [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
| value4 = 13.59
| color4 = DodgerBlue
| label5 = [[Languages of India|Other]]
| value5 = 5.08
| color5 = Black
}}
[[File:TempleStambha1913.jpg|thumb|200px|Temple ''stambha'', South Canara.]]
South Canara had a total population of 1,748,991 in 1951, of whom 76.58% were Hindus, 14.31% Muslim, and 8.85% Christian.<ref name="census1951" /> The most widely spoken language was [[Tulu language|Tulu]] which was the mother tongue of 40% of the population, followed by [[Malayalam]] which formed the mother tongue of 24% each of the population. Around 17% of the total population spoke [[Kannada]]. Around 13% of the population spoke [[Konkani language|Konkani]] as their mother tongue. In 1901, it had a density of {{convert|282|PD/sqmi|order=flip}}.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}

The 1908 ''[[Imperial Gazetteer of India]]'' lists South Canara, along with the [[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]] and [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]] districts, as the three districts of the [[Madras Presidency]] where [[Brahmins]] are most numerous.<ref name="Imperial1908">{{cite book|title=[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]]|volume=14|year=1908|publisher=[[Clarendon Press]]}}</ref>

The majority of the people were [[Billava]]s and [[Bunt (community)|Bunts]]. There were more Brahmins (12% of the population) in South Kanara than in any other district of the Madras Presidency, making South Kanara, along with [[Tanjore District (Madras Presidency)|Tanjore]] and [[Ganjam]] one of the three districts of the province where Brahmins were most numerous.<ref name="Imperial1908" />

The original [[indigenous people]] of the region are [[Tuluvas]] ([[Bunt (community)|Bunts]], [[Billava]]s, [[Mogaveera]]s, [[Tulu Gowda]]s, [[Kulala]]s, [[Devadiga]]s, [[Beary]]s, [[Jogi (caste)|Jogis]], and Tulu Brahmins) and [[Malayali]]s in the [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod Taluk]] ([[Nambudiri]]s, [[Nair]]s, [[Thiyyas]], [[Malabar Muslims|Mappilas]] etc.). The Brahmins who settled first belonged chiefly to the [[Sthanika Brahmins|Sthanika]] and thus they were called Tulu Brahmins. Others were [[Shivalli Brahmins|Shivalli]], [[Saraswat Brahmin|Saraswat]], [[Havyaka Brahmin|Havyaka]], [[Kota Brahmins|Kota]] sub-sections, Mahars, the hill-tribes (''[[Koraga people|Koragas]]'').<ref name="SilvaAndFuchs">{{cite journal|last1=Silva|first1=Severine|last2= Fuchs|first2=Stephan|publisher=[[Nanzan University]]|title=The Marriage Customs of the Christians in South Canara, India|journal=[[Asian Folklore Studies]]|year=1965|number=2|pages=2–3|volume=24|doi=10.2307/1177555|jstor=1177555}}</ref>

== Language ==
{{Main|Tulu language}}
[[File:Testtulu1.png|left|thumb|[[Tigalari script|Tulu script]] has been used for [[Tulu language|Tulu]] since at least the 10th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tuluscriptsource.blogspot.com/2020/10/tulu-script.html |title=ScriptSource – Tulu |website=tuluscriptsource|access-date=15 January 2021}}</ref>]]

The most widely spoken language is '''Tulu''', which belongs to the [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] family of languages, and whose native speakers are referred to as [[Tulu people|Tuluva]]. The number of Tulu speakers was estimated to be about 1.7 million in 2001,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm |title=Census of India – Statement 1 |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=26 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |editor-last=Lewis |editor-first=M. Paul |contribution=Tulu |title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World |edition=16th |publisher=[[SIL International]] |year=2009 |contribution-url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=tcy |url=http://www.ethnologue.com |access-date=12 November 2009}}</ref> although some sources quote as many as 3 million.<ref name="Bhat">{{Cite book |title=The Dravidian Languages |author=D.N.S. Bhat |editor=Sanford B. Steever |year=1998 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-10023-2 |page=158 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CF5Qo4NDE64C}}</ref> The other languages spoken in Tulu Nadu include [[Kundagannada]], [[Arebhashe dialect|Arebhashe]], [[Malayalam]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Koraga language|Koraga]], and [[Beary language|Beary]].<ref name="Bhat" />

The [[Tulu script]] (also known as the Tulu–Tigalari script) originates from the [[Grantha script]] and bears strong similarity to the [[Malayalam script]]. It was used in Tulu Nadu for many centuries before later being replaced by the [[Kannada script]] for most writing. A large corpus of Sanskrit manuscripts—including Vedic and religious works—was historically written in this script,<ref>{{cite web |title=Tigalari–Tulu |url=https://www.endangeredalphabets.net/alphabets/tigalari/ |publisher=Atlas of Endangered Alphabets |access-date=14 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Proposal to Encode the Tulu-Tigalari Script in Unicode |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21086-tulu-tigalari.pdf |publisher=Unicode Consortium |date=2021 |access-date=14 November 2025}}</ref> and several important Tulu classical works, such as the ''Tulu Mahabharata'', ''Kaveri'', ''Bhagavato'', and ''Devimahatme'', also survive in this script.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Tulu Language |url=https://yakshagana.com/the-tulu-language/ |publisher=Yakshagana.com |access-date=14 November 2025}}</ref>

== Geography and climate ==
[[File:Demon Yakshagana.jpg|thumb|A ''Yakshagana'' artist portraying a ''[[rakshasa]]'' (demon).]][[File:Mangalore 075.jpg|thumb|220x220px|A typical house in Tulu Nadu, with the roof constructed using [[Mangalore tiles]]]]
Tulu Nadu lies along the [[Konkan Coast]].<ref>{{Cite book |last3=Ripley |first3=Sidney Dillon |last2=Beehler |first2=Bruce M. |last1=Lozupone |first1=Patsy |year=2004 |page=82 |title=Ornithological gazetteer of the Indian subcontinent |publisher=Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International |isbn=1-881173-85-2}}</ref> Tulu Nadu is bounded on the west by the [[Arabian Sea]] and on the east by the [[Western Ghats]]. The [[Chandragiri river]] forms a historical border to the south. Tulu Nadu spans an area of {{convert|8441|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}, roughly 4.4 percent of the total geographical area of present-day [[Karnataka]] and Kasaragod district is the northernmost district of Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tulu Nadu, Kasaragod, Kerala, India |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/bekal/tulu-nadu.php |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=Kerala Tourism - Bekal |language=en}}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}

The coastal region of Tulu Nadu is characterized by its lush rainforests and serene backwaters. The area enjoys a tropical climate, marked by scorching summers, humid days, and a monsoon season that brings heavy rainfall. While summer and winter months experience similar temperature conditions, with average temperatures ranging from 24 to 33 degrees Celsius (75 to 91 degrees Fahrenheit), the monsoon season brings a refreshing respite from the heat.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}

Monsoon starts at the beginning of June, with the heaviest rainfall during [[Tulu calendar|Aati]] month, which spans from mid-July to mid-August. Occasional rain persists until [[Deepawali]] and [[Dusshera|Marnemi]] festivals in October–November. Winter lasts from December to early February, and Summer from mid-February until May. With occasional tropical rain during April and May.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ML |date=2023-12-07 |title=Tulunadu Seasons |url=http://yogish.com/blog/common-tulu-words/tulunadu-seasons |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=Bale Tulu Kalpuga |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Culture ==
[[File:Flag of Tulunadu.jpg|thumb|Cultural flag of Tulunadu region in India]]
[[File:Chaturmukha Basadi.jpg|thumb| [[Chaturmukha Basadi, Karkala]]]]
[[File:1000-Pillar-Temple- Moodbidri-Right-Side-View.JPG|thumb|[[Saavira Kambada Basadi]], [[Moodabidri]]]]
Most communities of Tulu Nadu live by [[Aliyasantana]] (matrilineal) culture as opposed to Magana Santhana (patrilineal) culture. In the [[matrilineal]] system of [[inheritance]] the lineage/inheritance is passed through the female line. Traditionally, the inheritance of the male members of the family went to the children of their sisters. Even today, many families in Mangalore practice kavar paalu while dividing old properties. Kavar paal is a system where children of the male members of the family do not inherit any of their paternal ancestral property.

[[Yakshagana]] is a night-long dance and drama performance practiced in Tulu Nadu with great fanfare.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.szcc.tn.nic.in/07_folktheatre/karnataka/Yakshagana/yakshagana.html |title=Yakshagana |access-date=7 December 2007 |publisher=SZCC, Tamil Nadu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817224137/http://www.szcc.tn.nic.in/07_folktheatre/karnataka/Yakshagana/yakshagana.html  |archive-date=17 August 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |year=2001 |last1=Plunkett |first1=Richard |title=South India |page=53 |publisher=Lonely Planet |isbn=978-1-86450-161-2}}</ref> [[Hulivesha|Pilivesha]] is a unique form of folk dance in the region fascinating the young and the old alike, which is performed during ''Marnemi'' (or ''[[Navratri|Dussehra]]'' in Tulu) and [[Krishna Janmashtami]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-10-26/bangalore/27235282_1_tigers-pai-skin |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811134248/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-10-26/bangalore/27235282_1_tigers-pai-skin |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 August 2011 |date=26 October 2001 |title=Human 'tigers' face threat to health |work=[[The Times of India]] |author=Stanley G. Pinto |access-date=26 May 2013}}</ref> ''Karadi Vesha'' (Bear Dance) is another popular dance performed during ''[[Mysore Dasara|Dasara]]'' in Tulu Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=726 |title=What's in a Name? |author=Stephen D'Souza |publisher=[[Daiji World|Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore]] |access-date=26 May 2013 |archive-date=5 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080305003349/http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=726 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''[[Buta Kola|Daivaradhane]]'' (spirit worship), which is usually done at night, is practised here. [[Kambala]] (Buffalo race) is conducted in water-filled paddy fields. The [[Bhuta Kola]] is similar to [[Theyyam]] in [[North Malabar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/videos/news/news-in-videos/devakoothu-the-lone-woman-theyyam-in-north-malabar-1.3468731|title='Devakoothu'; the lone woman Theyyam in North Malabar|website=Mathrubhumi}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/This-year-Devakoothu-gets-a-new-face/articleshow/17735370.cms|title=Devakoothu: This year, Devakoothu gets a new face | Kozhikode News – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=23 December 2012 }}</ref> ''Korikatta'' ([[cockfight]]ing) is another favorite sport of the people. [[Nagaradhane]] (snake worship) is practiced in the Tulu Nadu according to the popular belief of the [[Nāga|Naga Devatha]] who resides underground and guards the species on the surface.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Nāgas |encyclopedia=Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online |doi=10.1163/2212-5019_beh_com_000337}}</ref>

[[Udupi cuisine]] is popular across [[South India]], mostly due to Udupi restaurants, which are primarily vegetarian. Outside Southern India, there are also famous Udupi Hotels in Mumbai and New Delhi.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}

== Economy ==
Historically, Tulu Nadu was primarily dependent on agriculture and fishing. The main crops grown were rice, [[Chickpea|Bengal gram]], [[horse gram]], vegetables, and fruits. Plantation crops like coconut, [[areca]] nut, cocoa, [[cashew]] nut, and pepper are also grown. In the early 20th century, the [[Mangalore tile]] industry, cashew nut processing, and the banking industry grew substantially. Tulu Nadu is called "The cradle of Indian banking".<ref>{{cite web| url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/15944/12/12_chapter%204.pdf | title=BANKING IN KARNATAKA STATE}}</ref> Five major banks of India ([[Syndicate Bank]], [[Canara Bank]], [[Corporation Bank]], [[Vijaya Bank]], and [[Karnataka Bank]]) have their origins here.

List of Banks of Tulu Nadu:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Bank
!Founded
!Place
!Founded by
! class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|[[Canara Bank]]
|{{start date and age|df=yes|1906}}
|[[Mangalore]]
|[[Ammembal Subba Rao Pai]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Canara Bank :: About Us :: Profile|url=http://www.canarabank.com/English/scripts/aboutus.aspx|access-date=23 October 2016|website=canarabank.com}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=February 2024}}
|-
|[[Karnataka Bank]]
|{{start date and age|df=yes|1924}}
|[[Mangalore]]
| -
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to Karnataka Bank Ltd|url=http://www.karnatakabank.com/ktk/History.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317115018/http://www.karnatakabank.com/ktk/History.jsp|archive-date=17 March 2012|access-date=23 October 2016|website=karnatakabank.com}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=February 2024}}
|-
|[[Vijaya Bank]]
|{{start date and age|df=yes|1931}}
|[[Mangalore]]
|A. B. Shetty
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vijaya Bank|url=https://www.vijayabank.com/About-Us/Inception|access-date=23 October 2016|website=vijayabank.com}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=February 2024}}
|-
|[[Syndicate Bank]]
|{{Start date and age|df=yes|1925}}
|[[Manipal]]
|T. M. A. Pai, Upendra Pai, and Vaman Kudva
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Syndicate Bank- ourprofile|url=https://www.syndicatebank.in/english/ourprofile.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925221437/https://www.syndicatebank.in/english/ourprofile.aspx|archive-date=25 September 2018|access-date=23 October 2016|website=syndicatebank.in}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=February 2024}}
|-
|[[Corporation Bank]]
|{{Start date and age|df=yes|1906}}
|[[Udupi]]
|Khan Bahadur Haji Abdulla Haji Kasim Saheb Bahadur
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=History {{!}} Corporation Bank|url=http://www.corpbank.com/history|access-date=23 October 2016|website=www.corpbank.com}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=February 2024}}
|}
[[File:Tulu Wikimedia Projects.webm|thumb|342x342px|'''Activities of Tulu language , Tulu Wiki medians''' ]]
In the early part of the 21st century, the area has been transforming itself into a hub of the [[information technology]] and medical services industries. There has been a large-scale decline in agriculture and related industries due to the non-availability of labor and preference for [[white-collar worker|white-collar jobs]]. Agricultural land is being converted to commercial and [[real estate]] properties, and environmental pollution is increasing drastically due to large-scale deforestation and an increase in automobile use. A [[public sector]] [[petroleum refinery]] ([[MRPL]]) was established in the 1990s. Some chemical plants (e.g., fertilizers and pesticides) have been established. This region contributes the second-highest revenue to the [[Karnataka]] state after the city of [[Bangalore]]. This region has an [[international airport]] at [[Mangalore]], which is well connected to the rest of [[India]] and Middle Eastern countries. [[New Mangalore Port]] (NMPT) is one of the major ports of India located at [[Panambur]], [[Mangaluru|Mangalore]].<ref name="Shatkin2013">{{cite book|title=Contesting the Indian City: Global Visions and the Politics of the Local|date=14 August 2013|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-29584-7|chapter=Chapter 10 : Planning Mangalore: Garbage Collection in a Small Indian City|author=Gavin Shatkin}}</ref>

== Education ==
Tulu Nadu contains several large educational institutions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Affiliated Colleges |url=https://mangaloreuniversity.ac.in/affiliated-colleges-0.html |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=mangaloreuniversity.ac.in}}</ref> [[Mangaluru|Mangalore]] and [[Manipal]] host multiple universities and colleges. The [[National Institute of Technology, Karnataka|National Institute of Technology Karnataka]] (NITK), located in [[Surathkal]], is a centrally funded technical institute among India’s top engineering colleges according to national surveys such as the NIRF. [[Kasturba Medical College]] (KMC), with campuses in both Manipal and Mangalore, was ranked 9th and 21st respectively in the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) 2020 rankings.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Top 10 medical colleges, universities, and institutes in India|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/education/news/top-10-medical-colleges-universities-and-institutes-in-india/articleshow/78693690.cms|access-date=2021-10-23|website=Business Insider}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MoE, National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF)|url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2020/MedicalRanking.html|access-date=2021-10-23|website=nirfindia.org}}</ref>

===Colleges===
*[[St Aloysius College (Mangalore)|St Aloysius College]]
* [[St. Agnes College, Mangaluru | St Agnes College]]
* [[National Institute of Technology, Karnataka]]
* [[MIT Manipal]]
* [[Mangalore University]]
* [[Kasturba Medical College]]
* [[Canara College]]
* [[NITTE]]

== See also ==
*[[Tulu Nadu state movement]]
*[[List of temples in Tulu Nadu]]
*[[Kolathunadu]]
*[[Communities of Tulu Nadu]]
{{Clear}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Bhat |first=P. Gururaja |author-link=P. Gururaja Bhat |year=1975 |title=Studies in Tuluva history and culture (from the pre-historic times up to the modern) |journal=Studies in Tuluva History and Culture}}
* {{Citation
| author = S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar | year=1942
| title= Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language | publisher=University of Madras
| url= https://archive.org/details/Tuhfat-al-MujahidinAnHistoricalWorkInTheArabicLanguage
|isbn= 9789839154801}}
* {{Citation
| author = J. Sturrock | year=1894
| title= Madras District Manuals – South Canara (Volume-I) | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3200/page/n1/mode/2up
}}
* {{Citation
| author = Harold A. Stuart | year=1895
| title= Madras District Manuals – South Canara (Volume-II) | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281736/mode/2up
}}
* {{Citation
| author = Government of Madras | year=1905
| title= Madras District Gazetteers: Statistical Appendix for South Canara District | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.177471/page/n1/mode/2up
}}
* {{Citation
| author = Government of Madras | year=1915
| title= Madras District Gazetteers South Canara (Volume-II) | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.16591/page/n5/mode/2up
}}
* {{Citation
| author = Government of Madras | year=1953
| title= 1951 Census Handbook- South Canara District | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6023/1/7746_1951.pdf
}}
* {{Citation
| author = J. I. Arputhanathan | year=1955
| title= South Kanara, The Nilgiris, Malabar and Coimbatore Districts (Village-wise Mother-tongue Data for Bilingual or Multilingual Taluks) | publisher=Madras Government Press
| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6447/1/50056_1951_SOU.pdf
}}
* {{Citation |title=Statistical Atlas of the Madras State (1951)|last=Rajabhushanam|first=D. S.|publisher=Director of Statistics, Government of Madras|year=1963|location=Madras (Chennai)|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6454/1/9111_1951_STA.pdf}}
* {{cite thesis |title=TULU JANAPADA SAAHITYA |trans-title=Tulu Folk Literature |type=Ph. D. |first=B. A. |last=Viveka Rai |publisher=Kannada Sahitya Parishath |location=Chamarajpet, Bangalore |date=1985 |lang=Kannada}}

;Folktale collections:
* {{cite book |title=TULUNADINA JANAPADA KATEGALU |trans-title=Folktales of Tulunadu) |editor=Dr. Palthady Ramakrishna Achar |publisher=Centre for Extension and Consultancy, Karantaka Janapada University |date=2013 |isbn=978-93-83149-00-1 |language=Kannada}}
* {{Cite book |title=The Rainboy: Tulu Folk Tales |editor1=B. Surendra Rao |editor2=K. Chinnappa Gowda |translator1=B. Surendra Rao |translator2=K. Chinnappa Gowda |publisher=KANNADA LANGUAGE CHAIR: Jawaharlal Nehru University; Manohar |location=New Delhi |date=2018 }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Tulu Nadu}}
*[https://archive.org/details/Tulunadu Tulu Nadu – Samajika Chariteyalli ondu samshodhanatmaka Vivechane (History of Tulunadu)]
*{{Cite web|date=31 July 2019|title=Udupi: World Kundapura Kannada day on August 1|url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=610422|website=www.daijiworld.com|language=en}}

{{Geographic location
| Centre = Tulu Nadu
| North = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| Northeast = [[Shivamogga district|Shivamogga]]
| East = [[Chikkamagaluru district|Chikkamagaluru]]
| Southeast = [[Kodagu]] and [[Hassan district|Hassan]]
| South = [[Kerala]]
| Southwest =
| West = [[Arabian Sea]]
| Northwest =
}}
{{Navboxes|list=
{{Culture of Tulunadu}}
{{South India topics}}
{{Communities in Mangalore}}
{{Proposed states and territories of India}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tulu Nadu| ]]
[[Category:Proposed states and union territories of India]]

Sathiya Sothanai

2026-03-03T02:30:22Z

Rxsolution: Created new data

{{Short description|2023 Indian comedy drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sathiya Sothanai
| image = Sathiya Sothanai poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Suresh Sangaiah]]
| writer = Suresh Sangaiah
| producer = Sameer Bharath Ram
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Premgi Amaren]]
* Swayam Siddha
* [[Reshma Pasupuleti]]
}}
| cinematography = R. V. Saran
| editing = Venkat Raajen
| music = {{Ubl
| '''Songs:'''
| M. Ragu Raam
|'''Score''':
| Deepan Chakravarthy
}}
| studio = Super Talkies
| country = India
| distributor = Dwarka Studios
| released = {{film date|2023|7|21|df=yes}}
| runtime = 109 minutes
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Sathiya Sothanai''''' ({{translation|Experiments with truth}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language drama film written and directed by [[Suresh Sangaiah]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sathiya Sothanai clears censorship formalities |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/jul/20/sathiya-sothanai-clears-censorship-formalities-45811.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722120158/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/jul/20/sathiya-sothanai-clears-censorship-formalities-45811.html |archive-date=22 July 2023 |access-date=22 July 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The film stars [[Premgi Amaren]] and Swayam Siddha with [[Reshma Pasupuleti]], K. G. Mohan, Selva Murugan, Lakshmi, Haritha and [[G. Gnanasambandam]] in supporting roles.

== Summary ==
An Influential villager is murdered. Pradeep comes across the dead body and discovers jewell. He decides to surrender the jewels to the police but the greedy officials at the station refuse to believe his true intentions take him into custody.

== Cast ==
* [[Premgi Amaren]] as Pradeep
* Swayam Siddha
* [[Reshma Pasupuleti]] as Pradeep's sister
* K. G. Mohan as Kuberan
* Selva Murugan as Mahadevan
* Lakshmi
* Haritha
* [[G. Gnanasambandam]] as Judge

== Production ==
The film was directed by Suresh Sangaiah, who earlier directed ''[[Oru Kidayin Karunai Manu]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ஆவுடையப்பன் |first=பேச்சி |date=11 July 2023 |title=அலட்டல் இல்லாத பிரேம்ஜி.. சிரிப்பை வரவழைக்கும் காட்சிகள்.. சத்திய சோதனை படத்தின் ட்ரெய்லர் இதோ! |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/actor-premgi-amaren-s-sathya-sothanai-movie-trailer-released-128300 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717163337/https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/actor-premgi-amaren-s-sathya-sothanai-movie-trailer-released-128300 |archive-date=17 July 2023 |access-date=22 July 2023 |website=[[ABP Nadu]] |language=ta}}</ref> The film<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-17 |title=Tamil film Sathiya Sothanai OTT streaming date is out - Cinebuds |url=https://cinebuds.com/tamil-film-sathiya-sothanai-ott-streaming-date-is-out/ |access-date=2023-11-24 |language=en-US}}</ref> was produced by Sameer Bharath Ram under the banner of Super Talkies. The cinematography was done by R. V. Saran and edited by Venkat Raajen.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2023 |title=ஹீரோவாக பிரேம் ஜி.. 'சத்திய சோதனை' படத்தின் ட்ரைலர் வெளியீடு |url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/venkat-prabhu-and-lokesh-kanagaraj-launch-the-trailer-of-premgi-sathya-sothanai-453640 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713165619/https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/venkat-prabhu-and-lokesh-kanagaraj-launch-the-trailer-of-premgi-sathya-sothanai-453640 |archive-date=13 July 2023 |access-date=22 July 2023 |website=Zee Hindustan Tamil |language=ta}}</ref> The first-look poster was released on 2 October 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2020 |title=சத்திய சோதனை ஃபர்ஸ்ட் லுக் வெளியீடு |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/586206-sathiya-sothanai-first-look-released-2.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722100124/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/586206-sathiya-sothanai-first-look-released-2.html |archive-date=22 July 2023 |access-date=22 July 2023 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref> The teaser for the film was released on 23 February 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=First look teaser for Premgi Amaran's Sathiya Sothanai is out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/videos/2023/feb/23/first-look-teaser-for-premgi-amarans-sathiya-sothanai-is-out-40319.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409172440/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/videos/2023/feb/23/first-look-teaser-for-premgi-amarans-sathiya-sothanai-is-out-40319.html |archive-date=9 April 2023 |access-date=22 July 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The trailer was released on 11 July 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sathiya Sothanai trailer is here |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/jul/11/sathiya-sothanaitrailer-is-here-45529.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714132619/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/jul/11/sathiya-sothanaitrailer-is-here-45529.html |archive-date=14 July 2023 |access-date=22 July 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
The songs were composed by M. Ragu Raam, while Deepan Chakravarthy composed the background score.
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Track listing
| title1 = Paarthale Pathakathi
| extra1 = Diwakar
| music1 = M. Ragu Raam
| lyrics1 = Velmurugan
| length1 = 2:00
| title2 = SASO – Sathya Sothanai (Promo)
| extra2 = [[Premgi Amaren]]
| lyrics2 = Sathya, Ajmal Khan
| music2 = Ajmal Khan
| length2 = 2:04
| total_length = 4:04
}}

== Release ==
The film was released on 21 July 2023.

== Reception ==
The film received mixed to positive reviews from critics.

Gopinath Rajendran of ''[[The Hindu]]'' gave a mixed review stating, "Unlike the director's first film ''Oru Kidayin Karunai Manu'', the simple premise of ''Sathiya Sothanai'' doesn't allow the film to do justice to its noble theme."<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2023 |title='Sathiya Sothanai' movie review: If only witty one-liners could save a film |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sathiya-sothanai-movie-review-if-only-witty-one-liners-could-save-a-film/article67101471.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722101345/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sathiya-sothanai-movie-review-if-only-witty-one-liners-could-save-a-film/article67101471.ece |archive-date=22 July 2023 |access-date=22 July 2023 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref> Logesh Balachandran of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "''Sathya Sodhanai'' is the film that impresses us in parts but could have definitely been better."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sathiya Sothanai Movie Review : An okayish rural entertainer that's engaging in parts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/sathiya-sothanai/movie-review/101981428.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722101546/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/sathiya-sothanai/movie-review/101981428.cms |archive-date=22 July 2023 |access-date=22 July 2023 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

Navein Darshan of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave a mixed review stating, "This drama on test of virtue, tests your patience."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sathya Sothanai Movie Review: This drama on test of virtue, tests your patience |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2023/jul/21/sathya-sothanai-movie-review-this-drama-on-test-of-virtue-tests-your-patience-45820.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722101849/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2023/jul/21/sathya-sothanai-movie-review-this-drama-on-test-of-virtue-tests-your-patience-45820.html |archive-date=22 July 2023 |access-date=22 July 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Dinamalar]]'' gave the film 2.75 out of 5 and praised the technicians.<ref>{{Cite web |title=சத்திய சோதனை - விமர்சனம் {2.75/5} : சத்திய சோதனை - சத்துடன்… - Sathiya sothanai |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/3325/Sathiya-sothanai/ |access-date=22 July 2023 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=en}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Nakkheeran]]'' gave the film a positive review and called it a boon to Tamil cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2023 |title=தமிழ் சினிமாவிற்கு வரப்பிரசாதம் - 'சத்திய சோதனை' விமர்சனம் |url=https://www.nakkheeran.in/cinema/review/sathiya-sothanai-interview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722120159/https://www.nakkheeran.in/cinema/review/sathiya-sothanai-interview |archive-date=22 July 2023 |access-date=22 July 2023 |website=Nakkheeran |language=en}}</ref>

A critic from ''[[Vikatan]]'' gave the film a mixed review and described it as a kind of patience test, even though the comedy segments mostly work.<ref>{{Cite web |last=டீம் |first=விகடன் |date=21 July 2023 |title=சத்திய சோதனை விமர்சனம்: சுவாரஸ்யமான கதைக்களம், ஆங்காங்கே காமெடி! ஆனால் படமாக க்ளிக் ஆகிறதா? |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/sathiya-sothanai-movie-review-weak-screenplay-and-characterisation-makes-movie-as-a-boring-one |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722120156/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/sathiya-sothanai-movie-review-weak-screenplay-and-characterisation-makes-movie-as-a-boring-one |archive-date=22 July 2023 |access-date=22 July 2023 |website=Vikatan |language=ta}}</ref> Mohanraj Manivelan of ''[[ABP Live]] Tamil'' gave it 2.5 out of 5.<ref>{{Cite web |last=மணிவேலன் |first=த மோகன்ராஜ் |date=22 July 2023 |title=நகைச்சுவையால் நிரம்பிய சத்திய சோதனை.. எதிர்பார்ப்பை பூர்த்தி செய்ததா? முழு விமர்சனம் இதோ..! |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-sathiya-sodhanai-review-in-tamil-premji-amaran-swayam-siddha-starring-sathiya-sodhanai-abp-nadu-critics-review-rating-130350 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722120158/https://tamil.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-sathiya-sodhanai-review-in-tamil-premji-amaran-swayam-siddha-starring-sathiya-sodhanai-abp-nadu-critics-review-rating-130350 |archive-date=22 July 2023 |access-date=22 July 2023 |website=[[ABP Nadu]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt13189304}}

[[Category:2023 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Kumar Bhaskar Varma Setu

2026-02-23T17:09:45Z

Rxsolution:

{{Infobox bridge
| name = Kumar Bhaskar Varma Setu
| carries = 6 lanes of roadway
| image = Kumar_Bhaskar_Varma_Setu.jpg
| image_caption = Night view of Kumar Bhaskar Varma Setu
| crosses = [[Brahmaputra River]]
| locale = [[Guwahati]] – North Guwahati, [[Assam]], India
| named_for = [[Bhaskarvarman|Kumar Bhaskar Varma]]
| owner = [[Government of Assam]]
| design = [[Extradosed bridge]]
| material = Steel and concrete
| length = {{convert|1.24|km}}
| complete = 2026
| opened = 14 February 2026
| inaugurated = [[Narendra Modi]]
| cost = {{INRConvert|3030|c}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Location in Assam, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.1790795|91.7244616|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
}}
'''Kumar Bhaskar Varma Setu''' is a six-lane road bridge over the [[Brahmaputra River]] in [[Assam]], [[India]]. It connects [[Guwahati]] with North Guwahati, significantly enhancing transportation and regional connectivity in the [[Northeast India]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2026-02-14 |title=PM Modi inaugurates ₹3,030 crore bridge on Brahmaputra |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/assam/pm-modi-in-assam-inaugurates-brahmaputra-bridge-updates/article70631610.ece |access-date=2026-02-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The bridge is named after the 7th-century [[Kamarupa]] king [[Bhaskaravarman|Kumar Bhaskar Varma]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Choudhury |first1=Ratnadip |title=PM Modi To Inaugurate Rs 3,000-Crore Bridge Over Brahmaputra In Assam |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kumar-bhaskar-varma-setu-pm-modi-to-inaugurate-rs-3-000-crore-bridge-over-brahmaputra-in-assam-11000669 |access-date=17 February 2026 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=13 February 2026}}</ref>

It is the seventh completed bridge over Brahmaputra in Assam and the third in Guwahati, after both Saraighat bridges.

== History ==
Construction of the Kumar Bhaskar Varma Setu began as part of an infrastructure push to improve connectivity across the Brahmaputra River in Assam.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2026-02-13 |title=PM Modi to land on Assam highway airstrip on Saturday, will witness aerial display of fighter jets |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2026/Feb/13/pm-modi-to-land-on-assam-highway-airstrip-on-saturday-will-witness-aerial-display-of-fighter-jets |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The 1.24-kilometre-long extradosed bridge was built at an estimated cost of around {{INRConvert|3030|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi rolls out big-ticket projects in Assam ahead of Assembly elections: Here's everything he inaugurated - The Economic Times |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/assam/pm-modi-rolls-out-big-ticket-projects-in-assam-ahead-of-assembly-elections-heres-everything-he-inaugurated/amp_articleshow/128340621.cms? |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=m.economictimes.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Bridges over the Brahmaputra River]]
[[Category:Bridges in Assam]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Siddharth (actor)

2026-02-22T19:29:34Z

Rxsolution: Enhanced content and organization

{{short description|Indian actor (born 1979)}}
{{for|other actors with similar names|Siddhartha (disambiguation)#People{{!}}Siddhartha § People}}
{{Indian patronymic|Siddharth|Suryanarayan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Siddharth
| image = SiddharthNarayan.jpg
| caption = Siddharth in 2013
| birth_name = Siddharth Suryanarayan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1979|4|17}}
| birth_place = [[Madras]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = [[Kirori Mal College]]
| occupation = {{hlist |Actor | [[film producer|producer]] | [[playback singer]]}}
| years_active = 2003–present
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Meghna|2003|2007|reason=divorce}}
* {{marriage|[[Aditi Rao Hydari]]|2024}}
}}
}}

'''Siddharth Suryanarayan''' (born 17 April 1979), known [[Mononymous person|mononymously]] as '''Siddharth''', is an Indian actor who primarily works in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], and [[Hindi]] language films. Apart from acting, he has also been involved in films as a screenwriter, [[film producer|producer]] and [[playback singer]]. Siddharth is a recipient of several accolades including three [[Filmfare Awards South]] and a [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award]].

After completing his business management studies, Siddharth chose to work in film making and assisted [[Mani Ratnam]], before going on to make an acting debut in [[S. Shankar]]'s coming-of-age Tamil film ''[[Boys (2003 film)|Boys]]'' (2003). The success of the film provided an opportunity to feature in Mani Ratnam's multi-starrer ''[[Aayutha Ezhuthu]]'' (2004), before he branched off to receive critical and commercial acclaim in Telugu and Hindi cinema through ''[[Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana]]'' (2005), ''[[Rang De Basanti]]'' and ''[[Bommarillu]]'' (2006). The former earned him the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu]]. In the late 2000s, he established himself as a bankable lead actor in Telugu films and subsequently chose to become more selective with his projects, while also winning acclaim for playing a carrom player in ''[[Striker (2010 film)|Striker]]'' (2010) and a blind warrior in ''[[Anaganaga O Dheerudu]]'' (2011).

In 2011, Siddharth returned to Tamil films after a sabbatical and produced [[Balaji Mohan]]'s commercially successful romantic comedy ''[[Kadhalil Sodhappuvadhu Yeppadi]]'' (2012). The actor then had a prolific year in 2014, winning critical acclaim and box office success for his two ventures: ''[[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|Jigarthanda]]'', where he portrayed an aspiring film maker, and ''[[Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)|Kaaviya Thalaivan]]'', in which he played an actor from the 1920s Madras theater scene. The latter earned him [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor]]. Following few unsuccessful films, Siddharth has received commercial success with ''[[Aranmanai 2]]'' (2016), ''[[Sivappu Manjal Pachai]]'' (2019) and ''[[Chithha]]'' (2023). ''Chithha'' earned him the [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Tamil]].

Alongside his acting career, Siddharth is a philanthropist and celebrity endorser. He is married to actress [[Aditi Rao Hydari]].

==Early life==

Siddharth was born on 17 April 1979 in a [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-speaking [[Brahmins|Brahmin]] family in [[Madras]] (present-day [[Chennai]]), [[Tamil Nadu]], India.<ref>{{cite web |title=On Siddharth's 41st birthday, here's looking at some unknown facts about the actor |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/tamil-cinema/article/on-sidharths-41st-birthday-heres-looking-at-some-unknown-fact-about-the-actor/579363 |website=Zoomtventertainment.com |date=17 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/The-Siddharth-way-of-life/articleshow/3012515.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522043529/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-05-06/news-interviews/27784376_1_mani-ratnam-siddharth-films|url-status=live|archive-date=2013-05-22|title=The Siddharth way of life|date=2008-05-06|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2016-02-16}}</ref> He began his education at [[D.A.V. Boys Senior Secondary School]], Madras and then studied at [[Sardar Patel Vidyalaya]], Delhi.<ref name="Idlebrainint">{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/siddardh.html|title=Interview with Siddardh by Jeevi|website=Idlebrain.com|access-date=2010-06-01}}</ref> He subsequently graduated with a [[Bachelor of Commerce]] (Honors) degree from [[Kirori Mal College]], New Delhi.<ref name="indiatimes1"/> Siddharth participated extensively in extra-curricular activities during college, serving as the president of the college's debating society and attending the World Debating Championships. He then went on to complete his [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] from [[S. P. Jain Institute of Management and Research]], [[Mumbai]], while also ultimately winning a speaking skills competition which earned him the CNBC Manager of the year award in 1999.

