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Sanna Irshad Mattoo

2026-05-06T11:09:27Z

RuebenFrankfurte: made new data.

{{short description|Indian Photojournalist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sanna Irshad Mattoo
| image =
| caption =
| native_name = {{resize|{{nq|ثنا اِرشاد مَتوٗ}}}}
| native_name_lang = ks
| birth_name = Sanna Irshad Mattoo
| birth_place = [[Srinagar district|Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| alma_mater = [[Central University of Kashmir]]
| occupation = [[Photojournalist]]
| awards = [[Pulitzer Prize for Feature Photography]]
| website = sannaim.com
}}

'''Sanna Irshad Mattoo''' ([[Kashmiri language|kashmiri]]: {{resize|{{nq|ثنا اِرشاد مَتوٗ}}}}, born 1993) is an Indian [[photojournalist]] based in [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Masood|first=Bashaarat|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/srinagar/pulitzer-winner-kashmiri-photojournalist-stopped-from-flying-out-8005514/|title=Pulitzer winner Kashmiri photojournalist stopped from flying out|access-date=10 August 2022|date=3 July 2022|website=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en}}</ref> She won the 2022 [[Pulitzer Prize for Feature Photography]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulitzer.org/prize-winners-by-year/2022|title=2022 Pulitzer Prizes Winners - JOURNALISM|year=2022|website=[[Pulitzer Prize]]|location=[[New York City|New York]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name="sanna-wins-pulitzer">{{Cite news|title=Kashmiri photojournalist Sanna Irshad Mattoo wins Pulitzer Prize|url=https://thechenabtimes.com/2022/05/10/kashmiri-photojournalist-sanna-irshad-mattoo-wins-pulitzer-prize/|date=10 May 2022|publisher=[[The Chenab Times]]|access-date=5 August 2022|archive-date=5 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805093248/https://thechenabtimes.com/2022/05/10/kashmiri-photojournalist-sanna-irshad-mattoo-wins-pulitzer-prize/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Career==
Sanna Irshad Mattoo was born in the [[Srinagar district]] of the erstwhile [[Indian state]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] into a [[Kashmiri Muslim]] family. She studied [[Journalism]] at the [[Central University of Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kashmirlife.net/another-pulitzer-kashmir-photo-journalist-sana-irshad-matoo-shares-pultizer-with-three-others-292047/|title=Another Pulitzer, Kashmir Photo Journalist Sana Irshad Matoo Shares Pultizer with Three Others|access-date=5 August 2022|last=Network|first=KL News|date=10 May 2022|website=Kashmir Life|language=en-GB}}</ref> In 2021, she became a Magnum Foundation Photography and Social Justice Fellow.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thekashmirwalla.com/kashmiri-photojournalist-among-eleven-2021-magnum-foundation-fellow/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007022626/https://thekashmirwalla.com/kashmiri-photojournalist-among-eleven-2021-magnum-foundation-fellow/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=7 October 2022|title=Kashmiri photojournalist among 11 Magnum Foundation fellows|access-date=5 August 2022|date=1 April 2021|website=The Kashmir Walla|language=en-US}}</ref> She works for [[Reuters]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/latest/1023584/four-reuters-photographers-win-pulitzer-for-images-of-indias-covid-crisis|title=Danish Siddiqui, three other Reuters photographers win Pulitzers for images of India's Covid crisis|date=10 May 2022 |access-date=5 August 2022|author=Scroll Staff|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2022, Mattoo won the Pulitzer Prize for Feature Photography.<ref name="sanna-wins-pulitzer"/> She shared the award with fellow Reuters photojournalists [[Adnan Abidi]], [[Amit Dave]], and [[Danish Siddiqui]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/world/report-pulitzer-for-danish-siddiqui-3-other-indian-journalists-adnan-abidi-sanna-irshad-mattoo-amit-dave-covid-deaths-2951883|date=10 May 2022|title=Pulitzer Prize 2022: Award for Danish Siddiqui, 3 other Indian journalists|access-date=5 August 2022|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref> The citation for their prize indicated that it had been awarded for the work in documenting the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=The 2022 Pulitzer Prize Winner in Feature Photography: Adnan Abidi, Sanna Irshad Mattoo, Amit Dave and the late Danish Siddiqui of Reuters |url=https://www.pulitzer.org/winners/adnan-abidi-sanna-irshad-mattoo-amit-dave-and-late-danish-siddiqui-reuters |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020043020/https://www.pulitzer.org/winners/adnan-abidi-sanna-irshad-mattoo-amit-dave-and-late-danish-siddiqui-reuters |archive-date=20 October 2022 |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=[[Pulitzer Prize]] |language=en}}</ref>

