Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Vanita Kharat

2026-05-08T05:54:47Z

Rupa Banerjee Editor:

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1992)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vanita Kharat
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1992|07|19|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| alma_mater = [[Kirti M. Doongursee College]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-11 |title=...म्हणून वनिता खरातने किर्ती कॉलेजला घेतलेला प्रवेश, समीर चौघुलेंनी केली पोलखोल|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/marathi-actress-vanita-kharat-why-took-admission-at-kirti-college-samir-choughule-reveled-nrp-97-3908404/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2010–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Sumeet Londhe|2023}}
}}

'''Vanita Kharat''' (born 19 July 1992) is an Indian actress from [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra. She is well known performer in Marathi comedy show [[Maharashtrachi Hasyajatra]]. Kharat was featured in ''[[Vicky Velingkar]]'' and in Bollywood film ''[[Kabir Singh]]''.

== Early and personal life ==
Kharat was born on 19 July 1992 in Mumbai, Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-21 |title='मी जितकं हसवते आहे तितकचं...'; 'महाराष्ट्राची हास्यजत्रा' फेम वनिता खरातची पोस्ट चर्चेत |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/vanita-kharat-maharashtrachi-hasyajatra-kabir-singh-fame-actress-vanita-kharat-post-viral-on-social-media-actress-shared-birthday-related-post-entertainment-television-1202982 |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=[[ABP Majha]] |language=mr}}</ref> She got married on 2 February 2023 to Sumeet Londhe.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-03 |title=Vanita Kharat and Sumeet Londhe celebrate one month of their wedding, share unseen moments from the grand affair |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/vanita-kharat-and-sumeet-londhe-celebrate-one-month-of-their-wedding-share-unseen-moments-from-the-grand-affair/articleshow/98381416.cms |access-date=2023-12-10 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Film ===
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Language
!Notes
!Ref(s)
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|''[[Kabir Singh]]''
|Kabir's Maid
|[[Hindi]]
|[[Bollywood]] debut
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Shahid's Kabir Singh co-star sets internet on fire with risque photo |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/shahid-kapoor-s-kabir-singh-co-star-vanita-kharat-sets-internet-on-fire-with-risque-photo-championing-body-positivity-see-here/story-AQgpAPgxKecat3TyLoVXhL.html |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kabir Singh Actor Vanita Kharat Dares to Bare it All as She Promotes Body Positivity in Nude Photoshoot |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/kabir-singh-actor-vanita-kharat-dares-to-bare-it-all-as-she-promotes-body-positivity-in-nude-photoshoot-4312121/ |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=[[India.com]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Vicky Velingkar]]''
|
|Marathi
|
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-10 |title='I Am Fit, Not Obese': Vanita Kharat Hits Back At Trolls |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/i-am-fit-not-obese-vanita-kharat-hits-back-at-trolls-8047459.html |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|''Justice For Good Content''
|
|Hindi
|
|{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}
|-
|''Men Will Be Men''
|Jyoti
|Hindi
|Short film
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Featuring Vanita Kharat as Jyoti Men Will be Men |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CRleFyIF1LG/ |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=[[Instagram]]}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Luckdown Be Positive]]''
|Vasu's cousin
|Marathi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-16 |title=वनिता आणि ओंकारचा येतोय ' लकडाऊन बी पॉझिटिव्ह ' |url=https://pudhari.news/?p=121844&preview=true |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=[[Pudhari]] |language=mr-IN}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[School College Ani Life]]''
|
|Marathi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-21 |title=रोहित शेट्टीच्या चित्रपटात झळकणार 'महाराष्ट्राची हास्यजत्रा' फेम वनिता खरात, ट्रेलरमध्ये दिसली झलक |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/vanita-kharat-to-play-role-in-bollywood-director-rohit-shetty-first-marathi-film-school-college-and-life-kak-96-3534773/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|''Salman Society''
|
|Marathi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Borade |first=Aarti Vilas |title=Salman Society Trailer: गौरव मोरे- वनिता खरातच्या 'सलमान सोसायटी'चा ट्रेलर पाहिलात का? |url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/gaurav-more-upcoming-movie-salman-society-trailer-is-out-141699272214964.html |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ekda Yeun Tar Bagha]]''
|Shrivalli
|Marathi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title='एकदा येऊन तर बघा' मध्ये दिसणार वनिता खरातचा दाक्षिणात्य अंदाज, फोटो पाहून चाहते घायाळ |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/vanita-kharat-new-movie-yeun-tar-bagha-is-coming-soon-her-south-indian-look-goes-viral/articleshow/104399059.cms |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Phullwanti]]''
|
|Marathi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Phullwanti Trailer: Marathi Comedians Work For Free In Prajakta Mali's Peshwa-Era Drama |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/phullwanti-trailer-marathi-comedians-work-for-free-in-prajakta-malis-peshwa-era-drama-9083236.html |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=News18}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2025
|''[[Ilu Ilu 1998]]''
|Jadhav Bai
|Marathi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=आठवणींची स्लॅम बुक पुन्हा उघडणार! ९०च्या दशकातील लव्ह स्टोरी; 'इलू इलू'ची पहिली झलक आली समोर |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/ilu-ilu-1998-marathi-movie-first-motion-poster-release-starring-veena-jamkar-aroh-welankar-mira-jagannath-vanita-kharat/articleshow/115900910.cms |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|''[[ChikiChiki BooBoomBoom]]''
|Babli
|Marathi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=प्राजक्ता माळीच्या चाहत्यांसाठी न्यू इअर गिफ्ट, 'फुलवंती' दिसणार या सिनेमात, लूक आहे खूपच भारी |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/prajakta-mali-new-film-announcement-chiki-chiki-booboom-boom-directed-by-prasad-khandekar-starring-swapnil-joshi-prarthana-behere/articleshow/116824998.cms |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Gulkand (film)|Gulkand]]''
|Dhone Bai
|Marathi
|
|
|-
|''[[Ye Re Ye Re Paisa 3]]''
|Esha Danve Patil
|Marathi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kulkarni |first=Priyanka |date=2024-05-10 |title=Ye Re Ye Re Paisa: "कुणी पैशात खेळतं, तर कुणी पैशासाठी..!"; 'येरे येरे पैसा 3' ची घोषणा, 'या' दिवशी रिलीज होणार चित्रपट |url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/ye-re-ye-re-paisa-3-siddharth-jadhav-tejaswini-pandit-and-umesh-kamat-marathi-movie-announcement-entertainment-news-pvk21 |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=Sakal |language=Mr}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2026
|''Jabraat''
|
|Marathi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee Marathi ची लोकप्रिय जोडी झळकणार मोठ्या पडद्यावर; रोमँटिक केमिस्ट्रीने जिंकलेले प्रेक्षकांचे मन |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/zee-marathi-36-guni-jodi-fame-ayush-sanjeev-and-anushka-sarkate-upcoming-marathi-movie-jabraat/articleshow/126162846.cms |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Super Duperr]]''
|Sona
|Marathi
|
|
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!Notes
!Ref(s)
|-
|2018–present
|''[[Maharashtrachi Hasyajatra]]''
|Contestant
| rowspan="5" |Marathi
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|2019
| ''[[Rang Majha Vegla]]''
|Interview Candidate for Job
|
|
|-
|2021
|[[Sundari (Marathi TV series)|''Sundari'']]
|Saheb
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-31 |title=Vanita Kharat: 'महाराष्ट्राची हास्यजत्रा' फेम वनिता खरात होणार 'साहेब', या मालिकेत पहिल्यांदाच साकारणार खलनायिका |url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/maharashtrachi-hasyajatra-fame-vanita-kharat-play-villain-in-upcoming-marathi-serial-sundari-drj96 |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=[[Sakal]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[RaanBaazaar]]''
|Bina Singh
|Web series
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|''[[Tuzech Mi Geet Gaat Aahe]]''
|Ranjana
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-04 |title='तुझेच मी गीत गात आहे' मालिकेत अभिनेत्री वनिता खरातची एण्ट्री, 'रंजना' बनून करणार स्वराची मदत! |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/tujhech-mi-geet-gaat-aahe-kabir-singh-fame-actress-vanita-kharat-s-entry-in-serial-1076079 |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=[[ABP Majha]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Half CA]]''
|Landlady
|Hindi
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Half CA Season 1 Review : Ahsaas Channa and Gyanendra Tripathi show encourages CA aspirants to 'Never Give Up' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/half-ca/season-1/seasonreview/102073648.cms |access-date=2023-12-10 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

=== Stage work ===
*''Thoda Tujha Thoda Majha''<ref>{{Cite web |title='कबीर सिंग'मध्ये शाहिदसोबत झळकली आहे वनिता, कॅलेंडर फोटोशूट बघून आईवडिलांची होती 'ही' प्रतिक्रिया |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/entertainment/marathi-cinema/news/kabir-singh-fame-vanita-kharat-unknown-facts-128093893.html |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=[[Divya Marathi]] |language=mr}}</ref>
*''Shree Bai Samarth''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-07 |title=#Breakthebias : 'तुमची मुलगी एवढा वेळ बाहेर काय करते?' चाळीतल्या बायका वनिता खरातला टोमणे मारत.. |url=https://www.lokmat.com/sakhi/inspirational/breakthebias-marathi-actress-vanita-kharat-shares-a-success-journey-a648/ |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|id=10365157}}

[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Marathi actresses]]
[[Category:Marathi comedians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian theatre people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi theatre]]
[[Category:Indian stage actresses]]
[[Category:Indian stand-up comedians]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Jacobs School of Music

2026-05-04T14:45:28Z

Rupa Banerjee Editor: creating basic info from scratch.

{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=April 2020}}
{{Independent sources|date=April 2020}}
}}
{{Use American English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Jacobs School of Music
| image = Indiana University Jacobs School of Music Lockup, 2026.png
| image_size = 150px
| motto =
| established = {{start date and age|1921}}
| type = [[Public school (government funded)|Public]]
| head_label = Dean
| head = Abra K. Bush
| address = 1201 East Third Street
| city = [[Bloomington, Indiana|Bloomington]]
| state = Indiana
| information =
| campus = Bloomington, Indiana, U.S.
| enrollment = More than 1,500
| faculty = 250
| avg_class_size =
| ratio =
| patron =
| athletics =
| colors =
| mascot =
| athletic_conference =
| website = {{URL|https://music.indiana.edu/}}
| ceeb =
}}

The '''Jacobs School of Music''' is the music school of [[Indiana University Bloomington]] in [[Bloomington, Indiana]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Schools: Academics |url=https://bloomington.iu.edu/academics/schools.html |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=Indiana University Bloomington |language=en-US}}</ref>

Established in 1921, the school was known as the Indiana University School of Music until 2005, when it became the Jacobs School. The school offers graduate and undergraduate degrees in performance (classical, jazz, voice, ballet), music business, music education, musicology, music theory, composition, and technology (audio engineering, music production, scoring).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Areas of Study |url=https://music.indiana.edu/degrees-programs/areas-of-study/index.html |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=Jacobs School of Music |language=en-US}}</ref>

Approximately 1,600 students from all 50 U.S. states and more than 55 countries study in a conservatory atmosphere amidst the academic resources of a major research university.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://music.indiana.edu/about/index.html |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=Jacobs School of Music |language=en-US}}</ref>

Approximately half of the school's students are undergraduates, with the second largest enrollment of all music schools accredited by the [[National Association of Schools of Music]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Accredited Institutions Search |url=https://nasm.arts-accredit.org/directory-lists/accredited-institutions/search/ |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=National Association of Schools of Music |language=en-US}}</ref>

==History==
In 1910, Charles D. Campbell was appointed professor of music and head of the new Department of Music at Indiana University. Barzille Winfred Merrill succeeded Campbell in 1919, and the Department of Music was officially renamed to the School of Music in 1921.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Timeline: Centennial: About: Jacobs School of Music: Indiana University Bloomington |url=https://music.indiana.edu/about/centennial/timeline.html |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=Jacobs School of Music |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 1948, IU Opera Theater began with [[Jacques Offenbach]]’s ''[[The Tales of Hoffmann]]''.

The Latin American Music Center was founded in 1961, followed by the Jazz Studies Department in 1968, by [[David Baker (composer)|David N. Baker]], and the Historical Performance Institute in 1980, by Thomas Binkley.

In 2005, the school was renamed the Indiana University Jacobs School of Music following a donation from Barbara B. and David H. Jacobs.

In 2009, the school received a gift from the family of Leonard Bernstein that included the entire contents of Bernstein's conducting studio.

==Academics and programs==

===Admissions===
Admission to the Jacobs School of Music is done by a live or recorded audition only. The overall acceptance rate is generally about 25 percent for undergraduate students and about 30 percent for graduate students. However, acceptance rates vary greatly between programs. Each freshman class contains about 200 new students.

===Ensembles===
The school is home to two contemporary music ensembles: the New Music Ensemble, founded by former professor [[Frederick A. Fox]] in 1975, and currently directed by David Dzubay, and [[NOTUS, the Contemporary Vocal Ensemble|NOTUS]], a 24-voice choir that specializes in contemporary choral repertoire and especially the works of living composers. Directed by [[Dominick DiOrio]], the ensemble frequently premieres works by students, faculty, and emerging professional composers and frequently tours nationally.

====Opera====
The opera program at the Jacobs School has presented more than 500 productions since it began in 1948. Indiana University Jacobs School of Music Opera Theater currently produces five operas and one musical each year. It frequently performs classics by composers such as [[Gaetano Donizetti|Donizetti]], [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]], [[Giacomo Puccini|Puccini]], and [[Giuseppe Verdi|Verdi]], and also Baroque operas by Handel as well as contemporary works by [[Mason Bates]], [[Jonathan Dove]], and [[Jake Heggie]], among others.

===Programs of study===
The school offers Bachelor of Music (B.M.), Bachelor of Music Education (B.M.E.), Bachelor of Science (B.S.), Master of Arts (M.A.), Master of Music (M.M.), Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), and Doctor of Music (D.M.) degrees.

Jacobs also awards a Performer's Certificate or Artist's Diploma. The school offers degrees in Historical Performance, and it is possible for students to enroll in a unique degree program available at Indiana University known as the Bachelor of Science in an Outside Field (B.S.O.F.) in some select areas of study.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Degrees & Programs |url=https://music.indiana.edu/degrees-programs/index.html |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=Jacobs School of Music |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Facilities==
{{unreferenced section|date=February 2026}}
===Musical Arts Center===
The Musical Arts Center was designed by architect [[Evans Woollen III]] and completed in 1972. It is an example of [[Brutalist architecture]]. The facility is equipped with European-style seating for 1,460 and space for a 100-piece [[orchestra]], as well as studios, classrooms, and rehearsal studios for opera and ballet.

The unsegmented seating design is based on the German Bayreuth Festspielhaus.

=== East Studio Building ===
===Simon Music Center===
The Simon Music Center opened in 1995. The [[William and Gayle Cook Music Library]] is located there.

=== Auer Hall ===
Located on the second floor of the Simon Music Center, Auer Hall was made possible by a $1 million gift from Ione B. Auer. The 400-seat auditorium is home to the Maidee H. and Jackson A. Seward Organ, also known as [[C. B. Fisk]], Op. 135. The instrument has nearly 4,000 pipes, and was realized through a gift from the Sewards.

==Notable alumni==
{{alumni|date=February 2026}}
{{see also|:Category:Jacobs School of Music alumni}}

{{Columns-list|colwidth=40em|
*[[Jamey Aebersold]], jazz educator
*[[Kenny Aronoff]], drumset
*[[David Baker (composer)|David Baker]], jazz composer
*[[Jamie Barton (singer)|Jamie Barton]], mezzo-soprano
*[[Joshua Bell]], violinist
*[[Noah Bendix-Balgley]], violinist, 1st concertmaster of [[Berlin Philharmonic]]
*[[Jonathan Biss]], pianist, professor at [[Curtis Institute of Music]]
*[[Julian Bliss]], clarinetist, clarinet designer
*[[Chris Botti]], jazz trumpeter
*[[Michael Brecker]], jazz saxophonist
*[[Carl Broemel]], lead guitarist/vocalist/saxophone for [[My Morning Jacket]]
*[[Angela Brown]], soprano
*[[Lawrence Brownlee]], tenor
*[[William Burden (tenor)|William Burden]], tenor
*[[Angelin Chang]], Grammy award-winning pianist, professor of music and law at [[Cleveland State University]]
*[[Frederic Chiu]], pianist
*[[John Clayton (bassist)|John Clayton]], jazz and classical bassist, composer and arranger
*[[Richard Cowan (bass-baritone)|Richard Cowan]], opera singer
*[[Kathryn Day]], soprano
*[[Jeremy Denk]], pianist
*[[Alexandra du Bois]], composer
*[[Peter Erskine]], jazz drummer and educator
*[[Jack Everly]], conductor
*[[Miriam Fried]], violinist and pedagogue, winner of [[Queen Elisabeth Competition]]
*[[Vivica Genaux]], mezzo soprano
*[[Tom Gullion]], jazz saxophonist
*[[Jeff Hamilton (drummer)|Jeff Hamilton]], jazz drummer
*[[Hu Nai-yuan]], violinist, winner of [[Queen Elisabeth Competition]]
*[[Bruce Hubbard]], [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]], [[Metropolitan Opera]] baritone and recording artist
*[[Jacques Israelievitch]], violinist, former concertmaster of the [[Toronto Symphony]]
*[[Booker T. Jones]], songwriter, producer, frontman for [[Booker T. & the M.G.'s]]
*[[Karen Kamensek]], [[Grammy Award]] winning orchestral and opera conductor, former general music director [[Staatsoper Hannover]]
*[[Paul Katz]], cellist, founding member of the [[Cleveland Quartet]]
*[[Kevin Langan]], bass
*[[Wilbur Lin]], conductor
*[[Kate Lindsey]], mezzo soprano
*[[Emily Magee]], soprano
*[[Sylvia McNair]], soprano
*[[Kristin Merscher]], pianist, professor at [[Hochschule für Musik Saar]]
*[[Edgar Meyer]], bassist, composer, and pedagogue, [[MacArthur Fellow]], professor at the [[Curtis Institute of Music]]
*[[Fatma Ceren Necipoğlu]], Turkish harpist
*[[Michael Palmer (conductor)|Michael Palmer]], conductor
*[[William Pell (tenor)|William Pell]], tenor
*[[Shawn Pelton]], session drummer
*[[Ailyn Pérez]], soprano
*[[Behzad Ranjbaran]], composer, professor at [[Juilliard School]]
*[[Benny Reid]], jazz saxophonist, music producer, and composer.
*[[Larry Ridley]], jazz bassist and music educator
*[[Miguel Roig-Francolí]], composer and music theorist
*[[Byron Schenkman]], harpsichordist, pianist
*[[Nathan Schram]], Grammy Award-winning violist and composer
*[[Sean Shepherd]], composer
*[[Leonard Slatkin]], conductor, music director of [[Detroit Symphony Orchestra]]
*[[Sybille Specht]], German mezzo-soprano
*[[Elizabeth Stanley (actress)|Elizabeth Stanley]], Broadway actress
*[[Patrick Summers]], conductor, artistic and music director of [[Houston Grand Opera]]
*[[Gwen Thompson]], violinist
*[[Doron Toister]], composer and cellist
*[[Michael Weiss (pianist)|Michael Weiss]], jazz pianist and composer
*[[Wendy White (mezzo-soprano)|Wendy White]], mezzo-soprano
*[[Pharez Whitted]], jazz
*[[Jennifer Widom]], computer science professor at [[Stanford University]]
*[[Caleb Young]], conductor
*[[Don Yule]], bass
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Indiana University Jacobs School of Music}}
*{{official website|https://music.indiana.edu/}}

{{Indiana University Bloomington}}

{{coord|39|9|55|N|86|31|2|W|display=title}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Music schools in Indiana]]
[[Category:United States National Medal of Arts recipients]]
[[Category:Indiana University Bloomington]]
[[Category:1921 establishments in Indiana]]
[[Category:Education in Monroe County, Indiana]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Bloomington, Indiana]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Bloomington, Indiana]]

Prithvi Konanur

2026-05-03T05:26:55Z

Rupa Banerjee Editor: New A Pg

{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Prithvi Konanur
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| residence =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| othername =
| yearsactive = 2008–present
| occupation = Director, writer, producer
}}
'''Prithvi Konanur''' is an Indian film director, who works in [[Kannada cinema]]. For the film ''[[Pinki Elli]]'' (2020), he won the [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Director]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/karnataka-state-awards-2020-sanchari-vijay-presented-posthumous-jury-award-3443270|title=Karnataka State Awards 2020: Sanchari Vijay presented posthumous Jury Award|website=DeccanHerald.com|date=12 March 2025}}</ref> In 2024, his directorial film ''[[Hadinelentu]]'' won him the [[Filmfare Award for Best Director - Kannada|Filmfare Award for Best Director]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-22 |title=70th Filmfare Awards South winners list: Pushpa 2, Amaran, Aadujeevitham win big; Amitabh Bachchan bags Best Supporting Actor award. See full list |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/70th-filmfare-awards-south-winners-list-pushpa-2-amaran-aadujeevitham-win-big-10545383/ |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Konanur's first notable film was ''[[Railway Children (film)|Railway Children]]'' (2016), for which newcomer Manohara won the [[National Film Award for Best Child Artist]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2024/film/asia/albinism-film-shanghai-bird-of-a-different-feather-1236036175/|title=India’s Manohara Evolves From Award-Winning Child Actor to Director of Shanghai-Selected Film on Albinism ‘Bird of a Different Feather’|first=Naman|last=Ramachandran|date=15 June 2024|work=Variety}}</ref> The film premiered at the [[Jio Mami Mumbai Film Festival]] where it was nominated for the Golden Gateway Award.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/kannada-film-railway-children-to-be-screened-at-mumbai-festival/articleshow/54943495.cms|title=Kannada film ‘Railway Children’ to be screened at Mumbai festival|first=Niranjan|last=Kaggere|date=20 October 2016|work=Variety}}</ref> The film also won Karnataka State Film Awards for Best Child Actor (male) and was adjudged the Second Best Film.

''[[Pinki Elli]]'' (2020) is about a missing baby and features first time actors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1689967|title=In Our World presents the vision of a world which can create a bridge of love between the two different worlds of “they” the autistic children and the rest of “us”: Director and Producer Shreedhar|website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref> The film had its world premiere at the Busan International Film Festival and Indian premiere at the International Film Festival of India, Goa under the Indian Panorama section. It became the first film to be nominated under all the three competitive sections at the fourteenth Bengaluru International Film Festival where it won the Kannada film category.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Social thriller 'Pinki Elli' extends dream run as BIFFes comes to an end |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/social-thriller-pinki-elli-extends-dream-run-as-biffes-comes-to-an-end-1090193.html |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> Pinki Elli became the first Kannada film to be selected as the 'Opening Film' at the [[New York Indian Film Festival]] in 2021<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bharadwaj |first=K. V. Aditya |date=2021-06-28 |title=Kannada cinema making waves in international film festivals |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/kannada-cinema-making-waves-in-international-film-festivals/article35010993.ece |access-date=2026-04-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>, earning 3 nominations and winning awards in two sections.

His most recent film is ''[[Hadinelentu]]'' (2022), a film about an intimate video being leaked; however, the video is deliberately never shown as he felt it was unnecessary to the story.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/kannada-interview/this-generation-isnt-apologetic-about-its-sexuality-hadinelentu-director-prithvi-konanur-pinki-elli-kannada-cinema|title=This Generation Isn’t Apologetic About Its Sexuality: Hadinelentu Director Prithvi Konanur|first=Sowmya|last=Rajendran|date=31 January 2024|website=Film Companion}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/todays-youth-is-not-sorry-about-their-sexuality-hadinelentu-director-prithvi-konanur|title=‘Today’s youth is not sorry about their sexuality’: Hadinelentu director Prithvi Konanur|first=Akchayaa Rajkumar,Lakshmi|last=Priya|date=6 February 2024|website=The News Minute}}</ref> The film had its world premiere at the Busan International Film Festival where Prithvi Konanur was nominated for the [[Kim Jiseok Award]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=After Pinki Elli?, Prithvi Konanur's Hadinelentu set for theatrical release this June |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/after-pinki-elli-prithvi-konanurs-hadinelentu-set-for-theatrical-release-this-june/1c4479d0ea734 |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>. The film was chosen as the 'Opening Film' under the Indian Panorama section of the International Film Festival of India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kannada film 'Hadinelentu' to open IFFI's Panorama showing this year |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/kannada-film-hadinelentu-to-open-iffis-panorama-showing-this-year-1155887.html |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

He next produced ''[[Mikka Bannada Hakki]]'' (2024) through his production company [[Konanur Productions]], a coming-of-age story, which premiered at the [[Shanghai International Film Festival]] under the Asian New Talents section with five nominations including Best Film. The film directed by [[Manohara K]] went on to win the Best Actress award for its young protagonist Jayashri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2024/Jun/27/bird-of-a-different-feather-a-film-highlighting-albinism-wins-big-at-shanghai-film-festival|title='Bird of a Different Feather': A film highlighting Albinism wins big at Shanghai Film Festival: Mikka Bannada Hakki director Manohara K|first=Dese|last=Gowda|date=27 June 2024|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Film
!Dicector
!Producer
!Screenwriter
!Notes
|-
| 2012
| ''Alegalu''
| {{yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Railway Children (film)|Railway Children]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/ktaka-state-film-awards-amaravathi-wins-big-its-portrayal-civic-workers-60228|title=At K'taka state film awards, 'Amaravathi' wins big for its portrayal of civic workers|date=12 April 2017|work=The News Minute}}</ref> {{won}} - [[Karnataka State Film Award for Second Best Film]]
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Pinki Elli|Pinki Elli?]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/i-want-to-hold-a-mirror-to-the-society-pinki-elli-director-prithvi-konanur-7163664/|title=I want to hold a mirror to the society: Pinki Elli director Prithvi Konanur|date=27 January 2021|work=Indian Express}}</ref> {{won}} - [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Director]]
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Hadinelentu]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| Also producer<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vaguevisages.com/2023/03/10/hadinelentu-interview-prithvi-konanur-movie-film/|title=An Interview with 'Hadinelentu' Filmmaker Prithvi Konanur|first=Dipankar|last=Sarkar|date=10 March 2023|website=Vague Visages}}</ref> {{won}} - [[Filmfare Award for Best Director - Kannada]]
|-
|2024
| ''[[Mikka Bannada Hakki]]''
| {{No}}
| {{yes}}
| {{No}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|3278010|Prithvi Konanur}}

{{Filmfare Award for Best Director - Kannada}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Konanur, Prithvi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:People from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]

Narivetta

2026-04-28T05:19:44Z

Rupa Banerjee Editor: Creating info!

{{Short description|2025 Indian film}}
{{AI-generated|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Narivetta
| image = Narivetta_First_Look_Poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Anuraj Manohar]]
| writer = [[Abin Joseph]]
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Tippushan
* Shiyas Hassan
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Tovino Thomas]]
* [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]]
* [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]]
*
}}
| music = [[Jakes Bejoy]]
| cinematography = Vijay
| editing = [[Shameer Muhammed]]
| studio = Indian Cinema Company
| distributor = Indian Cinema Company (India)
| released = {{Film date|2025|5|23|df=yes}}
| runtime = 138 minutes<ref name=BBFC>{{cite web |date=2025-05-15 |title=''Narivetta'' (15) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/narivetta-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdmwmtax |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |quote=Malayalam-language action drama in which a police officer uncovers a conspiracy based around state-sanctioned violence against victimised villagers. |language=en}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = {{INR|10 crore}}<ref name="indiatimes-budget">{{cite web |title=Narivetta: Tovino Thomas' Action Drama Faces Piracy Amid Box Office Run |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/narivetta-full-movie-leaked-online-tovino-thomas-malayalam-action-drama-hit-by-piracy-amid-successful-box-office-run-659990.html |website=IndiaTimes |access-date=2 June 2025 |date=30 May 2025}}</ref>
| gross = {{est}}{{INR|31.43 crore}}<ref>{{cite web |title='Narivetta' box office collections day 25: Tovino Thomas starrer mints Rs 28.95 crores worldwide |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/narivetta-box-office-collections-day-25-tovino-thomas-starrer-mints-rs-28-95-crores-worldwide/articleshow/121897260.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2025-06-18 |language=en |date=2025-06-17}}</ref>
}}

'''''Narivetta''''' ({{Translation|[[Jackal]] Hunt}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[political]] [[action thriller film]]<ref name=BBFC/><ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/narivetta-movie-review-tovino-thomas-film-a-triggering-reminder-10023302/|title=Narivetta movie review: Tovino Thomas' action drama is a triggering reminder of a crimson-stained chapter in Kerala's history|website=[[Indian Express]]|access-date=23 May 2025|quote=Anuraj Manohar’s sophomore directorial venture, the action drama Narivetta, is a semi-fictionalised, triggering reminder of such a crimson-stained chapter in Kerala’s history.}}</ref> directed by [[Anuraj Manohar]] and written by [[Abin Joseph]] based on the [[Muthanga incident|2003 Muthanga Incident]] where police opened fire on tribals protesting for their rights.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tovino Thomas' next is 'Narivetta,' co-starring Suraj Venjaramoodu, Cheran and more |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tovino-thomas-next-is-narivetta-co-starring-suraj-venjaramoodu-cheran-and-more/article68431855.ece|access-date=22 July 2024|website=[[The Hindu]]|language=en|archive-date=22 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722102311/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tovino-thomas-next-is-narivetta-co-starring-suraj-venjaramoodu-cheran-and-more/article68431855.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The film stars [[Tovino Thomas]], [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]], [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]] (In his Malayalam debut), [[Priyamvada Krishnan]] and [[Arya Salim]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tamil Director Cheran Joins The Shoot Of Tovino's Narivetta!|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/tamil-director-cheran-joins-the-shoot-of-tovinos-narivetta-article-114723895|access-date=29 October 2024|website=[[Times Now]]|language=en|archive-date=29 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241029083311/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/tamil-director-cheran-joins-the-shoot-of-tovinos-narivetta-article-114723895|url-status=live}}</ref> It is produced by Tippushan and Shiyas Hassan under the banner of Indian Cinema Company.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Second schedule of Tovino's Narivetta begins |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Oct/26/second-schedule-of-tovinos-narivetta-begins|access-date=26 October 2024|website=[[Cinema Express]]|language=en|archive-date=31 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241031175618/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Oct/26/second-schedule-of-tovinos-narivetta-begins|url-status=live}}</ref>

Set against the backdrop of Kerala's tribal heartlands, Narivetta unfolds a gripping narrative inspired by the real-life [[Muthanga incident|2003 Muthanga tribal protest]]. The film delves deep into the complexities of land rights, state authority, and the resilience of marginalised communities.

The film was officially announced on 21 July 2024. Principal photography commenced on 26 July 2024 and was shot in [[Alappuzha]], [[Kottayam]], and [[Wayanad]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tovino Thomas starts shooting for 'Narivetta'|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tovino-thomas-starts-shooting-for-narivetta/article68449826.ece|access-date=26 July 2024|website=[[The Hindu]]|language=en|archive-date=26 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726133708/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tovino-thomas-starts-shooting-for-narivetta/article68449826.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The film's songs and original score were composed by [[Jakes Bejoy]]. The film was a commercial success.<ref name=":0" />

== Plot ==

Varghese Peter, a young man from [[Alappuzha]], aspires to secure a high-ranking government job but repeatedly fails to clear the required [[Public Service Commission (New Zealand)|examination]], straining his relationship with his girlfriend Nancy, a bank employee whose father disapproves of Varghese’s lack of stability. Reluctantly, Varghese accepts a posting as a [[constable]] in the [[Kerala Police]] where he forms a close bond with senior constable Basheer Ahammed, who becomes both his mentor and protector.

In 2003, tribal protests erupt in [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]] demanding land rights under the leadership of CK Shanthi and Madhu, alongside tribal head Thaami. DIG Raghuram Keshavadas is tasked with suppressing the agitation, enlisting the [[Indian Army]]’s support.

As part of a calculated conspiracy, Basheer is killed and framed as a victim of the protest to justify a violent crackdown, leading to police firing that kills Thaami and five other tribals, the arrest of the protest leaders, and the ultimate collapse of the movement.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Tovino Thomas]] as [[Constable|CPO]] Varghese Peter
* [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] as [[Head constable|Head Constable]] Basheer Ahammed<ref>{{Cite news|title=Suraj Venjaramoodu joins the sets of Tovino's 'Narivetta'|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2024/Aug/06/suraj-venjaramoodu-joins-the-sets-of-tovinos-narivetta|access-date=6 August 2024|website=[[Indian Express]]|language=en|archive-date=7 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807020656/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2024/Aug/06/suraj-venjaramoodu-joins-the-sets-of-tovinos-narivetta|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]] as [[Deputy inspector general of police|DIG]] Raghuram Keshavadas [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* Jithin Eden Mathew as Sub Inspector Sakariya
* [[Arya Salim]] as C. K Shanthi (character based on [[C. K. Janu|C.K Jaanu]])
* [[Priyamvada Krishnan]] as Nancy, Varghese's lover
* Pranav Teophine as Thaami (character based on Jogi)
* Prasanth Madhavan as Madhu (character based on [[M. Geethanandan]])
* Rini Udayakumar as Varghese's mother
* [[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]] as Joy, Nancy's father
* [[Srikant Murali]] as [[Judge]]
* Sudhi Kozhikode as Benny, Varghese's uncle
* Badusha NM as Kappachettan
* Appunni Sasi as Minister
* Kumar Sethu as Minister Ramakrishnan
* Dr. Vijesh Lee as [[Indian Army|Army Officer]] Daya Narayan
* [[Shahi Kabir]] as Police Officer
}}

==Production==
===Casting===
[[Tovino Thomas]] was cast in the lead role, marking his first collaboration with Anuraj Manohar.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Narivetta Movie: ടോവിനോ തോമസ്- അനുരാജ് മനോഹർ ചിത്രം; 'നരിവേട്ട' ഫസ്റ്റ് ലുക്ക് പോസ്റ്റർ പുറത്തുവിട്ടു|url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/tovino-thomas-anuraj-manohar-movie-narivetta-first-look-poster-released-220073|access-date=22 July 2024|website=[[Zee News]]|language=ml|archive-date=7 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250207045729/https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/tovino-thomas-anuraj-manohar-movie-narivetta-first-look-poster-released-220073|url-status=live}}</ref> Priyamvada Krishnan was cast as the female lead.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tovino Thomas's upcoming film titled 'Narivetta', first-look poster out|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/tovino-thomas-upcoming-film-titled-narivetta-first-look-poster-out-2570169-2024-07-22|access-date=22 July 2024|website=[[India Today]]|language=en|archive-date=22 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722203126/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/tovino-thomas-upcoming-film-titled-narivetta-first-look-poster-out-2570169-2024-07-22|url-status=live}}</ref> The film also features [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]], [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]], [[Arya Salim]], Rini Udayakumar in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tovino Thomas reveals why 'Narivetta' is one of his most anticipated films |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/01/14/tovino-thomas-narivetta-movie-anticipated-release-malayalam-film.html|access-date=14 January 2025|website=[[Onmanorama|Manorama]]|language=en|archive-date=14 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114083947/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/01/14/tovino-thomas-narivetta-movie-anticipated-release-malayalam-film.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Filming===
Principal photography began on 26 July 2024<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tovino Thomas starrer 'Narivetta' begins filming|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/tovino-thomas-starrer-narivetta-begins-filming/articleshow/112034897.cms|access-date=26 July 2024|website=[[Times of India]]|language=en|archive-date=26 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726075359/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/tovino-thomas-starrer-narivetta-begins-filming/articleshow/112034897.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> with a traditional pooja ceremony held in [[Alappuzha]], attended by [[Tovino Thomas]] and the crew. The first schedule started in [[Kuttanad]], with filming taking place in Kavalam, Pulinkunnu, and Changanassery. The second schedule began on 26 October 2024 in [[Wayanad]] and concluded on 18 December 2024. The entire shoot was completed in 65 days.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tovino's Narivetta wraps up filming|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Jan/14/tovinos-narivetta-wraps-up-filming|access-date=14 January 2025|website=[[Indian Express]]|language=en|archive-date=14 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114223012/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Jan/14/tovinos-narivetta-wraps-up-filming|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Music==
{{Further|Narivetta (soundtrack)}}
[[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]] wrote the lyrics for the song Minnalvala, which was sung by [[Sid Sriram]] and [[Sithara Krishnakumar]]. The original background score and songs were composed by [[Jakes Bejoy]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Title Of Tovino Thomas' Next Film Revealed! |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/title-of-tovino-thomas-next-film-revealed-article-111907152 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721151115/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/title-of-tovino-thomas-next-film-revealed-article-111907152 |archive-date=21 July 2024 |access-date=21 July 2024 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref> On 10 February, the team announced that the music rights had been granted to [[Sony Music India]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tamil Actor-director Cheran To Make Malayalam Debut With Narivetta |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/tamil-actor-director-cheran-to-make-malayalam-debut-with-narivetta-8977082.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724144624/https://www.news18.com/movies/tamil-actor-director-cheran-to-make-malayalam-debut-with-narivetta-8977082.html |archive-date=24 July 2024 |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Marketing ==
The announcement motion poster was released on 21 July 2024, confirming [[Tovino Thomas]], [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]], and [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] as the lead cast. The first-look poster was unveiled on 21 January 2025, coinciding with Tovino's birthday.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tovino drops first look poster of 'Narivetta' on his birthday|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/narivetta-first-look-tovino-thomas-1.10273580|access-date=21 January 2025|website=[[Mathrubhumi]]|language=en|archive-date=23 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123182032/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/narivetta-first-look-tovino-thomas-1.10273580|url-status=live}}</ref> Two additional posters were released featuring the female lead, Priyamvada Krishnan.

Vormir Studios India acquired the rights to develop and manage the film's official website. The official announcement was made through the film’s social media accounts on 14 May 2025, accompanied by a promotional poster confirming the partnership.<ref>{{cite web |date=14 May 2025 |title=Vormir Studios India acquires official website rights for Narivetta |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DJoSOFRxjsY/ |access-date=19 May 2025 |website=Instagram}}</ref>

==Release==
''Narivetta'' released theatrically on 23 May 2025.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=11 May 2025 |title=Tovino Thomas-starrer Narivetta postpones release |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/May/11/tovino-thomas-starrer-narivetta-postpones-release |work=Cinema Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=11 May 2025 |title=Narivetta new release date: Tovino Thomas' latest socio-political thriller postponed |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/narivetta-new-release-date-tovino-thomas-latest-socio-political-thriller-postponed/b6b76609a9156 |work=ottplay.com}}</ref> It was scheduled to release on 16 May 2025 but was postponed by a week. The film had its digital premiere from July 11 on [[SonyLIV]]. <ref>{{Cite news|title=ടോവിനോ വരുന്നൂ, 'നരിവേട്ട'യ്ക്ക്; ഫസ്റ്റ് ലുക്ക് പുറത്ത്|url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/entertainment/movies/tovino-comes-for-narivetta-the-first-look-is-out-278373|access-date=22 January 2025|website=[[MediaOne TV]]|language=ml|archive-date=16 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250316120227/https://www.mediaoneonline.com/entertainment/movies/tovino-comes-for-narivetta-the-first-look-is-out-278373|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Tovino's Narivetta confirms May release |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Mar/25/tovinos-narivetta-confirms-may-release |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327072228/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Mar/25/tovinos-narivetta-confirms-may-release |archive-date=27 March 2025 |access-date=25 March 2025 |website=[[Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===
''Narivetta'' received generally positive reviews from critics. ''[[Times of India]]'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5, calling it "a brave, bold attempt” with an important message, though noting that the script felt muddled and lacked the emotional and cinematic impact of similar films such as ''[[Nayattu (2021 film)|Nayattu]]''".<ref>{{cite web |title=Narivetta Movie Review: Brave, bold attempt that needed better execution |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/narivettai/movie-review/121364566.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=2025-05-25}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' praised the film’s technical execution, especially its cinematography and editing. The review described the film as “a triggering reminder of a dark chapter in Kerala’s history” and noted its effective portrayal of systemic tension between the police and Adivasi communities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Narivetta movie review: Tovino Thomas film a triggering reminder of dark chapter in Kerala's history |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/narivetta-movie-review-tovino-thomas-film-a-triggering-reminder-10023302/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=2025-05-25}}</ref>
''[[Hindustan Times]]'' commended Tovino Thomas’s performance and the film’s impactful theme. The review noted that director Anuraj Manohar delivered “a hard-hitting drama that makes the audience question the system,” designed to provoke discomfort and reflection.<ref>{{cite web |title=Narivetta movie review: Tovino Thomas superbly helms this action drama |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/narivetta-movie-review-tovino-thomas-superbly-helms-this-action-drama-depicting-power-play-between-police-and-politics-101748075075909.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=2025-05-25}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
On its opening day, the movie recorded an overall Malayalam occupancy rate of 34.34%, indicating a gradual increase in audience turnout throughout the day. The morning shows began with a modest occupancy of 21.97%, which rose to 28.73% in the afternoon. Evening shows saw further improvement with a 34.96% occupancy rate, culminating in a significant increase during the night shows, which recorded 51.71% attendance. The film grossed approximately ₹1.75 crore at the box office on its first day.<ref>{{cite news|title ="Narivetta box office collection Day 1"
|website = [[Times of India]]
|url =https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/narivetta-box-office-collections-day-1-tovino-starrer-mints-rs-1-75-crores/articleshow/121371971.cms}}</ref>

On its second day, ''Narivetta'' witnessed a growth in box office performance, collecting an estimated ₹1.85 crore, which brought its two-day India net total to ₹3.50 crore. This marked a 19% increase from its opening day collection, attributed to positive word-of-mouth and increasing audience interest. In Kerala, the film grossed approximately ₹3.35 crore over the first two days. Made on a reported budget of ₹10 crore, the film recovered around 35% of its production cost within this period.<ref>{{cite web |title=Narivetta box office collections Day 2 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/narivetta-box-office-collections-day-2-tovino-thomas-film-earns-rs-3-50-crores/articleshow/121388150.cms |website=The Times of India |accessdate=2025-05-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Narivetta Box Office Day 2: Tovino Thomas' film already recovers 35% of its reported budget |url=https://www.koimoi.com/box-office/narivetta-box-office-day-2-tovino-thomas-film-already-recovers-35-of-its-reported-budget/ |website=Koimoi |accessdate=2025-05-25}}</ref>

On its third day, ''Narivetta'' continued its upward trend at the box office, earning an estimated ₹2 crore. This brought the film’s total India net collection to approximately ₹5.20 crore over its opening weekend. The consistent growth over the first three days was attributed to strong word-of-mouth and positive audience reception.<ref>{{cite web |title=Narivetta Kerala Box Office 1st Weekend: Tovino Thomas' cop action thriller gets banger start, grosses ₹5.20 crore |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/narivetta-kerala-box-office-1st-weekend-tovino-thomas-cop-action-thriller-gets-banger-start-grosses-rs-5-20-crore-1389387 |website=Pinkvilla |date=2025-05-25 |access-date=2025-05-25}}</ref> The film grossed ₹15 crore at the worldwide box office in three days of its release.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tovino Thomas' 'Narivetta' off to a flying start, grosses ₹15 crore globally...|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/05/27/tovino-thomas-starrer-narivetta-bix-office-collections-suraj-venjaramoodu.html|website=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=27 May 2025}}</ref>
==Controversy==
In December 2025, [[Anuraj Manohar]] disputed the box office report published by the [[Kerala Film Producers' Association]], which listed only a limited number of Malayalam films as commercially successful. His film ''Narivetta'' was not included in the association’s list of profitable films.