Siddharth's first tryst with media came through dubbing for the Banish mosquito repellent ad in eight different languages in 1988, as instructed by his father's close friend, ad director-cum-film director, Jayendra Panchapakesan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/I-like-being-a-Telugu-hero-Siddharth/articleshow/6223431.cms|title=I like being a Telugu hero: Siddharth|work=The Times of India}}</ref> He noted that he knew he was headed for a career in films since childhood, showing particular fascination for writing and directing, and thus only signed up for business school as a "safety cushion" as insisted upon by his father.<ref name="aered">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/may/20sid.htm|title=Yuva and Aayitha Ezhuthu will not be different|website=Rediff.com}}</ref> He then briefly pursued amateur theatre during his time in [[Delhi]] through live stage performances with the theatre group Players, while also honing his writing and directorial skills.<ref name="Idlebrainint"/>

==Career==
===Early work and breakthrough (2001–2005)===
After finishing his education, he apprenticed with ad film maker Jayendra and cinematographer [[P. C. Sreeram]], who both helped him join as an assistant director for [[Mani Ratnam]]'s ''[[Kannathil Muthamittal]]''.<ref name="rdbsid">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/feb/06sid.htm|title=Meet Siddharth, of Rang De Basanti|website=Rediff.com}}</ref> He worked on the film throughout 2001, also making an uncredited appearance as a passenger on a bus. The script writer of that film, [[Sujatha (writer)|Sujatha]], was insistent that Siddharth audition for [[S. Shankar|Shankar]]'s ongoing project ''[[Boys (2003 film)|Boys]]'' (2003), where the director had hoped to cast new actors. After consulting with Mani Ratnam, Siddharth met Shankar for an audition and was signed on the following day to play the lead role of Munna.<ref name="boys">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=13224644&cid=2408|title=The 'Boys' team speaks|website=[[Sify]]|date=2007-01-20|access-date=2011-10-23|archive-date=21 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021141818/http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=13224644&cid=2408|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/aug/28sld1.htm|title=Boys: A Preview|website=Rediff.com}}</ref> Siddharth shot for the film in 2002 alongside fellow debutants [[Genelia D'Souza]], [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]], [[Nakul (actor)|Nakul]], [[Thaman]] and Manikandan, while also suffering an injury which led to him being hospitalised for three days.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/aug/27boys.htm|title=Ravi K Chandran on Boys|website=rediff.com|date=August 2003}}</ref> The story centred on six youngsters, conveying a message about the importance of a good education and career over other distractions, such as romance and sex, and marked a move away from Shankar's usual brand of vigilante films, gaining much hype and publicity prior to release.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/sep/09boys.htm|title='Shankar has taken Tamil films to new depths'|website=rediff.com|date=September 2003}}</ref> The film opened to mixed reviews but emerged as a success at the box office, with reviewers noting the ensemble cast as "excellent".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/09/05/stories/2003090501390200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031208173306/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/09/05/stories/2003090501390200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 December 2003|work=[[The Hindu]]|title="Boys"|date=5 September 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boys-review-tamil-13236807.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716160229/http://www.sify.com/movies/boys-review-tamil-13236807.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-07-16|title=Movie Review : Boys|work=Sify}}</ref> Before the release of ''Boys'', Siddharth signed on to feature in his mentor [[Mani Ratnam]]'s political drama film, ''[[Aayutha Ezhuthu]]'' (2004) where he played the student Arjun Balakrishnan, a role which he described was similar to his real life persona. Featuring in an ensemble cast including [[R. Madhavan|Madhavan]], [[Suriya]] and [[Trisha Krishnan|Trisha]], Siddharth revealed that the sync sound method of filming that the team had employed, worked in his favour, as he was able to draw experience from his stage performances.<ref name="aered"/> The film was released in May 2004 to positive reviews, with a critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' noting Siddharth's portrayal as "neat", while another reviewer noted that Siddharth "is cool and discovers his comic side with some great one-liners."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2004/05/28/stories/2004052801670300.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141130083304/http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2004/05/28/stories/2004052801670300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-11-30|work=[[The Hindu]]|title="Aayudha Ezhuthu"}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/aayitha-ezhuthu-review-tamil-13480221.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926184147/http://www.sify.com/movies/aayitha-ezhuthu-review-tamil-13480221.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-09-26|title=Movie Review : Aayitha Ezhuthu|work=Sify}}</ref>

Siddharth then ventured into [[Telugu cinema]] by signing on to appear in the directorial debut of [[Prabhu Deva]], the romantic drama ''[[Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana]]'' (2005), in which he was again paired alongside Trisha. Portraying the [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|NRI]] youngster Santhosh, Siddharth revealed he worked hard to depict his character as "hyperactive, and unpredictable, to the point that the audience does not know what to expect from him", in order to differentiate the role from other NRI depictions in Indian films. He also was insistent that he dub for himself and learnt [[Telugu language|Telugu]] during the production of the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/telugu/interview.php?id=13659413&cid=2410|title="My dream is to direct a film one day": Siddharth|website=[[Sify]] |date=26 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129070403/http://www.sify.com/movies/telugu/interview.php?id=13659413&cid=2410|access-date=29 November 2021|archive-date=29 January 2015}}</ref> It released in January 2005 to widespread critical acclaim, with several critics dubbing it a "must-see". A reviewer from ''Idlebrain.com'' noted Siddharth is "the surprise package" of the film, adding "he epitomized the essence of his character and won the hearts of audiences with his zest portrayal of mischievous yet lovable guy".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-nuvvostanante.html|title=Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana - Telugu cinema Review - Siddardha, Trisha, Srihari|website=Idlebrain.com}}</ref> Similarly ''Sify.com'' added "the surprise packet is Siddharth as the hyperactive, young man and he is just a riot".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/nuvvostanante-nenoddantana-review-telugu-13650824.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930162154/http://www.sify.com/movies/nuvvostanante-nenoddantana-review-telugu-13650824.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-09-30|title=Movie Review : Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film consequently went on to become an all-time blockbuster in the Telugu film industry, and Siddharth became a much sought after actor in Telugu films.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/nn-success-story-news-telugu-kkfv90ajeej.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224030128/http://www.sify.com/movies/nn-success-story-news-telugu-kkfv90ajeej.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-02-24|title='NN' success story!|website=[[Sify]]|date=2005-01-31|access-date=2012-04-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2005/02/18/stories/2005021801160200.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141130083231/http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2005/02/18/stories/2005021801160200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 November 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Entertainment Delhi / Interview : On top of the world...|date=28 February 2005}}</ref> The film also dominated award ceremonies the following year, with his performance fetching him his first [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu]] for his portrayal of Santhosh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/filmfareawards2006.html|title=Filmfare South awards 2006 – Telugu cinema|publisher=Idlebrain.com|date=2006-09-11|access-date=2011-10-23}}</ref> He then wrote the story and worked on the screenplay for his next release, the Telugu film ''[[Chukkallo Chandrudu]]'' (2006) directed by [[Sivakumar Ananth|Sivakumar]], also being credited as a playback singer for the first time.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/siddharth-shines-brightest/article3240494.ece|title=Siddharth shines brightest|work=The Hindu|date=16 January 2006 }}</ref> Described as a "sophisticated comedy film for multiplex crowds", it opened to mixed reviews with Siddharth's contribution described as a "redeeming factor", but failed at the box office.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/a-few-hits-and-many-flops/article3231882.ece|title=A few hits and many flops|work=The Hindu|date=28 December 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/chukkallo-chandrudu-review-telugu-14124665.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129070411/http://www.sify.com/movies/chukkallo-chandrudu-review-telugu-14124665.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-01-29|title=Movie Review : Chukkallo Chandrudu|work=Sify}}</ref>

===Critical acclaim in Telugu and Hindi films (2006–2010)===
[[File:Siddharth at the success party for Striker.jpg|thumb|Siddharth at an event in 2010]]

The success of ''Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana'' saw Siddharth shift base to [[Hyderabad]] and pursue a career primarily in Telugu films, and was non-committal about taking up films in other languages. After rejecting an initial approach by [[Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra]]'s team, he later agreed to work on the drama film ''[[Rang De Basanti]]'' (2006) after being impressed upon reading the film's script. He was further attracted to the offer through the opportunity of working with [[Aamir Khan]] as well as by the film's ensemble cast of Madhavan, [[Sharman Joshi]], [[Kunal Kapoor (actor, born 1977)|Kunal Kapoor]] and [[Soha Ali Khan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.santabanta.com/bollywood/9664/meet-rang-de%60s-karan-singhania-siddharth/|title=Meet Rang De's Karan Singhania: Siddharth|website=Santabanta.com}}</ref> The film tells the story of an incident of government corruption radicalising a group of friends from being carefree to passion-driven individuals. ''Rang De Basanti'' opened in January 2006 to positive reviews and went on to become a super-hit at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|title=Top Lifetime Grossers Worldwide (IND Rs) |access-date=29 April 2011 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=312&catName=TGlmZXRpbWU= |work=Boxofficeindia.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021202725/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=312&catName=TGlmZXRpbWU%3D |archive-date=21 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Both dream and nightmare |last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=3 February 2006 |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2006/02/03/stories/2006020302480300.htm |access-date=4 May 2008 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225091011/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2006/02/03/stories/2006020302480300.htm  |archive-date=25 February 2008}}</ref> It was chosen as India's official entry for the [[Golden Globe Awards]] and the [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]] category, while also winning the [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]] and the [[Filmfare Award for Best Film]]. Portraying an angry, young man named Karan Singhania, Siddharth's performance was highly appreciated by critics, who stated he was "excellent".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/rang-de-basanti-review-bollywood-14128012.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141115014449/http://www.sify.com/movies/rang-de-basanti-review-bollywood-14128012.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-11-15|title=Movie Review : Rang De Basanti|work=Sify}}</ref> He received nominations for Best Supporting Actor and Best Male Debut at the [[Filmfare Awards|Filmfare]], [[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA]] and [[Zee Cine Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2007/01/07/2046/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090120235324/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2007/01/07/2046/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 January 2009|title=Winners: 13th Annual Star-Screen Awards|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=2007-01-07|access-date=2011-10-23}}</ref>

Siddharth's next release was the Telugu family drama ''[[Bommarillu]]'' (2006), directed by [[Bhaskar (director)|Bhaskar]]. The film portrayed the relationship between a father and son, in which the father's excessive concern for his son, and interference in his life, leads to the latter harbouring bitterness towards his overbearing father. Cast opposite Genelia for the second time, Bhaskar revealed he chose Siddharth to play the lead role because of his similarities in body language with the character. During the shoot, the director praised the actor's versatility and dedication to the role, adding he was "mesmerised" after Siddharth performed a scene close to four minutes without a cut.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2006/sep/06bomma.htm|title=The man behind Telugu hit Bommarillu|date=6 September 2006|work=Rediff}}</ref> Upon release in August 2006, several critics gave the film an "instant classic" status, with ''Idlebrain.com'' noting it was "picture-perfect".<ref name="idlebrain.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-bommarillu.html|title=Bommarillu - Telugu cinema Review - Siddardha & Genelia|website=Idlebrain.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/bommarillubhaskar-ongolegitha.html|title=Bommarillu Bhaskar interview - Telugu film director|website=Idlebrain.com}}</ref> The lead pair won widespread critical acclaim for their performances and chemistry, with a reviewer from ''Sify.com'' stating that it was "another tailor-made role for Siddharth. He is very natural, charming and elegant" and he "melds effortlessly from a casual sangfroid to utter seriousness".<ref name="idlebrain.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/bommarillu-review-telugu-14269791.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513075423/http://www.sify.com/movies/bommarillu-review-telugu-14269791.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-05-13|title=Movie Review : Bommarillu|work=Sify}}</ref> ''Bommarillu'' emerged as a blockbuster at the domestic box-office, in addition to becoming the highest-grossing Telugu film internationally at the time of its release.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/trade/records/bommarillu2.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018205231/http://www.idlebrain.com/trade/records/bommarillu2.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2006-10-18|title=Bommarillu is a lambi race ka ghoda!|publisher=Idlebrain|date=2006-10-04|access-date=2012-04-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/trade/records/bommarillu1.html|title=Bommarillu rocks|publisher=Idlebrain|date=2006-09-13|access-date=2012-04-17|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120228173835/http://www.idlebrain.com/trade/records/bommarillu1.html|archive-date=28 February 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> His performance in the film earned him his second nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu. He then worked with director [[Vishal Bhardwaj]] and cinematographer [[Guillermo Navarro]] on a short film titled ''[[Blood Brothers (short film)|Blood Brothers]]'',<ref name="R">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/dec/16slide9-actors-we-miss.htm|title=Actors we missed this year|publisher=Rediff|access-date=2011-10-23}}</ref> which premiered at the [[2007 Toronto International Film Festival]] as part of [[Mira Nair]]'s AIDS Jaago project.<ref>{{cite web|last=Powers|first=Thom|url=http://tiff.net/blogs/post/2007/08/22/carter!-cheadle!-maher!-live-on-stage-for-mavericks.aspx|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120715105844/http://tiff.net/blogs/post/2007/08/22/carter!-cheadle!-maher!-live-on-stage-for-mavericks.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-07-15|title=Carter! Cheadle! Maher! live on stage for Mavericks|publisher=Tiff.net|date=2007-08-22|access-date=2012-04-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_mira-nair-s-aids-salvo-hits-home_1135959|title=Mira Nair's AIDS salvo hits home|work=DNA India|date=2007-11-28|access-date=2012-04-17}}</ref> His next release was ''[[Aata (2007 film)|Aata]]'' (2007), an action drama film alongside [[Ileana D'Cruz]], which received mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aata is disappointing|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/10ssaata.htm|access-date=2021-06-04|website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/aata-review-telugu-14447106.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129080458/http://www.sify.com/movies/aata-review-telugu-14447106.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-01-29|title=Movie Review : Aata|work=Sify}}</ref> Following this, Siddharth chose to become cautious about his future ventures, revealing he "rather achieve with one good film at a time, as opposed to a barrage of mediocrity" and rejected a series of offers in Hindi and Telugu films.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/features/2008/siddharth-interview-260208.html|title="It took me two years to find a Hindi movie"- Siddharth|website=Filmibeat.com|date=26 February 2008 }}</ref>

Siddharth then went twenty months without a film release, taking a sabbatical and then working extensively on the making of his second Hindi film. He had two Telugu films which released in 2009, with the family drama ''[[Konchem Ishtam Konchem Kashtam]]'' opposite [[Tamannaah]] receiving mixed reviews from critics and audiences.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Konchem Istam Konchem Kastam review - Telugu cinema Review - Siddhardh & Tamanna|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-kikk.html|access-date=2021-05-08|website=www.idlebrain.com|archive-date=25 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725140742/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-kikk.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Anand Ranga's ''[[Oy! (film)|Oy!]]'', saw Siddharth appear in another role as a romantic hero and paired opposite actress [[Shamili]], while he also contributed as the film's soundtrack album producer working with [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/siddharth-oy1.html|title=Siddharth interview - Telugu Cinema interview - Telugu film actor|website=Idlebrain.com}}</ref> The film opened to mixed reviews and had an average run at the box office, with a critic noting "Siddharth has given a brilliant performance as a lover boy, but his acting is not up to the mark in some emotional scenes".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/oy-review-telugu-14897788.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129132218/http://www.sify.com/movies/oy-review-telugu-14897788.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-01-29|title=Movie Review : Oy|work=Sify}}</ref> His second Hindi film, ''[[Striker (2010 film)|Striker]]'' (2010), was a period drama set in the 1990s portraying the life of a [[carrom]] player. Siddharth became extensively involved with the making of the film and in order to adapt into the role, he took training in the sport for two months and relocated to the Malwani district in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=14608504|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080225115708/http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=14608504|url-status= dead|archive-date= 25 February 2008|title= Siddharth: I am not attached to anything|author= Bollywood Hungama|date= 21 February 2008|website= [[Sify]]|access-date=12 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.naachgaana.com/2010/01/19/taking-the-strike-sandys-interview-with-siddharth/|title=Taking the Strike...Sandy's interview with Siddharth|website=Naachgaana.com}}</ref> Prior to release, Siddharth noted that his career as an actor in Hindi films would depend on how well the film is received and contemplated relocating his base to Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/i-know-that-striker-will-open-the-right-doors-said-siddharth/570028/2|title='I know that 'Striker' will open the right doors,' said Siddharth - Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref> ''Striker'' became the first Indian film to be released in theatres and on [[YouTube]] on the same day, but failed to do well at the box office.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Striker-first-Indian-film-to-premier-on-YouTube-for-international-audience/articleshow/5513836.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522042815/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-29/india/28138022_1_telugu-superstar-siddharth-indian-films-striker|url-status=live|archive-date=2013-05-22|title='Striker' first Indian film to premier on YouTube for international audience|date=2010-01-29|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2012-04-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/feb/08/striker-misses-the-mark-at-box-office.htm|title=Striker misses the mark at the box office|date=8 February 2010|work=Rediff}}</ref> However, Siddharth won positive reviews for his performance with a critic from Rediff.com noting that "this is a Siddharth vehicle from start to finish" and that "to his credit, he channelises his spontaneous presence to slip nimbly under the skin of a carrom genius, shifting his body language from a concentrating player to a smooth-talking, snarky lad entangled in a web of crime with restraint and conviction."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/feb/05/review-striker-scores.htm|title=Review: Striker is Siddharth's game|date=5 February 2010|work=Rediff}}</ref> His other release that year was the Telugu film ''[[Baava]]'', a romantic family entertainer, which he accepted because it would show him in the different light of a village-based character.<ref name="review">{{cite web|title= I don't do remakes|url= http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/oct/28/slide-show-1-south-siddharth-on-baava.htm|publisher=Rediff|access-date=28 Oct 2010}}</ref> The film opened to negative reviews, with an industry pundit noting the film was "another misplaced attempt for a break" for the actor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/movie-review-bava-597392|title=Movie Review: Bava|website=Movies.ndtv.com}}</ref>

===Career fluctuations (2011–2013)===
[[File:Siddharth - TeachAIDS Recording Session.png|thumb|right|Siddharth at [[TeachAids]] recording session in 2013]]
The actor was then selected to portray the lead role of a blind warrior in [[Prakash Kovelamudi]]'s fantasy epic ''[[Anaganaga O Dheerudu]]'' co-produced by [[Walt Disney Pictures]] and veteran director [[K. Raghavendra Rao]]. Beginning production in June 2009, it became the actor's most expensive film till date and marked the debuts of actresses [[Shruti Haasan]] and [[Lakshmi Manchu]] in Telugu cinema.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Siddharths-new-beginning/articleshow/4679884.cms?referral=PM|title=Siddharth's new beginning|work=The Times of India}}</ref> The film opened with high expectations following positive pre-release promotions, but only garnered average collections and reviews from critics. While a critic from Rediff.com noted Siddharth "shines in his first true-blue action film" and that "he displays quick reflexes, agility, and keenness as the swordsman", another reviewer was more critical, stating that Siddharth "tried his best to get into the shoes of a warrior, the attire does not suit him and he displayed much innocence on his face, rendering the show a pale drama."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-anaganaga-o-dheerudu/20110114.htm|title=Anaganaga O Dheerudu: A visual extravaganza|date=14 January 2011|work=Rediff}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/anaganaga-o-dheerudu-review-review-telugu-14960605.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129080449/http://www.sify.com/movies/anaganaga-o-dheerudu-review-review-telugu-14960605.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-01-29|title=Movie Review : Anaganaga O Dheerudu review|work=Sify}}</ref> He was next seen in the Tamil and Telugu bilingual ''[[180 (2011 Indian film)|180]]'' directed by his mentor, the ad director Jayendra. The venture marked his return to Tamil films after a seven-year hiatus, and he was seen portraying a doctor who flees from his American life to begin fresh in India.<ref name="indiatimes2">{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Siddharth-now-in-Kollywood/articleshow/11683057.cms | title=Siddharth now in Kollywood | work=The Times of India | date=2012-01-30 | access-date=2012-04-17}}</ref> The film had an average run at the box office, though garnered positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/180-review-review-tamil-14973057.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331012506/http://www.sify.com/movies/180-review-review-tamil-14973057.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-03-31|title=Movie Review : 180- Review|work=Sify}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-180-is-a-cliche/20110625.htm|title=Review: 180 is a cliche|date=25 June 2011|work=Rediff}}</ref> His third release of the year was the romantic college drama, ''[[Oh My Friend]]'' co-starring Shruti Haasan and [[Hansika Motwani]], which opened to mixed reviews but proved to be a commercial success at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-oh-my-friend-is-afeel-good-entertainer/20111111.htm|title=Oh my Friend is a feel-good entertainer|date=11 November 2011|work=Rediff}}</ref>

Siddharth then chose to produce his first film under his newly launched production studio, Etaki Entertainment Private Limited, which he had registered in October 2010. He financed the college romantic comedy ''[[Kadhalil Sodhappuvadhu Yeppadi]]'' (2012), based on the same-titled short film by [[Balaji Mohan]], and featured in the lead role alongside [[Amala Paul]]. He revealed that after watching the 10-minute Tamil short film, he found it interesting and developed an interest to turn it into a mainstream full-length feature film. The film was shot over a period of eight months under a moderate budget. The film was partially reshot in Telugu as ''Love Failure''.<ref>{{cite web|author=Anupama Subramanian |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/siddharth-multi-tasker-620 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125105833/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/siddharth-multi-tasker-620 |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2012 |title=Siddharth, the multi tasker |work=Deccan Chronicle|date=24 January 2012 |access-date=5 March 2012}}</ref> The film opened in February 2012 in both languages to commercial success, becoming a profitable venture at the box office. Both the film and Siddharth won positive reviews, with a critic calling it "earnest" and "well-written".<ref>{{cite news|author=Karthik Subramanian |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2906969.ece |title=Arts / Cinema : Kadhalil Sodhapuvadhu Yeppadi: Simple is beautiful |work=The Hindu|date=18 February 2012 |access-date=5 March 2012 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> In 2013, Siddharth had his most prolific year and appeared in seven film across four languages. Siddharth was selected to be a part of the ensemble cast for [[Deepa Mehta]]'s ''[[Midnight's Children (film)|Midnight's Children]]'', a 2012 British-Canadian [[film adaptation]] of [[Salman Rushdie]]'s 1981 [[Midnight's Children|novel of the same name]]. He sped read the book to prepare for his role and attended a series of workshops to portray the role of Shiva, earning positive reviews for his performance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribute.ca/tiff/index.php/2012/09/09/siddharth-interview-midnights-children/#.VHDyjfmsWSo|title=Siddharth Interview – Midnight's Children - Toronto International Film Festival TIFF|website=Tribute.ca|access-date=12 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/siddharth-kicked-about-deepa-mehtas-midnights-children-128919/|title=Siddharth kicked about Deepa Mehta's 'Midnight's Children'|date=28 July 2012|website=Bollywood Life}}</ref> Siddharth then worked on [[Nandini Reddy]]'s Telugu romantic comedy ''[[Jabardasth (film)|Jabardasth]]'' opposite [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]], with the pair portraying wedding planners. Despite hype prior to release, as a result of the pair's off-screen relationship, the film garnered poor reviews with critics noting their characters "were poorly written".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/jabardasth-review-review-telugu-15020955.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315171101/http://www.sify.com/movies/jabardasth-review-review-telugu-15020955.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-03-15|title=Movie Review : Jabardasth review|work=Sify}}</ref> The film became a commercial failure, while also becoming entangled in a legal tussle soon after release of story theft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/jabardasth-declared-dud-in-usa-news-telugu-nc2nhajccejsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129133723/http://www.sify.com/movies/jabardasth-declared-dud-in-usa-news-telugu-nc2nhajccejsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-01-29|title=Jabardasth declared dud in USA|work=Sify}}</ref> He also was subsequently seen in [[Srinu Vaitla]]'s ''[[Baadshah (2013 film)|Baadshah]]'', performing a guest appearance in a flashback sequence. His fourth release was [[David Dhawan]]'s Hindi comedy film ''[[Chashme Baddoor (2013 film)|Chashme Baddoor]]'', a remake of [[Chashme Buddoor (1981 film)|the 1981 film of the same name]], which received negative reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-the-new-chashme-baddoor-is-awful/20130405.htm|title=Review: The new Chashme Baddoor is awful|date=5 April 2013|work=Rediff}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/anupama-chopra-s-review-chashme-buddoor/article1-1038148.aspx|title=Anupama Chopra's review: Chashme Buddoor|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=12 September 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207005216/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/anupama-chopra-s-review-chashme-buddoor/article1-1038148.aspx|archive-date=7 December 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Next, Siddharth collaborated with debutant director [[Manimaran]] for the romantic thriller ''[[Udhayam NH4]]'', written by [[Vetrimaaran]]. The film won positive reviews and performed strongly at the box office, with a critic from Rediff.com adding the actor "has given a very mature, yet understated performance".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-udhayam-nh4-is-real-fun/20130419.htm|title=Review: Udhayam NH4 is real fun|date=19 April 2013|work=Rediff}}</ref> He then featured in [[Sundar C]]'s commercially successful Tamil comedy film ''[[Theeya Velai Seiyyanum Kumaru]]'' portraying a timid IT employee who seeks the help of a love guru.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/theeya-velai-seiyyanum-kumaru-review-tamil-15031634.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615032255/http://www.sify.com/movies/theeya-velai-seiyyanum-kumaru-review-tamil-15031634.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-06-15|title=Movie Review : Theeya Velai Seiyyanum Kumaru|work=Sify}}</ref> His popularity in Telugu cinema meant that the makers partially reshot the film in Telugu as ''Something Something''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/something-something-drama-of-the-absurd/article4814439.ece|title=Something Something: Drama of the absurd|author=Sangeetha Devi Dundoo|work=The Hindu|date=14 June 2013|access-date=29 April 2020|archive-date=17 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117230700/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/something-something-drama-of-the-absurd/article4814439.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Return to Tamil films and further success (2014–2020)===
By early 2014, Siddharth worked simultaneously on three Tamil projects claiming in an interview to ''[[The Hindu]]'' newspaper that the year was likely to "be a turning point in his career".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-columns/siddharth-and-his-year-of-versatile-acting/article6402049.ece|title=Siddharth and his year of versatile acting|author=Karthik Subramanian and Deepa H. Ramakrishnan|work=The Hindu|date=11 September 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/arts-entertainment/celebrity/india/south-india/siddharth-jigarthanda-will-be-an-important-film-this-year-1.1365236|title=Siddharth: 'Jigarthanda' will be an important film this year|work=Gulf News|date=31 July 2014 }}</ref> His first release of the year was [[Karthik Subbaraj]]'s musical gangster film ''[[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|Jigarthanda]]'', where he portrayed an aspiring film director who travels to [[Madurai]] to make a film based on the life and times of a notorious rowdy. Siddharth was chosen by the director as "he had not done a role like it before", and his on screen character was named after and drew allusions to Karthik Subbaraj's career as a filmmaker.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://silverscreen.in/features/twist-fate-karthik-subbaraj-interview/|title=Twist of Fate: The Karthik Subbaraj Interview|website=Silverscreen.in|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205155817/http://silverscreen.in/features/twist-fate-karthik-subbaraj-interview/|archive-date=5 December 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Co-starring [[Bobby Simha]] as the rowdy and [[Lakshmi Menon (actress)|Lakshmi Menon]], ''Jigarthanda'' opened to positive reviews in August 2014. Reviewers noted Siddharth "gives a commendable performance" and that he "was simply terrific in the scenes where he plays a cat and mouse game with the gangster".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-jigarthanda-is-a-fun-ride/20140801.htm|title=Review: Jigarthanda is a fun ride|date=1 August 2014|work=Rediff}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/jigarthanda-review-tamil-15058085.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802081719/http://www.sify.com/movies/jigarthanda-review-tamil-15058085.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-08-02|title=Movie Review : Jigarthanda|work=Sify}}</ref> The film subsequently went on to become among the most profitable Tamil films of the year, while earning "cult status" amongst the audience.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-siddharth-i-felt-jigarthanda-would-be-a-cult-but-its-even-more-spectacular-south/20140812.htm#1|title=Siddharth: I felt Jigarthanda would be a cult but it's even more spectacular|date=12 August 2014|work=Rediff}}</ref> The success of the film meant that Siddharth had four successive commercially successful films in Tamil and was at the peak of his career in the industry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/regional/jigarthanda-hits-the-bull-s-eye-siddharth-delivers-a-hat-trick/article1-1249637.aspx|title=Jigarthanda hits the bull's eye, Siddharth delivers a hat-trick|author=Hindustan Times|work=Hindustan Times|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207010721/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/regional/jigarthanda-hits-the-bull-s-eye-siddharth-delivers-a-hat-trick/article1-1249637.aspx|archive-date=7 December 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

His next release was [[Vasanthabalan]]'s historical fiction film, ''[[Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)|Kaaviya Thalaivan]]'', depicting the life of performers from the Madras theatre circuit from the 1920s. Siddharth was associated with the project right from the scripting stages in 2011, and was instrumental in helping bring the producers and [[A. R. Rahman]] become a part of the venture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-producer/s-sashikanth/an-exclusive-kaaviya-thalaivan-special-interview-with-producer-sashikanth.html|title=An exclusive Kaaviya Thalaivan special interview with Producer Sashikanth|website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> Working alongside [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]] and [[Vedhika]], he portrayed the leading role of Thalaivankottai "Kaali"appa Bhagavathar, a Madras theatre artiste, loosely based on the life of actor [[S. G. Kittappa]]. To prepare for the role, he studied the work of actors from the 1920s and made himself familiar with the lives of artistes from that time period, noting his stint in theatre was helpful.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/theatre-on-the-big-screen/article6639888.ece|title=Theatre on the big screen|author=Srinivasa Ramanujam|work=The Hindu|date=27 November 2014 }}</ref> The film opened to unanimously positive reviews in November 2014, with Siddharth's performance receiving critical acclaim.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/siddharth-overwhelmed-by-kaaviya-thalaivan-response-news-tamil-ol3k3ihhghige.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129080437/http://www.sify.com/movies/siddharth-overwhelmed-by-kaaviya-thalaivan-response-news-tamil-ol3k3ihhghige.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 January 2015|title=Siddharth overwhelmed by 'Kaaviya Thalaivan' response|work=Sify}}</ref> A reviewer from Rediff.com noted "This is a role of a lifetime for Siddharth, a truly memorable performance. He sports innumerable looks in the film and is perfect in every one of them, totally at ease with the character and the body language", while ''Sify.com'' added "he has done a magnificent job and his eyes speak the sadness of his character."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kaaviya-thalaivan-review-tamil-15058669.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141201001059/http://www.sify.com/movies/kaaviya-thalaivan-review-tamil-15058669.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-12-01|title=Movie Review : Kaaviya Thalaivan|work=Sify}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-kaaviya-thalaivan-is-worth-a-watch/20141128.htm|title=Review: Kaaviya Thalaivan is worth a watch|date=28 November 2014|work=Rediff}}</ref> His performance in the film earned him his first nomination for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil]]. Siddharth's next on-screen appearance was in ''[[Enakkul Oruvan (2015 film)|Enakkul Oruvan]]'' (2015), a remake of the successful Kannada film ''[[Lucia (film)|Lucia]]'' (2013), which was produced by [[C. V. Kumar]]. Appearing in two roles as a successful actor and as a village theatre operator, Siddharth appeared in one sporting a dark complexion for the first time. The film opened to positive reviews, with a critic from Sify.com stating that Siddharth does "an extraordinary job of sinking his teeth into the two characters with consummate ease", adding that the film was a "bold and unique attempt with sharp performances and a tight script".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/enakkul-oruvan-review-tamil-pdgryndeaeafj.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150308093816/http://www.sify.com/movies/enakkul-oruvan-review-tamil-pdgryndeaeafj.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-03-08|title=Review : Enakkul Oruvan|work=Sify}}</ref> Similarly, a reviewer from ''Behindwoods.com'' stated he gave "a neat and apt enactment" in the two roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/enakkul-oruvan/enakkul-oruvan-review.html|title=Enakkul Oruvan (aka) Enakul Oruvan review|website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> However both ''Kaaviya Thalaivan'' and ''Enakkul Oruvan'' failed commercially at the box office, prompting the actor to take a break from films.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://home.mykollywood.com/2015/10/20/siddharth-back-with-a-bang/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023154955/http://home.mykollywood.com/2015/10/20/siddharth-back-with-a-bang/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-10-23|title=Siddharth back with a bang|website=Mykollywood.com}}</ref> After a six-month sabbatical, Siddharth announced that he had finished work on another acting and production venture, ''[[Jil Jung Juk]]'' by newcomer Deeraj Vaidy.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional/jil-jung-juck-is-actor-siddharth-s-second-film-as-producer/article1-1389103.aspx |title=Jil Jung Juck is actor Siddharth's second film as producer |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 September 2015 }}</ref> He has also worked on [[Sundar C]]'s horror comedy, ''[[Aranmanai 2]]'' alongside [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]] and [[Hansika Motwani]]. It was a commercial success at the box office.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Aranmanai 2 made more money than the original: Sundar C |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/feb/09/aranmanai-2-made-more-money-than-the-original-sundar-c-1770944.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108154014/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/feb/09/aranmanai-2-made-more-money-than-the-original-sundar-c-1770944.html |archive-date=8 November 2021 |access-date=15 March 2018 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

After a series of template horror-comedy films, Siddharth and Milind Rau have come up with ''[[Aval (2017 film)|Aval]]'', a smartly made thriller mixed with emotions. The script is considered to be based on a real-life incident. Apart from producing and acting, Siddharth has also co-written the movie with Milind Rau.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/aval/aval-review-1.html|title=Aval (aka) Siddharth Aval review|date=3 November 2017|website=Behindwoods}}</ref> The film was made as a bilingual in Hindi (titled ''The House Next Door'') and dubbed in Telugu as ''Gruham''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/aval-siddharth-talks-about-how-his-upcoming-tamil-horror-film-will-be-a-game-changer-in-the-genre-4181039.html|title=Aval: Siddharth talks about how his upcoming Tamil horror film will be a game-changer in the genre |date=28 October 2017|website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/oct/05/mani-ratnam-isnt-a-fan-of-horror-films-milind-rau-1666865.html|title=Mani Ratnam isn't a fan of horror films: Milind Rau|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=29 November 2021}}</ref> In 2018, he expanded to Malayalam films with ''[[Kammara Sambhavam]]'', which later gained cult following.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kammara-sambhavam-review-ambitious-concept-disappointing-result-79585|title='Kammara Sambhavam' Review: Ambitious concept, disappointing result|date=14 April 2018|website=The News Minute}}</ref>

Siddharth made his web debut with the Hindi series ''[[Leila (TV series)|Leila]]'', his first release of 2019. The series was short with one season and 6 episodes, appearing on the [[Netflix]] site.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/927014/leila-review-in-netflix-series-the-future-isnt-very-different-from-the-present|title='Leila' review: In Netflix series, the future isn't very different from the present|first=Soumya|last=Rao|website=Scroll.in|date=15 June 2019 }}</ref> In September 2019, [[Sasi (director)|Sasi]]'s ''[[Sivappu Manjal Pachai]]'' was released. [[GV Prakash Kumar]] is a street racer while Rajasekar (Siddharth) is a traffic cop. Siddharth sheds his ‘chocolate boy’ image to play an astute, hyper-masculine. The film was released to positive reviews.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sivappu-manjal-pachai-movie-review-an-interesting-take-on-the-male-ego/article29359924.ece|title='Sivappu Manjal Pachai' movie review: An interesting take on the male ego|first=Srivatsan|last=S|date=7 September 2019|website=Thehindu.com}}</ref> The film was a box office success.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/sivappu-manjal-pachai/sivappu-manjal-pachai-box-office-sep-15.html|title = Sivappu Manjal Pachai box office collection|date = 15 September 2019}}</ref> In October 2019, he appeared in ''[[Aruvam]]'', a supernatural thriller film which received mixed reviews and was a box office average.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/aruvam-review-tamil-movie-22850|title=Aruvam review. Aruvam Tamil movie review, story, rating|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Darshan |first=Navein |date=11 October 2019 |title='Aruvam' movie review: This film about adulteration is adulterated |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/oct/12/aruvam-movie-review-this-film-about-adulteration-is-adulterated-2046231.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023013558/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/oct/12/aruvam-movie-review-this-film-about-adulteration-is-adulterated-2046231.html |archive-date=23 October 2019 |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

=== Career progression (2021–present)===

In 2021, Siddharth played a corrupt civil services aspirant in the Telugu film ''[[Maha Samudram]]'' opposite [[Aditi Rao Hydari]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Balach|first=Logesh|date=September 18, 2020|title=Maha Samudram: Siddharth and Sharwanand come together for Ajay Bhupathi's bilingual|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/maha-samudram-siddharth-and-sharwanand-come-together-for-ajay-bhupati-s-bilingual-1722966-2020-09-18|access-date=2020-12-23|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> It opened to mixed-to negative reviews and underperformed at the box office.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/maha-samudram-release-date-sharwanand-siddharth-and-aditi-to-arrive-on-august-19/articleshow/80598308.cms|title='Maha Samudram' release date: Sharwanand, Siddharth and Aditi to arrive on August 19|website=Times of India}}</ref> In the same year, he also played a calligrapher in a segment of the Tamil series ''[[Navarasa (TV series)|Navarasa]]'' opposite [[Parvathy Thiruvothu|Parvathy]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|author=Janani K. |date=October 25, 2021 |title=Parvathy shoots for Netflix's Navarasa with Siddharth, calls him Benjamin Button ka baap|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/parvathy-shoots-for-netflix-s-navarasa-with-siddharth-calls-him-benjamin-button-ka-baap-1784472-2021-10-25|access-date=29 June 2021|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref> The series opened to positive reviews.<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 March 2021|title=Suriya, Vijay Sethupathi, Arvind Swami, Siddharth's pics from Mani Ratnam's Navarasa out ft Gautham Menon|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/suriya-vijay-sethupathi-arvind-swami-siddharths-pics-from-mani-ratnams-navarasa.html|access-date=27 April 2021|website=Behindwoods|archive-date=27 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427080509/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/suriya-vijay-sethupathi-arvind-swami-siddharths-pics-from-mani-ratnams-navarasa.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Siddharth started 2022 with the Hindi series ''[[Escaype Live]]'', where he played a content moderator.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/escaype-live-trailer-siddharth-jaaved-jaaferi-starrer-web-series-brings-forth-the-dark-side-of-social-media-watch-101650973945860.html|title=Escaype Live trailer: Siddharth, Jaaved Jaaferi-starrer web series brings forth the dark side of social media. Watch|date=26 April 2022|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=30 June 2022|archive-date=30 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630145523/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/escaype-live-trailer-siddharth-jaaved-jaaferi-starrer-web-series-brings-forth-the-dark-side-of-social-media-watch-101650973945860.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Abhimanyu Mathur stated, "Siddharth is effortless as the show’s moral compass but seems restricted somehow, because of the writing."<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 May 2022 |title=Escaype Live review: This exhausting Siddharth, Jaaved Jaaferi show wastes promising concept by trying to do too much |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/escaype-live-review-this-exhausting-siddharth-jaaved-jaaferi-show-wastes-promising-concept-by-trying-to-do-too-much-101653056836836.html |access-date=14 September 2022 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en |archive-date=7 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907045128/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/escaype-live-review-this-exhausting-siddharth-jaaved-jaaferi-show-wastes-promising-concept-by-trying-to-do-too-much-101653056836836.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Siddharth's first release of 2023 was the long delayed Tamil film ''[[Takkar (2023 film)|Takkar]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Balachandran |first=Logesh |date=9 June 2023 |title=Takkar Movie Review : Average writing overshadows Siddharth's earnest performance |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/takkar/movie-review/100867548.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609085556/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/takkar/movie-review/100867548.cms |archive-date=9 June 2023 |access-date=9 June 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Siddharth then played a paternal uncle fighting for his niece, who faced abuse opposite [[Nimisha Sajayan]] in the Tamil film ''[[Chithha]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-06 |title=Here's why director Arun Kumar made 'Chithha' with Siddharth |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/heres-why-director-arun-kumar-made-chithha-with-siddharth/articleshow/104189124.cms |access-date=2024-08-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=11 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011131343/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/heres-why-director-arun-kumar-made-chithha-with-siddharth/articleshow/104189124.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> He also produced the film, when was released to critical acclaim.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 April 2023 |title=Siddharth's next titled 'Chittha' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2023/Apr/18/siddharths-next-titled-chittha-2566838.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831151710/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2023/apr/18/siddharths-next-titled-chittha-2566838.amp |archive-date=31 August 2023 |access-date=24 September 2023 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> The film became a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2023-10-03 |title=Chithha collects Rs 11.5 crore at box office |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Oct/03/chithha-collects-rs-115-crore-at-box-office-48233.html |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> Kirubhakar Purushothaman of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' called it Siddharth’s "best performance" and added, "His scream when he realises his nephew is alive is haunting. The moment where he breaks down realising even his family perceives him as a criminal is devastating."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/chithha-movie-review-siddharth-starrer-is-a-hard-but-affecting-film-on-child-abuse-8960730/|title=Chithha movie review: Siddharth-starrer is a hard but affecting film on child abuse|website=The Indian Express|date=29 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-29|archive-date=2023-09-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929103327/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/chithha-movie-review-siddharth-starrer-is-a-hard-but-affecting-film-on-child-abuse-8960730/|url-status=live}}</ref> His performance earned him [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Tamil]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandar |first=Bhuvanesh |date=2023-12-26 |title=The best Tamil movies of 2023: From 'Koozhangal' and 'Chithha' to 'Good Night' and 'Viduthalai: Part 1' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-best-tamil-movies-of-2023-from-koozhangal-and-chithha-to-good-night-and-viduthalai-part-1/article67674035.ece |access-date=2024-08-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=23 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823082305/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-best-tamil-movies-of-2023-from-koozhangal-and-chithha-to-good-night-and-viduthalai-part-1/article67674035.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

Following ''Chithha'' success, Siddharth had two Tamil film releases in 2024. He first played an online media reporter opposite [[Rakul Preet Singh]] in ''[[Indian 2]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2019 |title=Siddharth lands a pivotal role in Kamal Haasan's 'Indian 2' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/siddharth-lands-pivotal-role-kamal-haasan-s-indian-2-95252 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308141201/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/siddharth-lands-pivotal-role-kamal-haasan-s-indian-2-95252 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |access-date=28 October 2020 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> The film released to mixed review but emerged as one of the highest grossing film of the year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-14 |title=Indian 2 box office collection Day 2: Kamala Haasan's film leaves Akshay Kumar's Sarfira in the dust, earns a total of Rs 42 crore |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/kamala-haasan-film-indian-2-day-collection-rs-42-crore-9452159/ |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=19 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719165628/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/kamala-haasan-film-indian-2-day-collection-rs-42-crore-9452159/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Latha Srinivasan noted, "It is Siddharth who has a very meaty role in this film. The actor has delivered; he and Kamal Haasan match up in their scenes together."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-12 |title=Indian 2 movie review: Kamal Haasan's film is visually striking, but filled with political sermons |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/indian-2-movie-review-kamal-haasan-film-visually-striking-but-filled-with-political-sermons-101720774621681.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712150003/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/indian-2-movie-review-kamal-haasan-film-visually-striking-but-filled-with-political-sermons-101720774621681.html |archive-date=12 July 2024 |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> Siddharth later played an aspiring director facing memory loss opposite [[Ashika Ranganath]] in ''[[Miss You (film)|Miss You]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-07 |title=Siddharth-starrer Miss You First Look Poster Is Out, Promises A Coming-of-age Romance |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/siddharth-starrer-miss-you-first-look-poster-is-out-promises-a-coming-of-age-romance-8924415.html |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=8 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608014411/https://www.news18.com/movies/siddharth-starrer-miss-you-first-look-poster-is-out-promises-a-coming-of-age-romance-8924415.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Avinash Ramachandran stated, "It is a thorough Siddharth star vehicle and the actor makes the maximum use of a character that offers him the best of both worlds."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-13 |title=Miss You movie review: Ashika Ranganath, Siddharth anchor this predictable but palatable self-aware masala romcom |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/miss-you-movie-review-ashika-ranganath-siddharth-9723826/ |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=15 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215074146/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/miss-you-movie-review-ashika-ranganath-siddharth-9723826/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It was a moderate success at the box office.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-08 |title=Siddharth's next, 'Miss You,' gets a release date |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/siddharths-next-miss-you-gets-a-release-date/article68844303.ece |access-date=2024-11-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=11 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241111184808/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/siddharths-next-miss-you-gets-a-release-date/article68844303.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

In his first release of 2025, Siddharth played an ageing cricketer opposite [[Meera Jasmine]] in ''[[Test (2025 film)|Test]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2023 |title=Madhavan, Nayanthara and Siddharth to star in Sashikanth's 'Test' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2023/Apr/12/madhavan-nayanthara-and-siddharth-to-star-in-sashikanths-test-2565228.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510123025/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2023/Apr/12/madhavan-nayanthara-and-siddharth-to-star-in-sashikanths-test-2565228.html |archive-date=10 May 2023 |access-date=1 December 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' stated, "Siddharth’s near-robotic Arjun comes to life when the cricketer faces his worst nightmare."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=4 April 2025 |title='Test' review: Testing times for the film's characters and viewers |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1080979/test-review-testing-times-for-the-films-characters-and-viewers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250404154644/https://scroll.in/reel/1080979/test-review-testing-times-for-the-films-characters-and-viewers |archive-date=4 April 2025 |access-date=4 April 2025 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |language=en}}</ref> Despite mixed reviews, the film achieved high viewership.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 April 2025 |title=Netflix's 'Test' with R. Madhavan, Siddharth & Nayanthara is a global hit on OTT! |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/netflixs-test-with-r-madhavan-siddharth-nayanthara-is-a-global-hit-on-ott-13879112.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250412045801/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/netflixs-test-with-r-madhavan-siddharth-nayanthara-is-a-global-hit-on-ott-13879112.html |archive-date=12 April 2025 |access-date=12 April 2025 |work=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> He then played a middle class man struggling to buy his own home in ''[[3BHK]]'', opposite [[Chaithra J. Achar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Narayani |date=2025-03-06 |title=It's a wrap for Siddharth-Sri Ganesh's 3 BHK |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Mar/06/its-a-wrap-for-siddharth-sri-ganeshs-3-bhk |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> Vishal Menon from ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India ]]'' was appreciative of his performance with "understated softness".<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2025 |title=3BHK Movie Review: An Unsettling Drama About The Great Middle-Class Dream |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/3bhk-movie-review-an-unsettling-drama-about-the-great-middle-class-dream |access-date=12 July 2025 |website=Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref>

== Etaki Entertainment ==
Siddharth produces films under the company Etaki Entertainment. It derives its name from the [[Bengali language|Bengali]] word "Etaki" ({{Translation|What is this?}}), which was the first word Siddharth recorded for a Bengali commercial during his stint as a child model. Since the phrase is a question, he made the company's logo a question mark.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-17 |title=Dhanush And Siddharth On How They Came Up With Unique Names For Their Production Houses |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/dhanush-siddharth-came-unique-names-production-houses-etaki-wunderbar |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=filmcompanion.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-02-11 |title=Goofing up your love life |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/goofing-up-your-love-life/article2882658.ece |access-date=2025-12-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Other work and media image ==
[[File:Siddharth.Narayan.jpg|thumb|Siddharth at an event for ''[[Chashme Baddoor (2013 film)|Chashme Baddoor]]'', in 2013]]