In July 2022, Mattoo was barred from travelling out of India. She was stopped by immigration authorities at the [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi Airport]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Pulitzer-winning Kashmiri photojournalist Sanna Irshad Mattoo stopped from flying abroad|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pulitzerwinning-kashmiri-photojournalist-sanna-irshad-mattoo-stopped-from-flying-abroad-11656813307499.html|date=3 July 2022|publisher=[[Livemint]]|access-date=5 August 2022}}</ref>

On 18 October 2022, Mattoo was again stopped from traveling to the US by immigration authorities at Delhi Airport. This time she was on her way to New York to receive the [[Pulitzer Prize]]. The Indian authorities did not provide any reason for the ban.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-63226116|title=Sanna Irshad Mattoo: Pulitzer-winning Kashmiri journalist stopped from leaving India|date=19 October 2022|publisher=[[BBC News]] |access-date=19 October 2022}}</ref>

On 21 October 2022, the United States (US) has stated its commitment to press freedom by closely monitoring the case of Pulitzer Prize winner Sanna Irshad Mattoo. On [[Capitol Hill]] in [[Washington, DC]], the case made an impression as well. The chairman of the [[United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence|House Intelligence Committee]], [[US Congressman]] [[Adam Schiff]], expressed his "disturbing" reaction to learning that Mattoo was unable to fly to accept the Pulitzer Prize and that "efforts to harass and silence the media" must stop.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Jha|first=Prashant|title=Closely tracking Pulitzer Prize winner Sanna Irshad Mattoo's case: United States|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/closely-tracking-pulitzer-prize-winner-sanna-irshad-mattoo-s-case-united-states-101666240848769.html|date=21 October 2022|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=24 November 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mattoo, Sanna Irshad}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kashmiri people]]
[[Category:People from Srinagar]]
[[Category:Indian photojournalists]]
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Kashmiri Muslims]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Kashmiri journalists]]
[[Category:Women war correspondents]]
[[Category:Photojournalism]]
[[Category:Pulitzer Prize for Feature Photography winners]]
[[Category:Reuters people]]

Wine cup of Shah Jahan

2026-05-06T06:58:28Z

RuebenFrankfurte: made stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
[[File:Shahjahancup.jpg|300px|thumb|Wine cup of Shah Jahan]]
The '''wine cup of Shah Jahan''' is a [[wine cup]] of white nephrite [[jade]] that was made for the Mughal emperor [[Shah Jahan]].

The cup has a gourd shape, like in a [[Paisley (design)|paisley]] design. The handle is shaped like the head of a ram. The bottom features acanthus leaves and a lotus flower, which is the pedestal. The cup is inscribed with his title, "Second Lord of the Conjunction", following the conventions of royal titulature in the Persian-speaking world. It specifically alludes to [[Timur]], the central Asian ruler from whom the Mughals were descended. The artist who created the cup is unknown.

The cup is dated 1067 of the Islamic calendar and regnal year 31, which converts to 1657 CE. The place of production was India. The length is 18.7 cm and width is 14 cm. It was acquired in the 19th century by British [[Colonel (United Kingdom)|Colonel]] [[Charles Seton Guthrie]], most likely after the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. It was formerly in the possession of R. M. W. Walker, on whose death it was sold by Christie & Co (12/7/1945, lot 146) and passed from the purchasers, Messrs Spink, to Queen [[Maria of Yugoslavia]]. It again came into the hands of Spink, who then sold it to Mr Lazarus, who discovered the inscription and sold it back to the vendors. It was acquired by the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] in 1962.<ref>{{cite web|title=Wine cup of Shah Jahan, 1657|url=https://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/w/shah-jahans-jade-cup/|website=Victoria and Albert Museum|accessdate=28 March 2015}}</ref>

== Further reading ==
* Swallow, Deborah and John Guy eds. Arts of India: 1550-1900. Text by Rosemary Crill, John Guy, Veronica Murphy, Susan Stronge and Deborah Swallow. London : V&A Publications, 1990, pp. 94-95, ill. no. 73.
* Robert Skelton, The Shah Jahan cup, V&A Masterpiece leaflet
* Susan Stronge, 'Colonel Guthrie's Collection', Oriental Art, vol. XXXIX, no. 4, 1993-4, fig. 1 p. 5.
* Rosemary Crill, in The Indian Heritage. Court Life and Arts under Mughal Rule, V&A, 1982, cat. 318, p.111, {{ISBN|0906969263}}.