Manohar stated that the film had in fact made a profit and expressed willingness to reveal its financial records to prove the claim. He also questioned the transparency and criteria used by the association in determining the success or failure of films.<ref>{{cite web |title=‘Narivetta’ is profitable, not a failure: Director Anuraj Manohar hits back at Producers Association |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/narivetta-is-profitable-not-a-failure-director-anuraj-manohar-hits-back-at-producers-association/articleshow/126170975.cms |website=The Times of India |date=25 December 2025 |access-date=28 April 2026}}</ref>

In a public response, he argued that portraying most films as financial failures could discourage new producers and negatively affect the Malayalam film industry.<ref>{{cite web |title=Producers’ Association’s loss figures are wrong, says Narivetta director |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/entertainment/movie-news/producers-associations-loss-figures-are-wrong-says-narivetta-director-1480063 |website=Madhyamam |date=24 December 2025 |access-date=28 April 2026}}</ref> The issue sparked wider debate within the industry regarding the accuracy of officially published box office data.<ref>{{cite web |title=Narivetta ‘left out’ of Malayalam 2025 hits list, director Anuraj Manohar reacts |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/tovino-thomas-narivetta-left-out-of-malayalam-2025-hits-director-anuraj-manohar/e1240d1a89867 |website=OTTPlay |date=24 December 2025 |access-date=28 April 2026}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://narivettamovie.com Narivetta Movie Website]
* {{IMDb title|tt28479285}}

[[Category:Films shot in Alappuzha]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kottayam]]
[[Category:Films shot in Wayanad]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:2025 action drama films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Malayalam-language films]]

Chandrakantha

2026-04-24T15:36:48Z

Rupa Banerjee Editor: Created a data more to come

{{Short description|Film by P. K. Raja Sandow}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chandrakantha
| image = Chandrakantha.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[P. K. Raja Sandow]]
| producer =
| writer =
| screenplay = J. R. Rangaraju
| story =
| based_on = {{based on|Chandrakantha Hindi Novel (1888)|Devaki Nandan Khatri}}
| starring = [[Kali N. Rathnam]] [[P. U. Chinnappa]] [[N. S. Krishnan]] S. Ramkumar Saraswathi C. Padmavathi Bhai
| narrator =
| music =
| cinematography = M. M. Purohit
| editing = P. K. Raja Sandow
| studio = Jupiter Pictures<ref name=anandan>{{cite book|url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1936-cinedetails11.asp|title=Sadhanaigal Padaitha Thamizh Thiraipada Varalaru|trans-title=History of Landmark Tamil Films|publisher=Sivakami Publishers|author=Film News Anandan|author-link=Film News Anandan|date= 23 October 2004|location=Chennai|language=Tamil|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://archive.today/20161028053300/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1936-cinedetails11.asp|archive-date=28 October 2016}}</ref>
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1936}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Chandrakantha''''' is a [[List of Tamil films of the 1930s|1936]] Indian, [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by [[P. K. Raja Sandow]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author2=Paul Willemen |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|publisher=Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 1998|pages=585|url=https://indiancine.ma/texts/indiancine.ma%3AEncyclopedia_of_Indian_Cinema/text.pdf}}</ref>


== Cast ==
The following cast list was adapted from the book ''Thamizh Cinema Ulagam Part-1''.<ref name=vijayakumar>{{Cite book |title=Thamizh Cinema Ulagam Part 1 |last=Vijayakumar |first=Akila |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |edition=1 March 2019 |location=Chennai |pages= |language=Tamil}}</ref>

{{Col-begin|width=70%}}
{{col-break|width=60%}}
;Male cast
*[[Kali N. Rathnam]] {{small|as}} Thirukallur Bandaara Sannidhigal
*T. R. B. Rao {{small|as}} Narayana Reddy, Subedar Annasamy
*[[P. U. Chinnappa|Pudukottai P. U. Chinnappa]] {{small|as}} Kandur Prince
*M. Kosalam {{small|as}} Raghava Reddy
*''Aayiram Mugam'' S. Ramkumar {{small|as}} Detective Govindan
*M. K. Gopalan {{small|as}} Sub-Magistrate Thandavarayan
*[[N. S. Krishnan]] {{small|as}} Barber Muniyan
*P. Sundar Rao {{small|as}} Kandur Regent
*T. S. Kannan {{small|as}} Police constable Gundu Rao
*T. S. V. Gopal {{small|as}} Moththaiyur Bandaara Sannidhigal
*''Master'' Shankar Rao {{small|as}} Kid Raghava Reddy
*N. Ramanathan {{small|as}} Veera Reddy
*N. A. Natesan {{small|as}} Karbar Ascetic
{{col-break|width=40%}}
;Female cast
*Saraswathi {{small|as}} Chandravathana
*A. K. Rajalakshmi {{small|as}} Chandrakantha
*C. Padmavathi Bhai {{small|as}} Bhagyam
*Leela Bhai {{small|as}} Kandur Queen
*P. Susheela{{efn|Not [[P. Susheela]]}} {{small|as}} Barber Suppi
*T. K. Dhanalakshmi {{small|as}} Sangeetham
*C. J. Kamakoti {{small|as}} Abhimaana Dasi
*Harel {{small|as}} English Dasi
*Ammukutti {{small|as}} Malayala Dasi
*Ganga {{small|as}} Hindi Dasi
*T. M. Alamelu {{small|as}} Dasi
*Shanmugavalli {{small|as}} Dasi
*Mahalakshmi {{small|as}} Dasi
*K. M. Sethu Bai {{small|as}} Dasi
{{Col-end}}

== Production ==
The film was produced under the banner ''Jupiter Pictures'' and was directed by P. K. Raja Sandow. J. R. Rangaraju wrote the story and dialogues. Cinematography was done by M. M. Purohit while editing was done by P. K. Raja Sandow. Audiography was done by Sripath Patel and Saiyed Mothimmaiah. Gokale was in-charge of Settings. The film was shot and processed at Saraswathi Cinetone, Pune.<ref name=vijayakumar />

The film was based on the life of ''Heads of religious mutts'' and caused an uproar when it was released. There were requests to ban the film.<ref name=anandan />

== Soundtrack ==
No credits are given for music direction and lyrics. One [[Kriti (music)|kriti]] by [[Tyagaraja|Thiyagaraja]] – ''Nidhi Saala Sugama'' – was included in the film.<ref name=vijayakumar />

;List of songs
{| class="wikitable"
! No. !! Song !! Singer/s
|-
| 1 || ''Chandrakantha Kodi Parandhaaduthu'' || Chorus
|-
| 2 || ''Thaaye Mana Chanjalamaen'' || ''Master'' Shankar Rao
|-
| 3 || ''Aaraariro Magale'' || C. Padmavathi Bhai
|-
| 4 || ''Vaangi Tharandi Selai'' || N. S. Krishnan, P. Susheela{{efn|Not [[P. Susheela]]}}
|-
| 5 || ''Aanandame Enakaananda Diname'' || A. K. Rajalakshmi
|-
| 6 || ''Pennaagi Vandhathoru Maaya'' || Kali N. Rathnam
|-
| 7 || ''Kaama Rathiye Kalaanidhiye'' || Kali N. Rathnam with one Dasi
|-
| 8 || ''Konju Mozhi Anjugame'' || P. U. Chinnappa
|-
| 9 || ''Kaama Vaadhai Thaan Meeruthe'' || A. K. Rajalakshmi
|-
| 10 || ''Sundaraangi Subha Mohini'' || P. U. Chinnappa
|-
| 11 || ''Thirumana Kaadchiyaik Kaana'' || (in Radio)
|-
| 12 || ''Enna Janmam Indha Janmam'' || A. K. Rajalakshmi
|-
| 13 || ''Nidhi Saala Sugama'' || Carnatic music concert
|-
| 14 || ''Soma Chandhira Vadhanaa'' || M. Kosalam
|-
| 15 || ''Ninda Saundharyam Kandu Pennu'' || Kali N. Rathnam, Ammukutty
|-
| 16 || ''Kaama Kalavikoru Kshemame Perugum'' || Kali N. Rathnam with multiple Dasis
|}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0258487|Chandrakantha}}
*{{youTube|Yk6JGWzcKyU|Chandrakanta Tamil Movie Details}}

[[Category:1936 films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:1930s Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1936 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Films about Hinduism]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films based on Hindi novels]]

Rajendra Kumar Sharma (politician)

2026-04-16T06:29:43Z

Rupa Banerjee Editor: New A Bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 1991
| term_end = 1996
| predecessor = [[Zulfiquar Ali Khan]]
| successor = [[Begum Noor Bano]]
| constituency = [[Rampur Lok Sabha constituency|Rampur]]
| term_start1 = 1977
| term_end1 = 1980
| predecessor1 = [[Zulfiquar Ali Khan]]
| successor1 = [[Zulfiquar Ali Khan]]
| constituency1 = [[Rampur Lok Sabha constituency|Rampur]]
| office2 = Member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 1969
| term_end2 = 1974
| predecessor2 = Maqsood Hussain
| successor2 = Syed Murtaza Alli Khan
| constituency2 = [[Suar Assembly constituency|Suar]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1940|1|24}}
| birth_place = [[Majitha]], [[Amritsar district]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2020|8|20|1940|1|24}}
| death_place =
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| other_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Renu Sharma|1968}}
| children = 1 son, 3 daughters
| father = Gyan Chand Sharma
| education = [[Master of Arts]] [[Bachelor of Laws]] [[Doctor of Public Administration]]
| alma_mater = [[Agra University]] [[Lucknow University]]
}}

'''Rajendra Kumar Sharma''' (1940–2020) was an Indian politician from [[Uttar Pradesh]] who had represented [[Rampur Lok Sabha constituency|Rampur]] in the [[Lok Sabha]] from 1977 to 1980 and 1991 to 1996. He had represented [[Suar Assembly constituency|Suar]] in the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from 1969 to 1974.<ref>{{Cite news |title=दो बार रामपुर से सांसद रहे थे राजेंद्र कुमार शर्मा |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/rampur/story-rajendra-kumar-sharma-was-mp-from-rampur-twice-3432789.html |work=Live Hindustan}}</ref><ref name="BJP’s Rampur heavyweight Rajendra Kumar Sharma joins SP">{{cite news |title=BJP's Rampur heavyweight Rajendra Kumar Sharma joins SP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/bjps-rampur-heavyweight-rajendra-kumar-sharma-joins-sp/articleshow/68879462.cms |access-date=11 June 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=15 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250611151428/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/bjps-rampur-heavyweight-rajendra-kumar-sharma-joins-sp/articleshow/68879462.cms |archive-date=11 June 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Rajendra Kumar}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:India MPs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:India MPs 1977–1979]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1969–1974]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]

Jnanakshi Rajarajeshwari Temple

2026-04-09T15:28:21Z

Rupa Banerjee Editor:

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Bengaluru, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox Mandir
| name = Jnanakshi Rajarajeshwari Temple
| image =Sri Raja Rajeshwari Temple 02.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Bengaluru
| map_caption = Location within Bengaluru
| coordinates = {{coord|12.929949|77.536011|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Bengaluru Urban]]
| locale = [[Rajarajeshwari Nagar, Bangalore|Rajarajeshwari Nagar]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Sri Rajarajeshwari
| festivals= [[Navaratri]], [[Makara Sankranti]], [[Deepavali]]
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = 1978
| creator = Sri Tiruchi Swamigal
| website = https://rajarajeshwari.in/home/home
}}

'''Jnanakshi Rajarajeshwari Temple''' is a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[Hindu temple|temple]] located in [[Rajarajeshwari Nagar, Bangalore|Rajarajeshwari Nagar]], [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] district in [[Karnataka]]. The primary [[deity]] of the temple is ''Shri Rajarajeshwari''. The temple was constructed in the year 1978 by Sri Sivaratnapuri Swamiji (popularly known as Sri Tiruchi Swamigal).<ref name="archive">{{Cite web |date=9 May 2016 |title=Sri Kailash Ashrama Mahasamsthana {{!}} Rajeshwari Temple |url=https://www.srikailashashrama.org/rajeshwari-temple.html |access-date=16 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509152814/https://www.srikailashashrama.org/rajeshwari-temple.html |archive-date=9 May 2016 }}</ref> The idol of Goddess ''Sri Rajarajeshwari'', a form of Goddess [[Tripura Sundari|Sri Lalita Tripurasundari]]. This temple is believed to be the "ear" or "karnabhaga" of Bharat's many [[Shakta pithas|Shaktipeethas]] as mentioned in the Tantra Chudamani.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AjvYoIId05M |title=Jnanakshi Rajarajeshwari Album Title Launch (Kannada) {{!}} Sri Jayendrapuri Swamiji {{!}} Bhakthi Kannada |date=15 November 2024 |last=PM Audios Bhakthi Kannada - ಭಕ್ತಿ ಕನ್ನಡ |access-date=16 November 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref> It was once known as Kanchanagiri situated between the [[Kaveri|Cauvery]] and [[Vrishabhavathi River|Vrishabhavati]] rivers. The ruling [[Bhairava]], Abiru Bhairava, is known as Jaya Peetha.<ref>{{Cite book |last=eGangotri |url=https://archive.org/details/TantraChudamaniChapter1Quarter14322GhaAlm20Shlf2DevanagariMimansa/page/n3/mode/2up |title=Tantra Chudamani Chapter 1 Quarter 1 4322 Gha Alm 20 Shlf 2 Devanagari Mimansa}}</ref> The temple is believed to have been the home of the pious wife [[Anasuya|Anusuya]] and the sage [[Atri]], who attained siddhi by appeasing the holy mother Sri Rajarajeshwari. The temple grounds are believed to be a sacred place for various devas, rishis, munis, and siddhas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parameshwarananda |first=Swami |url=https://archive.org/details/inpathoflightwit0000para/mode/2up?q=Sri+rajarajeshwari |title=In the path of light with maa : a journey of love and transformation |date=2011 |publisher=[Place of publication not identified] : Balboa Pr |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-1-4525-3763-4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Jnanakshi Rajarajeshwari |url=http://www.puttugoli.in/2010/10/sri-jnanakshi-rajarajeshwari.html?m=0 |access-date=16 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==Temple history==
His Holiness Sri Sivaratnapuri Swamiji, also called as Sri Tiruchi Swamigal, established Sri Kailash Ashrama Mahasamsthana in Kenchenahalli, which is now known as [[Rajarajeshwari Nagar, Bangalore|Sri Rajarajeshwarinagar]]. Sri Sivapuri Baba, who resided in [[Kathmandu]], was his guru. After initiating him, the Guru indicated there was a lot of excellent work to be done in the south and asked him to travel there. [[Mount Kailash|Mount Kailas]] was visited by Tiruchi Mahaswamiji before to his journey south. The triple deities of [[Durga]], [[Lakshmi]], and [[Saraswati|Saraswathi]] appeared to him there during a period of profound meditation, and a bodyless voice (Asarira vani) urged him to travel to Karnataka. He traveled from Bombay to Bangalore.<ref name="archive"/>

On the auspicious Sankranthi day of 14.1.1960, early in the morning, Sri Tiruchi Swamiji and two of his followers were driving to Mysore for a Pada Pooja. About six kilometers southwest of Bengaluru City, he noticed three garudas, or sacred eagles, circling overhead. They reminded him of [[Durga]], [[Lakshmi]], and [[Saraswati|Saraswathi]], who had previously materialized on Mount Kailas. After exiting the vehicle, Swamiji noticed a route that led to the small settlement of Kenchenahalli. As he continued, he came across a small cottage in the middle of a grove of guava trees, where the eagles continued to circle. He chose that location for his Ashrama. Sri Tiruchi Mahaswamigal placed the foundation stone there for the temple.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2017 |title=Sri Rajarajeshwari Temple |url=http://www.rajarajeshwari.in/home/history |access-date=16 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708085605/http://www.rajarajeshwari.in/home/history |archive-date=8 July 2017 }}</ref>

==Temple architecture==

The temple portrays [[Dravidian architecture]] which has five Rajagopurams. It has an open hall with pillars (Mukha Mantapa), a porch (antarala), an elevated sanctum (garbha griha), a large circumambulatory pathway (Pradikshina patha), and an inner courtyard. A lovely six-foot-tall stone figure of the Divine Mother Sri Jnanakshi Rajarajeshwari may be found inside the sanctum sanctorum (garbha griha).<ref name="youtube">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N_X8uaoz-Go |title=Sri Kshetra Jnanakshi Rajarajeshwari Temple {{!}} Bangalore {{!}} Teerthayatra {{!}} 24th October 2023 {{!}} ETV TS |date=24 October 2023 |last=ETV Telangana |access-date=16 November 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

==Deities inside the Temple==
The temple complex has numerous shrines for various deities in addition to the main deity Sri Jnanakshi Rajarajeshwari<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Rajarajeshwari Temple |url=https://rajarajeshwari.in/home/home |access-date=2026-03-29 |website=rajarajeshwari.in}}</ref>

{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* [[Ganesha|Vinayaka]]
* [[Murugan|Subramanya]]
* Srichakra
* [[Navagrahas]]
}}

== Special aspects of the Temple ==

===Illumination of sanctum by the Sun===
On 27 March every year, the sun directly hits the Devi's forehead and travels down to her feet, attracting more devotees. The temple is renowned for its Navarathri Celebrations and Brahmotsavam, where Chandi Homa is performed daily as priests recite the Vedas and [[Saptashati]].<ref name="archive"/><ref name="youtube"/>

== Music and Culture ==

=== Sri Jnanakshija ===
The Jnanakshi Rajarajeshwari Temple has served as a center for contemporary devotional and classical music. In 2024, a new raga in the Indian classical system was created by composer Mahesh Mahadev and dedicated to the temple's presiding deity. The raga was formally named '''Sri Jnanakshija''' by Sri Jayendra Puri Mahaswamiji, the Peethadhipathi of Sri Kailash Ashrama Mahasamsthana, during its official unveiling.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=News |date=2024-11-25 |title=Release of new raga 'Sri Jnanakshija' & title of album 'Jnanakshi Rajarajeshwari' |url=https://www.mysoorunews.com/release-of-new-raga-sri-jnanakshija-title-of-album-jnanakshi-rajarajeshwari/ |access-date=2026-03-29 |website=Welcome to Mysooru News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Trinity Mirror |title=Singing the divine tune with devotion to spread harmony |date=2024-11-14 |url=http://archive.org/details/Sri_Jnanakshija_Raga |access-date=2026-03-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mallikarjun |date=2024-11-21 |title=ಜ್ಞಾನಾಕ್ಷಿರಾಜರಾಜೇಶ್ವರಿ ಮ್ಯೂಸಿಕ್ ವಿಡಿಯೋ ಆಲ್ಬಮ್ ಶೀರ್ಷಿಕೆ ಅನಾವರಣ |url=https://kalyanasiri.in/2024/11/21/gnanakshi-rajarajeshwari-music-video-album-title-unveiled/ |access-date=2026-03-29 |website=Kalyanasiri |language=en-US}}</ref>

The raga was introduced through the musical album ''Jnanakshi Rajarajeshwari'', which features vocal performances by [[Priyadarshini (singer)|Priyadarshini]], Mahesh Mahadev and others'''.''' The compositions within the album were developed as a musical tribute to the Goddess and the spiritual legacy of the ashram, marking a significant modern addition to the temple's cultural history.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Desk |first=News |date=2024-11-25 |title=Release of new raga 'Sri Jnanakshija' & title of album 'Jnanakshi Rajarajeshwari' : Welcome to Mysooru News |url=https://www.mysoorunews.com/release-of-new-raga-sri-jnanakshija-title-of-album-jnanakshi-rajarajeshwari/ |access-date=2026-03-29 |work=Welcome to Mysooru News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="250" perrow="3">
File:5th Mahaakumbhaabhisheka at Rajarajeshwari Temple, Bengaluru (2026) 23.jpg|Entrance arch
File:Sri Rajarajeshwari Temple , Bangalore . 01.jpg|Sri Rajarajeshwari temple from outside
File:Sri Rajarajeshwari Temple , Bangalore . 05.jpg|Srichakra Maha Meru temple
File:Inner view of Sri Rajarajeshwari Temple , Bangalore . 02.jpg|Inner view of Sri Rajarajeshwari temple
File:Sri Rajarajeshwari Temple , Bangalore . 03.jpg|Gold Dwaja Sthamba, Sri Rajarajeshwari temple
File:Sri Rajarajeshwari Temple , Bangalore . 04.jpg|Pillars inside Sri Rajarajeshwari temple,
File:KANNADA SCHOOL.jpg|Sri Kailash ashrama
File:Sri Shivaratnapuri Temple of Health (2024) 45.jpg|Sri Shivaratnapuri Swamiji
File:5th Mahaakumbhaabhisheka at Rajarajeshwari Temple, Bengaluru (2026) 29.jpg|[[Kumbhabhishekham|Mahaakumbhaabhisheka]] at the temple in 2026
</gallery>

== Nearby holy places ==

* Sri Kailash Ashrama<ref name="youtube"/>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Sri Jnanakshi Rajarajeshwari Temple, Bengaluru}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wDn7r_kugDo Sri Jnanakshi Rajarajeshwari Temple]

{{Bangalore topics}}

{{Hindu temples in Bangalore}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Devi temples in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Devi temples in India]]

Anuj Sharma (police officer)

2026-03-28T21:19:30Z

Rupa Banerjee Editor: made new biography!

{{short description|Indian Police Service officer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Anuj Sharma as CP Kolkata.jpg
| caption = Sharma in 2019
| name = Anuj Sharma
| honorific_suffix = [[Police Medal (India)|PMMS]] [[President's Police Medal|PPM]] [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| office1 = 40th [[Police Commissioner of Kolkata]]
| term_start3 = 19 February 2019
| term_end3 = 5 April 2019
| predecessor3 = Rajiv Kumar, IPS
| successor3 = [[Rajesh Kumar (IPS)|Rajesh Kumar, IPS]]
| term_start2 = 26 May 2019
| term_end2 = 7 February 2021
| predecessor2 = [[Rajesh Kumar (IPS)|Rajesh Kumar, IPS]]
| successor2 = [[Soumen Mitra]], IPS
| module = {{Infobox police officer
| embed=yes
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1968|03|27|df=y}}<ref name="psm" />
| birth_place=[[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| service = [[Indian Police Service]]
| service_label = Service
| department =[[Kolkata Police]] [[West Bengal Police]]
| rank =[[Image:Director General of Police.png|20px]][[Director General of Police]]
| service_years = 1991–Present
| status = ''Serving''
| badge_number=19911023<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dtf.in/wp-content/files/Indian_Police_Service_IPS_-_Civil_List_2014.htm|title=IPS CIVIL LIST 2014|date=2014}}</ref>
| education=[[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]], [[Master of Arts|M.A.]]
| alma_mater=[[Lucknow University]]
| awards =[[File:IND President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service.svg|20px]] [[President's Police Medal]] (for Distinguished Service) (2016) [[File:IND Police Medal for Meritorious Service.png|20px]] [[Police Medal (India)|Police Medal]] for Meritorious Service (2007) [[File:IND 50th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|20px]] 50th Anniversary [[Indian Independence Medal|Independence Medal]] (1997) [[File:75yearmedal.svg|20px]] [[75th Independence Anniversary Medal]]
}}
}}

'''Anuj Sharma''' (born 27 March 1968)<ref name="psm">){{Cite web|url=https://policeservicemedals.gov.in/ips_ersheet_new/home.aspx|title=IPS ER Sheet|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref> is an officer of the [[Indian Police Service]]. He was the 40th [[Commissioner of Police, Kolkata|Kolkata Police Commissioner]], having served from 19 February to 5 April 2019 and from 26 May 2019 to 7 February 2021.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/anuj-sharma-appointed-new-kolkata-police-chief/articleshow/68061970.cms|title=Anuj Sharma appointed new Kolkata police chief – Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-02-19}}</ref> On 26 May 2019, Anuj Sharma was reinstated again as the Kolkata Police Commissioner replacing Dr. [[Rajesh Kumar (IPS)|Rajesh Kumar]].

== Education ==
Anuj Sharma completed school education at [[La Martiniere College|La Martinière College]], Lucknow in 1985.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/anuj-sharma-9635214/|title=Anuj Sharma IPS LinkedIn Profile|last=|first=|date=|website=Anuj Sharma LinkedIn|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref> Sharma completed his BA and MA in Economics at [[Lucknow University]] in 1987 and 1989 respectively.<ref name=":2"/>

== Career ==
Sharma qualified for the 1991 batch of the [[Indian Police Service]]. He was part of the 44th regular recruit training group at [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.svpnpa.gov.in/memories/alumni-gallery/387-1991-batch|title=IPS batch 1991|last=|first=|date=|website=44RR|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref>

He served as a Probationary Officer from 1991 to 1992,<ref name=":3" /> Deputy Inspector General (DIG) of Police, [[Bardhaman district|Burdwan]] range from 1 June 2006 to 1 July 2008,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://policeservicemedals.gov.in/ips_ersheet_new/ERSheet1.aspx|title=IPS Details|last=|first=|date=|website=IPS Details|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=12 June 2019}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> DIG HQrs from 2 July 2008 to 5 August 2009, and DIG and [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)|Criminal Investigation Department]] (CID) of [[West Bengal Police|West Bengal]] from 6 August 2009 to 20 July 2011.<ref name=":2" />

Sharma served as the [[Inspector-general of police|Inspector General of Police]] (IGP) Coastal Security West Bengal from 21 July 2011 to 18 June 2012.<ref name=":2" /> He served as the IGP of the North Bengal region 19 June 2012 to 19 March 2013, and handled the [[Gorkhaland movement|Gorkha unrest]] in [[Darjeeling]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/anuj-sharma-takes-charge-as-new-kolkata-police-chief-says-will-ensure-safety-of-kashmiris-5592025/|title=Anuj Sharma takes charge as new Kolkata police chief, says will ensure safety of Kashmiris|date=2019-02-20|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-02-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/anuj-sharma-takes-charge-as-kolkata-police-commissioner20190219232024/|title=Anuj Sharma takes charge as the new Calcutta Police Commissioner|date=22 February 2019|work=ANI}}</ref> He was then the IGP of Law and Order from May 2013 to Jan 2016.<ref name=":2" /> In 2016, he received promotion to the rank of [[Additional director general of police|Additional Director General]] (ADG) & Inspector General of Police and served as ADG, Law & Order from January 2016 to February 2019.<ref name=":3" />

He was removed as the Commissioner of Police by the [[Election Commission of India]] on 5 April 2019, and was replaced by [[Rajesh Kumar (IPS)|Rajesh Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/election-commission-removes-kolkata-police-commissioner-anuj-sharma/article26754303.ece|title=Election Commission transfers Kolkata Police Commissioner Anuj Sharma|date=2019-04-06|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-04-19|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> However, on 26 May 2019, Sharma was reinstated back as the Commissioner of Police.<ref>{{cite news |title=Anuj Sharma reinstated as Kolkata police commissioner |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/anuj-sharma-reinstated-as-kolkata-police-commissioner20190526211345/ |accessdate=26 May 2019 |agency=Asian News International}}</ref> At present he is DGP Armed Police, West Bengal.[https://wbpolice.gov.in/wbp/Common/WBP_IPS.aspx]

==Awards==
In 2007, Sharma received the [[Police Medal (India)|Police Medal for Meritorious Service]] (PMMS). In 2016, Sharma was awarded the [[President's Police Medal]] for Distinguished Service (PPMDS).<ref>{{cite web |title=West Bengal Police Service - Medals |url=https://policeservicemedals.gov.in/IPSII/PDF/WB.pdf |website=Indian Police Service Medals |publisher=Government of India |accessdate=8 July 2019 |page=4 |archive-date=16 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416194259/https://policeservicemedals.gov.in/IPSII/PDF/WB.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==See also==
*[[Kolkata Police]]
*[[Surajit Kar Purkayastha]]
*[[Soumen Mitra]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Anuj}}
[[Category:Indian police chiefs]]
[[Category:University of Lucknow alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Police commissioners of Kolkata]]
[[Category:People from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:La Martinière College, Lucknow alumni]]
[[Category:Gorkhaland]]
[[Category:People from Darjeeling district]]
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]

India First

2026-03-24T14:45:54Z

Rupa Banerjee Editor:

{{short description|Indian digital news platform}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox magazine
| title = India First
| image_file = India First.png
| image_size = 200px
| image_caption = Logo of India First
| editor =
| previous_editor =
| category = Digital news platform and e-magazine
| frequency =
| publisher = India First
| founder = Santhosh Kumar
| firstdate =
| country = [[India]]
| based =
| language = English
| website = {{URL|https://indiafirst.live}}
}}
'''''India First''''' is an [[English language|English-language]] Indian digital news platform and [[E-magazine|e-magazine]] that covers topics including business, [[Startup company|startups]], technology, sports, [[entertainment]], and lifestyle.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Bharathi |first=Vartha |title=India First, an Emerging Digital News E-Magazine |url=https://english.varthabharati.in/business/india-first-an-emerging-digital-news-e-magazine |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=english.varthabharati.in [[Vartha Bharati]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>https://www.sikkimexpress.com/news-details/indian-cybersecurity-startups-face-challenges-in-competing-globally [[Sikkim Express]]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India First Expands Coverage on Startups and Entrepreneurship |url=https://firstindia.co.in/news/business/india-first-expands-startup-coverage |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=firstindia.co.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Publications ==

* ''India First Magazine'' – The flagship e-magazine of India First, dedicated primarily to [[Entrepreneurship|entrepreneurs.]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=ವಾರ್ತಾಭಾರತಿ |date=2026-03-22 |title=India First Magazine: ಉದ್ಯಮಿಗಳ ಸಾಧನೆ ಮತ್ತು ಪ್ರೇರಣಾದಾಯಕ ಕಥೆಗಳು |url=https://www.varthabharati.in/National/india-first-magazine-digital-edition-entrepreneurs-2120832 |access-date=2026-03-22 |website=www.varthabharati.in |language=kn}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=إطلاق مجلة India First الإلكترونية لتسليط الضوء على رواد الأعمال والابتكار في الهند |url=https://www.ninanews.com/Website/News/Details?key=1287420 |access-date=2026-03-22 |website=www.ninanews.com [[National Iraqi News Agency]] |language=ar}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Entrepreneurship in India]]
* [[Startups]]
* [[Digital magazine (disambiguation)|Digital magazine]]
* [[Business]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://indiafirst.live India First]

[[Category:Indian news websites]]
[[Category:Asian news websites]]
[[Category:English-language websites]]
[[Category:Online magazines published in India]]

{{India-newspaper-stub}}

Tobdan

2026-03-15T05:27:28Z

Rupa Banerjee Editor: Creating first article first draft

{{Short description|Indian historian and linguist}}
{{infobox person
| name = Tobdan
| image = Tobdan.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| other_names =
| birth_date = 1944
| birth_place = Tod valley, Lahaul tehsil, [[Kangra district]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], British India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education =
| occupation = Historian and linguist
| known_for = Work on the history, traditions, and languages of Lahaul and some neighbouring regions
| website =
}}

'''Tobdan''' (born 1944) is a historian and linguist from [[Himachal Pradesh]], India. He is noted for his work on the cultural traditions, histories, and languages of the [[Lahaul and Spiti district]], and some neighboring regions.

== Personal life ==
Tobdan originally belongs to the Tod valley of the Lahaul division of the [[Lahaul and Spiti district]], [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ancient Lahul and Himalaya > Tobdan {{!}} Saujanya Books |url=https://www.saujanyabooks.com/details.aspx?id=44636 |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=www.saujanyabooks.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shakspa in Shashur |url=https://www.filminglahaul.com/shakspa-in-shashur/#more-37 |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=filminglahaul |language=}}</ref> He is a retired bank official.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Stutchbury |first=Elizabeth Anne |title=Rediscovering Western Tibet: Gonpa, Chorten, and the Continuity of Practice with a Tibetan Buddhist Community in the Indian Himalaya. |publisher=PhD diss. at the Australian National University |year=1991 |pages=34}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2017-09-22 |title=Speak up, India |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/cover/speak-up-india/article9867684.ece |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref> He lives in the [[Kullu Valley|Kullu valley]], Himachal Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Sriniwas |title=Need to preserve rare manuscripts of Himachal |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110406/himplus.htm#7 |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref> Tobdan is multilingual. He is fluent in his native sTodpa, Hindi, English, and Punjabi, and is conversant in most of the languages spoken in Himachal Pradesh, [[Ladakh]], and [[Spiti]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=People's Linguistic Survey of India: The Languages of Himachal Pradesh (Volume 11, Part 2) |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=2017 |editor-last=Tobdan |editor-first=Tobdan |location=Delhi}}</ref>

== Works ==
Tobdan's work as a historian has focused on the [[Western Himalayas|western Himalayan]] regions of [[Lahaul and Spiti district|Lahaul]], [[Kullu district|Kullu]], and [[Kinnaur district|Kinnaur]], and the [[Transhimalaya|trans-Himalayan]] regions of Spiti and Ladakh. As a linguist he specializes in the [[Tibetic languages]] of the Lahaul and Spiti district (''see Bibliography'').

Tobdan was among the founder-members of the non-governmental organization 'Society for Conservation and Promotion of Culture in Lahaul & Spiti', and the chief editor of its annual, and later bi-annual magazine ''Kunzom,'' which was published from 2005 to 2014.<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |title=Kunzom |publisher=Society for Conservation and Promotion of Culture in Lahaul & Spiti |year=2006 |location=Kullu }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/kunzom-vol-04-2010 |title=Kunzom, Vol. 4 (2009-10) |date=2010 |publisher=Society for Conservation and Promotion of Culture in Lahaul & Spiti |others=Tobdan }}</ref> ''Kunzom'' published short stories, poems, folksongs and grammatical sketches in various languages spoken in the Lahaul and Spiti district.

Tobdan writes in English, Hindi, and Tibetan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=kaveribooks.com: Ancient Lahul and Himalaya Tobdan Hardbound 9789386463142 |url=http://www.kaveribooks.com/index.php?p=sr&Uc=9789386463142 |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=www.kaveribooks.com}}</ref>

== Views ==

* Tobdan supports the claim that [[Buddhism]] was present in Lahaul before the advent of [[Tibetan Buddhism]], and discusses them in some of his Lahaul-based works.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tobdan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jroeAAAAMAAJ |title=History & Religions of Lahul: From the Earliest to Circa A.D. 1950 |date=1984 |publisher=Books Today |pages=87 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Berti |first=Daniela |date=2001 |title=Book review of Joshi et al (eds.) 'Himalaya: Past and Present Vol IV, 1993-94 |journal=European Bulletin of Himalayan Research |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=228–232}}</ref>
* In 2010, he opposed diverting water from natural water channels for hydroelectric dams in the Lahaul region.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chauhan |first=Kuldeep |date=July 14, 2010 |title=Tribals up in arms over Jispa Dam |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100715/himachal.htm |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref>
* In a 2021 interview, he expressed support for the preservation of the near-extinct [[Takri script|Tankri script]] of the western Himalayas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Sarika |title=Reviving Takri, Himachal's lost script |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/features/reviving-takri-himachals-lost-script-343544 |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref>
* In another 2021 interview, Tobdan opined that compared to its neighboring valley [[Spiti]] in the Lahaul and Spiti district, Lahaul had received very little scholarly attention. He had intended to bridge that knowledge gap through his body of work and particularly his then-recent book ''Ancient Lahul and Himalaya''.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Thakur |first=Kesang |date=December 14, 2021 |title="Ancient Lahul and Himalaya": In Conversation with Mr. Tobdan – FILMING लाहुल |url=https://www.filminglahaul.com/ancient-lahul-and-himalaya-in-conversation-with-mr-tobdan/ |access-date=2022-12-29 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Tobdan's works have been cited by many academics and independent scholars as important secondary sources on the histories, languages, and cultures of regions in Himachal Pradesh like Kullu, Lahaul, Spiti, and Kinnaur. These include Moran (2013),<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moran |first=Arik |date=2013 |title=Toward a history of devotional Vaishnavism in the West Himalayas: Kullu and the Ramanandis, c. 1500–1800 |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0019464612474165 |journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review |language=en |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=1–25 |doi=10.1177/0019464612474165 |s2cid=144329273 |issn=0019-4646|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Tsering (2014),<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tsering |first=Tashi |date=2014 |title=On the Unknown History of a Himalayan Buddhist Enclave: Spiti Valley before the 10th Century |journal=Journal of Research Institute: Historical Development of the Tibetan Languages |volume=51 |pages=523–551}}</ref> Bellezza (2015),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bellezza |first=John Vincent |title=June 2015 {{!}} Tibet Archaeology |url=http://www.tibetarchaeology.com/june-2015/ |access-date=2022-12-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> Rahimzadeh (2016),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rahimzadeh |first=Aghaghia |date=2016 |title=Mountain Livelihoods in Transition: Constraints and Opportunities in Kinnaur, Western Himalaya |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt5t29j6n5/qt5t29j6n5.pdf |website=UC Berkeley PhD diss}}</ref> Bhattacharya (2017),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharya |first=Himika |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xm8kDwAAQBAJ&dq=himika+bhattacharya+narrating+love+and+violence&pg=PT4 |title=Narrating Love and Violence: Women Contesting Caste, Tribe, and State in Lahaul, India |date=2017-12-28 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=978-0-8135-8955-8 |language=en}}</ref> Chamberlain and Chamberlain (2019),<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chamberlain |first1=Brad |url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/14/18/32/141832844209183669770425266092693708252/silesr2019_006.pdf |title=A Sociolinguistic Survey of Lahul Valley, Himachal Pradesh |last2=Chamberlain |first2=Wendy |publisher=SIL International |year=2019}}</ref> and Halperin (2019).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Halperin |first=Ehud |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mw22DwAAQBAJ&dq=halperin+hadimba&pg=PA161 |title=The Many Faces of a Himalayan Goddess: Hadimba, Her Devotees, and Religion in Rapid Change |date=2019-10-15 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-091359-5 |language=en}}</ref>

Elizabeth Anne Stutchbury, who conducted her doctoral research in Lahaul in the early 1980s, appreciated Tobdan's early initiative, as a Lahauli local, of studying and documenting his homeland, while decrying the general lack of any in-depth anthropological research on Lahaul at that point of time.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stutchbury |first=Elizabeth Anne |title=Rediscovering Western Tibet: Gonpa, Chorten, and the Continuity of Practice with a Tibetan Buddhist Community in the Indian Himalaya. |publisher=PhD diss. at the Australian National University |year=1991 |pages=43}}</ref>

John Bray commends Tobdan and Dorje's book on the [[Moravian missionaries]] in western Himalayas (2008) as a valuable contribution that makes information from disparate sources on this subject more readily available.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bray |first=John |date=2008 |title=Review of 'Moravian Missionaries in Western Trans-Himalaya (Lahul, Ladakh and Kinnaur)' by Tobdan and C. Dorje |url=https://ladakhstudies553872937.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/ls22.pdf |journal=Ladakh Studies |volume=22 |pages=55–57}}</ref>

== Recognition ==

* Tobdan was the editor of the Himachal Pradesh volume of the [[People's Linguistic Survey of India]], which was led by [[G.N. Devy]] (who was also the series editor).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=PLSI Associates |url=https://bhasha.frappe.cloud/plsi/associates |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=bhasha.frappe.cloud |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The complete list of volumes of the People's Linguistic Survey of India |url=https://www.orientblackswan.com/downloads/PLSI_Volumes_List.pdf |access-date=December 29, 2022 |website=orientblackswan}}</ref><ref name=":2" />
* He has been the member of the Governing Body of the Himachal Pradesh Academy of Arts, Culture, and Languages.<ref name=":0" />
* He was among the main contributors of the Academy's 2011 volume (in [[Hindi]]) on the life and cultures of Lahaul and Spiti district.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Sriniwas |title=Unfolding the mystical Lahaul-Spiti |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20111102/himplus.htm#top |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref>
* Some volumes of the ''Kunzom'' magazine's have been digitally archived on archive.org.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/kunzom-volume-01-2005 |title=Kunzom, Vol. 1 (2005) |date=2005 |publisher=Society for Conservation and Promotion of Culture in Lahaul & Spiti |others=Tobdan}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

== Bibliography ==
As of 2021, Tobdan had written the following books:

# Tobdan. 1984. ''History and Religions of Lahul: From The Earliest To Circa A.D. 1950''. Delhi: Books Today.
# Tobdan. 1993. ''The People of the Upper Valley: The Stodpas of Lahul in the Himalayas''. Delhi: Book India Publishing.
# Tobdan, and Chhering Dorje. 1996. ''Historical Documents from Western Trans-Himalaya. Lahul, Zanskar and Ladakh''. Delhi: Book India Publishing.
# Tobdan. 2008. ''Cultural History of Western Trans-Himalayas: Bashahar Kinnaur''. Aryan Books.
# Tobdan. 2008. ''Moravian Missionaries in Western Trans-Himalaya: Lahul Ladakh and Kinnaur''. Delhi: Kaveri Books.
# Tobdan. 2011. ''Exploring Malana: An Ancient Culture Hidden in the Himalayas''. Indus Publishers.
# Tobdan. 2015. ''Nathapanth in Western Himalaya''. Delhi: Kaveri Books.
# Tobdan. 2015. ''Spiti: A Study in Socio-Cultural Traditions''. Delhi: Kaveri Books.
# Tobdan. 2015. ''A Grammar of sTodpa (A Language of Lahul in the Western Himalaya)''. Kaithal: Amrit Books.
# Devy, G.N., and Tobdan, eds. 2017. ''The Languages of Himachal Pradesh: People’s Linguistic Survey of India''. Volume Eleven. Orient Blackswan.
# Tobdan. 2019. ''Zong Gonpa of Village Tinno''. New Delhi: Kaveri Books.
# Tobdan. 2020. ''sTodpa Language of Lahul in the Himalaya''. Delhi: Kaveri Books.
# Tobdan. 2020. ''Bhoti Parichay: Vyakaran aur Anuvad'' (in Hindi). Delhi: Kaveri Books.
# Tobdan. 2021. ''Ancient Lahaul and Himalaya''. Delhi: Kaveri Books.
# Tobdan. 2022. ''The Brave Soldiers of Lahaul - the Saviours of Ladakh in 1948.'' Delhi: Kaveri Books.

== References ==
<references />

{{authority control}}

[[Category:People from Lahaul and Spiti district]]
[[Category:Scholars from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian linguists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian linguists]]
[[Category:People from Kullu district]]
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tibetologists]]
[[Category:Himalayan studies]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]

Manivathoorile Aayiram Sivarathrikal

2026-03-06T22:42:37Z

Rupa Banerjee Editor: minor cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Manivathoorile Aayiram Sivarathrikal
| image = Manivathoorile Aayiram Sivarathrikal.png

| alt =
| caption = Poster designed by [[P. N. Menon (director)|P. N. Menon]]
| director = [[Fazil (director)|Fazil]]
| producer = Appachan
| story = G. Omana Gangadharan
| screenplay = [[Fazil (director)|Fazil]] [[Jagadish]] (dialogues)
| starring = [[Mammootty]] [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]] [[M. G. Soman]] [[Devan (actor)|Devan]] Anila
| music = [[M. B. Sreenivasan]]
| cinematography = [[Anandakuttan]]
| editing = T. R. Shekhar
| studio = Swargachithra
| distributor = Gandhimathi Films
| released = {{Film date|1987|09|04|df=y}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Manivathoorile Aayiram Sivarathrikal''''' (English: The 1000 [[Sivarathri]]es of Manivathoor) is 1987 [[Cinema of Kerala|Malayalam]] film, starring [[Mammootty]] and directed by [[Fazil (director)|Fazil]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metromatinee.com/artist/Fazil-1006|title=Fazil Filmography|work=Metromatinee|accessdate=7 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1986|title=Manivathoorile Aayiram Shivaraathrikal|accessdate=2014-10-17|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?1248|title=Manivathoorile Aayiram Shivaraathrikal|accessdate=2014-10-17|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref> It was the last film of the eminent music director [[M. B. Sreenivasan]], who died less than a year after the film was released.

==Plot==
Thirteen-year-old Vineetha and her father, Dr. Vinayachandran go to visit her grandfather, John Samuel, in Ooty on the death anniversary of Vineetha's mother Neena, who died in a tragic accident. The movie flashes back to when Vinay meets Neena at a Church Service and falls in love. Both the families, despite belonging to different religions, give full consent to the couple to marry. After the wedding, Vinay takes Neena to his home back in Manivathoor to meet his mother (played by Sukhumari). Neena accidentally tips over the sacred deepam and it is seen as an omen against a long married life.

==Cast==
*[[Mammootty]] as Dr. Vinayachandran
*[[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]] as Neena
*[[M. G. Soman]] as John Samuel
*[[Devan (actor)|Devan]] as Josephkutty
*[[Sukumari]] as Lakshmi, Vinayachandran's Mother
*Lizy as Rani
*[[Adoor Bhasi]] as Stephen, Neena's Uncle
*[[Jagadish]] as Baby, Neena's Cousin
*Anila as Vineetha
*[[ Fahad Faasil]] as kid in the party

== Soundtrack ==

{{Track listing

| extra_column = Artist(s)

| all_lyrics = [[O. N. V. Kurup]]
| all_music = [[M. B. Sreenivasan]]

| title1 = Aadiyil Edanil
| extra1 = [[M. G. Sreekumar]]

| title2 = Ambili Choodunna
| extra2 = [[K. S. Chithra]]

| title3 = Ambili Choodunna
| note3 = Female
| extra3 = K. S. Chithra, [[Choir]]

| title4 = Ambili Choodunna
| note4 = Male
| extra4 = M. G. Sreekumar

| title5 = Ithirippoovinte
| extra5 = [[K. J. Yesudas]], K. S. Chithra

| title6 = Muthe Muthe
| note6 = Ithirippoovinte
| extra6 = K. S. Chithra

| title7 = Nettiyil Poovulla
| note7 = Female
| extra7 = K. S. Chithra

| title8 = Nettiyil Poovulla
| note8 = Male
| extra8 = K. J. Yesudas

| title9 = Oro Poovilum
| extra9 = M. G Sreekumar

| title10 = Oro Poovilum
| note10 = Ormathan
| extra10 = K. J. Yesudas

}}

==Box office==
The film was one of the biggest hits of 1987 and was a blockbuster at the box office.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0214916|Manivathoorile Aayiram Sivarathrikal}}

{{Fazil (director)}}

[[Category:1987 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1987 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1987 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. B. Sreenivasan]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]

{{1980s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Golden Bridge (India)

2026-03-04T07:04:56Z

Rupa Banerjee Editor:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox bridge
| name = Golden Bridge
| native_name = Narmada Bridge
| image = A Foggy moring over river Narmada, Gujarat, India.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Golden Bridge viewed from railway bridge
| carries = Road
| crosses = [[Narmada River]]
| locale = [[Bharuch]] and [[Ankleshwar]] in India
| design = [[Through arch bridge]]
| length = {{Convert|1412|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| width =
| height =
| mainspan =
| begin = 7 December 1877
| complete = 16 May 1881
| open =
| coordinates = {{coord|21.693255|N|73.004936|E|display = inline,title|format=dms}}
}}
[[File:GOLDEN BRIDGE BHARUCH-3.jpg|thumb|Golden bridge on Narmada river]]
The '''Golden Bridge''' connects [[Ankleshwar]] to [[Bharuch]] in the [[Gujarat]] state of western [[India]]. It was built in 1881 by the [[United Kingdom|British]], who needed a bridge across the [[Narmada River]] to create better access to trade and administration officials in [[Bombay]] (now called Mumbai).<ref name=TI1>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/Golden-Bridge-stands-true-to-its-name-now/articleshow/14855904.cms | title=Golden Bridge stands true to its name now | date=12 July 2012 | newspaper=The Times of India | accessdate=1 July 2018 }}</ref> The bridge is also called the '''Narmada Bridge'''.

==Construction==
The British started construction on the iron bridge on 7 December 1877. The bridge was contracted by the [[Bombay, Baroda, and Central India Railway]] and was designed by [[Sir John Hawkshaw]].<ref name=TI2>{{cite news | url=https://www.thecourier.co.uk/fp/nostalgia/1419719/indias-golden-bridge-is-still-standing-139-years-after-being-made-from-the-same-iron-as-the-doomed-first-tay-rail-bridge/ | title=India's Golden Bridge is still standing 139 years after being made from the same iron as the doomed first Tay Rail Bridge | date=7 July 2020 | newspaper=The Courier | accessdate=11 March 2021 }}</ref> The bridge was completed on 16 May 1881 at a cost of [[Indian rupee|Rs]] 45.65 [[lakh]]s. Originally named the Narmada Bridge, it came to be known as the Golden Bridge on account of the heavy expenditure incurred during construction due to damage from heavy water flow. After independence, it became part of the national highway.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-05-17 |title=Golden Bridge standing tall after 134 years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/golden-bridge-standing-tall-after-134-years/articleshow/47315320.cms |access-date=2025-07-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> However, the flow of heavy traffic was reduced after a new bridge on Narmada was built.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-07-13 |title=Gujarat: Bharuch-Ankleshwar travel time reduced to 10 minutes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/bharuch-ankleshwar-travel-time-reduced-to-10-minutes/articleshow/84356575.cms |access-date=2025-07-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The length of the Golden Bridge is {{convert|1412|m|ft}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Golden Narmada Bridge – DurgaSahai |url=https://durgasahai.com/tourist-places/golden-narmada-bridge/ |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=durgasahai.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Impact of 2023 Bharuch Flood ===
In September 2023, the Golden Bridge experienced significant challenges due to severe flooding in [[Bharuch]]. The flood was caused by continuous heavy rainfall and the release of water from the [[Sardar Sarovar Dam]] on the [[Narmada River]]. The water level of the Narmada River near the Golden Bridge reached about 9 feet above the danger mark, leading to the evacuation of over 2,000 people and around 500 cattle to relief camps.<ref>{{cite web |date=2023-09-17 |title=Narmada water level above danger mark in Gujarat's Bharuch; over 2,000 shifted |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/narmada-water-level-above-danger-mark-in-gujarats-bharuch-over-2000-shifted20230917205556/ |publisher=ANI News}}</ref> The bridge was temporarily closed to traffic due to waterlogging and safety concerns.<ref>{{cite web |date=2023-09-17 |title=Bharuch flood: Narmada Maiya bridge declared shut for traffic |url=https://deshgujarat.com/2023/09/17/bharuch-flood-narmada-maiya-bridge-declared-shut-for-traffic/ |publisher=DeshGujarat}}</ref> The State Disaster Response Force (SDRF) and the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) were deployed in the area for rescue operations.<ref>{{cite web |date=2023-09-18 |title=Gujarat rain: Bharuch faces flood-like situation as heavy rainfall continues |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/gujarat/gujarat-rain-bharuch-faces-flood-like-situation-heavy-rainfall-continues-incessant-downpours-sardar-sarovar-narmada-river-dam-2023-09-18-893409 |publisher=IndiaTV News}}</ref>

== Operation and Significance ==
For nearly a century, Golden Bridge was the only road crossing of the Narmada between [[Bharuch]] and [[Ankleshwar]], carrying buses, trucks and pedestrian traffic bound for [[Mumbai|Bombay]] and central India. Its narrow width, just two vehicle lanes became famous for nightly pilgrim processions during river side festivals, and its vantage point remains a popular sunset lookout.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-06 |title=Bharuch Golden Bridge Closes Forever to Public Access |url=https://deshgujarat.com/2025/01/06/bharuch-golden-bridge-closes-forever-to-public-access/ |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref> Structural inspections in the 1970s and 2000s affirmed its resilience: despite exposure to floods, monsoon currents and occasional tremors, the iron superstructure exhibited only minor corrosion and deformation thanks to regular maintenance by [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]] and later state PWD teams.<ref>{{cite news |title=Golden Bridge on Narmada River shut for vehicle and pedestrian movements |work=DeshGujarat |date=14 July 2023 |url=https://deshgujarat.com/2023/07/14/golden-bridge-on-narmada-river-shut-for-vehicle-and-pedestrian-movements/ |access-date=2025-07-02}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Silver Jubilee Railway Bridge Bharuch]]
* [[3rd Narmada Bridge]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Structurae|id=20070840}}

{{Hydrography of Gujarat}}

[[Category:Bridges completed in 1881]]
[[Category:Bharuch district]]
[[Category:Bridges over the Narmada River]]
[[Category:Bridges in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Transport in Ankleshwar]]
[[Category:Transport in Bharuch]]
[[Category:1881 establishments in India]]

Omorshongi

2026-03-04T00:10:51Z

Rupa Banerjee Editor: New Article

{{Short description|2025 Indian Bengali supernatural romance film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Omorshongi
| image = File:Omorshongi Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| alt =
| director = Dibya Chatterjee
| producer = Avinaba Ghosh Paridhi Khaitan Arnab Pal
| screenplay =
| story = Aritra Sengupta Dibya Chatterjee
| starring = [[Vikram Chatterjee]] [[Sohini Sarkar]]
| music = [[Arko Pravo Mukherjee|Arko]] [[Ranajoy Bhattacharjee]] #abhikism Tamalika Golder Neel Adhikari Shomeshwar Oli 8-Bit Culprit
| cinematography = Abhimanyu Sengupta
| editing = Amir Mondal
| studio = Dreams On Sale Production Handykraft Pictures
| distributor = SSR Cinemas
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|01|31}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| gross =
| budget =
}}

'''''Omorshongi''''' ({{translation|'''''Immortal Companion'''''}}) is a 2025 [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[Supernatural film|supernatural]] [[romantic comedy film]] co-written and directed by Dibya Chatterjee in his directorial debut. Produced by Avinaba Ghosh, Paridhi Khaitan and Arnab Pal under the banners of Dreams On Sale Productions and Handykraft Pictures, the film stars [[Vikram Chatterjee]] and [[Sohini Sarkar]] in the lead roles, while Dibyasha Das, Shreema Bhattacharya and Aniruddha Gupta play other pivotal roles.<ref>{{cite news |title=Omorshongi is a poignant tale of love, loss and self-discovery |url=https://t2online.in/music/indian/omorshongi%C2%A0is-a-poignant-tale-of-love,-loss-and-self-discovery/1313840 |access-date=14 February 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]] |date=31 January 2025}}</ref> The film revolves around a grief stricken novelist, who is confronted by the ghost of his late girlfriend and she persuades him to move on with his life.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Majumder |first1=Suparna |title=সোহিনীর 'অমর সঙ্গী' বিক্রম, অদ্ভূতুড়ে প্রেম? পোস্টারেই ঘনীভূত রহস্য |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/sohini-sarkar-and-vikram-chatterjee-in-new-bengali-film-omor-shongi-poster/ |access-date=15 February 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=7 December 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>

The film was announced in June 2023, marking the first collaboration between Vikram and Sohini.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vikram Chatterjee & Sohini Sarkar pair up for a romantic comedy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/vikram-chatterjee-sohini-sarkar-pair-up-for-a-romantic-comedy/articleshow/102892630.cms |access-date=15 February 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=21 August 2023}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] commenced in August 2023 and wrapped by in April 2024. Written by Chatterjee with Aritra Sengupta,<ref>{{cite news |title='Omorshongi' trailer: Sohini Sarkar's ghost haunts former lover played by Vikram Chatterjee |url=https://obeta.ttef.in/entertainment/sohini-sarkars-ghost-haunts-ex-lover-played-by-vikram-chatterjee/cid/2079165 |access-date=16 February 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=23 January 2025}}</ref> the cinematography and editing are handled by Abhimanyu Sengupta and Amir Mondal respectively. The film was released on 31 January 2025 to mixed reviews from the critics and positive reviews from the audience.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bengali films Felubakshi, Omor Shongi to hit theatres in January 2025 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/felubakshi-omor-shongi-to-hit-theatres-in-january-2025/cid/2068986 |access-date=14 February 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=7 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=দত্ত |first1=অভিনন্দন |title=প্রাক্তনের সঙ্গে যোগাযোগ থাকবে কি না, সম্পর্কের তিক্ততা তা স্থির করে দেয়, মত বিক্রম-সোহিনীর |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/a-candid-chat-with-vikram-chatterjee-and-sohini-sarkar-before-the-release-of-their-new-bengali-film-omorshongi-dgtl/cid/1578476 |access-date=15 February 2025 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=31 January 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>
== Plot ==
The story revolves around two childhood sweethearts, Anurag and Joyee, who have been inseparable since their school days. They have been soulmates since the 5th grade. After being in love for many years, their marriage has been fixed, and they have brought a new house too, for moving in after marriage. But tragedy strikes their life as they are on the verge of starting a new phase of life together. Unexpectedly, Joyee dies of a heart attack just a day before the wedding. Anurag's world, once teeming with literary inspiration, now stagnates in an abyss of grief. But this doesn't end their love story.

He starts seeing fleeting apparitions of Joyee—her glimpses caught in mirror reflections and familiar corners of the room. He soon realised, what initially appeared to be hallucinatory projections of sorrow, had turned into an unsettling truth. Joyee has returned as a ghost, unwilling to leave Anurag behind. Anurag, an exhausted novelist, is perplexed by the complexity of the situation. Although initially terrified, he slowly starts to enjoy her presence, convincing himself that fate has given him a bonus round with the love of his life.