In ''[[Rediff.com]]''{{'}}s "Top Telugu Actors" list, Siddharth was placed 5th in 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2006's Top Telugu Actors |date=21 January 2010 |work=Rediff.com |access-date=26 February 2015 |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-top-tamil-actors-of-2012/20130115.htm}}</ref> In its "Top Tamil Actors" list, he was placed 5th in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Top Tamil Actors of 2012 |date=18 January 2013 |work=Rediff.com |access-date=28 February 2019 |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-top-tamil-actors-of-2012/20130115.htm}}</ref> In the [[Times of India|Chennai Times Most Desirable Men]] list, Siddharth was placed 12th in 2015, 13th in 2016, 14th in 2017 and 16th in 2018.<ref>{{cite news|title=Chennai Times Most Desirable Men of 2015|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/chennai-times-most-desirable-men-2015/articleshow/51942549.cms|access-date=16 September 2016|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Chennai Times Most Desirable Men 2016: Simbu|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/chennai-times-most-desirable-man-2016-simbu/articleshow/56780832.cms|access-date=19 September 2017|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Chennai Times Most Desirable Men 2017: Anirudh|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/chennai-times-most-desirable-man-2017-anirudh/articleshow/62916132.cms|access-date=21 September 2018|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Chennai Times Most Desirable Men 2018: Anirudh Ravichandran|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/chennai-times-most-desirable-man-2018-anirudh-ravichander/articleshow/67990975.cms|access-date=23 September 2019|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> In the [[Times of India|Hyderabad Times Most Desirable Men]] list, he was placed 29th in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hyderabad Times Most Desirable Men 2016: Rohit Khandelwal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/the-most-desirable-man-2016-rohit-khandelwal/articleshow/56734510.cms|access-date=27 February 2017|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> Siddharth lend his support to various causes. In 2013, he gave his voice for an [[HIV/AIDS]] education animated software tutorial created by the nonprofit organization [[TeachAids]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://teachaids.org/updates/siddharth-joins-teachaids/ | title=Rang de Basanti's Siddharth joins TeachAids - TeachAids }}</ref> Siddharth actively coordinated relief measures, organized supplies, and helped those stranded in the [[2015 South India floods]]. He also lend his voice to "[[Spirit of Chennai]]", a song made as a flood relief anthem in response to the floods.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/vikram-directs-a-song-for-the-spirit-of-chennai.html |title=Chiyaan Vikram directs a song for the spirit of Chennai |website=Behindwoods.com |date=2015-12-31 |access-date=2016-01-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/celebrating-the-spirit-of-chennai/article8083351.ece |title=Celebrating the spirit of Chennai - Tiruchirapalli |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2016-01-09 |access-date=2016-01-13}}</ref> Siddharth is a celebrity endorser for several brands such as [[Frooti]], [[Lux (soap)|Lux]] and [[Godrej Consumer Products|Cinthol]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Brands increasingly roping in Southern stars for pan-India ads|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-03-28/news/31249880_1_pan-india-first-brand-ambassador-parle-agro|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913193626/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-03-28/news/31249880_1_pan-india-first-brand-ambassador-parle-agro|archive-date=13 September 2016|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Cinthol ropes in Siddharth Suryanarayan as brand ambassador |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/marketing/cinthol-ropes-in-siddharth-suryanarayan-as-brand-ambassador/85178734|accessdate=21 September 2022|date=9 August 2021|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>

==Personal life==
In November 2003, Siddharth married Meghna after growing up together in [[New Delhi]]. The couple divorced in January 2007.<ref>{{cite web|title=Aditi Rao Hydari's first husband and Siddharth's first wife: Who they were|website=The Economic Times|date=17 September 2024|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/aditi-rao-hydaris-first-husband-and-siddharths-first-wife-who-they-were/articleshow/113412647.cms?from=mdr|ref={{sfnref|The Economic Times|2024}}|access-date=22 September 2024}}</ref>

Siddharth met actress [[Aditi Rao Hydari]] while working on the film ''[[Maha Samudram]]'' (2021), and the two began dating the same year.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 March 2024 |title=Aditi Rao Hydari and Siddharth's secret wedding: Timeline of the couple's love story |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/aditi-rao-hydari-and-siddharth-tie-the-knot-in-secret-wedding-timeline-of-the-couples-love-story/photostory/108836102.cms |access-date=28 March 2024 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The couple announced their engagement on 28 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2024 |title=Aditi Rao Hydari is now engaged to Siddharth: He said yes; see the pics |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/aditi-rao-hydari-siddharth-engagement-photo-wedding-rumours-2520351-2024-03-28 |access-date=28 March 2024 |website=India Today}}</ref> Siddharth married Hydari on 16 September 2024 at [[Sri Ranganayaka Swamy Temple]], [[Wanaparthy district|Wanaparthy]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aditi Rao Hydari, Siddharth marry in traditional South Indian attire at 400-year-old temple: 'To eternal love, light & magic' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/fashion/aditi-rao-hydari-siddharth-wedding-traditional-south-indian-attire-400-year-old-temple-wanaparthy-9570371/ |access-date=16 September 2024 |website=The Indian Express |date=16 September 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Aditi Rao Hydari and Siddharth tie the knot |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/aditi-rao-hydari-and-siddharth-tie-the-knot/articleshow/113384902.cms |access-date=16 September 2024 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}

===Film===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of films and roles
! Year
! Title
! Role(s)
! Language
! class="unsortable" | Notes
! class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Kannathil Muthamittal]]'' || Bus passenger
| rowspan="3"|Tamil || Uncredited role
|
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Boys (2003 film)|Boys]]'' || Munna || ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Aayutha Ezhuthu]]'' || Arjun Balakrishnan || ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana]]'' || Santosh || rowspan="2"|Telugu || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2006 || ''[[Chukkallo Chandrudu]]'' || Arjun / Krishna || Also writer ||
|-
| ''[[Rang De Basanti]]'' || Karan Singhania / [[Bhagat Singh]] || Hindi || ||
|-
| ''[[Bommarillu]]'' || Siddharth Addala || Telugu || ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2007 || ''[[Blood Brothers (short film)|Blood Brothers]]'' || Arjun Dutt || Hindi || Short film || <ref name="R"/>
|-
| ''[[Aata (2007 film)|Aata]]'' || Sri Krishna
| rowspan="3"|Telugu || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2009 || ''[[Konchem Ishtam Konchem Kashtam]]'' || Siddharth || ||
|-
| ''[[Oy! (film)|Oy!]]'' || Uday || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010 || ''[[Striker (2010 film)|Striker]]'' || Suryakant Sarang || Hindi || ||
|-
| ''[[Baava]]'' || Veera Babu / young Seetharamudu || rowspan="2"|Telugu || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2011 || ''[[Anaganaga O Dheerudu]]'' || Yodha|| ||
|-
| ''[[180 (2011 Indian film)|180]]'' ''[[180 (2011 Indian film)|Nootrenbadhu]]'' || Ajay Kumar alias Mano alias José
| Telugu Tamil
|
|
|-
| ''[[Oh My Friend]]'' || Chandu || Telugu || ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2012 || ''[[Kadhalil Sodhappuvadhu Yeppadi]]''|| Arun || Tamil || Partially reshot in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Love Failure''; Also producer
|
|-
| ''[[Midnight's Children (film)|Midnight's Children]]'' || Shiva || English || ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |2013 || ''[[Jabardasth (film)|Jabardasth]]'' || Bairraju ||rowspan="2"|Telugu || ||
|-
| ''[[Baadshah (2013 film)|Baadshah]]'' || Siddhu || Cameo appearance ||
|-
| ''[[Chashme Baddoor (2013 film)|Chashme Baddoor]]'' || Jai || Hindi || ||
|-
| ''[[Udhayam NH4]]'' || Prabhu
| rowspan="7"|Tamil || ||
|-
| ''[[Theeya Velai Seiyyanum Kumaru]]'' || Kumar || Partially reshot in Telugu as ''Something Something''||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014 || ''[[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|Jigarthanda]]'' || Karthik Subramaniam || ||
|-
| ''[[Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)|Kaaviya Thalaivan]]'' || Thalaivankottai Kaliappa Bhagavathar || ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Enakkul Oruvan (2015 film)|Enakkul Oruvan]]'' || Vicky / Viknesh || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016 || ''[[Aranmanai 2]]'' || Murali || ||
|-
| ''[[Jil Jung Juk]]'' || Jil || Also producer ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Aval (2017 film)|Aval]]'' ''[[Aval (2017 film)|The House Next Door]]'' || Doctor Krishnakanth
| Tamil Hindi || Also producer and co-writer ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/aval-director-milind-rau-siddharth-and-i-did-not-want-to-dilute-horror-with-comedy-4131063.html|title=Aval director Milind Rau: 'Siddharth and I did not want to dilute horror with comedy'|date=11 October 2017|website=Firstpost.com|access-date=29 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Kammara Sambhavam]]'' || Othenan Nambiar || Malayalam || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
| ''[[Sivappu Manjal Pachai]]'' || K. Rajasekar || rowspan="2"|Tamil || ||
|-
| ''[[Aruvam]]''|| Jagannathan || ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Maha Samudram]]''||Vijay||Telugu
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title= Siddharth to make Telugu comeback with Maha Samudram|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/siddharth-to-make-telugu-comeback-with-maha-samudram-6600720/lite/|access-date=2020-10-31|website=[[The Indian Express]]|date=18 September 2020 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2023 || ''[[Takkar (2023 Film)|Takkar]]'' || Gunashekharan || rowspan="6" |Tamil || ||<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-04-17|title=Watch: Teaser of actor Siddharth's Takkar released|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-teaser-actor-siddharth-s-takkar-released-176018?amp|website=The News Minute}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Chithha]]'' || Eeswaran || Also producer
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-04-17|title=
Kamal Haasan launches Indian 2 co-star Siddharth's Chiththa poster|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kamal-haasan-launches-indian-2-co-star-siddharths-chiththa-poster/7dfdbe934b231|website=OTTPlay}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2024 || ''[[Indian 2]]'' || Chitra Aravindan ||
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-12|title=Shankar Accuses Kamal Haasan, Lyca Productions for 'Indian 2' Delay|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/shankar-accuses-kamal-haasan-lyca-productions-for-indian-2-delay-3730499.html|access-date=2021-05-17|website=[[News 18]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Miss You (film)|Miss You]]'' || Vasudevan ||
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 June 2024|title=Siddharth and Ashika Ranganath's 'Miss You' 1st look poster out|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/siddharth-ashika-ranganath-miss-you-1st-look-poster-out-2549750-2024-06-06|website=India Today|accessdate=26 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2025 || ''[[Test (2025 film)|Test]]'' || Arjun Venkataraman || ||
<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 April 2023|title=Nayanthara, R Madhavan and Siddharth team up for new film 'Test'; Motion Poster out|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/nayanthara-r-madhavan-and-siddharth-team-up-for-new-film-the-test-motion-poster-out-1216375?amp|website=Pinkvilla|accessdate=21 January 2024}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[3BHK]]''
| Prabhu Vasudevan
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 July 2024|title=Siddharth 40: Siddharth's next with Sri Ganesh goes on floors|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/actor-siddharths-next-with-sri-ganesh-goes-on-floors/article68409452.ece|website=The Hindu|accessdate=20 July 2024}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of television roles
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! class="unsortable" | Notes
! class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Leila (TV series)|Leila]]''
| Bhanu
| Hindi
|
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/netflix-announces-three-new-original-indian-web-series-leila-ghoul-and-crocodile-4363855.html|title=Netflix announces three new original Indian web series - Leila, Ghoul and Crocodile|work=Firstpost|date=23 February 2018|access-date=3 July 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Navarasa (TV series)|Navarasa]]''
| Farooq
| Tamil
| Also producer
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Escaype Live]]''
| Krishna Rangaswamy
| Hindi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-28|title=Disney Plus Hotstar announces 18 new titles: The Empire, Six Suspects, Aarya 2, Special Ops 1.5, see full list|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/disney-plus-hotstar-announces-2021-slate-the-empire-escaype-live-special-ops-see-full-list-7424538/|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Baakiyalakshmi]]''
| [[Chithha|Eeswaran]]
| Tamil
| Cameo appearance
|
|}

=== Voice artist ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of films and roles
! Year
! Title
! Role(s)
! Language
! class="unsortable" | Notes
! class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2019 || ''[[The Lion King (2019 film)|The Lion King]]'' || [[Simba]] || rowspan="2" | Tamil || Dubbed version || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/siddharth-dubs-for-tamil-version-of-the-lion-king-can-t-wait-to-see-my-new-avatar-1556503-2019-06-26|title=Siddharth dubs for tamil version of the lion king - Can't wait to see my new avatar|date=26 June 2019|access-date=17 July 2019|publisher=indiatoday}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Ayalaan]]''
|Tattoo
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-27 |title=Siddharth lends voice to alien in Sivakarthikeyan's Ayalaan for free |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/siddharth-lends-voice-to-alien-in-sivakarthikeyans-ayalaan-for-free-9084663/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Discography==
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible"
|+List of songs
! Year !! Title !! Language !! Song(s) !! Composer(s)
|-
| rowspan="2"|2006 || ''[[Chukkallo Chandrudu]]'' || rowspan="3"|Telugu || "Everybody", "Edhalo Epudo" ||[[Chakri (music director)|Chakri]]
|-
| ''[[Bommarillu]]'' || "Appudo Ippudo" || rowspan="3"|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|-
|2007 || ''[[Aata (2007 film)|Aata]]'' || "Ninu Chusthunte"
|-
|2008 || ''[[Santosh Subramaniam]]'' || Tamil || "Adada Adada"
|-
|rowspan="2"|2009 || ''[[Oy!]]'' || rowspan="2"|Telugu || "Oy Oy" ||[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|-
| ''[[Seeta Ramula Kalyanam Lankalo]]'' ||"Konchem" || [[Anup Rubens]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2010 || rowspan="2" |''[[Striker (2010 film)|Striker]]'' || rowspan="2" | Hindi || "Haq Se" ||[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|-
|"Bombay Bombay"
|[[Amit Trivedi]]
|-
|''[[Baava]]'' || rowspan="2"|Telugu || "Baava Baava" ||Chakri
|-
|2011 ||''[[Oh My Friend]]'' || "Maa Daddy Pockets", "Sri Chaitanya Junior College" ||[[Rahul Raj]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2012 || ''[[Kadhalil Sodhappuvadhu Yeppadi]]'' || Tamil || "Parvathi Parvathi", "Ananda Jaladosam" || rowspan="2"|[[S. Thaman]]
|-
| ''[[Love Failure]]'' || rowspan="2"|Telugu || "Parvathi Parvathi", "Happy Heart Attack"
|-
|2013 || ''[[Udhayam NH4|NH4]]'' '''(D)''' || "Neevevvaro" ||[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014 || ''[[Enakkul Oruvan (2015 film)|Enakkul Oruvan]]''|| Tamil || "Prabalamagavey" || rowspan="2" |[[Santhosh Narayanan]]
|-
| ''[[Enakkul Oruvan (2015 film)|Naalo Okkadu]]'' '''(D)''' Telugu dub of Enakkul Oruvan || Telugu || "Pramukha Thaararaa"
|-
|2015 || ''[[Strawberry (film)|Strawberry]]''|| rowspan="4"|Tamil || "Strawberry" ||[[Taj Noor]]
|-
|2016 || ''[[Jil Jung Juk]]''|| "Shoot The Kili" ||[[Vishal Chandrasekhar]]
|-
|2017 || ''[[Taramani (film)|Taramani]]''|| "Unn Badhil Vendi" ||[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019 || ''[[Simba (2019 film)|Simba]]''||"Bow Wow Vadai" ||[[Vishal Chandrasekhar]]
|-
|''[[Ninu Veedani Needanu Nene]]'' || Telugu || "Excuse Me Rakshasi" ||[[S. Thaman]]
|-
|2020 || ''[[Arivum Anbum]]'' (song) || rowspan="2"|Tamil || "Arivum Anbum" || [[Ghibran]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|2023|| ''[[Takkar (2023 film)|Takkar]]'' || "Nira – Reprise Version" || rowspan="2"|[[Nivas K. Prasanna]]
|-
|''[[Takkar (2023 film)|Takkar]]'' '''(D)''' || Telugu || "Nuvvo Sagam"
|-
|rowspan="3"|2024||''[[Lover (2024 film)|Lover]]'' || rowspan="4"|Tamil || "Apple Crumble" || [[Sean Roldan]]
|-
|''[[Yezhu Kadal Yezhu Malai]]''
| "Marubadi Nee"
| [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|-
| ''[[Miss You (film)|Miss You]]''
| "Nee Enna Paathiye"
| [[Ghibran]]
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Paranthu Po]]'' || "Daddy Romba Paavam" || [[Santhosh Dhayanidhi]]
|}

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of awards and nominations
! Year
! Title
! Award
! Category
! Result
! class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2004
| [[Boys (2003 film)|''Boys'']]
| [[International Tamil Film Awards]] || [[ITFA Best New Actor Award|Best New Actor]]
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://in.movies.yahoo.com/040929/125/2gzze.html |title=Y! India Movies - Kakka Kakka receives eight ITFA awards |access-date=2012-07-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050419222046/http://in.movies.yahoo.com/040929/125/2gzze.html |archive-date=2005-04-19 }}</ref>
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana]]''
| rowspan="3" | [[Filmfare Awards South]]|| rowspan="2" | [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor – Telugu]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana Awards: List of Awards won by Telugu movie Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/nuvvostanante-nenoddantana/movieawards/61317402.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2020-07-08}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="9" |2007
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Bommarillu]]''
| {{nom}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/filmfareswards2007.html|title=54th Fair One Filmfare Awards 2006 - Telugu cinema function|website=idlebrain.com|accessdate=8 December 2023|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208152340/https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/filmfareswards2007.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu]] (for "Apudo Ipudo")
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="7" |''[[Rang De Basanti]]''
| [[Filmfare Awards]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite news|access-date=21 March 2008 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Rang_De_Basanti_sweeps_Filmfare_awards/articleshow/1676126.cms |title=Rang De Basanti sweeps Filmfare awards |date=25 February 2007 |work=The Times of India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118064234/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Rang_De_Basanti_sweeps_Filmfare_awards/articleshow/1676126.cms |archive-date=18 January 2008 }}</ref>
|-
| [[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
| [[IIFA Award for Star Debut of the Year – Male|Star Debut of the Year – Male]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news|access-date=21 March 2008 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/06/11/stories/2007061101302000.htm |title=Rang de Basanti top film at IIFA |date=11 June 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408161747/http://www.hindu.com/2007/06/11/stories/2007061101302000.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date= 8 April 2008 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Screen Awards]]
| [[Screen Award for Most Promising Newcomer – Male|Best Male Debut]]
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Nominations for the 13th Annual Star-Screen Awards |author=IndiaFM News Bureau |date=26 December 2006 |url=http://www.indiafm.com/features/2006/12/26/1988/index.html |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071228075835/http://www.indiafm.com/features/2006/12/26/1988/index.html |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=28 December 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Zee Cine Awards]]
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Male|Best Supporting Actor]]
| {{nom}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://sifymax.com/zca/viewerschoice/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070406120844/http://sifymax.com/zca/viewerschoice/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 April 2007 |title=The 10th Zee Cine Awards 2007 Viewers' Choice Nominations |work=Sify |access-date=20 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Male Debut|Best Male Debut]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Stardust Awards]]|| [[Stardust Award for Superstar of Tomorrow – Male|Superstar of Tomorrow - Male]]
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/max-stardust-awards-nominations-news-bollywood-kkfvfAdhhdjsi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218132217/http://www.sify.com/movies/max-stardust-awards-nominations-news-bollywood-kkfvfAdhhdjsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 February 2015 |title=Max Stardust Awards Nominations |work=Sify |access-date=20 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
| [[Global Indian Film Awards]]
| [[GIFA Best Male Debut Award|Best Male Debut]]
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web|title=G.I.F.A. Awards 2006: List of winners |author=IndiaFM News Bureau |date=10 December 2006 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2006/12/10/1918/index.html |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100720133201/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2006/12/10/1918/index.html |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=20 July 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2015
| rowspan="2" | [[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|''Jigarthanda'']]
| [[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor – Tamil]]
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/film/dubai-hosts-fourth-south-indian-international-movie-awards-1.38919|title=Dubai hosts fourth South Indian International Movie Awards|website=The National|date=8 August 2015 |language=en|access-date=2019-12-29}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards|Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards 2015]]
| rowspan="2" | Best Actor
| {{won}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/norway-tamil-film-festival-ntff-tamilar-awards-2015-siddharth-vedhika-kaaviya-thalaivan-626347|title=Norway Tamil Film Festival (NTFF) - Tamilar Awards 2015: Siddharth, Vedhika, 'Kaaviya Thalaivan' to Receive Honours [LIST OF WINNERS]|first=Nicy|last=V.P|date=16 March 2015|website=Ibtimes.co.in}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)|''Kaaviya Thalaivan'']]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]] || [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tn-govt-announces-tamil-film-awards-for-six-years/article19273078.ece|title=TN Govt. announces Tamil Film Awards for six years|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2017-07-14|location=Chennai, India|date=2017-07-14|archive-url=https://archive.today/20231110140448/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tn-govt-announces-tamil-film-awards-for-six-years/article19273078.ece|archive-date=10 November 2023}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor – Tamil]]
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Winners of 62nd Britannia Filmfare Awards South |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9643.html |website=[[Filmfare]] |access-date=27 June 2015 |date=27 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129092825/http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9643.html |archive-date=29 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
| [[Vijay Awards]]
| [[Vijay Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/vijay-awards-2015-winners-list-photos-live-updates-630385|title=9th Vijay Awards 2015: Complete Winners' List & Photos|last=Prakash|first=Upadhyaya|date=2015-05-06|website=International Business Times|access-date=2020-02-07}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Maha Samudram]]''
| [[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role – Telugu|Best Actor in a Negative Role – Telugu]]
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.deccanherald.com/dh-galleries/photos/siima-2022-check-full-list-of-winners-1144404#1|title= SIIMA 2022: Check full list of winners
|publisher= Deccan Herald |date=19 September 2022|access-date=24 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5"|2024
| rowspan="5"|''[[Chithha]]''
|[[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
| Best Actor
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2023 |title=Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards 2023 |url=https://awards.vikatan.com/cinema-awards/?pfrom=sub-menu-header |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319163316/https://awards.vikatan.com/cinema-awards/ |archive-date=19 March 2023 |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"|[[Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film - Tamil|Best Film - Tamil]]
|{{won}}
| rowspan="3"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-filmfare-awards-tamil-2024-are-out-67262.amp|title=Nominations for 69th Sobha Filmfare Awards South 2024 (Tamil) are out! |work=Filmfare |date=16 July 2024 |access-date=20 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/full-list-of-winners-of-the-69th-sobha-filmfare-awards-south-tamil-2024_-67631.amp|title=Full list of Winners of the 69th SOBHA Filmfare Awards South (Tamil) 2024 |work=Filmfare |date=3 August 2024 |access-date=4 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor – Tamil]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor - Tamil|Best Actor Critics - Tamil]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor – Tamil]]
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/south-cinema/siima-2024-dasara-jailer-2018-lead-the-nominations-check-out-the-details-inside |title=SIIMA 2024: 'Dasara', 'Jailer', 'Kantara', '2018' lead the nominations - Check out the details inside |website=Outlook India |date=17 July 2024 |access-date=17 July 2024}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Siddharth}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|siddharth}}
* {{IMDb name|1413459}}

{{Screen Award for Best Male Debut}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu}}
{{Tamil Nadu State Award for Best Actor}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Siddharth}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Kirori Mal College alumni]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:S. P. Jain Institute of Management and Research alumni]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Screen Awards winners]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Male actors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Tamil film producers]]
[[Category:Telugu film producers]]
[[Category:Hindi film producers]]
[[Category:Film producers from Chennai]]
[[Category:Singers from Chennai]]

Aditya Birla Memorial Hospital

2026-02-17T00:58:55Z

Rxsolution: cleaned up content to improve readability and improved wording

{{Short description|Medical centre in Pune, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More sources needed|date=April 2024}}
{{Notability|1=Organizations|date=October 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
'''Aditya Birla Memorial Hospital''' is a multi-speciality medical centre in [[Pimpri-Chinchwad]], [[Pune|Pune, India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETHealthworld.com |title=Aditya Birla Memorial Hospital appoints Pamesh Gupta as CEO - ET HealthWorld |url=https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/hospitals/aditya-birla-memorial-hospital-appoints-pamesh-gupta-as-ceo/108133826 |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=ETHealthworld.com |language=en}}</ref> It is owned by the [[Aditya Birla Group]].

[[Rajashree Birla]], chairperson of the Aditya Birla Foundation which is funding the medical centre, is steering this project. It is [[Maharashtra]]'s First [[Joint Commission International]] and National Accreditation Board for Hospital [[accredited]] hospital, and also India's first HACCP{{clarify|What does this stand for?|date=November 2019}} and [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]]: 22000:2005 [[certified]] hospital.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.adityabirlahospital.com/ Aditya Birla Memorial Hospital]
* [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Aditya-Birla-Memorial-Hospital-organizes-cancer-awareness-rally/articleshow/17033484.cms Aditya Birla Memorial Hospital organizes cancer awareness rally]

{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|18|37|33|N|73|46|29|E|region:IN_type:landmark|display=title}}

[[Category:Hospitals in Pune]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Pimpri-Chinchwad]]
[[Category:Hospitals with year of establishment missing]]

{{India-hospital-stub}}

Puliyankudi

2026-02-10T02:40:26Z

Rxsolution:

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Puliyangudi
| settlement_type = City
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Puliyangudi, Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|09.172500|N|77.395600|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluk]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tenkasi]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kadayanallur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for = (Lemon City)
| government_type = Second Grade Municipality
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank = 1
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 233
| population_total = 66000
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 627855
| area_code = 4636 ([[Sankarankovil]] [[Telephone]] [[Code]])
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = '''TN-79''' ([[Sankarankovil]] [[Regional Transport Office|RTO]])
| footnotes = 2nd Grade Municipality|
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| official_name =
}}
'''Puliyangudi''' is a municipal town located in Tenkasi district.The town located between [[Tenkasi]] and [[Rajapalayam]] on the National Highway 208 ([[Kollam]] to [[Tirumangalam, Madurai|Tirumangalam]]).<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/puliangudi/about-us-2/ | title=Puliangudi Municipality - About Us | access-date=10 April 2020 | archive-date=25 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125100915/https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/puliangudi/about-us-2/ | url-status=dead}}</ref>

It falls under the administrative jurisdiction of [[Tenkasi district|Tenkasi District]] and Kadayanallur Taluk. Taluk headquarters, [[Sivagiri, Tenkasi|Kadayanallur]], is 16 km south from Puliyangudi, and the district headquarters, [[Tenkasi]] lies 31 km south. It is nicknamed the "Lemon City of India". The climate, soil, and marketing facilities in Puliyangudi are particularly suitable for lemon cultivation.
It has two big lemon markets located in Puliyangudi and Punnaiyapuram lemon markets especially for exporting lemons in daily Tamilnadu other districts area and Kerala state.{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}} Puliyangudi's Big Mosque or Jumma Masjid, built by the Lebbai family (Lebbai Sha), holds significant historical and cultural importance. The Lebbai family was influential in the early period, playing a central role in leading the Muslim community in Puliyangudi.

==Geography==
{{unreferenced section|date=September 2019}}
Puliyangudi is located at {{Coord|09.172500|N|77.395600|E|}}. It is mainly an agricultural based town and is famous for its Lemon market; Puliyangudi is also nicknamed 'Lemon City'. During the past years the economic driver of the town was agriculture & allied activities.<ref>http://www.mediatoday.in/magazines/ati.2015.12/files/basic-html/page17.html {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref>

Puliyangudi town is spread across an area of 55.16 sq.km and it is divided into 33 wards. The town is located at the junction of roads from Madurai, Rajapalayam, Sankarankovil Kovilpatti, Surandai,Kadayanallur, Tenkasi, Sengottai and Kollam. The town is surrounded in the north by Vasudevanallur Town Panchayat and in the south by Punnaiyapuram Village Panchayat. Mullikulam Village Panchayat forms the physical boundary of Puliyangudi in eastern directions. Reserve forest area forms a boundary along western side.

==Demographics==
{{bar box|title=Religious census|titlebar=#ddd|left1=Religion|right1=Percent(%)|float=right|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|Orange|72.22}}{{bar percent|[[Islam|Muslim]]|Green|20.88}}{{bar percent|[[Christianity|Christian]]|purple|6.81}}{{bar percent|[[Sikhism|Sikh]]|yellow|0.01}}{{bar percent|Other|grey|0.07}}}}
As per the religious census of 2011, Puliyangudi (M) had 72.22% [[Hindus]], 20.88% [[Muslims]], 6.81% [[Christians]], 0.01% [[Sikhs]] and 0.07% following other religions.<ref name=religion2011>{{cite web|title=Population By Religious Community - Tamil Nadu|year=2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|format=XLS|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|access-date=13 September 2015}}</ref>

==Agriculture==
Puliyangudi city is known for the cultivation of limes. The climate, soil and marketing facilities are quite suitable for the cultivation of this crop, making this city the leader in lime cultivation.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://nif.org.in/innovation/new_acid_lime_variety/292 | title=New acid lime variety | National Innovation Foundation-India }}</ref> Hence, [[Tamil Nadu Agricultural University]] has established the '''Tamil Nadu Citrus Research Station''' in its neighbouring town [[Sankarankovil]].

== Schools ==
As per 2009-10 Administration Report there are 66 schools in this municipal town.
<ref>{{Cite web| title=Municipal Administration Report 2009-2010 - Buliangudi Municipality | url=https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/puliangudi/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/2019/11/Admin-Report0910.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307203451/https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/puliangudi/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/2019/11/Admin-Report0910.pdf | archive-date=2022-03-07}}</ref>
* Higher Secondary Schools - 7
* High Schools. - 31
* Matriculation Schools - 4
* Middle Schools - 10
* Primary Schools - 14

== Other training institutes ==
* Marutham TNPSC Coaching school
* Puliyangudi Academic Achievements Resource Trust (PAART) TNPSC Coaching Center

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{wikivoyage-inline|Puliyangudi}}
* {{cite web|title=Puliyangudi CCF|url=http://tnuifsl.com/documents/ccpbp/Puliangudi.pdf|publisher= TNUIFSL|access-date=10 January 2016}}
{{Tenkasi district}}
{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}
[[Category:Cities and towns in Tenkasi district]]

Eranad taluk

2026-02-09T10:40:00Z

Rxsolution: New New Info...

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Eranad Taluk
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Taluk
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Subdistricts of Malappuram (August 2020).svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Malappuram district, Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11.152610|N|75.956678|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Manjeri]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL]]-10
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Eranad''' Taluk comes under [[Revenue Divisions of Kerala|Perinthalmanna revenue division]] in [[Malappuram district]] of [[Kerala]], India.<ref name="mlp">{{Cite web|url=https://malappuram.nic.in/village-panchayats/|title=Villages, Taluks, and Revenues divisions that make up Malappuram district |website=Official website of Malappuram district}}</ref> Its [[headquarters]] is the city of [[Manjeri]].<ref name="mlp"/> Eranad Taluk contains two municipalities - [[Manjeri]] and [[Malappuram]].<ref name="mlp"/> Most of the administrative offices are located in the Civil Station at [[Malappuram]] and the Mini-Civil Station at [[Manjeri]].<ref name="mlp"/>

==History==
[[File:Malabar District (1951 Census).svg|thumbnail|[[Eranad]] Taluk in the erstwhile [[Malabar District]]]]
[[Eranad]] was the largest taluk in the erstwhile [[Malabar District]] in terms of area.<ref name="Malabar">{{Cite book|title=1951 census handbook - Malabar district|publisher=Government of Madras|year=1953|location=Chennai|pages=1|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6425/1/20493_1951_MAL.pdf}}</ref> After the formation of [[Kerala]] state, it continued to be largest taluk in the state, until the formation of [[Nilambur]] Taluk in 1990s. At that time the taluk had 6 [[Revenue block]]s in it: [[Malappuram]], [[Manjeri]], [[Kondotty]], [[Wandoor]], [[Vengara, Malappuram district|Vengara]], and [[Tirurangadi]].<ref name="Malabar"/><ref name="1961_kkd">{{Cite book|title=District Census Handbook (2) - Kozhikode (1961)|last=Devassy|first=M. K.|publisher=Government of Kerala|year=1965|location=Ernakulam|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5665/1/22059_1961_KOZ.pdf}}</ref> On 1 November 1957, the [[Revenue block]]s of [[Vengara, Malappuram district|Vengara]], and [[Tirurangadi]], were added to the newly formed [[Tirur Taluk]].<ref name="1961_kkd"/> In the 1990s a major portion of Wandoor Revenue Block was separated to form [[Nilambur]] Taluk.<ref name="c2011">{{cite book |last1=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala |title=District Census Handbook, Malappuram |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala |location=Thiruvananthapuram |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3205_PART_B_MALAPPURAM.pdf}}</ref> In 2013, [[Kondotty Taluk]] was formed by taking some villages from Eranad Taluk.<ref name="n2013">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/12-new-taluks-to-be-formed-in-kerala/article4530074.ece|title = 12 new taluks to be formed in Kerala|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 21 March 2013}}</ref>

Eranad Taluk currently has 23 villages.

==Villages==
Eranad (Manjeri) taluk contains the following [[villages]].<ref name="mlp"/>
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Malappuram]]
* [[Panakkad]]
* [[Melmuri]]
* [[Payyanad, Manjeri|Payyanad]]
* [[Elankur, Manjeri|Elankur]]
* [[Karakunnu, Nilambur|Karakunnu]]
* [[Trikkalangode]]
* [[Kavanoor]]
* [[Areekode]]
* [[Vettilappara]]
* [[Urangattiri]]
* [[Kizhuparamba]]
* [[Pulpatta]]
* [[Narukara, Manjeri|Narukara]]
* [[Perakamanna, Areekode|Perakamanna]]
* [[Pookkottur]]
* [[Vettikkattiri, Manjeri|Vettikattiri]]
* [[Pandikkad]]
* [[Chembrasseri, Manjeri|Chembrasseri]]
* [[Anakkayam]]
* Panthalloor
* [[Edavanna]]
* [[Manjeri]]
{{div col end}}

== Taluks of Malappuram ==
{{Malappuram Labelled Map}}

== See also ==
* [[Eranad]]
* [[List of villages in Malappuram district]]
* [[List of Gram Panchayats in Malappuram district]]
* [[List of desoms in Malappuram district (1981)]]
* [[Revenue Divisions of Kerala]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Malabar}}

[[Category:Taluks of Kerala]]

Central Bus Station, Tiruchirappalli

2026-02-04T20:51:38Z

Rxsolution: slightly reworked intro for consistency additionally and improved wording per standard format

{{short description|Bus terminus in Tiruchirappalli}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Central Bus Station
| cta_header =
| type =
| style =
| image = Sign Central Bus Stand Trichy India Aug22 A7C 02320.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = A.S.G. Lourdasamy Pillai Central Bus Station
| hangul =
| hanja =
| rr =
| mr =
| address = V.O.C. Road, [[Tiruchirappalli Cantonment|Cantonment]], [[Tiruchirappalli district|Tiruchirappalli]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]{{snd}}620 001.
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|10.7987|78.6805|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| elevation =
| line =
| other =
| structure =
| platform = 5 (77 Bays)
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks =
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = Yes
| baggage_check =
| opened = {{Start date and age|1970|df=y}}<ref name=built>{{cite news|last=S. Ganesan|title=Too many encroachments drive out passengers City Pulse|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/05/stories/2007070556070300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707160942/http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/05/stories/2007070556070300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 July 2007|accessdate=6 February 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=5 July 2007|location=[[Tiruchi]]}}</ref>
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified =
| accessible = {{Access icon|20px}}
| code = TRI ([[State Express Transport Corporation (Tamil Nadu)|SETC]]) TRH ([[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]])
| owned = [[Tiruchirappalli Municipal Corporation]]
| operator = [[Department of Transport (Tamil Nadu)]]
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers = 1,00,000 per day
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services =
| map_locator =
| route_map =
| map_state =
}}
[[File:TNSTC Bus Departing Central Trichy Aug22 A7C 02323.jpg|thumb|Buses departing Platforms A & 1]]
'''Central Bus Station''', popularly known as '''Central Bus Stand''', is one of the [[bus terminus]] of [[Trichy]], located near [[Tiruchirappalli Cantonment|Cantonment]],<ref>{{Google maps|url = https://maps.google.co.in/maps?q=Central+Bus+Station,+VOC+Road,+Cantonment,+Tiruchirappalli,+Tamil+Nadu&hl=en&ll=10.798277,78.680724&spn=0.00303,0.004951&sll=20.983588,82.752628&sspn=46.070124,81.123047&oq=central+bus+s&t=h&hnear=Central+Bus+Station,+VOC+Rd,+Cantonment,+Tiruchirappalli,+Tamil+Nadu+620001&z=18|accessdate = 6 February 2014|title = Location of Bus Station}}</ref> the other being the [[Chatram Bus Stand]] and [[Panjappur Integrated Bus Terminus, Tiruchirappalli|Panjappur Integrated Bus Terminus]].<ref name="oneof">{{cite news|last=R. Gokul|title=Chatram bus stand vendors up in arms against midnight closure of shops|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-12/madurai/40535690_1_bus-stand-shops-mofussil-buses|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004222557/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-12/madurai/40535690_1_bus-stand-shops-mofussil-buses|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 October 2013|accessdate=6 February 2014|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 July 2013|location=[[Tiruchi]]}}</ref>

The terminus spread over an area of {{convert|4.5|acre|ha|lk=on}} is managed by the [[Department of Transport (Tamil Nadu)]].

== Services ==
[[File:Layout of CBS, Trichy.jpg|thumb|Layout of CBS, Trichy]]
[[File:Trichy central bus stand.jpg|thumb|Buses parked at Platform 2]]
[[File:Buses Parked Central Bus Station Trichy Aug22 A7C 02331.jpg|thumb|Buses parked at Platform 4]]
Currently, mofussil buses from western regions like Karur, Coimbatore, Tiruppur and buses arriving from Dindigul which are bound for KKBT, stop at the Devar statue roundabout outside Central bus stand.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-17 |title=TNSTC streamlines city bus operations at Central bus stand |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/tnstc-streamlines-city-bus-operations-at-central-bus-stand/articleshow/122656306.cms |access-date=2025-12-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Intracity local buses are operated from Central bus stands to various destinations like Panjappur Integrated Bus Terminus, Sri Rangam, Chathiram bus stand (via-Woraiyur), Chathiram bus stand (via-Thillai Nagar), Chathiram bus stand (via- Palakkarai, Rockfort), [[K. K. Nagar, Tiruchirappalli|K. K. Nagar]], [[Edamalaipatti Pudur]], [[Ponmalai]], [[Inam Kulathur|Inamkulathur]].

== Expansion ==
During 2008, the city corporation acquired about {{convert|1.6|ha|acre|abbr = on}} of land belonging to railways for expansion. As a result, the town bus terminus was moved just outside the station to Rockins road with new [[bus shelters]].<ref name="area">{{cite news |last=S. Ganesan |date=3 June 2013 |title=Town bus terminus at central bus stand cramped for space |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/town-bus-terminus-at-central-bus-stand-cramped-for-space/article4778028.ece |accessdate=6 February 2014 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location=[[Tiruchi]]}}</ref> To accommodate the evergrowing movement of mofussil buses, two additional platforms were extended up to {{convert|45|m|ft|abbr = on}} thereby increasing the number of bays from 55 to 77. Also in addition, a multi-storeyed two-wheeler parking lot inside the bus station was constructed.<ref>{{Cite news|title = An agonising wait at Tiruchi Central bus stand|date = 12 June 2013|url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/an-agonising-wait-at-tiruchi-central-bus-stand/article4806850.ece?ref=relatedNews|last = Syed Muthahar|first = Saqaf|accessdate = 6 February 2014|work = [[The Hindu]]|location = [[Tiruchi]]}}</ref> Post expansion, following demands to honour A.S.G. Lourdusamy Pillai,<ref>{{Cite news|title = CBS should be named after Mr Pillai: Vaiyapuri|date = 30 July 2008|url = http://www.oneindia.com/2008/07/30/cbs-should-be-named-after-mr-pillai-vaiyapuri-1217426880.html|work = [[Oneindia.in]]|access-date = 7 February 2014}}</ref> former chairman of Tiruchi Municipality and father of [[Adaikalaraj]],<ref>{{Cite news|title = Congress leader L. Adaikalaraj dead|date = 27 December 2012|url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/congress-leader-l-adaikalaraj-dead/article3941878.ece|work = [[The Hindu]]|accessdate = 7 February 2014|location = [[Tiruchi]]}}</ref> the name of the bus station was officially {{linked| http://www.trichycorporation.gov.in/images/gallery/photos/TRAFFIC%20And%20TRANSPORTATION/a%20%284%29.jpg|changed}} to A. S. G. Lourdusamy Pillai Central Bus Station and {{linked|http://www.trichycorporation.gov.in/images/gallery/photos/TRAFFIC%20And%20TRANSPORTATION/a%20%285%29.jpg|accredited}} with [[ISO 9001:2008]] certification.