==See also==
{{portal|wine}}
*[[Wine accessory]]
*[[Wine tasting]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commonscat-inline}}
* [https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O73769/wine-cup-of-shah-jahan-wine-cup-unknown/ Victoria and Albert Museum| Wine cup of Shah Jahan]

{{Wines}}

[[Category:Asian objects in the Victoria and Albert Museum]]
[[Category:Mughal art]]
[[Category:Red Fort]]
[[Category:Wine accessories]]
[[Category:Individual hardstone carvings]]
[[Category:Indian wine]]
[[Category:17th century in India]]
[[Category:Individual drinking vessels]]

Manya Surve

2026-05-06T02:57:20Z

RuebenFrankfurte: new a article

{{Short description|Indian criminal (1944-1982)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox criminal
| name = Manya Surve
| image = Real pic of Manya Surve.jpg
| birth_name = Manohar Arjun Surve
| birth_date = {{birth date|1944|08|08|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Ranpar, [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]] (present day [[Ratnagiri district|Ratnagiri]], [[Maharashtra]], India)
| death_date = {{death date and age|1982|01|11|1944|08|08|df=yes}}
| alma_mater = [[Kirti M. Doongursee College|Kirti M. Doongursee College, Mumbai]]
| death_cause = [[Gunshot wounds]]
| criminal_charge = [[Murder]], [[Looting]], [[Trafficking]]
| criminal status = Killed in encounter
}}
{{Mscn|date=January 2026}}

'''Manohar Arjun “Manya” Surve''' (8 August 1944 – 11 January 1982), was an Indian [[gangster]] based in [[Mumbai]]. He was one of the educated gangsters who graduated from college and was well known for challenging and defeating existing gangs.

Surve was known for his daredevilry and strategic planning. As a young man and graduate of [[Kirti College]], Surve was implicated in a murder that he did not commit and was sentenced to imprisonment in [[Yerwada Jail]].<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/The-real-story-behind-Shootout-At-Wadala/articleshow/17967381.cms|title=The real story behind Shootout At Wadala|work=The Times of India}}</ref> Within just two years of activity, his crew rose to such prominence that the Pathans, who had ruled the underworld for over two decades, sought his help in murdering the [[Konkani language|Konkani]]-speaking Kaskar brothers, [[Dawood Ibrahim|Dawood]] and [[Shabir Ibrahim Kaskar|Shabir]], the leaders of their archrival gang, [[D-Company]].

Following the murder of Shabir Ibrahim, Surve's fellow accomplices began to fall off one by one. Noticing this, Surve laid low. Meanwhile, local law enforcement was preparing operations to reduce persistent mob violence with an onslaught of targeted assassinations. Inspectors Isaque Bagwan and Raja Tambhat, with Senior Inspector Y. D. Bhide, was put in charge of taking down Surve.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/> Surve was killed in 1982 by the Maharashtra police in what is regarded as Mumbai's first [[encounter killing]].<ref name="Bagwan">{{cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2009/may/300509-ACP-Isaque-Bagwan-Manya-Surve-police-encounter-terror-metropolis.htm|title=Bagwan dada|newspaper=[[Mid-Day]]|date=30 May 2009|access-date=31 March 2012}}</ref><ref name="expressindia.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19970726/20750653.html|title=Decorated cops parked aside as seniors pass the buck|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=26 July 1997|access-date=31 March 2012|archive-date=1 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001160029/http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19970726/20750653.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Biography==
===Early years===
Manohar Arjun Surve was born in 1944 in the village of Ranpar in the [[Konkan]] Ratnagiri region, located in the Central Deccan Division of the erstwhile [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British Indian Empire]]. The village is now a part of Ratnagiri Taluka, [[Ratnagiri District]], [[Maharashtra]], India. Surve moved to [[Bombay]] with his mother and stepfather in 1952. For years, he lived in different [[chawl]]s in [[Elphinstone Road]] and [[Lower Parel]]. He was a Chemistry graduate from [[Kirti M. Doongursee College|Kirti M. Doongursee College, Mumbai]], achieving a high score of 78%. He then fell into street life, eventually forming a crew consisting of former classmates. During these years, he was introduced to his best friend and associate Sumesh Desai through his stepbrother Bhargav Dada. Dada was a feared criminal from Agar Bazar in [[Dadar]]. In 1969, Surve, Dada and associate Manya Podhkar were all charged in the homicide and gang assault of a man named Dandekar. The trio were soon arrested by Police Inspector E. S. Dabholkar and sentenced to life imprisonment.<ref name="Surve">{{cite news|url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=21225|title=City's first encounter ended two years of urban dacoity|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=22 June 2002|access-date=31 March 2012}}{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