He further realised that only he can see Joyee's ghost, owing to the strong bonding of love in between them. Joyee is there, nagging, scolding, and comforting Anurag while refusing to fade into oblivion. After a few days, Anurag also perceived that neither can he touch her nor can they live a truly shared life. He is struck by a dilemma: whether it is possible to live and romance with a partner who no longer possesses a physical body. He is struck in a limbo as he realises that despite him growing old, she will not age.

He desperately attempts to make a true sense of Joyee's existence through the help of [[Tantra|tantrics]], [[Spiritualism (beliefs)|spiritualists]], and [[occult]] experts. He starts reading books on death and the afterlife and seeks help from temple priests. He becomes so involved with this, that he now wants to write horror stories in place of the romantic stories, which he had liked earlier. He madly seeks the answer about what is there after life. Although he contemplates a new relationship with Niharika, he realises all the more that he would never be able to move on from Joyee's intangible existence. Despite opening a new dynamic in his life, it further complicated his healing. He was unable to forget her and their shared memories.

He gets to know from a spiritualist that a close one who has died, can return as a ghost after death only if a major danger has passed or if a major danger is present in the near future. Since Anurag was the only one who could see her, he was the probable danger victim. He warned Anurag of a possible major danger upcoming in his life and asked him to be cautious. Despite his parents and to would-have-been in-laws persuading him to move on, he is stuck to Joyee's ghost and their love. Anurag is eager to know regarding the nature of longing between two special lovers and wants to make true sense of the possibility of a romantic love transcending death.<ref>{{cite news |title=Director Samik Roy Choudhury writes about Omorshongi |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/director-samik-roy-choudhury-writes-about-omorshongi/cid/2082342 |access-date=16 February 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=8 February 2025}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Vikram Chatterjee]] as Anurag<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy Chowdhury |first1=Samik |title='Omorshongi is an ambitious blend of love, loss, and spectral reminiscences' says director Samik Roy Choudhury |url=https://t2online.in/videos/video/-omorshongi-is-an-ambitious-blend-of-love-loss-and-spectral-reminiscences-/1326660 |access-date=15 February 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]] |date=8 February 2025}}</ref>
*[[Sohini Sarkar]] as Joyee
*[[Shreema Bhattacherjee]] as Shree
*Aniruddha Gupta as Anurag's confidant
*Dibyasha Das as Niharika
*Saumya Sengupta as Anurag's father
*Madhumita Chakraborty as Anurag's mother
*Sandip Bhattacharya as Joyee's father
}}

=== Cameo appearances ===
{{cast listing|
*[[Ankush Hazra]]<ref>{{cite news |title=বিক্রম পর্দায় ভূতের সঙ্গে প্রেম করছেন, বাস্তবে অঙ্কুশ! ফাঁস করেই আক্ষেপে ভেঙে পড়লেন? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/ankush-hazra-congratulates-vikram-chatterjee-for-his-new-movie-omorshongi-calls-girlfriend-oindrila-sen-ghost-dgtl/cid/1578571 |access-date=14 February 2025 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=31 January 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>
*[[Madhumita Sarcar]]
*[[Bibriti Chatterjee]]
*[[Angana Roy]]
*[[Tathagata Mukherjee]]
*[[Qaushiq Mukherjee]]
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
The film marked the Bengali film debut of director Dibya Chatterjee. The director explained that the title of the film is suggestive of a love story that transcends the mortal plane and means "Lovers beyond the realm".<ref>{{cite news |title=Vikram and Sohini star in the new romantic comedy Omorshongi |url=https://t2online.in/videos/video/vikram-and-sohini-star-in-the-new-romantic-comedy-omorshongi/532270?utm_source=recommendation&ref=recommendation |access-date=14 February 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]] |date=6 October 2023}}</ref> In an interview, the director informed that he didn't have any trouble while recruiting the cast and crew of the film. He decided to do a film in Bengali after meeting his childhood friend Abhinav, who assured him to produce the film. While the cinematographer was his flatmate in Mumbai, he approached Vikram and Sohini for knowing them previously from a web series.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Goswami |first1=Ranita |title=Vikram-Sohini: 'এখন সম্পর্ক টিকিয়ে রাখাটাই চ্যালেঞ্জ…', 'অমরসঙ্গী' বিক্রমকে পাশে নিয়ে কথাটা কেন বললেন সোহিনী? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/omorshongi-sohini-sarkar-and-vikram-chatterjee-opens-up-about-love-and-relationship-31737701920679.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210003900/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/omorshongi-sohini-sarkar-and-vikram-chatterjee-opens-up-about-love-and-relationship-31737701920679.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 February 2025 |access-date=15 February 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=24 January 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>

Vikram spoke in an interview that he signed to the film for its script and unique genre, which encompasses the elements of horror with a romantic comedy film. Sohini also revealed that she signed the film owing to its interesting script and her personal acquaintance with the director after working in a Hindi language web series.<ref>{{cite news |title=পাল্টাচ্ছে মুখ! বড় পর্দায় ফের 'অমর সঙ্গী', মুক্তি কবে? |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/!entertainment/bikram-chatterjee-sohini-sarkar-acts-in-bengali-movie-omorshongi-west-bengal-news-wbs24120701951 |access-date=14 February 2025 |work=[[ETV Network|ETV Bharat]] |date=7 December 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
The cinematography has been done majorly in [[Kolkata]] and partially in [[Howrah]]. Major schedules have been shot in [[Rashbehari Avenue]], [[Deshapriya Park]] regions of [[South Kolkata]] and on the banks of [[Hooghly River]] beside the [[Howrah Bridge]]. The filming was started on 25 August 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vikram Sohini Omor Shongi:ফার্স্ট লুকের পর শুটিং শুরু 'অমরসঙ্গী'র, জুটিতে বিক্রম-সোহিনী |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bengali/west-bengal/entertainment/movie/vikram-sohini-omor-shongi-goes-to-the-floors/wb20230825125423301301802 |access-date=15 February 2025 |work=[[ETV Network|ETV Bharat]] |date=25 August 2023 |language=bn}}</ref> Sohini spoke about a rain scene, in which the artificial tank was finished in just taking Vikram's shots. She explained how difficult it was for her to wait till the next tank arrives, while holding on to that mood and emotion.<ref>{{cite news |last1=A. Roy |first1=Priyanka |title=Vikram Chatterjee and Sohini Sarkar shine in a Calcutta-themed shoot ahead of Omorshongi release |url=https://t2online.in/goodlife/books/vikram-chatterjee-and-sohini-sarkar-shine-in-a-calcutta-themed-shoot-ahead-of-omorshongi%C2%A0release/1311205 |access-date=15 February 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]] |date=29 January 2025}}</ref> The filming was completed and wrapped up on 21 April 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Shamayita |title=Omorshongi: It's a wrap for Vikram Chatterjee and Sohini Sarkar's film |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/omorshongi-its-a-wrap-for-vikram-chatterjee-and-sohini-sarkars-film/b4a91bda4b423 |access-date=16 February 2025 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=23 April 2024}}</ref>

=== Marketing ===
The first look of the characters was revealed on 21 August 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vikram Sohini Omor Shongi: নতুন ছবিতে 'অমরসঙ্গী' বিক্রম-সোহিনী |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bengali/west-bengal/entertainment/movie/vikram-chatterjee-sohini-sarkar-omor-shongi-first-look-out-now/wb20230821215209345345532 |access-date=15 February 2025 |work=[[ETV Network|ETV Bharat]] |date=21 August 2023}}</ref> The first poster was released on 6 December 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Omorshongi: A genre-bending horror romantic comedy unveiled |url=https://t2online.in/undefined/undefined/omorshongi-a-genre-bending-horror-romantic-comedy-unveiled/1243192 |access-date=14 February 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]] |date=6 December 2024}}</ref> The teaser was released on 17 December 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ganguly |first1=Ruman |title=The teaser of Omorshongi is out |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/the-teaser-of-omorshongi-is-out/articleshow/116425319.cms |access-date=15 February 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=18 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=New Bengali film teasers and trailers: Omorshongi, Oporochito, Bhaggyolokkhi |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/omorshongi-oporochito-teasers-and-bhaggyolokkhi-trailer-out/cid/2074354 |access-date=16 February 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=30 December 2024}}</ref> The trailer was released on 22 January 2025 on Zee Music Bangla and Dreams On Sale Youtube channels.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Piya |title=The trailer of Omorshongi underlines the timelessness of true love |url=https://t2online.in/not-in-use/wheels/the-trailer-of-omorshongi-underlines-the-timelessness-of-true-love/1308129 |access-date=15 February 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]] |date=25 January 2025}}</ref>

At the trailer launch event, the trailer was unveiled by [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]. He was present as the chief guest at the event, as they makers decided to show respect to the 1987 Bengali classic [[Amar Sangee]], which has the same title as their film. The lead pair did a Kolkata themed photoshoot with nostalgic Kolkata symbols like the [[Yellow cab#India|yellow ambassador]] and [[Victoria Memorial]], as a part of the promotions.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ganguly |first1=Dharitri |title=Actors Vikram Chatterjee and Sohini Sarkar on their upcoming romantic horror comedy 'Omorshongi' |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2025/Feb/05/actors-vikram-chatterjee-and-sohini-sarkar-on-their-upcoming-romantic-horror-comedy-omorshongi |access-date=15 February 2025 |work=[[The New Indian Express|Indulge Express]] |date=5 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=A. Roy |first1=Priyanka |title=Vikram and Sohini deck up for a special Calcutta-themed shoot, ahead of the release of OmorShongi |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/vikram-chatterjee-and-sohini-sarkar-deck-up-for-a-special-calcutta-themed-shoot-ahead-of-the-release-of-their-film-omorshongi/cid/2080268 |access-date=16 February 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=29 January 2025}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Omorshongi
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Arko Pravo Mukherjee|Arko]], [[Ranajoy Bhattacharjee]], Abhikism, Tamalika Golder, Neel Adhikari, Shomeshwar Oli and 8-Bit Culprit
| cover = File:Omorshongi.jpg
| alt =
| released = 2025
| recorded = 2024
| venue =
| studio = Studio 504 RB Studios Sound Symphony Studio
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = 32:28
| language = Bengali
| label = [[Zee Music Company|Zee Music Bangla]]
| producer =
| misc = {{external media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|iCCK38C1ivQ|Omorshongi - Full Album (Audio Jukebox)}}}}
}}

The music of the film has been composed by [[Arko Pravo Mukherjee|Arko]], [[Ranajoy Bhattacharjee]], Abhikism, Tamalika Golder, Neel Adhikari, Shomeshwar Oli and 8-Bit Culprit. The lyrics have been penned by Shomeshwar Oli, #abhikism, Ranajoy Bhattacharjee and Swadesh Misra.

The first single "Purono Premer Poddo" was released on 10 January 2025. The second single "Raikamal" was released on 18 January 2025. The third single "Monihara" was released on 30 January 2025.

{{Tracklist
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 32:28
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Purono Premer Poddo
| music1 = [[Arko Pravo Mukherjee|Arko]]
| length1 = 4:28
| lyrics1 = Shomeshwar Oli
| extra1 = Arko
| title2 = Monihara
| music2 = Abhikism
| length2 = 3:56
| lyrics2 = Abhikism
| extra2 = Rishi Chanda, Abhikism
| title3 = Shiuli
| music3 = [[Ranajoy Bhattacharjee]]
| length3 = 4:14
| lyrics3 = Ranajoy Bhattacharjee
| extra3 = Debayan Banerjee, Shaoni Mojumdar, Ranajoy Bhattacharjee
| title4 = Purono Premer Poddo - Duet
| music4 = Arko
| length4 = 4:27
| lyrics4 = Shomeshwar Oli
| extra4 = Arko, Srijani Dan
| title5 = Raikamal
| music5 = Tamalika Golder
| length5 = 3:27
| lyrics5 = Swadesh Misra
| extra5 = Chakropani Dev
| title6 = Lovers Beyond Realms
| music6 = Neel Adhikari
| length6 = 3:19
| lyrics6 =
| extra6 =
| title7 = Nuton In The House
| music7 = Rabindranath Tagore, Neel Adhikari
| length7 = 2:21
| lyrics7 = [[Rabindranath Tagore]]
| extra7 = Tomali Chaudhuri, Srabani Chakraborty, Rama Ghose, Kajali Chatterjee, Indrani Mukherjee
| title8 = Dirty Nights
| music8 = 8-Bit Culprit
| length8 = 6:30
| lyrics8 =
| extra8 =
}}

== Release ==
The film was released in the theatres on 31 January 2025, at 56 cinemas with 66 shows.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Arindam |last2=Roy |first2=Piya |last3=A. Roy |first3=Priyanka |title=Spotlighting some of the much-awaited Bengali films set to release in the first half of 2025 |url=https://t2online.in/goodlife/books/spotlighting-some-of-the-much-awaited-bengali-films-set-to-release-in-the-first-half-of-2025/1272176 |access-date=14 February 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]] |date=1 January 2025}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical reception ===
Agnivo Niyogi of [[The Telegraph (India)|''The Telegraph'']] reviewed the film on a positive note and wrote "Omorshongi roots itself in Bengali sensibilities as it looks at the nature of longing and the possibility of a romantic love transcending death. The film is an interesting take on romance, fusing supernatural elements with comedy and it strikes a drama bittersweet balance between humour and heartache." She praised Vikram and Sohini's chemistry, the cinematography, the songs and the score but bemoaned the pace in the second half.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title='Omorshongi': Vikram-Sohini's chemistry steers this tale of romancing a ghost |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/vikram-chatterjee-sohini-sarkar-play-lovers-in-this-romance-with-a-twist/cid/2081375 |access-date=14 February 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=3 February 2025}}</ref>

A reviewer from ''[[India TV]]'' reviewed the film on a positive note and opined "With noteworthy performances from Vikram Chatterjee and Sohini Sarkar, this movie will make you laugh, cry, and reimagine everything you thought you knew about love through a lens of eerie and emotional depth." He specially praised the director for his uniquely crafted storytelling style that blends dark comedy, horror and deeply emotional themes of love and loss.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dibya Chatterjee's dark comedy 'Omorshongi' showcases unique tale of love, loss and supernatural |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/news/dibya-chatterjee-dark-comedy-omorshongi-showcases-unique-tale-of-love-loss-and-supernatural-watch-trailer-2025-01-30-973786 |access-date=15 February 2025 |work=[[India TV]]}}{{rating|7|10}}</ref>

Deborshi Bandyopadhyay of ''[[Anandabazar Patrika]]'' rated the film 7/10 stars and noted "Despite having a few loopholes, the film is a full-on entertainment and family watch package. The film has a certain intoxication and trance, which is produced by the well designed cinematography." He praised the chemistry between the lead, the screenplay and the storytelling style of the director but bemoaned the lack of emotional depth in the sub-plots in the film and repetitive scenes in the second half.<ref>{{cite news |last1=বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় |first1=দেবর্ষি |title=ভূতে-মানুষে জমজমাট প্রেম, কেমন দাঁড়াল 'অমরসঙ্গী'তে সোহিনী-বিক্রমের রসায়ন? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/review-of-bengali-film-omorshongi-starring-vikram-chatterjee-and-sohini-sarkar-dgtl/cid/1579199 |access-date=15 February 2025 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=3 February 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>

Sandipta Bhanja of ''[[Sangbad Pratidin]]'' reviewed the film and wrote "Although the horror element in the film is not scares you, it gives you a feel good ''wali'' romantic story." She praised the chemistry between Vikram-Sohini, their effortless acting - dialogue deliveries, numerous emotionally drenched romantic dialogues throughout the film, the songs, cinematography and cameos but pointed out the lack of emotional depth in certain scenes, weak acting of the supporting cast and repetitive scenes in second half.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhanja |first1=Sandipta |title=বিক্রম-সোহিনীর 'অমর সঙ্গী' কতটা জমল? পড়ুন রিভিউ |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/film-review/vikram-chatterjee-sohini-sarkar-starrer-amar-sangi-review/ |access-date=15 February 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=31 January 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>

Poorna Banerjee of the ''[[Times of India]]'' rated the film 2/5 stars and highlighted "Despite strong performances, a solid soundtrack, memorable cameos, and a few humorous moments, Omorshongi struggles to deliver a meaningful blend of horror and comedy. The pacing issues and the film's tendency to drag on hinder its emotional impact." She praised Vikram and Sohini's on-screen chemistry and the cameos but criticised the slow pace, unnecessary plot veer offs and occasionally forced comedy.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Banerjee |first1=Poorna |title=Omorshongi Movie Review : Unrest in Prem |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/omorshongi/movie-review/117986695.cms |access-date=15 February 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=7 February 2025}}{{rating|2|5}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
Five days prior to the release on 26 January 2025, posters of the film were torn in many parts of [[Kolkata]], specially in [[Lake Gardens]].<ref>{{cite news |title=ছিঁড়ে ফেলা হলো 'অমর সঙ্গী'র পোস্টার, কারা করল এই কাজ? যা বললেন বিক্রম |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/story/bengali-actor-vikram-chatterjee-shares-his-upcoming-movie-omor-shongi-poster-has-been-torn-down-in-south-kolkata-area-vikram-chatterjee-share-his-thoughts-sum-1160823-2025-01-26 |access-date=15 February 2025 |work=[[Aaj Tak]] |date=26 January 2025 |language=bn}}</ref> The makers informed that they noticed it when they went out at night to see if they posters have been attached properly across the city. They took to their social media handles and expressed their concern regarding the tearing up of only the posters of their film, while posters of other upcoming films were there.<ref>{{cite news |title=বাকি ছবির পোস্টার আছে, শুধু 'অমর সঙ্গী'র পোস্টার ছেঁড়া? প্রশ্ন তুললেন হতাশ বিক্রম |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/url-actor-vikram-chatterjee-disappointed-to-see-his-upcoming-movie-amar-sangi-poster-has-been-torn-dgtl/cid/1577270 |access-date=15 February 2025 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=25 January 2025 |language=bn}}</ref> Vikram informed, posters worth thousands were brought here from Chennai and due to budget issues, it was not possible for the producer to reprint them.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhanja |first1=Sandipta |title='রিলিজের আগে অমরসঙ্গীর পোস্টার ছেঁড়া হচ্ছে', ক্ষোভ ওগরালেন বিক্রম |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/amar-sangi-poster-has-been-torned-actor-vikram-chatterjee-gets-angry/ |access-date=15 February 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=25 January 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt35052587}}

[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2025 comedy horror films]]
[[Category:2025 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2025 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Films shot in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Films set in West Bengal]]

Oru CBI Diary Kurippu

2026-03-03T21:07:52Z

Rupa Banerjee Editor: Refined content and updated sections

{{short description|1988 film by K. Madhu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Oru CBI Diary Kurippu
| image = Oru CBI Diary Kurippu.jpg

| caption = Poster
| director = [[K. Madhu]]
| based_on =
| producer = M. Mani
| writer = [[S. N. Swamy]]
| starring = [[Mammootty]] [[Suresh Gopi]] [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] [[Sukumaran]]
| cinematography = [[Vipindas]]
| music = [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]]
| editing = V. P. Krishnan
| released = {{Film date|1988|2|11|df=y}}
| runtime = 137 minutes
| studio = Sunitha Productions
| distributor = Aroma Movies
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = ₹ 37 lakhs 
| gross = ₹ 2 crores
}}

'''''Oru CBI Diary Kurippu''''' ({{translation|A [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] diary entry}}) is a 1988 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[mystery film|mystery]] [[thriller film]] directed by [[K. Madhu]], written by [[S. N. Swamy]], and starring [[Mammootty]], [[Suresh Gopi]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar]], [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], and [[Sukumaran]]. The lead character, CBI officer [[Sethurama Iyer]] is inspired by a police officer named [[Radha Vinod Raju]], Jammu and Kashmir cadre IPS Officer, who in 2009 was appointed as the first chief of India's [[National Investigation Agency]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/thiruvananthapuram/NIA-chief-inspired-hit-film-20-yrs-ago/Article1-368114.aspx|title=NIA chief inspired hit film 20 yrs ago|publisher=Hindusthan Times|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417164322/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/thiruvananthapuram/NIA-chief-inspired-hit-film-20-yrs-ago/Article1-368114.aspx|archive-date=17 April 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1503/15030120.htm|title=A crack investigative team|publisher=hindu|access-date=20 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/NIA-founder-RV-Raju-passes-away/articleshow/14312141.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103214658/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-21/kochi/32351223_1_jammu-and-kashmir-radha-vinod-raju-probe-terror-related-cases|url-status=live|archive-date=3 January 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=NIA founder RV Raju passes away|access-date=21 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/nia-founder-dg-r-v-raju-passes-away_783038.html|title=NIA founder DG R V Raju passes away |publisher=Zee News|access-date=21 June 2012}}</ref> It was the highest grossing Malayalam film at that time. Considered one of the best crime thrillers in Malayalam, it eventually developed a [[cult]] following.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-06-19|title=Not just Sukumara Kurup: 6 spine-chilling real-life murders that have inspired Malayalam films|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/not-just-sukumara-kurup-6-spine-chilling-real-life-murders-have-inspired-malayalam-films|access-date=2021-07-11|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> This is the first installment in the [[CBI (film series)|''CBI'' film series]] featuring Mammootty as [[Sethurama Iyer]].

It was produced by M. Mani under the banner of Sunitha Productions. Sequels to the film are ''[[Jagratha]]'' (1989), ''[[Sethurama Iyer CBI]]'' (2004), ''[[Nerariyan CBI]]'' (2005), and ''[[CBI 5: The Brain]]'' (2022). The film was remade in Telugu as ''Nyayam Kosam'' with [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]] and in Hindi as ''[[Police Public]]'' with [[Raaj Kumar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Sethurama-Iyer-is-coming-back/articleshow/12750349.cms|title=Sethurama Iyer is coming back!|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 April 2012}}</ref> Oru CBI Diary Kuripp ran for a whole year (365 days) in Tamil Nadu at a time when Malayalam films did not find much of an audience in the neighbouring states.<ref name="Rediff.com">{{Cite web|title=Rediff On The NeT, Movies: Gossip from the southern film industry|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/jan/06ss.htm|access-date=2021-06-02|work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{Long plot|section|date=March 2020}}
Omana's body is found on the grounds behind her house. It seems that she committed suicide by flinging herself from the roof of the house onto the stone pavement below. The case is being investigated by SP Prabhakara Varma who is an honest police officer. He is assisted by Circle Inspector Alex. The cops interrogate Omana's husband Sunny, her father-in-law Ouseppachan, a local businessman, Ouseppachan's best friend Narayan, household servants, and neighbours. Sunny admits to arguing with Omana the previous night and pushing her onto their bed before leaving to drink but swears he never hit her. He also tells Varma that Omana had attempted suicide before. Ouseppachan claims that he came home from a business trip that night, dropped off by his driver, Vasu, only to find himself locked out of the house. He decided to go around the back to where the cook's quarters were located when he stumbled upon Omana's body. Dissatisfied with inconsistent testimonies from several suspects, the police suspect foul play. However, the [[Medical officer of health|Regional Medical Officer]] reports that Omana died from head trauma at 8:00 P.M.

Omana's cousin, Chacko, a [[police constable|constable]], notices Ouseppachan commending one of the servants for something suspicious. He also finds the [[Autopsy|autopsy report]] suspicious and tells higher officials Varma and Alex why he has doubts about its accuracy. He informs them that it rained severely until 9:30 P.M. Omana allegedly committed suicide, and if she had died at 8:00 P.M., her corpse would have been wet, and the blood from her injury would have been mixed in with the rainwater. Alex, who is taking bribes from Ouseppachan, warns Ouseppachan to do what he can to get Varma and Chacko off the case. Sensing that Varma will cause him trouble, Ouseppachan implores his best friend, Narayanan, to call his politician friends to have Varma transferred off the case. They also manage to take Omana's cousin, Chacko, off the case as well. Varma gets posted as the rural SP, whereas Chacko gets transferred to the traffic police. A new cop named DYSP Devadas, who is also being bribed by Ouseppachan, takes over the case. He intimidates Omana's grieving family and any witnesses that may implicate Ouseppachan or Sunny. He quickly concludes the investigation by stating that Omana committed suicide.

Omana's father, Thomachan, and her sister, Annie, are determined to seek justice for Omana. They take the case to the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] with the help of Chacko. The Director of the CBI assigns [[Sethurama Iyer]], the Deputy Superintendent, to head the investigation. He is assisted by [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Harry and [[Sub-Inspector|SI]] Vikram. Iyer and his team commence the investigation and find evidence of political interference in the investigation, an increased amount of phone calls to [[Union Council of Ministers|Ministers and Party Leaders]] from Narayanan's phone number, and {{INR}}1000 rupees worth of cash withdrawals from Ouseppachan's bank that were never reported in the books. Iyer meets with Varma and Chacko who help him with his investigation by informing him of inconsistent testimony from suspects and the inconsistencies with the Regional Medical Examiner's autopsy report. Later, Iyer and his team bring two dummies of the same height and weight as Omana to Ouseppachan's house.

They drop one straight down from the roof, as if it jumped, and throw the other off the roof as if someone had thrown the body. They find that Omana's body landed in approximately the same place as the dummy that was thrown, and concluded that she could not have jumped that far off the roof on her own. They decide to track down Ouseppachan's driver, Vasu, who has been missing since the morning after Omana's death. Harry finds out that Vasu had given some jewelry as collateral for a loan to a local bank. Among the jewelry was a bracelet belonging to Omana. They finally find him, and he confesses that on the night of Omana's death, shortly after he got home after dropping off Ouseppachan, Narayanan came to his house and told him that Sunny had accidentally killed Omana during a domestic dispute. Narayanan and the others implored him to carry Omana's body from her bed to the roof and fling her off. It was during a moment alone with Omana's dead body that Vasu noticed her gold bracelet and decided to steal it, before throwing her corpse off the roof.

Despite Vasu's testimony implicating Sunny as the killer, Iyer is not convinced. Sunny had left the house at 8:00 PM after hitting Omana and that would mean that she died at 8:00 PM. However, Iyer examines photographs of the crime scene and finds that Omana still bled when she was dropped off the roof some 2 hours later, and since dead bodies do not retain heat thus causing the blood to clot, she could not have died at 8 pm. Upon scrutinizing the photographs further, Iyer notices a small bloodstain on Omana's saree below the waist. Since the autopsy report stated that she sustained no injuries below the waist, Iyer is convinced that the blood was left behind by the real killer. The blood test reveals that it is [[ABO blood group system|O-negative]], a rare blood type. Remembering that the town had imposed mandatory blood tests on all its citizens recently by the local authorities to combat [[malaria]], Iyer goes to the Malaria Research Centre and finds that the blood type was so rare that only three people in the entire town had it.

Iyer arrives at Ouseppachan's house with a large police backup unit and places Ouseppachan under arrest for the murder of Omana. Ouseppachan vehemently denies killing her. Seeing his father being arrested for a crime he committed, a guilt-ridden Sunny confesses to Iyer that he killed Omana accidentally by hitting her too hard when they fought. Iyer tells Sunny that Omana did not die when he hit her, that she only fainted. Iyer then goes on to explain the blood on Omana's saree, which did not match her own, was left behind by the real killer. He informs them that only three people in the entire town are O-negative, and one of those three people is Johny, Ouseppachan's son-in-law. Confronted with evidence for his involvement, Johny confesses that he had come to the house the night Omana had died. Finding her passed out on the bed, he attempted to [[rape]] her, but when she woke up and started screaming, he suffocated her to death. In the process, he had accidentally cut himself and left his blood on her saree.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Mammootty]] as [[Sethurama Iyer]], DySP of CBI
*[[Suresh Gopi]] as Harry, Inspector of CBI
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Vikram, SI of CBI
*[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] as [[Constable]] Chacko
*[[Sukumaran]] as [[Deputy Superintendent of Police|DYSP]] Devadas
*[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] as Annie John Thomas, Omana's Sister
*[[Lissy (actress)|Lissy]] as Omana John Thomas
*[[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] as Kilivathuckal Ouseppachan / K. A. Ousepp
*[[Prathapachandran]] as Narayanan, Politician and Ouseppachan's Friend
*[[Bahadoor]] as John Thomas/Thomachan, Omana's and Annie's Father
*[[Sreenath]] as Sunny, Omana's Husband and Ouseppachan's Son
*[[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]] as Joy Mathew / Johnykutty, Ouseppachan's Son In Law
*[[Captain Raju]] as [[Superintendent of Police|SP]] Prabhakara Varma [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
*[[Jagannatha Varma]] as SP Isaac Varghese, CBI Director
*[[K. P. A. C. Sunny]] as C.I Alex
*[[C. I. Paul]] as Home Minister Bhargavan
*[[Kollam Thulasi]] as Police Surgeon
*[[Poojappura Ravi]] as Padathalam Mathai
*[[Adoor Bhavani]] as Mary
*[[T. P. Madhavan]] as Sreedharan
*[[Kundara Johny]] as Driver Vasu
*[[Sukumari]] as Nun
*[[Kothuku Nanappan]] as Mohammed
*[[K. Madhu]] as Telephone Exchange Officer (Cameo)
*Thomas as Sub Inspector of Police
}}

==Production==
The lead character, CBI officer [[Sethurama Iyer]], is inspired by a police officer named [[Radha Vinod Raju]], Jammu and Kashmir cadre IPS Officer, who in 2009 was appointed as the first chief of India's National Investigation Agency. Raju's excellence while probing the Polakulam Peethambaran murder case and SI Soman murder case, when he was acting as Superintend of CBI Kochi, attracted the attention of many.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-30 |title=Mammootty to act as Sethurama Iyer CBI for the fifth time |url=http://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/mammootty-to-act-as-sethurama-iyer-cbi-for-the-fifth-time.html |access-date=2022-05-31 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> Incidentally, Raju was Mammootty's senior in [[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam|Maharajas College]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-01-03 |title=NIA founder RV Raju passes away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/NIA-founder-RV-Raju-passes-away/articleshow/14312141.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103214658/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-21/kochi/32351223_1_jammu-and-kashmir-radha-vinod-raju-probe-terror-related-cases |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-01-03 |access-date=2022-05-31 |website=archive.ph}}</ref>

Mammootty's Sethurama Iyer was initially conceived as a rough and tough Muslim character, Ali Imran, but Mammootty suggested an [[Iyer]] character to incorporate jibes of Devadas (Sukumaran) about vegetarianism and lack of Iyers to do physical work. This resulted in one of the most popular two-character confrontation scenes between Sethurama Iyer (Mammootty) and Devadas (Sukumaran). Due to its popularity, this was repeated in the sequels ''[[Jagratha]]'' and ''[[Sethurama Iyer CBI]]''. The third sequel was released 15 years after ''Jagratha''. By this time, [[Sukumaran]], who had portrayed Devadas, had died. Thus, [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]] was cast as the son of Devadas; he was required to mimic Sukumaran's style of performance. S N Swamy later reused the character of Ali Imran for another script, which became the film ''[[Moonnam Mura|Moonam Mura]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-04-17 |title=NIA chief inspired hit film 20 yrs ago - Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/thiruvananthapuram/NIA-chief-inspired-hit-film-20-yrs-ago/Article1-368114.aspx |access-date=2022-05-31 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417164322/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/thiruvananthapuram/NIA-chief-inspired-hit-film-20-yrs-ago/Article1-368114.aspx |archive-date=17 April 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The film concentrates on the central investigative story only, without the songs and dances generally associated with Indian commercial films. The plotline of the film was crafted around the real-life Polakkulam Case in which a hotel employee was murdered and dropped from the terrace to make it look like a suicide. It was also the first case where a humanoid dummy experiment was conducted in the [[Kerala|state of Kerala]] to prove the murder.

== Reception ==
CBI diarykurippu was released on February 18, 1988.The film was made on a shoestring budget of only ₹37 Lakhs''. Oru CBI Diary Kurippu'' was the highest grossing Malayalam film at both the Kerala and Tamil Nadu box office at that time.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet actor who holds record of doing 35 films in one year, owns cars worth Rs 100 crore; not Akshay, Amitabh, Govinda|website=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-meet-actor-record-doing-35-films-in-one-year-owns-cars-worth-rs-100-crore-not-akshay-amitabh-mammootty-3106795|date=10 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-05-31 |title=Sethurama Iyer- CBI |url=http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/review.php?id=13372348&ctid=5&cid=2428&t= |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=[[Sify]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040531054055/http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/review.php?id=13372348&ctid=5&cid=2428&t= |archive-date=31 May 2004 }}</ref> The film was released in 21 centres, completed 50 days in all release centres and 150 days in 3 centres. Movie collected ₹19 Lakhs in 170 days in Trivandrum Dhanya theatre .<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mammoottys-pan-indian-appeal-proves-hes-a-bonafide-star-regardless-of-how-yatra-performs-6042191.html|title=Mammootty's pan-Indian appeal proves he's a bonafide star regardless of how Yatra performs|author=Neelima Menon|work=[[Firstpost]]|date=7 February 2019}}</ref> This was the first movie to complete 50 days in 2 centres in Ernakulam.It collected a total of ₹30,11,186 from 2 centres in Ernakulam.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19881231-mammootty-and-mohan-lal-emerge-as-unprecedented-superstars-of-malayalam-films-798061-1988-12-30|date=31 December 1988|agency=[[India Today]]|title=Celluloid sultans of Kerala}}

The film was sensational hit all over Tamil Nadu.<nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/08/19/stories/2005081900640100.htm|date=19 August 2005|access-date=19 August 2005|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=The season of sequels}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> It became the highest grossing Malayalam film at the time collecting around ₹3 crore, beating the previous collection record of the 1987 film [[New Delhi (1987 film)|''New Delhi'']] which collected around {{INRConvert|2.5|c}} from the Kerala box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/photos/malayalams-big-m-mammootty-turns-63-15937/slide/13|title=Malayalam's Big M: Mammootty Turns 63|work=[[NDTV]]|date=7 September 2014}}</ref> CBI diarykuruppu completed 365 days run in Madras(currently
Chennai) Safire theatre and collected ₹54 lakhs which was theatre record that time and overall CBI collected about ₹1 crore from Tamil Nadu box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-mammootty-creates-cbi-record-1189|title=Mammootty creates 'CBI' record!|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=4 September 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/08/26/stories/2005082601050100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206100917/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/08/26/stories/2005082601050100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 December 2017|title=The trio in action again|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 August 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/murder-and-the-malayalee-news-malayalam-oifmk1jaejjfg.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805092000/http://www.sify.com/movies/murder-and-the-malayalee-news-malayalam-oifmk1jaejjfg.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 August 2014|title=Murder and the Malayalee|work=[[Sify]]|date=5 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=⭐ Malayalam Film Industry - A walk down memory lane ☀ - Page 94 |url=http://www.forumkeralam.in/forum/showthread.php/51193-%E2%AD%90-Malayalam-Film-Industry-A-walk-down-memory-lane-%E2%98%80/page94 |access-date=2022-06-20 |website=www.forumkeralam.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/five-mollywood-investigative-thrillers-world-should-watch-802051|title=Five Mollywood investigative thrillers the world should watch|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=21 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2003/mar/28south.htm|title=Amisha Patel heads south|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=28 March 2003}}</ref><ref name="Rediff.com" />

==Remakes==
The film was remade into Telugu as ''Nyayam Kosam'' in 1988, directed by [[Ravi Raja Pinisetty]] and starred Rajasekhar.<ref>{{Citation |last=Pinisetty |first=Ravi Raja |title=Nyayam Kosam |date=1988-07-08 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1308658/ |type=Mystery |publisher=Vasanta Art Productions |access-date=2022-05-31}}</ref> The film was again remade in Hindi as ''[[Police Public]]'' in 1990 and was directed by [[Esmayeel Shroff]] and starred [[Raaj Kumar]] as CBI Officer Jagmohan Azaad.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Language
|-
| 1988
| ''Nyayam Kosam''
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| 1990
|''[[Police Public]]''
|[[Hindi]]
|}

==Legacy==
The success of ''Oru CBI Diary Kurrippu'' inspired more investigative films in Malayalam, such as ''[[Utharam]] (1989), [[Ee Kanni Koodi]] (1989), [[Ee Thanutha Veluppan Kalathu]]'' (1990), and ''[[Mukham]]'' (1990).<ref name=":0" /> It also became the first Malayalam film to complete a 250 days run in Tamil Nadu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2018-02-24 |title=30 years of 'Oru CBI Diary Kurippu', the Mammootty film that redefined crime thrillers |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/30-years-oru-cbi-diary-kurippu-mammootty-film-redefined-crime-thrillers-76958 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> The success of the film in [[Tamil Nadu]] is indirectly responsible for the success of other Malayalam-language films like ''[[Mahayanam]]'' (1988), ''[[His Highness Abdullah]]'' (1990), ''[[Iyer the Great]]'' (1990), ''[[Abhimanyu (1991 film)|Abhimanyu]]'' (1991), and ''[[Amaram]]'' (1991) in the state. Renu Saran in her book, ''History of Indian Cinema'', called the film a "landmark" and wrote, "It bought to fore a new concept of villainy and a refreshing idea of a hero. Without even a single song or dance number, ''Oru CBI Diary Kurrippu'' created box-office history in [[Kerala]]."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Saran |first=Renu |url= |title=History of Indian Cinema |date=2014-03-04 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-5083-651-4 |language=en}}</ref>

In February 2018, Neelima Menon of ''[[The News Minute]]'' wrote, "The first edition of the franchise released in 1988, was a breakthrough film in terms of novelty; as a film in the investigative genre it imbibed from western sensibilities. It was very scientific, systematic and unfussy in format—with new theories like using humanoid dummies to disentangle the crime."<ref name=":1" /> In May 2020, she wrote, "K. Madhu set off a new trend of detective movies with ''Oru CBI Diary Kurippu''. Malayalam cinema had ‘CBI’ movies before, with [[Prem Nazir]] and [[Adoor Bhasi]] playing colleagues in disguise. But the epic [[Sethurama Iyer]] series adopted a new approach, building a narrative for you to empathise with the victim while using cinematic elements as punch lines and background music to enliven the solving of the crime. Even as the detective meant strictly business, personalised the story he went after."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-08 |title='Oru CBI Diary Kurippu': Why Mammootty's detective film is unsurpassed |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/oru-cbi-diary-kurippu-why-mammoottys-detective-film-unsurpassed-124201 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

''Oru CBI Diary Kurippu'' gave a break for [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] who appeared in a comical role, Ouseppachan, until then, he was known for portraying antagonistic roles. He began appearing in more comedic roles after ''Oru CBI Diary Kurippu'' and would be best known for his comedic roles in the later half of his career.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0271694}}
* [https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/crime/story/19861231-former-govt-press-printer-fights-to-get-liquor-baron-arrested-on-sons-murder-charges-801573-1986-12-31 Polakkulam murder case]

{{CBI film series}}
{{S. N. Swamy}}

[[Category:1988 films]]
[[Category:1988 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shyam (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:Malayalam films in series|#CBIDiary1]]
[[Category:1980s mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Kerala Police]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Malayalam films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by S. N. Swamy]]
[[Category:Central Bureau of Investigation in fiction]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Madhu]]

Innalenkil Nale

2026-03-03T20:59:36Z

Rupa Banerjee Editor: basic updated formatting for clarity further and added references per sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Innalenkil Nale
| image = Innalenkil Nale.png
| caption = Promotional Poster
| director = [[I. V. Sasi]]
| producer = N. G. John
| writer = [[T. Damodaran]]
| screenplay = T. Damodaran
| starring = [[Mammootty]] [[Ratheesh]] [[Unnimary]] [[Rajkumar Sethupathi|Rajkumar]]
| music = [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]]
| cinematography = [[Ramachandra Babu]]
| editing = [[K. Narayanan]]
| studio = Geo Movies
| distributor = Geo Movies
| released = {{Film date|1982|12|25|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Innalenkil Nale''''' ({{Translation|''If not today, tomorrow''}}) is a 1982 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film, directed by [[I. V. Sasi]] and produced by N. G. John. The film stars [[Mammootty]], [[Ratheesh]], [[Unnimary]] and [[Rajkumar Sethupathi|Rajkumar]]. The film has musical score by [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1390|title=Innallenkil Naale|access-date=2014-10-16|publisher=MalayalaChalachithram}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4463|title=Innallenkil Naale|access-date=2014-10-16|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/innalenkil-nale-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033441/http://spicyonion.com/title/innalenkil-nale-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=4 March 2016|title=Innalenkil Nale|access-date=2014-10-16|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Cast==

*[[Mammootty]] as Rahim
*[[Seema (actress)|Seema]] as Vimala
*[[Unnimary]] as Susheela
*[[Balan K. Nair]] as Gopalan Master
*[[Ratheesh]] as Vijayan
*[[Rajkumar Sethupathi|Rajkumar]] as Raghu
*[[Raveendran]] as Ravi
*[[Lalu Alex]] as Madhu
*[[Surekha (actress)|Surekha]] as Ayisha Bheevi
*[[T. G. Ravi]] as Adv. Mathew Abraham
*[[Anuradha (actress)|Anuradha]] as Fabiya
*[[Anjali Naidu]] as Sainaba
*Thrissur Elsy as Molly Mathew Abraham
*[[Swapna (actress)|Swapna]] as Vidhu
*[[Santhakumari (Malayalam actress)|Santhakumari]] as Radha
*[[Vanitha Krishnachandran]] as Rekha
*[[Raghavan (actor)|Raghavan]] as Advocate
*[[Sankaradi]] as Kannan
*[[Sathyakala]] as Radha
*[[Vincent (actor)|Vincent]] as Bichu Koya
*[[Sukumari]]
*[[Kuthiravattam Pappu]]
*[[Prathapachandran]]
*[[P.K.Abraham]] as Advocate

==Plot==

The film has a series of threads progressing. The film commences in a hospital, where Susheela is awaiting her second delivery. Much to the disappointment of her husband Madhu and his family, she delivers another daughter. Raju leaves hospital without even giving a glance at the newborn.

The newly transferred police inspector (portrayed by Ratheesh) reaches the place midnight and boards a taxi, which is driven by Rahim. Rahim drops him at the place he wanted, however a small debate begins when Rahim demands 25 Rs when the meter charge displays 9 Rs 40 paise, as it is 2 a.m. As the house maids inform Rahim that he is the commissioner, Rahim would compromises with any amount. However, the inspector gives him the money he had asked for.

Susheela is the second daughter in a family of four daughters and a son. The eldest daughter Vimala is still unmarried, as she had been cheated by her lover. After completing LLB, she starts practising under an Advocate. The third daughter is a college student having an affair. While the fourth is a student in youth. The son demands for more money from his father for his marriage expenses, and finally, an irritated father handles the gold chain of Rekha to him.

The police inspector, being a family friend, pays a visit to Vimala's house and gets surprised on hearing that she is still single.

Rahim drops his owner's wife and sister Ayisha for a festival purchase to a textile shop. While her sister-in-law goes to another section for the purchase, Ayisha purchases a shirt. After the purchase Rahim drops them back to their house.

Susheela has a tough job as a housewife doing all the work in her husband's house - looking after the two daughters, handling kitchen duties by making dishes of each of their choice, washing clothes including that of her husband's brother. Once the younger kid was affected with fever, she had placed her younger kid to sleep in the cot. She was waiting for Madhu to reach home, so as to take dinner with him. However Madhu comes home after taking dinner and was drunk. He goes to bed, and on seeing the younger kid on bed, asks Susheela to place her on the mat on the ground. Being affected with fever, the kid was crying throughout the night and Madhu asks Susheela to take the kid away from the room. Susheela takes the kid out, and somehow makes her asleep and takes her back to the mat. By that time it was early morning and Madhu's father asks for the morning tea. So she goes straight to kitchen to start the regular household activities.

Ayisha is a widow. She was married to a very old man in a very younger age. On seeing her husband's face for the first time, she was frightened, and so she left her husband's house. After a few days, they got a telegram that he is no more. Ayisha's brother and wife plot to get her share of property. They plan to get her signature on the document by making her believe that the agreement was to make her partner in her brother's business. Ayisha handles the newly bought shirt to Rahim (their driver) as a festival gift.

Madhu slaps and shouts at his wife for taking money from his purse without asking him. Susheela had taken money in the morning for buying tonic (medicine) for her younger daughter who was ill. Madhu throws and breaks the medicine bottle and shouts heavily at her. This irritates Madhu's family and his father and brother asks them to leave the house, so that they could live peacefully there.

Vimala's brother marries Vidhu. Vidhu's parents visit their house, and they take them to their estate. Vidhu's mother trickily makes Vidhu's husband agree that he leave his family and stay with them.

While returning from the job one night Rahim finds her sister weeping. She tells her that she got a letter from someone named Purushotham. While tracing the return address in the letter Rahim finds him in a hotel. Rahim beats Purushotham. However, only after he is arrested does he discover that Puroshotham is a police constable.

Madhu, Susheela and their kids move to a new house. Susheela and kids wait for Madhu to take the dinner. However, Madhu comes home with some of his friends and asks her to cook meat and fish which he had bought. They start consuming liquor and make noise, while Susheela cooks the meat and fish. In the meanwhile, the hungry children fell asleep. Later, Susheela wakes up to find that the entire place is made dirty by Madhu and his friends.

Rahim arranges her sisters wedding with a textile salesman, who has many demands including a rubber bed, a radio, etc. Rahim asks the money lent to Vimala's father during the marriage of his son; so as to meet the demands of his would-be brother-in-law. Vimala's father goes to his son, however his son returns him empty handed. Ayisha hands her necklace to Rahim's sister for her marriage.

Susheela returns to her house with the younger child weeping. She tells Vimala that she saw her husband with another lady in the bedroom, so she had to leave the house. However her elder daughter is still with Madhu. To get the daughter, Susheela's father pays a visit to Madhu's house. However Madhu treats him very badly and drags away the elder daughter who desperately wanted to go with her grandfather to meet her mother. On reaching home, he gets paralysis and finally become bed ridden.

Aiysha's brother gets the registrar to their home to get her signature. While the registrar asks Aiysha whether she knows the contents in the document, she nods that she is aware of it. However, when registrar asks for a witness, Aiysha's brother calls Rahim who was cleaning the car there. Rahim insists on knowing the contents of the document before signing it. Then the registrar mentions that it is for transferring the ownership of all Aiysha's properties to her brother. On hearing this, Aiysha is surprised and she tells that she is not willing to sign the document, and that she was falsely told that the document was for a business partnership. Aiysha's brother is angered, and so plans to trap Rahim. His wife tells him that Aiysha had given her ornaments to Rahim's sister.

Susheela goes to Madhu's house to find her elder daughter locked in it in a very poor condition. She breaks open the door lock and takes her daughter away.

In the meanwhile Vimala gets a divorce case from the wife of the police inspector. She tells that her husband is still bothered about his ex-lover and pays less attention to her. Vimala talks with the inspector and tells him that his current position is not matching her current job as a lawyer. This makes him go back to his wife and they stay happy.

Madhu comes to Susheela's house to take the daughter. However, she does not give her daughter. While Madhu tries to take the child forcefully, their neighbour Rahim interferes and Madhu had to take leave.

Aiysha's brother files a complaint about a gold chain missing from their house and Police traces that chain from Rahim's house. Rahim is taken into police custody and is brutally beaten up. However he did not admit it. Aiysha comes to police station and tells that it was her chain and she had given it as a gift to Rahim's sister for her marriage. On hearing this, the police inspector feels pity and frees Rahim.

Susheela gets a divorce notice from her husband, demanding the custody of the children, too.

In the meantime Vimala's brother's life also becomes miserable. They move to another house and he had to carry the burden of his wife's parents too, which leads to some difference between them.

Rahim sends some religious members to ask Aiysha's hand in marriage, to which Aiysha's brother behaves harshly. Rahim comes in and takes Aiysha with him. Though her brother tries to block her, she leaves with Rahim.

Being repeatedly frightened by bad dreams of Madhu taking away the kids, Susheela plans to commit suicide and jumps into a river with her kids. Though Susheela is rescued, her children get drowned and killed.

The film ends with Vimala pleading in the court to hang Susheela, so that she will no longer be hunted and also for the crime she has committed.

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] and the lyrics were written by [[Yusufali Kechery]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Chundo Chendo" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || [[Yusufali Kechery]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Dukhathin Kaippillaathe" || K. J. Yesudas, [[P. Jayachandran]], [[Zero Babu]] || Yusufali Kechery ||
|-
| 3 || "Karalithiletho Kilipaadi" || K. J. Yesudas, [[S. Janaki]] || Yusufali Kechery ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0267577|Innalenkil Nale}}

{{I. V. Sasi}}

[[Category:1982 films]]
[[Category:1982 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by T. Damodaran]]
[[Category:Films directed by I. V. Sasi]]

Bhagyanagara Veedhullo Gammattu

2026-03-03T17:41:48Z

Rupa Banerjee Editor: made a details

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bhagyanagara Veedhullo Gammattu
| image = Bhagyanagara Veedullo Gamattu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Srinivasa Reddy]]
| producer = {{plainlist|
*Srinivasa Reddy
* [[Vennela Kishore]]
* [[Satyam Rajesh]]
* [[Saptagiri (actor)|Saptagiri]]
* [[Dhanraj (Telugu comedian)|Dhanraj]]
* [[Venu Yeldandi]]
* [[Praveen (actor)|Praveen]]
* [[Thagubothu Ramesh]]
}}
| writer = Param Suryanshu
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Srinivasa Reddy]]
* [[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]]
* [[Shakalaka Shankar]]
}}
| editing =
| music = Saketh Komanduri
| cinematography =
| studio = Flying Colours Entertainment
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2019|12|6|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Bhagyanagara Veedhullo Gammattu''''' ({{translation|Amusement in the streets of [[Hyderabad|Bhagyanagaram]]}}) is a 2019 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy drama]] film directed and co-produced by [[Srinivasa Reddy]] in his directorial debut. The film stars himself and comedians [[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]] and [[Shakalaka Shankar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/bhagya-nagar-veedhullo-gammathu-to-hit-screens-on-dec-6|title=Bhagya Nagar Veedhullo Gammathu to hit screens on Dec 6|website=Telangana Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/bhagyanagara-veedullo-gammathu-trailer-out-and-out-comedy-entertainer/articleshow/72154269.cms | title=Bhagyanagara Veedullo Gammathu Trailer: Out-and-out Comedy Entertainer! | newspaper=The Times of India | date=21 November 2019 | accessdate=15 May 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/051219/directing-a-spoof.html | title=Directing a spoof | date=5 December 2019 }}</ref> The film was not commercially successful.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-20 |title=Exclusive Interview: Srinivasa Reddy – I want to get back my reputation as a comedian |url=https://www.123telugu.com/interviews/exclusive-interview-srinivasa-reddy-i-want-to-get-back-my-reputation-as-a-comedian.html |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=123Telugu.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film follows three aspiring filmmakers (Srinu, Jojo, and Peter) who get caught up in a drug mafia.