== Developments ==
Due to the strategic location of the terminus within the city and the city within the state, it is quite often to witness heavy traffic particularly during festivals.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Temporary bus stands to regulate festival traffic|date = 28 October 2013|url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/temporary-bus-stands-to-regulate-festival-traffic/article5280474.ece|work = [[The Hindu]]|accessdate = 6 February 2014|location = [[Tiruchi]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = Bus stands and railway station chock-a-block with passengers|date = 1 November 2013|url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/bus-stands-and-railway-station-chockablock-with-passengers/article5304179.ece|last = Syed Muthahar|first = Saqaf|accessdate = 6 February 2014|location = [[Tiruchi]]|work = [[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Ever since during the 1990s a proposal for a new integrated bus stand was mooted under the scheme of Integrated Urban Development Programme, small and medium towns (Municipalities and Town Panchayats).<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.trichy.tn.nic.in/tlpa/activities.htm#subhead8|title = Integrated Urban Development Project (IUDP)|accessdate = 6 February 2014|website = [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|publisher = Tiruchirappalli Local Planning Authority}}</ref> Initially about {{convert|244.28|acre|ha|lk=on}} at Panjappur, near [[NH 45B]] was identified, but was dropped citing as flood prone area. Again sites at Devadhanam, Corporation garbage dump at [[Ariyamangalam]] and Defence land in [[Mannarpuram]] were suggested. For the {{Convert|86|acre|ha|lk = on}} site at Devadhanam, the [[Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board]] refused to issue a mandatory [[No Objection Certificate|No Objection certificate]] due to the proximity of the [[Cauvery River|Cauvery river]] and a possible pollution in future and so as the farmers and residents of the area opposed the move for same reason and went to court.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Residents of Devadanam upset|date = 2 August 2006|url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/residents-of-devadanam-upset/article3084520.ece|accessdate = 6 February 2014|work = [[The Hindu]] [[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Yet the {{Convert|100|acre|ha|lk = on}} defence land at Mannarpuram was favoured due to its proximity to [[Tiruchirappalli Junction railway station|Tiruchirappalli Junction]] and within the centre of city, but slow response from [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] keeps the issue lingering.<ref name="traffic">{{cite news |last=S. Ganesan |date=20 June 2011 |title=Fate of integrated bus stand hinges on choice of location |url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/20/stories/2011062060640300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810023537/http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/20/stories/2011062060640300.htm |archive-date=10 August 2011 |accessdate=6 February 2014 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location=[[Tiruchi]]}}</ref> The fate were same for the site at Ramji Nagar, near [[National Highway 45 (India)|NH 45]] and Kottapattu, near [[NH 210]]. The committee which was constituted by the court in 2006 to find an amicable and consensual decision, composed of officials from Revenue, Town and Country Planning, Corporation, Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board and the Public Works Department, started the process afresh during mid-2011.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Fresh start to identification of site for integrated bus stand|date = 15 July 2011|url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/fresh-start-to-identification-of-site-for-integrated-bus-stand/article2229330.ece|publication-place = [[Tiruchi]]|work = [[The Hindu]]|accessdate = 6 February 2014}}</ref>

In 2022, foundation stone was laid for construction of new Integrated bus terminus at Panjappur in the outskirts of Trichy. The new Integrated bus Terminus was opened on 9 May 2025 and became operational from July 16 2025. So the mofussil buses which were operated from Central bus stand till then, were operated from the new KKBT. <ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-17 |title=TNSTC streamlines city bus operations at Central bus stand |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/tnstc-streamlines-city-bus-operations-at-central-bus-stand/articleshow/122656306.cms |access-date=2025-12-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Connections to other modes of transport ==
The terminus is about {{convert|700|m}} away from [[Tiruchirappalli Junction]]<ref>{{Google maps|title = Directions for Tiruchirappalli Junction railway station|url = https://maps.google.co.in/maps?saddr=Central+Bus+Station,+VOC+Road,+Cantonment,+Tiruchirappalli,+Tamil+Nadu&daddr=Tiruchchirapalli+Junction,+Bharathiyar+Salai,+Sangillyandapuram,+Tiruchirappalli,+Tamil+Nadu&hl=en&ll=10.79638,78.682054&spn=0.00303,0.004951&sll=10.795468,78.683524&sspn=0.00303,0.004951&geocode=FQTFpAAdlpGwBCm9h1PPFPWqOzGnoRZDuw--KA%3BFay3pAAdWaCwBCmhC6bwFfWqOzFwcZYhtmuTOQ&oq=Tiru&t=h&dirflg=w&mra=ls&z=18|accessdate = 6 February 2014}}</ref> and about {{convert|5.6|km}} from [[Tiruchirappalli International Airport]].<ref>{{Google maps|url = https://maps.google.co.in/maps?saddr=Central+Bus+Station,+VOC+Road,+Cantonment,+Tiruchirappalli,+Tamil+Nadu&daddr=Trichy+Airport,+Ramanathapuram+Road,+Tiruchirappalli,+Tamil+Nadu&hl=en&ll=10.782047,78.692408&spn=0.048481,0.079222&sll=10.782004,78.692396&sspn=0.048481,0.079222&geocode=FQTFpAAdlpGwBCm9h1PPFPWqOzGnoRZDuw--KA%3BFYhHpAAdJPGwBClzM8cW34OqOzGvgLTPdKBs0A&oq=Trichy+a&t=h&mra=ltm&z=14|title = Directions for Tiruchirappalli International Airport|accessdate = 6 February 2014}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Central Bus Station Kumbakonam|Central Bus Station, Kumbakonam]]
* [[Transport in Tiruchirappalli]]
* [[Transport in Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Panjappur Integrated Bus Terminus, Tiruchirappalli]]

== References ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131227174306/https://www.trichycorporation.gov.in/ Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation]
* [http://www.tnstc.in/TNSTCOnline/ TNSTC Online Ticket Booking]
* [http://www.ksrtc.in/AWATAROnline/ KSRTC Online Ticket Booking]

{{Navboxes
|title = [[File:Gnome-globe.svg|25px]]{{nbsp}}Geographic locale
|list =
'''[[Geographic coordinate system|Lat. and Long.]]{{Coord|10|47|55|N|78|40|49|E|display=inline}}'''
}}
{{Transport in Tiruchirappalli}}
{{Portal bar|Buses}}

[[Category:Bus stations in Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Transport infrastructure completed in 1970]]

List of SSLV launches

2026-02-02T14:33:46Z

Rxsolution: added some data basic info

{{Short description|Launches made by India's Small Satellite Launch Vehicle family of rockets}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
This article lists all the previous and planned launches by [[ISRO]] using [[Small Satellite Launch Vehicle]] (SSLV).
[[File:SSLV-D2, EOS-07 - Completely integrated launch vehicle at First Launch Pad (FLP) 03.webp|thumb|SSLV flight D2 during rollout.]]

== Launch statistics ==
<onlyinclude>
{{ #invoke:Chart | bar chart
| height = 300
| width = 500
| stack = 1
| group 1 = 1: 0: 0: 0: 0
| group 2 = 0: 0: 0: 0: 0
| group 3 = 0: 1: 1: 0: 0
| group 4 = 0: 0: 0: 0: 2

| colors = FireBrick : Orange : ForestGreen : LightBlue
| group names = Failure : Partial failure : Success : Planned
| units suffix = _launches
| x legends = 2022: 2023: 2024: 2025: 2026
| y tick marks = 1
}}

;Decade-wise summary of SSLV launches:
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;background:#fff; font-size:95%;width:60%"
|-
! Decade
! Successful
! Partial success
! Failure
! Total
|-
| 2020s
| 2
| 0
| 1
| 3
|}
</onlyinclude>

== Launch history ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:small;"
| colspan=5 style="background:white;" |

=== 2022–2029 ===
|-
! rowspan="3" |Date/Time ([[UTC]]) 
! rowspan="2" |Payload
!Launch site
!Regime
!Status
|-
!Flight Number
!Operator
!Function
|-
! colspan="4" |Remarks
|-
| rowspan="3" |7 August 2022 03:48
| rowspan="2" |{{flagicon|India}} [[EOS 02]]{{Line break}}{{flagicon|India}} [[AzaadiSAT]]<ref>{{cite web |title=AzaadiSAT – Space Kidz India |url=https://www.spacekidzindia.in/azaadisat/ |access-date=2022-07-08 |language=en-US}}</ref> {{cvt|143|kg}}
|[[Satish Dhawan Space Centre#First Launch Pad|Satish Dhawan FLP]]
|[[Low Earth orbit|LEO]] (intended){{Line break}}[[Transatmospheric orbit|TAO]] (achieved)
|{{Failure}}
|-
|[[SSLV-D1]]
|[[ISRO]]
|[[Earth observation satellite|Earth observation]]
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#e3e9e9;"|The first developmental flight of SSLV. The mission target was a circular orbit of altitude 356.2 km with 37.2° inclination. The mission carried two satellite payloads. The 135 kg [[EOS 02]], an Earth observation satellite and the 8 kg [[AzaadiSAT]] [[CubeSat]].<ref name="SSLVD1_PK">{{cite web |title=SSLV-D1/EOS-2 Mission Brochure |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/sslvd1-eos2_-_mission_brochure.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803133923/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/sslvd1-eos2_-_mission_brochure.pdf |archive-date=3 August 2022 |access-date=4 August 2022}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{cite news |last=Madhumathi |first=D.S. |date=2019-08-07 |title=ISRO's mini launcher SSLV is unborn but has 2 flights booked |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/isros-mini-launcher-sslv-is-unborn-but-has-2-flights-booked/article28859854.ece |access-date=2019-08-16 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="ar-2021">{{cite web |title=Department of Space, Annual Report 2020-2021 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/anual_report_2020-2021_english.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304095412/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/anual_report_2020-2021_english.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2021 |access-date=6 March 2021 |work=[[ISRO]] |page=23 |quote=EOS-02: EOS-02 is configured around MicroSat-TD bus platform to demonstrate launch on demand capability with SSLV. It is expected to meet the ever-increasing user demands for cartographic applications, urban and rural management, coastal land use and regulation, utilities mapping, development and various other GIS application. The mission life of the satellite is 9 months.}}</ref> Due to sensor failure coupled with shortcomings of onboard software, the stage as well as the two satellite payloads were injected into an unstable [[Transatmospheric orbit|transatmospheric Earth orbit]] measuring 356×76 km and subsequently destroyed upon reentry. According to [[S. Somanath]], an anomaly lasting 2 seconds in one of the accelerometers during second stage separation initiated salvage mode by onboard computer. [[Guidance, navigation, and control]] software switched from 'closed loop guidance' where it received real-time feedback from all sensors to an 'open loop guidance' where accelerometer data gets isolated and a predetermined path is followed.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Subramanian |first=T. s |date=2022-08-11 |title=ISRO chief S. Somanath interview {{!}} 'An anomaly for two seconds led to SSLV mission's underperformance' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/interview/an-anomaly-for-two-seconds-in-one-of-accelerometers-in-launch-vehicle-led-to-sslv-missions-underperformance-isro-chief/article65758052.ece |access-date=2022-08-11 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> This resulted in velocity shortfall from the required 7.3 km/s to 7.2 km/s. Being in salvage mode, Velocity-Trimming Module didn't rectify this shortfall which led to mission failure.
|-
| rowspan="3" |10 February 2023 03:48<ref>{{cite web |last=Kumar |first=Chethan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/sslv-2nd-mission-to-carry-us-sat-eos-7-oneweb-sats-set-to-arrive-friday/articleshow/97357960.cms |title=SSLV 2nd mission to carry US Sat, EOS-7; OneWeb Sats set to arrive Friday |date=26 January 2023 |access-date=27 January 2023 |work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-04 |title=ISRO planning to launch second development SSLV flight in Feb: S Somanath |url=https://www.livemint.com/science/news/isro-planning-to-launch-second-development-sslv-flight-in-feb-s-somanath-11672838016053.html |access-date=2023-01-04 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=Dec 5, 2022 |title=Sslv Hardware Ready, Launch Likely In '23 {{!}} Bengaluru News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/sslv-hardware-ready-launch-likely-in-23/articleshow/95989800.cms |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |{{flagicon|India}} [[EOS-07]]{{Line break}}{{flagicon|USA}} Janus-1{{Line break}}{{flagicon|IND}} [[AzaadiSAT|AzaadiSAT-2]] {{cvt|156.3|kg}}{{Line break}}{{cvt|11.5|kg}}{{Line break}}{{cvt|7.3|kg}}
|Satish Dhawan FLP
|[[Low Earth orbit|LEO]]
|{{Success}}
|-
|[[SSLV-D2]]
|ISRO
|[[Earth observation satellite|Earth observation]]
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#e3e9e9;"|Second developmental flight of the SSLV.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajwi |first=Tiki |title=Second development flight of Small Satellite Launch Vehicle likely this year |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/second-development-flight-of-small-satellite-launch-vehicle-likely-this-year/article66001388.ece |date=12 October 2022 |access-date=13 October 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=SSLV-D2/EOS-07 MISSION |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/mission_SSLV_D2.html |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref><ref name="SSLVD1_FARS">{{Cite web |title=SSLV-D2/EOS-07 Mission: Second Developmental Flight of SSLV |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/mission_SSLV_D1_summary_D2.html |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref> The purpose of SSLV-D2 is to launch [[EOS–07|EOS-07]], Janus-1 and [[AzaadiSAT#AzaadiSAT-2|AzaadiSAT-2]] into a 450-kilometer circular orbit and showcase the in-flight performance of the SSLV vehicle systems.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-10 |title=Isro’s SSLV-D2/EOS-07 mission successful; three satellites placed in orbits |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isros-sslv-d2/eos-07-mission-successful-three-satellites-placed-in-orbits/articleshow/97789719.cms |access-date=2024-08-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> According to SSLV-D1 fault evaluation study, six onboard accelerometers detected vibrations that were longer in duration and more intense during the second stage of separation. In order to ensure that this problem doesn't occur again, the second stage detachment system in SSLV-D2 was modified to reduce vibrations. Furthermore, the system was redesigned to navigate utilizing [[NavIC]] data and readings will now be monitored for a longer time before entering rescue mode.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Abhinav |date=10 February 2023 |title=Mission accomplished: ISRO’s SSLV-D2 launch explained |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2023/02/10/mission-accomplished-isros-sslv-d2-launch-explained.html |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref> The separation mechanism, the equipment bay, and the on-board system for identifying malfunctioning sensors were further modified and five new pieces of hardware were installed. The electronics in SSLV-D2 worked successfully, as did the launch vehicle's new, affordable guidance and navigation system.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dutt |first=Anonna |date=2023-02-10 |title=SSLV-D2 places three small satellites in orbit |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/isro-sslv-d2-launch-sriharikota-satellite-8435779/ |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |16 August 2024 03:47<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pqals.nic.in/annex/1711/AU5386.pdf|title=Loksabha Q&A|publisher=DEPARTMENT OF SPACE|date=2023-04-05}}</ref><ref name="NSIL-0802024">{{cite web|url=https://www.inspace.gov.in/sys_attachment.do?sys_id=19a5f4ec8798461082e163d70cbb3571|title=Integrated Launch Manifesto for 2023-24 (Q4) & 2024-25|work=NSIL|date=2024-02-08}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |{{flagicon|India}} [[EOS-08]]{{Line break}}{{flagicon|India}} SR-0 DEMOSAT {{cvt|175.5|kg}}{{Line break}}{{cvt|0.2|kg}}
|Satish Dhawan FLP
|[[Low Earth Orbit|LEO]]
|{{Success}}
|-
|[[SSLV-D3]]
|ISRO
|[[Earth observation satellite|Earth observation]]
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#e3e9e9;" |Third developmental flight and completion of SSLV Development Project.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SSLV-D3/EOS-08 Mission |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Mission_SSLV_D3.html |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=ISRO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-16 |title=SSLV development complete, says Isro chairman Somanath after today’s launch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/isro-launches-final-sslv-carrying-earth-observation-satellite-9517051/ |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The development team will continue to search for specific operational activities in the VTM stage before ISRO supplies the industry with SSLV technology for serial production. Any necessary fine-tuning will be finished prior to the technology transfer.<ref>{{Cite news |last=C.S |first=Hemanth |date=2024-08-16 |title=ISRO successfully launches EOS-08 Earth Observation Satellite |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-earth-observation-satellite-sslv-d3-eos-08-launch-sriharikota-august-16-2024/article68531393.ece |access-date=2024-08-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dutt |first=Anonna |date=2024-08-16 |title=SSLV development complete, says Isro chairman Somanath after today’s launch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/isro-launches-final-sslv-carrying-earth-observation-satellite-9517051/ |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Repeatable flight performance of the SSLV vehicle systems has also been demonstrated by SSLV-D3.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-16 |title=Isro's SSLV-D3 mission successful, EOS-08 and SR-0 Demosat satellites placed in orbit |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isros-sslv-d3-mission-successful-eos-08-and-sr-0-demosat-satellites-placed-in-orbit/articleshow/112556542.cms |access-date=2024-08-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| colspan=5 style="background:white;" |
|}

== Future launches ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width: 100%;"
|-
! scope="col" | Date / time ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]])
! scope="col" | Rocket, Configuration
! scope="col" | Launch site
! scope="col" | Payload
! scope="col" | Orbit
! scope="col" | User
|-
|rowspan=2|By Q1 2026<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-04 |title=ISRO reveals new schedule, 7 launches planned in next 5 months |url=https://www.news9live.com/science/isro-reveals-new-schedule-7-launches-planned-in-next-5-months-2901874 |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}</ref>
|SSLV
|[[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|SHAR]]
|{{flagicon|India}} TBD {{flagicon|India}} PARIKSHIT
|
|[[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]
|-
| colspan="5" |Flight L1. First serial flight of the SSLV.<ref name="NSIL-0802024"/>
|-
|rowspan=2|NET 2026<ref name="sansad-20240724">{{cite web |url=https://sansad.in/getFile/loksabhaquestions/annex/182/AU426_uRcumI.pdf?source=pqals |title=Unstarred Question No. 406: Space Programmes and Missions |work=[[Lok Sabha]] |publisher=[[Parliament of India]] |date=24 July 2024 |access-date=28 July 2024 |archive-date=28 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728215734/https://sansad.in/getFile/loksabhaquestions/annex/182/AU426_uRcumI.pdf?source=pqals |url-status=live |quote=Following are the space programmes & missions planned in the year 2024. [...] One SSLV mission, to launch a technology demonstration Satellite (EOS-08).}}</ref>
|SSLV
|[[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|SHAR]]
|{{flagicon|India}} TBD {{flagicon|India}} Azista60°
|
|[[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]
|-
| colspan="5" |Flight L2.<ref name="NSIL-0802024"/>
|-
|rowspan=2|2026<ref>{{cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/sslvs-first-dedicated-commercial-launch-to-put-australia-built-satellite-into-orbit-in-2026/articleshow/111290505.cms |title=SSLV's first dedicated commercial launch to put Australia-built satellite into orbit in 2026 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=26 June 2024 |access-date=28 July 2024}}</ref>
|SSLV
|[[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|SHAR]]
|{{flagicon|AUS}} Optimus
|[[Low Earth orbit|LEO]]
|Space Machines Company
|-
| colspan="5" |Space MAITRI (Mission for Australia-India's Technology, Research and Innovation). First dedicated commercial SSLV launch. Payload weight 450 kg.<ref>[https://www.nsilindia.co.in/sites/default/files/NSIL%20and%20SMC_SSLV%20%281%29.pdf NSIL and SMC_SSLV (1).pdf]</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|TBD<ref>{{Cite web |title=SSLV {{!}} BlackSky Global 5 & 6 |url=https://nextspaceflight.com/launches/details/7099 |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=Next Spaceflight |language=en}}</ref>
|SSLV
|[[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|SHAR]]
|{{flagicon|United States}} [[BlackSky|BlackSky Global-5, 6, and two others]]
|[[Low Earth orbit|LEO]]
|[[Spaceflight Industries]]
|-
| colspan="5" |Manifested on a future SSLV commercial flight, four 56 kg [[BlackSky|Blacksky Global]] satellites to ~500 km circular orbit with 50° inclination.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 July 2019 |title=Application for Earth Exploration Satellite Service by BlackSky Global, LLC |url=https://fcc.report/IBFS/SAT-MOD-20190725-00067/1816346.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728111320/https://fcc.report/IBFS/SAT-MOD-20190725-00067/1816346.pdf |archive-date=28 July 2019 |access-date=28 July 2019 |publisher=FCC |page=6 |quote=Global-5 through Global-8 are currently scheduled to be launched in November 2019 on a Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) by the Indian Space Research Organization from its Satish Dhawan Space Center}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-25 |title=BlackSky Global to launch four earth observation satellites on board ISRO SSLV-D2 |url=https://www.thetechoutlook.com/news/science/blacksky-global-to-launch-four-earth-observation-satellites-on-board-isro-sslv-d2/ |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=The Tech Outlook |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
*[[List of PSLV launches]]
*[[List of GSLV launches]]
*[[List of LVM3 launches]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Small Satellite Launch Vehicle| ]]
[[Category:Lists of rocket launches|SSLV launches]]

List of Loyola College, Chennai people

2026-02-01T11:19:09Z

Rxsolution: Created A Data

{{Short description|none}}
{{alumni|SAL|date=March 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
Alumnus of [[Loyola College, Chennai]] are also called Loyolites. Alumni of the college have included contributors in various fields of law, politics, civil services, science, education, business, sports and entertainment. The names in this list are presented in alphabetical order of surname/family name. This is not an exhaustive list.
{{Dynamic list}}

== Faculty ==
This is a list of notable Loyola College faculty.


*[[T. N. Ananthakrishnan]], joined the Department of Natural Sciences, Loyola College in 1948. Received the Asiatic Society Gold Medal.<ref name="currentscience.ac.in">{{cite web|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/106/05/0749.pdf |title=Data |publisher=www.currentscience.ac.in |date= |accessdate=2021-02-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282419183|title=Obituary: TN Ananthakrishnan|website=ResearchGate|language=en|access-date=2019-07-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=A|first=Raman|date=March 2014|title=LIVING LEGENDS IN INDIAN SCIENCE|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/106/05/0749.pdf|journal=Current Science}}</ref>
* [[A. W. Rabi Bernard]], member of the [[Parliament of India]]
* [[Jerome D'Souza]], [[Society of Jesus|S.J.]], Rector and Principal of Loyola College, Chennai from 1942 to 1950, elected to represent Madras legislative assembly at the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] from 1946 to 1950, member of the Indian Delegation to the [[United Nations General Assembly]] (1949, 1951–1952, 1955, 1957), founder-director of the [[Indian Social Institute]] from 1951 to 1956.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.loyolacollege.edu/about/shapers-loyola.php|title=ABOUT LOYOLA|website=www.loyolacollege.edu|access-date=2019-07-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jeasa.org/jesuit-educationists|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414014542/http://jeasa.org/jesuit-educationists|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 April 2015|title=Jesuit educationists {{!}} JEASA|website=www.jeasa.org|access-date=2019-07-28}}</ref>
*[[G. Prabha]], journalist, Professor of Sanskrit, and director of 'Ishti', [[Ishti (Film)|the first film in Sanskrit with a social theme]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/9/9356/Ishti-A-Beautiful-Sanskrit-Film-Lambasting-an-Archaic-System|title=Ishti: A Beautiful Sanskrit Film Lambasting an Archaic System|last=a.chatterji|first=shoma|website=The Citizen|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-28|archive-date=28 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728071546/https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/9/9356/Ishti-A-Beautiful-Sanskrit-Film-Lambasting-an-Archaic-System|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[P. R. Pisharoty]], physicist and meteorologist, father of remote sensing in India, founder Director of the [[Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology|Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune]] in 1962, Member of the Scientific Advisory Board of [[World Meteorological Organization]] from 1963 to 1968 and later its chairman, emeritus professor at [[Physical Research Laboratory]], recipient of Raman Centenary Medal (1988)<ref>{{cite web |author=PMB Group |url=https://library.wmo.int/pmb_ged/bulletin_52-1_en.pdf |title=| E-Library |publisher=Library.wmo.int |date= |accessdate=2021-02-08 |archive-date=1 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801084901/https://library.wmo.int/pmb_ged/bulletin_52-1_en.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tropmet.res.in/~lip/Publication/pisharoty.pdf |title=Data |publisher=www.tropmet.res.in |date= |accessdate=2021-02-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/24-sep-2002/doyen-of-indian-meteorology-and-remote-sensing-prof-p-r-pisharoty-passes-away|title=Doyen of Indian Meteorology and Remote Sensing, Prof P R Pisharoty, Passes Away – ISRO|website=www.isro.gov.in|access-date=2019-08-01|archive-date=16 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616160923/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/24-sep-2002/doyen-of-indian-meteorology-and-remote-sensing-prof-p-r-pisharoty-passes-away|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ksc.kerala.gov.in/speaker/dr-pr-pisharoty/ |title=Dr P.R. Pisharoty – Kerala Science Congress |publisher=Ksc.kerala.gov.in |date= |accessdate=2021-02-08}}</ref>

=== Law and politics ===
==== Heads of state and Heads of government ====


*[[Daniel Lisulo]], third [[Prime Minister of Zambia]]<ref name="pres">{{cite web|url=http://presidentofindia.nic.in/sp201213-2.html|title=President|access-date=6 May 2017}}</ref>
* [[Ramaswamy Venkataraman]], [[List of Presidents of India|Eighth]] [[President of India]], [[List of Indian independence activists|Indian independence activist]], and member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]]

==== Supreme Court Judges ====


* [[Jasti Chelameswar]], former judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/sjud/chelameswar.htm|title=Supreme Court of India – CJI & Sitting Judges|website=supremecourtofindia.nic.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120213225/http://www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/sjud/chelameswar.htm|archive-date=20 November 2016|url-status=dead|access-date=20 November 2016}}</ref>
* [[K. M. Joseph]], retired judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sci.gov.in/chief-justice-judges|title=Chief Justice & Judges {{!}} Supreme Court of India|website=sci.gov.in|access-date=2019-07-14}}</ref>
* [[M. M. Sundresh]], sitting judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://api.sci.gov.in/chief-justice-judges|website=main.sci.gov.in/chief-justice-judges|access-date=2022-06-09|title=Chief Justice & Judges | SUPREME COURT OF INDIA }}</ref>

==== High Court Judges ====


* [[Kumar Rajarathnam]], Chief Justice of the [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://karnatakajudiciary.kar.nic.in/bio_data/HCKformer_judges/kumar_rajarathnam.html|title=Hon'ble Mr. Justice Kumar Rajarathnam|access-date=16 November 2018}}</ref>
* [[R Sudhakar]], Chief Justice of the [[Manipur High Court]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hcmimphal.nic.in/judges.html |title=High Court of manipur at Imphal |publisher=Hcmimphal.nic.in |date= |accessdate=2021-02-08}}</ref>
* [[Sundaram Nainar Sundaram]], Chief justice of Gujarat and [[Telangana High Court]].

==== Governors ====


* [[M. O. H. Farook|M. O. Hasan Farook Maricar]], former [[List of chief ministers of Puducherry|Chief minister of Pondicherry]], former [[List of governors of Kerala|Governor of Kerala]]<ref name="pres" />
* [[M. K. Narayanan]], former [[National Security Adviser of India]], Director of [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]], the [[List of governors of West Bengal|Governor of West Bengal]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/former-guv-joins-ex-vp-in-xav-faculty/articleshow/69048843.cms|title=Former governor joins ex-VP in Xavier faculty {{!}} Kolkata News – Times of India|date=26 April 2019|first=Somdatta|last=Basu|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-07-23}}</ref> and he also played a significant role in the negotiation of the [[Indo-US Civil Nuclear Agreement|India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/indo-us-civil-n-deal-deadline-will-be-missed-former-nsa-narayanan-117041700464_1.html|title=Indo-US civil n-deal deadline will be missed: Former NSA Narayanan|last=IANS|date=2017-04-17|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2019-07-23}}</ref>

==== Other political figures ====


* [[P. Chidambaram]], Member of Parliament, former [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Finance Minister]], Government of India<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/karti-s-family-of-banking-pioneers-212175|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301003857/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/karti-s-family-of-banking-pioneers-212175|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 March 2018|title=Karti's family of banking pioneers|work=The Telegraph|access-date=2018-03-10|language=en}}</ref>
* [[T. R. B. Rajaa|T R B Rajaa]], MLA- TN Assembly, Chairman of Tamil Nadu Estimates Committee, Secretary of DMK IT Wing.
* [[B. S. Gnanadesikan]], president of the [[Tamil Nadu Congress Committee]] [TNCC]
* [[A. P. Shanmugasundara Goundar]], former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]], Tamil Nadu
* [[P. J. Joseph]], Member of Legislative Assembly, Minister, Government of [[Kerala]]
* [[Jose K. Mani]], Member of Parliament, chairman of [[Kerala Congress (M)]] party
* [[Dayanidhi Maran]], Member of Parliament, former [[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Minister of Communications and Information Technology]], Government of India<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/policy/The-rise-and-fall-of-Dayanidhi-Maran/article20303874.ece|title=The rise and fall of Dayanidhi Maran|work=@businessline|access-date=10 March 2018}}</ref>
* [[J. Shivashanmugam Pillai]], first speaker of [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Madras Legislative Assembly]] (1946 -1955), first Scheduled Caste mayor of Madras<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/speaker-dhanapal-once-disqualified-as-mla-amid-faction-feud-in-aiadmk-4850257/|title=Speaker Dhanapal, once disqualified as MLA amid faction feud in AIADMK|date=2017-09-19|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-08-01}}</ref>
* [[V. Vaithilingam]], former [[List of chief ministers of Puducherry|Chief minister of Pondicherry]]<ref name="pres" />
*[[K. Thulasiah Vandayar]], former Member of Parliament, Secretary and Correspondent of the [[A.V.V.M Sri Pushpam College]]<ref name="sripushpamcollege.co.in">{{cite web|url=https://www.sripushpamcollege.co.in/spcte/administration.php|title=WELCOME TO A.V.V.M Sri Pushpam College, Poondi, Thanjavur ::...|website=www.sripushpamcollege.co.in|access-date=2019-08-01}}</ref>
* [[P. Wilson]], Member of Parliament and former [[Additional Solicitor General of India]]

==== Civil servants ====


*[[F. V. Arul]], IPS, second Director of [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI)
*[[K. Sankaran Nair]], [[Indian Imperial Police|Imperial Police]], former Director of the [[Research and Analysis Wing]] (R&AW)
*[[Ronald Carlton Vivian Piadade Noronha]], [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Indian Civil Service]], second and fifth Chief Secretary of Madhya Pradesh state (1963–68, 1972–74),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mpinfo.org/MPinfoStatic/English/whoiswho/cslist.asp|title=::Department Of Public Relations, Madhya Pradesh|website=www.mpinfo.org|access-date=2019-07-31|archive-date=31 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731114221/https://www.mpinfo.org/MPinfoStatic/English/whoiswho/cslist.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[RCVP Noronha Academy of Administration|RCVP Noronha Academy of Administration & Management]] (RCVP), premier training institution of [[Government of Madhya Pradesh|M.P. Government]] is named after him<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.academy.mp.gov.in/|title=आर.सी.व्ही.पी.नरोन्हा प्रशासन एवं प्रबंधकीय अकादमी|website=www.academy.mp.gov.in|access-date=2019-07-31}}</ref>
*[[B. Raman]], IPS, former head of the counter-terrorism division of the [[Research and Analysis Wing]] (R&AW)
*[[P. S. Raman|Pattabhi Sundar Raman]], former advocate-general of Tamil Nadu<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Raman-new-Advocate-General/article16565867.ece|title=Raman, new Advocate-General|date=30 July 2009|work=The Hindu|access-date=14 May 2018|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* [[C. Rangarajan]], [[List of governors of the Reserve Bank of India|19th Governor of the Reserve Bank of India]]<ref name="pres" /> and [[Economic Advisory Council#Chairman|Chairman]] of the Prime Minister's [[Economic Advisory Council]]
*[[V. K. Rao]], [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Indian Civil Service]], Principal Secretary to the President of India, [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]
*[[V. Selvaraj]], IAS, Chairman of [[Madras Port|Madras Port Trust]] and Industries Secretary of the Government of Tamil Nadu<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radaan.tv/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=13&Itemid=11|title=MPT|access-date=14 May 2018}}</ref>
*[[C. G. Somiah]], IAS, former [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coorgnews.in/featuresnewsmakers/remembering-c-g-somiah-former-comptroller-auditor-general/|title=REMEMBERING C.G.SOMIAH, FORMER COMPTROLLER & AUDITOR GENERAL|date=2017-03-06|website=Coorg News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-27}}</ref>
*[[S. Sripal]], IPS, former [[Director general of police]], Tamil Nadu State
*[[N. Vittal]], IAS, former [[Central Vigilance Commission]]er<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_IGOq6lpqeIC&pg=PA161|title=CVC|access-date=6 May 2017|isbn=9788178813462|last1=Vittal|first1=N.|date=13 September 2004|publisher=ICFAI University Press }}</ref>
*[[Beno Zephine]], first 100% visually challenged [[Indian Foreign Service]] Officer<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/meet/an-eye-on-success/article7429975.ece|title=An eye on success|work=@businessline|access-date=10 March 2018}}</ref>
*[[Akbar Mirza Khaleeli]], former Indian ambassador to Iran, Italy and High Commissioner to Australia

==== Social workers ====

* [[P. K. Gopal]], International President of the International Association for Integration, Dignity and Economic Advancement of people affected by leprosy (IDEA), first Chairman of the National Forum of Persons affected by Leprosy (now Association of People affected by Leprosy<ref>{{cite web |url=https://silf.in/apal/ |title=Association of People affected by Leprosy |publisher=Silf.in |date=2016-08-24 |accessdate=2021-02-08 |archive-date=31 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731125840/https://silf.in/apal/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>), recipient of the [[Padma Shri]] award in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://silf.in/board-members/|title=Board Members – Sasakawa – India Leprosy Foundation (S-ILF)|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-31|archive-date=31 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731125840/https://silf.in/board-members/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.leprosy-ila.org/arquivos/premio_gopal.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024023809/http://www.leprosy-ila.org/arquivos/premio_gopal.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-date=24 October 2013 |title=Arquivos |publisher=www.leprosy-ila.org |date= |accessdate=2021-02-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/leprosy-continues-to-haunt-india-social-stigma-remains/article4358263.ece|title=Leprosy continues to haunt India, social stigma remains|last=Dhar|first=Aarti|date=2013-01-30|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-07-31|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/statements/asg/mr-montiel/2015/06/voices-of-people-affected-by-leprosy.html |title=Panel Discussion on Voices of People affected by Leprosy | Under-Secretary-General Liu Zhenmin – United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs |publisher=Un.org |date=2015-06-10 |accessdate=2021-02-08}}</ref>
*[[Joe Madiath]], Social Entrepreneur, founder and chairman of [[Gram Vikas]], a non-governmental organisation based in [[Orissa, India|Orissa]], recipient of Water Champion Award from [[Asian Development Bank]] and Social Life Time Achievement Award by [[Godfrey Phillips National Bravery Awards]] in 2006<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adb.org/Water/Champions/madiath.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110528221821/http://www.adb.org/Water/Champions/madiath.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-05-28|title=Water for All: Joe Madiath on Championing 100% Sanitation Coverage in Rural Communities in India by Ma. Christina Dueñas - ADB.org|date=2011-05-28|access-date=2019-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tedxgateway.com/portfolio/joe-madiath/|title=Joe Madiath|website=TEDxGateway – India's Largest Ideas Platform (Mumbai, India)|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-01|archive-date=1 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801133308/https://www.tedxgateway.com/portfolio/joe-madiath/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gramvikas.org/our-team/ |title=Our Team |publisher=Gram Vikas |date=1970-01-01 |accessdate=2021-02-08}}</ref>

=== Science, technology, medicine, and mathematics ===


*[[Geetha Angara homicide|Geetha Angara]], first woman to be awarded a master's in chemistry by the university, receiving a gold medal in the process for graduating at the top of the class. Victim of an unsolved 2005 homicide in the U.S.<ref>{{cite news|title=Four Months Later, an Unsolved Murder at a N.J. Water Plant|url=https://www.securityinfowatch.com/critical-infrastructure/news/10593535/four-months-later-an-unsolved-murder-at-a-nj-water-plant|newspaper=[[Associated Press]]|via=securityinfowatch.com|date=June 6, 2005|access-date=January 16, 2020}}</ref>
*[[Narayanan Chandrakumar]], professor emeritus at [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras|IIT Madras]], founder of the first [[Nuclear magnetic resonance]] (NMR) laboratory in India, [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] laureate<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chem.iitm.ac.in/faculty/chandrakumar/|title=Dr. Chandrakumar. N – Department of Chemistry|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-28}}</ref>
*[[Ranjan Roy Daniel]], former Dean, School of Physics and Senior Professor at [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]], Bombay, Scientific Secretary of the Committee on Science and Technology in Developing Countries (COSTED) from 1988 to 1995,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vokixwEACAAJ|title=Recommendations of the Asian Workshop, New Delhi, India, 11–15 February, 1991|last=Daniel|first=Ranjan Roy|date=1991|publisher=Produced by the Committee on Science and Technology in Developing Countries (COSTED) and the Indian National Committee for the IGBP for the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme|language=en}}</ref> Chairman of [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]]'s National Committee on Middle Atmosphere Research (1989) and Advisory Committee on Space Sciences (1981–88),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/oct102005/1277.pdf |title=Archived copy |website=www.iisc.ernet.in |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029204057/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/oct102005/1277.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail/N75-0179|title=INSA :: Deceased Fellow Detail|website=insaindia.res.in|access-date=2019-08-01|archive-date=14 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114093514/http://insaindia.res.in/detail/N75-0179|url-status=dead}}</ref> founder member of Indian Physics Association and [[Astronomical Society of India]], founder Chairman of the Bombay Association for Science Education, Fellow of [[Indian Academy of Sciences|IAS]], [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]], [[The World Academy of Sciences|TWAS]], recipient of the [[Padma Bhushan]] award in 1992 and COSPAR International Cooperation Medal in 1994<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twas.org/directory/daniel-ranjan-roy|title=Daniel, Ranjan Roy|website=TWAS|language=en|access-date=2019-08-01}}</ref>
*[[M. S. Narasimhan]], Fellow of the [[Royal Society|Royal Society, London]], Honorary Fellow of the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]], Head of the Mathematics group at the [[International Centre for Theoretical Physics|International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste]], derived [[Narasimhan–Seshadri theorem]] and recipient of the [[King Faisal International Prize|King Faisal International Prize for Science]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://home.ictp.it/pio/words/newsletter/backissues/News_82/profile.html|title=M. S. Narasimhan: Trieste|access-date=6 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icts.res.in/people/m.s.narasimhan|title=M. S. Narasimhan {{!}} ICTS|website=www.icts.res.in|access-date=2019-07-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asiapacific-mathnews.com/03/0302/0025_0030.pdf |title=Info |publisher=www.asiapacific-mathnews.com |date= |accessdate=2021-02-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/107/04/0694.pdf |title=Data |publisher=www.currentscience.ac.in |date= |accessdate=2021-02-08}}</ref>
*[[Kadiyala Ramachandra]], former head of the department of medicine at [[Madras Medical College]] and established the Department of Oncology & Cancer Chemotherapy and the Rheumatic Care Unit at the [[Government General Hospital, Chennai]]
*[[Ramakrishna Ramaswamy]], visiting professor at [[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi|IIT Delhi]], former president of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences|Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore]], Vice President of the [[Indian National Science Academy|Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi]] and Vice Chancellor of the [[University of Hyderabad]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Ramaswamy,_Prof._Ramakrishna|title=Fellowship {{!}} Indian Academy of Sciences|website=www.ias.ac.in|access-date=2019-07-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ramramaswamy.org/papers/RRBio.pdf?customize_changeset_uuid=c6b0299c-aff7-44a5-b8d7-772124820092&customize_autosaved=on&customize_messenger_channel=preview-9 |title=Info |publisher=ramramaswamy.org |date= |accessdate=2021-02-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://chemistry.iitd.ac.in/faculty/ramaswamy.html|title=Department of Chemistry @ IIT Delhi|website=chemistry.iitd.ac.in|access-date=2019-07-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://igmlnet.uohyd.ac.in:8000/theses.pdf |title=Theses |publisher=igmlnet.uohyd.ac.in:8000 |date= |accessdate=2021-02-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ramramaswamy.org/|title=Home|website=The Dynamics Lab – IIT Delhi|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-31}}</ref>
*[[C. P. Ramanujam]], known for number theory and algebraic geometry ([[Ramanujam–Samuel theorem]], [[Ramanujam vanishing theorem]]), a mathematics student of Father Charles Racine<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Ramanujam.html|title=Chidambaram Padmanabhan Ramanujam (1938–1974)|website=www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk|access-date=2019-07-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/birthday-tribute-to-cp-ramanujam-indias-other-great-mathematician-who-also-died-young/174070/ |title=Birthday tribute to CP Ramanujam, India's other great mathematician who also died young |publisher=Theprint.in |date= 9 January 2019|accessdate=2021-02-08}}</ref>
*[[Natesan Rangabashyam]], established Ostomy Department in 1978 at [[Madras Medical College]] and [[Government General Hospital, Chennai]], introduced the first [[Master of Surgery|M.Ch.]] (Surgical Gastroenterology) course in India in 1984, Honorary Surgeon to the President of India, [[Ramaswamy Venkataraman|R Venkataraman]], Fellow of the [[Association of Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland]], [[National Academy of Medical Sciences]], [[Academy of Medicine, Singapore]] and the recipient of [[Padma Bhushan]] in 2002 and [[Dr. B. C. Roy Award|Dr B C Roy National Award]] twice<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/Renowned-gastroenterologist-Rangabashyam-dead/article20637491.ece|title=Renowned gastroenterologist Rangabashyam dead|last=PTI|website=@businessline|date=14 July 2013 |language=en|access-date=2019-07-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/eminent-gastroenterologist-rangabashyam-dead/article4914588.ece|title=Eminent gastroenterologist Rangabashyam dead|last=Kannan|first=Ramya|date=2013-07-14|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-07-31|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.nmji.in/archives/Volume-26/Issue-4/Obtu-II.pdf |title=Issue 4 |publisher=archive.nmji.in |date= |accessdate=2021-02-08}}</ref><ref>[https://www.archive.india.gov.in/hindi/myindia/padmabhushan_awards_list1.php?start=330]{{dead link|date=February 2021}}</ref>
*[[Paul Ratnasamy]], catalyst scientist, former director of the [[National Chemical Laboratory|CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory]], Pune<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncl-india.org/files/AboutNCL/Organization/PreviousDirectors.aspx|title=National Chemical Laboratory|website=www.ncl-india.org|access-date=2019-07-28}}</ref>
*[[Ravi Sankaran]], ornithologist, former Director of the [[Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History|Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ravisankaran.org/about/about-ravi-sankaran/|title=About Ravi Sankaran|date=2012-07-18|website=Ravi Sankaran Foundation|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-01|archive-date=1 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801101550/https://www.ravisankaran.org/about/about-ravi-sankaran/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Lakshmanan Sathyavagiswaran]], former Chief Medical Examiner-Coroner for the County of Los Angeles
*[[C. S. Seshadri]], Fellow of the [[Royal Society|Royal Society, London]], founder and Director-Emeritus of the [[Chennai Mathematical Institute]], derived [[Narasimhan–Seshadri theorem]], the [[Seshadri constant]] is named after him,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cmi.ac.in/people/fac-profile.php?id=css|title=CMI|publisher=CMI|access-date=14 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cmi.ac.in/people/fac-profile.php?id=css|title=Chennai Mathematical Institute|website=www.cmi.ac.in|access-date=2019-07-28}}</ref> recipient of [[Padma Bhushan]] and [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/with-an-accent-on-excellence/article28058681.ece|title=With an accent on excellence|date=2000-12-07|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-07-28|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/the-sciences/c-s-seshadri-from-proofs-to-transcendence-via-theorems-and-ragas|title=C.S. Seshadri: From Proofs to Transcendence via Theorems and Ragas|website=The Wire|access-date=2019-07-28}}</ref>
*[[Veeravalli S. Varadarajan]], professor emeritus and Distinguished Research Professor at the Department of Mathematics, [[University of California, Los Angeles]] (UCLA), [[Trombi–Varadarajan theorem]], a mathematics student of K.A. Adivarahan in 1950<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/professor-emeritus-gives-1-million-to-bring-visiting-mathematics-faculty-to-ucla|title=Professor emeritus gives $1 million to bring visiting mathematics faculty to UCLA|website=UCLA|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/static/html/fl2407/stories/20070420001909700.htm|title=Science of chance|website=frontline.thehindu.com|access-date=2019-07-30}}{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.math.ucla.edu/~vsv/|title=Veeravalli S. Varadarajan|website=www.math.ucla.edu|access-date=2019-07-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/the-sciences/v-s-varadarajan-reflections-on-a-long-innings|title=V.S. Varadarajan: Reflections on a Long Innings|website=The Wire|access-date=2019-07-30}}</ref>