===Imprisonment and escape===
While incarcerated at the [[Yerwada Central Jail]] in [[Pune]], Surve developed a fierce rivalry with gangster Suhas ("Potya Bhai") Bhatkar. Annoyed by Surve's terror tactics, the prison authorities had him transferred to [[Ratnagiri]] jail. There, he took part in a [[hunger strike]] and lost almost 20 kg before being transferred to the local civil hospital. Surve utilized this opportunity to escape on 14 November 1979 and returned to the streets of Mumbai, having served over nine years of his sentence.<ref name="Surve"/>

===Mumbai underworld===
After he returned to Mumbai, Surve formed another outfit and recruited his two trusted lieutenants, Sheikh Munir from [[Dharavi]] and Vishnu Patil from [[Dombivli]]. They were soon joined by another gangster, Uday Shetty, in March 1980.<ref name="Surve"/>

The group's first robbery took place on 5 April 1980, in which they stole an [[Hindustan Ambassador|Ambassador car]]. The vehicle was later used to loot Rs 5,700 from the Laxmi Trading Company near Currey Road. On 15 April, Surve and his associates brutally assaulted and nearly killed Sheikh Aziz, an enemy of Sheikh Munir, near Kala Killa in the Dharavi slum. On 30 April, they stabbed a police constable when he was escorting rival Vijay Ghadge to a police station in Dadar.<ref name="Surve"/>

Borrowing the plot from a [[James Hadley Chase]] novel, which he had read in prison, Surve decided to loot money from the government milk scheme in a bid to gain money as well as recognition from the Mumbai underworld. The group, with the addition of Dayanand, Parshuram Katkar, and Kishore Sawant, stole a car near Badal Bijlee Barkha in [[Mahim]] and went on to execute a heist of Rs 1.26 lakh near [[Govandi]]. The stolen vehicle was later found abandoned near [[Hyderabad (Sind) National Collegiate Board#Colleges|National College]] in [[Bandra]], exactly as penned in the Chase novel.<ref name="Surve"/>

Another famous robbery undertaken by Surve's group included Rs 1.6 lakh from Canara Bank's branch on Sion-Trombay road and Duke and Sons Company at [[Deonar]].<ref name=" Surve"/> Surve's criminal activities were not confined to heists and robberies. He was also involved in narcotics trafficking, as he saw that the profits derived from it were considerable.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=33555|title=Docks nurtured city's underworld|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=26 October 2002|access-date=31 March 2012}}{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

The group's various successful heists and robberies brought a tremendous amount of attention. As a result, the police were put under great pressure to deal with Surve, and they launched Operation Manya Surve to capture and curb his criminal activities.<ref name="Surve"/>

On 22 June 1981, Sheikh Munir was picked up from a chemical company near [[Kalyan, India|Kalyan]]. A few days later, Dayanand and Parshuram Katkar were arrested at a lodge in [[Goregoan]]. Anticipating his capture, Surve slipped into an aide's hideout in Bhiwandi but quickly fled on 19 November 1981. When police finally broke into the apartment, they recovered a hand grenade, a country-made revolver, and live ammunition.<ref name="Surve"/>