== Cast ==
{{Colbegin}}
* [[Srinivasa Reddy]] as Srinu
* [[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]] as Jojo
* [[Shakalaka Shankar]] as Peter
* [[Vennela Kishore]] as a police officer
* Dolly Shah
* [[Satyam Rajesh]]
* [[Viva Harsha]]
* [[Chitram Srinu]]
* [[Hyper Aadi]] as Mahesh
* [[Praveen (actor)|Praveen]]
* [[Jhansi (TV anchor)|Jhansi]] as Batuku Edla Bandi anchor
* [[Suman Shetty]]
* [[Raghu Babu]]
* Racha Ravi
* [[Getup Srinu]] as Assistant Beggar
*Bhadra
*[[Chammak Chandra]]
*[[Ananth Babu]]
{{Colend}}

== Production ==
Popular comedian [[Srinivasa Reddy]] makes his directorial debut with this film. The first look was revealed on 28 September 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/comedian-srinivas-reddy-turns-into-a-producer-cum-director-for-bhagya-nagara-veedhullo-gammathu/articleshow/71337860.cms|title=Comedian Srinivas Reddy turns into a producer-cum-director for Bhagya Nagara Veedhullo Gammathu|website=The Times of India}}</ref> The film's opening shot featured Srinivasa Reddy's father, Yaramala Rami Reddy, who also played an important character in the film.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=25 December 2019 |title=అపహాస్యానికి అవకాశం ఇవ్వను - కమెడియన్ శ్రీనివాస రెడ్డి |url=https://telugucinemacharitra.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/comedian-srinivasareddi-2.jpg |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=Navya |publisher=[[Andhra Jyothi]] |page=47 |language=en-US |via=Telugu Cinema Charitra}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by Saketh Komanduri.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/bhagyanagara-veedullo-gammathu/x0pTmRODJsk_ | title=Bhagyanagara Veedullo Gammathu - All Songs - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn | date=28 November 2019 }}</ref>
*"Vethiki Vethiki" - Dinker Kalvala
*"Hip Hop" - Saketh, Deepu, Sri Krishna
*"Prema Rojuke Banthi" - [[Rahul Sipligunj]], Harika Narayan

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film one-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote, "Most of the characters in the film come and go as they please, making the film an avoidable fare".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/bhagya-nagara-veedhullo-gammathu/movie-review/72399950.cms|title=Bhagya Nagara Veedhullo Gammathu Movie Review {1.5/5}: Critic Review of Bhagya Nagara Veedhullo Gammathu by Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|11443260}}

[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:2019 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2019 comedy films]]

Kaatteri

2026-03-03T06:28:59Z

Rupa Banerjee Editor: general adjust layout also and added references to improve readability

{{Short description|2022 film directed by Deekay}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kaatteri
| image = Kaatteri poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Deekay
| producer = [[K. E. Gnanavel Raja]] [[S. R. Prabhu]]
| writer = Deekay
| starring = [[Vaibhav Reddy|Vaibhav]] [[Sonam Bajwa]] [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]] [[Aathmika]]
| music = S. N. Prasad
| cinematography = Vignesh Vasu
| editing = [[Praveen K. L.]]
| studio = [[Studio Green]]
| distributor = [[Dream Warrior Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|08|05}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Kaatteri''''' ({{translation|Forest Vampire}}, and also spelled '''Katteri''') is a 2022 Indian Tamil-language [[comedy horror]] film written and directed by Deekay{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}} and produced by [[K. E. Gnanavel Raja]] under his production banner [[Studio Green]]. The film stars [[Vaibhav Reddy|Vaibhav]], [[Sonam Bajwa]], [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]] and [[Aathmika]], while [[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]], [[Ravi Mariya]], and Kutty Gopi play supporting roles.<ref>{{Citation|title=Kaatteri Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/kaatteri/movieshow/61987006.cms|access-date=2019-01-12|archive-date=26 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226125124/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/kaatteri/movieshow/61987006.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The film's music is composed by S. N. Prasad with editing by [[Praveen K. L.]] and cinematography by Vignesh Vasu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/060918/unpredictable-screenplay-is-kaatteri-highlight.html|title=Unpredictable screenplay is Kaatteri highlight|last=Subramanian|first=Anupama|date=2018-09-06|website=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=2019-01-12|archive-date=12 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112095321/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/060918/unpredictable-screenplay-is-kaatteri-highlight.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film released theatrically on 5 August 2022 and was a [[box-office bomb]].

== Plot ==
The film begins with a 1968 local village festival. One person cuts an [[Utility pole|electric post]], another person comes and pushes down the post, and the electric wire rips all of the village people.

The film cuts to 2019. Gajja, Kaliyurunda, and Sankar, a group of kidnappers, kidnap Kamini and bring her to Naina. Naina orders his henchmen to kill the kidnappers so they cannot tell anyone about it. The kidnappers escape from the henchmen, come to Kiran's first night room, and tell them about the kidnap and Naina's plan to ask for a huge ransom from Kamini's family. Kiran's wife Shwetha instructs them to kidnap Kamini from the henchmen and demand a large ransom.

As per her instruction, Kiran and his friends kidnap Kamini and ask her about Maanga Mani. Kamini tells them about him. He was taking a treatment from her, and a few weeks ago, he said he was about to go on a treasure hunt for gold. Shwetha finds Maanga Mani's location by entering his number on [[Truecaller]]. They went to the same location that was shown on Truecaller. The village's name is Kolaatipuram. When they enter the village, the behavior of the villagers is weird, and they realize that the villagers are ghosts. They are the people who died in 1968. After knowing that the villagers are ghosts, they try to elope from the village, but they cannot escape from there. Wherever they run, they end up in the festival area. Kamini tells them that Sankar was taken by a ghost, Mathamma, who asked her, "Am I beautiful?"

Shwetha instructs them to meet Maathamma and correctly answer questions in order to obtain the gold, so they walked to Mathamma's place. Shwetha ran away after seeing Mathamma, and Kiran and his friends got beaten by Mathamma. Mathamma tells her story, which happened in 1968. She, her sister Mohini, and her uncle Venu were living in the same house. Venu tells a well digger Sambath to dig a well at the back of their house and orders Mohini to help him. While digging the well, the land slides and the well becomes too deep. Sambath gets out of the well with Mohini and Mathamma's help. He requests that they bring a lamp to measure the depth of the well. They tied a rope around the lamp and put the lamp into the well. When they pulled up the rope, the lamp was missing, but a mud pot was tied with the rope. When they opened the mud pot, the pot was filled with gold jewels. By seeing this, Sambath tells them he is going to buy more lamps to get more gold.

After Sambath leaves, they discover a piece of paper with the words, "If you have anything else, send it to me." So they take a chicken and throw it down the well, and this time they get a large mud pot filled with gold and a piece of paper with the same message as earlier. Sambath came back with a lot of lamps, and he put all of them into the well, but when he pulled the rope, all the lamps were damaged. When he saw the damaged lamps, he became angry, and took an aruval, and entered the well tied up with a rope. When Mathamma and Mohini pulled the rope, a big wooden barrel appeared with a paper written with "Keep sending this to me". By seeing the paper, they send their drunkard uncle Venu into the well. They understood that the well needed human flesh, so they ask Aarumugam, a police officer, for dead bodies, which he gave. One night, Aarumugam enters the house of Mathamma and sees a lot of gold. At that time, Kaatteri came out of the well, ate one of the policemen and wrote on the wall, "Do not starve the well". By knowing this, Aarumugam planned to kill all of the villagers and feed the Kaatteri. During the festival, he cuts the electric post, and the wire rips the people. They put all of the dead bodies into the well. He also pushed Mohini and Mathamma into the well.

Mathamma's story ends, and she asks Kiran to tell him which part of her story was fact and which was fiction. Suddenly, Kamini behaves abnormally, and her face changes to Mohini's. Ponnambalam comes to the house and asks Kiran to burn Kamini. Kiran burns her, and Ponnambalam captures Mohini's ghost. When Kaatteri comes to kill them, they try to manage and save their lives. By luck, they managed that night, and then Ponnambalam tried to kill Kiran while running after him. Unfortunately, he fell down, shot himself in the chest, and died. Kiran took the bottle that has Mohini's ghost in it and gave it to Naina. Naina opens it and gets frightened by seeing the ghost.

The film ends with Kiran and Shwetha in bed, where Kiran asks Shwetha about how she knows that Aarumugam is Naina, and Shwetha asking him, "Am I beautiful?"

== Cast ==

{{cast listing|
* [[Vaibhav Reddy|Vaibhav]] as Kiran
* [[Sonam Bajwa]] as Shwetha, Kiran's wife
* [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]] as Mathamma
* [[Aathmika]] as Kamini
* [[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]] as Gajja
* [[Ravi Mariya]] as Kaliyurunda
* Kutty Gopi as Sankar
* Manali Rathod as Mohini
* [[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]] as Ponnambalam
* [[John Vijay]] as Naina, Aarumugam (Ponnambalam's father and Police Aarumugam)
* [[Chetan (actor)|Chetan]] as Kesava Perumal
* [[Vinodhini Vaidyanathan]] as Chithra, Kesava Perumal's wife
* [[Lollu Sabha Manohar]] as Short film maker
* Balaji Mohan as Kattukuthiyan
* [[Besant Ravi]] as Etchakutty
* TSR as Santhanam
* [[Jangiri Madhumitha]] as Santhanam's wife
* [[Mime Gopi]] as Venu, Mathamma and Mohini's uncle
* [[Namo Narayana]] as Sambath, well digger
* [[Yogi Babu]] as Maanga Mani (Uncredited head appearance)
}}

== Production ==
The [[principal photography]] of the film commenced around 20 April 2018, after the launch of the film in [[Chennai]].<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vaibhav-s-horror-comedy-kaatteri-starts-rolling-80553|title=Kaatteri starts rolling|website=www.thenewsminute.com|date=2 May 2018|access-date=2019-01-12|archive-date=15 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215053133/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vaibhav-s-horror-comedy-kaatteri-starts-rolling-80553|url-status=live}}</ref> The film initially speculated to cast four heroines in the female lead role including [[Oviya]], but Oviya was later replaced by Aathmika in the shoot.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/250418/aathmika-replaces-oviya-in-kaatteri.html|title=Aathmika replaces Oviya in Kaatteri|last=Subramanian|first=Anupama|date=2018-04-25|website=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=2019-01-12|archive-date=23 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223123607/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/250418/aathmika-replaces-oviya-in-kaatteri.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the filmmakers managed to rope in [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]], [[Sonam Bajwa]], [[Aathmika]], and Manali Rathod in the female prominent roles.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/varalaxmi-aathmika-sonam-and-manali-in-katteri/articleshow/63858231.cms|title=Varalaxmi, Aathmika, Sonam and Manali in Katteri|website=The Times of India|date=21 April 2018 |access-date=2019-01-12|archive-date=3 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190303105458/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/varalaxmi-aathmika-sonam-and-manali-in-katteri/articleshow/63858231.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Telugu actor [[Aadi (actor)|Aadi]] was initially selected as lead actor; however, he later opted out and was replaced by [[Vaibhav Reddy|Vaibhav]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://silverscreen.in/news/aadi-saikumar-thrilled-debut-kaatteri/|title = Aadi Saikumar 'Thrilled' to Debut with 'Kaatteri'|date = 30 September 2017|access-date = 1 June 2019|archive-date = 1 June 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190601070913/https://silverscreen.in/news/aadi-saikumar-thrilled-debut-kaatteri/|url-status = dead}}</ref> It was revealed that most of the portions of the film were set in a jungle in Chennai and abroad, including the neighboring country [[Sri Lanka]], while most of the scenes of the film were apparent to have been shot during nighttime.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vaibhav-s-katteri-to-be-shot-in-sri-lanka-news-tamil-sezlEhdedahjh.html|title=Vaibhav's 'Katteri', to be shot in Sri Lanka|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=2019-01-12|archive-date=12 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112150037/http://www.sify.com/movies/vaibhav-s-katteri-to-be-shot-in-sri-lanka-news-tamil-sezlEhdedahjh.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The shooting of the film wrapped up in June 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vaibhavs-katteri-shoot-wrapped/articleshow/64539521.cms|title=Vaibhav's 'Katteri' shoot wrapped|date=11 June 2018|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=28 March 2019|archive-date=1 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401180325/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vaibhavs-katteri-shoot-wrapped/articleshow/64539521.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

The opening sequence of the film is inspired by [[Ghost Ship (2002 film)]].

==Music==
The soundtrack was composed by S. N. Prasad, collaborating with director Deekay for the second time after ''[[Yaamirukka Bayamey]]'' (2014).<ref>[https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/katteri-songs-T0004868 Katteri Songs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012174730/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/katteri-songs-T0004868 |date=12 October 2020 }}</ref> A single track titled "En Peru Enna Kelu" was released in June 2020.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/xsnyByvavl0 Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20200615122030/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xsnyByvavl0&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xsnyByvavl0| title = Katteri {{!}} En Peru Enna Kelu Song Lyric Video {{!}} Vaibhav, Varalaxmi, Sonam Bajwa {{!}} Deekay {{!}} Prasad S.N| website = [[YouTube]]| access-date = 12 October 2020| archive-date = 24 September 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200924021030/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xsnyByvavl0| url-status = live}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

{{Infobox album
| name = Kaatteri
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = S. N. Prasad
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2022
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 10:25
| label = [[Think Music India]]
| producer = S. N. Prasad
| prev_title = [[Theerpugal Virkapadum]]
| prev_year = 2021
| next_title = [[Miral (2022 film)|Miral]]
| next_year = 2022
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Kaatteri
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = En Peru Enna Kelu
| single1date = 15 June 2020
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = En Peru Enna Kelu
| extra1 = [[Jonita Gandhi]], [[Maria Roe Vincent]]
| length1 = 3:31
| lyrics1 = Srikanth Varadan
| title2 = Katteri Theme
| extra2 = Anusha Prasad
| length2 = 1:13
| lyrics2 = Deekay
| title3 = Vaa
| extra3 = [[Neeti Mohan]], Gaythri SG
| length3 = 3:11
| lyrics3 = Srikanth Varadan
| title4 = White-U Kodu
| extra4 = Sathya Prakash, Nadisha Thomas
| length4 = 2:30
| lyrics4 = Srikanth Varadan
}}

==Release==
The film was released theatrically on 5 August 2022.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kaatteri/movie-review/93372270.cms | title=Kaatteri Movie Review: This horror comedy is past its sell-by date | website=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=13 September 2022 | archive-date=23 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823021134/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kaatteri/movie-review/93372270.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>

===Home media===
The post-theatrical streaming rights of the film were bought by [[Netflix]], and the satellite rights of the film were bought by [[Zee Tamil]].

=== Critic Reception ===
M Suganth of ''[[Times of india]]'' gave 2 stars out of 5 and stated that "all in the name of comedy, and this is where the film feels most outdated."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kaatteri Movie Review : This horror comedy is past its sell-by date |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kaatteri/movie-review/93372270.cms |access-date=2023-03-22 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Navein Darshan from ''[[Cinema Express]]'' wrote that "We sit patiently waiting for a bright moment to come our way. "and gave 2 of 5 stars.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katteri Movie Review: Randomness both saves and destroys this horror comedy |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2022/aug/06/katteri-movie-reviewrandomness-both-saves-and-destroys-this-horror-comedy-33477.html |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>''[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]]'' critic stated that "The director, who had set the prequel strong, did not make the story that moves towards it strong, but has sadly torn down the blank canvas."<ref>{{Cite web |title=திரை விமர்சனம்: காட்டேரி |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/837002-movie-review.html |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |date=8 August 2022 |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt7853250}}

[[Category:2022 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy horror films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films set in jungles]]
[[Category:2022 comedy horror films]]
[[Category:Studio Green films]]
[[Category:Films distributed by Studio Green]]

Love You to Death (2012 film)

2026-03-02T10:00:04Z

Rupa Banerjee Editor: small edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Love You To Death
| image = Love You To Death.jpg
| alt = 
| caption =
| director = Rafeeq Ellias
| producer = Chiman Salva
| writer = Rafeeq Ellias Abhro Banerjee Yuki Ellias Pallu Newatia
| starring = Yuki Ellias [[Chandan Roy Sanyal]] [[Sheeba Chaddha]]
| music = Ronit Chaterji
| cinematography = Rafeeq Ellias
| editing = Abhro Banerjee
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|2|3}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Love You To Death''''' is a 2012 Hindi-language comedy film directed by Rafeeq Ellias, featuring Yuki Ellias, [[Chandan Roy Sanyal]], and Sheeba Chaddha in the lead roles. The film's music was composed by Ronit Chaterji.
The film was released on 3 February 2012.

==Cast==
* Yuki Ellias
* [[Chandan Roy Sanyal]]
* [[Sheeba Chaddha]]
* [[Suhasini Mulay]]
* Kallol Banerjee
* Sohrab Ardeshir
* Chetan Sashital
* Carl Sequeira
* Leonid Kudryavtsev
* Nicholas Brown

==Critical reception==
The film received mixed reviews from critics. Avijit Ghosh from [[Times of India]] gave it 2.5/5 stating that "LYTD is loaded with sly, witty dialogues that might have sounded great in conversations and on paper but doesn't translate into laughter on celluloid. The movie's last 20 minutes are its best. Using a live art installation as the setting for the climax and where dozens of revolvers - but only one has bullets -- circulate among the guests, makes for engrossing suspense."
<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Love-You-To-Death/movie-review/11727848.cms|title = Love You to Death Movie Review {2.5/5}: Critic Review of Love You to Death by Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2012 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2012 Indian films]]
[[Category:2012 masala films]]
[[Category:2012 comedy films]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Hindi-language comedy films]]

{{2010s-Hindi-film-stub}}
{{2010s-comedy-film-stub}}

Hoollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary

2026-02-22T22:50:21Z

Rupa Banerjee Editor: page

{{Short description|Protected forest area in Assam, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{good article}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Hollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary<ref name=Ghosh2007/><ref name=protectedplanet/>
| iucn_category = IV
| image = Hoolock hoolock 001.jpg
| image_caption = Western [[hoolock gibbon]] (''Hoolock hoolock'')
| image_size = 175
| map = India Assam
| map_alt = Located in Northeast India
| map_caption = Location in Assam, India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| mapframe-zoom = 10
| location = [[Jorhat district|Jorhat]], [[Assam]], [[India]]
| nearest_city = [[Jorhat|Jorhat City]]
| coordinates = {{coords|26.716667|94.383333|region:IN|display=inline, title}}
| area = {{convert|2098.62|ha|sqmi|sigfig=2|abbr=on}}
| established = 1997
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body =
| url = 
}}

The '''Hollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary''', formerly known as the '''Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary''' or '''Hollongapar Reserved Forest''' ({{langx|as|হোলোঙাপাৰ গিবন অভয়াৰণ্য}}), is an isolated [[protected area]] of [[evergreen forest]] located in [[Assam]], [[India]]. The sanctuary was officially constituted and renamed in 1997. Set aside initially in 1881, its forests used to extend to the foothills of the [[Patkai]] mountain range.

Since then, the forest has been fragmented and surrounded by [[Tea garden (cultivation)|tea garden]]s and small villages. In the early 1900s, [[Plantation|artificial regeneration]] was used to a develop well-stocked forest, resulting in the site's rich [[biodiversity]]. The Hollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary contains India's only ape and gibbon species – the [[hoolock gibbon]]s,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Anand |first=Ashvita |date=2023-11-25 |title=In Assam, railway line expansion and electrification threaten the hoolock gibbon, India’s only ape |url=https://scroll.in/article/1059458/in-assam-railway-line-expansion-and-electrification-threaten-the-hoolock-gibbon-indias-only-ape |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> and Northeastern India's only nocturnal primate – the [[Bengal slow loris]].

The upper [[canopy (biology)|canopy]] of the forest is dominated by the ''hollong'' tree (''[[Dipterocarpus retusus]]''), while the ''nahar'' (''[[Mesua ferrea]]'') dominates the middle canopy. The lower canopy consists of evergreen shrubs and herbs. The habitat is threatened by [[illegal logging]], encroachment of human settlements, and [[habitat fragmentation]].

==History==
Hollongapar reserved forest as a potential wildlife sanctuary was identified in late 1980s during a primate survey. <ref>{{cite book |last1=Choudhury |first1=A. U. |year=1989 |title=Primates of Assam: their distribution, habitat and status |publisher=Gauhati University |location=Guwahati}}</ref> The Hollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary is located in the civil district of [[Jorhat district|Jorhat]] in [[Assam]], India. Set aside as a "[[Reserved forests and protected forests of India|Reserve Forest]]" (RF) on 27 August 1881,<ref name=Hazarika2005/> it was named after its dominant tree species, ''hollong'' or ''[[Dipterocarpus retusus]]''.<ref name=Das2009/> At the time, it was considered an "integral part" of the foothill forests of the [[Patkai]] mountain range.<ref name=Hazarika2005/>

Although the sanctuary is currently completely surrounded by tea gardens and a few small villages, it used to connect to a large forest tract that ran to the state of [[Nagaland]]. The [[protected area]] started with {{convert|206|ha|sqmi|abbr=on}} and then shrank in 1896 as sections were de-reserved.<ref name=Hazarika2005/><ref name=Das2009/> As [[Tea garden (cultivation)|tea garden]]s began to emerge between 1880 and 1920, and villages were established during the 1960s to rehabilitate people from Majuli and adjoining areas who had lost their lands to floods, the forest became [[habitat fragmentation|fragmented]] and the reserve became isolated from the foothills.<ref name=Hazarika2005/>

Historically, sporadic evergreen trees covered the area along with ''Bojal'' bamboos (''[[Pseudostachyum]]'' sp.). In 1924, [[Plantation|artificial regeneration]] was introduced in an attempt to develop well-stocked, even-aged forest. These plantations along with the natural vegetation subsequently created a forest stocked with a rich variety of [[flora]] and [[fauna]] ([[biodiversity]]). During the 1900s, forest areas were added to the reserve, eventually totaling {{convert|2098.62|ha|sqmi|sigfig=2|abbr=on}} by 1997.<ref name=Hazarika2005/><ref name=Das2009/> However, the sanctuary remains fragmented into five distinct segments.<ref name=Das2009/>

On 30 July 1997, in notification no. FRS 37/97/31, the sanctuary was constituted under the civil district of Jorhat and named it the "Gibbon Sanctuary, Meleng" after the only [[ape]]s found in India: the [[hoolock gibbon]]s (genus ''Hoolock''). It is the only [[Wildlife sanctuaries of India|sanctuary in India]] named after a primate due to its distinction for containing a dense hoolock gibbon populations.<ref name=Ghosh2007/><ref name=Hazarika2005/> On 25 May 2004, the Assam Government correctly renamed it as the "Hollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary" through notification no. FRP 37/97/20.<ref name=Ghosh2007/>

==Surrounding region==
The elephants' range of this small sanctuary extends to the [[Dissoi Valley Reserve Forest]], [[Dissoi Reserve Forest]], and [[Tiru Hill Reserve Forest]], which are used as dispersal areas through tea gardens (''Elephas maximus''). Three extensive tea gardens that belong to the estates of Dissoi, Kothalguri, and Hollonguri span the distance between the Hollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary and the nearest forests in Assam-Nagaland border, the Dissoi Valley Reserve Forest.<ref name=Hazarika2005/><ref name=Das2009/>

The tea gardens include Katonibari, Murmurai, Chenijan, Koliapani, Meleng, Kakojan, Dihavelleoguri, Dihingapar, Kothalguri, Dissoi and Hoolonguri. Neighboring villages include Madhupur, Lakhipur, Rampur, Fesual A (the western part), Fesual B (the eastern part), Katonibari, Pukhurai, Velleoguri, Afolamukh, and Kaliagaon.<ref name=Hazarika2005/>

==Biota and habitat==
{{mainlist|List of species in the Hoollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary}}

The Hollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary is classified as "Assam plains alluvial semi-evergreen forests" with some wet evergreen forest patches.<ref name=Hazarika2005/> It receives {{convert|249|cm|in|abbr=on}} of rainfall on average per year. Situated at an altitude between {{convert|100|and|120|m|ft|abbr=on}}, the topography gently slopes downward from southeast to northwest. The [[Bhogdoi River]] creates a waterlogged region dominated by [[Aquatic plant|semi-hydrophytic plants]] along the border of the sanctuary, helping to create three distinct habitat zones or micro-ecosystems in the park: the up-slope zone, the down-slope zone, and the flood-prone zone.<ref name=Ghosh2007/>

===Fauna===
The sanctuary has a very rich biodiversity and is home to the only apes in India, the [[western hoolock gibbon]] (''Hoolock hoolock''),<ref name=Ghosh2007/><ref name=Hazarika2005/> as well as the only nocturnal primate found in the northeast Indian states, the [[Bengal slow loris]] (''Nycticebus bengalensis'').<ref name=Ghosh2007/><ref name=Nandini2009/>

As of 2023, there are 125 individuals of Hoolock Gibbon in the sanctuary.<ref name=":0" />

Other primates include the [[stump-tailed macaque]] (''Macaca arctoides''), [[northern pig-tailed macaque]] (''Macaca leonina''), [[Assam macaque|eastern Assamese macaque]] (''Macaca assamensis assamensis''), [[rhesus macaque]] (''Macaca mulatta''), and [[capped langur]] (''Trachypithecus pileatus''). Also found at the sanctuary are Indian elephants, [[leopard]]s (''Panthera pardus''), [[jungle cat]]s (''Felis chaus''), [[wild boar]] (''Sus scrofa''), three types of [[civet]], four types of [[squirrels]], among several others. At least 219 species of bird and several types of snake are known to live in the park.<ref name=Ghosh2007/> Apart from that 211 species of [[butterflies]] were also reported from the Wildlife Sanctuary.<ref name=Singh2015>{{cite journal | last1 = Singh | first1 = Arun P.| last2 = Gogoi | first2 = Lina | last3 = Sebastain | first3 = Jiss | title = The seasonality of butterflies in a semi-evergreen forest: Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary, Assam, northeastern India | journal = Journal of Threatened Taxa | year = 2015 | volume = 7 | issue = 1 | pages = 6774–6787 | doi = 10.11609/JoTT.o3742.6774-87| url = http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3742.6774-87 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The [[tiger]] (''Panthera tigris'') is now extirpated.

===Flora===
[[File:Canopy Gaps.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The sanctuary has a rich diversity of flora at each layer in the canopy.]]
Most of the vegetation within Hoollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary is [[evergreen]] in character and is composed of several [[canopy (biology)|canopy]] layers.<ref name=Hazarika2005/>

The upper canopy consists mostly of ''[[Dipterocarpus retusus]]'' rising {{convert|12|to|30|m|ft|abbr=on}} and having straight [[Trunk (botany)|trunks]]. Other species found in the top canopy include ''sam'' (''[[Artocarpus chama]]''), ''Gomari'' (''[[Gmelina arborea]]''), ''amoora'' (''[[Spondias pinnata|Amoora wallichi]]''), ''sopas'' (''[[Magnolia]]'' spp.), ''bhelu'' (''[[Tetrameles nudiflora]]''), ''udal'' (''[[Sterculia villosa]]'') and ''hingori'' (''[[Castanopsis]]'' spp.).<ref name=Hazarika2005/>

''Nahor'' (''[[Mesua ferrea]]'') dominates the middle canopy with its spreading [[Crown (botany)|crown]], casting fairly heavy shade over a wide area. Other species that make up the middle canopy include ''bandordima'' (''[[Prasoxylon excelsum]]''), ''dhuna'' (''[[Canarium|Canarium resiniferum]]''), ''bhomora'' (''[[Terminalia belerica]]''), ''ful gomari'' (''[[Gmelina]]'' sp.) ''bonbogri'' (''[[Pterospermum|Pterospermum lanceafolium]]''), ''morhal'' (''[[Vatica|Vatica lanceafolia]]''), ''selleng'' (''[[Sapium|Sapium baccatum]]''), ''sassi'' (''[[Aquilaria malaccensis]]''), and ''otenga'' (''[[Dillenia indica]]'').<ref name=Hazarika2005/>

A variety of evergreen shrubs and herbs make up the lower canopy and ground layers. The most common of these are dolu bamboo (''[[Teinostachyum dullooa]]''), bojal bamboo (''[[Pseudostachyum polymorphum]]''), ''jengu'' (''[[Calamus erectus]]''), ''jati bet'' (''[[Calamus (palm)|Calamus]]'' spp.), ''houka bet'' (''Calamus'' spp.), ''tora'' (''[[Alpinia allughas]]''), ''kaupat'' (''[[Phrynium imbricatum]]''), and ''sorat'' (''[[Dendrocnide sinuata|Laportea cremulata]]'').<ref name=Hazarika2005/>

==Conservation==
The isolation of the park by numerous tea gardens creates a geographic barrier for migrating animals.<ref name=Hazarika2005/><ref name=Das2009/> The growing populations of tea garden workers also threatens the habitat since many people rely on the forest for firewood, traditional medicine and food.<ref name=Ghosh2007/><ref name=Hazarika2005/> Large quantities of leaves and grass are collected from the forests to feed cattle. During the rainy season, [[herbicide]]s and [[pesticide]]s from the tea gardens wash through the sanctuary.<ref name=Ghosh2007/>

The tea gardens are also used by elephants as a migration route to Nagaland, making them vulnerable to frequent poaching. Railway lines further divide the park, stranding a single group of gibbons in the smaller fragment. [[Illegal logging]] and the encroachment by local people employed by the tea gardens degraded the habitat quality.<ref name=Hazarika2005/>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name=protectedplanet>{{cite web | publisher = protectedplanet.net | url = http://protectedplanet.net/sites/308560 | title = Gibbon Sanctuary | access-date = 22 January 2011 | archive-date = 24 July 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110724022429/http://protectedplanet.net/sites/308560 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

<ref name=Das2009>{{cite journal | last1 = Das | first1 = Nabajit | last2 = Biswas | first2 = J | last3 = Das | first3 = J. | last4 = Ray | first4 = P. C. | last5 = Sangma | first5 = A. | last6 = Bhattacharjee | first6 = P. C. | title = Status of Bengal Slow Loris ''Nycticebus bengalensis'' (Primates: Lorisidae) in Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary, Assam, India | journal = Journal of Threatened Taxa | year = 2009 | volume = 1 | issue = 11 | pages = 558–561 | doi = 10.11609/jott.o2219.558-61 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

<ref name=Ghosh2007>{{cite journal | last = Ghosh | first = Kumud | title = Birds of Hoollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary | journal = Newsletter for Birdwatchers | year = 2007 | volume = 47 | issue = 3 | pages = 35–40 | url = https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=explorer&chrome=true&srcid=0B3FJoJNii3LpZTYwMTBkMGItOWVjYi00N2M2LWEzY2EtNGUwZTIyYWY5ZjEy&hl=en_US}}</ref>

<ref name=Hazarika2005>{{cite journal |last1=Hazarika |first1=Reneema |last2=Gupta |first2=A. K. |title=Resource sharing by Hoolock Gibbon (''Bunopithecus hoolock'') with two primate species in Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary, Assam, India |journal=ENVIS Bulletin: Wildlife and Protected Areas |year=2007 |orig-year=2004 |volume=8 |issue=Conservation of Hoolock Gibbon (''Bunopithecus Hoolock'') in Northeast India |pages=195–216 |url=http://wiienvis.nic.in/hoolock_gibbon/assam_2.htm |issn=0972-088X |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721181009/http://wiienvis.nic.in/hoolock_gibbon/assam_2.htm |archive-date=2011-07-21 }}</ref>

<ref name=Nandini2009>{{cite journal | last1 = Nandini | first1 = Rajamani | last2 = Kakati | first2 = Kashmira | last3 = Ved | first3 = Nimesh | title = Occurrence records of the Bengal Slow Loris (''Nycticebus bengalensis'') in northeastern India | journal = Asian Primates Journal | year = 2009 | volume = 1 | issue = 2 | pages = 12–18 | url = http://www.primate-sg.org/PDF/APJ1.2.LorisIndia.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120303214230/http://www.primate-sg.org/PDF/APJ1.2.LorisIndia.pdf | archive-date = 2012-03-03 }}</ref>
}}

{{Protected areas of Assam}}
{{Protected areas of India}}

[[Category:Protected areas established in 1997]]
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Assam]]
[[Category:Primate sanctuaries]]
[[Category:Nature conservation organisations based in India]]
[[Category:1997 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1881]]

Golconda diamonds

2026-02-12T08:36:50Z

Rupa Banerjee Editor: minor update

{{Short description|Antique Indian diamonds}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox diamond
|image = A map of Golconda region from 1733, published by Homann Heirs Nuremberg.jpg
|caption = A 1733 map of [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Golconda Sultanate]]—the term ''Golconda diamond'' became synonymous to the diamonds of good quality.<ref name="Schwartzberg">For a map of their territory see: {{cite book|title=A Historical atlas of South Asia|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=186|last1=Schwartzberg|first1=Joseph E.|year=1978|page=147 map XIV.4 (l)|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-506869-6|access-date=15 August 2022|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225003445/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=186|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|name = Golconda diamonds
|weight =
|color = Typically colorless; less often blue, translucent white, and pink.
|cut = Antique cushion
|mine = [[Kollur Mine|Kollur mine]], [[Paritala]] and mines of [[Krishna Godavari Basin|Godavari delta]]
|country = [[India]]
|region = [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]]
|cutter =
|found =
|original_owner =
|owner =
|value =
}}

'''Golconda diamonds''' are mined in the Godavari-Krishna delta region of [[Andhra Pradesh]], India. [[Golconda Fort]] in the western part of modern-day [[Hyderabad]] was a seat of the [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Golconda Sultanate]] and became an important centre for [[diamond enhancement]], [[lapidary]], and trading. Golconda diamonds are graded as [[Diamond type#Type IIa|Type IIa]], are formed of pure [[carbon]], are devoid of [[nitrogen]], and are large with [[Diamond clarity|high clarity]]. They are often described as diamonds of the [[first water]], making them among history's most-celebrated diamonds. The phrase "Golconda diamond" became synonymous with diamonds of incomparable quality.

For 2,000 years, Golconda diamonds were the only known fine diamonds. Due to centuries of excessive mining, their production was exhausted by 1830, and [[Gemology|gemologists]] and traders have classified Golconda diamonds as antique, rare and precious. Famous Golconda diamonds include the colourless [[Koh-i-Noor]], the [[Nassak Diamond]], the blue [[Hope Diamond]], the [[Idol's Eye]], the pink [[Daria-i-Noor]], the white [[Regent Diamond]], the [[Dresden Green Diamond]], and the colourless [[Orlov (diamond)|Orlov Diamond]], as well as now-untraceable diamonds such as the yellow [[Florentine Diamond]], the [[Akbar Shah (diamond)|Akbar Shah]], the [[Nizam Diamond]], and the [[Great Mogul Diamond]].

The [[Golconda diamonds mining and trading|Golconda diamond industry]] was at its peak from the 16th to 18th centuries when 23 mines, of which [[Kollur Mine]] was the most active, operated in the region with 30,000 people at a time working in one mine.{{refn|The term ''Golconda mines'' originally denoted those (Kollur, Paritala, and other regional mines) that were mined during the Qutub Shahi period and continued until the time of the [[British Raj]]. The Deccan Sultanate of Qutub Shahis was known as Golconda Sultanate. Vajrakarur in present-day [[Anantapur district]] was a later-exploited mine and Amaragiri (present-day [[Kollapur]], [[Mahbubnagar district]]) was not known until much later.|group=upper-alpha}} The output from all of the mines in Golconda is estimated to be around {{convert|10000000|carat|t}}. In 2015, [[Osmania University]] in collaboration with [[Geological Survey of India]] discovered potential new sites for [[Diamond mining in India|diamond mining in the region]], though {{as of|2022|lc=yes}} mining had not started.

Several literary legends were inspired by Golconda diamonds; these include [[Sindbad the Sailor]]'s valley of diamonds, the gem lore of [[Marco Polo]], and the theme of [[Russell Conwell]]'s inspirational lecture "[[Russell Conwell#"Acres of Diamonds|Acres of Diamonds]]". According to folklore, some Golconda diamonds are cursed; these impart good luck to their owners or have mystical powers while others were worn as [[talisman]]s. In 2013, the [[Princie Diamond]] from the [[Jewels of the Nizams of Hyderabad|Jewels of the Nizams]] was auctioned for {{USD}}39.3 million—the highest-recorded auction price for Golconda Diamonds and the world record for {{USD}}1.1 million per [[Carat (mass)|carat]]. In [[Dresden Green Vault burglary|a heist in 2019]], the [[Dresden White Diamond]] was stolen along with jewels worth {{USD}}1.2 billion.

== Geology ==
The Golconda diamondiferous region is located in the [[Indian Shield|Southern Indian peninsular shield]],<ref name="DVReddy">{{cite book|title=Engineering Geology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ViNDDAAAQBAJ|last=Reddy|first=D. V.|year=2010|page=546|publisher=Vikas Publishing House|isbn=9788125919032|access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref> which was formed during the process of [[proterozoic]] and [[Insular India]].<ref name="Mudur">{{cite news|title=A Kohinoor tale, but don't rush to dig|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/a-kohinoor-tale-but-don-t-rush-to-dig/cid/1479299|newspaper=The Telegraph India|last=Mudur|first=G. S.|date=13 July 2015|access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref> The region is spread over {{cvt|50000|km2|sqmi}}, within the sediments of the [[Krishna River|Krishna]]-[[Penna River|Pennar]] [[Drainage basin|river basin]] and [[Deccan Traps]],<ref name="DVReddy"/> and contains 120 out of the 150 [[Kimberlite|kimberlite pipes]] in India.<ref name="OLI">{{cite web|title=On Golconda Rock|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/on-golconda-rock/235987|work=Outlook India|last=Tata|first=Madhavi|date=5 February 2022|access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref> Though [[kimberlite]] and [[lamproite]] are the primary rock source, [[Conglomerate (geology)|conglomerate]] and [[Placer deposit|placers]] had yielded the majority of the region's diamonds.<ref name="DVReddy"/> The [[Geological Survey of India]] has categorized kimberlite pipes of [[South India|southern India]] into clusters [[Vajrakarur|Southern Wajrakarur kimberlite]], [[Narayanpet|Northern Narayanpet kimberlite]], and [[Raichur district|Central Raichur kimberlite]] of these, the [[Thimmasamudram, Prakasam district|Timmasamudram kimberlite cluster]]—a part of Southern Wajrakarur kimberlite—is significant.<ref name="Mudur"/><ref>{{cite journal|title=Occurrence of diamond in peninsular India and its relationship with deep Earth seismic properties|url=https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/jess/128/03/0043|pages=1–8|journal=[[Indian Academy of Sciences]]|last3=Shah|first3=Gokul|last2=Rai|first2=S. S. |last1=Shalivahan|first1=Shalivahan|date=21 February 2019|access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref>

== History ==
{{See also|Diamond mining in India}}
[[File:The Valley of Diamonds by Maxfield Parrish.jpg|thumb|left|[[Sindbad the Sailor]] and the Valley of the Diamonds, illustrated by [[Maxfield Parrish]] (1870–1966)]]

Mediaeval records from Europe and the Middle East show [[Diamond mining in India|India's importance as a source of high-quality diamonds]]. According to [[jewellery]] [[historian]] [[Jack Ogden (jewellery historian)|Jack Ogden]], these records include those of [[Pliny the Elder]], [[Marco Polo]], [[Muhammad al-Idrisi|Muhammed al-Idrisi]], [[Ahmad al-Tifashi]], and others from before the 12th century. The records state India produced diamonds with "which the gems were engraved".<ref name="Zohar&Lev">{{cite journal|title=Most-Cherished Gemstones in the Medieval Arab World|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26187362|last1=Amar|first1=Zohar|last2=Lev|first2=Efraim|year=2017|pages=377–401|volume=27|issue=3|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|jstor=26187362|access-date=2 August 2023}}</ref><ref name="Laufer">{{cite book|title=The Diamond: A Study in Chinese and Hellenistic Folk-lore|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdlAAAAAYAAJ|last=Laufer|first=Berthold|year=1915|pages=10–15|publisher=[[Harvard University]]}}</ref><ref name="idris-by-Nair">{{cite book|title=Idris:Keeper of the Light|last=Anita|first=Nair|year=2014|pages=1–10|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|isbn=9789350297810}}</ref> Ancient texts of [[Buddhist texts|Buddhists]], [[Hindu texts|Hindus]], and [[Jain literature|Jains]] such as the ''[[Arthashastra]]'' (2nd century BCE – 4th century CE), the ''[[Ratna Pariksha]]'', and the ''[[Puranas]]'' refer to cities and regions of India that produced diamonds.<ref name="ogden">{{cite book|title=Diamonds: An Early History of the King of Gems|last=Ogden|first=Jack|year=2018|pages=236–255|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|isbn=978-0-300-21566-3}}</ref><ref name="Dasgupta">{{cite news|title=Celebrating the Nizam's fabled Golconda diamonds|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/SilkStalkings/celebrating-the-nizams-fabled-golconda-diamonds/|last=Dasgupta|first=Reshmi R.|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=23 February 2019|access-date=4 August 2022}}</ref> [[Roman Empire|Roman]] historian Pliny the Elder (23–79 CE) in his [[Natural History (Pliny)|encyclopedia]] described the demand and fondness of Roman imperial women for the diamonds of South India.<ref name="Natural History">{{cite book|title=Pliny – Natural History 10 volumes|url=https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pliny_elder-natural_history/1938/pb_LCL330.3.xml?rskey=gviSQc&result=1|translator1=Rackham, H.|translator2=Jones, W. H. S.|translator3=Eichholz, D. E.|year=1938–1962|pages=20–30|publisher=[[Loeb Classical Library]]|access-date=4 August 2022}}</ref><ref name="Dasgupta"/> The tales of [[Sinbad the Sailor]]'s voyages, which were written during the reign of the [[Abbasid Caliph]] [[Harun al-Rashid]] (786–809 CE), describe the Valley of the Diamonds that is part of the folk tales collection ''[[One Thousand and One Nights]]'' (''Arabian Nights'', ''Alf Laila Wa Laila'', or ''[[Alif Laila]]''). These regional descriptions have the same features of [[Deccan]] in general and the Golconda region in particular.<ref name="Noccolo">{{cite book|title=The travels of Nicolo Conti in the East in the early part of the fifteenth century|url=https://archive.org/details/travelsofnicoloc00wint/page/n59/mode/2up?q=golconda|editor=[[John Winter Jones]]|author=[[Poggio Bracciolini]]|year=1857|pages=60–69|publisher=[[Boston Public Library]]|access-date=3 August 2022}}</ref><ref name="DailyIllini">{{cite news|title=Sinbad's Diamond Story May Have Happened|url=https://idnc.library.illinois.edu/cgi-bin/illinois?a=d&d=DIL19470805.2.29&e=-------en-20--1--img-txIN----------|newspaper=[[Daily Illini]]|date=5 August 1947|access-date=3 August 2022}}</ref> These names are difficult to link to modern geographic names.<ref name="ogden" />

Until the 17th century, mines in this region were the only source of diamonds on Earth.<ref name="Dasgupta" /><ref name="NYT">{{cite news|title=The Market for Golconda Diamonds Has Mushroomed|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/18/fashion/18iht-acaj-diamonds-18.html|last=Gomelsky|first=Victoria|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=20 March 2011|access-date=30 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="gia">{{cite web|title=Diamonds on Location: Golconda|url=https://4cs.gia.edu/en-us/blog/diamonds-location-golconda/|work=Gemological Institute Of America|year=2002|access-date=21 September 2021}}</ref> According to the records of 18th-and-19th-century [[Geologist|geologists]], [[Research|researchers]], and traders, the region south of the [[Kurnool district]] near the [[Krishna River]] valley in and around [[NTR district]], [[Palnadu district|Palnadu]], and [[Guntur district|Guntur]]; the [[Krishna Godavari Basin|Godavari delta]] in Rampachodavaram and Bhadrachalam; north-eastern [[Madhya Pradesh]]; eastern [[Chhattisgarh]]; western [[Jharkhand]]; and north-western [[Odisha]] are possible historical sources of diamond.<ref name="ogden" /><ref name="GIA1">{{cite web|title=Historical Reading List: Diamonds in Ancient India|url=https://www.gia.edu/UK-EN/diamonds-ancient-india-reading-list|last=Shigley|first= James|work=[[Gemological Institute of America]]|access-date=3 September 2022}}</ref> The best-known region among these was historically known as ''Telingana'' or ''Tilling'', and was renamed Golconda during the [[Deccan sultanates]] period and generally known as the Godavari delta.<ref name="Pratt">{{cite book|title=Universal Gazetteer of the World: A Dictionary, Geographical, Historical and Statistical, of the various Kingdoms, States, Provinces, Cities, Towns, Forts, Harbors|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A3MpDdKXoeoC|year=1852|page=357|publisher=Z. & B. F. Pratt|access-date=4 August 2022}}</ref> As European travellers and traders increasingly engaged in [[Golconda diamonds mining and trading|trading with producers of this region]], the region's diamonds came to be referred to as "Golconda diamonds".<ref name="NYT" /><ref name="DNature">{{cite book|title=The Nature of Diamonds|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_WI86J88ydAC&pg=PA73|last=Harlow|first=George. E|year=1998|pages=73–75|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-62935-5|access-date=12 October 2021}}</ref>

[[File:Fabled diamond mines.jpg|thumb|Diamond mine in the Golconda region 1725 CE from the collection of [[Pieter van der Aa]]—a Dutch publisher known for preparing maps and atlases.]]