=== Academics ===

==== Educational institution founders and presidents ====


* [[Malcolm Adiseshiah|Malcolm S Adiseshiah]], Deputy Director-General of [[UNESCO]] (1963–1970), founder-director of the [[Madras Institute of Development Studies]] (MIDS), Vice Chancellor of the [[University of Madras]] (1975–78), recipient of the [[Padma Bhushan]] award in 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mids.ac.in/malcolm.htm|title=About Malcolm S Adiseshiah {{!}} MIDS|website=www.mids.ac.in|access-date=2019-07-28|archive-date=28 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728105943/https://www.mids.ac.in/malcolm.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibe.unesco.org/sites/default/files/adiseshiahe.PDF |title=Data |publisher=www.ibe.unesco.org |date= |accessdate=2021-02-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://atom.archives.unesco.org/adiseshiah-malcolm-s|title=Adiseshiah, Malcolm S. – UNESCO Archives AtoM catalogue|website=atom.archives.unesco.org|access-date=2019-07-28}}</ref>
* [[Parvataneni Brahmayya]], former president of the [[Institute of Chartered Accountants of India]] (ICAI)
* [[C. Raj Kumar]], Founding Vice Chancellor of [[O. P. Jindal Global University]] and Founding Dean of [[Jindal Global Law School]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jgu.edu.in/biography |title=Biography | Jindal Global University |website=www.jgu.edu.in |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226055418/http://www.jgu.edu.in/biography |archive-date=26 December 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[P. S. Manisundaram]], first Principal of the Regional Engineering College (which later became the [[National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli]]), the [[Alagappa Chettiar College of Engineering and Technology|Alagappa Chettiar College of Engineering and Technology (ACGCET-Karaikudi)]] and the first Vice Chancellor of the [[Bharathidasan University]], Tiruchirappalli<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=107048|title=Speech by the President of India, Shri Pranab Mukherjee at the inauguration of the Golden Jubilee of National Institute of Technology (NIT)|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2019-07-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aaceg.org/distinguished_alumnu/prof-p-s-mani-sundaram/|title=Prof. P. S. Mani Sundaram|last=agmaster|website=AACEG|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-14|archive-date=14 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714112526/https://www.aaceg.org/distinguished_alumnu/prof-p-s-mani-sundaram/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/nit-pays-tribute-to-its-first-principal/article5288374.ece|title=NIT pays tribute to its first principal|date=2013-10-30|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-07-14|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bdu.ac.in/about/about-the-university.php|title=::.Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India..|website=www.bdu.ac.in|access-date=2019-07-14}}</ref>
* [[V. M. Muralidharan]], former chairman, [[Ethiraj College for Women]]
* [[K. Thulasiah Vandayar]], Secretary and Correspondent of the [[A.V.V.M Sri Pushpam College]] and former Member of Parliament<ref name="sripushpamcollege.co.in"/>
* [[G. Viswanathan]], founder and chancellor of [[Vellore Institute of Technology]]

==== Professors and scholars ====


*[[Srinivas Aravamudan]], professor of English and former dean of the humanities at [[Duke University]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/education/an-academic-advocate-for-the-humanities/article8570492.ece|title=Srinivas Aravamudan: An academic advocate for the humanities|last=Powell|first=Richard J.|date=2016-05-08|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-08-01|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nussbaum|first=Felicity|author-link=Felicity Nussbaum|date=2018-08-07|title=Tribute to Srinivas Aravamudan|journal=Studies in Eighteenth-Century Culture|language=en|volume=47|issue=47|pages=3–5|doi=10.1353/sec.2018.0002|s2cid=149720559|issn=1938-6133}}</ref>
*[[Mrityunjay Athreya]], former professor at the [[Indian Institute of Management, Calcutta]], the [[London Business School]] and the [[Strathclyde Business School]], Scotland
*[[Aswath Damodaran]], Professor of Finance at the [[New York University Stern School of Business|Stern School of Business at New York University]]
*[[C. K. Prahalad]], Paul and Ruth McCracken Distinguished University Professor of Corporate Strategy at the [[Ross School of Business|Stephen M. Ross School of Business at the University of Michigan]] and distinguished fellow at the [[William Davidson Institute]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://michiganross.umich.edu/faculty-research/institutes-centers-initiatives/india-initiatives/ck-prahalad-initiative/bio|title=C.K. Prahalad Bio|website=michiganross.umich.edu|language=en|access-date=2019-07-23}}</ref>

=== Business ===


*[[Wenceslaus Anthony]], Chairman & managing director of WAML Group, Act Industrial Pty Ltd, recipient of the title, [[New Zealand Order of Merit|Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit]] and the [[Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice]]
*[[S. S. Badrinath]], founder and chairman emeritus of [[Sankara Nethralaya]], Chennai
*[[M. Damodaran]], IAS, Chairman of [[IndiGo]], former Chairman of the [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]] (SEBI), the [[Industrial Development Bank of India]] (IDBI) and the [[Unit Trust of India]] (UTI){{citation needed|date=July 2019}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/congratulate-mr-damodaran/articleshow/2431738.cms?from=mdr|title=Congratulate Mr. Damodaran|date=2007-10-27|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-07-30}}</ref>
*[[R. K. Krishna Kumar]], Tata Administrative Services (1963), Trustee of [[Sir Dorabji Tata and Allied Trusts|Sir Dorabji Tata Trust]] and [[Sir Ratan Tata Trust|Sir Ratan Tata Trust & Allied Trusts]], former Vice Chairman of the [[Tata Global Beverages]] and Director of [[Tata Sons]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/r-k-krishna-kumar-retires-from-tata-global-beverages/article23114295.ece|title=R K Krishna Kumar retires from Tata Global Beverages|last=PTI|website=@businessline|date=19 July 2013 |language=en|access-date=2019-07-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/special-report/prahalad-was-one-of-the-great-management-thinkers-rk-krishna-kumar/articleshow/5826758.cms?from=mdr|title=Prahalad was one of the great management thinkers: RK Krishna Kumar|date=2010-04-18|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-07-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/madras-miscellany/article28005880.ece|title=Madras Miscellany|date=2000-03-13|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-07-30|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tatatrusts.org/aboutus/subindex/srtt-board-of-trustees|title=SRTT Board of trustees – Sir Ratan Tata Trust and Allied Trusts – Tata Trust|website=www.tatatrusts.org|access-date=2019-07-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tatatrusts.org/aboutus/subindex/sdtt-board-of-trustees|title=SDTT Board of Trustees – Sir Dorabji Tata Trust and Allied Trusts – Tata Trusts|website=www.tatatrusts.org|access-date=2019-07-30}}</ref>
*[[Sashi Kumar]], founder and promoter of [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]], chairman of the [[Asian College of Journalism, Chennai]]
*[[Verghese Kurien]], Father of the [[White Revolution (India)|White Revolution]], Founder Chairman of the [[National Dairy Development Board]] (NDDB) from 1965 to 1998,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nddb.coop/about/chairman/vkurien|title=Dr. Verghese Kurien |website=www.nddb.coop|access-date=2019-07-23}}</ref> the [[Amul|Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation Ltd]] (GCMMF), from 1973 to 2006<ref name="pres" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldfoodprize.org/en/laureates/19871999_laureates/1989_kurien|title=GCMMF|access-date=6 May 2017}}</ref> and the [[Institute of Rural Management Anand]] from 1979 to 2006<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.irma.ac.in/article.php?menuid=10|title=IRMA – Founder's Vision|website=www.irma.ac.in|access-date=2019-07-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://amul.com/m/dr-v-kurien|title=Dr. V. Kuiren :: Amul – The Taste of India|website=amul.com|access-date=2019-07-23}}</ref>
*[[N. Mahalingam]], former chairman, [[Sakthi Group]] and former chairman, [[Ethiraj College for Women]]
*[[Arumugham Mahendran]], chairman and managing director of Global Consumer Products Private Limited and former managing director of [[Godrej Consumer Products Limited]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://events.vccircle.com/content/arumugham-mahendran|title=Arumugham Mahendran {{!}} VCCircle Events|website=events.vccircle.com|access-date=2019-08-01|archive-date=1 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801134725/https://events.vccircle.com/content/arumugham-mahendran|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Bala S. Manian]], founder of ReaMetrix, Digital Optics and Quantum Dot Corporation<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/markets/stocks?cic_redirect=fallback|website=www.bloomberg.com|access-date=2019-07-27|title=Stocks }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiainnovationfund.in/aboutus/director/balasmanian|website=www.indiainnovationfund.in|access-date=2019-07-28 |title=Indiainnovationfund.in }}</ref>
*[[Kalanithi Maran]], founder and chairman of the [[SUN Group]]
*[[Sudhakar Ram]], Group CEO and managing director of Mastek<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-04-18/news/49237018_1_iim-calcutta-girija-mastek|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140421024640/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-04-18/news/49237018_1_iim-calcutta-girija-mastek|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 April 2014|title=Mastek|date=18 April 2014|access-date=14 May 2018}}</ref>
*[[Jerry Rao]], chairman of the Value and Budget Housing Corporation and founder and former CEO of [[Mphasis]] Corporation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hbs.edu/creating-emerging-markets/interviews/Pages/profile.aspx?profile=jrao|title=Jaithirth (Jerry) Rao – Creating Emerging Markets – Harvard Business School|website=www.hbs.edu|access-date=2019-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/money/column/guest-jerry-rao-mission-affordable-housing/20090721.htm|title=Jerry Rao's mission: Affordable housing|website=Rediff|language=en|access-date=2019-08-01}}</ref>
*[[W Hansraj Saxena]], chief executive officer [[News J]], former chief operating officer of [[Sun Pictures]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/BXuJN28WJGArBvcnJHcUlM/Former-Sun-Pictures-associate-files-petition-against-Maran.html|title=Former Sun Pictures associate files petition against Maran|last=Leena|first=S. Bridget|date=2012-12-17|website=livemint.com|language=en|access-date=2019-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/edappadi-ops-launch-news-j/article25499817.ece|title=Edappadi, OPS launch 'News J'|date=2018-11-15|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-08-01|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
*[[Ajit Shetty]], former chairman of board of directors, [[Janssen Pharmaceutica]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/pallavi-aiyar-pharma-not-it-is-india-39-s-next-big-thing-109070200042_1.html|title=Pallavi Aiyar: Pharma, not IT, is India's next big thing|last=Aiyar|first=Pallavi|date=2009-07-02|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2019-07-14}}</ref>
*[[Ram Shriram]], ''Forbes'' billionaire, founding board member of [[Google|Google Inc.]] (now Alphabet) and an initial investor in Google, Founder of the Sherpalo Ventures, Menlo Park and board member of the [[Stanford University]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boardoftrustees.stanford.edu/board-members/|title=Board Members {{!}} Board of Trustees|last1=University|first1= Stanford|last2=Stanford|website=boardoftrustees.stanford.edu|language=en|access-date=2019-07-31|last3=California 94305}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/kavitark-ram-shriram/|title=Kavitark Ram Shriram|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=2019-07-31}}</ref>
*[[A. Sivasailam]], former chairman and managing director of [[Amalgamations Group]] of Industries<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/128784/amalgamations-group-chief-sivasailam-passes.html|title=Amalgamations group chief Sivasailam passes away|date=2011-01-13|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|access-date=2019-07-28}}</ref>
*[[Damal Kandalai Srinivasan]], co-founder of [[Hindu Mission Hospital, Chennai]]
*[[N. Srinivasan]], first [[Chairman of the International Cricket Council]], managing director of [[India Cements]] Limited
*[[Rangaswamy Srinivasan]], inventor at [[IBM Research]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaabroad-digital.com/indiaabroad/20130222?pg=2#pg2|title=IBM|access-date=6 May 2017}}</ref>
*[[Narayanan Vaghul]], chairman of the Board of [[ICICI Bank]] from 1985 to April 2009, director on the board of [[Wipro]] since 1997, member on the Boards of [[Mahindra World City|Mahindra World City Developers Limited]], [[Piramal Group|Piramal Enterprises Limited]], [[Apollo Hospitals|Apollo Hospitals Enterprise Limited]], recipient of the [[Padma Bhushan]] award in 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.piramal.com/about-us/board-of-directors/piramal-enterprises/n-vaghul|title=N Vaghul : Piramal Enterprises : Board of Directors : About : Piramal|website=www.piramal.com|access-date=2019-07-28|archive-date=28 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728090604/https://www.piramal.com/about-us/board-of-directors/piramal-enterprises/n-vaghul|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wipro.com/en-IN/leadership/narayanan-vaghul/|title=Narayanan Vaghul – Wipro|website=www.wipro.com|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-07-28|archive-date=28 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728090608/https://www.wipro.com/en-IN/leadership/narayanan-vaghul/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Sport ===


* [[Viswanathan Anand]], Five time World Chess Champion and winner of multiple International Chess tournaments<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2912/stories/20120629291201400.htm|title=The cerebral boy next door|website=www.frontline.in|access-date=14 March 2018}}</ref>
* [[Vijay Amritraj]], tennis player
* [[Vasudevan Baskaran]], captain of [[India men's national field hockey team]], which won the gold medal at the [[1980 Summer Olympics]] in Moscow, [[Soviet Union]]
* [[Mohammad Ghouse]], [[Umpire (cricket)|cricket umpire]] and former Chairman of the [[Tamil Nadu Cricket Association]]
* [[Sunny Gupta]], cricketer
* [[Jawad Hussain]], first class cricket player (father of the former England captain, Nasir Hussain)
* [[Sharath Kamal]], Indian table tennis player
* [[Ramanathan Krishnan]], tennis player
* [[Ramesh Krishnan]], tennis player
* [[Vidya Pillai]], first Indian female [[snooker player]] to reach the finals of the WLBSA [[World Women's Snooker Championship]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.in/snooker/story/_/id/19169201|title=Vidya Pillai – 'counting' on every win|date=2017-04-16|website=ESPN|language=en|access-date=2019-08-01}}</ref>
* [[Ramkumar Ramanathan]], tennis player
* [[A. G. Kripal Singh]], first class cricketer for [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
* [[A. G. Milkha Singh]], cricketer
* [[Sivabalan]], volleyball player
* [[Krishnamoorthy Vignesh]], cricketer
* [[Sanjay Yadav (cricketer)|Sanjay Yadav]], cricketer
* [[Tinu Yohannan]], cricketer
* [[Edwin Sydney Vanspaul]], footballer

=== Religion ===



*[[Joseph Powathil|Archbishop Joseph Powathil]], Archbishop emeritus of Archdiocese of Changanacherry.
*[[Duraisamy Simon Lourdusamy|Duraisamy Simon Cardinal Lourdusamy]], Prefect Emeritus of the [[Congregation for the Oriental Churches]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/blour.html|title=Duraisamy Simon Cardinal Lourdusamy [Catholic-Hierarchy]|website=www.catholic-hierarchy.org|access-date=2019-08-01}}</ref>
* [[Swami Parthasarathy]], philosopher and exponent of [[Vedanta]]
*[[Chidananda Saraswati]], President of the [[Divine Life Society]], [[Rishikesh]], India<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dlshq.org/saints/chida.htm|title=His Holiness Sri Swami Chidananda Saraswati Maharaj|website=www.dlshq.org|access-date=2019-08-01}}</ref>

=== Journalism ===



*[[Kasturi Balaji]], managing director of [[The Hindu]]
*[[S. S. Balan]], former chairman emeritus of the [[Vikatan]] Group
*[[Vincent D'Souza]], editor and publisher of The Mylapore Times and The Arcot Road Times
*[[Manu Joseph]], former editor of [[OPEN (Indian magazine)|OPEN]] magazine, and a columnist for [[The International New York Times]] and The [[Hindustan Times]]
*[[N. Murali|Narasimhan Murali]], co-chairman, [[Kasturi & Sons Ltd]]., Proprietors of The Hindu Group of Publications
*[[Sanjay Pinto]], Indian lawyer, former bureau chief and resident editor, [[NDTV 24x7|NDTV 24 X 7]]
*[[N. Ram]], chairman, The Hindu Publishing Group (THG); former Editor-in-Chief, [[The Hindu]] Group of Publications
*[[N. S. Ramaswami]], Indian sports journalist and former assistant editor of [[The Hindu]], Mail and [[Indian Express]]
*[[Palagummi Sainath]], former rural affairs editor of [[The Hindu]], founder editor of the [[People's Archive of Rural India]] and recipient of the [[Ramon Magsaysay Award]]

=== Film, theatre, and television ===


{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Ajesh]], singer, music composer
* [[K. V. Anand]], cinematographer and director
* [[Arulnithi]], film actor
* [[Mahesh Babu]], Telugu film actor
* [[Ramachandra Babu]], cinematographer
* [[Irfan (actor)|Irfan]], film actor
* [[Yuthan Balaji]], film actor
* [[Gabriella Charlton]], actor, dancer
* [[Joe D'Cruz]], writer, novelist and documentary film director
* [[Venkatesh Daggubati]], film actor
* [[Darshana KT|Darshana]], playback singer
* [[I. Ahmed]], film director and producer
* [[Kishen Das]], actor
* [[Sam Vishal]], singer
* [[Deepak Dinkar]], film and television actor
* [[Gifton Elias]], music composer
* [[R. Ajay Gnanamuthu]] film director
* [[Gokul (director)|Gokul]], film director
* [[Vinay Govind]], film director
* [[Sikkil Gurucharan]], Carnatic musician – vocalist
* [[Kalidas Jayaram]], actor and playback singer
* [[Ashwin Kakumanu]], film actor
* [[Arvind Krishna]], cinematographer, producer and actor
* [[Anand Krishnamoorthi]], film sound designer, sound editor
* [[Krishna (Tamil actor)|Krishna Kulasekaran]], film actor
* [[Jagadeesh Kumar]], singer
* [[Thiagarajan Kumararaja]], film director
* [[Maalavika Manoj]], singer
* [[Richard M. Nathan]], cinematographer
* [[Shanmuga Pandian]], film actor
* [[Suresh Peters]], singer, music director, music producer
* [[Daniel Annie Pope]], film actor
* [[Prashanth]], film actor
* [[Pushkar–Gayathri]], director duo
* [[Karthik Raja]], music composer
* [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], music composer
* [[Mohan Rajan]], lyricist
* [[K. Rajeshwar]], film director
* [[P. C. Ramakrishna]], theatre actor, [[The Madras Players]]
* [[Sunder Ramu]], film and stage actor
* [[Paloma Rao]], actress and performer
* [[Jayam Ravi]], film actor
* [[Radha Ravi]], film actor
* [[Riya Shibu]], film actor and producer
* [[Anirudh Ravichander]], music director
* [[Ruben (film editor)|Ruben]], film editor
* [[R. Sarathkumar]], film actor
* [[I. V. Sasi]], film director
* [[Vinayak Sasikumar]], lyricist
* [[Ashok Selvan]], film actor
* [[Silambarasan]], film actor, singer, lyricst, film director, music composer
* [[Sibi Sathyaraj|Sibiraj]], film actor
* Johnny Chakravarthy, film actor
* [[Tatineni Satya]], film director
* [[Rajesh Selva|Rajesh M. Selva]], film director and screenwriter
* [[Soundararajan (cinematographer)|Soundararajan]], cinematographer
* [[Bhuvan Srinivasan]], film editor
* [[R. Sudharsan]], film editor
* [[Suriya]], film actor, producer, founder of the [[Agaram Foundation]]
* [[S. J. Surya]], film actor, director, screenwriter, producer, music composer, singer
* [[Arvind Swami]], film actor
* [[Hiphop Tamizha]], (Jeeva) Tamil Hip-hop pioneers
* [[Vijay Vasanth]], actor and managing director of [[Vasanth & Co]]
* [[Arthi Venkatesh]], actress
* [[Vetrimaaran]], film director, producer and writer
* [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], film actor, also known as 'Thalapathy' by the media, a popular actor in [[Tamil cinema]]
* [[John Vijay]], film actor
* [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], film actor
* [[Siddharth Vipin]], music composer
* [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]], film actor, producer and anti-piracy activist
* [[Vishnuvardhan (director)|Vishnuvardhan]], film director
* [[Josh Vivian]], singer, music composer{{Div col end}}

=== Other ===



*[[S. Nandagopal]], sculptor and painter and member of the Madras Art Movement
*[[Sidney Sladen]], fashion designer
*[[Anukreethy Vas]], [[Femina Miss India]] World 2018
*[[Tenzin Tsundue]], Tibetan writer and activist<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Deeksha|first=Johanna|date=21 October 2019|title=Arrested during Xi's visit, Tibetan activist Tenzin Tsundue has been jailed 16 times. Here's why|url=https://www.edexlive.com/news/2019/oct/21/arrested-during-xis-visit-tibetan-activist-tenzin-tsundue-has-been-jailed-16-times-heres-why-8733.html|access-date=2021-02-16|website=The New Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Loyola College, Chennai}}
* {{Official website|http://www.loyolacollege.edu/}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Loyola College, Chennai people}}
[[Category:Loyola College, Chennai]]
[[Category:Lists of people by university or college in India]]
[[Category:Loyola College, Chennai alumni]]

Matgoda

2026-01-26T09:26:39Z

Rxsolution: added the page needs work

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Matgoda
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.7745|N|86.9038|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bankura district|Bankura]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5197
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 722134
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 03243
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bankura]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Raipur, Bankura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raipur]]
| website = {{URL|bankura.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Matgoda''' is a small town and a [[gram panchayat]] in the [[Raipur, Bankura (community development block)|Raipur]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Khatra subdivision]] of the [[Bankura district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==History==

According to [[Binoy Ghosh]], the southern part of the Raipur thana area, covering Shyamsundarpur, [[Phulkusma]], [[Simlapal]], [[Raipur, Bankura|Raipur]], Bhataidihi and other villages, was known as Rajagram. There was a [[feudatory]] ruler in Rajagram, who for some unknown reason, committed suicide along with his entire family, by jumping into fire. With no one left to become king, the entire area was infested with wild animals and plunderers, till Nukur Tung arrived on the scene, controlled the plunderers and became king.<ref name="binoyghosh">Ghosh, Binoy, ''Paschim Banger Sanskriti'', {{in lang|bn}}, part I, 1976 edition, pages 380-385, Matgodar Sanimela, Prakash Bhaban, Kolkata</ref>

Nukur Tung's background has a history laced with colourful local folklore. He was great-grandson of Tung Deo, who used to live somewhere along the banks of the Gandaki River in Odisha. During the course of a pilgrimage to [[Puri]], he was made king of Puri by favour of [[Jagannath]]. His grandson Gangadhar Tung was informed in a dream by Jagannath that after him there would no king of Puri in his line. Therefore, his son should change his name and go to some other place where he could be king. Gangadhar Tung's son, Nukur Tung, left Puri with his wife, his treasure, and some soldiers in 1348 AD and after wandering for a decade settled in Tikarpara, a village near Shyamsundarpur. He controlled the local plunderers and became king, adopting the name Chhatra Narayan Deb. The area came to be known as [[Tungbhum]]. A large number of [[Utkala Brahmin]] families came and settled in the area, where even today, the influence of [[Culture of Odisha|Odia culture]] is noticeable.<ref name="binoyghosh"/>

He made a grant of the zamindari of Simplapal pargana to Sripati Mahapatra, his spiritual guide and general during the campaign. Raipur pargana was given as a grant to a member of the Sikhar Raj family. Six generations after Chhatra Narayan Deb, as a result of a family dispute, the estate was divided into Shyamsundarpur and Phulkusma. The former became the zamindari of Lakshmi Narayan and the latter of Darpanarayan. Subsequently, as a consequence of the permanent settlement, both the zamindaries got debt-ridden and ran into rough weather. However, even now people in the area refer to them as Bara Tunga and Chhoto Tunga.<ref name="binoyghosh"/>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=420| height=400| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|22|56|0|N|86|54|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places in Khatra subdivision in Bankura district''' CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, C: craft centre, T: ancient/ temple centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|51|51|N|87|0|21|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Baragari| numbered1=R| mark-title1= [[Baragari]] (R)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle| shape-color1=#C42222|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|46|14|N|86|47|37|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2=Barikul| numbered2=R| mark-title2= [[Barikul]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|52|50|N|86|52|43|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3=Haludkanali| numbered3=R| mark-title3= [[Haludkanali]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|3|48|N|86|48|8|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Hirbandh| numbered4=R| mark-title4= [[Hirbandh]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|10|0|N|86|56|0|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Indpur| numbered5=R| mark-title5= [[Indpur]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|49|0|N|86|38|12|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Jhilimili| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Jhilimili]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|45|28|N|86|53|2|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7=Kharigerya| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Kharigerya]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|58|0|N|86|47|15|E}} | label-pos8=top|label8=Mukutmanipur| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Mukutmanipur]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|42|39|N|86|51|57|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Phulkusma| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Phulkusma]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|51|53|N|86|47|4|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Ranibandh| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Ranibandh]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|49|50|N|86|39|42|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Rautara| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Rautara]] (R)
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|46|36|N|87|1|23|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Sarenga| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Sarenga, Bankura]] (R)
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|1|12|N|87|6|36|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Taldangra| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Taldangra]] (R)
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|46|28|N|86|54|13|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Matgoda| numbered14=R| mark-title14= Matgoda (R)|shape-color14=black| label-size14=13|label-color14=black 
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|58|28|N|86|51|0|E}}| label-pos15=right |label15=Khatra| numbered15=CT| mark-title15 =[[Khatra]] (CT)| shape-color15=#A40000
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|48|0|N|86|57|0|E}}| label-pos16=right |label16=Raipur| numbered16=CT| mark-title16 =[[Raipur, Bankura]] (CT)| shape-color16=#A40000
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|55|21|N|87|4|24|E}}| label-pos17=right |label17=Simlapal| numbered17=CT| mark-title17 =[[Simlapal]] (CT)| shape-color17=#A40000
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|59|20|N|86|51|48|E}}| label-pos18=right |label18=Ledisol| numbered18=CT| mark-title18 =[[Ledisol]] (CT)| shape-color18=#A40000
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|58|0|N|87|10|0|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19=Panchmura| numbered19=C| mark-title19= [[Panchmura]] (C)| shape-color19=#AA6666
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|56|30|N|86|46|14|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20=Ambikanagar| numbered20=T| mark-title20= [[Ambikanagar, Bankura]] (T) |shape-color20=#AA6666
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|7|46|N|86|59|17|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21=Atbaichandi| numbered21=T| mark-title21= [[Atbaichandi]] (T) |shape-color21=#AA6666
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|57|16|N|87|9|49|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22=Deulbhira| numbered22=T| mark-title22= [[Deulbhira]] (T) |shape-color22=#AA6666
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|1|27|N|87|0|0|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23=Harmasra| numbered23=T| mark-title23= [[Harmasra]] (T) |shape-color23=#AA6666
|mark-coord24={{coord|22|57|15|N|86|44|51|E}} | label-pos24=right|label24=Pareshnath| numbered24=T| mark-title24= [[Pareshnath]] (T) |shape-color24=#AA6666
|mark-coord25={{coord|22|44|37|N|86|54|51|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25=Mandankuli| numbered25=T| mark-title25= [[Mandankuli]] (T) |shape-color25=#AA6666
|mark-coord26={{coord|22.9462|N|86.7003|E}} |label26=Kangsabati Project|labela26= Reservoir| label-color26 = #77A1CB| label-angle26=0| label-pos26=top| label-size26=10| mark-size26=0| mark-title26 =none
|mark-coord27={{coord|22.8573|86.9125}}| label27=Kangsabati River| label-color27 = #77A1CB| label-angle27=80| label-pos27=top| label-size27=10| mark-size27=0| mark-title27 =none}}

===Location===
Matgoda is located at {{coord|22.7745|N|86.9038|E|display=inline}}.

===Area overview===
The map alongside shows the Khatra subdivision of Bankura district. Physiographically, this area is having uneven lands with hard rocks. In the Khatra CD block area there are some low hills. The Kangsabati project reservoir is prominently visible in the map. The subdued patches of shaded area in the map show forested areas.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Bankura |work = pages 13-17 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations West Bengal | accessdate = 23 April 2020}}</ref> It is an almost fully rural area.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Hanbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura |work = Table 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 23 April 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Matgoda had a total population of 5,197, of which 2,697 (52%) were males and 2,500 (48%) were females. There were 568 persons in the age range of 0–6 years. The total number of literate persons in Matgoda was 3,625 (78.31% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_p190ca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census, India | accessdate = 30 April 2020}}</ref>

==Education==
Matgoda High School<ref>{{cite web| url = https://school.banglarshiksha.gov.in/ws/website/index/19131608001|title = MATGODA H.S |website= Banglar Siksha Portal | accessdate = 11 March 2023}}</ref> is a Bengali-medium coeducational institution established in 1957. It has facilities for teaching from class V to class XII. The school has 4 computers, a library with 1,050 books and a playground.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://schools.org.in/bankura/19131608001/matgoda-h-s.html |title = Matgoda HS |publisher= Schools.org.in| accessdate = 30 April 2020}}</ref>

[[Raipur Block Mahavidyalaya]] was established in 2010 at [[Kharigerya]]. It is affiliated to the [[Bankura University]] and offers honours courses in Bengali, Santali and history.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.icbse.com/colleges/raipur-block-mahavidyalaya/34658/2 |title = Raipur Block Mahavidyalaya | publisher=ICBSE | accessdate = 30 April 2020}}</ref>

==Culture==
According to [[Binoy Ghosh]], The Raja of Shyamsundarpur got a dream message to restore an abandoned idol of [[Dharmathakur]], and he did as advised in his dream. The abandoned idol was set up in the Dharmathakur temple at Matgoda, alongside other Hindu deities. Dharmathakur is worshipped at Matgoda in a special way in the month of [[Magh (Bengali calendar)|Magh]] and a fortnight long Sanimela is organized concluding with a big show on the last Saturday of the month of Magh. It may be noted that the celebrations are in no way connected with the Hindu deity Sani, the celebrations are linked with Dharmathakur, the popular deity, worshipped widely by the people of lower castes in certain areas of rural Bengal, e.g. Bankura. The [[Santal people|Santals]] have several festivities in the months of Magh and [[Poush]]. One of them is Magh Sim Jom with cock-fights followed by great feasts. When [[Binoy Ghosh]] attended the Matgoda Sani Mela in 1968, he found it to be a predominantly Santali affair. They came in huge crowds and thoroughly enjoyed, in their own way, for the whole day. Others hardly formed a sprinkling. Elders attending the mela told Binoy Ghosh that in earlier days Santali girls used to dance in large numbers throughout the day. However, that practice was stopped a few years prior to Binoy Ghosh's visit, in Matgoda, as well as in other places in West Bengal. The Raja of Shyamsundarpur plays a big role in the whole show.<ref name="binoyghosh"/>

==Healthcare==
There is a [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centre]] at Matgoda, with 6 beds.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | accessdate = 30 April 2020 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Bankura District}}

[[Category:Villages in Bankura district]]

Jatropha biodiesel in India

2026-01-24T08:22:29Z

Rxsolution: improved article

{{short description|none}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}

[[File:Jatropha curcas5 henning.jpg|thumb|Seeds from the [[Jatropha curcas]] plant are used for the production of bio-fuel, a crucial part of Barath's plan to attain energy sustainability.|alt=]][[Biofuel]] development in India centres mainly around the cultivation and processing of [[Jatropha]] plant seeds, which are very rich in oil, ranging from 27 to 40%,<ref>Achten WMJ, Mathijs E, Verchot L, Singh VP, Aerts R, [[Bart Muys|Muys B]] 2007. Jatropha biodiesel fueling sustainability?. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining 1(4), 283-291.[https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bbb.39 ] {{doi|10.1002/bbb.39}}[https://perswww.kuleuven.be/~u0053809/Index.html The Jatropha Archives]</ref> and averaging 34.4%.<ref>Achten WMJ, Verchot L, Franken YJ, Mathijs E, Singh VP, Aerts R, Muys B 2008. Jatropha bio-diesel production and use. (a literature review) Biomass and Bioenergy 32(12), 1063-1084.[https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2008.03.003 ]</ref> The drivers for this are historic, functional, economic, environmental, moral and political.

== History ==
''Jatropha curcas'' is a plant likely native to Mexico and Central America; it has been spread worldwide in tropical regions for medicinal uses.<ref name="Janick">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cjHCoMQNkcgC |first=Jules |last=Janick |author2=Robert E. Paull |title=The Encyclopedia of Fruit & Nuts |publisher=CABI |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-85199-638-7 |pages=371–372}}</ref><ref name= "cabi">{{cite journal|url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/28393|title=Jatropha curcas (jatropha)|website=www.cabi.org|date=2015 |doi=10.1079/cabicompendium.28393 |last1=Rojas-Sandoval |first1=J. |volume=CABI Compendium |article-number=28393 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Jatropha oil has been used in India for several decades as biodiesel for the diesel fuel requirements of remote rural and forest communities; jatropha oil can be used directly after extraction (i.e. without refining) in diesel generators and engines. India's total biodiesel requirement is projected to grow to 3.6 million tonnes in 2011–12, with the positive performance of the domestic automobile industry. Analysis from [[Frost & Sullivan]], ''Strategic Analysis of the Indian Biofuels Industry'', reveals that the market is an emerging one and has a long way to go before it catches up with global competitors.<ref name="fuerteventuradigital.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.fuerteventuradigital.com/noticias/News/2007/09/19/194531.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012141909/http://www.fuerteventuradigital.com/noticias/News/2007/09/19/194531.asp |archive-date=12 October 2008 |title=Indian Biofuels Market Rides a Crest as Demand Surges from the Indian Transport Sector}}</ref>

The Government is currently implementing an ethanol-blending program and considering initiatives in the form of mandates for biodiesel. Due to these strategies, the rising population, and the growing energy demand from the transport sector, biofuels can be assured of a significant market in India. On 12 September 2008, the Indian Government announced its 'National Biofuel Policy'. It aims to meet 20% of India's diesel demand with fuel derived from plants. That will mean setting aside 140,000 square kilometres of land. Presently fuel yielding plants cover less than 5,000 square kilometres.<ref name="fuerteventuradigital.com"/>

== Rationale for the development of Jatropha in India ==

Jatropha has the potential to provide economic benefits at the local level since under suitable management it has the potential to grow in dry marginal non-agricultural lands, thereby allowing villagers and farmers to leverage non-farm land for income generation. As well, increased Jatropha oil production delivers economic benefits to India on the macroeconomic or national level as it reduces the nation's fossil fuel import bill for diesel production (the main transportation fuel used in the country); minimising the expenditure of India's foreign-currency reserves for fuel allowing India to increase its growing foreign currency reserves (which can be better spent on capital expenditures for industrial inputs and production). And since Jatropha oil is carbon-neutral, large-scale production will improve the country's carbon emissions profile. Finally, since no food producing farmland is required for producing this biofuel (unlike [[corn ethanol|corn]] or [[sugar cane ethanol]], or [[palm oil diesel]]), it is considered the most politically and morally acceptable choice among India's current biofuel options; it has no known negative impact on the production of the massive amounts grains and other vital agriculture goods India produces to meet the food requirements of its massive population (circa 1.1 Billion people as of 2008). Other biofuels which displace food crops from viable agricultural land such as corn ethanol or palm biodiesel have caused serious price increases for basic food grains and edible oils in other countries.

== Jatropha incentives in India ==
{{further|Jatropha biodiesel}}

'''Jatropha incentives in India''' is a part of [[India]]'s goal to achieve energy independence by the year 2018. [[Jatropha oil]] is produced from the seeds of the [[Jatropha curcas]], a plant that can grow in [[:wikt:wasteland|wasteland]]s across India, and the oil is considered to be an excellent source of [[bio-diesel]]. India is keen on reducing its dependence on coal and petroleum to meet its increasing energy demand and encouraging Jatropha cultivation is a crucial component of its [[Energy policy of India|energy policy]]. However, in recent times the bio-fuel policy has come under critical review, on the way it has been promoted.<ref>Satyendra Nath Mishra. 2014. Design of Resource Use: case of jatropha based biodisel in India. Journal of Rural Development. 33(1). 1–13. Online link {{cite web|url=http://www.nird.org.in/NIRD_Docs/jan-mar-2014.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407051826/http://www.nird.org.in/NIRD_Docs/jan-mar-2014.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}</ref>

Large plots of waste land have been selected for Jatropha cultivation and will provide much needed employment to the rural poor of India.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.jatrophaworld.org/
|title=Centre For Jatropha Promotion – Promoting farming for future fuel – Growing Diesel Fuel Plant
|access-date=15 November 2006
}}</ref> Businesses are also seeing the planting of Jatropha as a good business opportunity.<ref>{{cite web
|date=2 September 2005
|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/09/02/stories/2005090202950100.htm
|title=India Inc eyes jatropha farming in a big way
|work=Business Line
|access-date=15 November 2006
}}</ref> The [[Government of India]] has identified 400,000 square kilometres (98 million acres) of land where [[Jatropha]] can be grown, hoping it will replace 20% of [[India]]'s [[Diesel fuel|diesel]] consumption by 2011.<ref name="Jatropha cultivation: gov aims and stats">{{cite web|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/nationworld/bal-te.asiafuel11jun11,0,3054070.story?coll=bal-nationworld-headlines |title=Asia turns to plants for fuel:Governments seek crops to cut oil dependence |work=[[The Baltimore Sun]] |access-date=8 July 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060618043014/http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/nationworld/bal-te.asiafuel11jun11%2C0%2C3054070.story?coll=bal-nationworld-headlines |archive-date=18 June 2006 }}</ref> [[Life-cycle assessment|Life-cycle analysis]] studies have shown favourable energy balance for production of jatropha-based biodiesel in India and also a potential GHG emission saving of 33-42% compared to fossil-based diesel.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2013.09.118 | pmid=24140355 | volume=150 | title=Comparative life cycle assessment of biodiesel from algae and jatropha: A case study of India | journal=Bioresource Technology | pages=429–437| year=2013 | last1=Ajayebi | first1=Atta | last2=Gnansounou | first2=Edgard | last3=Kenthorai Raman | first3=Jegannathan | bibcode=2013BiTec.150..429A }}</ref>

==Implementation==
[[File:A man showing the ‘Jatropa’ plant used in producing Bio-Diesel at Rashtrapati Bhawan in New Delhi on March 14, 2005.jpg|thumb|A man showing the 'Jatropa' plant used in producing Bio-Diesel at Rashtrapati Bhawan in New Delhi on March 14, 2005]]
Dr. [[APJ Abdul Kalam|Abdul Kalam]], the 11th [[President of India]], was one of the strong advocates of Jatropha cultivation for the production of [[bio-diesel]],<ref name="KalamBacksJatropha">{{cite news |last1=Bikash |first1=Singh |title=Kalam backs jatropha farming in NE |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/commodities/kalam-backs-jatropha-farming-in-ne/articleshow/2210326.cms |access-date=7 April 2022 |work=The Economics Times |agency=Times News Network |date=20 October 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407011541/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/commodities/kalam-backs-jatropha-farming-in-ne/articleshow/2210326.cms |archive-date=7 April 2022 |language=English}}</ref> citing the suitability of a large amount of wasteland in India for the cultivation of the plant.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

The Government of India announced a National Biofuel Policy in 2008 that anticipated that around 20% of the country's domestic diesel demand would be met by biofuels including Jatropha-based fuels.<ref>{{cite news |title=Biofuels and India: The story so far |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/energy-corner/Biofuels-and-India-The-story-so-far/shellarticleshow/11710629.cms |newspaper=The Economic Times |publisher=Times Internet Limited |access-date=1 April 2022 |ref=EnergyZone |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204064512/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/energy-corner/Biofuels-and-India-The-story-so-far/shellarticleshow/11710629.cms |archive-date=4 February 2012 |language=English |format=Blog post |url-status=live}}</ref> Circa 2010, the [[State Bank of India]] signed a [[Memorandum of Understanding]] with D1 Mohan, a joint venture of D1 Oils plc, to loan around 1.3 billion rupees to farmers in India for the cultivation of Jatropha, with the proviso that farmers would be able to pay the loans back by using the profits of selling the Jatropha seeds to D1 Mohan.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rocha |first1=A.S. |last2=Veerchamy |first2=M |last3=Agrawal |first3=V.K. |last4=Gupta |first4=S.K. |editor1-last=Pudlowski |editor1-first=Zenon J. |title=1st WIETE Annual Conference on Engineering and Technology Education New Opportunities and Challenges Pattaya, Thailand 22 and 25 February 2010 |date=2010 |publisher=World Institute for Engineering and Technology Education |location=Melbourne |isbn=978-0-9807664-0-0 |page=94 |url=https://www.wiete.com.au/conferences/1st_wiete/16-26-Rocha.pdf |access-date=1 April 2022 |ref=WIETE |chapter=New opportunities and challenges : conference proceedings}}</ref>

===Indian Railways===

In 2005, the [[Indian Railways]] announced plans to plant Jatropha trees on semi-arid land outside of railway stations in India as a part of its plans to make those lands commercially viable and to generate bio-diesel for use in its vehicles. At the time, the railways was facing diesel purchasing costs of around ₹4,000 crore on diesel alone and was seeking to reduce cost burdens.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rlys to plant jatropha for captive use — Minister seeks private participation |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/10/20/stories/2005102002021100.htm |access-date=7 April 2022 |work=The Hindu Business Line |publisher=The Hindu Group of Publications |date=19 October 2005 |ref=RailwaysJatropha |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060327081720/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/10/20/stories/2005102002021100.htm |archive-date=27 March 2006 |location=Kolkata |language=English}}</ref>

===Southern India===
====Andhra Pradesh====
{{outdated section|date=December 2016}}
[[Andhra Pradesh]] has entered into a formal agreement with [[Reliance Industries]] for Jatropha planting{{When|date=April 2025|reason=Include date, so that the statement will not need any revision/update.}}. The company has selected {{convert|200|acre|km²}} of land at [[Kakinada]] to grow jatropha for high quality [[bio-diesel]] fuel.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://autofeed.msn.co.in/pandorav3/output/Business/05550e54-7612-43a4-8ab6-d08686d38cf9.aspx
|title=RIL enters bio-diesel farming
|publisher=zeeu
|access-date=15 November 2006
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061209035542/http://autofeed.msn.co.in/pandorav3/output/Business/05550e54-7612-43a4-8ab6-d08686d38cf9.aspx
|archive-date= 9 December 2006
}}</ref>

====Kerala====

As of 2006, [[Kerala]] is planning a massive Jatropha planting campaign.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2006/04/indian_state_to.html
|title=Indian State to Plant 160 Million Jatropha Plants in Quest for Biofuel Self-Sufficiency
|access-date=4 December 2006
}}</ref>

====Karnataka====

Farmers in semi-arid regions of Karnataka are planting Jatropha as it is well suited to those conditions.<ref>{{cite news|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=24 August 2007|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118788662080906716|title=Jatropha Plant Gains Steam in Global Race for Biofuels|access-date=1 April 2008|quote=Until recently, B.K. Nagendrappa didn't care much at all about jatropha, an ugly wild green shrub that thrives in India. Now, the coconut grower hopes to plant as many as {{convert|12|acre|ha}} of the stuff on his land near Bangalore. | first=Patrick | last=Barta}}</ref>

Labland Biodiesel is a Mysore-based Private Limited Company. Since the year 2002, the Company is active in Biodiesel and Jatropha curcas-based Research and Development activities headed by its chairman and managing director, Dr. Sudheer Shetty. Jatropha seeds are used in ksrtc, bmtc, government buses
<ref>http://www.lablandbiodiesel.com Labland Biodiesel. Retrieved 21 June 2008</ref>

====Tamil Nadu====

[[Tamil Nadu]] is aggressively promoting the plantation of Jatropha{{When|date=April 2025}} to help farmers over come the loss due to irregular rains during the past few years. The government has contracted the development of Jatropha in Tamil Nadu{{When|date=April 2025}} in a large scale to four entrepreneurs. Namely M/s Mohan Breweries and Distilleries Limited. M/s Shiva Distilleries Limited, M/s Dharani Sugars and Chemicals Limited and M/s Riverway Agro Products Private Ltd.
Currently the firms have cultivated the plant in about 3 square kilometres as against the goal of 50 km². The government of Tamil Nadu has also abolished purchase tax{{When|date=April 2025}} on Jatropha.{{Citation needed|date=July 2007}}, but presently{{When|date=April 2025|reason=The word presently needs to be updated. Mention date.}} government has announced to reduce the 7.5% tolgate charges to 2.5%.