===Encounter===
On 11 January 1982, Surve took a taxi to the Ambedkar College junction in [[Wadala]]. It is believed Mumbai police received a tip from [[Dawood Ibrahim]] that Surve would be arriving at a beauty parlour near the Ambedkar College junction there.<ref name=" Surve"/> It is also theorised that his girlfriend Vidya revealed his whereabouts at that time. At around 1:30 pm, 18 Crime Branch officers split into three teams and waited for him to arrive. After twenty minutes, Surve was spotted exiting a taxi to pick up his girlfriend Vidya.<ref name=" Surve"/>

After noticing several men closing in on him and taking positions, Surve pulled out his [[Webley & Scott]] revolver. However, before he could fire a shot, police officers Raja Tambat and [[Isaque Bagwan]] fired five bullets into his chest and shoulder.<ref name="Surve"/>

Surve was dragged from the scene and put in an ambulance. This encounter was the end of Surve's spree of urban crime. This happened due to his involvement in the murder of Dawood's brother Shabbir.

Surve's death became known as Mumbai's first recorded [[encounter killing]].<ref name="Bagwan"/><ref name="expressindia.com"/> The rate of encounter killings increased in the late 1980s and further rose after the [[1993 Mumbai bombings]]; a total of 622 alleged criminals were killed in police encounters from 1982 to 2004.<ref name="Rise And Fall of the Killer Cops">{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/Rise-And-Fall-Of-The-Killer-Cops/articleshow/746737.cms? | title=Rise And Fall of the Killer Cops | work=The Times of India| date=19 June 2004 | access-date=4 September 2016 | author=Anil Singh}}</ref><ref name="Encounter Specialists">{{cite news | url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/storyOld.php?storyId=12767 | title=Encounter Specialists | newspaper=The Indian Express | date=10 November 2002 | access-date=4 September 2016 | author=J. Dey}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
The life of Manya Surve inspired and provided the basis for the 1990 gangster film, ''[[Agneepath (1990 film)|Agneepath]]''. The film's main character, Vijay Dinanath Chauhan, played by [[Amitabh Bachchan]], was heavily based on Surve. Bachchan's portrayal of Chauhan earned him a [[National Film Awards|National Award for Best Actor]].<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/movies/dec/27sat.htm The predator as prey] - 27 December 1997, Rediff</ref> It was remade with the same name, ''[[Agneepath (2012 film)|Agneepath]]'', in 2012.

The life of Surve is portrayed in the 2013 [[Bollywood]] film ''[[Shootout at Wadala]]'', starring [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]] as Surve.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/The-real-story-behind-Shootout-At-Wadala/articleshow/17967381.cms |title=The real story behind Shootout at Wadala |date=11 January 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Organised crime in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Surve, Manya}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Criminals from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian robbers]]
[[Category:Indian gangsters killed in encounters]]
[[Category:Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by India]]
[[Category:Indian people convicted of murder]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian murderers]]
[[Category:Indian prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment]]
[[Category:Indian gangsters]]
[[Category:1982 deaths]]

Mohammad Masud Khan

2026-05-02T07:58:14Z

RuebenFrankfurte: new info

{{Short description|Indian politician (1928–2002)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mohammad Masud Khan
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start1 = 5 July 1992
| term_end1 = 4 July 1998

| office2 = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 1985
| term_end2 = 1989
| term_start3 = 1974
| term_end3 = 1977
| birth_date = July 1928
| death_date = 15 July 2002
| death_cause = [[Road accident]]
| birth_place = [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[British India]]
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| other_party = [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
| spouse = Akhtarun Nisa Noorjehan
| children = 4
| parents = Hafiz Abdul Sattar Khan
| education = B.A., LL.B.
}}

'''Mohammad Masud Khan''' (1928 – 15 July 2002) was an Indian politician from the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He served in both the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] and the [[parliament of India]] in [[Rajya Sabha]]. He contested election as an [[independent politician|independent candidate]].<ref name="n127">{{cite web | title=KHAN, SHRI MOHD. MASUD | url=https://cms.rajyasabha.nic.in/UploadedFiles/ElectronicPublications/Member_Biographical_Book.pdf | website=cms.rajyasabha.nic.in |
access-date=2026-05-02}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Khan was born in July 1928 to Hafiz Abdul Sattar Khan. He held a [[bachelor of arts]] (B.A.) and a [[bachelor of laws]] (LL.B.) degree.<ref name="n127"/>