=== Mining ===
{{main|Golconda diamonds mining and trading}}

The peak period of Golconda diamond mining was the 16th-to-18th centuries, when the region was controlled by the [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Golconda Sultanate]] and the [[Nizams of Hyderabad]].<ref name="Pratt" /><ref name="Gupta">{{cite book|title=Deccan Heritage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8830KZLvkYsC&q=golconda+diamonds,|last=Gupta|first=Harsh K.|year=2000|pages=139–146|publisher=[[Indian National Science Academy]] and [[University press]]|isbn=9788173712852|access-date=7 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="Nair">{{cite magazine|title=The sparkling centuries|url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/2020/12/17/the-sparkling-centuries.html|last=Nair|first=Mandira|magazine=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]|date=20 December 2020|access-date=17 August 2022}}</ref> The mines were leased under the supervision of regional governors, of whom prominent 17th-century diamond trader [[Mir Jumla II|Mir Jumla]] became the ''[[Grand vizier]]'' (Prime Minister) of the Golconda Sultanate. He established a network of diamond merchants in Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and Asia—up to China and the [[Malay Archipelago]].<ref name="TFT1">{{cite news|title=Persian adventurer in India|url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/2019/04/12/persian-adventurer-in-india/|last=Mahmood|first=Parvez|newspaper=The Friday times|date=12 April 2019|access-date=23 September 2022}}</ref><ref name="Journal1">{{cite journal|title=Mir Jumla's invasion of Assam (1662–63), war experience of a Dutch sailor Heiden and Translator Glanius|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0376983619856149|last=Konwar|first=Paranan|journal=Indian Historical Review |publisher= Department of Economics, Sonari College, Assam, India.|year=2019|volume=46 |pages=41–54 |doi=10.1177/0376983619856149 |s2cid=200082670 |access-date=23 September 2022|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="TFT2">{{cite news|title=Persian adventurer in India|url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/2019/04/19/persian-adventurer-in-india-ii/|last=Mahmood|first=Parvez|newspaper=The Friday times|date=19 April 2019|access-date=23 September 2022}}</ref> [[Shantidas Jhaveri]] was another 17th-century diamond trader.<ref name="Mehta">{{cite book|title=Indian Merchants and Entrepreneurs in Historical Perspective: With Special Reference to Shroffs of Gujarat, 17th to 19th Centuries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9lz3gNDMbWEC&pg=PA96|last=Mehta|first=Makrand |year=1991|pages=96–102|publisher=Academic Foundation|isbn=9788171880171|access-date=17 August 2022}}</ref>

Golconda diamonds were mined from [[Alluvial diamond mining|alluvial soils]] alongside river beds.<ref name="Coulson">{{cite book|title=The History of Mining: The events, technology and people involved in the industry that forged the modern world|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BAfmAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA457|last=Accum|first=Michael Coulson|year=2012|pages=75–77|publisher=Harriman House Limited|isbn=978-0-85719-266-0|access-date=17 August 2022}}</ref> Mines were usually up to {{Convert|4|fathom|m ft|abbr=out}} deep.<ref name="Mehta" /><ref name="Accum">{{cite book|title=System of Theoretical and Practical Chemistry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Fw3AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA208|last=Accum|first=Friedrich Christian |year=1808|volume=1|pages=208–210|publisher=Kimber and Conrad|access-date=17 August 2022}}</ref> When mining reached [[groundwater]], digging was halted. Stony substances were then collected for assortment and examined for diamonds.<ref name="Taylor">{{cite book|title=A Nutshell of Knowledge Concerning the Mine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3C0YAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA36|last=Taylor|first=Isaac|year=1830|pages=34–40|publisher=[[John Harris (publisher)|John Harris]]|access-date=18 August 2022}}</ref> Raw diamonds from the mines were typically transported to Golconda—now the western part of [[Hyderabad]]—<ref name="TelGov">{{cite web|title=Golconda Fort|url=https://hyderabad.telangana.gov.in/tourist-place/golconda-fort/|work=[[Government of Telangana]]|date=6 August 2022|access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref> for skilled lapidary, enhancement, further evaluation, and sale.<ref name="Pratt" /><ref name="Gupta" /><ref name="Nair" /> The art of [[macle]], which is a form of rough diamond that is used to produce jewellery, was first developed in the Golconda region.<ref>{{cite news|title=Unraveling the Mystery of Macle Jewelry|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/04/style/unraveling-the-mystery-of-macle-jewelry.html|first=Kathleen|last=Beckett|newspaper=The New York Times|date=4 July 2022|access-date=4 July 2022}}</ref> Of the 38 diamond mines in India at the time, 23 were located in the Golconda Sultanate, of which [[Kollur Mine]] was prominent and employed 60,000 workers at one time.<ref name="Gupta" /><ref name="Streeter" /> Most of these mines were fully active until 1830 but were gradually abandoned as they became either submerged by the backwaters of the [[Pulichinthala Project|Pulichintala irrigation dam]] or became depleted. Diamond mining in the region gradually declined and finally officially closed.<ref name="DC1">{{cite news|title=India's iconic lost diamonds|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/280416/india-s-iconic-lost-diamonds.html|last=Reddy|first=U. Sudhakar|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|date=28 April 2016|access-date=22 August 2022}}</ref><ref name="DC2">{{cite news|title=Andhra Pradesh diamond belt is now Submerged|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/190916/andhra-pradesh-diamond-belt-is-now-submerged.html|last=Reddy|first=U. Sudhakar|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|date=19 September 2016|access-date=22 August 2022}}</ref>

In 2015, the Centre of Exploration Geophysics of [[Osmania University]] and the [[Geological Survey of India]] (GSI) conducted research that identified three zones that contain 21 potential new diamond-mining sites near the delta of the Krishna and [[Bhima River|Bhima]] rivers, and in the beds of the Krishna, [[Tungabhadra River|Tungabhadra]] and [[Penna River|Penna]] rivers. According to the research, the sites contain [[volcanic pipe]]s that probably bear kimberlite and possibly diamonds.<ref name="TOI1">{{cite news|title=Telangana: Confluence of Musi-Krishna may throw up diamonds, says study|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/telangana-confluence-of-musi-krishna-may-throw-up-diamonds-says-study/articleshow/88500184.cms#_ga=2.197734575.1297809681.1661177049-1911696365.1659104255|last=Akber|first=Syed|newspaper=The Times of India|date=26 December 2021|access-date=22 August 2022}}</ref><ref name="TOI2">{{cite news|title=Telangana sitting on a bed of diamonds|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/telangana-sitting-on-a-bed-of-diamonds/articleshow/48418233.cms|last=Akber|first=Syed|newspaper=The Times of India|date=10 August 2015|access-date=22 August 2022}}</ref> According to [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook India]], in 2022, some companies applied for mining rights in the region of Andhra Pradesh, soon after the [[National Geophysical Research Institute]] (NGRI) discovered diamond deposits in the seven districts of the state.<ref name="OLI"/>

=== Trading ===
The Golconda region was a major trading centre and the source of the world's most-famous diamonds.<ref name="NYT" /> Until the end of the 19th century, it was the primary source of the finest and largest diamonds in the world, making the name "Golconda diamond" synonymous with high-quality diamonds.<ref name="Pratt" /><ref name="Gupta" /><ref name="Streeter">{{cite book |title=Precious Stones and Gems, Their History and Distinguishing Characteristics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pUIDAAAAQAAJ |last=Streeter |first=Edwin William |year=1882 |pages=108–110 and 126–131 |publisher=[[George Bell & Sons]] |access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref><ref name="Siasat1">{{cite news |title=Don't be surprised – US too has a Golconda |url=https://www.siasat.com/dont-be-surprised-us-too-has-a-golconda-1992425/ |last=Sikander |first=Sana |newspaper=[[The Siasat Daily]] |date=6 October 2020 |access-date=20 September 2021}}</ref> It has been estimated the Golconda region traded around 10 million [[Carat (mass) |carats]] of diamonds.<ref>{{cite news |title=Golconda gem may fetch at least $150,000 in auction |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2021/feb/14/golconda-gem-may-fetch-at-least-150000in-auction-2263752.html |last=Sur |first=Aihik |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=14 February 2021 |access-date=17 August 2022}}</ref> A unit of measurement for Golconda diamonds was the [[Ratti (unit)|Ratti]] ({{frac |7 |8}} of a [[Carat (mass) |carat]]),<ref name="PNBU">{{cite book |title=Hand-book of the Manufactures & Arts of the Punjab |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gg_JAAAAMAAJ |last=Baden Powell |first={{notatypo |Baden}} Henry |year=1872 |page=198 |publisher=Punjab printing Company |access-date=27 September 2022}}</ref> and the most-common currency was the Golconda [[Pagoda (coin) |Pagoda]], which was also called Hun.<ref name="Crider">{{cite journal |title=Diamond mining and trade in south India in the 17th Century |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147002 |last=Alam |first=Ishrat |year=1998 |pages=314–321 |volume=59 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |publisher=[[Indian History Congress]] |jstor=44147002 |access-date=28 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="coin">{{cite book |title=Urban wage earners in Seventeenth Century India: Artisans, Laborers, Service Providers and Entertainers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wm4ZEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA330 |last=Manzar |first=Nishat |year=2021 |pages=348 and 400 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9781000395372 |access-date=28 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="AkberCoin">{{cite news |title=Hyderabad coins once more valuable than Mughal, French currency |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hyderabad-coins-once-more-valuable-than-mughal-french-currency/articleshow/60789711.cms#_ga=2.174421026.1834632006.1664193856-1911696365.1659104255 |last=Akber |first=Syed |newspaper=The Times of India |date=22 September 2017 |access-date=28 September 2022}}</ref>

[[File:Masulipatam mg 8557.jpg|thumb|A scene of [[Machilipatnam]] port in 1676 AD, it was a prime seaport of Golconda Sultanate]]

Golconda had been trading diamonds with European kingdoms since at least the days of [[Marco Polo]] (1254–1324).<ref name="NYT" /> During the 1420s, [[Niccolò de' Conti]], a prominent Italian traveller and merchant who lived in India, had a detailed account of diamond valleys in the Golconda region.<ref name="DailyIllini" /> The 15th-century [[Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India]] and the 16th-century Golconda Sultanate's new port at [[Machilipatnam#History |Machilipatnam]] increased the production and trade of Golconda diamonds. The emergence of demand for Golconda diamonds led to the exploration and discoveries of mines in the region that produced brilliant diamonds.<ref name="Crider"/><ref name="Sanjay">{{cite journal |title=Persians, Pilgrims and Portuguese: The Travails of Masulipatnam Shipping in the Western Indian Ocean, 1590-1665 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/312594 |last=Subrahmanyam |first=Sanjay |year=1988 |pages=503–530 |volume=22 |issue=3 |journal=Asian Studies in Honour of Professor Charles Boxer |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |jstor=312594 |access-date=28 September 2021}}
</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Proceedings of Seminar on Industries and Crafts in Andhra Desa, 17th and 18th Centuries, A.D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zdqxsas05NMC |last1=Reddy |first1=Ravula Soma |last2=Sarma |first2=Mukkamala Radhakrishna |last3=Satyanarayana |first3=A. |year=1996 |pages=34–40 |publisher=Department of History, [[Osmania University]] |access-date=28 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The sparkling centuries |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/2020/12/17/the-sparkling-centuries.html |last=Nayar |first=Mandira |newspaper=[[The Week (Indian magazine) |The Week]] |date=27 December 2020 |access-date=29 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=European private trade in Masulipatnam. Intercultural dynamics in a pre-modern cosmopolitan hub |url=https://www.iias.asia/the-newsletter/article/european-private-trade-masulipatnam-intercultural-dynamics-pre-modern |last=Mishra |first=Sonali |work=[[International Institute for Asian Studies]] |year=2020 |access-date=29 September 2021}}</ref>

In the 17th century, under the Golconda Sultanate, when new mines were discovered and leased to the miners, an agreement called "Qaul" would be signed under the supervision of regional governors, according to which, for employing 100 workers, miners would pay four pagodas per day, and monthly rent was based on the strength of the workers on the mining site. Provisions were supplied only by the governor with 50 percent extra excise duty. Large diamonds from the site were exclusively reserved for the rulers and to be sold with concessions.<ref name="Crider" /> [[Bania (caste) |Bania]] and [[Khatri]] castes—merchant and trading communities in India—held most of mines. In the early 1600s, some Dutch miners of the [[Dutch East India Company]] were granted mining rights.<ref name="Crider" /><ref name="Hofmeeste&Zwart">{{cite book |title=Colonialism, institutional change, and shifts in global labour relations |url=https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/30581/645266.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |last1=Hofmeester |first1=Karin |last2=de Zwart |first2=Pim |year=2018 |page=69 |publisher=[[Amsterdam University Press]] |isbn=9789462984363 |access-date=28 September 2021}}</ref> The 17th-century French explorer [[Jean-Baptiste Tavernier]] reported he was "permitted to examine" the egg-shaped Great Moghul diamond, which is now lost and said to have been cut into smaller diamonds. He reported having seen a flat diamond called the [[Great Table diamond]] in Golconda. [[Jean de Thévenot]], [[François Bernier]] or Antoine Destremau were French traders in Golconda diamonds.<ref name="Gupta" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Delving into the rich and often bloody history of Golconda Fort |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/Delving-into-the-rich-and-often-bloody-history-of-Golconda-Fort/article16437577.ece |date=20 December 2016 |work=The Hindu |access-date=17 August 2022}}</ref><ref name="Erlich and Hausel">{{cite book |title=Diamond Deposits |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=068-M3xrDSQC |last1=Erlich |first1=Edward |last2=Hausel |first2=W. Dan |year=2002 |pages=3–4 |publisher=[[Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration]] |isbn=978-0-87335-213-0 |access-date=7 May 2017}}</ref>

In 1621 and 1622, when the Golconda rulers learned about the demand for Golconda diamonds in Europe, they seized all of the mines and temporarily halted mining to increase the price, which then doubled. In 1627, high prices led Dutch traders to stop purchasing, and the British [[East India Company]] brought investments and purchased the diamonds.<ref name="Crider" /> The company's monopoly continued alongside indigenous traders such as Mir Jumla II, [[Virji Vora]], and [[Casa Verona|Kasi Veranna]] until the mines became depleted in the 1830s. Most of the impoverished governments and princely rulers were removed from power, forcing them sell their jewels—including Golconda diamonds—which were later auctioned. Due to their royal lineage, mystical tales, and advertising campaigns by companies, Golconda diamonds became the global status reference.<ref name="Gupta-GAGB-Jha">{{cite news |title=People are always fascinated by gems with a royal cachet |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/special-report/people-are-always-fascinated-by-gems-with-a-royal-cachet/articleshow/5989851.cms |last=Dasgupta |first=Reshmi R. |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=23 February 2019 |access-date=1 October 2022}}{{not in source |reason=Source does not mention Golconda diamonds |date=November 2023}}
*{{cite web |title=The History, Heritage and Hype behind Golconda Diamonds |url=https://gem-a.com/gem-hub/around-the-world/golconda-diamonds-india-myths-legends |work=[[Gemmological Association of Great Britain]] |date=1 August 2018 |access-date=1 October 2022}}
*{{cite news |title=The lavish lifestyle of India's royalty |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-31709924 |last=Jha |first=Rupa |newspaper=[[BBC News]] |date=6 March 2015 |access-date=1 October 2022}}{{not in source |reason=Source does not mention Golconda diamonds |date=November 2023}}</ref>

[[Paradesi Jews]] of [[Madras]] (now [[Chennai]]) traded in Golconda diamonds, precious stones, and corals. They had very good relations with the rulers of [[Golkonda]] because they maintained trade connections to some foreign countries (e.g. [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Empire]], Europe), and their language skills were useful. Although the Sephardim spoke [[Judaeo-Spanish|Ladino]] (i.e. Judeo-Spanish), in India they learned [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Konkani language|Konkani]] as well as [[Judeo-Malayalam]] from the Cochin Jews, also known as [[Malabar Jews]].<ref name=Katz-Koder-Puthiakunnel>Katz 2000; Koder 1973; Thomas Puthiakunnel 1973</ref>{{full citation needed|date=May 2016}}

[[Jacques de Paiva]] (Jaime Paiva) [[Paradesi Jews]], established good relations with [[East India Company]] (EIC) and those in power, which enabled him to buy several mines to source Golconda diamonds. Through his efforts, Jews were permitted to live and trade Golconda diamonds and corals within Fort St. George.<ref name="metroplus">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-portuguese-jews-of-madras/article2252700.ece |date=3 September 2007 |work=The Hindu |title=The Portuguese Jews of Madras |first=S. |last=Muthiah |accessdate=6 October 2018}}</ref>
De Paiva died in 1687 after a visit to his mines of Golconda diamonds and was buried in the [[Lloyd's Road Jewish Cemetery|Jewish cemetery]] which he had established in Peddanaickenpet, which later became the north Mint Street,<ref name="metroplus"/> alongside the synagogue which also existed at Mint Street. On his tombstone we find that he died in the month of Tishri 5548 / 1687 CE.<ref name="Sundaram">{{cite news |last=Sundaram |first=Krithika |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article1320429.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609171724/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article1320429.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 June 2016 |title=18th century Jewish cemetery lies in shambles, craves for attention |work=The New Indian Express |date=31 October 2012 |accessdate=6 October 2018}}</ref>
{{clear}}

== Popularity ==
[[File:Croquis du Koh-i-Noor d'après Tavernier.jpg|thumb|Diagram of the pre-1852 cut Koh-i-Noor.<ref>{{cite book |title=Travels in India |author-link=Jean-Baptiste Tavernier |last=Tavernier |first=Jean-Baptiste |translator=[[Valentine Ball]] |year=1889 |volume=II |at=Appendix, plate VI}}</ref> '''Fig I'''. The shaded area is the base. '''Fig II'''. A: flaw; B and C: notches cut to hold the stone in a setting; D: flaw created by fracture at E; F: fracture created by a blow; G: unpolished cleavage plane; H: basal cleavage plane. '''Fig III'''. The opposite side shows facets and peak of the "Mountain of Light"]]

Historically, diamonds of high quality were mined in the Golconda region,<ref name="Tripp">{{cite book |title=Real Diamonds & Precious Stones of the Bible |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1ztBA96O_PwC&pg=PA35 |last=Braswell-Tripp |first= Pearlie |year=2013 |page=35 |publisher=[[Xlibris]] |isbn=9781479796458 |access-date=27 September 2022}}</ref>{{refn |Historically colorless diamonds and general diamonds were mined from the Golconda region (within the alluvial deposits of the [[Krishna River |Krishna]], [[Godavari River |Godavari]] and [[Penna River |Penna]] rivers, because in those periods the term "Golconda diamonds" was not named, thus they were referred to as Indian Diamonds |group=upper-alpha |<ref name="Tripp" />}} and were reserved for emperors and rulers.<ref name="Altman">{{cite book |title=Gem, and Stone: Jewels of Earth, Sea, and Sky |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=inpKnNMe-_cC&pg=PA10 |last=Altman |first=Jenifer |year=2012 |page=10 |publisher=[[Chronicle Books]] |isbn=9781452109077 |access-date=10 October 2022}}</ref> Sometimes, diamonds were considered to have supernatural powers, and were worn as amulets and talismans.<ref name="Zubrzycki">{{cite book |title=The Mysterious Mr Jacob: Diamond Merchant, Magician and Spy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k0BODwAAQBAJ&pg=PT48 |last=Zubrzycki |first=John |year=2017 |page=48 |publisher=[[Transit Lounge]] |isbn=9780995359512 |access-date=7 October 2022}}</ref> The [[Shah Jahan Diamond]], which is currently part of [[Dar al Athar al Islamiyyah |Al Saba Collection]], was once an amulet of [[Mughal emperors]].<ref name="BBC1" /><ref name="METMuseum2">{{cite web |title=Opulence, Indeed: Diamonds of the Deccan |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/blogs/ruminations/2015/diamonds-of-the-deccan |work=Metropolitan Museum of Art |date=15 July 2015 |access-date=26 September 2022}}</ref> Diamonds were treasured as gemstones,<ref name="Tripp" /> and were believed to be a gift from God to humanity, and owning them was a sign of supremacy.<ref name="BBC1" /> Golconda diamonds were popularized in the Middle East and the Western world by mediaeval and [[Modern era|modern-period]] travellers and traders such as Niccolò de' Conti, [[Muhammad al-Idrisi]], Marco Polo, and Jean-Baptiste Tavernier.<ref name="NYT" /><ref name="nag">{{cite news |title=Golconda diamond pendent to headline in Christie's Hong Kong Magnificent Jewels auction |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/personal-finance-news/golconda-diamond-pendent-to-headline-in-christies-hong-kong-magnificent-jewels-auction/articleshow/35066179.cms |last=Nag |first=Ashok |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=13 May 2014 |access-date=4 August 2022}}</ref> Diamonds from India—most of which were Golconda diamonds—were used to decorate the crowns, coronets and sceptres of every nation;<ref name="Guise">{{cite news |title=Works of art and history from the court of the Nizams of Hyderabad |url=https://www.nst.com.my/lifestyle/sunday-vibes/2022/05/796259/works-art-and-history-court-nizams-hyderabad |last=De Guise |first=Lucien |newspaper=[[The Straits Times]] |date=15 May 2022 |access-date=13 September 2022}}</ref><ref name="Sanford">{{cite book |title=Diamonds and Precious stones |url=https://archive.org/details/diamondsprecious1874dieu/page/n10/mode/1up?view=theater |last=Sanford |first=Fanchon |year=1874 |pages=55–56 |publisher=Scribner, Armstrong, and Company |access-date=26 August 2023}}</ref> it was considered a point of pride by any ruler to own a Golconda diamond.<ref name="Guise"/> The [[Industrial Revolution]] in the 19th century brought growth to the world economy, and the introduction of sophisticated cutting and polishing techniques led to a higher worldwide demand for diamonds.<ref name="Tripp" /><ref name="sell">{{cite web |title=Have You Ever Tried To Sell a Diamond? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/issues/82feb/8202diamond1.htm |last=Epstein |first=E. J. |work=[[The Atlantic]] |year=1982 |access-date=27 September 2022}}</ref> The popularity of Golconda diamonds has risen since the 1950s because of successful advertising campaigns by traders.<ref name="Monroe">{{cite magazine |title=The Golconda Diamond Marilyn Monroe made famous |url=https://theadventurine.com/jewelry/rocks-my-world/the-golconda-diamond-marilyn-monroe-made-famous/ |last=Fasel |first=Marion |magazine=The Adventurine |date=27 November 2018 |access-date=22 September 2022}}{{not in source |reason=Source does not say advertising by traders made Golconda diamonds more popular since the 1950s |date=November 2023}}</ref><ref name="CR">{{cite magazine |title=How Marilyn Monroe made diamonds famous |url=https://crfashionbook.com/celebrity-a32698680-marilyn-monroe-diamonds-hollywood/ |last=Vernose |first=Vienna |magazine=C R Fashion Book |date=31 May 2020 |access-date=22 September 2022}}{{not in source |reason=Source does not say advertising by traders made Golconda diamonds more popular since the 1950s |date=November 2023}}</ref> They continue to be a popular gemstone in the 21st century.<ref name="NYT" /><ref name="gia" /><ref name="G&G">{{cite journal |title=The-Type-Classification-System-of-Diamonds |url=https://www.stardiamondcorp.com/_resources/pdfs/The-Type-Classification-System-of-Diamonds_C_Breeding_J_Shigley.pdf |last1=Breeding |first1=Christopher M. |last2=Shigley |first2=James E. |journal=[[Gems & Gemology]] |date=Summer 2009 |volume=45 |number=2 |doi=10.5741/GEMS.45.2.96 |pages=96–111 |access-date=18 August 2022}}{{not in source |reason=Source does not mention the popularity of Golconda diamonds in the 21st century |date=November 2023}}</ref>

=== Physical properties ===

Golconda diamonds are the world's most magnificent diamonds.<ref name="Guys">{{cite book |title=Guy's School Geography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HN2s3Mt1YUQC&pg=PA91 |last=Guy |first=Joseph |year=1817 |page=91 |publisher=Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy |location=London |access-date=16 August 2022}}</ref><ref name="Harris">{{cite book |title=Secrets in the Stones |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IZCmCQAAQBAJ&pg=PP10 |last=Harris |first=Tessa |year=2016 |page=x |publisher=Kensington Books |isbn=9780758293428 |access-date=10 October 2022}}</ref><ref name="Raden">{{cite book |title=Stoned: Jewelry, Obsession, and How Desire Shapes the World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uw0RBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT23 |last=Raden |first=Aja |year=2015 |page=23 |publisher=Harper Collins |isbn=9780062334718 |access-date=16 August 2022}}</ref> They are formed of pure [[carbon]] and have no nitrogen,<ref name="Cave">{{cite magazine |title=The picture of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nk_8yBF-u8IC |last=Cave |first=Edward |page=52 |magazine=[[The Gentleman's Magazine]] |volume=100 |date=1 July 1830 |access-date=26 September 2022}}</ref> and are rated high on grading standards, giving them the rare [[Diamond type#Type IIa |Type IIa]] designation—(Type IIa count less than two percent of the world's natural diamonds.<ref name="gia" />).<ref name="NYT" /><ref name="gia" /><ref name="G&G" /> They are large and naturally occur in many colours but most of them are known for their [[Diamond clarity |colourless clarity]] and [[Material properties of diamond |material properties]]. Some are popular for their colours,<ref name="NYT" /><ref name="nag" /><ref name="Beth">{{cite web |title=Unique Diamonds For April's Birthstone |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/bethbernstein/2022/04/01/unique-diamonds-for-aprils-birthstone/?sh=242c40e26caa |last=Bernstein |first=Beth |work=[[Forbes]] |date=1 April 2022 |access-date=4 August 2022}}{{not in source|reason=Source does not say Golconda diamonds are large or naturally occur in many colours, and does not mention their material properties.|date=November 2023}}</ref> for which they are characterized as [[First water |Diamonds of First water]].<ref name="nag" />

=== Notable diamonds ===
{{Main |List of the Golconda Diamonds}}
Although Golconda diamonds are known for their size and clarity, the diamond mines of the Golconda region are now depleted and inactive.<ref name="Dundek">{{cite book |title=Diamonds |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q8AwbhZR_pwC&pg=PA11 |last=Dundek |first=Marijan |year=2009 |pages=11–12 |publisher=Noble gems publications |isbn=978-0-9537884-5-3 |access-date=23 August 2021}}</ref> Later discoveries of diamond deposits in regions such as Brazil post-1730, Australia post-1851, and Africa post-1866 provided significant supplies of diamonds, although their clarity generally does not match that of Golconda diamonds.<ref name="Taylor" /><ref name="Joel">{{cite book |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KRtREAAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA76 |last=Mokyr |first=Joel |year=2003 |pages=76–81 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-028299-8 |access-date=16 August 2022}}</ref><ref name="Crider1">{{cite journal |title=The Story of the Diamond |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2992728 |last=Crider |first=H. D. |year=1924 |pages=178–181 |volume=9 |journal=The American Midland Naturalist |issue=4 |publisher=[[The University of Notre Dame]] |doi=10.2307/2992728 |jstor=2992728 |issn=0003-0031 |access-date=16 August 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref> For these reasons, Golconda diamonds remain among the world's most-celebrated diamonds.<ref name="NYT" /><ref name="Dundek" />

Some of the notable Golconda diamonds are:
*The [[Daria-i-Noor]] is part of the [[Iranian Crown Jewels]] collection of the [[Central Bank of Iran]] in [[Tehran]]
*The [[Nizam Diamond]] went missing from Hyderabad after a police action in 1948<ref name="TOI-SA">{{cite news |title=Celebrating the Nizam's fabled Golconda diamonds |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/little-kohinoor-the-lost-heirloom-of-the-nizams/articleshow/60016297.cms#_ga=2.161485500.1834632006.1664193856-1911696365.1659104255 |last=Akber |first=Syed |newspaper=The Times of India |date=11 August 2017 |access-date=26 September 2022}}</ref>
*The [[Great Mogul Diamond]] and the [[Orlov (diamond) |Orlov Diamond]] are part of the [[Diamond Fund]] collection of Moscow's [[Kremlin Armoury]]
*The [[Koh-i-Noor]] is part of the [[Crown Jewels]], which are housed in the [[Jewel House]] at the [[Tower of London]]
*The [[Hope Diamond]] is housed in the [[National Gem and Mineral Collection]] at the [[National Museum of Natural History]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref name="Lewis">{{cite web |title=The most expensive jewellery piece in the world |url=https://www.professionaljeweller.com/the-most-expensive-jewellery-piece-in-the-world/#:~:text=The%20inspiration%20behind%20the%201997,clocks%20in%20at%2045.5%20carats. |last=Lewis |first=Sam |date=22 June 2022 |work=Professional Jeweller |access-date=23 August 2022}}</ref>
*The [[Regent Diamond]] passed through French monarchs [[Charles X of France|Charles X]] and [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] to the [[Government of France]], and is now part of the [[French Crown Jewels]] on display in the [[Louvre]], Paris<ref name="DC1" /><ref name="DC2" />
*The [[Idols Eye Diamond]] was stolen by a servant of [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Sultan]] [[Abdul Hamid II]] while he was in exile in Paris, where it was sold to an unknown Spanish aristocrat<ref name="METMuseum">{{cite web |title='Idol's Eye' Diamond with Harry Winston Necklace Diamond: early 17th century, Necklace: mid 20th century |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/655883+&cd=17&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=ae |work=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] |year=2000 |access-date=5 August 2022}}</ref>
*The yellow [[Florentine Diamond]] was owned by [[Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany|Grand Duke Ferdinand I]]; it later became part of [[Austrian Crown Jewels]] and is now untraceable<ref name="Scott">{{cite magazine |title=Famous diamonds |url=https://www.jewellermagazine.com/Article/540/Florentine-World-Famous-Diamonds |last=Sucher |first=Scott |magazine=Jeweller Magazine |year=2022 |access-date=13 September 2022}}</ref>
*The [[Akbar Shah (diamond) |Akbar Shah]] was engraved with the names of the [[Mughal emperors]] [[Akbar]], [[Jahangir]], and [[Shah Jahan]], and was later mounted on the [[Peacock Throne]]. After [[Persians |Persian]] ruler [[Nader Shah]] lost it, the diamond appeared for sale in Turkey; it was purchased by a British company that later reshaped it and sold it to the Indian [[Baroda State |Prince of Baroda]] [[Malhar Rao Gaekwad]]. The current possessor of the diamond is unknown.<ref name="Mahmood">{{cite web |title=A diamond that bore the names of three Mughal emperors |url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/2018/09/14/a-diamond-that-bore-the-names-of-three-mughal-emperors/ |last=Mahmood |first=Parvez |work=[[The Friday Times]] |date=14 September 2018 |access-date=13 September 2022}}</ref>

The world's top-four pink diamonds are from Golconda.<ref name="BBC1">{{cite news |title=Princie Diamond: Rare Indian gem sells for $39m |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-22167514 |newspaper=[[BBC News]] |date=17 April 2013 |access-date=2 December 2016}}</ref> [[Cardinal Mazarin]] was an influential [[Chief minister of France]] during the reign of [[Louis XIII]] and [[Louis XIV]]; Mazarin, a connoisseur of jewels, sponsored Jean Baptiste Tavernier's journey to India to collect diamonds; among his collection is the 19.07-carat, light-pink [[:fr:Grand Mazarin |Le Grand Mazarin Diamond]], which he always kept close to him. In his will, Mazarin bequeathed the diamond to decorate the French crown; all of the French rulers from Louis XIV to [[Napoleon III]] have worn it. After France's defeat in the [[Franco-Prussian War]] (1870), the diamond, along with other French Crown Jewels, was sold to settle the losses. [[Boucheron|Frederic Boucheron]], a jewellery-house owner, purchased it.<ref name="Mazarin">{{cite web |title=Le Grand Mazarin Diamond: The History of One of the Most Famous French Crown Jewels |url=https://www.naturaldiamonds.com/epic-diamonds/le-grand-mazarin-diamond-how-to-rule-over-france-forever/ |publisher=Natural Diamond Council |date=11 August 2020 |access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref>

=== Popular culture ===

* While travelling in the [[Middle East]] in 1869, [[Russell Conwell]], a lawyer and educator who founded [[Temple University]] in [[Philadelphia]], US, met an Arab [[bedouin]] who told him a story in which "beneath Ali Hafed's farm sat the great mines and diamonds of Golconda". Intrigued by the tale, Conwell prepared his inspirational lecture "[[Russell Conwell#"Acres of Diamonds |Acres of Diamonds]]".<ref name="TU">{{cite web |title=Acres of Diamonds |url=https://www.temple.edu/about/history-traditions/acres-diamonds |work=[[Temple University]] |access-date=22 September 2022}}</ref><ref name="Conwell">{{cite book |title=Acres of diamonds: a lecture |url=https://archive.org/details/acresofdiamondsl00conw/page/310/mode/2up |last=Conwell |first=Russell Herman |year=1901 |page=310 |publisher=J.D. Morris and Co. |access-date=23 September 2022}}</ref>
* In 1953, Golconda diamonds became popularized when actor [[Marilyn Monroe]] posed wearing [[Moon of Baroda]] to promote her movie ''[[Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953 film) |Gentlemen Prefer Blondes]]'', in which she performs the song "[[Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend]]".<ref name="Adventurine">{{cite web |title=The Golconda diamond Marilyn Monroe made famous |url=https://theadventurine.com/jewelry/rocks-my-world/the-golconda-diamond-marilyn-monroe-made-famous/ |last=Fasel |first=Marion |work=The Adventurine |date=27 November 2018 |access-date=4 August 2023}}</ref><ref name="nssgclub">{{cite web |title=The Top 10 most iconic jewels in movies |url=https://www.nssgclub.com/en/lifestyle/24139/10-most-iconic-jewels-movies |last=Talon |first=Kettj |work=NSS G-Club |date=16 November 2020 |access-date=19 September 2022}}</ref><ref name="Filby">{{cite book |title=The Story of the Diamond: Timeless. Elegant. Iconic |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V8CpEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT140 |last=Filby |first=Tamara Sturtz |year=2023 |page=140 |publisher=[[Welbeck Publishing Group]] |isbn=9781838611613 |access-date=3 August 2023}}</ref> The song became a household phrase,<ref name="ring">{{cite web |title=The Origin of Wedding Rings: Ancient Tradition or Marketing Invention? |url=https://4cs.gia.edu/en-us/blog/origin-of-wedding-rings/ |work=Gemological Institute of America |date=22 September 2022 |access-date=22 September 2022}}</ref> and popularized the diamond—particularly on an engagement ring—as a symbol of romance and love.<ref name="Monroe"/><ref name="CR" />
* In 1959, the [[Krupp Diamond]] ring was stolen from German actor Vera Krupp (1909–1967) in a robbery at her house. The diamond was recovered after the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) became involved. In 1968, it came into the possession of [[Elizabeth Taylor]], who renamed it the "Elizabeth Taylor Diamond".<ref name="FBI">{{cite web |title=Krupp Diamond Theft |url=https://www.fbi.gov/history/famous-cases/krupp-diamond-theft |work=[[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] |access-date=19 September 2022}}</ref><ref name="taylor">{{cite web |title=Elizabeth Taylor's Signature Diamond Ring |url=https://theadventurine.com/culture/elizabeth-taylor/elizabeth-taylors-signature-diamond-ring/ |last=Fasil |first=Marion |work=The Adventurine |date=27 February 2022 |access-date=19 September 2022}}</ref> Taylor was fond of jewellery and owned a collection of gems and jewellery; she also published a book about her collection called ''My Love Affair with Jewelry'' (2002).<ref name="vesilindLAT">{{cite news |title=As a fashion icon, Elizabeth Taylor could turn simple into sexy, elegance into excess |url=https://www.latimes.com/fashion/alltherage/la-ig-elizabeth-taylor-20110324-story.html |last=Vesilind |first=Emili |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=23 March 2011 |access-date=22 September 2022}}</ref><ref name="VF">{{cite magazine |title=Elizabeth Taylor: A Life in Jewels |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/photos/2011/11/elizabeth-taylor-jewels-slideshow-201111 |last=Peltason |first=Ruth |magazine=[[Vanity Fair (magazine) |Vanity Fair]] |date=23 November 2011 |access-date=22 September 2022}}</ref><ref name="reuters02">{{cite news |title=$116 million auction of Liz Taylor jewels breaks record |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-elizabethtaylor-auction-idUSTRE7BB1O120111214 |last=Michaud |first=Chris |publisher=Reuters |date=14 December 2011 |access-date=22 September 2022}}</ref>
* [[The Heart of the Ocean]], a blue diamond necklace in the film [[Titanic (1997 film) |''Titanic'']] (1997), was designed by London-based jewellers [[Asprey & Garrard]], who took inspiration from three diamonds of the French Crown Jewels known as The Regent, the [[Marie Antoinette Blue]], and the Hope Diamond.<ref name="nssgclub"/>
* The pink, cushion-cut, 34.65-carat [[Princie Diamond]] used to be part of the [[Jewels of the Nizams of Hyderabad]]; it was auctioned in 2013 by [[Christie's]] and sold for {{USD}}39.3 million, which is the highest-recorded auction price for a Golconda diamond and a world record for {{USD}}1.1 million per carat.<ref name="forbes1">{{cite web |title=34-Carat Princie Diamond Fetches Nearly $40 Million, Setting Two Records |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/anthonydemarco/2013/04/16/34-carat-pink-diamond-fetches-nearly-40-million/ |last=DeMarco |first=Anthony |work=[[Forbes]] |date=16 April 2013 |access-date=22 September 2022}}</ref>
* On 28 July 2014, the American television channel ''[[Animal Planet]]'' presented an episode called "The Golconda Curse" in the series ''Lost treasure hunters'' Season I.<ref name="Netflix">{{cite web |title=Lost Treasure Hunters: Season 1: The Golconda Curse |url=https://whatsnewonnetflix.com/mexico/646058/lost-treasure-hunters-2014/season-1/episode-3/the-golconda-curse |website=whatsnewonnetflix.com |access-date=19 September 2022}}</ref>
* The Cartier Toussaint Necklace in the 2018 film ''[[Ocean's 8]]'' was inspired by the necklace of [[Ranjitsinhji]], ruler of [[Nawanagar State]] in India. The main attraction of the necklace is its centrepiece {{convert|136.25 |carat|adj=on}} [[:it:Regina d'Olanda |Queen of Holland Diamond]], whose place of origin is unknown but based on its characteristics, gemologists placed it among the Golconda diamonds.<ref name="Chang">{{cite web |title=Is The Cartier Toussaint Necklace From 'Ocean's 8' Real? |url=https://www.marieclaire.com.au/toussaint-necklace-oceans-8 |last=Chang |first=Mahalia |work=[[Marie Claire]] |date=13 October 2020 |access-date=19 September 2022}}</ref>
{{clear}}

== Legends and folklore ==
[[File:Golconda diamond miners.jpg|thumb|left|Women in the process of washing earthy substances from soil, at a site of an unnamed Golconda mine.<ref name="Taylor" />]]


According to a popular legend, the Koh-i-Noor should only be possessed by a female and will bring bad luck to a male. [[Alauddin Khalji]], who obtained it from the [[Kakatiya dynasty]], was murdered by his slave. [[Nader Shah]], who looted the Koh-i-Noor from the [[Mughals]] and gave it its current name, was assassinated. [[Shuja Shah Durrani]] was overthrown by his predecessor and went into exile. [[Ranjit Singh]] died of a heart attack and when the diamond passed to the [[East India Company]], it was passed on to [[Queen Victoria]], after which it was successively mounted in the crowns of [[Crown of Queen Alexandra|Queen Alexandra]], [[Crown of Queen Camilla|Queen Mary]], and [[Crown of Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother|Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother]]. The latter crown, along with the other [[Crown jewels#United Kingdom|Crown Jewels]], is on public display in the [[Jewel House]] at the [[Tower of London]].<ref name="Streeter" /><ref>{{Royal Collection|31704|Queen Mary's Crown}}
*{{Royal Collection|31703|Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother's Crown}}
*{{cite news|title=Priceless gem in Queen Mother's crown|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/1907313.stm|newspaper=BBC News|date=4 April 2002|access-date=5 January 2016}}
*{{cite news|title=The Kohinoor: Following the bloodiest diamond across history |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/the-kohinoor-following-the-bloodiest-diamond-across-history/story-KwrpNJ70xTqlkjGQ2b1LOK.html|last=Richa|first=Richa|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=20 April 2016|access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref>

Accounts of ill fortune and curses are also associated with the Hope Diamond; Tavernier, who took the stone to Paris, was "torn to pieces by wild dogs" in [[Constantinople]]. [[Louis XIV]] gave it to [[Madame de Montespan]], whom later he abandoned. [[Abdul Hamid I|Sultan Hamid]] of Turkey gave it to Abu Sabir to "polish" but Sabir was later imprisoned and tortured. An article entitled "[[Hope Diamond#Curse mythology|Hope Diamond Has Brought Trouble To All Who Have Owned It]]" appeared in ''[[The Washington Post]]'' in 1908.<ref name="Kurin">{{cite book|title=Hope Diamond: The Legendary History of a Cursed Gem|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EI3cDQAAQBAJ|last=Kurin|first=Richard|year=2017|page=364|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|isbn=978-1-58834-419-9|access-date=4 August 2022}}</ref><ref name="Edward">{{cite book|title=The Smithsonian National Gem Collection—Unearthed: Surprising Stories|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kav9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT342|last=Post|first=Jeffrey Edward|year=2021|page=342|publisher=[[Abrams Books]]|isbn=978-1-68335-940-1|access-date=4 August 2022}}</ref>

According to legend, the Regent Diamond was discovered between 1698 and 1701 at Kollur Mine. A slave worker who found the diamond smuggled it out by hiding it deep inside a self-inflicted cut. The slave wanted to escape from India with the diamond so he contacted the captain of a British ship. The slave and the captain agreed to share equally in the proceeds from the diamond's sale in exchange for safe passage. Later, the captain stole the diamond, killed the slave, and sold the diamond to an Indian merchant named Jamchand. Jamchand supposedly sold it to [[Thomas Pitt]], who in turn sold it to [[Philippe II, Duke of Orléans|Philippe d'Orléans]].<ref name="Hazen">{{cite book|title=The Diamond Makers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNJQok6N9_MC|last=Hazen|first=Robert Miller|year=1999|page=2|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-65474-6|access-date=2 August 2022}}</ref>

According to pervasive folklore narrated by Marco Polo about his 13th-century visits to the Golconda region, the diamond valley was replete with venomous snakes, making obtaining the diamonds dangerous. The diamond traders took a herd of cattle to the hilltop near the valley. After slaughtering the cattle, they catapulted cow flesh towards the diamond valley; the flesh became stuck to the diamonds, which were picked up by eagles and vultures that carried the cow flesh to their nests to eat. The stones remained after the birds consumed the flesh, allowing the stones to be tracked and collected by the local merchants' workers.<ref name="DailyIllini" /><ref name="Sanyal">{{cite book|title=The Ocean of Churn: How the Indian Ocean Shaped Human History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oNekDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT144|last=Sanyal|first=Sanjeev|year=2016|pages=43–45|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|isbn=9789386057617|access-date=5 August 2022}}</ref> According to Jean R. Brink, who wrote ''Renaissance Culture in Context: Theory and Practice'' (2017), this legend is repeated in many mediaeval Arabic and Chinese literary works. It was also repeated by Marco Polo, who visited the region's capital [[Warangal]] but did not visit the mining sites.<ref name="Brink">{{cite book|title=Renaissance Culture in Context: Theory and Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xkErDwAAQBAJ|last=Brink|first=Jean. R|year=2017|pages=90–92|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=978-1-351-90446-9|access-date=19 August 2022}}</ref>
{{clear}}

== Controversies, scandals, and heists ==
[[File:Marie Antoinette Execution.jpg|thumb|[[Queen Marie Antoinette]] of [[France]] being taken for execution, a steel engraving-1850]]

Being the world's most-famous, large, and valuable stones with interesting histories, Golconda diamonds attract envy and fascination, for which many controversies, robberies, and scandals have occurred.<ref>{{cite web |title=How Diamonds Work, Famous Diamonds |url=https://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/geology/diamond7.htm |last=Bonsor |first=Kevin |work=[[HowStuffWorks]] |year=2022 |access-date=5 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=7 of the World's Most Controversial Gems and Diamonds |url=https://www.esquiremag.ph/the-good-life/pursuits/cursed-gems-diamonds-a00184-20180815-lfrm2 |last=Lazatin |first=Hannah |magazine=[[Esquire (magazine) |Esquire]] |date= 15 August 2018 |access-date=5 October 2022}}</ref> The [[Affair of the Diamond Necklace]] (1784–1786) was about a 2,800-carat necklace containing 647 gems. The incident brought ignominy to [[Queen Marie Antoinette]] and later instigated the [[French Revolution]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Ring of Truth: Myths of Sex and Jewelry |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190267117.003.0008 |last=Doniger |first=Wendy |publisher=Oxford University Press |chapter=The Affair of the Diamond Necklace |pages=206–227 |year=2017 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190267117.003.0008 |isbn=9780190267117 |access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Haydn's Dictionary of Dates and Universal Information Relating to All Ages and Nations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dhoZAQAAIAAJ |last2=Vincent |first2=Benjamin |last1=Haydn |first1=Joseph |publisher=Ward Lock and Company |page=240 |year=1881 |access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref> In 1792, the French Crown Jewels were stolen from the ''[[Garde Meuble]]'' (Royal Treasury); although most of the jewels were traced, the thieves sold the Sancy and Regent Diamonds, and the Royal French Blue Diamond was cut and renamed the Hope Diamond. The thief returned the Mazarin Diamond in exchange for a pardon and the diamond was restored to the French crown.<ref name="Mazarin" /><ref name="NG">{{cite web |title=Stolen in 1792, the French Blue diamond's fate puzzled historians for centuries |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/history-and-civilisation/2021/04/stolen-in-1792-the-french-blue-diamonds-fate-puzzled-historians-for-centuries |last=Queralt Del Hierro |first=María Pilar |work=[[National Geographic]] |date=30 April 2021 |access-date=26 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Stolen! |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/kids/read-all-about-the-famous-hope-diamond-which-was-stolen-in-1792/article7636829.ece |last=Subramanian |first=Archana |newspaper=The Hindu |date=10 September 2015 |access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref> In 1811, [[Napoleon |Napoleon Bonaparte]] gifted his wife [[Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma |Marie Louise]] the [[Napoleon Diamond Necklace]], which became a sensation during the [[Great Depression]] (1929) when [[Archduke Leopold of Austria, Prince of Tuscany |Archduke Leopold of Austria]] was imprisoned on [[larceny]] charges connected with the necklace sale.<ref>{{cite web |title=An examination of the Napoleon Diamond Necklace |url=https://www.gia.edu/doc/An-Examination-of-the-Napoleon-Diamond-Necklace.pdf |last2= Gaillou |first2=Eloïse |last1=Post |first1=Jeffrey E. |pages=352–357 |publisher= Gemological Institute of America |year=2007 |access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref>

In 1980, a heist was executed at [[Sydney Town Hall]], New South Wales, Australia, to steal the 95-carat yellow [[Golconda d'or diamond]] from an exhibition display.<ref>{{cite news |title=The diamond that was stolen twice |url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/2018/02/02/the-diamond-that-was-stolen-twice/ |last=Mahmood |first=Parvez |newspaper=The Friday Times |date=2 February 2018 |access-date=26 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Famed diamond stolen from exhibit |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1980/10/18/Famed-diamond-stolen-from-exhibit/7244340689600/ |newspaper=United Press International |date=18 October 1980 |access-date=26 September 2022}}</ref> In 2019, the [[Al Thani Collection]] of [[Qatar]] faced a trial after purchasing the [[Princie Diamond]] in an auction without its heir's consent. The matter was settled out of court.<ref>{{cite news |title=Christie's Auctioned a $40 Million Diamond. Was It Stolen? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/30/arts/design/princie-diamond-christies.html |last=Harris |first=Elizabeth A. |publisher=The New York Yimes |date=30 October 2019 |access-date=26 September 2022}}</ref> In the same year, jewels worth {{USD}}1.2 billion were stolen in a heist from the [[Green Vault]] in [[Dresden Castle]], Germany; along with other treasures, the 49-carat [[Diamond cut#Rose and mogul cuts |rose cut]] [[Dresden White Diamond]], which was made into an [[epaulette]] during [[the Seven Years' War]] of 1756 AD, was stolen. The diamond belonged to 18th-century ruler [[Frederick Augustus I of Saxony]].<ref name="guard">{{cite news |title=Police offer €500,000 reward over Dresden diamond heist |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/28/police-confirm-14-pieces-stolen-in-theft-of-9m-dresden-white-diamond |agency=Agence France-Presse |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=28 November 2019 |access-date=27 September 2022}}</ref><ref name="CNN">{{cite news |title=Dresden museum heist: What we know about the stolen jewels |url=https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/germany-jewel-heist-dresden-green-vault-stolen-treasures/index.html#:~:text=Diamond%20hat%20clasp&text=Comprised%20of%2015%20large%20diamonds,beneath%20a%20diamond%2Dstudded%20bow. |last1=Holland |first1=Oscar |newspaper=[[CNN]] |date=29 November 2019 |access-date=27 September 2022}}</ref><ref name="GQ">{{cite magazine |title=The Sopranos of Berlin A Brutal Crime Family and a Billion Dollar Jewel Heist |url=https://www.gq.com/story/the-dresden-job&cd=32&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=ae |last1=Hammer |first1=Joshua |magazine=[[GQ]] |date=18 August 2021 |access-date=27 September 2022 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>
{{clear}}

== See also ==
* [[List of diamonds]]
* [[List of largest rough diamonds]]

== Explanatory notes ==
{{Notelist-ua}}C. Golconda diamonds that are Type IIb variety, deliver rare and exotic blue diamonds. The color is derived by the existence of boron in the diamond. So while white (colorless) diamonds are of Type IIa the presence of Type IIb diamonds is also significant - surely not by volume as blue Golconda diamonds are extremely rare.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Blue Diamonds Like The Seraphim, Hope And Idol's Eye, Remain Legendary |url=https://www.kaisilverjewelry.com/nizams-golconda-diamonds-100252.php |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=www.kaisilverjewelry.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Golconda Diamonds}}
* [http://www.arabianbusiness.com/flawless-diamond-fetches-21-5m-at-auction-479530.html#.WD7CxtJ96Uk Diamond ranking]
* [http://indianexpress.com/photos/picture-gallery-others/kohinoor-diamond-history-indian-government-british-2762251/6/ History of Koh-i-noor]
* [https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/not-just-koh-i-noor-eight-precious-diamonds-golconda-which-india-lost-42100 Not just the Koh-i-noor: Eight precious diamonds of Golconda which India lost]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=nht0EAAAQBAJ Gem-stones and their distinctive characters]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=towq1tUlhMk Video history of the Golconda diamonds]
* [https://www.grunge.com/1013730/the-untold-truth-of-the-crown-jewels-of-the-united-kingdom/ The untold truth of the crown jewels of the United Kingdom]

== Further reading ==
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=nhgnxgEACAAJ The Great Diamonds of the World, Their History and Romance, 1882, Edwin Streeter]
* Romance of the Golconda Diamonds, 1999, Omar Khalidi
* [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-38218308 Koh-i-Noor: Six myths about a priceless diamond, 2016, BBC]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=7dymBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT164 The Koh-i-noor Diamond, 2013, Iradj Amin]
* [https://childrencity.dm.gov.ae/ELibrary/Colored_Diamonds.pdf Colored Diamonds, 2006, John M. King] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024172655/https://childrencity.dm.gov.ae/ELibrary/Colored_Diamonds.pdf |date=24 October 2021 }}
* [https://www.jstor.org/stable/e855e65c-32d3-3913-887d-71df4a8f1276?read-now=1&seq=4 Some folklore and history of Diamond, 1961, S. Tolansky]

{{Gemstone}}

[[Category:Golconda diamonds|*]]
[[Category:Diamonds originating in India]]
[[Category:Jewels of the Nizams of Hyderabad]]
[[Category:Diamond industry in India]]

Yadvendradev Vikramsinh Jhala

2026-02-12T06:20:24Z

Rupa Banerjee Editor: Creating new info w/ refs

{{short description|Indian scientist and conservationist}}
{{COI|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Yadvendradev Vikramsinh Jhala
| image = Professor Y. V. Jhala.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1962|02|27}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| known_for = [[Project Tiger]], [[Cheetah reintroduction in India]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Mumbai]] 
[[Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University]] 
[[Smithsonian Institution]]
| fields = Ecology and wildlife restoration
| workplaces = [[Wildlife Institute of India]] [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]] [[Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University]]
}}
'''Yadvendradev Vikramsinh Jhala''' is an Indian scientist and conservationist. He was the faculty and Dean (2018–23) of the [[Wildlife Institute of India]] in [[Dehradun]] for 30 years, and is a Senior Scientist of the Indian National Science Academy hosted at the [[National Centre for Biological Sciences]], Bengaluru.

Jhala led long-term research projects on Indian wolves and [[Asiatic lions]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-04-17|first=Bittu|last=Sahgal|author-link=Bittu Sahgal|title=Asiatic Lion and Gir Forest|url=http://girasiaticlion.blogspot.com/2009/04/cowatch-royal-conservationist.html}}</ref> Since 2002, Jhala has been working with National Tiger Conservation Authority [[Project Tiger]], where he designed and led the implementation of national scale population assessments for tigers, other carnivores, ungulates and monitoring of habitats.<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/mobile-app-to-monitor-tiger-reserves-launched/articleshow/56896945.cms|title=Mobile App for Monitering: Mobile app to monitor tiger reserves launched | Dehradun News|website=The Times of India|date=2017-02-01|author=Seema Sharma|access-date=2021-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tell Tale Stripes|url=https://archive.factordaily.com/tell-tale-stripes/|access-date=2021-01-12|website=FactorDaily|language=en-US}}</ref> He designed and implemented the conservation initiatives of reintroducing the [[cheetah]] to India, and conservation breeding of the [[Great Indian Bustard]].