===Western India===
====Rajasthan====
Jatropha is ideally suited for cultivation in [[Rajasthan]] as it needs very little water which is scarce in Rajasthan. Jatropha plantations have been undertaken in [[Udaipur district|Udaipur]], [[Kota district|Kota]], [[Sikar district|Sikar]], [[Banswara district|Banswara]], [[Chittor district|Chittor]] and [[Churu district|Churu]] districts. In the Udaipur district, ''Jatropha curcas'' is planted in agroforestry formats with food or cash crops on marginal lands (in India often called waste lands). As its leaves are toxic and therefore non-palatable to livestock, they remain intact in their sapling stage, unlike most other tree saplings.{{Citation needed|date=July 2007}}
These Jatropha Seeds are very much favourable for the Germination. Udaipur is the major supplier of the Jatropha Seeds especially for the Germination. Many companies and Govt are taking interest to collect best seeds from Udaipur. Bulk Agro (I) Pvt Ltd is the elite of the suppliers.

====Maharashtra====

In September 2007, the [[Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited]] (HPCL) joined hands with the [[Maharashtra]] State Farming Corporation Ltd (MSFCL) for a jatropha seed-based bio-diesel venture. As part of the project, jatropha plants would be grown on 500 acres (2 km²) in [[Nashik]] and [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]].<ref name="Details of HPCL and MSFCL plans on jatropha in Maha">{{cite web |url=https://www.blonnet.com/2005/09/23/stories/2005092301991900.htm|title=HPCL, Maharashtra tie up for bio-diesel venture|publisher=[[The Hindu]] Business Line|access-date=8 July 2006}}</ref> In November 2005, the Maharashtra Government aimed to cultivate jatropha on 600 km² in the state, with half the land going to the public sector and the other half to the private sector.<ref name="Land allocation by Maha gov">{{cite web |url=https://www.blonnet.com/2005/11/16/stories/2005111601871300.htm|title=Maharashtra to offer 300 km² to private sector for jatropha cultivation|publisher=[[The Hindu]] Business Line|access-date=8 July 2006}}</ref> On 1 July 2006, [[Pune]] Municipal Corporation took the lead among Indian cities in using bio-diesel from jatropha in over 100 public buses.<ref name="Pune takes lead, and stats">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiadaily.com/editorial/9904.asp |title=Pune take the lead in using bio-diesel for running 105 buses |publisher=Indiadaily.com |access-date=8 July 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070323115409/http://www.indiadaily.com/editorial/9904.asp |archive-date=23 March 2007 }}</ref>

Gulabrao Kale studied the prospects of plantation in the [[Ahmednagar district]] in Maharashtra and under his guidance, Govind Gramin Vikas Pratishthan (GOGVIP), decided to plan under DPAP program of government. Initially, it was a very difficult task to make farmers ready for the Jatropha plantation. When 20–25 farmers were offered the plan, only 2–3 farmers were convinced to plant jatropha. Lack of literacy was a big hindrance in convincing the farmers. It was hard to convince them about the future benefits of the plant and its potential to produce bio-diesel, an equivalent of diesel. But after untiring and continuous efforts more than 1000 farmers are working with the GOGVIP for the Jatropha planting program now.

For this task, under the watershed development program, GOGVIP took an area of 10.92 square kilometres for making CCTs. To date, more than 2 million Jatropha plants have been planted in the target area of the five villages of Vankute, Dhoki, Dhotre, Dhavalpuri and Gajdipoor in the project. The villages are in the remote locations and that made connecting them with GOGVIP a difficult task.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.gogvip.org/about.html
|title=The Govind Gram Vikas Pratishthan (GOGVIP)
|publisher=GOGVIP
|access-date=23 August 2007
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008030300/http://www.gogvip.org/about.html
|archive-date= 8 October 2007
}}
</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/01/10/stories/2006011001251900.htm
|title= Ahmednagar NGO set to launch biodiesel project
|work=Business Line
|access-date=23 August 2007
}}
</ref>
<ref>{{cite news |last1=Godse |first1=Sameer |title=Jatropha spells success for Ahmednagar NGO |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/jatropha-spells-success-for-ahmednagar-ngo-106011101126_1.html |access-date=7 April 2022 |work=Business Standard |publisher=Business Standard Private Ltd |date=6 February 2013 |ref=Ahmednagar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407015823/https://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/jatropha-spells-success-for-ahmednagar-ngo-106011101126_1.html |archive-date=7 April 2022 |location=Pune |language=English}}</ref>

===Eastern India===

D1 Williamson Magor Bio Fuel Limited was a joint venture company between D1 Oils plc, UK and Williamson Magor group. This biodiesel initiative was incorporated in July 2006. Advocating the creation of energy from renewable resources, the company had promoted Jatropha Plantations on the wasteland possessed by the farmers in the North Eastern States, Orissa and Jharkhand. The Company had a comprehensive network to manufacture bio-diesel from the oilseeds harvested by the farmers.

Biodiesel initiative hoped to benefit local communities through commercial plantation of Jatropha. NGOs and self-help groups were also involved.

====Chhattisgarh====

[[Chhattisgarh]] has decided to plant 160 million saplings of jatropha in all its 16 districts during 2006 with the aim of becoming a bio-fuel self-reliant state by 2015.<ref name="Chhattisgarh to plant 160 mn jatropha saplings">{{citation|title=Chhattisgarh to plant 160 mn jatropha saplings|publisher= India eNews}}</ref> Chhattisgarh plans to earn Rs. 40 billion annually by selling seeds after 2010. The central government has provided Rs. 135 million to Chhattisgarh in '''''2013''''' for developing jatropha nursery facilities.

In May 2005, Chief Minister Raman Singh became the first head of a state government to use jatropha diesel for his official vehicle. Chhattisgarh plans to replace with jatropha fuel all state-owned vehicles using diesel and petrol '''by 2007''' . Chhattisgarh Bio-fuel Development Authority now oversees the production of the Jatropha curcas seed as a rich source of bio-diesel.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.cbdacg.com
|title=Chhattisgarh Bio-fuel Development Authority
|access-date=26 March 2007
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219224117/http://www.cbdacg.com/
|archive-date=19 February 2007
}}</ref>
Chhattisgarh government tie up with public sector company Indian oil to produce biodiesel and maintain jatropha plantation in Chhattisgarh name of this company Indian oil CREDA Biofules Ltd. this company is established on 2009 at sankar nagar raipur this company covered all district of Chhattisgarh to plantation of ''[[Jatropha curcas]]''.

==Practices==
The Project on Development of Agronomic practices for Jatropha curcas is being implemented, with the financial assistance of DBT, New Delhi. Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, India has Planted Jatropha on 3 square kilometres, with the financial assistance of National Oilseeds and Vegetable oils development Board.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}

==Outcomes==
As of the late 2010s and early 2020s, the projects around Jatropha-based biodiesel are widely considered to have been failures due to shortages in seed supplies, high costs for plantation and maintenance, and reductions in global demand for biodiesels.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lahiry |first1=Sameer |title=Biodiesel in India: The Jatropha fiasco |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/energy/biodiesel-in-india-the-jatropha-fiasco-61321 |website=DowntoEarth |publisher=Down to Earth |access-date=1 April 2022 |ref=DowntoEarth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903204213/https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/energy/biodiesel-in-india-the-jatropha-fiasco-61321 |archive-date=3 September 2019 |language=English |date=6 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Consequently, there has been a shift towards other sources of biofuel, such as from rice paddy in Chhattisgarh.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Niyogi |first1=Dipanwita Gita |title=Chhattisgarh plans biofuel production from paddy |url=https://india.mongabay.com/2021/07/chhattisgarh-plans-biofuel-production-from-paddy/ |website=Mongabay |publisher=Mongabay-India |access-date=1 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728153919/https://india.mongabay.com/2021/07/chhattisgarh-plans-biofuel-production-from-paddy/ |archive-date=28 July 2021 |language=English |date=28 July 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Renewable energy in India]]
* [[Solar power in India]]
* [[Wind power in India]]
* [[Hydroelectric power in India]]
* [[Biofuels by region]]
* [[Food vs. fuel]]
* [[List of renewable energy topics by country|Renewable energy by country]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==

* {{cite book
|last1 = Altenburg
|first1 = Tilman
|title = Biodiesel in India: value chain organisation and policy options for rural development
|publisher = [[German Development Institute]]
|year = 2009
|isbn = 978-1-59869-872-5
|url-access = registration
|url = https://archive.org/details/greenjobsguideto00llew_0
}}
{{World topic|Biofuel in|title=Biofuel by country|noredlinks=yes}}
{{Renewable energy by country}}
{{Energy Ministries and Departments of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Biofuel In India}}
[[Category:Biofuel in India| ]]

Ananda Nilayam

2026-01-20T17:46:42Z

Rxsolution: basic reworked citations as per guidelines also and corrected details

{{Short description|Temple sanctutary in Tirumala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
[[File:Tirumala gopurams.JPG|right|thumb|200 px|Ananda Nilayam: the Golden ''[[Gopuram]]'' of [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple|Tirumala Temple]] along with the inner and outer ''[[Gopuram]]'']]
'''Ananda Nilayam''' (Abode of Happiness) is the gold-plated ''[[gopuram]]'' atop the inner sanctum of the [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]]. In [[Vaishnava|Vaishnavism]], ''[[gopurams]]'' of the inner sanctum are listed below:
* [[Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple (Srirangam)]], [[Srirangam]]: Pranavaakaara Vimanam (after its shape like [[om|Pranava]], the sacred Om)
* Tirumala Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala: Ananda Nilayam
* [[Varadharaja Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram|Varadharaja Perumal Temple]], [[Kanchipuram]]: Punyakoti Vimanam

== Architecture ==

[[Vimana (shrine)|Vimana]] is the style of architecture that Hindu temples followed. The ''Ananda Nilaya vimanam'' is a three-tiered canopy.<ref name='Anandanilayam'>{{cite web | url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/09/24/stories/2004092407630400.htm | title=Gold sheets for Ananda Nilayam | publisher=[[The Hindu]] | date=2004-09-24 | accessdate=2007-05-01 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070402040444/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/09/24/stories/2004092407630400.htm | archivedate=2 April 2007 | url-status=usurped }}</ref>

== Construction ==

=== Initial construction ===
The first mention of ''Vimana'' is from the renovation work of the temple between the 12th and 13th century AD when a second wall was constructed around the sanctum sanctorum enclosing the first wall to support the weight of the vimana. The [[Pandyan]] king [[Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan]] gold-plated the roof and donated the gilded ''Kalasam''. Viranarasingaraya, a Pallava-allied king, performed ''thulabhara'' (weighing oneself) against gold; his weight in gold was used to make the gold-plated copper sheets to cover the Vimana.<ref name = 'Tirumalatemple'>{{cite book |author=Dr N Ramesan|title=The Tirumala Temple |year=1981 |publisher=[[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]]|location=[[Tirumala]]}}</ref> This phase of construction is usually agreed as the fourth phase of Tirumala temple construction out of seven.

=== 1950s and 1960s renovation ===
In the 1950s, it was discovered that the gold was getting old and parts of the roof inside were caving into the Sanctum Sanctorum. The [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams|TTD]] decided to replace the aging metal and fix the roof.

All the gold was removed and painstakingly replaced; the damaged levels of the roof below were fixed with cement and extra strength metal grouting reinforcement. During this period in the mid-1960s, no worship could be performed in the Sanctum Sanctorum and so the "power" of the chief deity was shifted into a temporary idol carved and placed elsewhere in the temple. All the worship was performed in this new "Bala Aalaya" (Child Temple).

It took five years for the carpenters and builders to get [[Die (manufacturing)|dies]] of the nooks and crannies of the roof and finally copper plates were cast into those shapes. Long nails of the 10th century AD were removed and replaced with solid cement and metal grouting using 20th century construction techniques. The copper plates were then installed and fixed in place. Fine "Aparanji" (the best quality) gold was chiseled into plates and riveted onto the copper plates.

A grand ceremony of sanctifying the new grand, golden Ananda Nilaya Vimanam took place in 1964 with "Ashta Bandhana Maha Samprokshanam". The ceremony has been repeated ever since once every 12 years to undertake repairs in the temple.<ref name='abms'>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/25/stories/2006082504210200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107022439/http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/25/stories/2006082504210200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-11-07 | title=Tirumala glistens with a `touch' of gold | date=2006-08-25 |work=[[The Hindu]] | accessdate=2007-05-01}}</ref>

[[File:GoldenVimanaTirupathi.jpg|thumb|150px|Golden Vimana of Tirumala Temple]]

=== Recent activities ===
In 2004, there were discussions of replacing the gold-plated copper sheets with sheets of gold itself.<ref name='Anandanilayam'/> No work is known to have started on the reconstruction. In 2006, the sheets were given new polish as part of the ''Ashta Bandhana Maha Samprokshanam'' ceremony along with repairs to other sub-temples in the complex.<ref name='abms'/>

== Vimana Venkateswaraswamy ==
[[Vyasatirtha|Saint Vyasa Teertha]], who lived here in the 16th century, was said to have attained [[moksha]] by steadfastly worshiping and meditating on the little image of Lord Venkateswara on the northeastern corner of the Ananda Nilaya Vimanam. That is why special significance is given to the Vimana Venkateswara. The Vimana Venkateswara now is bedecked in special silver and gold over the Vimanam. Hundreds of devotees are seen praying to the Vimana Venkateswara daily inside the temple.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala}}{{Tirupati topics}}
{{commons}}
[[Category:Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]]
[[Category:Hindu temple architecture]]

Church of South India Synod

2026-01-19T12:36:51Z

Rxsolution: New New Pg

{{EngvarB|date=April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
'''Church of South India Synod''' is the highest administrative body of the Church of South India. The '''Synod''' (CSI Synod) governs the whole church and convenes the annual general meeting of CSI. The Moderator of the Synod is a Bishop who is a presiding officer of the election conducted in the Annual General Meeting. The elected board is normally to hold office for three years. Church of South India Trust Association was constituted as a legal holding body of the movable and immovable properties of the Church of South India. The CSITA was incorporated in 26 September 1947 under Section 26 of the Indian Companies Act 1913<ref>{{Cite web |title=Church of South India Trust Association: Certificate of Incorporation |url=https://csigni.edu.in/Document-Links/Trust-Proof.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706165219/https://csigni.edu.in/Document-Links/Trust-Proof.pdf |archive-date=2024-07-06 |access-date=2026-01-19 |website=csigni.edu.in}}</ref> (now Section 25 of the Indian Companies Act 1956) as a religious and charitable company which has no business character and with no profit motive. The properties of the Churches in Union have been transferred to CSITA.

==About the Synod==
The CSI synod consists of bishops of 24 dioceses, presbyters and layman (both men and women) who are elected from the respective diocesan councils to the synod. The synod members will elect the apex body consisting of a Moderator, Deputy Moderator, general secretary and Treasurer. The Moderator is the spiritual and administrative head of the Church. Only Bishops are eligible to contest for the Moderator and Deputy Moderator posts. Pastors and lay members are eligible to contest for the remaining two posts of General Secretary and Treasurer. The ordinary session of the synod is held once every three years. The last synod meeting was held in January 2023 at [[Hubli]]. The practice has been to hold the meeting during the pongal holidays in mid January and over four days. Special meetings of the synod (between ordinary sessions) could also be convened by a decision of the Synod Executive. The Synod office is situated at CSI Center, [[Royapettah]], [[Chennai]].

==Synod Executive==
As the Church of South India synod meets only once in every three years, the power of the Synod is mostly delegated to Synod Executive which is appointed by the Synod and which meets at least twice a year. The Synod Executive is a subset of Synod which has 107 members excluding the Officers of the Synod. The Synod Executive consists of 4 members each from the 24 dioceses of [[Church of South India]], 3 nominees of the Moderator and 4 officers of the synod (Moderator, Deputy Moderator, General Secretary and Treasurer).

==Synod Working Committee==
The Synod Working Committee is a subset of the Synod Executive and it consists of 24 members excluding the Officers of the Synod. The working committee has a representation of one member each from the 24 dioceses of [[Church of South India]] and 4 officers of the Synod. The Synod Working Committee meetings are held based on need basis and they are held in between Synod Executive meetings. All decisions of the Synod Working Committee must be ratified at a subsequent meeting of the Synod Executive.

==Church of South India Synod Participants==

According to the Church of South India constitution the participants in the Synod belong to five categories:
*Bishops of the 24 dioceses and assistant bishops, if any.
*The Outgoing general secretary and treasurer.
*Two members of the [[CSI Order of Sisters]],
*The President and General Secretary of the Women's Fellowship,
*Presbyters and lay persons representing the various dioceses who are elected by their dioceses to represent them at the Synod.
*10 members nominated by the moderator

Dioceses send representatives based on a graded scale that starts with those having 10,000 baptised members sending two pastors and four lay persons while the maximum number of representatives to the synod come from dioceses with over 150,000 baptised members that send six presbyters and 11 lay persons.

According to the report of the 2014 synod meeting, there were<ref>{{cite news|title= Krishna-Godavari Diocese Bishop all set to become head of CSI|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/krishnagodavari-diocese-bishop-all-set-to-become-head-of-csi/article5565920.ece/.accessdate=|newspaper=The Hindu|date =11 January 2014}}</ref> 135 presbyters, 275 lay members and 22 bishops who participated in the synod. Other invitees to synod meetings include accredited visitors, heads of synod departments, fraternal delegates (representing various CSI affiliated bodies), special invitees, overseas guests and resource persons.

==Quorum==

*The quorum is one-third of the total membership of which not less than two-thirds shall be lay members.

==Agenda==

First day of the synod meeting consists of confirmation of minutes of the previous Synod, Appointment of various committees to oversee elections, Take up resolutions, moderator's address, general secretary's report and Election of the four Officers of the Synod (Moderator, Deputy Moderator, general secretary and Treasurer). The second, third and fourth days of the Synod consists of a series of presentations by the treasurer, heads of synod departments, special invitees, etc. and some limited question-answer sessions. The final act of each Synod is the formal installation of the new Officers of the Synod on the last day.

==Officers==

Due to the Madras High Court's ruling, which invalidated the recent elections and identified procedural discrepancies at the Synod meeting held in Hubli in January 2023.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2024-04-13 |title=HC appoints retired judges to run affairs of CSI |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/hc-appoints-retired-judges-to-run-affairs-of-csi/articleshow/109259211.cms |access-date=2024-04-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2024-04-12 |title=Madras High Court appoints a Committee of Administrators for CSI and CSI Trust Association |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/madras-high-court-appoints-a-committee-of-administrators-for-csi-and-csi-trust-association/article68058213.ece |access-date=2024-04-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Sivakumar |first=R. |date=2024-04-13 |title=Madras HC red-flags CSI poll, names judges' panel to administer body |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2024/Apr/13/madras-hc-red-flags-csi-poll-names-judges-panel-to-administer-body |access-date=2024-04-18 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The officers were elected for a three-year term at the Synod meeting in Hubli, January 2023. The Moderator and the Deputy Moderator position along with the position of General Secretary and Hon. Treasurer is currently vacant and awaiting election.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> The church is presently under the administration of court-appointed administrators, Justice R. Balasubramanian and Justice V. Bharathidasan, pending new elections for these key leadership roles.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

==Dioceses==
{{further|Church of South India#Dioceses}}

==Missions and Committee==

For proper guidance of the life and work of the Church the CSI Synod has set up various Commissions and Committees. The following are some of the important ones:

*Ministerial Committee: which deals with issues relating to the ordained ministry.
*Theological Commission: which deals with questions relating to the faith of the Church.
*Liturgy Committee: for advising the Church on matters relating to worship and orders of service for different occasions.
*Board of Mission and Evangelism: for promoting missionary outreach both within the CSI area and outside.
*Union Negotiations Committee: for negotiations with other churches towards wider union.
*Commission on Political Questions: for considering issues of justice and peace from the perspective of the Church's witness to the Gospel.

==List of Synod Meetings ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Synodical Sessions of the Church of South India with years, venue and elected Moderator and Deputy Moderator<ref name="George">K. M. George, ''Church of South India: Life in Union, 1947–1997'', Jointly published by Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, New Delhi and Christava Sahitya Samithi, Tiruvalla, 1999. [https://books.google.com/books?id=zmjZAAAAMAAJ&q=]</ref>

|-
! Session !! Synod !! Host diocese !! Venue !! Moderator !! Deputy Moderator

|-
| I || 1948 || [[Madurai-Ramnad Diocese of the Church of South India|Madurai-Ramnad]] || [[Madurai]] || {{sortname|Michael|Hollis}},  [[Bishop in Madras]] || {{sortname|Cherakarottu Korula|Jacob}},  [[Diocese of Madhya Kerala of the Church of South India|Bishop in Central Travancore]]

|-
| II || 1950 || [[Diocese of Madras of the Church of South India|Madras]] || [[Madras]] || {{sortname|Michael|Hollis}},  [[Bishop in Madras]] || {{sortname|Frank|Whittaker}},  [[Bishop in Medak]]

|-
| III || 1952 || [[Diocese of Krishna-Godavari|Krishna-Godavari]] || [[Machilipatnam]] || {{sortname|Michael|Hollis}},  [[Bishop in Madras]] || {{sortname|Hospet|Sumitra}},  [[Bishop in Rayalaseema]]

|-
| IV || 1954 || Madras || Madras || {{sortname|Hospet|Sumitra}},  [[Bishop in Rayalaseema]] || {{sortname|Lesslie|Newbigin}},  [[Bishop in Madurai-Ramnad]]

|-
| V || 1956 || [[Trichy-Tanjore Diocese of the Church of South India|Trichy-Tanjore]] || [[Trichy]] || {{sortname|Hospet|Sumitra}},  [[Bishop in Rayalaseema]] || {{sortname|Lesslie|Newbigin}},  [[Bishop in Madurai-Ramnad]]

|-
| VI || 1958 || [[Diocese of Kanyakumari|Kanyakumari]] || [[Nagercoil]] || {{sortname|Hospet|Sumitra}},  [[Bishop in Rayalaseema]] || {{sortname|Lesslie|Newbigin}},  [[Bishop in Madurai-Ramnad]]

|-
| VII || 1960 || [[Church of South India Diocese of Mysore|Mysore]] || [[Bangalore]] || {{sortname|Hospet|Sumitra}},  [[Bishop in Rayalaseema]] || {{sortname|Augustine|Jebaraj}},  [[Bishop in Tinnevelly]]

|-
| VIII || 1962 || [[Diocese of Tirunelveli|Tirunelveli]] || [[Palayamkottai]] || {{sortname|Arnold|Legg}},  [[Bishop in South Travancore]] || {{sortname|Augustine|Jebaraj}},  [[Bishop in Tinnevelly]]

|-
| IX || 1964 || Tirunelveli || Palayamkottai || {{sortname|Arnold|Legg}},  [[Bishop in South Travancore]] || {{sortname|Pereji|Solomon}},  [[Bishop in Dornakal]]

|-
| X || 1966 || [[Diocese of Madhya Kerala|Madhya Kerala]] || [[Kottayam]] || {{sortname|Pereji|Solomon}},  [[Bishop in Dornakal]] || {{sortname|Lesslie|Newbigin}},  [[Bishop in Madras]]

|-
| XI || 1968 || [[Diocese of Coimbatore of the Church of South India|Coimbatore]] || [[Coimbatore]] || {{sortname|Pereji|Solomon}},  [[Bishop in Dornakal]] || {{sortname|Lesslie|Newbigin}},  [[Bishop in Madras]]

|-
| XII || 1970 || Madras || [[Tambaram]] || {{sortname|Pereji|Solomon}},  [[Bishop in Dornakal]] || {{sortname|Lesslie|Newbigin}},  [[Bishop in Madras]]

|-
| XIII || 1972 || Madras || Tambaram || {{sortname|I.R.H.|Gnanadason}},  [[Bishop in Kanyakumari]] {{sortname|Ananda Rao|Samuel}},  [[Bishop in Krishna-Godavari]] || {{sortname|Ananda Rao|Samuel}},  [[Bishop in Krishna-Godavari]] {{sortname|Lesslie|Newbigin}},  [[Bishop in Madras]]

|-
| XIV || 1974 || Madras || Madras || {{sortname|Ananda Rao|Samuel}},  [[Bishop in Krishna-Godavari]] || {{sortname|Solomon|Doraiswamy}},  [[Bishop in Trichy-Tanjore]]

|-
| XV || 1976 || Trichy-Tanjore || Trichy || {{sortname|Ananda Rao|Samuel}},  [[Bishop in Krishna-Godavari]] || {{sortname|Solomon|Doraiswamy}},  [[Bishop in Trichy-Tanjore]]

|-
| XVI || 1978 || Madhya Kerala || Kottayam || {{sortname|Ananda Rao|Samuel}},  [[Bishop in Krishna-Godavari]] || {{sortname|Solomon|Doraiswamy}},  [[Bishop in Trichy-Tanjore]]

|-
| XVII || 1980 || Madras || Tambaram || {{sortname|Solomon|Doraiswamy}},  [[Bishop in Trichy-Tanjore]] || {{sortname|Isaiah|Jesudason}},  [[Bishop in South Kerala]]

|-
| XVIII || 1982 || [[Diocese of Vellore of the Church of South India|Vellore]] || [[Vellore]] || {{sortname|Isaiah|Jesudason}},  [[Bishop in South Kerala]] || {{sortname|Sundar|Clarke}},  [[Bishop in Madras]]

|-
| XIX || 1984 || [[Diocese of Medak|Medak]] || [[Secunderabad]] || {{sortname|Isaiah|Jesudason}},  [[Bishop in South Kerala]] || {{sortname|Sundar|Clarke}},  [[Bishop in Madras]]

|-
| XX || 1986 || [[Diocese of South Kerala|South Kerala]] || [[Trivandrum]] || {{sortname|Isaiah|Jesudason}},  [[Bishop in South Kerala]] || {{sortname|Victor|Premasagar}},  [[Bishop in Medak]]

|-
| XXI || 1988 || Madurai-Ramnad || Madurai || {{sortname|Victor|Premasagar}},  [[Bishop in Medak]] || {{sortname|David|Pothirajulu}},  [[Bishop in Madurai-Ramnad]]

|-
| XXII || 1990 || [[Diocese of Northern Karnataka of the Church of South India|Karnataka North]] || [[Dharwad]] || {{sortname|Victor|Premasagar}},  [[Bishop in Medak]] || {{sortname|Vasant P.|Dandin}},  [[Bishop in Karnataka Northern]]

|-
| XXIII || 1992 || Tirunelveli || Palayamkottai || {{sortname|Ryder|Devapriam}},  [[Bishop in Nandyal]] {{sortname|Vasant P.|Dandin}},  [[Bishop in Karnataka Northern]] || {{sortname|Jason|Dharmaraj}},  [[Bishop in Tirunelveli]]

|-
| XXIV || 1994 || Trichy-Tanjore || Trichy || {{sortname|Vasant P.|Dandin}},  [[Bishop in Karnataka Northern]] || {{sortname|Rajamanickam|Paulraj}},  [[Bishop in Trichy-Tanjore]]

|-
| XXV || 1996 || Coimbatore || Coimbatore || {{sortname|Vasant P.|Dandin}},  [[Bishop in Karnataka Northern]] || {{sortname|William|Moses|dab=Bishop in Coimbatore}},  [[Bishop in Coimbatore]]

|-
| XXVI || 1998 || [[Diocese of Rayalaseema|Rayalaseema]] || [[Madanapalle]] ||{{sortname|William|Moses|dab=Bishop in Coimbatore}},  [[Bishop in Coimbatore]] || {{sortname|Kunnumpurathu|Samuel}},  [[Bishop in East Kerala]]

|-
| XXVII || 2000 || Medak || Secunderabad || {{sortname|Kunnumpurathu|Samuel}},  [[Bishop in East Kerala]] || {{sortname|Peter|Sugandhar}},  [[Bishop in Medak]]

|-
| XXVIII || 2002 || [[Diocese of East Kerala of the Church of South India|East Kerala]] || [[Melukavu]] || {{sortname|Kunnumpurathu|Samuel}},  [[Bishop in East Kerala]] || {{sortname|Peter|Sugandhar}},  [[Bishop in Medak]]

|-
| XXIX || 2004 || [[Diocese of Central Karnataka of the Church of South India|Karnataka Central]] || [[Bangalore]] || {{sortname|Peter|Sugandhar}},  [[Bishop in Medak]] || {{sortname|Suputhrappa|Vasantha Kumar}},  [[Bishop in Karnataka Central]]

|-
| XXX || 2006 || [[Karnataka Southern Diocese|Karnataka Southern]] || [[Mysore]] || {{sortname|Peter|Sugandhar}},  [[Bishop in Medak]] || {{sortname|Suputhrappa|Vasantha Kumar}},  [[Bishop in Karnataka Central]]

|-
| XXXI || 2008 || Krishna-Godavari || [[Visakhapatnam]] || {{sortname|John|Gladstone|dab=bishop}},  [[Bishop in South Kerala]] || {{sortname|Christopher|Asir}},  [[Bishop in Madurai Ramnad]]

|-
| XXXII || 2010 || Tirunelveli || [[Courtallam]] || {{sortname|Suputhrappa|Vasantha Kumar}},  [[Bishop in Karnataka Central]] || {{sortname|Gnanasigamony|Devakadasham}},  [[Bishop in Kanyakumari]]

|-
| XXXIII || 2012 || Kanyakumari || [[Kanyakumari]] || {{sortname|Gnanasigamony|Devakadasham}},  [[Bishop in Kanyakumari]] || {{sortname|Govada|Dyvasirvadam}},  [[Bishop in Krishna-Godavari]]

|-
| XXXIV || 2014 || Krishna-Godavari || [[Vijayawada]] || {{sortname|Govada|Dyvasirvadam}},  [[Bishop in Krishna-Godavari]] || {{sortname|Thomas K.|Oommen}},  [[Diocese of Madhya Kerala of the Church of South India|Bishop in Madhya Kerala]]

|-
| XXXV || 2017 || [[Diocese of Madhya Kerala of the Church of South India|Madhya Kerala]]|| Kottayam || {{sortname|Thomas K.|Oommen}},  [[Diocese of Madhya Kerala of the Church of South India|Bishop in Madhya Kerala]]|| {{sortname|Vadapalli Prasada|Rao}},  [[Bishop in Dornakal]]

|-
| XXXVI || 2020 || Trichy-Tanjore || [[Tiruchirappalli]]|| {{sortname|Dharmaraj|Rasalam}},  [[Bishop in South Kerala]]<ref name="Conger">George Conger, ''New moderator for the Church of South India'', Anglican Link, January 12, 2020.[http://anglican.ink/2020/01/12/new-moderator-for-the-church-of-south-india/]</ref>|| {{sortname|K. Reuben|Mark}},  [[Bishop in Karimnagar]]<ref name="Conger"/>
|}

==See also==
*[[Church of South India]]
*[[Synod]]
*[[Diocesan Synod]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.csisynod.com/ CSI Synod] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829024131/https://www.csisynod.com/ |date=29 August 2018 }}
* [http://www.csiallsaintschurch.org CSI All Saint's Church]

[[Category:Church of South India]]

Seeta Aur Geeta (TV series)

2025-12-23T04:55:50Z

Rxsolution: Created post

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Seetha aur geetha (Tv series).png
| caption =
| runtime = 24 minutes
| num_seasons = 8
| creator = [[Sunil Bohra]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Seeta Aur Geeta]]''|[[Salim–Javed]]}}
| director = Maqbool Khan
| producer = [[Sunil Bohra]]
| starring = [[Seeta Aur Geeta#Cast|See below]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| network = [[NDTV Imagine]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2009|5|25}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2009|9|25}}
| num_episodes = 90
}}

'''''Seeta Aur Geeta''''' ({{Translation|''Seeta and Geeta''}}) is an Indian television drama series that aired on [[NDTV Imagine]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Lookalike|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/lookalike/472855/|newspaper=The Indian Express|first=Priyanka|last=Pereira|date=8 June 2009|accessdate=2 July 2022}}</ref> It was adapted from the [[Bollywood]] film [[Seeta Aur Geeta|of the same name]] (1972), written by [[Salim–Javed]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Seeta Aur Geeta to be back|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/tv/seeta-aur-geeta-to-be-back/story-Ab3UgYPTo2RY833Ux9cQKI.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=30 December 2008}}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Seeta-Aur-Geeta-hit-home/article15938416.ece| title = Seeta Aur Geeta hit home - DELI - The Hindu| newspaper = The Hindu| date = 29 May 2009}}</ref> The series was produced by Sunil Bohra and directed by Maqbool Khan.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Seeta Aur Geeta' a TV show|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-seeta-aur-geeta-a-tv-show-1216163|website=Daily News and Analysis|access-date=2 September 2020|archive-date=25 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125025219/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-seeta-aur-geeta-a-tv-show-1216163|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The two in one girl|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/the-two-in-one-girl/cid/625133|website=The Telegraph}}</ref> It aired on [[NDTV Imagine]] from 25 May 2009 to 25 September 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Up, close & personal|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/up-close---personal/457893/|website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=NDTV Imagine axes 'Dehleez' for 'Seeta Geeta'|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/ndtv-imagine-axes-dehleez-for-seeta-geeta/|website=Biz Asia|date=29 April 2009|access-date=2 September 2020|archive-date=29 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829150732/https://www.bizasialive.com/ndtv-imagine-axes-dehleez-for-seeta-geeta/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
Set against the backdrop of [[Mumbai]], Seeta and Geeta are daughters of rich parents who were separated as children. The family's maid had run off with Geeta. She grows in the middle class as the maid's daughter and becomes a bully. Seeta grows in the loving care of her parents and becomes an introvert. When her parents die in an accident, evil relatives take over her family fortune and treat her like maid.

Chaos ensues when Seeta and Geeta come face to face. They decide to exchange places. Geeta takes revenge from evil relatives posing as Seeta and Seeta lives simple life in the streets while falling in love with Seeta's thug friend Raka.

==Cast==
{|class="wikitable"
! Actor || Character
|-
| [[Anjori Alagh]] || Seeta and Geeta (double role)
|-
| Gaurav Dixit || Raka
|-
| [[Cezanne Khan]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cezanne back, break ke baad!|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/tv/cezanne-back-break-ke-baad/story-oFURIvX9tRpVsgiDfQ3ohJ.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=11 May 2009|access-date=2 September 2020|archive-date=29 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829150620/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/cezanne-back-break-ke-baad/story-oFURIvX9tRpVsgiDfQ3ohJ.html|url-status=live}}</ref> || Ravi
|-
| [[Rituraj Singh (actor)|Rituraj Singh]] || Seeta's chacha
|-
| [[Sushmita Mukherjee]] || Manorama Geeta's chachi
|-
|[[Honey Chhaya]]
|Ramu.
|-
|[[Sulbha Arya|Sulabha Arya]]
|Seeta's grandmother who supports her.
|}

===Guest appearance===
* [[Shweta Tiwari]] as Raka's dream girl<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cold play between Shweta Tiwari and Cezanne Khan|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-cold-play-between-shweta-tiwari-and-cezanne-khan-1256677|website=Daily News and Analysis|access-date=2 September 2020|archive-date=25 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125001220/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-cold-play-between-shweta-tiwari-and-cezanne-khan-1256677|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Production==
Initially planned for 260 episodes, it ultimately ended with only 90 episodes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A TV show for Hema Malini's fans|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2009/jun/01/a-tv-show-for-hema-malinis-fans-53870.html|website=The New Indian Express|date=15 May 2012|access-date=2 September 2020|archive-date=24 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324061454/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2009/jun/01/a-tv-show-for-hema-malinis-fans-53870.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=A tiny package|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/a-tiny-package/482608/|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

[[Rahil Azam]] was originally cast as Raka, one of the lead characters. A few episodes were produced with Azam in the role, but two months before the premiere he was suffering from malaria and was replaced by Gaurav Dixit. Azam's sequences were re-shot with Dixit before the premiere.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lead characters of tele serial Seeta Geeta to change|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/lead-characters-of-tele-serial-seeta-geeta-to-change/articleshow/15921436.cms|website=Mumbai Mirror|access-date=2 September 2020|archive-date=24 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324061456/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/lead-characters-of-tele-serial-seeta-geeta-to-change/articleshow/15921436.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.ndtvimagine.com/shows/showdetails.php?id=120 Official Site]{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [https://www.dangalplay.com/shows/seeta-aur-geeta ''Seeta Aur Geeta''] on Dangal Play
{{Imagine Programmes|state=expanded}}
{{Salim-Javed}}

[[Category:Imagine TV original programming]]
[[Category:2009 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:2009 Indian television series endings]]

Gita Govinda

2025-12-21T21:10:55Z

Rxsolution: add lead further and added references per sources

{{short description|Medieval Indian text based on Hindu god Radha and Krishna}}
{{italic title}}
{{for-multi|2018 Indian Telugu film|Geetha Govindam| 2023 Indian Malayalam soap opera|Geeta Govindam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox religious text
|title=''Gita Govinda''
|image=Original palm leaf manuscript of Gita Gobinda (Gita Govinda) written by Jayadeba (Jayadeva), Odisha state museum, Bhubaneswar 2013.JPG
|alt=Original palm leaf manuscript of the ''Gita Govinda'', Odisha State Museum, Bhubaneswar
|caption=Original palm leaf manuscript of the ''Gita Govinda'' in [[Odisha State Museum]]
|religion=[[Hinduism]]
|verses=
|language=[[Sanskrit]]
|author=[[Jayadeva]]
|period=12th CE
|chapters=12
}}

The '''''Gita Govinda''''' ({{langx|sa|गीतगोविन्दम्}}; [[IAST]]: ''gītagovindam'') is a work composed by the 12th-century [[Hindu]] poet, [[Jayadeva]]. It describes the relationship between [[Krishna]], [[Radha]] and ''[[gopis]]'' (female cow herders) of [[Vrindavan]].<ref name="encyclopedia1988">{{cite encyclopedia |editor-surname=Datta |editor-given=Amaresh |title=Gitagovinda |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti |year=1988 |volume=2 |place=New Delhi |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1414 |pages=1414–1423 |isbn=81-260-1194-7}}</ref>

The ''Gita Govinda'' is organized into twelve chapters. Each chapter is further sub-divided into one or more divisions called p''rabandha''s, totalling twenty-four in all. The prabandhas contain couplets grouped into eights, called ''[[ashtapadis]]''. The text also elaborates the eight moods of Heroine, the ''[[Ashta Nayika]]'', which has been an inspiration for many compositions and choreographic works in [[Indian classical dance]]s.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/09/14/stories/2007091450100200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212034900/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/09/14/stories/2007091450100200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 February 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Learn the lingo|date=14 September 2007}}</ref> Every night in the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannatha temple]], the ''Gitagovinda'' of Jayadeva is sung in the style of [[Odissi music]], a tradition that has continued unbroken since the time of Jayadeva himself.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Ramhari |title=Odissi Sangeetara Parampara O Prayoga |publisher=Kaishikee Prakashani |year=2004 |location=Bhubaneswar, Odisha |language=or |script-title=or:ଓଡ଼ିଶୀ ସଙ୍ଗୀତର ପରମ୍ପରା ଓ ପ୍ରୟୋଗ |trans-title=The tradition and method of Odissi music |author-link=Ramhari Das}}</ref> Musicians of [[Kerala]] have adapted the ''ashtapadis'' into a musical form performed in temples called ''[[Sopana Sangeetham|sopana sangeetham]].''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shankar |first=Hari |date=1 April 2019 |title=The Indigenous Music of Kerala, 'Sopana Sangeetham' |url=https://anandfoundation.com/indigenous-music-kerala-sopana-sangeetham/ |access-date=7 January 2023}}</ref> Jayadeva's hymns are also included in the [[Guru Granth Sahib]].<ref name="mamcup4">{{cite book |author=Max Arthur Macauliffe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5B0JEN2ct94C&pg=PA4 |title=The Sikh Religion: Its Gurus, Sacred Writings and Authors |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-108-05548-2 |pages=4–9}}</ref><ref name="pashaura9">{{cite book |author=Pashaura Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fMrXAAAAMAAJ |title=The Bhagats of the Guru Granth Sahib: Sikh Self-definition and the Bhagat Bani |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-19-566269-6 |pages=9, 116–123}}</ref>

==Summary==
{{See also|Jayadeva|Works of Jayadeva}}
[[File:Delhi-National Museum-Jayadeva worshipping Radha and Krishna-20131006.jpg|thumb|Jayadeva worshipping Krishna and Radha]]
The work delineates the love of Krishna for Radha, the milkmaid, his faithlessness and subsequent return to her, and is taken as symbolical of the human soul's straying from its true allegiance but returning at length to the God which created it.<ref>{{Cite Americana|wstitle=Jayadéva}}</ref>