He was elected as a member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly for two terms, serving from 1974 to 1977 and again from 1985 to 1989. During his political career, he held several ministerial portfolios in the [[government of Uttar Pradesh]] between 1977 and 1980, including [[Public Works Department]] (P.W.D.), Haj, Wakf, Cultural Affairs, Jail, Urban Development, and Revenue.<ref name="n127"/>

Khan also served as chairman of the Public Accounts Committee of the Uttar Pradesh Assembly. He was elected as a [[member of the Rajya Sabha]], serving from 5 July 1992 to 4 July 1998.<ref name="n127"/> He also served as president of Uttar Pradesh Unit of [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]].<ref name="q042">{{cite web | title=UP RLD President Masood dies in accident | website=The Times of India | date=2002-07-04 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/up-rld-president-masood-dies-in-accident/articleshow/14901028.cms | access-date=2026-05-02}}</ref>

Khan was married to Akhtarun Nisa and Noorjehan with four children.<ref name="n127"/> He died on 15 July 2002 in a road accident.<ref name="q042"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Mohammad Masud}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1974–1977]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1985–1989]]

Anuranjan Jha

2026-04-30T00:44:23Z

RuebenFrankfurte: started new article

{{short description|Indian journalist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anuranjan Jha
| image = Anuranjan Jha in Newsroom.png
| caption = Anuranjan Jha
| native_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1977|03|01}}
| birth_place = [[Motihari]], [[Bihar]]
| education = [[Delhi University]] and [[Indian Institute of Mass Communication]] (IIMC)
| occupation = {{hlist|Journalist|author|activist}}
| relatives = [[Ramesh Chandra Jha]] (Grandfather)
[[Sanjeev K Jha]] (Cousin)
| website = {{URL|www.anuranjanjha.com/}}
}}

'''Anuranjan Jha''' is an Indian journalist and author.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jansatta.com/crime-news-hindi/bihar-liquor-ban-anuranjan-jha-book-jhoom-bottom-and-ballot-details-illegal-liquor-sale-and-paddler-gangs-activity/2031007/|title= ब‍िहार में शराबबंदी का असर|website=Jansatta|accessdate=5 February 2022}}</ref> For the past 28 years. He was the founder and CEO of "Media Sarkar", an [[online]] [[Current affairs (news format)|current affairs]] website that conducted controversial sting operation on [[Aam Aadmi Party]] in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/video/media-sarkar-aam-admi-party-sting-operation-anuranjan-jha-424761-2013-11-24/|title=Media Sarkar chief Anuranjan Jha hits back|date=24 November 2013|accessdate=16 July 2020}}</ref> Prior to that, Jha had launched India's first matrimonial television channel, Shagun TV. His career in journalism spans 25 years. Before launching [[Shagun TV]], Jha has worked with [[India TV]], [[Cobrapost]], [[Zee News]], [[Aaj Tak]], BAG Films, [[India News]] and [[Jansatta]], and was chief operating officer (COO) of CNEB, a news channel. He has published four books as an author- Ramlila Maidan, Gandhi Maidan, Jhoom and a fiction Haqeekat Nagar .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mediakhabar.com/journalist-anuranjan-jha-book-ramlila-maidan/|title=वरिष्ठ पत्रकार अनुरंजन झा करेंगे 'रामलीला मैदान' की लीला का पर्दाफाश|date=9 May 2017|accessdate=26 December 2019}}</ref>

Currently living in [[Shrewsbury]], [[England]] and contributing as columnist in various national and international media houses including [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/unsung-heroes-of-freedom-movement-from-a-man-who-saved-gandhi-life-to-elderly-woman-who-died-hoisting-tricolour-news-219093|title=An Unsung Hero From Bihar Who Saved Gandhi's Life During Freedom Struggle|date=26 August 2022|website=Outlook India|accessdate=18 February 2026}}</ref> He is associated as a President of the British organisation Gandhian Peace Society <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ptinews.com/press-release/pioneering-study-on-hinduphobia-by-gandhian-peace-society-highlights-systemic-challenges/2294664|title=Press Trust Of India|website=www.ptinews.com|accessdate=18 February 2026}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Jha hails from a small village called Phulwaria in [[East Champaran district]] of [[Bihar]]. His grandfather's elder brother [[Ramesh Chandra Jha]] was a freedom fighter and noted author. Jha graduated in history from [[University of Delhi]] and received a post-graduate diploma in Journalism from the [[Indian Institute of Mass Communication]]. Later, he also took a post-graduate degree in history from Sabarmati University and Masters in Journalism from GJU.