== Career ==
[[File:YV_Jhala_&_Cheetah.jpg|thumb|367x367px]]
[[File:YVJ tiger 2.jpg|thumb|357x357px|Y. V. Jhala checking health status of the sedated tiger.]]
[[File:YVJ at BKP2.jpg|thumb|Left to right: Qamar Qureshi, Nishant Kumar, Fabrizio Sergio and Y.V. Jhala with the first GPS tagged black kite of Asia]]

Jhala studied zoology for his Bachelor’s (1983) and Masters degree (1985) from the University of Bombay and graduated with gold medals. He served as a lecturer at St. Xaviers College (1985-1987), Mumbai before beginning doctoral studies at [[Virginia Tech|Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University]] in the United States in wildlife science and management. For his doctoral thesis he studied prey-predator dynamics of wolves and blackbuck. After his post-doctoral research and teaching of the Wildlife Conservation and Management Courses at the Smithsonian Institution between 1990 and 1993, he joined the Wildlife Institute of India as a member of the faculty in 1993. Jhala worked with Rajesh Gopal and subsequent heads of [[Project Tiger]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Counting Tigers|url=https://www.sanctuarynaturefoundation.org/article/counting-tigers|website=Sanctuary Asia}}</ref>

== Awards and distinctions ==

In December 2022, Jhala was elected a fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]][https://www.insaindia.res.in/scroll_news_pdf/felcit22.pdf] (INSA). His citation read:

"''Professor Y V Jhala has been elected a fellow of INSA for his outstanding contribution to and leadership in the field of tiger ecology, conservation and management. Prof. Jhala’s research spans an array of topics including ecology, behaviour, genetics, evolution, participatory conservation and policy on tigers, lions and other large carnivores. His pioneering leadership on the science behind large carnivore census is key to tiger conservation globally. Dr. Jhala has emerged as an important figure in the global effort to conserve, study and manage one of the highest profile endangered species in the world. He has been credibly able to succeed at navigating his outstanding scientific works with the conservation and management of flagship carnivore species in the field.''"

Jhala has received the [[Carl Zeiss]] Award and the [[Wildlife Service Award]]-2008 by [[Sanctuary Asia]] and [[Royal Bank of Scotland]] for “Tiger Conservation Work in India”.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sanctuary - RBS Wildlife Awards announces Earth Heroes 2008|url=https://www.afaqs.com/company-briefs/39536_sanctuary---rbs-wildlife-awards-announces-earth-heroes-2008|access-date=2021-01-10|website=afaqs!|date=28 January 2009 }}</ref>

A [[Guinness world record]] accorded to Wildlife Institute of India and [[National Tiger Conservation Authority]] for the most extensive wildlife survey through trail cameras was bestowed to the 2018–19 tiger survey in India for which Jhala and Prof Qamar Qureshi are the lead scientists.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-29|title=Indian tiger study earns its stripes as one of the world's largest wildlife surveys|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2020/7/indian-tiger-study-earns-its-stripes-as-one-of-the-world%E2%80%99s-largest-wildlife-surve-624966|access-date=2021-01-10|website=Guinness World Records|language=en-GB}}</ref>

In December 2023, Jhala was elected a fellow of the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] (NASI).<ref>{{Cite web| title=Outstanding Research Contributions of those who have been recommended for the Fellowship & Foreign Fellowship for the year 2023 | url=https://nasi.org.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Outstanding_research_contributions-of-fellows-foreign-fellows-elected-in-2023.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207025830/https://nasi.org.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Outstanding_research_contributions-of-fellows-foreign-fellows-elected-in-2023.pdf | archive-date=2023-12-07}}</ref>

== Filmography==

* ''Counting Tigers'', National Geographic Society and iTV, 2019
* ''Great Indian Bustard Documentary''<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-09-11|title=Conservation Breeding center for The Great Indian Bustard at Sam, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XR5Z_rA7xd0&t=71s|website=Youtube}}</ref>
* ''Decoding the man eaters of Sundarbans'', Animal Planet 2017
* ''Desert Wolves of India'', BBC Wildlife Series, 2004
* ''Man-eaters of India'', National Geographic Television 1997

== See also ==

* [[MK Ranjitsinh Jhala]]
* [[Digvijaysinh Jhala]]
* [[Population ecology]]
* [[Quantitative ecology]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Google Scholar id|id=BifMh5EAAAAJ}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g9spYRUzzKE&feature=youtu.be Dr. YV Jhala, Dean of the Wildlife Institute of India, at Ear to the Wild Foundation Auction]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0He0twHm8ZI&feature=youtu.be BNHS 133 years - Dr.Y. V. Zala on Wildlife Conservation in India]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pT6JlMkSw1s&feature=youtu.be Dr. Y.V Jhala presenting a talk at International Conservation Conference, AMU]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qH_93Ls16VY&feature=youtu.be LifePage Career Talk on Wildlife Conservation and Science]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jhala, Yadvendradev Vikramsinh}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:Indian ecologists]]

Suryanath U. Kamath

2026-02-12T03:06:18Z

Rupa Banerjee Editor: updated details

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Suryanath Upendra Kamath
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1937|4|26}}
| birth_place = [[British India]]
| resting_place_coordinates =
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2015|10|21|1937|4|26}}
| other_names =
| known_for = Books on [[History of Karnataka]], Chief Editor of [[Karnataka State Gazetteer]]
| education =
| employer =
| occupation = historian
| title =
| height =
| spouse =
| children =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Suryanath Upendra Kamath''' (26 April 1937 – 21 October 2015) was an Indian historian who served as the Chief Editor of the Karnataka State Gazetteer from 1981 to 1995.

== Early life ==

Kamath was born in a [[Konkani language|Konkani]]-speaking family on 26 April 1937. After studying history and economics{{citation needed|date=May 2017}} at [[Dharwad University]], Kamath joined the Bangalore University as a lecturer and reader in history in 1968.<ref name="icssr_profile">{{cite web|title=Profile|url=http://www.icssr.org/bio_kamath.htm|publisher=Indian Council for Social Science Research}}</ref>

During his graduation in Dharwad University, Kamath came under the influence of historian [[B. A. Saletore]] who had written a comprehensive two-volume book on social and political life in the [[Vijayanagar Empire]].{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}

== Career ==

Kamath served as lecturer and reader in history at the [[Bangalore University]] from 1968 to 1981.<ref name="icssr_profile"/> In 1981, he was appointed director of the Karnataka State Archives.<ref name="icssr_profile"/> He served as director of the Karnataka State Archives from 1981 to 1983 and was the Chief Editor of the Karnataka State Gazetteer from 1981 to 1995.<ref name="icssr_profile"/> He also edited the Karnataka District Gazetteers and since 1977, has been the editor of the Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society.<ref name="icssr_profile"/> He founded the Karnataka Ithihasa Academy along with [[G. S. Dikshith]] in 1985. He was also the director of the Raja Ram Mohan Roy Public Library in [[Calcutta]].{{citation needed|date=May 2017}} Kamath edited the [[quarterly]] journal of the ''Indian Mythic Society'' from 1977 to his death.<ref name="icssr_profile"/> He was also a member of the Karnataka Gazetteer Advisory Committee.<ref name="thehindu_20100513">{{cite news|title='A handbook of Karnataka released|work=The Hindu|date=13 May 2010|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/article766526.ece}}</ref>

== Methodology ==

Kamath's methodology was [[Indian nationalism|Indian nationalist]]. He has authored many books on the [[Indian independence movement]]. He denied the existence of an [[Aryan race]] and considered the [[Indus Valley civilization]] to be simply an urban version of Vedic civilization.<ref name="thehindu_20080714">{{cite news|title=Aryan race did not exist, says Suryanath Kamath|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/14/stories/2008071458300400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725092104/http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/14/stories/2008071458300400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 July 2008|date=14 July 2008}}</ref>

== Works ==

* {{cite book|title=Studies in Indian culture|first1=H. V.|last1=Sreenivasa Murthy|first2=Suryanath Upendra|last2=Kamath|year=1973|publisher=Asia Publishing House}}
* {{cite book|title=Karnataka: A handbook|first=Suryanath U.|last=Kamath|publisher=Kannada Sahitya Parishad|year=1977}}
* {{cite book|title=A concise history of Karnataka: (from pre-historic times to the present)|first=Suryanath U.|last=Kamath|publisher=Archana Prakashana|year=1980}}
* {{cite book|title=Karnataka State Gazetteer|editor=Kamath, U. Suryanath|year=1981–1995|publisher=Government of Karnataka}}
* {{cite book|title=Historiography of Karnataka|first=Suryanath U.|last=Kamath|publisher=Mythic Society|year=1991}}
* {{cite book|title=The origin and spread of Gauda Saraswats|first=Suryanath U.|last=Kamath|publisher=Archana Prakashana|year=1992}}
* {{cite book|title=Mythology and culture: confluence of thoughts|publisher=Mythic Society|year=1993|first=Suryanath U.|last=Kamath}}
* {{cite journal|title=Indian Tradition of Textile Industry|work=The quarterly journal of the Mythic society|year=2002|volume=97|publisher= Mythic Society|place=Bangalore|first=Suryanath U.|last=Kamath}}
* {{cite book|title=India's struggle for freedom|first=Suryanath U.|last=Kamath|publisher=Bhavan's Gandhi Centre of Science and Human Values|year=2007|id={{ISBN|8189220187}}, {{ISBN|978-81-89220-18-1}}}}
* {{cite book|title=Krishnadevaraya of Vijayanagara and his times|first=Suryanath U.|last=Kamath|publisher=IBH Prakashana|year=2009}}
* {{cite book|title=Hindirugi Nodidaga|first=Suryanath U.|last=Kamath|language=Kannada}}

== Notes ==

{{reflist|2}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kamath, Suryanath U.}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Indigenous Aryanists]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Bangalore University]]
[[Category:Scientists from Karnataka]]

Panth Maharaj

2026-02-09T15:40:42Z

Rupa Banerjee Editor: Starting First Entry Added Tags

{{Short description|Indian Hindu yogi (1855–1905)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| image = Shri Pant Maharaj Balekundri.jpg
| caption = Photograph of Shri Pant Maharaj
| alt = Shri Pant Maharaj
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1855|09|03}}
| birth_place = [[Daddi]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date|df=yes|1905|10|16}}{{sfnp|Kher|1994|p=270}}
| module = {{Infobox person|child=yes
| birth_name = Dattatreya Ramchandra Kulkarni}}
| guru = [[Balmukund]]
| philosophy = [[Navnath Sampradaya|Avadhut Navnath]]
| literary_works = ''Datta Prem Lahari'', ''Balbodhamrutsaar'', ''Atmajyoti'', ''Bhaktalaap'', ''Paramanubhavaprakash'', ''Sfut Lekh'', ''Bodhanandgutika'', ''Anubhavalli'', ''Bramhopadesh'', ''Prembhet'', ''Bhagvadgeetasaar'', ''Bhaktodgaar'', ''Premtarang''<ref>{{ citation |url=http://www.pant-balekundrikar.in/html/Literature.html |title=Pant Maharaj Balekundrikar Available Literature |website=pant-balekundrikar.in |accessdate=2018-12-08 }}</ref>
| signature = [[File:Signature_of_Panth_Maharaj.png|180px]]
| spouse = Yamunakka
}}

{{quote box|width=22em|title=Quotation|quote="Look inwards, Oh Man.

For the Self which is one with the Guru,
Shedding the distinction between the rich and the poor,
Burn down the ashes of castes and lineages.

What is Knowledge? What is Meditation?
And what is Pure Experience?

When you have become one with Balmukund,
There is neither happiness nor sorrow."
– from the ''Datta Prem Lahari'' pada 87}}

'''Pant Maharaj''' (3 September 1855 – 16 October 1905), born '''Dattatreya Ramchandra Kulkarni''',{{sfnp|Kher|1994|p=1}} was a [[Hindu]] [[yogi]] and [[guru]] in the [[Belgavi]] region of [[India]] and is regarded by his devotees as a saint and an incarnation of [[Dattatreya]].

==Biography==
Pant Maharaj was born in a [[Deshastha Brahmin]] family<ref name="census">{{ cite book |title=Census of India, 1961. Volume 11, Issue 6. Part 13 |year=1969 |page=4 |author=India. Office of the Registrar General |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6uUcAQAAMAAJ}}</ref> to Ramachandra Pant and Sitabai (née Godakka) on the 3 September 1855 in [[Daddi]] on the auspicious day of [[Krishna Janmashtami]].{{sfnp|Kher|1994|p=3}}<ref name="aboutbelgaum">{{ cite web |url=https://allaboutbelgaum.com/lifestyle/panchamukhi-sadguru-shri-pant-maharaj-balekundrikar/ |title=Panchamukhi Sadguru Shri Pant Maharaj Balekundrikar |date=2018-10-27 |accessdate=2018-11-16 |website=All About Belgaum}}</ref> He spent much of his infancy and early years in his father's ancestral village of Balekundri and after his [[upanayana]] at the age of eight, moved to his mother's ancestral village of Daddi for primary school, living with his maternal uncle.{{sfnp|Kher|1994|p=6-7}}

Pant Maharaj's life was marked by poverty and struggles to provide for his family members. He lived through the [[Great Famine of 1876–1878]] and was employed as a teacher for 23 years at the London Mission School in Belgavi.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dharwardkar |first1=Naresh |title=Shri Pant Maharaj As A Householder, Family Man And A Strict Disciplirian |date=2005-07-01 |url=https://sites.google.com/site/saibabaparadise61971/home/sai-leelas/sept-oct-2005/shri-pant-maharaj-as-a-householder-family-man-and-a-strict-disciplirian |accessdate=15 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dharwadkar |first1=Naresh |title=Shri Pant Maharaj As A Teacher |journal=Shri Sai Leela |date=2005-07-01 |volume=July–August 2005 |url=https://sites.google.com/site/saibabaparadise61971/home/sai-leelas/july-aug-2005/shri-pant-maharaj-as-a-teacher |accessdate=15 March 2020}}</ref>

He is considered to be great Hindu saint who founded a philosophy in which the nine gurus of the [[Navnath|Avadhut]] sampradaya are attributed to [[Dattatreya]].<ref name="dotcom_bio">{{ cite web |url=http://pantmaharaj.com/Biography.html |accessdate=2018-12-11 |publisher=pantmaharaj.com |title=श्री पंत महाराज (श्री दत्त संस्थान, बाळेकुंद्री) Biography}}</ref><ref name="Joshi 2000">Joshi, Dr. P. N. (2000) ''Shri Dattatreya Dnyankosh''. Pune: Shri Dattatreya Dnyankosh Prakashan.</ref> He is considered by some devotees to be an incarnation of Dattatreya.<ref>{{ cite book |title=Unravelling the Enigma Shirdi Sai Baba in the Light of Sufism | last=Warren |first=Marianne |year=1999 |publisher=Sterlingpaperbacks |page=141 | isbn=8120721470 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book |title=Vinayaka Krishna Gokak |first=Shankar |last=Mokashi-Punekar |year=1974 |publisher=Institute of Kannada Studies, University of Mysore |page=11}}</ref><ref>{{ cite web |url=http://www.shreegurudevdattamandirvakola.com/kaliyugi-avatarssants.html |title=Kaliyugi Avatars & Satpurusha |website=Shree Gurudev Datta Mandir Vakola, Mumbai |accessdate=2018-12-10 }}</ref>

On 27 October 1892, Pant Maharaj met with his contemporary, [[Swami Vivekananda]], during the latter's 13 day visit to Belgavi, where they conversed for several hours.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Memorial-of-Swami-Vivekananda-to-be-restored-in-Belagavi/articleshow/50547375.cms |newspaper=[[Times of India]] |date=2016-12-01 |accessdate=2018-12-08 |title=Memorial of Swami Vivekananda to be restored in Belagavi |author=Ravindra Uppar }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://allaboutbelgaum.com/lifestyle/history-lifestyle/swami-vivekananda-and-his-belgaum-visit/ |title=Swami Vivekananda and his Belagavi visit |website=All About Belgaum |date=2018-10-16 |accessdate=2018-12-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Shyamali Chowdhury |title=Chronological Account of the Events in the Parivrajka Life of Swami Vivekananda (July 1890-May 1893) |url=http://vivekanandaarchive.org/admin/sv_imp_date_image/_file_40bf505dc4b82247fde98a6740b4172c53b8a091.pdf |accessdate=2018-12-08 }}</ref>

==Legacy==
The main ashram and temple dedicated to Pant Maharaj is located in the village of [[Balekundri (B.K.)|Balekundri]] on the outskirts of [[Belgavi]]. The village was informally renamed as Pant Balekundri in his honor.<ref name="dotcom_bio" /><ref name="census" />

The temple houses the wooden shoes, or [[paduka]]s, worn by him. Behind the temple is an [[Ficus racemosa|Indian fig tree]] marking the spot where he was cremated and an eternal flame that has been kept burning from his funeral pyre.<ref name="aboutbelgaum" />

Annually thousands devotees of Pant Maharaj from [[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra]] and [[Goa]] participate in a three-day event commemorating his death anniversary in the month of October. On the first day, devotees carry out a procession holding a holy flag, traversing approximately 15 kilometers from the city of Belgavi to the temple in Balekundri. On the second day, a palanquin symbolically carrying Pant Maharaj is paraded in a procession from Pant Maharaj's ancestral home to the temple. On the third day, [[prasāda]] is distributed to all devotees who consume it together irrespective of caste, social standing, or wealth in accordance with Pant Maharaj's teachings.<ref>{{ cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2018/oct/28/thousands-attend-balekundri-fair-1891064.html |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=2018-12-11 |date=2018-10-28| title=Thousands attend Balekundri fair}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/2005/10/16/stories/2005101603050300.htm |date=2005-10-16 |accessdate=2018-12-11 |title=Pant Maharaj's death centenary from Tuesday |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/2004/10/28/stories/2004102802060300.htm |date=2004-10-28 |accessdate=2018-12-11 |title=Pant Maharaj's anniversary |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="aboutbelgaum" />

==Literary works==
''Datta Prem Lahari'', meaning waves of love from Pant Maharaj, is considered to be his most seminal work.<ref>{{ cite thesis |title=Contribution of Upasani Baba to Indian culture |first=SN |last=Tipnis |publisher=Sakuri India Shri Upasani Kanya Kumari Sthan |page=17|oclc = 16932504}}</ref> The book consists of 2,730 verses in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and 27 verses in [[Kannada]] that were spontaneously composed by Pant Maharaj. The topics of these poems generally relate to praise of his guru Balmukund, expoundation of his guru's teachings, philosophy of the [[Avadhut]] sampradaya, [[self-realization]], the omnipresence of God, advice on day-to-day living and overcoming challenges, the importance of chanting God's name, devotion to Dattatreya, yogic experiences, and the [[Maya (religion)|maya]] of the universe.<ref name="literature_summary">{{ cite web |url=http://pantmaharaj.com/Literature.html |title=Pant Maharaj Literature |accessdate=2018-12-08 }}</ref> The book was published posthumously in 1971.{{sfnp|Kher|1994|p=273}}

Written by Pant Maharaj as a guide for two other disciples, the essay ''Premtarang'', meaning wave of love, discusses existential questions about our life, God, and [[reincarnation]], while the parallel essay, ''Bodhanand Gutika'' describes the eight limbs of [[yoga]].<ref name="literature_summary" />

A few years after Balmukund departed for [[Mallikarjuna Jyotirlinga|Srisailam]] for his [[mahasamadhi]] in 1877, Pant Maharaj authored a long essay entitled ''Bhaktalap''. The essay narrates how he received blessings from Balmukund, how he gained the [[satsang]] of the saint Kallappa, and how he overcame challenges and grew his following of disciples.<ref name="literature_summary" />

In 1885 and 1886, Pant Maharaj wrote a series of essays narrating his experiences of self-realization. In the essay ''Atmajyoti'', Pant Maharaj describes the euphoria experienced when he attained self-realization under the guidance of Balmukund. He compares his experience to that of [[Arjuna]] in the [[Mahabharata]] and [[Uddhava]] in the [[Bhagavatam]] seeing the [[Vishvarupa]] of God. In the second essay ''Anubhavvalli'', Pant Maharaj narrates his [[anubhava]]s or experiences in a self-realized state in a question-and-answer form. In the third essay entitled ''Bramhopadesh'', Pant Maharaj explains the concepts of [[Brahman]] and [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Atman]] in accordance with the [[Vedas]] and [[Upanishads]].<ref name="literature_summary" />

In 1901, Pant Maharaj authored a story referred to as ''Prembhet'' or ''Bhaktodgar'' where a devotee approaches Balmukund with the desire to attain [[moksha]] through self-realization. Balmukund then proceeds to worship, bless, and enlighten the disciple, ultimately becoming spiritually one with him.<ref name="literature_summary" />

In ''Balbodhamrutsar'', Pant Maharaj authored an entire guidebook based on Balmukund's simple advice that devotees should be of few words and behave as self-realized persons in society.<ref name="literature_summary" />

==Bibliography==
* {{Citation | last =Kher | first =Indira| title=Avadhuta Yogi Pant Maharaj of Balekundari | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qZ--wAEACAAJ| year=1994| publisher =Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan }}
* {{cite book| last=Ramakrishnan |first=S. | title=Glimpses of the Great |isbn=81-7276-333-6 |chapter-url=http://www.bhavans.info/bookstore/book-details.php?book_id=493 |year=2004 |publisher =Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |chapter=10}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1855 births]]
[[Category:1905 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:Hindu ascetics]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu yogis]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu monks]]
[[Category:Marathi Hindu saints]]
[[Category:Marathi-language poets]]
[[Category:Kannada poets]]

Vimalsuri

2026-01-01T23:18:22Z

Rupa Banerjee Editor: Creating first pg added tags

{{Short description|3rd century Indian Jain ascetic}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| honorific prefix = Acharya
| honorific suffix = Maharaj Saheb
| religion = [[Jainism]]
| sect = [[Śvetāmbara]]
| initiator = Acharya Vijayasuri
}}
{{Jainism}}
'''Vimalsuri''' was a [[Jain monasticism|Jain monk]] of the [[Śvetāmbara|Śvetāmbara Murtipujaka]] sect. He is best known for his composition ''"Paumachariyam"'', the earliest known [[Jainism|Jain]] version of the [[Ramayana]] and the oldest work of literature written in [[Maharashtri Prakrit]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Agrawal |first=Dr Mukta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rd3-EAAAQBAJ&dq=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80&pg=PA137 |title=Vaishivk Paridrashya Main Ram - Sahaitya |publisher=Sadbhawana Publication |isbn=978-81-965928-2-0 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Although scholars' opinion and traditional beliefs differ on his timeline, the common belief is that he lived between the 1st and the 3rd century AD.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Hemant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PfvnEAAAQBAJ&dq=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80&pg=PT43 |title=Ram Phir Laute: Ram Phir Laute: Rediscovering the Path of Righteousness |date=2023-12-07 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-93-5521-585-7 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Thapar |first=Romila |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gyiqZKDlSBMC&dq=%22paumachariyam%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA211 |title=The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 |date=2003 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-302989-2 |language=en}}</ref>

== Biography ==

Very little is known about him, given his timeline. However, his work ''"Paumachariyam"'' describes a short [[Pattavali]] mentioning him. It mentions Acharya Vijayasuri as his preceptor and initiator, while Acharya Rahu as his preceptor's (Acharya Vijayasuri) preceptor.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Jacobi |first=Hermann |title=Vimalsuri's Paumachariyam |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/001272/28 |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=jainqq.org |pages=28–29}}</ref>

According to the [[Parishishtaparvan]], composed by [[Hemachandra]], and the original text of ''"Paumachariyam"'', it is clear that Vimalsuri belonged to the ''Nailakulavamś.'' [[Hermann Jacobi|Dr. Hermann Jacobi]] finds that until 12th century AD, it was known as ''Nailakulavamś'' or ''Nāgila-kula'' or ''Nagendrakula''. Later, it continued under the name Nagendragaccha (one of the 84 [[Gaccha]]s of the [[Śvetāmbara|Śvetāmbara Murtipujakas]]) and it altogether disappeared by the 15th century AD.<ref name="Jain 1991">{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Kailash Chand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8-TxcO9dfrcC&dq=%22paumachariyam%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA34 |title=Lord Mahāvīra and His Times |date=1991 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0805-8 |language=en}}</ref> Therefore, without much deliberation, [[Hermann Jacobi|Dr. Hermann Jacobi]] finds that Vimalsuri belonged to the [[Śvetāmbara]] sect.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacobi |first=Hermann |title=Vimalsuri's Paumachariyam |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/001272/35 |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=jainqq.org |pages=35–36}}</ref> Going by his descriptions of worshipping [[Tirthankara]] idols in ''"Paumachariyam"'', mentions of the ''Nailakulavamś'' or [[Gaccha|Nagendragaccha]] (which traces its identity to the [[Śvetāmbara]] sect), and the use of [[Maharashtri Prakrit]] (a language known for non-canonical works of [[Śvetāmbara]]s only) for the composition of ''"Paumachariyam"'', he is considered to have been belonging to the [[Śvetāmbara|Śvetāmbara Murtipujaka]] sect.<ref name="Jain 1991"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=R K Jain |first=M L Jain |title=Bhagwan Rushabhdev ke Putra Gommatesh Bahubali |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/035337/35 |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=jainqq.org |page=35}}</ref>

The appendix at the end of ''"Paumachariyam"'' describe Vimalsuri as a ''"Purvadhari"'' (the one who knows the ''"[[Jain literature|purvas]]"''). This is corroborated by the [[Śvetāmbara]] belief that ''"Purvadhaaris"'' flourished for at least a millennium after [[Mahavira]] attained ''nirvana.''<ref name=":1" />

On analyzing the text, it is discovered that Vimalsuri possessed a sound knowledge of the [[Jain literature]], [[Jain cosmology]], [[Ethics of Jainism|Jain ethics]], and the science of interpreting and analyzing dreams, signs, and omens. According to [[Hermann Jacobi|Dr. Hermann Jacobi]], Vimalsuri would have been a sound writer and not a "slavish imitator" when comparing [[Valmiki|Valmiki's]] [[Ramayana]] and ''"Paumachariyam".'' Some passages from ''"Paumachariyam"'' also remind one of the [[Jain Aagams]] that are followed by the [[Śvetāmbara|Śvetāmbara Murtipujakas]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacobi |first=Hermann |title=Vimalsuri's Paumachariyam |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/001272/29 |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=jainqq.org |page=29}}</ref>

Vimalsuri, in ''"Paumachariyam"'', identifies himself as a poet by calling his work "Purāņa". It has also been identified as a "Mahākāvya" (epic poem) as it is full of figures of speech such as "Ropaka," "Utprekşā," "Upamā," "Arthăntaranyāsa," etc.

== ''Paumachariyam'': The first Jain ramayana ==
It is considered to be the oldest work of literature in [[Maharashtri Prakrit]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Asoke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tU4qAAAAYAAJ&q=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80 |title=Padmapurāṇa: ākr̥ti evaṃ viśleshaṇa paraka adhyayana |date=1989 |publisher=Parimala Pablikeśansa |isbn=978-81-7110-086-6 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Nalini |title=Perculiarities of Jain Maharastri Literature |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/269117/5?highlight=Vimalsuri |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=jainqq.org |page=5}}</ref>

According to Vimalsuri, this story was told to him by his preceptor, Acharya Vijayasuri. He further mentions that this story has been handed down to disciples in the form of a "list of names" through a succession of [[Jain monasticism|Jain monks]], starting with [[Mahavira]] telling it to [[Gautama Swami]], who, in turn, told it to his disciples and so on.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacobi |first=Hermann |title=Vimalsuri's Paumachariyam |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/001272/18 |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=jainqq.org |pages=18–19}}</ref>

He also mentions that he composed it 530 years after the [[Mahavira]] attained [[moksha]]. Therefore, according to traditional accounts, since [[Mahavira|Mahavira's]] ''nirvana'' happened in 526 BC, this work would have to have been written in 4 AD. However, since scholars believe that [[Mahavira|Mahavira's]] moksha occurred in 467 BC, it is highly likely that it was composed in 67 AD.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sabhācanda (Muni) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tLtjAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80 |title=Muni Sabhācanda evaṃ unakā Padmapurāṇa (Jaina Rāmāyaṇa): Saṃvat 1711 meṃ Muni Sabhācanda dvārā chandobaddha Hindī kā prathama Jaina Padmapurāṇa, vistr̥ta prastāvanā sahita |date=1984 |publisher=Śrī Mahāvīra Grantha Akādamī |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacobi |first=Hermann |title=Vimalsuri's Paumachariyam |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/001272/29 |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=jainqq.org |page=21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Reddy |first1=Pedarapu Chenna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wv5tAAAAMAAJ&q=%22vimalsuri%22+-wikipedia |title=Mahāsenasiri: Riches of Indian Archaeological & Cultural Studies : a Felicitation Volume in Honour of Dr. I. K. Sarma |last2=Sarma |first2=Inguva Karthikeya |date=2006 |publisher=Sharada Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-88934-38-6 |language=en}}</ref>

"Paumachariyam" also has the main elements of every version of the [[Ramayana]], such as the [[Ikshavaku]] clan rule [[Dashratha]] ruling over [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]], [[Rama]] have 3 brothers, [[Sita]] being the daughter of [[Janaka]], [[Ravana]] abducting [[Sita]] owing to her marvelous beauty, and finally, the story of [[Sugriva]], the aggrieved Vaanara prince of [[Kishkindha]]. [[Jain literature|Jain Mythology]] is mainly about the 63 illustrious men (''shalakapurushas''). In every half cycle of time, 63 such illustrious men are born. Of them, there are 9 ''Baldevas'', 9 ''Vasudevas'', and 9 ''Prativasudevas''. According to ''"Paumachariyam"'', [[Rama]] was the 8th ''Baldeva'', [[Lakshmana]] was the 8th ''Vasudeva'', and [[Ravana]] was the 8th ''Prativasudeva''. In a general sense, ''Vasudevas'' defeat ''Prativasudevas'' with the help of ''Baldevas''. As ''Vasudevas'' are the ones who fight the ''Prativasudevas'', [[Lakshmana]] is the one who kills [[Ravana]] in "''Paumachariyam''". This is one of the most distinctive elements that differentiate Vimalsuri's work from [[Valmiki|Valmiki's]] work. Another one of the features that distinguish the two is that in "''Paumachariyam''", [[Rama]] becomes a [[Siddha (Jainism)|Siddha]] by becoming a [[Jain monk]], destroying all his karma, attaining omniscience, and subsequently attaining nirvana. [[Sita]] dies and is reborn as a demi-god in heaven. [[Lakshmana]] and [[Ravana]] die and go to hell due to the violence they wreak and the associated karma. [[Ravana]] will become a [[Tirthankara]] in the next (ascending) half cycle of time - [[Utsarpini]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacobi |first=Hermann |title=Vimalsuri's Paumachariyam |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/001272/17 |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=jainqq.org |pages=17–19}}</ref>

Apart from these, he incorporates several principles of [[Jainism]] such as non-violence, chastity, ill consequences of eating flesh, painful description of life in hell within his work. He also adds extremely beautiful and poetic descriptions of oceans, cities, towns, lakes, rivers, and forests. He does not hesitate from adding narrations of several legends and romantic accounts, which, in [[Hermann Jacobi|Dr. Hermann Jacobi's]] words, are extremely beautiful.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacobi |first=Hermann |title=Vimalsuri's Paumachariyam |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/001272/36 |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=jainqq.org |page=36}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UHVDAAAAYAAJ&q=%22paumachariyam%22+-wikipedia |title=Journal of Indian History |date=1985 |publisher=Department of Modern Indian History |language=en}}</ref>

== Importance in Jain literature ==
Scholars unanimously agree that ''"Paumachariyam"'' was written in a time not later than the 3rd century AD, making it the first ever [[Rama in Jainism|Jain version of the Ramayana]]. According to the well-known German Indologist, [[Hermann Jacobi|Dr. Hermann Jacobi]], Vimalsuri's ''"Paumachariyam"'' is the first [[Rama in Jainism|Jain version of Ramayana]]. He extends his argument by mentioning his findings after studying most versions of the [[Rama in Jainism|Jain versions of the Ramayana]], that all the later authors, namely [[Ravisena]], Gunabhadra, [[Hemachandra]]suri, Dhaneshvarsuri, Svayambhu, Silachārya, Bhadreśvara, [[Haribhadra]]suri, Devavijaygani, Meghavijaygani,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mafatlal Zaverchand Gandhi |first=Mahopadhyay Meghvijaygani |title=Laghu Trishashti Shalaka Purush Charitra |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/011632/1 |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref> either completely or partially derive inspiration from Vimalsuri's ''"Paumachariyam".''<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacobi |first=Hermann |title=Vimalsuri's Paumachariyam |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/001272/20 |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=jainqq.org |page=20}}</ref>

''"Paumachariyam"'', and [[Ravisena|Ravisena's]] ''"Padmacharitra"'' are largely considered to be the two major versions of [[Rama in Jainism|Jain Ramayana]]''.'' After studying both the works, most scholars like [[Hermann Jacobi|Dr. Hermann Jacobi]] concludes that even though [[Ravisena]] does not declare his source explicitly, his work heavily relies upon Vimalsuri's ''"Paumachariyam".''<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Jacobi |first=Hermann |title=Vimalsuri's Paumachariyam |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/001272/16 |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=jainqq.org |page=16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KmCHq6zch8oC&q=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80 |title=Vipāsā |date=1994 |publisher=Bhāshā evam Saṃskr̥ti Vibhāga |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rādhākr̥ṣṇaśarma |first=Callā |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JgZkAAAAMAAJ&q=%22paumachariyam%22+-wikipedia |title=The Ramayana in Telugu and Tamil: A Comparative Study |date=1973 |publisher=Lakshminarayana Granthamala : distributors, India Book Exports |language=en}}</ref>

Another major work authored by Vimalsuri was ''"Harivamsa-cariya"'', which was, according to [[Hermann Jacobi|Dr. Hermann Jacobi]], most likely, a work on the Jain version of the [[Mahabharata]]. However, the original text of ''"Harivamsa-cariya"'' was lost in course of time. The language of both the texts, ''"Harivamsa-cariya",'' and ''"Paumachariyam"'' is [[Maharashtri Prakrit]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacobi |first=Hermann |title=Vimalsuri's Paumachariyam |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/001272/30 |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=jainqq.org |page=30}}</ref>

== Sources ==

* Paumchariyam Part 1 by Muni Punyavijay and Dr. Hermann Jacobi, republished in 2005 by Prakrit Granth Parishad
* Paumchariyam Part 2 by Muni Punyavijay and Dr. Hermann Jacobi, republished in 2005 by Prakrit Granth Parishad
* Bharatiya Jyotişasastra (pp. 139, 511), by S. B. Dixit, Aryabhūşap Press, Poona, 1931
* Jaina Sahitya Aura Itihāsa (second edition, 1956): Padmacharita Aura Paimachariya, pp. 89–91.

== See also ==

* [[Devardhigani Kshamashraman]]
* [[Salakapurusa]]
* [[Maharashtri Prakrit]]
* [[Rama in Jainism]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Jain Gurus}}
{{Jainism topics}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian Jain writers]]
[[Category:Prakrit literature]]
[[Category:Indian Jain monks]]
[[Category:3rd-century Indian Jains]]
[[Category:3rd-century Indian monks]]
[[Category:Śvetāmbara monks]]

-ji

2025-12-30T14:54:52Z

Rupa Banerjee Editor: made new data!

{{Short description|Suffix in languages of the Indian subcontinent}}
'''-ji''' ({{IAST3|-jī}}, {{IPA|hns|dʒiː|pronounciation}}) is a gender-neutral [[honorific]] used as a suffix in many languages of the [[Indian subcontinent]],<ref name="smith1994">{{Citation |title=Introductory Hindi course |author=R. Caldwell Smith |author2=S. C. R. Weightman |year=1994 |publisher=North India Institute of Language Study Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DG0aAQAAIAAJ |quote=... How is the honorific 'ji' used ? It is added after the identification of a person ...}}</ref><ref name="feldman1968">{{Citation |title=Pakistan: an introduction |author=Herbert Feldman |year=1968 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MHMQAQAAIAAJ |quote=... to use the word "ji" which, by itself, means "yes" or, when used as suffix to a name as for example in Rustomji, is a way of speaking to that person, or of referring to him, with respect ...}}</ref> such as [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]], and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] languages and their dialects prevalent in northern India, north-west and central India.

''Ji'' is gender-neutral and can be used for as a term of respect for person, relationships or inanimate objects as well. Its usage is similar, but not identical, to another subcontinental honorific, ''[[sahib|sāhab]]''. It is similar to the gender-neutral Japanese honorific [[San (Japanese honorific)|-san]].

==Etymology==
{{wikt}}
The origin of the ''ji'' honorific is uncertain.<ref name="ref04lepup">[https://books.google.com/books?id=lPItAQAAIAAJ Archiv Orientální, Volume 75], Československý orientální ústav v Praze, Orientální ústav (Československá akademie věd), 2007, "... Artur Karp is concerned with the etymology of the honorific -ji, which belongs to the basic vocabulary of Hindi. Its etymology is unclear and the author points out several possibilities ..."</ref> One suggestion is that it is a borrowing from an [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic language]] such as [[Sora language|Sora]].<ref name="ref15civum">[https://books.google.com/books?id=ma5YB0cIJ_kC Sora-English Dictionary], Giḍugu Veṅkaṭarāmamūrti, Mittal Publications, 1986, "... Is honorific -ji used in the neo-Aryan languages of India borrowed from Sora? ..."</ref> Another is that the term means "soul" or "life" or "sir" (similar to the ''jān'' suffix or ''shri'' suffix) and is derived from [[Sanskrit]].<ref name="ref40jahev">[https://books.google.com/books?id=gjKv1IhDoMgC Perfecting Women: Maulana Ashraf ʻAlī Thanawi's Bihishti Zewar: a Partial Translation with Commentary], Ashraf ʻAlī Thānvī, Barbara Daly Metcalf, pp. 165, University of California Press, 1992, {{ISBN|9780520080935}}, "... Seemingly used interchangeably, the terms qalb, dil, and ji are, respectively, Arabic, Persian, and Hindi in origin, the linguistic universalism suggesting the comprehensiveness the term 'heart' is meant to convey; in all three cases, the meaning spills over to 'self', 'mind,' and 'soul' ..."</ref>
Harsh K. Luthar gives examples of ''ji'' in ''Master-ji'', ''Guru-ji'', and ''Mata-ji''. The use of ''ji'' is also used by Urdu speakers who associate with Indian culture and language.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://luthar.com/2014/05/06/the-meaning-of-the-term-ji-in-the-indian-culture-by-dr-harsh-k-luthar/|title = The Meaning of the Term "Ji" in the Indian Culture: By Dr. Harsh K. Luthar|date = 6 May 2014}}</ref>

==Variant spellings==
* {{Transliteration|hi|jee}} – [[Anglicisation|Anglicised]] spelling, common in old publications.
* {{Transliteration|hi|jii}} – example: [[Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar|Ánandamúrtijii]], founder of [[Ananda Marga|Ánanda Márga]].
* {{Transliteration|hi|jiew}} – example: Shankari Mai Jiew in [[Paramahansa Yogananda|Yogananda]]'s ''[[Autobiography of a Yogi]]''.
* {{Transliteration|hi|joo}} – example: [[Lakshman Joo]] of Kashmir.
* {{Transliteration|hi|jiu}} – example: Radha Raman Jiu temples in Bengal ([[Radha Raman Temple|Radha Raman Ji temples]] in Uttar Pradesh).
* {{Transliteration|hi|jyu}}
* {{Transliteration|bn|zi/zee}} – Eastern Bengali and [[Assamese language|Assamese]] pronunciation

==Usage==

Ji can mean respect:
* With names, ''e.g.'' [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhiji]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Nehru]]ji, [[Narendra Modi|Modi]]ji, [[Rahul Gandhi|Rahul]]ji, [[Sant Ji]] or [[Shiva|Shiv]]ji
* With inanimate objects of respect, ''e.g.'' [[Ganges|Gangaji]] or [[Mount Kailash|Kailashji]]
* For groups to whom respect is extended, ''e.g.'' [[Khalsa|Khalsa Ji]], Sangat Ji
* To denote respect in any relation, ''e.g.'' [[Mataji]], Baba-ji ("respected father"), Uncle-ji, Behen-ji ("respected sister"), Devi-ji ("respected madam"), Bhabhi-Ji ("respected sister-in-law"), [[Guru]]ji ("respected master"), [[Pandit]]ji ("Scholar Sir")
* In conversation, ''e.g.'' ''Ji Nahi'' (No, said with respect)
* In polite conversation, ''e.g.'' ''Navraj Ji'' (Mr. Navraj, similar to how it would be said in Japanese, Navraj-san)
* As a shorthand for yes or to denote respectful attention, ''Ji''
* To reassure that a request has been understood and will be complied with, ''Ji Ji''
* To respectfully ask for clarification, ''Ji?'' (With a questioning tone. In idiom, similar to the English "I beg your pardon?")
* In [[Parsi]] (Zoroastrian) names, e.g. in [[Jamsetji Tata]], or Field Marshal [[Sam Manekshaw|Sam Hormusji Framji Jamshedji Manekshaw]]

==Contrast with Sāhab==
''Sāhab'' (or ''[[Sahib|sāhib]]'') is always used for an individual, never for an inanimate object or group, though the plural term ''Sāheban'' exists as well for more than one person. ''Sāhab'' is also never used as a shorthand to express agreement, disagreement or ask clarification (whereas "ji" is, as in ''Ji'', ''Ji nahi'' or ''Ji?''). Sometimes, the two terms can be combined to ''Sāhab Ji'' to indicate a high degree of respect, roughly equivalent to ''Respected Sir''.

One important exception where ''sāhab'' is used for inanimate objects is in connection with [[Sikh]] shrines and scripture, e.g. [[Harmandir Sahib]] and [[Guru Granth Sahib]].

==Contrast with Jān==
''Jān'' is also a commonly used suffix in the subcontinent, but it (and the variant, ''Jānī'') denotes endearment rather than respect and, in some contexts, can denote intimacy or even a romantic relationship.<ref name="berking2006">{{Citation | title=Negotiating urban conflicts: interaction, space and control | author=Helmuth Berking | author2=Sybille Frank | author3=Lars Frers | year=2006 | isbn=978-3-89942-463-8 |publisher=Transcript | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EeztAAAAMAAJ | quote=... 'Jaan' literally means life and 'meri jaan,' which for the sake of an elusive rhyme I have rendered as 'my dear,' is a term of endearment common in northern India, which puns on Life and Love. Meri jaan is my life/love ...}}</ref> Due to these connotations of intimacy, the subcontinental etiquette surrounding ''Jān'' is more complex than the usage of the same term in [[Persian language|Persian]], where it is used somewhat more liberally (though even there, restrictions apply).

As a standalone term, ''Jān'' is the rough equivalent of ''Darling'', and is used almost exclusively for close relatives (such as spouses, lovers and children). In this context, sometimes colloquial forms such as ''Jānoo'' and ''Jānaa'', or combination words such as ''Jāneman'' (my darling) and ''Jānejaan''/''Jānejaana'' (roughly, "love of my life"), are also used. When used with a name or a relation-term, it means "dear". So, ''bhāi-sāhab'' and ''bhāi-ji'' carry the meaning of ''respected brother'', whereas ''bhāi-jān'' or ''bhaiyya-jānī'' mean ''dear brother''.<ref name="premchand2006">{{Citation | title=Karmabhumi | author=Premchand, Lalit Mohan Srivastava | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-19-567641-9 |publisher=Oxford University Press | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L8ZjAAAAMAAJ | quote=... used among friends and relatives, (bhai jaan = brother, dear as life) ...}}</ref> The term ''meri jān'', roughly meaning ''my dear'', can be used with friends of the same gender, or in intimate relationships with the opposite gender. In subcontinental etiquette, while ''bhaijan'' can be used by males to denote a brotherly relation with any other male of a roughly similar age including total strangers (the female equivalent between women is ''apajan'' or ''didijan''), ''meri jān'' is used only with friends with whom informality has been established.<ref name="berking2006"/> Ji, on the other hand, is appropriate in all these situations and across genders because it carries no connotations of intimacy.

==Popular conflation with the letter G==
Because [[English language|English]] usage is widespread in the Indian subcontinent, the fact that the honorific ''Ji'' is pronounced identically to the letter ''G'' is used extensively in [[pun]]s. This is sometimes deliberately exploited in consumer marketing, such as with the popular "[[Parle-G]] Biscuits" (where the "G" ostensibly stands for 'Glucose'), which sounds like ''Parle Ji Biscuits'' (or, 'the respected Parle biscuits').<ref name="didur2006">{{Citation |title=Unsettling partition: literature, gender, memory |author=Jill Didur |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8020-7997-8 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sF_WE-4ugosC |quote="... 'Parle-G' - a clever acronym that puns the letter 'G' with 'ji' (a Hindi suffix denoting respect) ..."}}</ref> A pun popular with children in [[North India]] and [[Pakistan]] consists entirely of Latin letters ''BBG T PO G'', which is pronounced very similarly to ''Bibi-ji, Tea pi-o ji'', "respected ma'am, please have some tea". Some people add an "A" or "O" at the start as if a person is speaking to the Bibi-ji in a friendly way used in various regional types [[slang]]s of India: ''O BBG T PO G'' or ''ABBG T PO G''. The ''Bibi-ji'' may answer ''PKIG'', "I just had the tea".<ref name="bassnett1999">{{Citation |title=Post-colonial translation: theory and practice |author=Susan Bassnett |author2=Harish Trivedi |author-link=Susan Bassnett |author2-link=Harish Trivedi |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-415-14745-3 |publisher=Routledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OJa0SiEoUXIC |quote="... Singh even quotes a dialogue from his childhood based entirely on the English alphabet but with a distinct meaning in Punjabi: ''BBG T POG'' ... where a lady is asked to have tea ..."}}</ref>

[[Bengali language|Bengali]] names ending in ''-ji'' are sometimes rendered in [[Sanskrit]] as {{Transliteration|sa|-opadhyay}} ({{Transliteration|sa|-a-upādhyāya}} with [[sandhi]], i.e. ''Mukherjee'' and ''Mukhopadhyay''). ''Upādhyāya'' is Sanskrit for "teacher".