=== Chapters ===

# ''Sāmodadāmodaram'' (Exuberant Krishna)
# ''Akleshakeshavam'' (Blithesome Krishna)
# ''Mugdhamadhusūdanam'' (Winsome Krishna)
# ''Snigdhamadhusūdanam'' (Tender Krishna)
# ''Sākāṅkṣa puṇdarīkākṣham'' (Passionate Krishna)
# ''Dhrṣta vaikuṇṭha'' (Audacious Krishna)
# ''NāgaranārāyanaH'' (Dexterous Krishna)
# ''VilakṣyalakṣmīpatiH'' (Apologetic Krishna)
# ''Mugdhadamukunda'' (Unpretentious Krishna)
# ''ChaturachaturbhujaH'' (Tactful Krishna)
# ''Sānandadāmodaram'' (Joyful Krishna)
# ''SuprītapītāmbaraH'' (Exultant Krishna)

==Commentaries==
A large number of commentaries have been written on the text, elaborating on its meaning and music. Scholar Thomas Donaldson mentions that the Gitagovinda was known at Puri not long after its composition, for the earliest commentary on it was written in Odisha around 1190 by Udayanacharya, the ''Bhavavibhavini Tika''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Donaldson |first=Thomas E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tQLWAAAAMAAJ |title=Kamadeva's Pleasure Garden, Orissa |date=1987 |publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation |isbn=978-81-7018-393-8 |pages=366–74 |language=en}}</ref>''<ref name="Reddy">{{cite book |author=William M. Reddy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qrKScdZ8M8kC&pg=PA257 |title=The Making of Romantic Love: Longing and Sexuality in Europe, South Asia, and Japan, 900-1200 CE |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-226-70628-3 |page=257}}</ref>'' Some of the notable commentaries are Kaviraja Narayana Dasa's ''Sarvangasundaritika'', Rana Kumbha's ''Rasikapriya Tika'', Krsna Das's ''Sarvangasundaritika'', Dhananjaya Bipra's ''Nutana Sarvangasundaritika'', Lakshmana Suri's ''Srtiranjani Tika'', Lakshmana Bhatta's ''Rasikarangadatika'' and Dharanidhara's Odia ''Padyanuvadatika.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |first= |title=Sri Jayadeva's Gita Govinda : with illustrations and commentary by Dhananjaya |collaboration=Ajit Kumar Tripathy, Thomas E. Donaldson |publisher=Odisha State Museum |year=2008 |editor-last=Malla |editor-first=Dr. Bhagyalipi |location=Bhubaneswar, Odisha |chapter=Preface}}</ref>''

Within the school of [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]], there is a medieval commentary known as the ''Sri-Gita-Govinda-Vyakhayana'' by [[Prabhodananda Sarasvati]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gosvāmī |first=Śrīla Jayadeva |translator-last=Swami |translator-first=Bhanu |date=2018 |title=Gīta Govinda: with the commentary of Śrīla Prabodhānanda Sarasvatī |publisher=Tattva Cintāmaṇi Publishing |isbn=9781980452195}}</ref> Another well-known medieval commentary is the ''Balabodhini-tika'' of Chaitanyadasa, also known as Sri Pujari Goswami (late 16th–17th centuries).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Peterson |first=Peter |date=1892 |title=Catalogue of the Sanskrit Manuscripts in the Library of His Highness the Maharaja of Ulwar |publisher=Elphinstone College, Bombay |page=38}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gosvāmī |first=Śrī Jayadeva |translator-last=Gosvāmī Mahārāja |translator-first=Bhaktivedānta Nārāyaṇa |date=2005 |title=Śrī Gīta-Govinda |publisher=Gaudiya Vedanta Publications |page=xx |isbn=9781633161634}}</ref> A contemporary commentary from the Gaudiya Vaishnava school, drawing largely from the ''Balabodhini-tika'', is the ''Balabodhini-prakasa'' of Bhaktivedanta Narayana Goswami.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goswami Maharaja |first=Bhaktivedanta Narayana |title=Sri Gita Govinda – Sri Jayadeva Goswami|url=https://www.purebhakti.com/resources/ebooks-magazines/bhakti-books/english/14-gita-govinda/file |access-date=2024-04-18 |website=www.purebhakti.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Translations==
[[File:Odissi poet Gopalakrusna's handwritten Gitagobinda Pothi.jpg|thumb|345x345px|Handwritten palm leaf manuscript of Jayadeva's ''Gitagovinda'' by the medieval [[Odissi music|Odissi musician-poet]] [[Gopalakrusna Pattanayaka]] of [[Paralakhemundi]]]]
The poem has been translated into most modern Indian languages and many European languages. There is a German rendering which [[Goethe]] read by F. H . van Dalberg. Dalberg's version was based on the English translation done by [[William Jones (philologist)|William Jones]] published in the Transactions of the [[Asiatic Society]], [[Calcutta]] in 1792. A verse translation by the German poet [[Friedrich Rückert]] was begun in 1829 and revised according to the edited Sanskrit and Latin translations of C. Lassen in Bonn 1837. There's also another manuscript at the Guimet Museum in Paris in Devanagari script narrating the love between Krishna and Radha. This oblong work is printed on paper in ''nagari'' script on seven lines per page, and has a foliation located in the left margin on the reverse. It is made up of 36 folios. This volume is decorated with a snow crystal motif scattered throughout the text, a practice typical of the Indian publisher Baburam. This edition was produced in Calcutta in 1808, in imitation of the manuscripts; devoid of title page, it is accompanied by a colophon. The present binding, executed at the museum in 1991, constitutes a reproduction very faithful to its original appearance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guimet.fr/collections/tresors-de-la-bibliotheque/gitagovinda-imprime/|title=Original Edition of Jayadeva's pastoral work Gita Gobinda|website=guimet.fr/collections/tresors-de-la-bibliotheque/gitagovinda-imprime/}}</ref>

Notable English translations are: [[Edwin Arnold]]'s ''The Indian Song of Songs'' (1875); Sri Jayadevas ''Gita Govinda: The loves of Krisna and Radha'' (Bombay 1940) by [[George Keyt]] and [[Harold Peiris]];<ref name="lives">[https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2007/04/22/imp02.asp The lives of Keyt] by Tissa Devendra (''Sunday Observer''), Retrieved 22 October 2015</ref> S. Lakshminarasimha Sastri ''The Gita Govinda of Jayadeva,'' Madras, 1956; Duncan Greenlee's ''Theosophical rendering The Song of the Divine,'' Madras, 1962; Monica Varma's transcreation ''The Gita Govinda of Jayadeva'' published by Writer's Workshop, Calcutta, 1968; Barbara Stoler Miller's ''Jayadeva's'' ''Gitagovinda : Love song of the Dark Lord'' published by Oxford University Press, Delhi,1978; Lee Siegel's ''Gitagovinda: Love Songs of Radha and Krishna'' published in the Clay Sanskrit series.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

The first English translation of the ''Gita Govinda'' was written by [[Sir William Jones]] in 1792, where ''Cenduli'' (Kenduli Sasana) of ''Calinga'' (Kalinga, ancient [[Odisha]]) is referred to as the widely-believed to be the place of Jayadeva's origin and that the poet himself mentions this.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Jones|first1=William|url=https://archive.org/details/worksofsirwillia01jone|title=The works of Sir William Jones|last2=Jones|first2=Anna Maria Shipley|publisher=London : G. G. and J. Robinson [etc.]|others=University of California Libraries|year=1799|volume=1|pages=462}}</ref> Since then, the ''Gita Govinda'' has been translated to many languages throughout the world, and is considered to be among the finest examples of [[Sanskrit]] poetry. [[Barbara Stoler Miller]] translated the book in 1977 as ''Love Song of the Dark Lord: Jayadeva's Gita Govinda''. The book contains a [[foreword]] by John Stratton Hawley and includes extensive commentary on the verse and topic of the poem.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Miller |first=Barbara Stoler |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QbUvEAAAQBAJ |title=The Gitagovinda of Jayadeva: Love Song of the Dark Lord |date=2016-01-01 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0366-4 |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Odissi Classical Music sidebar}}Gita Govinda is one of the earliest musical texts in which the author indicates the exact ''raga'' (mode) and ''tala'' (rhythm) in which to sing each of the songs. These indications have been compiled below according to the ''ashtapadi'' number, based on the important ancient copies of the Gita Govinda and its commentaries such as ''Sarvangasundari Tika'' of Narayana Dasa (14th century), Dharanidhara's Tika (16th century), Jagannatha Mishra's Tika (16th century), ''Rasikapriya'' of Rana Kumbha (16th century) and ''Arthagobinda'' of Bajuri Dasa (17th century).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Panda|first=Dr. Gopal Chandra|title=Sri Gita Gobinda Swara Lipi|publisher=Smt. Bhagabati Panda|year=1995|location=Bhubaneswar|language=or|trans-title=Notated music of the Gita Govinda|author-link=Gopal Chandra Panda}}</ref>

# Mālava, Mālavagauḍa or Mālavagauḍā
# [[Mangala Gujjari|Maṅgala Gujjarī]] or [[Gujjari|Gurjarī]]
# Basanta
# [[Ramakeri|Rāmakirī or Rāmakerī]]
# [[Gujjari|Gujjarī or Gurjarī]]
# Guṇḍakirī or Guṇḍakerī or Mālavagauḍa
# [[Gujjari|Gujjarī or Gurjarī]]
# Karṇṇāṭa
# Deśākhya or Deśākṣa
# Deśī Barāḍi or Deśa Barāḍi or [[Panchama Baradi|Pañchama Barāḍi]]
# [[Gujjari|Gujjarī or Gurjarī]]
# Guṇḍakirī or Guṇḍakerī
# Mālava or Mālavagauḍā
# Basanta
# [[Gujjari|Gujjarī or Gurjarī]]
# [[Baradi|Barāḍi]] or Deśa Barāḍi or Deśī Barāḍi
# Bhairabī
# [[Gujjari|Gujjarī or Gurjarī]] or [[Ramakeri|Rāmakerī]]
# Deśī or Deśa Barāḍi
# Basanta
# [[Baradi|Barāḍi]] or Deśa Barāḍi
# [[Baradi|Barāḍi]]
# [[Ramakeri|Rāmakirī or Rāmakerī]] or Bibhāsa
# [[Ramakeri|Rāmakirī or Rāmakerī]]

Most of the ragas and talas indicated by Jayadeva, continue to be in practice in the tradition of [[Odissi music]].<ref name=":0" /> The ''ragas'' and ''talas'' prescribed by Jayadeva are unique to the tradition of Odissi music.<ref name=":32" /> It is noteworthy that in Odisha, these ''ragas'' and ''tala''s have remained in continued usage for several centuries after Jayadeva, and enjoy extreme popularity in the state till date.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Panda |first=Dr. Gopal Chandra |title=Sri Gita Gobinda Swara Lipi |publisher=Smt. Bhagabati Panda |year=1995 |location=Bhubaneswar |language=or |trans-title=Notated music of the Gita Govinda |author-link=Gopal Chandra Panda}}</ref>

Every night during the ''Badasinghara'' or the last ritual of the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannatha temple]] of Puri, the ''Gitagovinda'' of Jayadeva is sung, set to traditional Odissi ragas & talas, such as [[Mangala Gujjari]]. Jayadeva mentions many ragas and talas unique to Odisha, such as ''aṣṭatāli'' or ''āṭhatāli''.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Citaristi |first=Ileana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b2J6EAAAQBAJ&dq=gitagovinda+odissi&pg=PT217 |title=Odissi and the Geeta Govinda |date=2022-10-06 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-78098-7 |language=en}}</ref> This tradition has continued unbroken since the time of Jayadeva, who himself used to sing in the temple. After the time of the poet, the singing of the Gitagovinda according to the authentic Odissi ragas & talas, (such as the Raga [[Mangala Gujjari]]) was instated as a mandatory sevā at the temple, to be performed by the Maharis or [[Devadasi]]s, systematically recorded in inscriptions, the [[Madala Panji|''Mādalā Pānji'']] and other official documents that describe the functioning of the temple.<ref name=":32" />

== ''Gita Govinda'' at Museums ==
[[File:RassLeela by Sri Krishna, Prem Mandir Vrindavan, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India (2014).jpg| thumb|300px| RasaLila by Krishna, in [[Prem Mandir Vrindavan]]]]Various ''Gita Govinda'' Miniature paintings in museums:

* [[National Museum, New Delhi]]
* [[Honolulu Museum of Art]]
* [[Prince of Wales Museum of Western India|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya, Bombay]]
* [[Metropolitan Museum of Art|Metropolitan Museum of art]]
* [[Indian Museum|Indian Museum, Calcutta]]
* [[Government Museum and Art Gallery, Chandigarh|Govt. Museum and Art Gallery Chandigarh]]
* [[Rietberg Museum]]
* [[Guimet Museum]]

==Publications==
;in English
* {{cite book |title=Love Song of the Dark Lord: Jayadeva's Gītagovinda |translator=Barbara Stoler Miller |translator-link=Barbara Stoler Miller |year=1977 |publisher=Columbia University Press |place=New York |isbn=0231040288 |url=https://cup.columbia.edu/book/love-song-of-the-dark-lord/9780231110976}}
* {{cite book |year=1990 |title=In Praise of Krishna: Gita-Govinda of Jayadeva |translator=Durgadas Mukhopadhyay |place=Delhi |publisher=B.R. Publishing}}

==See also==
{{portal|Poetry}}
* [[Works of Jayadeva]]
* [[Jayadeva birth controversy]]
* ''[[Achyuta Shataka]]''
* ''[[Mukundamala]]''
* [[Madhurāṣṭakam|Madhura Ashtaka]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Gita Govinda}}
{{Wikisource|sa:गीतगोविन्दम्|''Gita Govinda''}}
{{Wikisource|Gita Govinda| English translation of the ''Gita Govinda''}}

* [https://www.odishashop.com/product/odia-book-shreegitagobinda-o-mahakabi-shreejaydev-by-dr-premananda-mohapatra-from-odisha-shop/ Shreegitagobinda O Mahakabi Shreejaydev : A Book]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20171213211237/http://www.ignca.nic.in/gita.htm The ''Gita Govinda'': a Multimedia Presentation]
{{Odissi music}}{{Krishna}}
{{Jagannath}}

[[Category:Hindu texts]]
[[Category:Sanskrit poetry]]
[[Category:Jayadeva]]
[[Category:Bhakti movement]]
[[Category:Medieval Indian literature]]
[[Category:Vaishnavism]]
[[Category:Krishna]]
[[Category:Odissi music]]
[[Category:Odissi music repertoire]]

Kaviyoor Ponnamma

2025-12-17T17:37:09Z

Rxsolution: added references

{{Short description|Indian actress (1945–2024)}}
{{family name hatnote|Kaviyoor|Ponnamma|Indian name|lang=Toponymic}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kaviyoor Ponnamma
| image = Kaviyoor Ponnamma 2007 (cropped).jpg
| alt = Headshot of Kaviyoor Ponnamma
| caption = Ponnamma in 2007
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1945|09|10}}
| birth_place = [[Kaviyoor]], [[Thiruvalla]], [[Travancore|Kingdom of Travancore]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2024|9|20|1945|09|10}}
| death_place = [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = Actress
| yearsactive = 1959–2022
| parents = {{hlist|T. P. Damodharan|Gauri}}
| spouse = {{Marriage|M. K. Maniswami|1969|2011|reason=died}}
| relatives = [[Kaviyoor Renuka]] (sister)
| children = 1
}}

'''Kaviyoor Ponnamma''' (10 September 1945 – 20 September 2024) was an Indian actress who appeared in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam films]] and television. Ponnamma had acted in around 700 movies in her career spanning more than six decades.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2024-09-21 |title=Kaviyoor Ponnamma, the adorable Amma of Malayalam cinema, dies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kaviyoor-ponnamma-beloved-mother-figure-of-malayalam-cinema-passes-away-at-80/articleshow/113533296.cms |access-date=2025-11-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She began her career performing in theatre dramas before foraying into cinema. She also acted in TV serials and commercials and had playback singing credits in few films.

Ponnamma was a four-time [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actress]] winner. Her sister Kaviyoor Renuka was also an actress. Often called as the "mother to all actors", she acted as mother of almost all actors in her career spanning over decades.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unforgettable mothers of silver screen |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/gallery/movies-music/unforgettable-mothers-of-silver-screen-1.1937539 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611131134/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/gallery/movies-music/unforgettable-mothers-of-silver-screen-1.1937539 |archive-date=11 June 2021 |access-date=11 June 2021 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref> At the age of 20, she played the mother of older actors [[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]] and [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] in ''[[Thommante Makkal|Thommente Makkal]]'' (1965). She particularly gained critical acclaim for acting as the mother of [[Mohanlal]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 May 2019 |title=Did you know that Kaviyoor Ponnamma played her first mother character at the age of 22? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-that-kaviyoor-ponnamma-played-her-first-mother-character-at-the-age-of-22/articleshow/69358576.cms |access-date=11 June 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 September 2006 |title=Mother of all roles |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/mother-of-all-roles/article3230597.ece |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2024/Sep/21/last-and-best-of-mother-figures-in-mollywood |title=Last and best of mother figures in Mollywood |date=21 September 2024 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2024/Sep/21/a-60-year-legacy-of-love-kindness-in-malayalam-cinema |title=A 60-year legacy of love, kindness in Malayalam cinema |date=21 September 2024 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Early life==
Ponnamma was born to T. P. Damodharan and Gauri, as the eldest of seven children, on 10 September 1945 in [[Kaviyoor]], [[Thiruvalla]].<ref name="wPPrfLzk0ts">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wPPrfLzk0ts |title=On Record with T.N Gopakumar: Kaviyoor Ponnamma |time={{time needed |date=January 2023}} |access-date=27 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522204355/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wPPrfLzk0ts |archive-date=22 May 2014 |url-status=live |via=YouTube}}</ref> She had six siblings among whom Kaviyoor Renuka (d. 2004), her younger sister, was also an actress.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Complete Online Malayalam Cinema News Portal |url=http://cinidiary.com/people.php?pigsection=Actor&picata=2&no_of_displayed_rows=13&no_of_rows_page=10&sletter= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315200013/http://cinidiary.com/people.php?pigsection=Actor&picata=2&no_of_displayed_rows=13&no_of_rows_page=10&sletter= |archive-date=15 March 2018 |access-date=1 December 2016 |publisher=Cinidiary}}</ref> Even though she was born in Kaviyoor, her childhood was spent in [[Ponkunnam]] where her father was doing business. She began taking singing lessons from age five. Ever since she saw a live concert of [[M. S. Subbulakshmi]], she wanted to be a singer and even "look like her". Her ''arengettam'' (singing debut) was held in Kaviyoor when she was 11 years old, where she was first introduced by her stage name "Kaviyoor Ponnamma".<ref name="TNIE1">{{cite news |last1=S. |first1=Shevlin |title=Scenes from the past |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2008/Dec/06/scenes-from-the-past-8500.html |access-date=20 September 2024 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=6 December 2008}}</ref>

==Career==
{{expand section|date=September 2024}}
As a five-year-old, she learned music and sang in stage shows.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2008 |title=മലയാളിയുടെ പൊന്നമ്മ | Webdunia Malayalam |url=http://malayalam.webdunia.com/entertainment/film/profile/0801/05/1080105083_1.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202232312/http://malayalam.webdunia.com/entertainment/film/profile/0801/05/1080105083_1.htm |archive-date=2 December 2013 |access-date=1 December 2016 |publisher=Malayalam.webdunia.com}}</ref> Ponnamma started her career as a singer with 'Pratibha Arts' theatre group at the age of 14. She was a disciple of popular musicians RLP Varma and Vechoor S Harihara Subramanya Aiyer.<ref name=":0" /> At around that time (In 1958), she was spotted by [[Kerala People's Arts Club]] (KPAC) who was looking for a girl who can sing in their stage play. They also gave her the role of heroine in ''Mooladhanam'', her debut stage drama at age 13.<ref name="TNIE1"/> It was directed by [[Thoppil Bhasi]]. After five years came her first movie ''Kudumbini'', in which she did the title role of the mother of two children.<ref name="hindy.com" />

==Personal life and death==
Ponnamma was married to film producer Maniswami in 1969. The couple has a daughter Bindhu who is married and settled in the [[United States]].<ref name="hindy.com">{{Cite web |date=17 July 2005 |title=Mother of all actors |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/17/stories/2005071700190200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110065303/http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/17/stories/2005071700190200.htm |archive-date=10 November 2013 |access-date=3 December 2008 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Maniswami died in 2011 after a long illness.

Ponnamma died from cancer at Lissie Hospital in [[Kochi]], Kerala, on 20 September 2024, at the age of 79.<ref>{{Cite web |title=അമ്മയായി കൊതി തീര്‍ന്നില്ല - articles, infocus interview - Mathrubhumi Eves |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/mb4eves/online/malayalam/kerala/women/articles/infocus_interview-article-362140 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520235601/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/mb4eves/online/malayalam/kerala/women/articles/infocus_interview-article-362140 |archive-date=20 May 2013 |access-date=11 January 2022 |website=mathrubhumi.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Actress who made a mark with her mother roles; Kaviyoor Ponnamma no more |newspaper=Keralakaumudi Daily |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1387487&u=actress-who-made-a-mark-with-her-mother-roles-kaviyoor-ponnamma-no-more |publisher=Kerala Kaumudi |last1=Daily |first1=Keralakaumudi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/09/21/kaviyoor-ponnamma-funeral-held-today-public-homage-actor.html |title=Veteran actor Kaviyoor Ponnamma laid to rest with state honours |publisher=Onmanorama}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/09/21/mohanlal-mammootty-mollywood-pay-last-respects-to-kaviyoor-ponnamma.html |title=Mohanlal, Mammootty pay last respects to Kaviyoor Ponnamma—the 'mother' of Malayalam cinema |publisher=onmanorama}}</ref>

==Awards==
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2025}}

===Kerala State Film Awards===

* [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actress|Second Best Actress]] in 1971, 1972, 1973 and 1994<ref name=":0" />

===Other awards===
* Film City Magazine- Chalachitra Ratnam' Title – 2006
* Pappanamkode Lakshmanan Award – 2006
* O Madhavan Award – 2009
* Bharath Murali Award – 2012
* Kala Ratna award – EV Kala Mandalam – 2013
* PK Rosy Award – 2015
* Good Knight Film and Business Awards – 2017
* Gurupranam – Honour by Malayalam Cine Technicians’ Association (MACTA) – 2013
* Honour by KSFDC – 2015
* Honour by Kerala State Film Awards – 2016
* Felicitation by Kerala State Film Awards – 2017
* Kausalya Vandanam programme Honour – 2017
* Kalaiselvam Award – Government of Tamil Nadu
* Honour by Kaviyoor Panchayat
* DLSA Honour

== Filmography ==

===As an actress===

==== 1950s ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1958
| ''[[Mariakutty]]''
|
|
|-
|}

==== 1960s ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1962
| ''[[Sreerama Pattabhishekam]]''
| [[Mandodari]]
|
|-
| 1963
| ''[[Kalayum Kaminiyum]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1964
| ''[[Bharthavu]]''
| Santha
|
|-
| ''[[Atom Bomb (film)|Atom Bomb]]''
| Dolly Lakshmi
|
|-
| ''[[Kudumbini]]''
| Lakshmi
|
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1965
| ''[[Daaham]]''
| Lakshmi Teacher
|
|-
| ''[[Thommante Makkal]]''
| Achaamma
|
|-
| ''[[Odayil Ninnu (film)|Odayil Ninnu]]''
|Kalyani
|
|-
| ''[[Rosie (1965 film)|Rosie]]''
| Rosi
|
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1966
| ''[[Kanmanikal]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kayamkulam Kochunni (1966 film)|Kayamkulam Kochunni]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Jail''
| Karthyayaniyamma
|
|-
| ''[[Pinchuhridhayam|Pinchu Hridayam]]''
| Saraswathi
|
|-
| rowspan=5 | 1967
| ''[[Swapnabhoomi]]''
| Saraswathy
|
|-
| ''[[Pooja (1967 film)|Pooja]]''
| Eeswariyamma
|
|-
| ''[[Postman (1967 film)|Postman]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sahadharmini]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Anweshichu Kandethiyilla]]''
| Annie's mother
|
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1968
| ''[[Asuravithu (1968 film)|Asuravithu]]''
| Kunjootty
|
|-
| ''[[Vazhi Pizhacha Santhathi]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Velutha Kathreena]]''
| Martha Pulayi
|
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1969
| ''[[Vilakuranja Manushyan]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kattukurangu]]''
| Thulasi
|
|-
| ''[[Aalmaram]]''
| Ammini Amma
|
|-
| ''[[Nadhi (film)|Nadhi]]''
| Thresia
|
|-
|}

==== 1970s ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=10 | 1970
| ''[[Palunku Pathram]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Ammayenna Sthree]]''
| Jaanu
|
|-
| ''[[Aa Chithrashalabham Parannotte]]''
| Lakshmi
|
|-
| ''[[Kalpana (1970 film)|Kalpana]]''
| Dakshayaniyamma
|
|-
| ''[[Othenente Makan]]''
| Naani
|
|-
| ''[[Cross Belt (film)|Cross Belt]]''
| Bhavani
|
|-
| ''[[Vivahitha]]''
| Kamala
|
|-
| ''[[Thriveni]]''
| Parvathi
|
|-
| ''[[Nizhalattam]]''
| Ravi's Mother
|
|-
| ''[[Anadha]]''
| Sarojam
|
|-
| rowspan=13 | 1971
| ''[[C.I.D. In Jungle]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Jalakanyaka (film)|Jalakanyaka]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Bobanum Moliyum]]''
| Santhamma
|
|-
| ''[[Kalithozhi]]''
| Parvathy Amma
|
|-
| ''[[Sarasayya]]''
| Thomaskutty's mother
|
|-
| ''[[Karinizhal]]''
| Vishva Lakshmi
|
|-
| ''[[Vivahasammanam]]''
| Parukuttyamma
|
|-
| ''[[Oru Penninte Katha]]''
| Subhadra
|
|-
| ''[[Karakanakadal]]''
| Tharuthi
|
|-
| ''[[Shiksha (film)|Shiksha]]''
| Meenakshi
|
|-
| ''[[Vithukal]]''
| Ammini
|
|-
| ''[[Makane Ninakku Vendi]]''
| Thomachan's mother
|
|-
| ''[[Aabhijathyam]]''
| Janaki
|
|-
| rowspan=13 | 1972
| ''[[Kalippava]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Anweshanam]]''
| Ponnamma
|
|-
| ''[[Puthrakameshti]]''
| Malati
|
|-
| ''[[Snehadeepame Mizhi Thurakku]]''
| Seetha
|
|-
| ''Sathi''
| Pick-pocket's mother
|
|-
| ''[[Sree Guruvayoorappan (1972 film)|Sree Guruvayoorappan]]''
| [[Kururamma]]
|
|-
| ''[[Theerthayathra]]''
| Kochikkavu
|
|-
| ''[[Akkarapacha]]''
| Bhageerathi
|
|-
| ''[[Manthrakodi]]''
| Saraswathi
|
|-
| ''[[Aromalunni]]''
| Thumbolarcha
|
|-
| ''Gaandharvakshethram''
| Kalamezuthu Pattukari
|
|-
| ''[[Aadhyathe Katha]]''
| Ammukuttiyamma
|
|-
| ''[[Pushpanjali (1972 film)|Pushpanjali]]''
| Bhagi
|
|-
| rowspan=13 | 1973
| ''[[Kavitha (1973 film)|Kavitha]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Chenda (film)|Chenda]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Enippadikal (film)|Enippadikal]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Periyar (1973 film)|Periyar]]''
| Thresiakutty
|
|-
| ''[[Thiruvabharanam (film)|Thiruvabharanam]]''
| Antharjanam
|
|-
| ''[[Ponnapuram Kotta]]''
| Uppaathi
|
|-
| ''[[Nakhangal (1973 film)|Nakhangal]]''
| Kakkachi
|
|-
| ''[[Divyadharsanam]]''
| Poojarini Amma
|
|-
| ''[[Angathattu]]''
| Kunjukutti
|
|-
| ''[[Dharmayudham]]''
| Bhadra Thampuratti
|
|-
| ''[[Interview (1973 film)|Interview]]''
| Saraswathi
|
|-
| ''[[Thaniniram]]''
| Subhadra
|
|-
| ''[[Nirmalyam]]''
| Narayani
|
|-
| rowspan=10 | 1974
| ''Chanchala''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Neelakannukal]]''
| Chellamma
|
|-
| ''[[Suprabhatham (1974 film)|Suprabhatham]]''
| Baadal's mother
|
|-
| ''[[Arakkallan Mukkalkkallan]]''
| Lakshmi Thampuratti
|
|-
| ''[[Nellu (1974 film)|Nellu]]''
| Savithri Varassyar
|
|-
| ''[[Manyasree Viswamithran]]''
| Bhageeradhiyamma
|
|-
| ''[[Thacholi Marumakan Chandu]]''
| Unnichirutha
|
|-
| ''[[Night Duty]]''
| Savithriyamma
|
|-
| ''[[Chakravakam (1974 Malayalam film)|Chakravakam]]''
| Shosamma
|
|-
| ''[[Devi Kanyakumari (film)|Devi Kanyakumari]]''
| Old lady
|
|-
| rowspan=14 | 1975
| ''[[Malsaram]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sammanam (1975 film)|Sammanam]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Tourist Bungalow]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Mattoru Seetha]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Padmaragam]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Abhimaanam]]''
| Kamalamma
|
|-
| ''[[Raagam]]''
| Blind school principal
|
|-
| ''[[Sindhu (film)|Sindhu]]''
| Parvathy Amma
|
|-
| ''[[Chumaduthangi]]''
| Lakshmi Amma
|
|-
| ''[[Thiruvonam (film)|Thiruvonam]]''
| Jaanamma
|
|-
| ''[[Makkal]]''
| Leela
|
|-
| ''[[Prayanam (1975 film)|Prayanam]]''
| Ammini amma
|
|-
| ''[[Utsavam (film)|Utsavam]]''
| Gopi's mother
|
|-
| ''[[Pravaham]] ''
| Lakshmi
|
|-
| rowspan=14 | 1976
| ''[[Aruthu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Paarijatham (1976 film)|Paarijatham]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Priyamvada]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kanyaadaanam]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Seemantha Puthran]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Romeo (1976 film)|Romeo]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kaayamkulam Kochunniyude Makan]]''
| Suhara
|
|-
| ''[[Vazhivilakku]]''
| Janakiyamma
|
|-
| ''[[Ajayanum Vijayanum]]''
| Susheela
|
|-
| ''[[Appooppan]]''
| Saraswathy
|
|-
| ''[[Chottanikkara Amma]]''
| Indu's grandmother
|
|-
| ''[[Amba Ambika Ambalika]]''
| Old age [[Satyavati]]
|
|-
| ''[[Amrithavaahini]]''
| Lakshmi
|
|-
| ''[[Thulavarsham]]''
| Balan's mother
|
|-
| rowspan=23 | 1977
| ''Rowdy Rajamma''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sreemad Bhagavad Geetha]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Akshayapaathram]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Vezhambal]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Siva Thandavum]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Varadakshina''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Aa Nimisham]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Dheerasameere Yamuna Theere]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Rajaparambara]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Mini Mol''
| Lakshmiyamma
|
|-
| ''[[Innale Innu]]''
| Radha's mother
|
|-
| ''[[Jagadguru Aadisankaran]]''
| Kaippilly Aryadevi Antarjanam
|
|-
| ''[[Sreemurukan]]''
| Kamalakshi
|
|-
| ''[[Nirakudam]]''
| Sathi
|
|-
| ''[[Oonjaal]]''
| Bharathi
|
|-
| ''[[Muttathe Mulla]]''
| Maheshwari
|
|-
| ''[[Satyavan Savithri]]''
| Arundathi Devi
|
|-
| ''[[Itha Ivide Vare]]''
| Kamalakshi
|
|-
| ''[[Kodiyettam]]''
| Kamalamma
|
|-
| ''[[Randu Lokam]]''
| Madhavi
|
|-
| ''[[Achaaram Ammini Osharam Omana]]''
| Dakshayani
|
|-
| ''[[Vidarunna Mottukal]]''
| Lakshmi
|
|-
| ''[[Paadasaram]]''
| Kamalakshi
|
|-
| rowspan=21 | 1978
| ''[[Aazhi Alayaazhi]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Aniyara]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Naalumanippookkal]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Seemanthini (1978 film)|Seemanthini]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Tiger Salim]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Udayam Kizhakku Thanne''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sathrathil Oru Raathri]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Pichipoo]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Anubhoothikalude Nimisham]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Society Lady]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Rajan Paranja Kadha]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Prarthana (1978 film)|Prarthana]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sthree Oru Dukham]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Samayamaayilla Polum]]''
| Savithri
|
|-
| ''[[Uthrada Rathri]]''
| Gopan's mother
|
|-
| ''[[Kalpavriksham]]''
| Nun
|
|-
| ''[[Eeta]]''
| Philomina
|
|-
| ''[[Avalude Ravukal]]''
| Lakshmi
|
|-
| ''[[Kudumbam Namukku Sreekovil]]''
| Yashodha Devi
|
|-
| ''[[Rathinirvedam (1978 film)|Rathinirvedam]]''
| Saraswathi
|
|-
| ''[[Randilonnu]]''
| Maheshwari
|
|-
| rowspan=13 | 1979
| ''[[Manushyan]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Driver Madyapichirunnu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Pambaram''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Pushyaraagam]]''
| Amma
|
|-
| ''Aayiram Vasanthangal''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Cheriyachante Kroorakrithyangal]]''
| Eliyamma
|
|-
| ''[[Aarattu (1979 film)|Aarattu]]''
| Annamma
|
|-
| ''[[Sarpam]]''
| Bhavani
|
|-
| ''[[Prabhu (film)|Prabhu]]''
| Devaki
|
|-
| ''[[Yakshi Paaru]]''
| Thampi's wife
|
|-
| ''[[Itha Oru Theeram]]''
| Madhavi
|
|-
| ''[[Prabhaathasandhya]]''
| Usha's Mother
|
|-
| ''[[Maamaankam|Mamangam]]''
| Chathunni's Mother
|
|-
|}

==== 1980s ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=10 | 1980
| ''Karnan''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Moorkhan (film)|Moorkhan]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Oru Varsham Oru Maasam]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Chamaram]]''
| Karthyayani
|
|-
| ''[[Manushya Mrugam (1980 film)|Manushya Mrugam]]''
| Babu's Mother
|
|-
| ''[[Thirayum Theeravum]]''
| Mohan's mother
|
|-
| ''[[Anthappuram]]''
| Bhavani
|
|-
| ''[[Pappu (film)|Pappu]]''
| Actress
| Guest appearance
|-
| ''[[Karimpana]]''
| Muthan's mother
|
|-
| ''[[Love in Singapore (1980 Malayalam film)|Love in Singapore]]''
| Premachandran's Mother
|
|-
| rowspan=14 | 1981
| ''[[Aarathi (film)|Aarathi]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Swapnaragam''
|
|
|-
| ''Anandharam''
|
|
|-
| ''Chamayam''
|
|
|-
| ''Saahasam''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Nizhal Yudham]]''
| Devaki
|
|-
| ''[[Oppol]]''
| Narayani amma
|
|-
| ''[[Orikkal Koodi]]''
| Chandran's Mother
|
|-
| ''[[Maniyan Pilla Adhava Maniyan Pilla]]''
| Devaki
|
|-
| ''[[Sphodanam]]''
| Gopi's Mother
|
|-
| ''[[Vayal]]''
| Saraswathi
|
|-
| ''Agnisaram''
| Bhavani
|
|-
| ''Avatharam''
| Lakshmikuttyamma
|
|-
| ''[[Thrishna]]''
| Chinammu Amma
|
|-
| rowspan=10 | 1982
| ''Kallimullu''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Bheeman]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Balloon''
| Lakshmiyamma
|
|-
| ''[[Kaaliya Mardhanam]]''
| Geetha's mother
|
|-
| ''[[Beedi Kunjamma]]''
| Madhavan's Mother
|
|-
| ''[[Kaattile Paattu]]''
| Raji
|
|-
| ''Ilakkangal''
| Unnis' mother
|
|-
| ''Maattuvin Chattangale''
| Jayan's mother
|
|-
| ''[[Paanjajanyam]]''
| Lakshmidevi
|
|-
| ''[[Marupacha]]''
| Ponnamma
|
|-
| rowspan=11 | 1983
| ''[[Pourasham]]''
| Saraswathi
|
|-
| ''[[Nathi Muthal Nathi Vare]]''
| [[Advocate|Adv.]] Lakshmi
|
|-
| ''[[Oomana Thinkal]]''
| Gopi's mother
|
|-
| ''Bandham''
| Sreedeviyamma
|
|-
| ''Sesham Kazhchayil''
| Shankar's mother
|
|-
| ''[[Enikku Vishakunnu]]''
| Chinnamma
|
|-
| ''[[Hello Madras Girl]]''
| Sreedevi Amma
|
|-
| ''[[Nizhal Moodiya Nirangal]]''
| Thambi's & Unni's mother
|
|-
| ''[[Enne Njan Thedunnu]]''
| Lakshmiyamma
|
|-
| ''[[Mansoru Maha Samudram]]''
| Devaki
|
|-
| ''[[Marakkillorikkalum]]''
| Sharada
|
|-
| rowspan=14 | 1984
| ''[[Mukhamukham]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Somayagam''
|
|
|-
| ''Ente Nandhinikutty''
|
|
|-
| ''Ente Gramam''
|
|
|-
| ''Ningalil Oru Sthree''
| Latha's mother
|
|-
| ''[[Oru Painkilikatha]]''
| Kamaalakshi
|
|-
| ''[[Swanthamevide Bandhamevide]]''
| Lakshmi
|
|-
| ''[[Kodathy]]''
| Meenakshiyamma
|
|-
| ''[[Thirakal]]''
| Madhaviyamma
|
|-
| ''[[Manithali]]''
| Zulfikar's mother
|
|-
| ''[[Lakshmana Rekha (film)|Lakshmana Rekha]]''
| Radha's mother
|
|-
| ''[[Kanamarayathu]]''
| Mother Superior
|
|-
| ''[[Ariyaatha Veethikal]]''
| Janakiyamma
|
|-
| ''[[Adiyozhukkukal]]''
| Mariyamma
|
|-
| rowspan=9 | 1985
| ''[[Guerrilla (1985 film)|Guerrilla]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Mounam Nombaram''
| Indu's mother
|
|-
| ''[[Ee Thanalil Ithiri Nerum]]''
| Savithri
|
|-
| ''[[Angadikkappurathu]]''
| Rosi
|
|-
| ''[[Thinkalaazhcha Nalla Divasam]]''
| Janakikutty
|
|-
| ''[[Ente Ammu Ninte Thulasi Avarude Chakki]]''
| Sathyabhama
|
|-
| ''[[Adhyayam Onnu Muthal]]''
| Lakshmi
|
|-
| ''[[Makan Ente Makan]]''
| Paruvamma
|
|-
| ''[[Karimpinpoovinakkare]]''
| Bhadran's Mother
|
|-
| rowspan=15 | 1986
| ''Ariyatha Bandhukkal''
|
|
|-
| ''Vishwasichallum Illenkilum''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kaveri (1986 film)|Kaveri]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Ente Sonia''
| Shanti
|
|-
| ''[[Akalangalil]]''
| Sethu's mother
|
|-
| ''[[Koodanayum Kattu]]''
| Annie's Mother
|
|-
| ''[[Sukhamo Devi]]''
| Nandan's Mother
|
|-
| ''[[Namukku Parkkan Munthirithoppukal]]''
| Rita
|
|-
| ''[[Ennu Nathante Nimmi]]''
| Chithambaram's mother
|
|-
| ''[[Iniyum Kurukshetrum]]''
| Gomathi
|
|-
| ''[[Surabhi Yaamangal]]''
| Meenakshi
|
|-
| ''[[Malarum Kiliyum]]''
| Padmavathiyamma
|
|-
| ''[[Manasiloru Manimuthu]]''
| Mohan's mother
|
|-
| ''[[Nakhakshathangal]]''
| Valiyamma
|
|-
| ''[[Kshamichu Ennoru Vakku]]''
| Dr. Shanthamma
|
|-
| rowspan=6 | 1987
| ''[[Oru Maymasa Pulariyil]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Irupatham Noottandu]]''
| Meenakshmiyamma
|
|-
| ''[[Achuvettante Veedu]]''
| Vipin's Mother
|
|-
| ''Kaiyethum Doorathu''
| Janaki
|
|-
| ''[[Thaniyavarthanam]]''
| Balan's mother
|
|-
| ''[[Anantaram]]''
| Yogini Amma
|
|-
| rowspan=7 | 1988
| ''Onnum Onnum Pathinonnu''
|
|
|-
| ''Marikkunilla Njaan''
| Narayaniyamma
|
|-
| ''[[1921 (1988 film)|1921]]''
| Keshavankutty's mother
|
|-
| ''Vidaparayamanthram''
| Karthi
|
|-
| ''Ente Amma''
| Sathyabhama
|
|-
| ''[[Sathyaa]]''
| Malayali shop owner
| Tamil film
|-
| ''[[Mukthi]]''
| Madhaviyamma
|
|-
| rowspan=14 | 1989
| ''Swantham Ennu Karuthi''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Unnikrishnante Adyathe Christmas]]''
| Aliyamma
|
|-
| ''[[Ulsavapittennu]]''
| Kalyaniyamma
|
|-
| ''[[Peruvannapurathe Visheshangal]]''
| Devaki Amma
| Cameo
|-
| ''[[Oru Sayahnathinte Swapnam]]''
| Mariyamma
|
|-
| ''[[Mazhavilkavadi]]''
| Velayudhankutty's mother
|
|-
| ''Muthukkudayum Choodi''
| Madhavi
|
|-
| ''[[Vandanam]]''
| Unnikrishnan's mother
|
|-
| ''[[Adhipan]]''
| Shyam Prakash's mother
|
|-
| ''[[Aksharathettu (film)|Aksharathettu]]''
| Sumati's mother
|
|-
| ''[[Kireedam (1989 film)|Kireedam]]''
| Sethu's mother
|
|-
| ''[[Jaathakam]]''
| Janaki
|
|-
| ''[[Devadas (1989 film)|Devadas]]''
| Devadas' Mother
|
|-
| ''[[Dasharatham]]''
| Chandradas' Mother
|
|-
|}