==Career==
Jha started his [[Journalism]] career with Print Media and worked with [[Indian Express]] and [[Jansatta]] as a [[correspondent]]. At the age of 30, Anuranjan Jha became an Editor and News Director of the Hindi news channel [[India News]]. He thereafter worked with companies like [[Zee news]], [[Aaj Tak]], BAG Films, [[India TV]], [[India News]], [[Cobrapost]], [[Jansatta]]. He subsequently became managing director of Vertent Media Soft Pvt. Ltd., a media company, where he helped launch a full-fledged 24-hour lifestyle/entertainment TV channel called Shagun TV, India's first matrimonial channel.<ref>[http://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2013/09/07/tv/indian-tv-channel-seeks-prospective-brides-and-grooms/#.WEQrjrJ97IU/ Japan Times, 7 Sep 2013]</ref>

Anuranjan Jha founded Park Media Pvt Ltd. in 2009 and started a News and Investigative Web Portal mediasarkar.com in 2010. He is currently founder and CEO of Media Sarkar. He has been writing features, articles, columns on different social and political issues in many national newspapers, magazines and journals. In May 2013 International Magazine Arcade published him on the cover page.

Currently, Jha is writing for [[Outlook (Indian magazine)]] on [[International relations]] and [[politics]] from [[Shrewsbury]], [[England]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookhindi.com/world/general/russia-ukraine-war-how-far-is-europe-from-world-war-iii-65892|title=तीसरे विश्वयुद्ध से कितना दूर है यूरोप|website=Outlook Hindi|accessdate=3 March 2022}}</ref>

==Controversy==
Jha came into prominence when Media Sarkar, of which he was the founder and CEO, came out with video tapes to suggest that [[Aam Aadmi Party]](AAP) party members are corrupt.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/delhi/aap-media-sarkar-trade-charges-26674.html|title=AAP, 'Media Sarkar' trade charges|work=The Statesman| first=Shafaque | last=Alam | date=24 November 2013|accessdate=25 September 2020}}</ref> On 21 November 2013, Jha revealed a footage from a sting operation in which he claimed that several AAP leaders were caught accepting money from individuals illegally.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/assembly-elections-2013/delhi-assembly-elections/AAP-gives-members-caught-in-sting-operation-clean-chit/articleshow/26331387.cms/|title=Times of India, 25 Nov 2013|newspaper=The Times of India |date=25 November 2013 |accessdate=26 December 2019}}</ref>

The AAP demanded the raw footage, which Jha refused to provide and invited several agencies and election commission of India to investigate the sting.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/aam-aadmi-party-sting-operation-shazia-ilmi-resignation-illegal-funds-media-sarkar-218322-2013-11-22|title=AAP sting operation: Website says will not give raw footage, 22 Nov 2013|accessdate=12 February 2020}}</ref>

==Literary works==

Anuranjan Jha's first book "Ramleela-Maidan" was published by Antika Prakashan in 2017. The book covers the Anna Hazare movement and discusses the rise and decline of the Aam Aadmi Party and its leader Arvind Kejriwal. His second book, 'Gandhi-Maidan. Bluff of Social Justice' focuses on Bihar’s political landscape and critically examines the narrative of social justice in the state’s power politics.