==See also==
* [[Sri]]

{{Hindi topics}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ji}}
[[Category:Suffixes]]
[[Category:Hindustani language]]
[[Category:Hindi]]
[[Category:Culture of India]]
[[Category:Honorifics by language]]
[[Category:Nepali words and phrases]]

Herbert Abingdon Draper Compton

2025-12-29T10:38:41Z

Rupa Banerjee Editor: done

{{Short description|British judge in India (1770–1846)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
'''Herbert Abingdon Draper Compton''' (1770 – 14 January 1846) was [[List of Chief Justices of the Supreme Court of Bombay|Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Bombay]], and [[Advocate-General of Madras]] and [[Calcutta]] in [[British India]].<ref>{{cite ODNB|id=6034|title=Compton, Sir Herbert Abingdon Draper|last=Prior|first=Katherine}}</ref>

==Early life==
Draper Compton was the only son of Walter Abingdon Compton of [[Gloucestershire]]. He joined the [[British Royal Army]] and served with his regiment in [[British India]]. After returning to [[England]] he spent some time in writing for the newspapers, especially for the ''Pilot'', and studied law. On 22 November 1808, he was called to the bar at [[Lincoln's Inn]]<ref name=":0">{{cite DNB|wstitle=Compton, Herbert Abingdon Draper|volume=11|access-date=}}</ref>

==Career==
Draper Compton came in India in 1819 and joined the bar at [[Fort St. George, India|Fort St. George]]. In 1822, he was appointed to the posts of Advocate-general at Madras and [[Calcutta High Court]]. In 1831 he became the Chief Justice of [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D93853|title=Will of Sir Herbert Compton, Chief Justice of Bombay|access-date=June 6, 2018}}</ref> and was [[Knight Bachelor|knighted]].<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=44012017|title=LIST OF THE BOMBAY BRANCH of the Royal Asiatic Society|journal=The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|volume=3|issue=2|pages=cxxx–cxxxiv|year=1836}}</ref>

He served as the [[District Grand Master]] of [[District Grand Lodge of Madras]] (1812-1814). <ref>{{Cite web |title=The District Grand Lodge & Madras - Connected History |url=https://dglofmadras.org/about-us/the-district-grand-lodge-madras-connected-history/ |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=District Grand Lodge of Madras |language=en-US}}</ref>

After retirement, he returned to England and died at his house in [[Hyde Park Gardens]] in 1846.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwpdAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA238|title=Annual Register|access-date=June 6, 2018|year=1847}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Draper Compton, Herbert Abingdon}}
[[Category:1770 births]]
[[Category:1846 deaths]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Bombay High Court]]
[[Category:British India judges]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Advocates general for Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Members of Lincoln's Inn]]
[[Category:18th-century British judges]]

Pseudophilautus amboli

2025-12-18T04:09:30Z

Rupa Banerjee Editor: New A Info

{{Short description|Species of amphibian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Amboli bush frog
| image = Amboli Bush Frog calling.jpg
| image_caption = Individual with inflated vocal sac in Amboli.
| status = CR
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=S.D. Biju |date=2004 |title=''Pseudophilautus amboli'' |volume=2004 |article-number=e.T58910A11854647 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T58910A11854647.en |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref>
| taxon = Pseudophilautus amboli
| authority = ([[Sathyabhama Das Biju|Biju]] and Bossuyt, 2009)<ref name=frost>{{cite web |url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/?action=names&taxon=Pseudophilautus+amboli |title=''Pseudophilautus amboli'' (Biju and Bossuyt, 2009) |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2013 |work=Amphibian Species of the World 5.6, an Online Reference |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |access-date=31 July 2013}}</ref>
| synonyms = ''Philautus amboli'' Biju and Bossuyt, 2009<ref name=BijuBossuyt>{{Cite journal | last1 = Biju | first1 = S. D.| author-link1 = Sathyabhama Das Biju| last2 = Bossuyt | first2 = F. | doi = 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00466.x | title = Systematics and phylogeny of ''Philautus'' Gistel, 1848 (Anura, Rhacophoridae) in the Western Ghats of India, with descriptions of 12 new species | journal = Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 155 | issue = 2 | pages = 374–444| year = 2009 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
}}

'''''Pseudophilautus amboli''''', the '''Amboli bush frog''', is a rare [[shrub frog]] [[species]] [[endemic]] to the [[Western Ghats]] ([[India]]). It is found in [[Amboli, Sindhudurg|Amboli]] (the [[Type locality (biology)|type locality]]) and Amba in [[Maharashtra]] and in [[Castle Rock, Karnataka|Castle Rock]], [[Londa, Karnataka|Londa]], [[Jog Falls]]-Mavingundi, and [[Kudremukh]]-[[Malleshwaram]] in [[Karnataka]].<ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021" /><ref name=frost/>

==Description==
The Amboli bush frog is a small frog, though it is medium-sized to large among its relatives. The snout–vent length of this species is {{convert|34|mm|abbr=on}} in males and to {{convert|37.5|mm|abbr=on}} in females.<ref name=BijuBossuyt/><ref name =pgft>{{cite book |last=Gururaja |first=K V |title= Pictorial Guide to Frogs and Toads of the Western Ghats |year= 2012 |publisher= Gubbi Labs |pages=116–117}}</ref> Males have a large and transparent [[vocal sack]] when calling. The body is rather robust. Discs of fingertips are much enlarged. [[Tympanum (anatomy)|Tympanum]] is dark brown. [[Dorsum (anatomy)|dorsum]] is uniform blackish brown. Throat lemon yellowish with minute black spots.<ref name=BijuBossuyt/>

==Habitat==
In Amboli it was found in extremely disturbed areas close to evergreen forest patches, although it is not known whether or not it occurs in primary evergreen forest. It breeds by direct development.<ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021" />

==Threats and conservation action==
The major threat to the species is [[habitat loss]] and [[habitat fragmentation|fragmentation]] due to [[urbanization]] and [[tourism]] development. It is not known to occur in any protected areas, making habitat protection an urgent priority.<ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021" />

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Pseudophilautus amboli at bisile.JPG|Typical Amboli bush frog
Amboli Bush Frog with enlarged vocal sac for mating calls.jpg|Amboli bush frog with enlarged vocal sac for mating calls
Amboli bush frogs - In amplexus .jpg|Amplexus
</gallery>

==References==
{{Commons category|Pseudophilautus amboli}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3282205}}

[[Category:Pseudophilautus|amboli]]
[[Category:Frogs of India]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:Endemic amphibians of India]]
[[Category:Fauna of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Fauna of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Sathyabhama Das Biju]]
[[Category:Amphibians described in 2009]]

Chagallu, Guntur district

2025-11-22T02:52:55Z

Rupa Banerjee Editor: Created the location w/ infobox

{{other uses|Chagallu (disambiguation){{!}}Chagallu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chagallu
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =

| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| pushpin_label = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|16.3727|N|80.0345|E|region:IN-AP_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes = 

| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palnadu district|Narasaraopet]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = Nekarikallu

| government_footnotes = <ref name="panchayat">{{cite web |title=Gram Panchayat Identification Codes |url=http://saaksharbharat.nic.in/saaksharbharat/forms/gp_code.pdf |website=Saakshar Bharat Mission |publisher=National Informatics Centre |accessdate=7 May 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818173131/http://saaksharbharat.nic.in/saaksharbharat/forms/gp_code.pdf |archivedate=18 August 2017 |page=110 | url-status=dead}}</ref>
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayati raj]]
| governing_body = Chagallu [[gram panchayat]]
| leader_title = [[Sarpanch]]
| leader_name =

| unit_pref = Metric

| area_footnotes = <ref name="census">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Guntur |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2817_PART_B_DCHB_GUNTUR.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |accessdate=7 May 2019 |pages=14,300 }}</ref>
| area_total_ha = 2234

| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="population">{{cite web |title=Population |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=668201 |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |accessdate=8 May 2019}}</ref>
| population_total = 6648
| population_density_km2 = auto

| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]

| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30

| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 522603
| area_code_type = 
| area_code = +91–8647
| registration_plate_type =
| registration_plate = AP
}}

'''Chagallu''' is a village in [[Palnadu district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is located in Nekarikallu [[mandal]] of [[Sattenapalle revenue division]].[https://www.etvbharat.com/telugu/andhra-pradesh/city/amaravati/revenue-divisions-reaching-73-in-ap/ap20220331045328873]<ref name=census />

== Demographics ==

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India]], the town had a population of 6,648. The total population constitute, 1,066 males and 1,236 females —a sex ratio of 1,156 females per 1000 males, higher than the national average of 995 per 1000.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sex Ratio |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/indiaatglance.html|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=2 September 2014}}</ref> 705 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 361 are boys and 344 are girls—a ratio of 953 per 1000. The average literacy rate stands at 56.86% with 3,379 literates, significantly lower than the national average of 73.00%.<ref name=population /><ref>{{cite web|title=Chapter–3 (Literates and Literacy rate) |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/PCA_Highlights/pca_highlights_file/India/Chapter-3.pdf|publisher=Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India|accessdate=2 September 2014}}</ref>

== Governance ==

Chagallu [[gram panchayat]] is the [[Local self-government in India|local self-government]] of the village.<ref name="panchayat" /> It is divided into wards and each ward is represented by a ward member.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aDoppmCmeqUC&q=sarpanch|title=Citizen Participation in Rural Development|last=Seetharam|first=Mukkavilli|date=1990-01-01|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788170992271|page=34|language=en}}</ref>

== Education ==

As per the school information report for the academic year 2018–19, the village has a total of 5 [[District Councils of India|Zilla Parishad]]/[[Mandal Parishad Primary School|MPP schools]].<ref>{{cite web |title=School Information |url=https://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls |website=Commissionerate of School Education |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |accessdate=7 May 2019 |archive-date=16 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416174708/https://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[List of villages in Guntur district]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Guntur district]]

{{Guntur-geo-stub}}

Bani K. Mallick

2025-10-07T15:16:23Z

Rupa Banerjee Editor: made a details!

{{Infobox scientist
| name = Bani K. Mallick
| image = 
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| nationality = 
| fields = [[Bayesian statistics]]
| workplaces = [[Texas A&M University]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Connecticut]] [[Calcutta University]]
| thesis_title = Bayesian Modeling Incorporating Unknown Monotone Functions
| thesis_url = https://uconn-storrs.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01UCT_STORRS/1s3ubib/alma999633103502432
| thesis_year =
| doctoral_advisor = [[Alan E. Gelfand]]
| doctoral_students = [[Chris Holmes (mathematician)|Chris Holmes]] [[Veera Baladandayuthapani]]
| known_for = [[Bayesian inference]]
| awards =
}}

'''Bani K. Mallick''' is a [[Distinguished Professor]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dof.tamu.edu/node/569 |title=List of Distinguished Professors | Office of the Dean of Faculties |access-date=2013-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220050903/http://dof.tamu.edu/node/569 |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and Susan M. Arseven `75 Chair in Data Science and Computational Statistics in the Department of Statistics at [[Texas A&M University]] in College Station.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stat.tamu.edu/~bmallick/|title = Bani K. Mallick}}</ref> He is the Director of the Center for Statistical Bioinformatics. Mallick is well known for his contribution to the theory and practice of [[Bayesian inference|Bayesian]] [[semiparametric]] methods and [[uncertainty quantification]]. Mallick is an elected fellow of [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aaas.org/news/aaas-council-elects-388-new-aaas-fellows|title = AAAS Council Elects 388 New AAAS Fellows | American Association for the Advancement of Science}}</ref> [[American Statistical Association]], [[Institute of Mathematical Statistics]], [[International Statistical Institute]] and the [[Royal Statistical Society]]. He received the Distinguished research award <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dof.tamu.edu/sites/default/files/faculty_awards/AFS%20DAA%20University%20Level%20All%20Winners%20as%20of%202013.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220051307/http://dof.tamu.edu/sites/default/files/faculty_awards/AFS%20DAA%20University%20Level%20All%20Winners%20as%20of%202013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> from Texas A&M University and the Young Researcher award from the International Indian Statistical Association.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.intindstat.org/recipients|title=Past IISA Award Recipients | International Indian Statistical Association}}</ref>

Mallick's areas of research include semiparametric [[statistical classification|classification]] and [[semiparametric regression|regression]], hierarchical spatial modeling, [[inverse problem]], [[uncertainty quantification]] and [[Bioinformatics]]. He is renowned for his ability to do major collaborative research with scientists from myriad fields beyond his own, including nuclear engineering, petroleum engineering, industrial engineering, traffic mapping.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}} He has coauthored or co-edited six books and more than 200 research publications.

Mallick earned his undergraduate from the [[Presidency University, Kolkata]], MS from the [[Calcutta University]] and Ph.D. from the [[University of Connecticut]].

==Bibliography==
*Dey, D., Ghosh, S. and Mallick, B. (1999) Bayesian Generalized Linear Model, Marcel Dekker
*Denison, D., Holmes, C., Mallick, B. and Smith, AFM (2002) Bayesian nonlinear Classification and Regression, Wiley, London
*Denison, D., Hanson, M., Holmes, C., Mallick, B. and Yu, B. (2003) Nonlinear Classification and Regression, Springer Verlag, New York
*Mallick, B., Gold, D., and Baladandanayak, V. (2010) Bayesian analysis of gene expression data, Wiley International.
*Biegler, L., Ghattas, O., Keyes, D., Mallick, B., Tenorio, L. and Wilcox, K. (2011) Large scale inverse problems and quantification of Uncertainty, Wiley, International
*Dey, D., Ghosh, S. and Mallick, B. (2011) Bayesian Modeling issues in Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, chapman and hall.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mallick, Bani K.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian statisticians]]
[[Category:Texas A&M University faculty]]
[[Category:University of Connecticut alumni]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Statistical Association]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Statistical Society]]
[[Category:Elected Members of the International Statistical Institute]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Shivpuri Assembly constituency

2025-09-15T09:42:44Z

Rupa Banerjee Editor: fixed lead and improved wording after review

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Shivpuri
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 25
| map_image = 25-Shivpuri.svg
| mla = [[Devendra Kumar Jain]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Shivpuri district|Shivpuri]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Guna Lok Sabha constituency|Guna]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Yashodhara Raje Scindia]]
}}

'''Shivpuri''' (शिवपुरी) Assembly constituency is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central India.<ref name=eci1>{{cite web|url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/DACList.aspx|title=District/Assembly List|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website|access-date=11 February 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201083311/http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/(S(4ftawu55w1soru45gswzuz55))/DACList.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2015}}</ref> This constituency came into existence in 1951, as Shivpuri Kolaras, one of the 79 Vidhan Sabha constituencies of the erstwhile [[Madhya Bharat]] state.<ref name=eci2>{{cite web|url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MB.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Bharat|page=5|publisher=Election Commission of India website}}</ref>

==Overview==
Shivpuri (constituency number 25) is one of the 5 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Shivpuri district]]. This constituency covers parts of Shivpuri and Pichhore [[tehsil]]s of the district.<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=228, 250}}</ref>

Shivpuri is part of [[Guna Lok Sabha constituency]] along with seven other Vidhan Sabha segments, namely, [[Pichhore Assembly constituency|Pichhore]] and [[Kolaras Assembly constituency|Kolaras]] in this district, [[Bamori Assembly constituency|Bamori]] and [[Guna Assembly constituency|Guna]] in [[Guna district]] and [[Ashok Nagar Assembly constituency|Ashok Nagar]], [[Chanderi Assembly constituency|Chanderi]] and [[Mungaoli Assembly constituency|Mungaoli]] in [[Ashoknagar district]].<ref name="ceo"/>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ [[Madhya Bharat]]: [[Shivpuri]] – [[Kolaras]]
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| rowspan=2|[[1952 Madhya Bharat Legislative Assembly election|1951]]<ref name="eci2" />
| [[Tula Ram]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|Narhari Prashad
|}

As [[Shivpuri]] constituency of [[Madhya Pradesh]]:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Mahavir Prasad Jain
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan=2| Ganeshram Gautam
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}
|-
| [[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| Sushil Bahadur Asthana
| {{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| [[Devendra Kumar Jain]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| rowspan=2| [[Yashodhara Raje Scindia]]
|-
| [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
|2006^
| Vierndra Singh Raghuwanshi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| Makhan Lal Rathore
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| rowspan=2|[[Yashodhara Raje Scindia]]
|-
| [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Devendra Kumar Jain]]
|}

^ By-Poll

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Shivpuri<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh General Legislative Election 2023 Statistical Report |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Devendra Kumar Jain]]
|votes = {{formatnum:112324}}
|percentage = 56.74
|change = +5.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = K. P. Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:69294}}
|percentage = 35.01
|change = +1.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Abran Singh Gurjar
|votes = {{formatnum:10703}}
|percentage = 5.41
|change = -3.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1389}}
|percentage = 0.7
|change = -0.53
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:43030}}
|percentage = 21.73
|change = +4.23
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:197952}}
|percentage = 76.55
|change = +5.41
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Shivpuri<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Yashodhara Raje Scindia]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:84570}}
|percentage = 51.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Siddharth Ladha
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:55822}}
|percentage = 34.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Mohammad Irshad Rayeen
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:13889}}
|percentage = 8.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Sapaks Party
|candidate = Brajesh Singh Tomar (Patrkar)
|votes = {{formatnum:2147}}
|percentage = 1.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Rakshak Morcha
|candidate = Komal Prasad Koli
|votes = {{formatnum:1522}}
|percentage = 0.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2018}}
|percentage = 1.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:28748}}
|percentage = 17.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:164201}}
|percentage = 71.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Shivpuri<ref name=election2018 name="election2018-1">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Yashodhara Raje Scindia]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 76,330
|percentage = 50.14%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Birendra Raghuwanshi
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 65,185
|percentage = 42.82%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 2,720
|percentage = 1.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 28,748
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 152220
|percentage = 68.4%
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Shivpuri]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|25.43|77.66|display=title}}

[[Category:Shivpuri district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in India]]

Sudhir Kumar Chatterjee

2025-08-25T02:55:25Z

Rupa Banerjee Editor:

{{Short description|Indian footballer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sudhir Kumar Chatterjee
| honorific-prefix = [[The Reverend|Reverend]]
| image = Mohun Bagan 1911 IFA shield winning team.jpg
| alt =
| caption = The [[IFA Shield]] winning team of 1911 - Chatterjee standing fifth from left
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date |df=yes|1883|11|12}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1966|04|12|1883|11|12}}
| death_place = Calcutta (now [[Kolkata]]), [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| other_names =
| occupation =
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
[[The Reverend|Rev]]''' Sudhir Kumar Chatterjee ''' or Sudhir Kumar Chattopadhyay (1883–1966), was an Indian footballer of [[Mohun Bagan AC]] in the historic 1911 [[IFA Shield]] final, where they defeated the [[East Yorkshire Regiment]] to become the first Indian team to win the competition.<ref name="Mohun">[http://www.mohunbaganclub.com/mbday.html Mohun Bagan official site] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090729081506/http://www.mohunbaganclub.com/mbday.html |date=29 July 2009 }}</ref> He was also known as an famous educationist and a member of Christian clergy.<ref name="sk">{{cite web| title = The death anniversary of Indian Football's first legend| date=14 April 2013| url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/the-death-anniversary-of-indian-footballs-first-legend| access-date =2022-02-05}}</ref>

==Life==
Born as Sudhir Kumar Chatterjee (or Sudhir Kumar Chattopadhyay) on 12 November 1883 and educated from Bishop's College in Theology. He joined [[Mohun Bagan AC]] in 1904, while he was engaged as a teacher in London Missionary Society College, Bhowanipore, Calcutta.<ref name= "Samsad">{{cite book
|title= Samsad Bengali Charitabhidhan Vol.I (in Bengali)
|publisher= Sahitya Sansad, Kolkata
|editor = Subodhkumar Sengupta & Anjali Bose
|year = 2016
|pages =794
|isbn= 978-81-7955-135-6
}}</ref>

==Career==
Chatterjee was the only booted member{{huh|date=October 2022}} of the immortal eleven but his football career ended in 1914 due to serious injury. In the football team he was highly educated man. He had completed his M A degree. When his football career was over, he went for his higher studies from [[Cambridge University]] in England in 1923. He got the post of lecturer at [[Trinity College, Cambridge]]. But soon after he returned India, he established a Residential educational Institute named Bishnupur Shiksha Sangha at [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]], South 24 Parganas. He was the Principal of the institute for several years. He was also associated with several educational institute, like [[Scottish Church College]] and Women' College at Calcutta.

Later in life, he became a priest and was known as [[The Reverend]] and represented India in several International Missionary Conferences.<ref name="sk" /><ref name= "Samsad"/>

==Love for football and country==

His love for the game and Mohun Bagan remained undiminished. He witnessed the 1947 IFA Shield final, when Bagan won the tournament after a lapse of 36 years. He was the only surviving member of the 1911 team when the club celebrated its Platinum Jubilee in 1964. During the [[Sino-Indian War]] in 1962, he auctioned his 1911 gold medal and gave the proceeds to the national defense fund.<ref name="sk" />

==Awards==
[[Mohun Bagan AC]] awarded Chatterjee ''Mohun Bagan Ratna'' in 2010 posthumously.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://themohunbaganac.com/|title=Official website|access-date=2022-04-11}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1883 births]]
[[Category:1966 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali people]]
[[Category:Indian Christians]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian educators]]
[[Category:Educators from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Men's association football players not categorized by position]]

Bharatpedia:WikiProject Film/Indian cinema task force/ICTF FAQ

2025-08-07T08:41:29Z

Rupa Banerjee Editor: Creating new data needs work

{{Shortcut|WP:ICTFFAQ}}
This reference page provides an overview of the '''[[WP:ICTF|Indian cinema task force]]''' community's attitude toward sources used in Indian cinema articles. Wikipedia's general content guideline for reliable sources can be found at [[WP:RS]]. When contributing to articles about Indian cinema, it is crucial that only resources with ''established reputations for fact-checking and accuracy'' be used, and that we use sites with clear editorial policies. This almost always excludes blogs, and sources of that nature. If there is a question about whether a source qualifies as reliable or not, choose a more mainstream, known authority.

Constant updating of box office figures is a relatively fruitless endeavor, and one that is often influenced by corruption, unfortunately. Paid editors, promoters, and fans often inappropriately use Wikipedia to inflate some film finances and deflate the competition's. This manipulation is not limited to Wikipedia, as even [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Box-Office-column-discontinued/articleshow/26211585.cms Times of India] discontinued their box office column after they grew weary of corruption.[https://web.archive.org/web/20160229173413/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Box-Office-column-discontinued/articleshow/26211585.cms? Archive] A real-world example is found [http://www.ibtimes.co.in/mammootty-reveals-great-father-fastest-malayalam-movie-cross-rs-20-crore-figure-exaggerated-721917 here], where some trade analysts express skepticism about box office claims reported by producers of Mammootty's ''The Great Father''. A good example of why we should be circumspect, and why we should avoid [[WP:PRIMARY|primary sources]] for controversial content like film finances. Other examples can be found [http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/rajinikanth-kabali-has-earned-rs-600-crore-at-the-global-box-office-or-has-it-2932578.html here] and [http://www.ibtimes.co.in/kabali-box-office-collection-rajinikanth-starrer-beats-7-big-records-baahubali-bahubali-688964 here], where some sites express skepticism at the box office figures released by producers of ''Kabali'', figures that were also widely reported in otherwise legitimate mainstream sources like Indian Express.

With no central, organized reporting of box office data, it is impossible to establish 100% accurate data about box office figures. Gross values are considered by this task force to be ''estimates'', and as such should be marked in the film article's infobox with the template {{tl|Estimation}}. (See [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Film/Indian cinema task force#Box office totals are estimates|community discussion here]]) Each reliable site that reports on box office gross is using their own proprietary methods for arriving at this number, and some, like [http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/boxoffice/id/596434 Bollywood Hungama] disclose this fact to readers. So when news site A posts an estimate of a film, then news site B posts an estimate an hour later that is {{INR}}1 crore higher, the latter number is no more valid than the first. Generally speaking, it probably makes more sense to wait until the film has settled for a few weeks before fussing over box office values.

Please keep in mind that some of the popular Indian sites have copied content directly from Wikipedia without attribution, which creates a problematic [[WP:REFLOOP|reference loop]], i.e. we reference them, but they're actually referencing us. This is very difficult to prove, but astute editors should be cautious that 100% infallible truth is impossible, and we should be circumspect. For a real-world example, see [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Film/Indian_cinema_task_force&oldid=706392877#Real_world_example:_Reliable_sources_copying.2Fplagiarizing_Wikipedia.27s_plot_summary_of_Raees_.28film.29 this post], which demonstrates that [https://web.archive.org/web/20160217111038/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/srk-s-new-raees-traditional-look-is-out-116021600316_1.html business-standard.com] (17 Feb 2016), [https://web.archive.org/web/20160216154301/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/in-pics-shah-rukh-khan-mahira-on-sets-of-raees/story-WlED9mrDXJ7wHaSxKzx2oJ.html hindustantimes.com] (16 Feb 2016), [https://web.archive.org/web/20160314042209/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shah-Rukh-Khans-new-Raees-traditional-look-is-out/articleshow/51007899.cms timesofindia.com] (16 Feb 2016), and [https://web.archive.org/save/http://www.daily-sun.com/printversion/details/114622/SRK%E2%80%99s-new-Raees-traditional-look-is-out daily-sun.com] (17 Feb 2016) all seem to copy the plot summary from [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raees_(film)&diff=prev&oldid=703125868 this 3 Feb 2016 version] of [[Raees (2017 film)]] verbatim.

__TOC__

==Sources generally considered reliable==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Source !! Website !! Rationale !! Discussions !! Notes
|- id="ABP Live"
| ABP Live || [http://www.abplive.in abplive.in] || From their [http://www.abplive.in/about-abp-news About us] page: "ABP News is a popular Hindi news channel from ABP News Network Pvt. Ltd (ANN), the channel was formerly Star news which was rebranded as ABP News on 1 June 2012." Appears to have some editorial oversight from two men who are fond of their chins. [https://web.archive.org/web/20151217235439/http://www.abplive.in/about-abp-news Archive] || [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Noticeboard/Archive 248#Zee News and ABP News|1]] || —
|- id="Bollywood Hungama"
| [[Bollywood Hungama]] || [http://BollywoodHungama.com bollywoodhungama.com] || — || — || —
|- id="Box Office India"
| [[Box Office India]] || [http://www.boxofficeindia.com boxofficeindia.com] || Per BOI's [http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/pages/about_us About us] page, "The figures on the website are not taken from producers or distributors of the respective films but independent estimates from our sources and then cross checked through cinema collections." If true, this suggests that they're not acting as mouthpieces for the production companies (i.e. acting as a [[WP:PRIMARY|primary source]] by proxy). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150315011156/http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/pages/about_us Archive] In mid-2019 we discovered that BOI's budget figures included print and advertising costs. (See [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Film/Indian_cinema_task_force&oldid=908392210#Box_Office_India_budgets this discussion]) Worldwide, when people reference a film's budget, they mean the production budget, i.e. the cost of making the film, not the cost of marketing it. So we should try to find a better source for budget than Box Office India. If we have no choice but to use BOI, then we should include notes that clarify that the budget figure is not consistent with other figures. Ex: "(Note: this figure includes print and advertising costs.)" or similar. || [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Noticeboard/Archive 13#Boxofficeindia.com|1]] || There is a ''different'' Box Office India at boxofficeindia'''.co.in'''
|- id="Catch"
| Catch || [http://www.catchnews.com catchnews.com] || The site is owned by the [[Rajasthan Patrika]] group. [[Shoma Chaudhury]] was an editor at one point.[http://scroll.in/latest/804343/catch-news-editor-shoma-chaudhury-says-she-has-been-asked-to-quit][https://web.archive.org/save/http://scroll.in/latest/804343/catch-news-editor-shoma-chaudhury-says-she-has-been-asked-to-quit Archive] || [[Wikipedia talk:Noticeboard for India-related topics/Archive 62#Catch News?|1]] || —
|- id="CNN-News18"
| [[CNN-News18]] || [http://www.news18.com/ news18.com] || — || — || —
|- id="DNA"
| DNA ([[Daily News and Analysis]]) || [http://www.dnaindia.com/ dnaindia.com] || — || — || —
|- id="Firstpost"
| [[Firstpost]] || [https://www.firstpost.com firstpost.com] || — || [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Film/Indian cinema task force#Reliability of Firstpost|1]] || —
|- id="The Hindu"
| [[The Hindu]] || [http://www.thehindu.com thehindu.com] || — || — || —
|- id="Business Line"
| [[Business Line|The Hindu Business Line]] || [http://www.thehindubusinessline.com thehindubusinessline.com] || — || — || —
|- id="Hindustan Times"
| [[Hindustan Times]] || [http://www.hindustantimes.com/ hindustantimes.com] || — || — || —
|- id="India Today"
| [[India Today]] || [http://indiatoday.intoday.in indiatoday.intoday.in] || — || — || —
|- id="The Indian Express"
| [[The Indian Express]] || [http://indianexpress.com/ indianexpress.com] || — || — || —
|- id="Mint"
| [[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] || [http://www.livemint.com livemint.com] || — || — || —
|- id="Mumbai Mirror"
| [[Mumbai Mirror]] || [http://www.mumbaimirror.com mumbaimirror.com] || — || — || —
|- id="NDTV"
| [[NDTV]] || [http://ndtv.com ndtv.com] || — || — || —
|- id="The News Minute"
| [[The News Minute]] || [http://www.thenewsminute.com/ thenewsminute.com] || — || — || [http://www.thenewsminute.com/node/35 About page]
|- id="Outlook"
| [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] || [http://www.outlookindia.com/ outlookindia.com] || — || — || —
|- id="Rediff.com"
| [[Rediff.com]] || [http://www.rediff.com rediff.com] || — || — || —
|- id="Sify"
| [[Sify]] || [http://sify.com sify.com] || — || — || [http://corporate.sify.com/about-us.html About page]
|- id="The Telegraph"
| [[The Telegraph (India)]] || [http://www.telegraphindia.com/ telegraphindia.com] || — || — || —
|- id="Zee News"
| [[Zee News]] ([[Essel Group]]) || [http://zeenews.india.com zeenews.india.com] || — || — || —
|}

== Sources considered unreliable ==
It is not practical to list ''every site'' the community has determined to be unreliable. Unreliable sites far outweigh the reliable ones, so caution should always be applied when using a reference that is not on the list of ''reliable'' sites. The site-wide Wikipedia community has determined that '''sources considered reliable are ones that have ''an established reputation'' for fact-checking and accuracy, as well as a clear editorial standard.''' That is, we do not assume that a site is reliable simply because it has not been challenged—the site must have a ''reputation'' for that fact-checking. Blogs are rarely considered reliable and sites with poorly-written articles draw scrutiny as unreliable, because they clearly lack a clear editorial standard like that which a professional journalistic source would have. Below is a sampling of sites the Indian cinema task force feels are unreliable. Please take note of what unreliable sources look like, since often when you encounter a dodgy, bare-bones, hastily-assembled site with poor grammar, you are often dealing with an unreliable source.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Source !! Website !! Rationale !! Discussions !! Guidelines !! Notes
|- id="Andhra Box Office"
| Andhra Box Office || [http://www.andhraboxoffice.com/ andhraboxoffice.com] || Blog with no clear editorial oversight. No About us page. No indication any seasoned journalists are behind it. Does frequently get cited by sources like IBT.[http://www.ibtimes.co.in/kabali-box-office-collection-rajinikanth-starrer-performs-well-2nd-day-687625] || — || — || —
|- id="Behindwoods"
| Behindwoods || [http://behindwoods.com/ behindwoods.com] || May be used for exclusive interviews || [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Noticeboard/Archive 182#Behindwoods.com|1]], [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Film/Indian cinema task force/Archive 3#Paiyaa worthy for a GA status??|2]], [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Film/Indian cinema task force/Archive 3#References!|3]] || — || Wikipedia articles for Behindwoods were deleted several times. In 2011 the article was [[WP:PROD|PRODed]] for failing to establish notability. The article was speedy deleted in 2012 for unambiguous advertising. An [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Behindwoods|AfD was held in 2016]] with a Delete result over concerns about notability.
|- id="Box Office India"
| Box Office India || [http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/ boxofficeindia.co.in] || Questionable reference. In [http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/msg-2-the-messenger-hits-screen-in-punjab/ this article by IndianExpress.com], ''[[MSG-2 The Messenger|MSG 2]]'''s opening week gross is indicated to be {{INR}}102.88 crore, but IE is smart to directly attribute the source of that information to the film's producer. At [http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/week-1-collections-msg2-the-messenger/ BoxOfficeIndia.co.in], they report a week 1 gross of 1,028,830,801, or 102.88 crore. That strongly implies that this site is just parroting what producers tell them, which would mean that we were basically using a [[WP:PRIMARY|primary source]] for controversial data. Contrast this with [http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/msg_2__the_messenger BoxOfficeIndia.com]'s data, which shows a first-week gross of 4.02 c, a massive difference. Note also [http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/msg-2-the-messenger-crosses-rs-400-crore-mark/ this source], which claims that MSG2 has crossed 400c. [https://web.archive.org/web/20151028123208/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/msg-2-the-messenger-hits-screen-in-punjab/ (Archive 1)], [https://web.archive.org/web/20151004090845/http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/week-1-collections-msg2-the-messenger/ (Archive 2)], [https://web.archive.org/web/20150930233522/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/msg_2__the_messenger#.Vky1IXarSUk (Archive 3)] Also odd: they have no search functionality. || — || — || Note: This is not the same site as boxofficeindia'''.com'''
|- id="Dailyhunt"
| Dailyhunt || [http://www.dailyhunt.in dailyhunt.in] || News aggregator. Shortens long articles from multiple news sites for users of its app and website. Does not collect the data themselves, so its better to avoid it in favour of more responsible websites. || — || — || —
|- id="FilmiBeat"
| FilmiBeat OneIndia.com ||[http://www.filmibeat.com/ filmibeat.com] [http://oneindia.com/ oneindia.com] || — || [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Noticeboard/Archive 183#Oneindia.com|1]], [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Noticeboard/Archive 190#filmibeat.com a reliable source for WP:BLP articles?|2]] || — || Oneindia's movie imprint was renamed FilmiBeat in 2014.[http://www.oneindia.com/about/]
|- id="Idlebrain.com"
| [[Idlebrain.com]] || — || May be used for exclusive interviews || — || — || —
|- id="IB Times"
| [[International Business Times]] || [http://www.ibtimes.co.in ibtimes.co.in ] || See [[WP:IBTIMES]] || — || — ||
|- id="IMDB"
| [http://www.imdb.com/ IMDb] || User-contributed || — || — || [[WP:USERG]], [[WP:RS/IMDB]], [[WP:RS]] || Considered community-wide to ''not'' be a reliable source.
|- id="IndiaGlitz"
| IndiaGlitz || [http://www.indiaglitz.com/ indiaglitz.com] || Blog format with no About us page (as of April 2018) and no indication of who runs it or what their credentials are. Some Indian cinema regulars have defended it, noting that other sources like IBN have referenced it[http://www.ibtimes.co.in/search?q=indiaglitz&x=0&y=0&t=2] (click articles and manually search). May be used for exclusive interviews though. || [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Noticeboard/Archive 183#IndiaGlitz|1]], [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Noticeboard/Archive 82#Are news sources within Google News always reliable?|2]]. || — || —
|- id="Jackace"
| Jackace || [http://jackace.in jackace.in] || Blog. || — || — || —
|- id="Onlookers Media"
| Onlookers Media || [http://www.onlookersmedia.in/ www.onlookersmedia.in] || No clear reputation for fact-checking or accuracy, although sites like IBT have used it as a reference[https://web.archive.org/web/20151027143630/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/kerala-box-office-prithviraj-ennu-ninte-moideen-among-top-5-highest-grossing-malayalam-movies-651418] for their own information. From their [http://www.onlookersmedia.in/us About Us] page, the site was established in 2010 by some people who became friends through Facebook. No indication that any of the participants had any journalism background or training in standard journalistic practices like fact-checking. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150708044342/http://www.onlookersmedia.in/us Archive] || — || — || —
|- id="Pinkvilla"
| [[Pinkvilla]] || [https://www.pinkvilla.com/ pinkvilla.com] || Generally unreliable || [[WP:PINKVILLA]] || – || –
|- id="Republic TV"
| Republic TV || [https://www.republicworld.com/ republicworld.com] || Republic TV was criticized for spreading misinformation about COVID-19, the Love Jihad conspiracy theory, and other fabrications and factually incorrect information. See [[WP:REPUBLICTV]]. || [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Noticeboard/Archive 248#Republic TV and Times Now|1]], [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Noticeboard/Archive 321#Republic TV|2]] || — ||
|- id="Spicy Onion"
| Spicy Onion || [http://www.spicyonion.com/ spicyonion.com] || Site wants to be a film database, but there's no indication of editorial oversight and as of this June 2017 note, there's not even an About us page. To highlight the lack of editorial oversight, note [http://spicyonion.com/title/aa-gun-thaam-hindi-movie/ this "film"] which was no doubt submitted to that site by [[Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/Superheroprashast/Archive|a Wikipedia sockpuppet operator]], which shows that even a child can get a phony film listed here. There is no presumption of accuracy at this site. || — || — || —
|- id="The Reporter Times"
| The Reporter Times || [http://www.thereportertimes.com thereportertimes.com] || Blog with no clear reputation for fact-checking. No singular "About us" page. [http://www.thereportertimes.com/contact/ Contact page] is vague, only noting an editor-in-chief, John Finley, and a senior editor, Jeff Holcomb, but no indication of who they are or what makes them experts in Indian cinema. || — || — || As of July 24, 2016 the site is blacklisted on en-Wiki (some IP-spam)
|- id="TOI"
| [[The Times of India]] || [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com timesofindia.indiatimes.com/] || No consensus || [[WP:TIMESOFINDIA]] || — || —
|}

==Not yet determined==
These links have not yet been discussed specifically by [[WP:ICTF|the Indian cinema task force]] but should largely be avoided, as many have been collected as examples of really poor sources. Most are blogs or random faceless websites with no clear editorial oversight.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Source !! Website !! Rationale !! Discussions !! Guidelines !! Notes
|- id="123telugu"
| 123telugu.com || [https://123telugu.com 123telugu.com] || — || — || — || —
|- id="allindiansite.com"
| *.allindiansite.com || — || — || — || — || Website not reachable
|- id="Andhra Cafe"
| Andhra Cafe || — || — || — || — || —
|- id="Andhrakaburlu"
| Andhrakaburlu.com || — || — || — || — || Website is dead
|- id="Bollypedia"
| Bollypedia || [http://www.bollypedia.in bollypedia.in] || No About us page. No indication it's run by journalists or industry professionals. || — || — || —
|- id="Bollywood Break"
| Bollywood Break || [https://bollywoodbreak.in bollywoodbreak.in] || — || — || — || —
|- id="Box Office Collection"
| Box Office Collection || [http://boxofficecollection.in boxofficecollection.in] || Blog with no established reputation for fact-checking. As of March 2016, their [http://boxofficecollection.in/about-us About us] page was very poorly written, implying lack of editorial oversight. Nobody is named as an editor either on that page or on their [http://boxofficecollection.in/our-team Our team] page. The chief "content writer / manager" on the Our team page is Ankita Gairola, who writes, "I am pursuing my final year of graduation ... Talking about the age I am in my 18+." Clearly not a seasoned journalist. || — || — || —
|- id="The Boxofficecollections"
| The Boxofficecollections || [http://theboxofficecollections.com/ theboxofficecollections.com] || Blog with no reputation for fact-checking or clear editorial policy || — || — || Looks like it may be trying to win accidental traffic from Box Office Collection; Website is not reachable
|- id="Box Office Hits"
| Box Office Hits || [http://www.boxofficehits.in boxofficehits.in] || Blog with no established reputation for fact-checking or a clear editorial policy. No "About" page, no indication that qualified writers and analysts are involved. || — || — ||
|- id="India Times"
| India Times || [http://www.indiatimes.com indiatimes.com] || — || — || — || —
|- id="Indiglamour"
| Indiglamour || [http://news.indiglamour.com indiglamour.com] || — || — || — || —
|- id="Indian Movie Stats"
| Indian Movie Stats || [http://www.indianmoviestats.com indianmoviestats.com] || [http://www.indianmoviestats.com/about-us.html About Us] page indicates blog was established at the end of 2014 making it unlikely that a ''reputation'' has been established for fact-checking. Page also doesn't indicate who runs the site or what their credentials are. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150629071743/http://www.indianmoviestats.com/about-us.html Archive] || — || — || Wants to provide box data for Tamil and Telugu films; Website not reachable
|- id="Industry Hit"
| Industry Hit || [https://industryhit.com industryhit.com] || — || — || — || —
|- id="Jackwack"
| Jackwack || [http://jackwack.com jackwack.com] || Blog with no clear reputation for fact-checking or accuracy. || — || — || Website is dead
|- id="KeralaDaily"
| KeralaDaily || — || — || — || — || —
|- id="Kolly Insider"
| Kolly Insider || [http://www.kollyinsider.com kollyinsider.com] || Blog with no clear reputation for fact-checking or accuracy. || — || — || —
|- id="Kollytalk"
| Kollytalk || Kollytalk.com || — || — || — || Website is dead; redirecting to possible phishing
|- id="Metro Masti"
| Metro Masti || metromasti.com || Blog with no obvious named writers[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185723/http://www.metromasti.com/bollywood/gossip/Salman-Khan-breaks-Diwali-bad-luck-jinx-with-Prem-Ratan-Dhan-Payo/62871][https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092342/http://www.metromasti.com/bollywood/gossip/Sunny-Leone-and-Nawazuddin-Siddiqui-to-work-together-in-movie/62768] or clear editorial standard || — || — || Website is dead; redirecting to phishing
|- id="News Bugz"
| News Bugz || [https://www.newsbugz.com newsbugz.com] || — || — || — || —
|- id="NowRunning"
| NowRunning || [https://www.nowrunning.com Nowrunning.com] || — || — || — || —
|- id="Radio Sargam"
| Radio Sargam || — || — || — || — || —
|- id="Ragalahari"
| Ragalahari (Tollywood Boxoffice) || [https://www.ragalahari.com ragalahari.com] ([http://www.tollywoodboxoffice.com tollywoodboxoffice.com]) || — || — || — || —
|- id="SKJBollywood"
| SKJBollywood || [http://skjbollywoodnews.com skjbollywoodnews.com] || — || — || — || —
|- id="Scroll.in"
| [[Scroll.in]] || [http://scroll.in/ scroll.in] || — || [[Wikipedia talk:Noticeboard for India-related topics/Archive 62#Scroll.in|1]], [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Noticeboard/Archive 248#Zee News and ABP News|2]] || — || —
|- id="The Cinemaholic"
| The Cinemaholic || [https://thecinemaholic.com thecinemaholic.com] || — || — || — || —
|- id="The New Indian Express"
| [[The New Indian Express]] || [http://www.newindianexpress.com/ newindianexpress.com] || — || — || — || —
|- id="Top Movie Rankings"
| Top Movie Rankings || [http://topmovierankings.com topmovierankings.com] || No clear reputation for fact-checking or accuracy. No indication on their [http://www.topmovierankings.com/who-am-i/ About Us] page to suggest that experienced journalists and trade analysts are on staff. Film rankings appear to be [[WP:UGC|user-generated]]. No indication where box values are coming from. No clear editorial policy. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150702030744/http://www.topmovierankings.com/who-am-i/ Archive] || — || — || Hindi, Tamil and Malayalam languages are their focus.
|- id="Track Tollywood"
| Track Tollywood || [https://tracktollywood.com tracktollywood.com] || — || — || — || —
|- id="Upperstall"
| Upperstall || [https://upperstall.com upperstall.com] || May be used for exclusive interviews || — || — || —
|}

T. N. Viswanatha Reddy

2025-05-28T01:50:45Z

Rupa Banerjee Editor: further reworked layout and corrected details as per guidelines

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = T. N. Viswanatha Reddy
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1919|7|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Madanapalli]], [[Chittoor district]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| residence =
| death_date = {{death date and age|1989|7|31|1919|7|1|df=y}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Parliamentary Companion: Who's who of Members of Lok Sabha|date=2003|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat|location=India}}</ref>
| death_place =
| constituency = [[Rajampet (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajampet]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term = 1957 - 1962
| predecessor = ''Constituency Established''
| successor = [[C. L. Narasimha Reddy]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| term1 = 1952 - 1957
| predecessor1 = [[M. V. Gangadhara Siva]]
| successor1 = [[M. V. Gangadhara Siva]]
| constituency1 = [[Chittoor (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chittoor]]
| spouse = Pushpavenamma
| children = 3; 1 son and 2 daughters
| website = [http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/biodata_1_12/975.htm]
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''T. N. Viswanatha Reddy''' (1919–1989) was an [[India]]n politician and [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha]].

TN Viswanatha Reddy is a Member of Parliament of India. He hails from Tamballapalle of Annamaiya district and was elected as the first unanimous MP among the Telugu people. In 1957, he filed his nomination as a Congress candidate from Rajampet, but no other party filed nomination at that time. He was elected unanimously.

In 1952, as a member of the Indian National Congress, he was elected to the first Lok Sabha with the support of MV Gangadhara Shiva, who was then a member of the Indian Parliament from the Chittoor Lok Sabha constituency. Then in 1957, he was elected to the second Lok Sabha from Rajampet Lok Sabha constituency with CL Narasimha Reddy. At that time he earned special respect among the people due to undertaking many social and public welfare activities.

However, TN Viswanatha Reddy was born on 1st July 1919 in Madanapally. He studied at Loyola College, Madras and Madras Christian College. He married Pushpavenamma in the year 1944. They have one son and two daughters.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/biodata_1_12/975.htm Biodata of T. N. Viswanatha Reddy at Lok Sabha website.]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, T. N. Viswanatha}}
[[Category:India MPs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:India MPs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:1919 births]]
[[Category:1989 deaths]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politicians from Chittoor district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]

{{AndhraPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}

Fisheries Industry in Kollam

2025-05-23T01:17:39Z

Rupa Banerjee Editor: Created first entry initial version

{{Short description|Fisheries in Kollam, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
The fisheries industry in [[Kollam]] is a major economic driver for the city and the surrounding region. Kollam is located on the coast of Kerala, India, and has a number of major fishing ports. The city is also home to a number of fish processing plants, and it is a major exporter of fish products.

The fisheries industry in Kollam has a long history. The city has been a major fishing center for centuries, and it was once the capital of the erstwhile princely state of Travancore. The industry has grown significantly in recent years, and it is now one of the most important economic sectors in Kollam. Fuel pumps operating in the Neendakara, Shaktikulangara, Alappad and Azheekal areas.

27 fishing villages are present in Kollam district.<ref>{{cite web |title=KSCADC |url=https://www.keralacoast.org/fishing-villages-kollam.php |website=www.keralacoast.org}}</ref> The fishing sector directly employs around 100,000 people, and the fish processing sector employs around 50,000 people. The industry also indirectly employs a large number of people in supporting activities, such as boat building, ice making, and transportation. The main types of fish caught in the area are sardines, mackerel, tuna, and shrimp. The fish processing plants in Kollam produce a variety of products, including frozen fish, canned fish, and fishmeal. It is mostly export-oriented, and the main export markets are the Middle East, Europe, and the United States.

==Indo-Norwegian Project==
[[Indo-Norwegian Project]], started in 1953 in Neendakara, Kollam on the basis of a tripartite agreement between the United Nations, the Government of India and the Government of Norway. It is said, inter alia, that the Government of Norway will "assist the Government of India in carrying out a programme of development Projects to contribute to the furtherance of the economic and social welfare of the people of India"<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gerhardsen |first1=G. M. |title=The Indo-Norwegian Project |url=http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/5574/ |pages=118–122 |language=en |date=1958}}</ref>

==Inland Fisheries==
Ashtamudi Lake and Azheekal Lake are major contributors to the inland fisheries in Kerala. The clam fishery in Ashtamudi Lake began in 1981 and supports the livelihoods of around 3,000 fisherfolk involved in collecting, cleaning, processing, and trading clams. The growth of the commercial fishery in Ashtamudi was driven by demand from Vietnam, Thailand, and Malaysia in the 1980s and 1990s. The catch peaked at 10,000 tonnes per year in 1991, but declined by 50% in 1993 due to overfishing.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/Kerala%E2%80%99s-Ashtamudi-lake-gets-recognition-for-sustainable-clam-fishing/article10999934.ece |title=Kerala's Ashtamudi lake gets recognition for sustainable clam fishing |newspaper=The Hindu |date=7 November 2014 }}</ref>

==Main fishing harbors in Kollam==
* [[Neendakara Fishing Harbour]]: This is the largest fishing harbor in Kollam. It is located 8 km from Kollam city, and it is a major center for the fishing industry in Kerala. The harbor has a capacity to accommodate over 500 fishing boats, and it is a major source of fish for the domestic and export markets.<ref>{{cite web |title=Neendakara, Beach, Fishing Harbour, Kollam, Kerala, India |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/neendakara-fishing-harbour/249 |website=Kerala Tourism |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Vaadi Fishing Harbour]]: This is a smaller fishing harbor located near Kollam port.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kollam |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Economy of Kollam]]

Hammira Mahakavya

2025-05-20T02:02:12Z

Rupa Banerjee Editor:

{{short description|Epic poem by Nayachandra Suri}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Hammira Mahakavya
| title_orig = हम्मीर महाकाव्य
| author = Nayachandra Suri
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Sanskrit]]
| subject = Biographical epic poem
| genre = [[Epic (genre)|Epic]], [[Eulogy]]
| pub_date = Early 15th century
| native_wikisource = sa:पुटम्:Hammira-mahakavya.pdf/४६
| wikisource = sa:पुटम्:Hammira-mahakavya.pdf/१
}}
'''''Hammira Mahakavya''''' ([[IAST]]: ''Hammīra-Mahākāvya'') is a 15th-century Indian [[Sanskrit]] [[kavya|epic poem]] written by the [[Jain]] scholar Nayachandra Suri. It is a legendary biography of the 13th century [[Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura|Chahamana]] king [[Hammiradeva|Hammira]]. While not entirely accurate from a historical point-of-view, the text provides valuable information about the medieval history of north-western India.

Much of the text describes Hammira's ancestry and his conquests of the neighbouring Hindu kingdoms. The third last part describes his conflict with [[Alauddin Khalji|Ala-ud-Din Khalji]], the [[Delhi Sultanate|Sultan of Delhi]]. The text attributes [[Siege of Ranthambore (1301)|Hammira's defeat against Ala-ud-Din]] to betrayal by his officers.