==== 1990s ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=12 | 1990
| ''[[Ee Thanutha Veluppan Kalathu]]''
| Nurse Leelavathi
|
|-
| ''[[Purappadu (1990 film)|Purappadu]]''
| Kunjimaluvamma
|
|-
| ''[[Kadathanadan Ambadi]]''
| Kunki
|
|-
| ''[[Kshanakkathu]]''
| Vivekanandan's mother
|
|-
| ''Nanma Niranjavan Sreenivasan''
| Sreenivasan's mother
|
|-
| ''[[Kattukuthira]]''
| Manka
|
|-
| ''[[Rajavazhcha]]''
| Naniyamma
|
|-
| ''[[Kuruppinte Kanakku Pustakom]]''
| Vinayachandran's Mother
|
|-
| ''[[In Harihar Nagar]]''
| Andrew's mother
|
|-
| ''[[His Highness Abdullah]]''
| Bhagirathi Valiya Thampurati
|
|-
| ''[[Midhya]]''
| Rajagopal's Mother
|
|-
| ''[[Oliyampukal]]''
| Annamma
|
|-
| rowspan=11 | 1991
| ''Nithyavasanthan Nithyavismayam''
| Herself
| Documentary
|-
| ''[[Ulladakkam]]''
| Sunny's Mother
|
|-
| ''[[Sandesam]]''
| Bhanumathi
|
|-
| ''[[Pookkalam Varavayi]]''
| Nandan's Mother
|
|-
| ''[[Dhanam (1991 film)|Dhanam]]''
| Sivasankaran's mother
|
|-
| ''[[Bharatham]]''
| Devaki
|
|-
| ''[[Apoorvam Chilar]]''
| Sarojam
|
|-
| ''[[Arangu (film)|Arangu]]''
| Madhavi
|
|-
| ''[[Ezhunnallathu]]''
| Mrs. James
|
|-
| ''[[Kizhakkunarum Pakshi]]''
| Ananthan's mother
|
|-
| ''[[Aparaahnam]]''
| Janakiyamma
|
|-
| rowspan=8 | 1992
| ''[[Kudumbasametham]]''
| Kochukutty
|
|-
| ''[[Aayushkalam]]''
| Aby's mother
|
|-
| ''Mugha Mudra''
| Lakshmi
|
|-
| ''Sabarimalayil Thanka Sooryodayam''
| Chandran Pillai's wife
|
|-
| ''Ponnurukkum Pakshi''
| Lakshmi Amma
|
|-
| ''[[Mahanagaram]]''
| Viswanathan's Mother
|
|-
| ''[[Pappayude Swantham Appoos]]''
|Meenakshi's mother
|
|-
| ''[[Kingini]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=12 | 1993
| ''[[Vietnam Colony]]''
| Parvathiyammal
|
|-
| ''[[Samagamam]]''
| Annakutty
|
|-
| ''[[Oru Kadankatha Pole]]''
| Sekaharan's mother
|
|-
| ''[[Sopanam (film)|Sopanam]]''
| Sethulakshmi Varma
|
|-
| ''[[Ottayadipathakal]]''
| Anoop's mother
|
|-
| ''[[Gandharvam]]''
| Gracy Kutty
|
|-
| ''[[Kalippattam]]''
| Sarojam's mother
|
|-
| ''[[Chenkol]]''
| Sethumadhavan's mother
|
|-
| ''[[Kavadiyattam]]''
| Sethulakshmi
|
|-
| ''[[Maya Mayooram]]''
| Janakiyamma
|
|-
| ''[[Vatsalyam]]''
| Janaki Amma
|
|-
| ''Ithu Manjukalam''
| Aswathy's and Revathy's mother
|
|-
| rowspan=9 | 1994
| ''Paamaram''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Vendor Daniel State Licency]]''
| Annamma Daniel
|
|-
| ''[[Kudumba Vishesham]]''
| Bharathi
|
|-
| ''[[Njan Kodiswaran]]''
| Janaki
|
|-
| ''[[Santhanagopalam]]''
| Kurup's wife
|
|-
| ''[[Sukrutham]]''
| Ravishankar's mother
|
|-
| ''[[Thenmavin Kombath]]''
| Yeshodhamma
|
|-
| ''Bheesmacharya''
| Ponnutty
|
|-
| ''[[Chukkan]]''
| Lakshmi
|
|-
| rowspan=7 | 1995
| ''Mumpe Parakkunna Pakshi''
|
|
|-
| ''Puzhayorathoru Poojari''
| Sreedevi
|
|-
| ''[[No. 1 Snehatheeram Bangalore North]]''
| Vijayabhaskar's mother
|
|-
| ''[[Saadaram]]''
| Bhanumathi
|
|-
| ''[[Minnaminuginum Minnukettu]]''
| Hari's mother
|
|-
| ''[[Mannar Mathai Speaking]]''
| Meera's Mother
|
|-
| ''Karma''
| Rukmini
|
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1997
| ''Swantham Makalkku Snehapoorvam''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Itha Oru Snehagatha]]''
| Daniel's mother
|
|-
| ''Snehasindhooram''
| Uma's mother
|
|-
| ''Amme Prabhathamayi''
|
| Short film
|-
| rowspan=6 | 1998
| ''Aram Jaalakam''
|
|
|-
| ''Priyuralu''
| Subhadra's mother
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film
|-
| ''Manjeeradwani''
| Subhadra's mother
|
|-
| ''[[Kottaram Veettile Apputtan]]''
| Appoottan's mother
|
|-
| ''Poothiruvathira Raavil''
| Raghu's mema
|
|-
| ''[[Amma Ammaayiyamma]]''
| Sarada teacher
|
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1999
| ''[[Pallavur Devanarayanan]]''
| Bhageerathi
|
|-
| ''[[Njangal Santhushtaranu]]''
| Mother of the Orphanage
|
|-
| ''[[The Godman]]''
| Amarnath's Mother
|
|-
| ''[[Ezhupunna Tharakan]]''
| Kunjannamma
|
|-
|}

==== 2000s ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2000
| ''[[Arayannangalude Veedu]]''
| Lakshmi
|
|-
| ''Ramayanakkili''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2001
| ''[[Kakkakuyil]]''
| Sethu Lakshmi Bhai 'Thampuratty'
|
|-
| ''[[Akashathile Paravakal]]''
| Sridevi's grandmother
|
|-
| ''[[Uthaman (2001 film)|Uthaman]]''
| Jayaraj's mother
|
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Nandanam (film)|Nandanam]]''
| Unni Amma
|
|-
| rowspan=7 | 2003
| ''[[Mr. Brahmachari]]''
| Ananthan Thampi's Mother
|
|-
| ''[[Hariharan Pilla Happy Aanu]]''
| Padmavathiyamma
|
|-
| ''Sahodaran Sahadevan''
| Mother of Aravindan & Mukundan
|
|-
| ''Swantham Malavika''
| Vysakhan's mother
|
|-
| ''[[Ammakilikkoodu]]''
| Marykutty Teacher
|
|-
| ''[[Pattanathil Sundaran]]''
| Bhavaniyamma
|
|-
| ''[[Parinamam]]''
| Malathi
|
|-
| rowspan=7 | 2004
| ''[[Nothing but Life]]''
|
| Cameo
|-
| ''Parijatham''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Njan Salperu Ramankutty]]''
| Ramankutty's mother
|
|-
| ''[[Vismayathumbathu]]''
| Sreekumar's mother
|
|-
| ''[[Runway (2004 film)|Runway]]''
| Bharathiyamma
|
|-
| ''[[Natturajavu]]''
| Charlie's Mother
|
|-
| ''[[Mampazhakkalam]]''
| Lakshmi
|
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2006
| ''[[Vadakkumnadhan]]''
| Rugmavathi Amma
|
|-
| ''[[Aanachandam]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Baba Kalyani (film)|Baba Kalyani]]''
| Meenakshiamma
|
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2007
| ''Anamika''
|
|
|-
| ''Komban''
| Kichan's mother
|
|-
| ''[[Anchil Oral Arjunan]]''
| Easweriyamma
|
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2008
| ''[[Twenty:20 (film)|Twenty:20]]''
| Bharathi Amma
|
|-
| ''[[Sultan (2008 film)|Sultan]]''
| Patient
|
|-
| ''[[De Ingottu Nokkiye]]''
| Vettikadu Sadasivan's mother
|
|-
| ''Gulmohar''
| Devaki
|
|-
| ''Kavyam''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2009
| ''Women in Malayalam Cinema''
| Herself
|
|-
| ''[[Ividam Swargamanu]]''
| Elssama
|
|-
| ''Meghatheertham''
| Gayathri Devi
|
|-
| ''[[2 Harihar Nagar]]''
| Andrew's mother
|
|-
| ''[[Kappal Muthalaali]]''
| Bhoominathan's mother
|
|-
|}

==== 2010s ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2011
| ''[[Christian Brothers (film)|Christian Brothers]]''
|Joseph Vadakkan's mother
|
|-
| ''Marananantharam''
|
|
|-
| ''101 Ruppika''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Collector (2011 film)|Collector]]''
| Avinash Varma's mother
|
|-
| ''Swapnamalika''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Ithu Nammude Katha]]''
| Vinod's grandmother
|
|-
| rowspan=8 | 2012
| ''Best Wishes''
|
|
|-
| ''Lumiere Brothers''
| Herself
| Archive footage
|-
| ''[[Orkut Oru Ormakoot]]''
| Amminiyamma
|
|-
| ''[[Mazhavillinattam Vare]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Namukku Parkkan]]''
| Rajeev's mother
|
|-
| ''[[Manjadikuru]]''
| Devayani
|
|-
| ''[[Theruvu Nakshatrangal]]''
| Mukundan's mother
|
|-
| ''[[Mr. Marumakan]]''
| Bhavani Amma
|
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2013
| ''[[Ginger (2013 film)|Ginger]]''
| Vivekanandan's mother
|
|-
| ''[[Kadal Kadannu Oru Maathukutty]]''
| Mariyamma
|
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2014
| ''Tharangal''
| Herself
| Photo only
|-
| ''[[Avatharam (2014 Malayalam film)|Avatharam]]''
| Madhavan's mother
|
|-
| ''[[100 Degree Celsius]]''
| Lovely's mother-in-law
|
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Njan Samvidhanam Cheyyum]]''
| Swamini Amma
|
|-
| rowspan=7 | 2016
| ''Kammal''
|
|
|-
| ''Dhanayathra''
| Vijila's mother
|
|-
| ''Poy Maranju Paranju''
| Vinu's grandmother
|
|-
| ''[[Pa Va]]''
| Agnes/Sister amma
|
|-
| ''[[Oppam]]''
| Jayaraman's valiyammayi
|
|-
| ''[[Thoppil Joppan]]''
| Joppan's mother
|
|-
| ''[[Oru Muthassi Gadha]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2017
| ''Manchatti''
| Mariyamma
| Short film
|-
| ''[[Achayans]]''
| Valyammichi
|
|-
| ''Vedam''
| Sabarinath's grandmother
|
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2019
| ''Mr. Pavanayi 99.99''
| Soni's grandmother
|
|-
| ''Muthassikkoru Muthu''
| Naani Muthassi
|
|-
| ''[[Mamangam (film)|Mamangam]]''
| Puthumana Thampuratti
|
|-
|}

==== 2020s ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2021
| ''[[Aanum Pennum]]''
| Kuttan's mother
| Segment : Rani
|-
| ''Ammachikoottile Pranayakalam''
| Ummachi
|
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2022
| ''[[Aaraattu (2022 film)|Aaraattu]]''
| {{N/A}}
| Uncredited voice only
|-
| ''Kannadi''
|
|
|}

===As a film playback singer===
* 1963 – "Kaavilamme Karinkali" – Kaattumaina
* 1968 – "Methikkalathile" – Velutha Kathreena
* 1972 – "Ambike Jagadambike" – Theerthayaathra
* 1973 – "Mangalaam Kaavile" – Dharmayudham
* 1982 – "Thushaaramanikal" – Illakkangal
* 1982 – "Palathum Paranju" – Chiriyo Chiri
* 1999 – "Unknown" – Pallavur Devanarayanan

==Television==

===Serials===
{{colbegin}}
* 1997 – Mandan Kunju ([[Doordarshan]])
* 1999 – Kalanum Kandakashani ([[Doordarshan]])
* 2000 – Manasi
* 2001 – Akshayapaathram
* 2001 – Swantham Malootty
* 2002 – Akkarappacha ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])
* Nagamma
* 2004 – Dambathya geethangal ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])
* 2004 – Black and White ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])
* 2005 – Krishnakripaasaagaram ([[Amrita TV]])
* 2005 – Amma ([[Amrita TV]])- Telefilm
* 2006 – Manthrakodi ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])
* 2006 – Sthree 2 ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])
* 2006 – Ponnunjal ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])
* 2007 – Sree Ayappanum Vavarum ([[Surya TV]])
* 2007 – Alilathali ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])
* 2007 – Manassariyathe ([[Surya TV]])
* 2007 – Guruvayoor Sree Krishna Darsanam - Devotional show
* 2008 – Meera ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])
* 2008 – Vishudha Thomasleeha ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])
* 2008 – Gajarajan Guruvayoor Kesavan ([[Surya TV]])
* 2008 – Ammathottil ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])
* 2009 – Chandrettanum Shobedathiyum
* 2009 – Pakal Mazha ([[Amrita TV]])
* 2012 – Ramayanam ([[Mazhavil Manorama]])
* 2012 – Kathayile Rajakumari ([[Mazhavil Manorama]])
* 2016 – Amme Mahamayee ([[Surya TV]])
* 2017 – [[Thatteem Mutteem]] ([[Mazhavil Manorama]]) – Cameo appearance
* 2018 – Gauri ([[Surya TV]])
{{colend}}

===Other programmes===
{{colbegin}}
* Home Sweet Home
* JB Junction
* News Hour
* Movies
* Arabian Dreams
* Cinema Diary
* Ponnamma Manassu
* Comedy Super Nite
* Comedy Super Nite 2
* Kathayillithu Jeevitham
*[[Kaiyoppu|Kayyoppu]]
* Ponnamma Manssu Thurakkunnu
* Malayalee House
* On Record
* [[Mukhamukham]]
* Samagamam
* FM Rainbow
*[[Badai Bungalow|Badayi Bungalow]]
* Female Film Festival
* Women in Action programme
* Onam Cooking Show (Kairali We)
* Thiranottam
* Top Talk
* CN Vlogs Onam 2019
* Kayyur Film
* Nithyaharitham Book release
* Ee Vazhitharayil
* [[Charithram Enniloode]]
* International Children’s Film Festival of Kerala (ICFFK)
* Mathrusparsham
* KSFDC
* Valthsallyam
* Mothers’ Day programme
* K.G. Jayan Felicitation
* Aanachamayam
* Thombil Palace Samrakshana Samiti Programme
* Lohithadas Award Function
* 65th Hindu Religious Meet
* Interview (Kairali TV)
* Onam Thoughts (Jaihind TV)
* Ammakkorumma
* Amma Ponnamma
* Cinemayile Amma Ponnamma
* Mohanam 2016
* Limelight
* Anjaloonjal
* Attukal festival
* Oru Vattam Koodi
* Stall at Desam
* Children's day Magic Show
* Prem Nazir film festival
* Media Award Presentation
* Swantham Gramam Sundara Gramam
* Amruthageethangal
* Film Supporting Artistes’ Welfare Association
* Good Knight Film and Business Awards 2017
* Annorikkal
* Nere Chovve
* Lal Salam
* Madhuram Madhuram Onam
* Comedy Stars
* Onathammamar
* Star Singer
* Red FM Malayalam Music Awards
* Thanima Cultural Festival
* Ormayile Ponnonam
* JC Daniel Award - Jury
* Katha Ithuvare
* Amma Nakshathram
* Chapter Day
* Mathrumadhuram Onam
* Prem Nazir Foundation Award
* 50 years of Vellithirayile Perunthachan
* Janaseva Sisu Bhavan Snehaveedu
* Honour to IV Sasi
* Minnalai Television Award Night
* Velicham Intensive Educational Development Project
* Vishu Interview (Jaihind TV)
* Run Kerala, Run
* Golden Jubilee celebrations of the formation of the State
* Krishna Jayanthi
* Hiroshima Day Programme
* Jubilee Fete of the Neeravil Prakash Kala Kendram
* Bharathan's 10th death anniversary
{{colend}}

==Drama==
===As drama actress===
* Mooladhanam
* Puthiya Akasham Puthiya Bhoomi
* Janani Janmbhoomi
* Doctor

===As a drama singer===
* "Vellilam Kaattilolichu Kalikkuvan"
* "Pookkaara Pootharumo" (Doctor)
* "Onappooviliyil" (Mooladhanam)
* "Kaalchilambil" (Mooladhanam)
* "Oru vazhithaarayil" (Althara)
* "Pottichirichu"
* "Mannil Piranna"(Althara)
* "Mulchedikkaattil"(Althara)
* "Vala Vala"(Althara)
* (Yagashala)
* (Maya)

==Albums==
* Karyasiddhi Pooja
* Ente Malayalam
* Sreeramajapam
* Makam - (Singer)
* Ellam Ente Chottanikkara Amma - (Singer)
* Krishna Krishna Hare Hare - (Singer)

==Advertisements==
* Sreelakshmi General & Pooja Store Payyoli
* Fawaz Wedding Centre
* Manohar Jewellers
* Kalabhacharthu
* Joy Alukkas Wedding Center
* Santhimadam Villa
* Sreenivas Idli and Dosa Powder
* Mas Curry Powder
* Siva Emu

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}

* {{IMDb name|0690450}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ponnamma, Kaviyoor}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kerala]]
[[Category:People from Pathanamthitta district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian stage actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam theatre]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]

Deep Pal

2025-12-16T22:51:45Z

Rxsolution: New New Pg...

{{Short description|Indian cinematographer (1953–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Deep Pal
| image = Deep Pal.png
| birth_name = Abhijit Pal
| birth_date = {{birth date|1953|04|16|df=y}} [[Bombay]], [[Bombay State]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2021|10|07|1953|04|16|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India
| occupation = Cinematographer, Director of Photography & Steadicam Operator
| years_active = 1974 - 2020
| relatives = [[Colin Pal]] (father) [[Niranjan Pal]] (grandfather) [[Bipin Chandra Pal]] (great-grandfather)
}}

'''Deep Pal''' (16 April 1953 – 7 October 2021) was an Indian cinematographer. He was the son of publicist [[Colin Pal]] and grandson of director [[Niranjan Pal]]. He started his career with [[Basu Bhattacharya]] doing camerawork for 1974 Hindi film ''[[Avishkaar]]'', before moving on to an independent career as a documentary filmmaker. Pal is known as being one of the pioneers of [[Steadicam]] camerawork in India. Pal's first major Steadicam work was in ''[[Shiva (1990 film)|Shiva]]'', which was considered a pathbreaking film on visual technique in Telugu cinema. His later work included ''[[Bandit Queen]]'' (1994) directed by [[Shekhar Kapur]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/68062/bandit-queen#overview | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010003650/https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/68062/bandit-queen#overview | url-status=dead | archive-date=10 October 2021 | title=Bandit Queen | publisher=TCM | accessdate=9 October 2021}}</ref> and ''[[Dil Se..]]'' (1998) directed by [[Mani Ratnam]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2be1841e76 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308234746/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2be1841e76 | url-status=dead | archive-date=8 March 2016 | title=Deep Pal | publisher=BFI | accessdate=1 February 2019 }}</ref> He died of cancer on 7 October 2021.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://filminformation.com/featured/ace-steadicam-operator-deep-pal-dead-8-october-2021/ | title=ACE STEADICAM OPERATOR DEEP PAL DEAD | publisher=FilmInformation | accessdate=9 October 2021}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===As a cinematographer===
While his primary recognition was for his work in bringing image-stabilizing technology to camerawork in India,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/filmmaking-from-studios-to-locations-to-vfx-suites-column-b-town/1619115/ | title=From Studios to Locations to VFX Suites | publisher=Outlook | accessdate=9 October 2021}}</ref> prior to a Steadicam, he cinematographed and directed his own documentary films including ''Cages'' (1984) on prostitution in Falkland Road in Mumbai, and ''Give us this Day our Daily Lunch'' (1985) based on the [[Dabbawala]] food delivery system in Bombay.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b71f1babc/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309000108/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b71f1babc | url-status=dead | archive-date=9 March 2016 | title=Give Us This Day Our Daily Lunch | publisher=BFI | accessdate=9 October 2021}}</ref>

In 1993, he was Director of Photography (DOP) in the Hindi Feature Film [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0172980/ Pehla Nasha], the first directorial venture of filmmaker [[Ashutosh Gowariker]].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Director
|-
| 1993
| ''[[Pehla Nasha]]''
| [[Ashutosh Gowariker]]
|-
| 2015
| ''Stripped''
| [[Srivinay Salian]]
|}

===As a steadicam operator===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Director
|-
| 1997
| ''[[Border (1997 film)|Border]]''
| [[J.P. Dutta]]
|-
| 1999
| ''[[Laawaris (1999 film)|Laawaris]]''
| [[Shrikant Sharma]]
|-
| 1999
| ''[[Hum Saath-Saath Hain: We Stand United]]''
| [[Sooraj R. Barjatya]]
|-
| 2001
| ''The Roshans: Hrithik Live in Concert''
| Akashdeep
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Filhaal...]]''
| [[Meghna Gulzar]]
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Amal (2007 film)|Amal]]''
| [[Richie Mehta]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1001620|Deep Pal}}
* {{IMDb title|0172980|Pehla Nasha}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pal, Deep}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Hindi film cinematographers]]
[[Category:Cinematographers from Maharashtra]]

Panruti

2025-11-16T13:15:02Z

Rxsolution: Added The Post Needs Work

{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement 
| name = Panruti
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Panruti arch.jpg
| image_alt = Panruti - center
| image_caption = Center of Panruti
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{Coord|11.77|N|79.55|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{Flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for = Cashew bowl of Tamil Nadu
| government_type = First Grade Municipality
| governing_body = Panruti Municipality
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 32
| population_total = 60,323
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Panrutian
| population_footnotes = <ref name=2011census/>
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 607106
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 04142[[Pannurutti]]
| registration_plate = TN-31
| website = {{URL|http://www.panruti.do.am/ |Panruti Municipality}}
| footnotes =
| official_name = Panruti
}}

'''Panruti''' is a town, [[municipality]] and [[taluk]] headquarters of [[Cuddalore district]], Tamil Nadu, India, between [[Cuddalore]] and [[Neyveli]].

==Geography and climate==
Panruti is located at 11.77°N 79.55°E. Panruti is located on the main line of high ways. National highway NH-36 passes through this town, connects [[Vikravandi]] and [[Mannargudi]]. State Highway SH-68 which connects [[Cuddalore]] - [[Sankarapuram]] passes through Panruti. The town lies in mainway of Chennai and Kumbakonam. The town is well-connected with major cities in Tamilnadu.It has an average elevation of 32 metres (104 feet). The [[Gadilam River]] flows through the town and [[Ponnaiyar River|Thenpennai River]] is nearby.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}

Panruti has a hot and humid climate throughout the year, with high temperatures and high levels of humidity. The monsoon season brings heavy rainfall to the region, while the winter season is relatively drier and more comfortable.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}

The climate can be divided into three main seasons: summer, monsoon, and winter.

Summer: The summer season in Panruti lasts from March to May. During this time, the temperatures can reach as high as 40 °C (104 °F) during the day and rarely fall below 25 °C (77 °F) at night. The humidity is also high, making the weather feel hot and sticky.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}[[File:Panruti railway station.jpg|thumb|Panruti railway station's view]]

==Economy==
Panruti produces [[cashew]]s, and [[jackfruit]].<ref>{{cite web|title=General information|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/panruti/sal_generalinformation.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130901025740/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/panruti/sal_generalinformation.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-09-01|publisher=Panruti Municipality|access-date=2013-07-07|year=2011}}</ref>

==Villages==
*[[Bandrakottai]]
*[[Puthupet]]
*[[Sitharasur]]
*Laksminaryanapuram
*Panickankuppam
*Athirikuppam
*Varinjipakkam

==Demographics==
{{bar box|title=Religious census|titlebar=#ddd|left1=Religion|right1=Percent(%)|float=left|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|Orange|87.36}}{{bar percent|[[Islam|Muslim]]|Green|11.0}}{{bar percent|[[Christianity|Christian]]|purple|1.3}}{{bar percent|[[Sikhism|Sikh]]|yellow|0.01}}{{bar percent|[[Buddhism|Buddhist]]|Gold|0.03}}{{bar percent|[[Jainism|Jain]]|Blue|0.25}}{{bar percent|Other|grey|0.04}}}}

According to [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Panruti had a population of 60,323 with a sex-ratio of 996 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.<ref name="dashboard">{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> A total of 6,257 were under the age of six, constituting 3,204 males and 3,053 females. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] accounted for 15.02% and .19% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the town was 76.19%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.<ref name="dashboard"/> The town had a total of 14170 households. There were a total of 21,822 workers, comprising 948 cultivators, 2,174 main agricultural labourers, 370 in house hold industries, 14,624 other workers, 3,706 marginal workers, 122 marginal cultivators, 1,660 marginal agricultural labourers, 93 marginal workers in household industries and 1,831 other marginal workers.<ref name=2011census>{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals - Panruti|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=690103|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref>

As per the religious census of 2011, Panruti had 87.36% [[Hindus]], 11% [[Muslims]], 1.3% [[Christians]], 0.01% [[Sikhs]], 0.03% [[Buddhists]], 0.25% [[Jainism|Jains]] and 0.04% following other religions.<ref name=religion2011>{{cite web|title=Population By Religious Community - Tamil Nadu|year=2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|format=XLS|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|access-date=13 September 2015}}</ref>

== Gandhi statue ==
A five-foot-tall Gandhi statue at Gandhi park near the Four-Road junction at Panruti has an amalgamation of five precious metals and alloys - worth tens of millions of rupees, with gold comprising around 20 per cent of the statue's 200-odd kg weight i.e. 40 kg of gold.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2016/sep/20/civic-officials-shocked-as-this-neglected-gandhi-statue-has-200kg-of-gold-in-it-1521706.html |title=Panchaloha Gandhi Statue at Panruti Gandhi park|publisher=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Andikuppam]]
*[[Balavihar School]]
*[[PerperiyanKuppam]]
*[[Vegakollai]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Cuddalore district]]

Panpoli

2025-10-24T00:22:17Z

Rxsolution: correct information per standard format and fixed typos to improve readability

{{More citations needed|date=January 2007}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Panpoli
| native_name = Panpozhi
| native_name_lang = Paimpozhil
| other_name = Panboli
| nicknames = PaimPozhil, Pambli, Panboli
| settlement_type = TownPanchayat
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|9|01|25.3|N|77|14|55.4|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tenkasi district|Tenkasi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 9313
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| demographics1_title2 = Other Languages
| demographics1_info2 = [[Malayalam]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 627807
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 04633
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1.015 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 = 88%
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Panpoli''' is a village (Town panchayat) situated near Sengottai Taluk in [[Tenkasi district]], Tamil Nadu, [[India]].

== Demographics ==
As of the [[2011 Census of India]], Panpoli had a population of {{formatnum:9313}} spread over {{formatnum:2619}} households.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=744827 |title=Census of India: Search Details - Panpoli |access-date= 18 February 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2023}}

== Civic Administration ==
Panpoli has been entitled to 15 wards as a Town Panchayat.

== Economy ==
Panpoli's economy is mainly agro-based. The Village acts as a focal point for food grains transported from the adjoining areas of the Tirunelveli, Thoothukudi, virudhunagar and Madurai districts and Kerala mainly. Furthermore, there are many males working overseas and sending back money to their families. The locals are therefore doing better in many ways, with some of them building bigger houses and other buildings.

There have been ongoing public upgrades such as roadworks in the area over the past year.

== Agriculture ==
Agriculture in Panpoli is the main source of livelihood for most of the people of Panpoli. Rice and Coconut Cultivation have been the major occupation of the local inhabitants. since the land is ideally suited for growing crops like Rice and coconut.

== Transportation ==
===Local buses===
Bus Routes Tenkasi-Thirumalaikovil (SAT, SRT, and 20Lss) Shencottai-kadayanallur (12C,12D,12F and 12E Lss and Jappan) Vadakari-Tenkasi, Kovilpatti-Thirumalaikovil, Shencottai (MRG, KR), Tirunelveli-Thirumalaikovil/ Achankovil (101 Sfs), Surandai-Thirumalaikovil (20M Lss) Sivagiri, Rajapalayam-shencottai (Kayesar), Alangulam-mekkarai (Jayaram), mekkarai-Tenkasi,(Vadakarai) KERALA/TN TRANSPORT - Achankovil, Punalur, Kollam.

===Buses to Chennai, Bangalore, Madurai===
*Chennai ultra-deluxe buses
* 184 UD, Five buses are Regularly operated from Sengottai,
* 184 UD, video coach A/c- Non A/c. Sliper
* Maximum All Private Omani Buses service Near SCT-Tenkasi

===Trains===
Trains available at Sengottai (4 km From Panpoli) include:
* Sengottai – Madurai Passenger
* Sengottai – [[Chennai Egmore]] [[Pothigai Express]]
* Sengottai - [[Tirunelveli]] Passenger
* Sengottai – Chennai Silambu Express via Manamadurai, Thanjavur, Mayiladuthurai (Daily)
* Sengottai – Tambaram Express
* Kollam – Chennai Egmore Express
* Punalur – Sengottai Passenger

These two depots operate buses from Sengottai to various cities of Tamil Nadu, [[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]] and [[Kerala]]. The main cities are Chennai, Tirupur, Coimbatore, Trichy, Madurai, Tiruchendur, Tuticorin, [[Srivilliputtur]] and Ramanathapuram in Tamil Nadu and [[Thiruvananthapuram]] UD, [[Pathanamthitta]], [[Kottarakkara]], [[Kottayam]], [[Guruvayur]], [[Punalur]], and [[Quilon]] (Kollam) in Kerala and [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]] in Puducherry.

== Educational institutions ==
===Schools===
* EMR Govt.Hr Secondary School
* RKV Middle School (Panpoli)
* Rasheeth Primary School
* St.Joseph Matric school
* Panchayat Union primary school
* Royal Primary nursery school
* Joy Nursery and Primary School

===Colleges near Panpoli===
*Sri Parasakthi College for Women (Courtallam)
*JP Engineering College (Ayikudi)
*Nallamani Yadava College of Art and Science (Kodikuruchi)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Tenkasi district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Tenkasi district]]

Hiranyakeshi river

2025-09-30T17:04:45Z

Rxsolution: Started A Place More To Come!

{{Short description|River in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Hiranyakeshi River
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| name_other =
| name_etymology =

| image = Hiranyakeshi river.JPG
| image_size =
| image_caption = Rapid currents of the Hiranyakeshi river
| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption=

| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 =
| subdivision_name5 =

| length =
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location= [[mouth]]
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg =
| discharge1_max =

| source1 = [[Chaukul]]
| source1_location = [[Maharashtra]], India
| source1_coordinates=
| source1_elevation =
| mouth = [[Ghataprabha River]]
| mouth_location = [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| mouth_coordinates =
| mouth_elevation =
| progression =
| river_system =
| basin_size =
| tributaries_left =
| tributaries_right =
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}

The '''Hiranyakeshi river''' is a left-bank tributary of the [[Ghataprabha River]] originating in the [[Western Ghats]] in the [[Sindhudurg]] district of [[Maharashtra]].<ref name="D'Souza2006">{{cite book|author=Radha D'Souza|title=Interstate Disputes Over Krishna Waters: Law, Science and Imperialism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q25G_UPrJ4EC&pg=PA242|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-2910-6|page=242}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The river derives its name from the Sri Hiranyakeshi temple. The temple is built over caves from where the river originates as a fresh mountain stream.<ref>[http://www.nativeplanet.com/amboli/attractions/hiranya-keshi-temple/ Hiranya Keshi Temple, Amboli]</ref><ref name="Publishing2008">{{cite book|author=Outlook Publishing|title=Outlook Traveller|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_iTEEAAAAMBAJ|date=October 2008|publisher=Outlook Publishing|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_iTEEAAAAMBAJ/page/n34 64]}}</ref> Hiranyakeshi is a [[Sanskrit]] word which means "one with golden hair"<ref>Roshni Udyavar: [http://www.enviro-arch.com/article_hiranyakeshi.html Hiranyakeshi – The Spring of Life.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222112/http://www.enviro-arch.com/article_hiranyakeshi.html |date=3 March 2016 }}</ref> and refers to the Hindu goddess [[Parvati]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

== Course ==
[[File:Amboli1.jpg|thumb|Sri Hiranyakeshi temple]]
The river begins in the caves in Hiranyakeshwar temple near the hill station of [[Amboli hill station|Amboli]]. It flows northwest towards Jakatwadi, a small village next to Amboli, where it turns right almost at a right angle and begins to flow east. It flows underneath a bridge supporting state highway 121, which the British named ''Victoria Jubilee Bridge''<ref name="Gunaji2010">{{cite book|author=Milind Gunaji|title=Mystical, Magical Maharashtra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5xefEXhvG8EC&pg=PA79|year=2010|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7991-445-8|page=79}}</ref> and goes northeast to the town of [[Ajra]] in the [[Kolhapur]] district of [[Maharashtra]].

2 km before it reaches Ajra, the river plunges over a rocky ledge about 5 metres high forming the Ramteerth falls and then crosses under another bridge. It continues its run now along the right side of SH 134 crossing over into the [[Belgaum]] district, [[Karnataka]]. At the town of [[Sankeshwar, Karnataka|Sankeshwar]] it goes southeast for a short distance before it converges with [[Ghataprabha]] river after Hidkal dam and before Gokak falls.
[[File:Ramteerth falls.jpg|thumb|right|Ramteerth falls at Ajra]]

== Irrigation ==
Two barriers constructed over the river, known as the Dabhil [[weir]] and the Devarde weir, provide irrigation water to the neighbouring villages.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=BWA_in_Krishna_Basin |title=Water Resources Information System of India: BWA in Krishna Basin |access-date=2014-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725132342/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=BWA_in_Krishna_Basin |archive-date=2014-07-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Ecology ==
[[File:Malabar Melastome.JPG|thumb|left|''Malabar melastome'' grows along the banks of the river.]]
The area around the river's origin being a sacred groove is protected by the locals.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}} During the monsoon months, fresh rain water transforms the landscape into a lush green oasis with different types of mushrooms which sprout out along its banks.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}} There are also a variety of plants like ''[[Strobilanthes callosa|karvi]]'' and ''[[melastoma malabathricum|malabar melastome]]''.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

==Water pollution status==
Physico-chemical analysis showed that the water of the Hiranyakeshi River was in 2010 mostly within the limits of WHO standards with the exemption of samples taken at [[Chicalgud]] because of the addition of domestic sewage and sugar mill effluents.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

== Places of interest ==
* Hiranyakeshwar temple
* Ramteerth temple
* [[Amboli, Sindhudurg|Amboli hill-station]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Coord|15.954959|74.027239|display=title}}

[[Category:Rivers of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Rivers of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Geography of Belagavi district]]

Sandip Desai

2025-08-21T14:13:56Z

Rxsolution: Created post

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}

'''Sandip Desai''' (born 1972)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sandip Desai(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- CHORYASI(SURAT) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/gujarat2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=5114 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Gujarat]]. He is a member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from Choryasi Assembly constituency in [[Surat district]]. He won the [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=marathi |title=Gujarat choryasi Election Results, Gujarat Elections 2022 Vote Counting LIVE |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/electionselections/gujarat-assembly-election-2022/gujarat-choryasi-constituency-168.html |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=marathi.abplive.com |language=mr}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Desai is from Choryasi, Surat district, Gujarat. He is the son of Jayantilal Daultray Desai. He studied Bachelor of Arts first year at M. T. B. Arts College, [[Athwalines|Athawalines]], Surat in 1992 and later discontinued his studies.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Desai won from [[Choryasi Assembly constituency]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election. He polled 236,033 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Prakashbhai Contractor of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]], by a margin of 186,418 votes. He is a first timer, but his margin of victory is only second to the chief minister candidate, [[Bhupendra Patel]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-09 |title=Sandip Desai, a first-timer, only second to CM Bhupendra Patel in winning margin |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/sandip-desai-a-first-timer-only-second-to-cm-bhupendra-patel-gujarat-election-8314394/ |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Choryasi Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Sandip Desai Of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/elections/choryasi-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-6562291.html |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS06168.htm?ac=168 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205180139/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS06168.htm?ac=168 |archive-date=5 February 2023 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=results.eci.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Desai, Sandip}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Surat district]]

Muthyala Subbaiah

2025-06-29T00:43:06Z

Rxsolution: added basic details basic info

{{Short description|Indian Telugu film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Muthyala Subbaiah
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Subbaiah
| birth_date = 15-09-1950
| birth_place = K.Bitragunta, [[Prakasam District]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| body_discovered =
| resting_place =
| education = B.com
| alma_mater =
| other_names =
| occupation = Director Writer
| years_active = 1973–Present.
| spouse = Parvathi<ref name="CVR News interview"/>
| children = 3<ref name="idlebrain">{{cite web|last1=GV|title=Vamsy Krishna S/O Muthyala Subbaiah Wedding|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/wedding-vamsikrishna.html|website=idlebrain.com|publisher=G. V. Ramana|accessdate=6 October 2016}}</ref>
| awards = {{unbulleted list|[[Nandi Awards]]}}
| signature =
| website =
}}
'''Muthyala Subbaiah''' (born: 15 September 1950) is an Indian film director.<ref name="SunitaChowdhary">{{cite news|last1=Sunita Chowdhary|first1=Y.|title=My films had a purpose|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/my-films-had-a-purpose/article4470518.ece|work = [[The Hindu]]|date=2 March 2013 |publisher=N. Ram|accessdate=19 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="filmiclub">{{cite web|last1=Admin|title=Muthyala Subbaiah Biography|url=http://www.filmiclub.com/person/muthyala-subbaiah-qohbd0r|website=filmiclub.com|publisher=Filmi Club|accessdate=6 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="CVR News interview">{{cite web|last1=CVR|first1=News|title=CVR Exclusive Interview With Director Muthyala Subbiah - Aapthudu Part 1|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C21ckXPKcOg|website=youtube.com|publisher=CVR News|accessdate=6 October 2016}}</ref> He has directed 50 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] films.<ref name="sakshi">{{cite web|last1=Sakshi|first1=Family|title=Trend Marindi Guruva|url=http://www.sakshi.com/news/family/director-muthyala-subbaiah-interview-229503|website=Sakshi.com|date=11 April 2015 |publisher=Jagati Publications|accessdate=22 June 2016}}</ref> Known for his films with heavy dose of human emotions, he is sometimes referred as ''Sentiment Subbaiah''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.veethi.com/india-people/muthyala_subbaiah-profile-11399-14.htm |title=Muthayala subbayya profile|website=Veethi.com |accessdate=20 August 2020}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Muthyala Subbaiah was born in K.Bitragunta, a village in [[Prakasam district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. His parents are Sankaraiah, Seshamma. He is the eldest of four children. He has two sisters and a brother. He was named after his grandfather Subbaiah.<ref name="CVR News interview"/> Their family lived on [[agriculture]]. He used to participate in stage shows since the age of 13 years. He did his B. Com from [[Vidavalur]]. He served as the secretary of Fine Arts Association in his college.<ref>{{cite web |title=Modati cinema |url=https://www.koumudi.net/books/modaticinema_koumudi.pdf |website=Koumudi.net |publisher=Kiran Prabha |accessdate=20 August 2020}}</ref>

He was married to Parvathi when he was an assistant director. They have three children, two sons and a daughter.<ref name="CVR News interview"/>

==Filmography==
===Director===
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= May 2022}}
{{colbegin}}
* ''[[Moodu Mulla Bandham]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Vande Mataram (1985 film)|Vande Mataram]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Aruna Kiranam]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Athharintiki Daredi]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Nava Bharatam]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Sagatu Manishi]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Inspector Pratap]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Chinnari Sneham]]'' (1989) Remake of Tamil film ''[[Paravaigal Palavitham]]''
* ''[[Mamatala Kovela]]'' (1989)
* ''[[Dharma Yuddham (1989 film)|Dharma Yuddham]]'' (1989)
* ''[[Bharatanari]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Jayasimha (1990 film)|Jayasimha]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Neti Charitra]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Maa Inti Katha]]'' (1990) Remake of Kannada film ''[[Deva (1989 film)|Deva]]''
* ''[[Mamagaru]]'' (1991) Remake of Tamil film ''[[Naan Pudicha Mappillai]]''
* ''[[Samsara Veena]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Kalikalam]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Yerra Mandaram]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Bangaru Mama]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Pellante Noorella Panta]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Parvatalu Panakalu]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Repati Koduku]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Madhavayya Gari Manavadu]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Illu Pelli]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Pelli Gola]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Palnati Pourusham]]'' (1994) Remake of Tamil film ''[[Kizhakku Cheemayile]]''
* ''[[Shrivari Priyaralu]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Anna (1994 film)|Anna]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Ammayi Kapuram]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Errodu]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Aadaalla Majaka]]'' (1995) Remake of Malayalam film ''[[Pidakkozhi Koovunna Noottandu]]''
* ''[[Soggadi Pellam]]'' (1996) Remake of Tamil film ''[[Ellame En Rasathan]]''
* ''[[Prema Prayanam]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Pavitra Bandham]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Hitler (1997 film)|Hitler]]'' (1997) Remake of Malayalam film ''[[Hitler (1996 film)|Hitler]]''
* ''[[Oka Chinna Maata]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Gokulamlo Seeta]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Pelli Chesukundam]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Suryudu]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Snehitulu]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Pavitra Prema]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Manikyam]]'' (1999) Remake of Tamil film ''[[Porkaalam]]''
* ''[[Krishna Babu (1999 film)|Krishna Babu]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Manasunna Maaraju]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Oke Maata]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Annayya (2000 film)|Annayya]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Tholi Valapu]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Deevinchandi]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Raja Narasimha]]'' (2003) (Kannada)
* ''[[Aaptudu]]'' (2004) Remake of Hindi film ''[[Ghatak: Lethal]]''
* ''[[Aalayam (2008 film)|Aalayam]]'' (2008)
{{colend}}

===Producer===
*''Thalli Manasu'' (2025)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0836909}}

{{Muthyala Subbaiah}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Subbaiah, Muthyala}}
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Nellore district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]