== Authorship and date ==

''Hammira Mahakavya'' was composed by the [[Jain]] scholar Nayachandra Suri. The author's grandfather and teacher Jayasiṃha Sūri was a poet and a scholar. Jayasiṃha knew six languages, and composed three works - ''Nyāya Sāraṭika'', a Sanskrit grammar, and a poem on Kumāra Nṛpati.{{sfn|Aditya Malik|2021|p=7}} The author was not a contemporary of the text's hero Hammira.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=54}} He was possibly a court poet of the [[Tomaras of Gwalior|Tomara]] ruler Vīrama, since he states that he wrote the text as a response to a challenge in Virama's court that no contemporary poet was capable of composing a ''kāvya'' comparable to the works composed by the ancient poets such as [[Kalidasa]], [[Bilhana]] and others. Nayachandra also states that Hammira appeared in his dream urging him to compose ''Hammira-Mahākāvya''.{{sfn|Aditya Malik|2021|p=7}}

The author states that Hammira appeared in his dream exactly 100 years after his death (which happened in 1301). This suggests that the composition of the poem must have begun in 1401.{{sfn|Aditya Malik|2021|p=15}} However, the exact date and place of the text's origin are not certain. According to scholar Cynthia Talbot, it was probably composed around 1400 CE,{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=51}} possibly to please a [[Chauhan dynasty|Chauhan]] (Chahamana) ruler.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=54}} Based on the assertion that the poem was written as a response to a challenge in Virama's court, [[Phyllis Granoff]] theorizes that the poem was written at the Tomara court, around 1420 CE.{{sfn|Phyllis Granoff|2006|p=42}}{{sfn|Aditya Malik|2021|p=313}}

Nayachandra's disciple Nayahamsa made a copy of the manuscript in 1496 CE,{{sfn|N. J. Kirtane|1899|p=6}} at "Sri Perojpur" (possibly [[Firozpur]],{{sfn|Aditya Malik|2021|p=15}} although this is not certain).{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=54}} This manuscript was used by N. J. Kirtane to produce an [[editio princeps]].{{sfn|N. J. Kirtane|1899|p=6}} Nayahamsa also added an appendix, which praises Nayachandra Suri and his spiritual lineage. Kirtane received the manuscript from a person of [[Nashik]], who had received it from someone else.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=54}}

== Content ==

The Hammīra-Mahākāvya consists of 1500 verses, divided into 14 ''sarga''s (cantos).{{sfn|Aditya Malik|2021|p=7}}{{sfn|N. J. Kirtane|1899|p=10}} The poem begins with an invocation to [[Hindu deities]] and Jain [[tirthankara]]s.{{sfn|N. J. Kirtane|1899|p=8}} The poet uses several words with double meanings that can refer to either a Hindu deity or a Jain tirthankara. E.g.:{{sfn|Aditya Malik|2021|p=45}}

* "Nābhibhū" ("navel-born" or "progeny of [[Nabhi]]") can mean [[Brahma]] or the first tirthankara [[Rishabhanatha]]
* "Śrī Pārśva" can mean [[Vishnu]] or [[Parshvanatha]]
* "Śaṃkara Vīravibhu" can mean [[Shiva]] or [[Mahavira]]
* "Bhīsvān Śānti" can mean [[Surya]] (the sun) or [[Shantinatha]]
* "Samudra Janman" can refer to [[Chandra|Soma]] (the moon) or [[Neminatha]]

The poem then describes the life Hammira, who is compared to the legendary heroes [[Mandhatri|Mandhata]], [[Yudhishthira]] and [[Rama]].{{sfn|N. J. Kirtane|1899|p=9}}

Cantos 1-4 are devoted to Hammira's ancestors, including kings from the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Shakambhari Chahamana]] dynasty.{{sfn|N. J. Kirtane|1899|p=10}} Cantos 5-7 describe Hammira's engagement in various services, sports and festivities. The information contained in this part is of little historical value.{{sfn|N. J. Kirtane|1899|p=11}} The next few cantos describe his reign. The last third part of the text describes Hammira's conflict with [[Alauddin Khalji|Ala-ud-Din Khalji]], the Muslim [[Delhi Sultanate|Sultan of Delhi]].{{sfn|Romila Thapar|2005|pp=120-121}}

=== Hammira's ancestors ===

The text gives the following line of succession of the Chahamana kings, which does not match exactly with the historical genealogy of the dynasty:{{sfn|N. J. Kirtane|1899|pp=14-15}}

{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Chauhan dynasty|Chahamana]]
* [[Vasudeva (Chahamana dynasty)|Vasudeva]]
* [[Naradeva]]
* [[Chandraraja I|Chandraraja]]
* [[Ajayaraja I|Jayapala Chakri]]
* Jayaraja
* [[Samantaraja|Samantasimha]]
* [[Govindaraja I|Guyaka]]
* Nandan
* [[Vakpatiraja I|Vapraraja]]
* Hariraja
* [[Simharaja]]
* Bhima
* [[Vigraharaja II|Vigraharaja]]
* Gangadeva
* [[Vakpatiraja II|Vallabharaja]]
* [[Viryarama|Rama]]
* [[Chamundaraja (Chahamana dynasty)|Chamundaraja]]
* [[Durlabharaja III|Durlabharaja]]
* [[Durlabharaja III|Dushala]]
* [[Vigraharaja III|Vishvala]]
* [[Prithviraja I|Prithviraja]]
* [[Ajayaraja II|Alhana]]
* [[Arnoraja|Anala]]
* [[Jagaddeva (Chahamana dynasty)|Jagadeva]]
* [[Vigraharaja IV|Visala]]
* Jayapala
* Gangapala
* [[Someshvara (Chahamana dynasty)|Someshvara]]
* [[Prithviraj Chauhan|Prithviraja]]
* [[Hariraja]]
* [[Govindaraja IV|Govinda]]
* Bilhana
* Prahlada
* Viranarayana
* Vagabhata
* Jaitrasingh
* [[Hammiradeva|Hammira]]
}}

Much of the information about these ancestors is fanciful in nature.{{sfn|N. J. Kirtane|1899|p=10}} For example, the dynasty's mythical progenitor Chahamana (or Chohan) is described as follows: Once [[Brahma]] wandered in search of a holy place for a sacrifice. The lotus held in has hand fell at a spot that later came to be known as [[Pushkar]]. Brahma decided to conduct a sacrifice at that place, and invoked [[Surya]] (the sun) to protect his sacrifice from the [[Danava (Hinduism)|danava]]s (demons). A hero then sprung from the orb of the sun, and protected Brahma's sacrifice. With Brahma's blessings, this hero became a powerful king.{{sfn|N. J. Kirtane|1899|pp=11-12}}

Even the description of Hammira's historical ancestors does not provide much information of historical value. For example, Chandraraja is described as follows:{{sfn|N. J. Kirtane|1899|p=13}}

{{Quote box
|title = ''Hammira Mahakavya'' on Chandraraja
|quote = Chandraraja, by his fame and the beauty of his countenance achieving a double conquest over the moon, vindicated the appropriate significance of his name which means 'Lord of the moon'. Strange was the power of the fire of his valour, for it burnt bright in the enemy in whom the stream of bravery flowed, while it was extinguished in that enemy who was destitute of this stream.
}}

The description of the events from the death of [[Prithviraja III]] to the reign of Hammira is fairly historical, but still not entirely accurate.{{sfn|N. J. Kirtane|1899|p=10}}

=== Legend of Prithviraja III ===
[[File:Prithvi Raj Chauhan (Edited).jpg|thumb|A statue of [[Prithviraja III]]]]
The text describes [[Prithviraja III]]'s war against [[Muhammad of Ghor]] (Shahb-ud-Din) as follows: During the just rule of Prithviraja in the East, the Muslim king Shahab-ud-Din began attempts to subjugate the earth. The kings of the West, led by one Chandraraja, appealed Prithviraja to counter Shahab-ud-Din. Chandraraja told Prithviraja that Shahab-ud-Din had set up his capital at [[Multan]], and had defeated the noblest of the Hindu Rajput kings. The invader had burned their cities, dishonoured their women and reduced them to a sorry state. Chandraraja compared Shahab-ud-Din to [[Parashurama]], who had come to exterminate the warrior caste from the earth.{{sfn|N. J. Kirtane|1899|p=17}}

On hearing this, Prithviraja became angry, and declared that he would force Shahab-ud-Din to beg them for an apology on his knees. After some days, he marched towards Multan and entered Shahab-ud-Din's territory. When the enemy king learned of this, he also set out from Multan, with an army. In the [[first Battle of Tarain|ensuing battle]], Prithviraja defeated and captured Shahab-ud-Din. The Muslim king was made to bend on his knees, and seek forgiveness from the Rajput kings he had harassed. Subsequently, Prithviraja presented expensive gifts to all the kings (including Shahab-ud-Din), and asked them to return home.{{sfn|N. J. Kirtane|1899|p=18}}

Despite being well-treated after his defeat, Shahab-ud-Din felt humiliated and sought revenge. He invaded Prithviraja's kingdom seven more times, but each time, he was defeated. Finally, he decided to seek help from the king of the Ghataika country.{{sfn|N. J. Kirtane|1899|p=18}} From this king, he obtained a large infantry and cavalry, and captured [[Delhi]]. When Prithviraja heard about this, he had only a small force stationed at his capital [[Ajmer]]. He asked his general Udayaraja to gather a larger army, and immediately set out against Shahab-ud-Din with the small force. Although Prithviraja's contingent was small, Shahab-ud-Din was terrified at this news. At night, he sent some men to Prithviraja's camp and bribed the cavalry chief and the royal musicians.{{sfn|N. J. Kirtane|1899|p=19}}

The next morning, Shahab-ud-Din sent a force to attack Prithviraja's camp. Prithviraja asked his men to prepare for war. The disloyal cavalry chief presented him a dancing horse named Natyarambha. As soon as the king mounted this horse, the disloyal musicians started playing music.{{sfn|N. J. Kirtane|1899|p=19}} The horse started dancing to the music, and this performance diverted the king's attention. Meanwhile, the Muslim soldiers managed to kill a number of Rajputs. Prithviraja finally came to his senses, dismounted from the horse, and killed a number of attackers. But then he fell to the ground after an enemy soldier attacked him from behind. He was taken captive just as Udayaraja arrived with a larger army. Fearing Udayaraja's army, Shahab-ud-Din retreated to Delhi but took the captive Prithviraja with him. Udayaraja besieged Yoginipura (Delhi) for a month, in a bid to rescue Prithviraja.{{sfn|N. J. Kirtane|1899|p=20}}

After being captured, Prithviraja refused to eat any food. One of Shahab-ud-Din's advisors remarked that he should release Prithviraja, who had released the Muslim king with honour in past. Shahab-ud-Din became angry at this suggestion, and ordered Prithviraja to be imprisoned in the fortress. Prithviraja died after a few days. When Udayaraja heard about this, he led his entire army to a decisive battle, in which he was defeated and killed.{{sfn|N. J. Kirtane|1899|p=21}}

Prithviraja was succeeded by [[Hariraja]]. The new king spent most of his time in company of female dancers, who had been presented to him by the [[Chaulukya|king of Gujarat]]. Hariraja squandered the state's revenues on dancers and musicians, even as the state's employees were not paid their salaries.{{sfn|N. J. Kirtane|1899|p=21}} Shahab-ud-Din took advantage of these circumstances, and invaded Hariraja's kingdom. Hariraja, who was not prepared for a fight, chose to die by self-immolation (''sak''), along with his family members.{{sfn|N. J. Kirtane|1899|p=22}}

=== Legend of the Ranthambore branch ===
[[File:Parque nacional Ranthambore. Rajasthan.JPG|thumb|right|[[Ranthambore Fort]]]]

[[Govindaraja IV|Govindaraja]] had established a new kingdom with its capital at [[Ranathambore]], after being banished by his father. Following Hariraja's defeat, several of Ajmer's officials sought his asylum. Govindaraja treated them well, and appointed them to suitable offices.{{sfn|N. J. Kirtane|1899|p=22}} After Govindaraja's death, Balhana ascended the throne. Before his death, Balhana appointed his elder son Prahlada as the new king, and his younger son Vagabhata as the prime minister. Prahlada once killed a lion during a hunting expedition. As his party celebrated the killing, another lion severely injured him. On his deathbed, Vagabhata promised to serve his son Viranarayana faithfully.{{sfn|N. J. Kirtane|1899|p=24}}

When Viranarayana became an adult, his marriage was arranged to the [[Kachwaha|Kachhavaha]] princess of [[Jaipur State|Jayapura]]. He set out for the Kachhavaha capital [[Amber, India|Amarapur]] for the marriage ceremony, but was forced to retreat because of a surprise attack by the [[Sultanate of Delhi|Delhi Sultan]] [[Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji|Jalal-ud-din]]. Unable to defeat Viranarayana in the battle, Jalal-ud-Din made a plan to subdue him using deceitful means. He sent a flattering message to Viranarayana, stating that he was greatly impressed by his bravery, and wanted to be friends.{{sfn|N. J. Kirtane|1899|p=24}} Viranarayana believed that a friendship with the Delhi Sultan would help him against his rival, Vigraha of Vakshasthalapura. He, therefore, accepted the Jalal-ud-Din's invitation to Delhi. Vagabhata advised him against this move, but the king insultingly rejected his advice. A dejected Vagabhata left for [[Malwa]]. Other courtiers also advised Viranarayana against accepting Jalal-ud-din's friendship, but the king didn't heed their advice. He went to Delhi, where he was received warmly, but ended up being poisoned after a few days.{{sfn|N. J. Kirtane|1899|pp=25-26}}

Jalal-ud-Din then captured Ranthambore, and sent a message to the [[Devapala (Paramara dynasty)|king of Malwa]] ordering him to kill Vagabhata. But Vagabhata discovered this, and killed the king of Malwa. He then gathered an army of Rajputs, and formed an alliance with the Kharpuras (Mongols), who had rebelled against the Delhi Sultanate. With this army, he recaptured Ranthambore. He safeguarded the kingdom by placing large forces at the various frontier posts, and died after a reign of 12 years.{{sfn|N. J. Kirtane|1899|p=26}}

Vagabhata was succeeded by Jaitrasingh. He fulfilled the desire of his pregnant queen Hira Devi to "bathe herself in the blood of the Sakas (Muslims)".{{sfn|N. J. Kirtane|1899|p=26}}{{sfn|Aditya Malik|2021|p=50}} When her son Hammira was born, the astrologers predicted that he would drench the earth with the blood of his Muslim enemies. Hammira grew up to be a handsome man, and his father arranged his marriage to 7 beautiful women. In 1283 CE, Jaitrasingh appointed Hammira as his successor, and [[Vanaprastha|retired to forest]].{{sfn|N. J. Kirtane|1899|p=27}}

=== Hammira's early reign ===
[[File:Hammir palace,ranthambor fort.jpg|thumb|left|Hammira's palace at the [[Ranthambore Fort]]]]
Soon after becoming the king, Hammira waged wars to expand his kingdom. First, he subdued Arjuna, the king of Saraspura. Next, he forced the ruler of Gadhamandala to pay him a tribute. After this, he marched to [[Malwa]], where he defeated [[Bhoja II (Paramara dynasty)|Bhoja II]].{{sfn|N. J. Kirtane|1899|p=27}} His army marched in a victory procession at [[Ujjain]], where he prayed to [[Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga|Mahakala]]. On the way back to Ranthambore, he marched to Chitrakuta ([[Chittor]]), and sacked [[Guhilas of Medapata|Medapata]] (modern [[Mewar]]).{{sfn|N. J. Kirtane|1899|p=28}}

Subsequently, Hammira stayed for some days at the [[ashram]] of sage [[Vasishtha]]. Although he followed the religion of the [[Vedas]], he also prayed at the temple of the [[Jain]] [[tirthankara]] [[Rishabhanatha|Rishabhadeva]].{{sfn|N. J. Kirtane|1899|p=28}}

Hammira then marched to [[Mount Abu|Abu]]. The king of Abu was a great warrior, but chose to accept Hammira's suzerainty. After leaving Abu, Hammira plundered [[Wadhwan|Varddhanapura]] and Changa. He then proceeded to [[Pushkar]] via [[Ajmer]]. At Pushkar, he worshipped [[Varaha|Adivaraha]] and then marched to [[Sambhar, Rajasthan|Shakambhari]]. During this journey, he plundered multiple towns including Marhata, Khandilla, Chamda and Kankroli. He then returned to his capital, Ranthmabore.{{sfn|N. J. Kirtane|1899|p=28}}

Some days later, Hammira's spiritual guide Vishvarupa informed him that one could gain entry into [[svarga|heaven]] by performing the Koti-[[yajna]] sacrifice. Hammira performed this sacrifice in accordance with the [[shastra]]s. He invited [[Brahmin]]s from all over the country, and made generous donations to them. He also engaged in the month-long [[vrata|Munivrata]] observance.{{sfn|N. J. Kirtane|1899|p=29}}

=== Hammira's conflict with Ala-ud-Din Khalji ===

Meanwhile, [[Alauddin Khalji|Ala-ud-Din Khalji]] had ascended the throne of Delhi. In third year of Ala-ud-Din's reign, his Mongol (also called Mughal or Mudgal{{sfn|Romila Thapar|2005|p=121}}) noblemen rebelled against him, and were given asylum by Hammira in the [[Ranthambore Fort]].{{sfn|N. J. Kirtane|1899|p=9}} These included Mahima Sahi or Mahimashahi (Indianized version of "Muhammad Shah").{{sfn|Aditya Malik|2021|p=13}}

He sent his younger brother Ullu Khan{{sfn|Aditya Malik|2021|p=138}} ([[Ulugh Khan]]) to sack Ranthambore, because unlike Jaitrasingh, Hammira did not pay any tribute to the Delhi Sultanate. Ullu Khan's army entered Hammira's territory, but could not march to Ranthambore because his cavalry could not cross the Varnanasha river. Ullu Khan encamped on the banks of the river, burning and destroying several nearby villages. Hammira was still engaged in the Munivrata observance, and therefore could not personally lead an army against Ullu Khan. He sent his generals Bhimasingh and Dharmasingh to counter the Delhi army. In the ensuing battle, Ullu Khan suffered a defeat, and lost several of his soldiers. When Bhimasingh started marching back to Ranthambore, Ullu Khan secretly followed him with a large army. Bhimasingh's soldiers had captured a large amount of wealth in the battle, and had marched ahead to carry it safely to Ranthambore. Bhimasingh was left with a small number of men. Ullu Khan attacked this small detachment, killed Bhimasingh, and then returned to Delhi.{{sfn|N. J. Kirtane|1899|pp=29-30}}

In Ranthambore, Hammira had finished his sacrifice by the time he learned about Bhimasingh's death. He ordered Dharmasingh to be blinded and castrated for deserting Bhimasingh.{{sfn|N. J. Kirtane|1899|p=30}} Dharmasingh decided to avenge his humiliation, and befriended a courtesan named Radha Devi, who told him about all the happenings at the royal court. One day, Radha Devi told him that many of Hammira's horses had died of a disease. He communicated to the king through Radha Devi that he would present the king with many horses if restored to his former post. The king agreed, and Dharmasingh gradually gained his confidence by filling the royal treasury with wealth confiscated from the citizens. This made the citizens detest Hammira.{{sfn|N. J. Kirtane|1899|p=31}} The king's brother Bhoja tried to warn him against Dharmasingh's activities, but the king was very pleased with Dharmasingh's revenue generation, and entrusted full powers to Dharmasingh.{{sfn|N. J. Kirtane|1899|p=32}}

Dejected, Bhoja and his younger brother Pitama decided to leave the kingdom. They told Hammira that they were leaving for [[Varanasi]].{{sfn|N. J. Kirtane|1899|p=32}} But after departing from Hammira's court, they went to Yoginipura (Delhi) and started serving Ala-ud-Din. At his instigation, Ala-ud-Din ordered Ullu Khan to invade Hammira's kingdom with a 100,000-horse cavalry.{{sfn|N. J. Kirtane|1899|p=33}} Hammira ordered his eight generals to attack the invading army from eight directions. The Delhi army was defeated and forced to flee the battlefield.{{sfn|N. J. Kirtane|1899|p=34}} After Hammira's victory celebrations were over, his Mongol chiefs sought his permission to punish Bhoja. The request was granted, and the Mongol chief Mahima Sahi raided Jagara, where he captured Pitama.{{sfn|N. J. Kirtane|1899|p=35}}

Ullu Khan and Bhoja implored Ala-ud-Din Khalji to punish Hammira. The Delhi Sultan then raised an army by seeking forces from other rulers. These included the kings of [[Anga]], [[Telangana|Telanga]], [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]], [[Mysore State|Maisur]], [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]], Banga, Bhot, [[Mewar|Medapata]], [[Panchala|Panchal]], [[Bengal|Bangal]], Thamim, [[Bhil people|Bhilla]], [[Nepal]], [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Dahal]] and the Himalayan foothills. These kings agreed to contribute to Ala-ud-Din's campaign for different reasons, including their love for war, the prospect of plunder, or simply the desire to watch a battle.{{sfn|N. J. Kirtane|1899|p=36}}

Ala-ud-Din dispatched a massive army to Ranthambore, led by his brother Ullu Khan and [[Nusrat Khan Jalesari|Nusrat Khan]]. The army was so large that its horses drank up all the waters of rivers on the way. Ala-ud-Din himself stayed behind with a reserve force. After reaching a difficult mountain pass on the borders of the enemy territory, Ullu Khan advised Nusrat not to rely solely on a more powerful army. He made a plan to cross this mountain pass without being attacked. In accordance with this plan, Ullu and Nusrat sent Molhana Deva to negotiate a peace treaty with Hammira. While the negotiations were pending, Hammira's forces allowed the invading army to cross the mountain pass without being attacked. Hammira's camp believed that they had trapped their rivals into their territory, while the Delhi forces believed that they had managed to secure an advantageous position in the enemy territory.{{sfn|N. J. Kirtane|1899|pp=37-38}}

Meanwhile, in Hammira's court, Molhana Deva told Hammira that he will to have accept one of the following conditions in order to conclude a peace treaty with Ala-ud-Din Khalji:{{sfn|N. J. Kirtane|1899|p=38}}

* Pay a tribute of 100,000 gold coins, 4 elephants and 300 horses. Marry Hammira's daughter to Ala-ud-Din.
* Surrender the four rebel Mongol chiefs to Ala-ud-Din.

{{Quote box |width=25em |align=right |salign=right
|quote=A battle comparable to the [[Mahabharata|Mahābhārata]] went on for two days such that it seemed that the sun had travelled to the far mountain [behind which the sun sets] in the west in order to speak to the horizon. In this battle 85,000 great, radiant ''Yavana'' warriors arrived in [[Naraka (Hinduism)|Yama-Loka]].
|source = ''Hammira-Mahakavya''{{sfn|Aditya Malik|2021|p=145}}
}}
Hammira rejected the conditions, leading to a battle. Nusrat Khan was killed in this battle. Ullu Khan had to abandon the attack at the onset of the [[monsoon]] rains. He retreated to some distance from Ranthambore, and sent a message to Ala-ud-Din asking for help, along with Nusrat's dead body. Ala-ud-Din then himself led a force to Ranthambore, and besieged the fort. After two days of unsuccessfully trying to capture the fort, he sent a message to Hammira, praising the Chahamana king's bravery and promising to grant his any wish. Hammira replied that he wished to fight with Ala-ud-Din for two days. In the ensuing battle, the invading army lost around 85,000 men. Subsequently, both the parties agreed to a temporary ceasefire.{{sfn|N. J. Kirtane|1899|p=39}}

{{Quote box |width=25em |align=left |salign=left
|quote=She [Dhara-devi] was paying attention to her breasts and bottom that seemed to be competing with each other in largeness. Her body which seemed to be made for pleasure like a slender vine was intoxicating […] With endearing sideways glances, which seemed to revive the [[Kamadeva|lord of love]], she penetrated the minds of the courtiers and made them exultant. The courtiers kept eyeing her up and down like a monkey climbing up and down a vine.
|source = ''Hammira-Mahakavya''{{sfn|Aditya Malik|2021|p=145}}
}}
During the truce, Hammira's courtesan Radha Devi (or Dhara-devi{{sfn|Aditya Malik|2021|p=145}}) performed a dance on a wall of the fort. She purposely turned her back towards Ala-ud-Din Khalji, who was encamped near the fort.{{sfn|N. J. Kirtane|1899|p=40}} Angry at her conduct, Ala-ud-Din asked for someone who could kill the dancer with an arrow. One of his subordinate chiefs told him that only a captive named Uddanasingh was capable of this. Ala-ud-Din ordered the release of Uddanasingh, who killed Radha Devi with an arrow. In response, Hammira's Mongol chief Mahima Sahi killed Uddanasingh with same arrow.{{sfn|N. J. Kirtane|1899|p=41}}

=== Hammira's defeat and death ===

Mahima Sahi's feat of archery greatly intimidated Ala-ud-Din, who moved his camp from the eastern side of the fort to the safer western side. When this happened, the Chahamanas realized that Ala-ud-Din's soldiers had been constructing a tunnel to the fort. They used [[cannon]] fire to kill these underground workers and destroy their work. Ala-ud-Din faced further trouble, when a group of rams ransacked his camp. Frustrated, Ala-ud-Din asked Hammira to send the Chahamana general Ratipala to conclude a peace treaty. Hammira sent Ratipala to hear Ala-ud-Din's offer, but this irked another Chahamana general Ranamalla, who was unhappy about not being chosen to visit Ala-ud-Din.{{sfn|N. J. Kirtane|1899|p=41}}

When Ratipala came to Ala-ud-Din's camp, he was received with great honour. The Delhi Sultan presented him gifts, took him to his [[harem]], and let him eat and drink in private with the Sultan's sister. Ala-ud-Din then promised to make Ratipala the governor of Ranthambore in return for his help in conquering the fort.{{sfn|N. J. Kirtane|1899|p=42}} Ratnapala agreed to Ala-ud-Din's proposal to betray Hammira. Upon returning to the fort, he greatly exaggerated the strength of Ala-ud-Din's army. He then told Hammira that Ranamalla was angry with the king, and recommended that Hammira talk to him in the private to ensure his support against Ala-ud-Din. Next, Ratipala approached Ranamalla, and told him that Hammira was angry with him, and planned to imprison him that night. Ratipala advised Ranamalla to escape the fort and seek shelter with Ala-ud-Din.{{sfn|N. J. Kirtane|1899|p=43}} Ratipala also spread a rumor among the queens that Ala-ud-Din's only condition for peace was marrying Hammira's daughter Devall-devi. Hammira's queens convinced his daughter to agree to the marriage, but Hammira rejected this proposal.{{sfn|N. J. Kirtane|1899|p=44}}{{sfn|Aditya Malik|2021|p=148}}

Hammira's brother Virama warned the king that Ratipala seemed drunk, and therefore, should not be believed. Virama recommended that the king order Ratipala's killing, but Hammira dismissed his concerns. Hammira argued that the fort was strong enough to resist the enemy attack, and expressed concern that if Ratipala was innocent, his killing would demoralize others.{{sfn|N. J. Kirtane|1899|p=44}} Hammira then decided to visit Ranamalla to seek his support, as advised by Ratipala. When Ranamalla heard about the king's visit, he thought that the king was coming to imprison him. He and his men left immediately, and sought shelter with Ala-ud-Din. Soon after, Ratipala also joined him.{{sfn|N. J. Kirtane|1899|p=45}}

Hammira now decided to prepare for a battle. He asked his Kothari (store-keeper) about the status of the fort's granary. The granary had run out of foodgrains. But the Kothari, fearing for his job, told the king that there were enough foodgrains for a prolonged siege. Nevertheless, the king soon learned the truth, and ordered the killing of the Kothari.{{sfn|N. J. Kirtane|1899|p=45}} Disturbed by the events of the day, especially the betrayals by his own men, Hammira could not sleep at night.{{sfn|N. J. Kirtane|1899|p=45}}

The next day, Hammira's men prepared for a final war, determined to fight to death. Hammira offered his loyal Mongol chief Mahima Sahi the option to leave, as he did not want a foreigner dying for him. But Mahima Sahi readied for the battle, and killed all the female members of his family. Hammira's queens (including Ranga Devi or Arangi-devi) and daughters (including Devall-devi), also killed themselves by [[jauhar|self-immolation]] to avoid being captured by the enemy soldiers.{{sfn|N. J. Kirtane|1899|p=46}}{{sfn|Aditya Malik|2021|p=2}}

After performing a funeral ceremony for the deceased, Hammira and his loyal men attacked Ala-ud-Din's camp. A deadly battle ensued, in which Hammira's loyal generals died one by one: Virama, Mahima Sahi, Jaja, Gangadhar Tak, and Kshetrasingh Paramara. Finally, Hammira also fell, pierced by a hundred arrows.{{sfn|N. J. Kirtane|1899|p=47}} He then slit his own throat to avoid capture.{{sfn|Aditya Malik|2021|p=13}} This event happened during the 18th year of his reign, in the [[Shravana]] month.{{sfn|N. J. Kirtane|1899|p=47}}

== Historical reliability ==

''Hammira Mahakavya'' does not provide a satisfactorily correct genealogy of the Chahamana kings. Nilkanth Janardan Kirtane, who translated the text into English in 1899, dismisses the text's description of the early Chahamana kings as "filled with fanciful conceptions", aimed at providing the author an opportunity to showcase "his power for poetical conceits." According to him, the text is "fairly historic" in its description of the kings from Prithviraja III to Hammira, but even in this portion, the author sometimes "relapses into rhapsody which amounts to a confession of his ignorance of the historical facts."{{sfn|N. J. Kirtane|1899|p=10}}

Historian Asoke Kumar Majumdar agrees with Kirtane's assessment, and describes certain parts of the text as "very unreliable", specifically the portion which claims that [[Vigraharaja II]] killed [[Mularaja]] and conquered Gujarat.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=427}}

Historian R. B. Singh of [[Gorakhpur University]] notes that as a source for the history of the Chahamanas, ''Hammira Mahakavya'' is less reliable than ''[[Prithviraja Vijaya]]'', as the former was composed two centuries later.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=vi}} Historian Kalika Ranjan Kanungo describes ''Hammira Mahakavya'' as well as the later text ''[[Hammira Raso]]'' as [[pseudohistory|pseudo-historical]] poems.{{sfn|Jitamitra Prasad Singh Deo|1987|p=121}} Aziz Ahmed (1963) describes it an unhistorical text that contains fantastical details.{{sfn|Aditya Malik|2021|pp=48-49}} [[Jinvijay|Muni Jinavijaya]] (1968) presents the text as a "national poem", portraying Hammira as an Indian hero who fought against a foreign Muslim ruler.{{sfn|Aditya Malik|2021|p=22}}

== See also ==
* [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Ranthambore]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=Aditya Malik |title=Hammīra: Chapters in Imagination, Time, History |series=Religion and Society |volume=83 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-065959-7 |year=2021 }}
* {{cite book |author=Asoke Kumar Majumdar |title=Chaulukyas of Gujarat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffAdAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1956 |oclc=4413150 }}
* {{cite book |author=Cynthia Talbot |title=The Last Hindu Emperor: Prithviraj Cauhan and the Indian Past, 1200–2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m3DjCgAAQBAJ |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |isbn=9781107118560 }}
* {{cite book |author=Jitamitra Prasad Singh Deo |title=Archaeology of Orissa: with special reference to Nuapada and Kalahandi |year=1987 |isbn=9788121200950 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jQ0eAAAAMAAJ |publisher=R.N. Bhattacharya }}
* {{cite book |editor=N. J. Kirtane |title=The Hammira Mahakavya Of Nayachandra Suri |publisher=Education Society's Press |year=1899 |url=https://archive.org/details/hammira-mahakavya |oclc=903939082 }}
* {{cite book |author=R. B. Singh |title=History of the Chāhamānas |publisher=N. Kishore |year=1964 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKs9AAAAIAAJ |oclc=11038728 }}
* {{cite book |author=Romila Thapar |title=Somanatha: The Many Voices of a History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PnBMFaGMabYC&pg=PA119 |publisher=Verso |year=2005 |isbn=9781844670208 }}
* {{cite journal |author=Phyllis Granoff |author-link=Phyllis Granoff |title=Mountains of Eternity: Raidhū and the Colossal Jinas of Gwalior |journal=Rivista di Studi Sudasiatici |volume=1 |year=2006 |publisher=Firenze University Press |url=http://fupress.net/index.php/rss/article/viewFile/2455/2290 |doi=10.13128/RISS-2455 |pages=31–50 |access-date=2017-08-24 |archive-date=2014-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422145713/http://www.fupress.net/index.php/rss/article/viewFile/2455/2290 |url-status=dead }}
{{ref end}}

== External links ==
* [[:File:Hammira-mahakavya.pdf|''Hammira Mahakavyam'' (हम्मीरमहाकाव्यम्) in Sanskrit]]

[[Category:Epic poems in Sanskrit]]
[[Category:15th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Works about monarchs]]
[[Category:Rajasthani literature]]
[[Category:15th-century Sanskrit literature]]

Addakal mandal

2025-05-18T23:54:08Z

Rupa Banerjee Editor: made new post

{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Addakal
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = mandal
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mahabubnagar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = Pin code
| postal_code = 509382
| registration_plate = TS06
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|hot]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| website = {{URL|telangana.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Addakal''' is a [[Tehsil|Mandal]] in [[Mahbubnagar district]], [[Telangana]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 18, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref> Historical Kandur Sri Ramalingaeshwara Swamy Temples is located at Kandur in Addakal Mandal.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|16|30|N|77|56|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}

{{Mahbubnagar district|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Villages in Mahbubnagar district]]
[[Category:Mandals in Mahbubnagar district]]

{{Mahbubnagar-geo-stub}}

Guntupalli Group of Buddhist Monuments

2025-04-12T08:13:26Z

Rupa Banerjee Editor: further adjusted formatting to improve readability and corrected details for clarity

{{Short description|Ancient Buddhist site in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Guntupalli Group of Buddhist Monuments
| image = Entrance of Rock-cut temple.JPG
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption = Entrance to the [[chaitya]] hall at Guntupalle, [[Andhra Pradesh]].
| map_type = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| map_size=270
| relief = yes
| religious_affiliation = Buddhism
| coordinates = {{coord|17.0188889|81.1305556|display=inline, title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Amaravati district|Eluru]]
| location = Guntupalli
| architecture_style = Buddhist caves
| website =
}}
{{BuddhasHolySites}}
The Guntupalle or '''Guntupalli Group of Buddhist Monuments''' is located near [[Kamavarapukota]], [[Eluru district]], in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]]. It is around 40 km away from [[Eluru]].<ref name=Tourism>{{cite web|last=Tourism Department|title=Guntupalli Caves|url=http://www.aptourism.in/index.php/k2-separator/k2/item/341#.UphKudIW2So|publisher=Tourism Department, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India|access-date=29 November 2013}}</ref> The rock-cut part of the site has two [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] caves, a [[chaitya]] hall and a large group of [[stupa]]s.<ref name=Ahir>{{cite book|last=Ahir|first=D. C.|title=Buddhist Sites and Shrines in India : History, Art, and Architecture|year=2003|publisher=Sri Satguru Publ.|location=Delhi|isbn=8170307740|page=30|edition=1.}}</ref> The chaitya hall has a rare carved stone entrance replicating wooden architecture, a simpler version of that at the [[Lomas Rishi Cave]].<ref>Michell, 368; ASI</ref>

There are remains of structural buildings in brick and stone, including remains of two [[vihara]] made of brick, as well as excavated caves at two levels, including an unusual structural [[chaitya]] hall (that is, one built above ground). The core of this consists of the stone stupa with an enclosed path around it allowing ritual [[parikrama]] (circumambulation). They mostly date to 200-0 BCE, with some sculptures added later. The main building above ground is in brick, around a stone [[stupa]], with over 30 smaller stupas on a terrace in front of it. There are ruins of two other buildings.<ref>ASI; Michell, 368</ref>

During excavation, three [[Śarīra|relic]] caskets were found.<ref name=Ahir /> The caskets had many precious elements like gold, silver, crystal beads. The bronze image of [[Padmapani]] was found along with one of the caskets. The inscription on the casket was in the [[Devanagari]] script which indicates the year as from the 9th to 10th century CE.<ref name=Ahir />

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Guntupalli cave.jpg|Guntupalli cave
File:Stone built Stupa.JPG|The stupa inside its building
File:Stone built Stupa and Large group of stupas 2.JPG|Stupa remains below the main stupa
File:Large group of stupas.JPG|Stupas
File:Guntupalli caves.jpg|Stupas
File:Brick Chaitya.JPG
File:Guntupalli Buddhist caves.JPG|Guntupalli Buddhist caves information board
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
{{commons category|Guntupalli Group of Buddhist Monuments}}
*"ASI": [https://web.archive.org/web/20131230103139/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_ap_guntupalli.asp Group of Buddhist Monuments, Guntupalli. ASI]
*Michell, George, ''The Penguin Guide to the Monuments of India, Volume 1: Buddhist, Jain, Hindu'', 1989, Penguin Books, {{ISBN|0140081445}}

{{Indian Buddhist Caves}}

{{Portal|India}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Eluru district]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Stupas in India]]
[[Category:Buddhist sites in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Buddhist monasteries in India]]
[[Category:Rock-cut architecture of India]]
[[Category:Former populated places in India]]
[[Category:Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Caves of Andhra Pradesh]]

Panapur Langa

2025-02-17T06:25:22Z

Rupa Banerjee Editor: New A Stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name =Panapur Langa
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type =Gram Panchayat
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25|43|22.8|N|85|17|16.0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[vaishali district|vaishali]]
| subdivision_type3
=Assembly Constituency
| subdivision_name3
=[[Hajipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|hajipur assembly constituency (AC.123)]]<ref>[http://ceobihar.nic.in/map/include/AC123.pdf The Chief Electoral Officer of Bihar official, hajipur pdf ]</ref>
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Panapur langa''' is a Gram panchayat in hajipur, [[vaishali district]], [[bihar]].

==Geography==
This panchayat is located at {{coord|25|43|22.8|N|85|17|16.0|E|type:panchayat}}

==Panchayat office==
panchayat bhawan panapur (पंचायत भवन panapur )<ref>[http://biharprd.bih.nic.in/Docs/GP_OFFICE/Vaishali.pdf Panchayati Raj Department, Government of Bihar ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103183509/http://biharprd.bih.nic.in/Docs/GP_OFFICE/Vaishali.pdf |date=3 November 2014 }} page number 7</ref>

==Nearest City/Town==
[[Hajipur]] ('''Distance 12 km''')<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/(S(3ird4ricndfyzx45tkdber3h))/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/View_data/Village_Profile.aspx village profile census government official website ] State - Bihar, District- vaishali, Sub District - Hajipur</ref>

==Nearest major road highway or river==
other road<ref>[http://vaishali.bih.nic.in/vaishali%20MAP.jpg Map - vaishali district official government website ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104113148/http://vaishali.bih.nic.in/vaishali%20MAP.jpg |date=4 November 2014 }} file type: image/jpeg, size:13.9 MB</ref>

==compass==
<ref>[http://ceobihar.nic.in/map/include/AC123.pdf The Chief Electoral Officer of Bihar official, hajipur pdf ]</ref>
{{Geographic location
|Centre =panapur langa
|North =senduary
|Northeast =loma
|East =gumti
|Southeast =basauli
|South =titdha
|Southwest =hilalpur
|West =jamalpur
|Northwest =rajaulli
}}

==Villages in panchayat==
There are villages in this panchayat<ref>[http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=99325&rlbtype=V Reports of National Panchayat Directory Ministry of Panchayati Raj Government of India List of Census Villages mapped for PANAPUR LANGA Gram Panchayat, HAJIPUR, VAISHALI, BIHAR ] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103233724/http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=99325&rlbtype=V |date=2014-11-03 }} Report printed on 26/09/2014 National Panchayat Portal, Panchayat Informatics Division</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!s.n
|
!villages
|-
| 1||||Panapur Langa
|-
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{panchayat of Hajipur block}}
{{Tirhut Division}}

[[Category:Gram panchayats in Bihar]]
[[Category:Villages in Vaishali district]]
[[Category:Vaishali district]]
[[Category:Hajipur]]

Arang Jain temples

2024-10-23T23:08:52Z

Rupa Banerjee Editor: cleanup

{{Infobox religious building
| name = Arang Jain temple
| native_name =
| religious_affiliation = [[Jainism]]
| image = File:9th century Bhand Deul Jain brick temple, Arang Chhattisgarh.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Bhand Dewal temple
| map_type =
| map_size = 250
| map_caption = Location within Chhattisgarh
| coordinates = {{coord|21|11|42.17|N|81|58|9.87|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| location = [[Arang]], [[Chhattisgarh]]
| deity = [[Neminatha]]
| festivals = [[Mahavir Jayanti]]
| temple_quantity = 3
| creator =
| established = 9th century
| website =
}}
{{Jainism}}

'''Arang Jain temples''' is group of three [[Jain]] temples in [[Arang]], [[Raipur district|Raipur]], [[Chhattisgarh]], India. These temples dates back to the 9th and 11th centuries.

== History ==
Arang was ruled in ancient times by the [[Haihaiyavansi Kingdom|Haihayas]] [[Rajput]] dynasty.{{Sfn|Garg|1992|p=578}} Archaeological finds establishes that the town had an ancient history as the centre of [[Hindu]] and [[Jain]] religious faiths.{{Sfn|Provinces|1909|p=259}} Arang also finds mention in the Hindu epic ''[[Mahabharata]]''.{{Sfn|Surjan|Verma|1996|p=18}}

Arang has many Jain and Hindu temples that date backs to the 9th to 11th centuries.{{Sfn|Archaeological Survey of India|1878|p=165}} Archaeological excavations carried out in the town has confirmed the town's ancient history as a Hindu and Jain religious centre, which prospered under the rule of [[Hindu king]]s.{{Sfn|Provinces|1909|p=259}}

The ancient temples in Arang, which are tourist attractions are the Baghdeval temple, the Bhanda Dewal temple, the Mahamaya temple, the Danteshwari temple, the Chandi Maheshwari temple, the Panchmukhi Mahadev temple, and the Panchmukhi Hanuman temple. Of these, the Bhand Dewal temple and Bagh Deval temple are particularly ancient and well-known.{{Sfn|Provinces|1909|p=259}} In May 2017 an idol of Adinath ([[Rishabhanatha]]) was excavated near this temple. This idol is {{Convert|1.16|m}} in height, {{Convert|37| cm}} in width and {{Convert|21|cm}} in thickness. This standing sculpture has a [[Yaksha]] and [[Yakshini]] near its knee region on two sides. The sculpture is dated to 5th-6th centuries AD.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thehitavada.com/Encyc/2016/5/19/Ancient-idol-of-Tirthankar-Adinath-found-at-Arang.aspx|title=Ancient idol of Tirthankar Adinath found at Arang|date=19 May 2016|access-date=30 June 2016|newspaper=The Hitavada|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520152531/http://thehitavada.com/Encyc/2016/5/19/Ancient-idol-of-Tirthankar-Adinath-found-at-Arang.aspx|archive-date=20 May 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Temples==
===Bhand Dewal temple===
[[File:9th century reliefs on exterior wall of Bhand Deul Jain brick temple, Arang Chhattisgarh 5.jpg|thumb|Detailed carvings on the wall]]

Bhand Dewal temple, a Jain temple dated to the late eleventh century, is in the Mahakosala area of Arang. The temple is built in [[Bhumija|Bhumija architecture]].{{Sfn|Jain|1972|p=446}} The plinth of this temple has detailed ornamentation. It has a [[Socle (architecture)|socle]] that supports a pedestal and two rows of sculptures on the wall. The temple layout plan is in a star shape known as stellate (meaning: shaped like a star, having points, or rays radiating from a centre) with six "offsets". The temple rises to five floors, which is considered an unusual feature.{{Sfn|Jain|1972|p=446}}

The temple faces west and is in a rundown condition. In the past, a ''[[mandapa]]'' (an outdoor pavilion) and a porch probably existed as part of the temple. The damaged front fascia of the temple tower has been plastered without any decoration and also whitewashed.{{Sfn|Archaeological Survey of India|1878|p=160}} The north-east and south-east faces of the temple tower, which were also dilapidated, have been redone in brick and mortar, but crudely. However, the overall view of the tower is still pleasing. At some stage, this temple was used as a survey marking station. As there was a tendency for the upper half of the tower to structurally burst by its seams, a metal strap bracing has been wound around the tower at the middle section to give it stability. A similar strap has been wound round at the top of the tower. A large number of images are carved on the exterior and interior faces of the temple. The bigger images are carved in two lines. Above the lines of bigger images, a row of carvings of smaller images has been sculpted. At the base of the larger images is a row of a highly decorated depiction of inscription panels, flowers, and a royal march of horses, animals, and people.{{Sfn|Archaeological Survey of India|1878|p=161}} The exterior faces of the temple have been embellished with carved images.{{Sfn|Archaeological Survey of India|1878|p=162}}

The temple has three free-standing large images of Jain [[tirthankara]]s deified in the [[garbha griha]] or sanctum sanctorum.{{Sfn|Shah|1987|p=154}} These are carved ornately in black stone and highly polished. The three Tirthankaras are [[Ajitanatha]], [[Neminath]] and [[Shreyanasanatha]]. The central figure is adorned with the symbol of a wheel holding two deer in the left hand, and a globe on the right hand. The base of this image has a "winged figure" carving. Carved images also embellish the exterior faces of the temple.

===Bagh Deval temple===
Bagh Deval temple, which was inferred initially as a Jain temple, is dated to the 11th century. It has similar architectural features as the [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments|Khajuraho temple]].{{Sfn|Beglar|1878|p=162}}

===Mahamaya temple===
Mahamaya temple also has three colossal images of Tirthankaras. There is also a large single stone sculpture with illustrations of all 24 Tirthankaras carved on it.

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Ruins of the great Jain temple, Bhand Dewal, at Arang.jpg|Bhand Dewal in 1873
File:Three sculptures of Jain tirthankaras in the Bhand Dewal Temple, Arang.jpg|Sculptures of [[Ajitanatha]], [[Neminath]] and [[Shreyanasanatha]] inside Bhand Dewal
File:9th century reliefs on exterior wall of Bhand Deul Jain brick temple, Arang Chhattisgarh 2.jpg|Carvings on the wall, Bhand Deul
</gallery>

== Current status ==
It is a protected monument under the Raipur circle of [[Archaeological Survey of India]], since 1920.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.asiraipurcircle.in/List%20of%20centrally%20protected%20monuments,%20ASI,%20Raipur%20Circle,%20Raipur.pdf | title=Centrally Protected Monuments/Sites/Remains, Archaeological Survey of India. Raipur Circle, Raipur | access-date=10 February 2015| publisher=ASI}}</ref>{{Sfn|ASI, Raipur Circle}}

== See also ==
* [[Haihaiyavansi Kingdom]]

== References ==
=== Citation ===
{{reflist|23em}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBsn4oVlyewC |title=Archaeological Survey of India |edition = Reports 1862-1884 | publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] – Government Press |date=1878 |access-date=2017-10-02 |ref={{SfnRef|Archaeological Survey of India|1878}} }}
* {{cite book|last= Garg |first=Gaṅgā Rām |title=Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0U2QRpDv2KMC&pg=PA578|year=1992|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-376-4}}
* {{cite book|last= Jain |first=Kailash Chand |title=Malwa Through the Ages, from the Earliest Times to 1305 A.D|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3O7q7cU7k0C&pg=PA446|year=1972|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0824-9}}
*{{cite book|author=Central Provinces |title=Raipur district|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZA0mAQAAIAAJ|year=1909|publisher=[[Pioneer Press]] | volume=8 | edition=1 | series=Central Provinces District Gazetteers |ref={{sfnRef|Provinces|1909}} }}
* {{Citation |last=Beglar |first=J. D. | author-link=Joseph David Beglar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qc8OAAAAQAAJ|title=Report of a Tour in Bundelkhand and Malwa, 1871-72, And in the Central Provinces, 1873-74|volume=7 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing|date=1878|access-date=2017-10-04}}
* {{Citation |last=Shah |first=Umakant Premanand | author-link=Umakant Premanand Shah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m_y_P4duSXsC|title=Jaina Iconography|volume=1|publisher=Abhinav Publications |date=1987|access-date=2017-10-04|isbn=9788170172086}}
* {{Citation|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_chattisgarh.asp|title=Alphabetical List of Monuments - Chhattisgarh|publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]]|ref={{SfnRef|ASI, Raipur Circle}}|access-date=2017-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010060759/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_chattisgarh.asp|archive-date=2017-10-10|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book |last1=Surjan |first1=Lalit |last2=Verma |first2=Vinod |title=Reference Deśabandhu Madhya Pradesh |date=1996 |publisher=Deshbandhu Publication Division |isbn=978-81-900733-1-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nyRuAAAAMAAJ |access-date=28 February 2021 |language=en}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{commons category-inline|Arang Jain temples}}

{{Jainism Topics}}
{{Jain temples}}

[[Category:Jain temples in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:9th-century Jain temples]]

Bhoirgaon

2024-08-25T13:09:48Z

Rupa Banerjee Editor: made new stub!

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhoirgaon
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19.3406926|N|73.1386485|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Thane district|Thane]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bhiwandi]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 24
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 396
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 552626
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bhoirgaon''' is a village in the [[Thane district]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Bhiwandi]] [[taluka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |title=Maharashtra villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |accessdate=2015-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095320/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Bhoirgaon has 75 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 89.64%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |title=District census data |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |accessdate=2015-08-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002001310/http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |archivedate=2015-10-02 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 396 || 216 || 180
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 39 || 27 || 12
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 39 || 23 || 16
|-
| Literates || 320 || 184 || 136
|-
| Workers (all) || 140 || 122 || 18
|-
| Main workers (total) || 131 || 113 || 18
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 99 || 85 || 14
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 1 || 1 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 1 || 0 || 1
|-
| Main workers: Other || 30 || 27 || 3
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 9 || 9 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 2 || 2 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 7 || 7 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Non-workers || 256 || 94 || 162
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Bhiwandi taluka}}

[[Category:Villages in Bhiwandi taluka]]

{{Thane-geo-stub}}

Roktokorobi

2024-05-31T10:13:16Z

Rupa Banerjee Editor: rd update

#REDIRECT [[Raktakarabi]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Putpak

2024-03-25T18:52:23Z

Rupa Banerjee Editor: expand article based on references based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Putpak
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = kn
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|16|48|41|N|077|27|15|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Yadgir district]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Yadgir]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayat raj]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3268
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 585214
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| registration_plate =KA
| website = {{URL|karnataka.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KA]]
| footnotes =

}}
'''Putpak''' is a [[panchayat village]]<ref>2011 Village Panchayat Code = 221249, {{Cite web|title=Reports of National Panchayat Directory: Village Panchayat Names of, Yadgir, Yadgir, Karnataka|publisher=Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India|url=http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewpansumSQL.asp?selstate=5845&parenttype=B&ptype=V|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305042018/http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewpansumSQL.asp?selstate=5845&parenttype=B&ptype=V|archivedate=2013-03-05}}</ref> in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], India.<ref name="censusindia">2001 Census Village code = 391000, {{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/PLCN/dir-29R.pdf|title=2001 Census of India: List of Villages by Tehsil: Karnataka|publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|page=149|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113181046/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/PLCN/dir-29R.pdf|archivedate=13 November 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Panchayat-Dir-2011">2011 Census Village code = 621288, {{Cite web|title=Reports of National Panchayat Directory: List of Census Villages mapped for: Putpak Gram Panchayat, Yadgir, Yadgir, Karnataka|publisher=Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India|url=http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=221249&rlbtype=V|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217055632/http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=221249&rlbtype=V|archivedate=17 February 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Administratively, Putpak is under [[Yadgir|Yadgir Taluka]] of [[Yadgir District]] in Karnataka.<ref name="Panchayat-Dir-2011" /> The village of Putpak is on the eastern edge of Yadgir District and Karnataka and is only 6 km by road west of the village of [[Damaragidda]] in [[Telangana]]. It is 10.5 km by road southeast of the town of [[Gurmatkal]]. The nearest [[railhead]] is in [[Yadgir]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yadgir District Map Showing Railway Line|publisher=Yadgir District|url=http://yadgir.nic.in/Maps/YADGIR%20DIST%20RAILWAY%20LINE.jpg|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206192228/http://yadgir.nic.in/Maps/YADGIR%20DIST%20RAILWAY%20LINE.jpg|archivedate=2013-02-06}}</ref>

There are four villages in the [[gram panchayat]]: Putpak, Dantapur, Jawaharnagar, and Mallapur.<ref name="Panchayat-Dir-2011" />

== Demographics ==
{{As of|2001}} census, the village of Putpak had 3,268 inhabitants, with 1,567 males and 1,701 females.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Village wise statistics of Yadgir Taluka|publisher=Yadgir district|url=http://yadgir.nic.in/Census/yadgir.htm|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206185559/http://yadgir.nic.in/Census/yadgir.htm|archivedate=2013-02-06}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web|title=Official Website of Yadgir District|url=http://yadgir.nic.in}}
{{Clear}}

{{Yadgir district}}

[[Category:Villages in Yadgir district]]

{{Yadgir-geo-stub}}

Khaja Banda Nawaz Institute of Medical Sciences

2023-11-05T03:08:14Z

Rupa Banerjee Editor: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[Khaja Bandanawaz University]]

Varsha Vallaki Studios

2023-10-29T13:20:59Z

Rupa Banerjee Editor: Creating basic pg w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian recording studio}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Varsha Vallaki Studios
| logo =
| type = Recording studio
| founder = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| location_city = [[T. Nagar]], [[Chennai]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| genre = Various
| key_people = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] (Founder)
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| products = Music
| parent =
| owner = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| homepage =
}}

'''Varshaa Vallaki''' is the recording studio founded by Indian film composer & singer [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] at [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu. Many of his songs are recorded at this studio.

==Profile==
It was established by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]. It has in its credit number of audio albums mainly associated with him. Now it continues to produce songs which is composing by him.<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news|title=Vidyasagar: Let's talk music|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/vidyasagar-lets-talk-music/article697135.ece|access-date=25 June 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Vidyasagar's engineers==
* M. Senthil Kumar
* Murugan

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.vidyasagarmusic.com Official website]

{{coord missing|Chennai}}

[[Category:Vidyasagar (composer)]]
[[Category:Recording studios in India]]

{{recording-studio-stub}}

2014 ONGC GAIL Delhi Open

2023-10-07T01:37:03Z

Rupa Banerjee Editor: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[2014 ONGC–GAIL Delhi Open]]
{{R from move}}

Anbe Vaa (soundtrack)

2023-10-01T21:39:41Z

Rupa Banerjee Editor: Redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Anbe Vaa#Music]]

Monitor Group

2014-01-18T15:34:43Z

Rupa Banerjee Editor: corrected page also and corrected details for consistency

#REDIRECT [[Monitor Deloitte]]
{{R from move}}