He later authored "Jhoom", in which he accounted harsh reality of liquor prohibition in Bihar."Jhoom".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/magazine/aha-zindagi/news/reviews-of-a-few-recently-published-books-128046975.html|title=हाल ही में प्रकाशित हुई चंद किताबों की समीक्षाएं|website=Dainik Bhaskar|accessdate=26 December 2021}}</ref> In 2022, the English edition of his first book, "Ramleela-Maidan" got published. In 2024, he published his first fiction work, Haqeeqat Nagar, which was formally launched by senior journalist [[Rajat Sharma]]

==Undercover investigative journalism==
Anuranjan Jha is also known for conducting and executing many thrilling, shocking and secret sting operations in India that have been carried out by different agencies, media houses and organisations over the years that created sensation in the nation and put his life in dangerous situations many times. Jha has allegedly exposed many faces, right from cricketers to politicians and even the Aam Aadmi Party and their politicians and rocked the entire country with the help of a few trusty colleagues and a couple of spy cams.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-ec-begins-inquiry-into-sting-against-aap-leaders-1923433/|title=DNA, Nov 22, 2013|accessdate= 2 June 2020}}</ref>

==Bhor Trust==
In 2016, Jha established a charitable trust called Bhor trust, to carry out work in the fields of [[Health]] and [[Education]] in rural [[Bihar]]. The trust also gives achiever awards and conducts literary festivals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookhindi.com/bihar-icons-2019/art-and-culture/diary/bhor-literature-festival-6993|title=Outlook Hindi|website=Outlook|accessdate=26 December 2019}}</ref>

==Achievements==
*मेरी दिल्ली अवार्ड (Meri Dilli Award) 2011<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://meridilliawards.com/site/gallery/meri-dilli-awards-2010/|title=Meri Dilli Awards " Meri Dilli Awards 2010|accessdate=26 December 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.mediasarkar.com/ Media Sarkar Official Website]
* [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-24727035/ BBC News, Delhi : Story : 31 Oct 2013]
* [https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/now-a-channel-on-matrimony-159170-2013-04-17 India Today, Delhi : Story : 18 April 2013]
* [http://www.firstpost.com/business/startups-business/match-made-on-tv-here-is-indias-first-24x7-channel-thats-all-about-weddings-1967807.html/ Firstpost : Story Features : 16 Apr 2014]
* [http://www.ibtimes.co.in/will-give-raw-video-to-ec-anuranjan-jha-on-sting-operation-on-aap-members-part-2-4446/ International Business Times, India Edition : Video Interview : 22 Nov 2013]
*[http://www.rajneetitimes.com/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC/anuranjan-jha-interview.html/ Work is more important then organisation : Anuranjan Jha. INTERVIEW, 14 Aug 2009]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uCw89o-yS8o/ Anuranjan Jha on Times Now, The Newshour Debate]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BHDFmte5qLI/ Anuranjan Jha on ABP News]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ANae85qf9E8/ Anuranjan Jha from Newsroom on CNEB]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PlYXpk8nm_o/ Young Talk, CNEB]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xbs3deNIImI/ Anuranjan Jha talks with Manoj Tiwari]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jha, Anuranjan}}
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian columnists]]
[[Category:Indian political journalists]]
[[Category:Indian television journalists]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian investigative journalists]]
[[Category:Indian male bloggers]]
[[Category:Journalists from Bihar]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:People from Motihari]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male journalists]]

Burari metro station

2026-04-27T08:21:55Z

RuebenFrankfurte: Starting Data

{{Short description|Metro station in Delhi, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Delhi Metro logo.svg|50px]] Burari
| type = {{Delhi Metro Infobox station line|line=Pink}}
| image = Burari metro station.jpg
| style = Delhi Metro
| address =
| coordinates =
| line = {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}}
| other =
| structure = Elevated, [[Double-track railway|Double-track]]
| platform = [[Side Platform]] {{font color|pink|Platform 1}} → "-" Circular Line {{font color|pink|Platform 2}} → "+" Circular Line
| depth =
| levels = 2
| tracks = 2
| parking =
| bicycle =
| opened = {{start date and age|2026|03|8|df=yes}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[overhead catenary]]
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code = {{#property:P296}}
| status = Staffed, Operational
| owned = [[Delhi Metro]]
| operator = [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]] (DMRC)
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Delhi Metro|line=Pink|left=Jharoda Majra|to-left=Maujpur - Babarpur|right=Majlis Park |to-right=Maujpur - Babarpur}}
| route_map = {{Delhi Metro Pink Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Pink}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

The '''Burari''' metro station is located on the [[Pink Line (Delhi Metro)|Pink Line]] of the [[Delhi Metro]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 March 2026 |title=PM Modi Inaugurates India’s First ‘Ring Metro’ In Delhi |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-modi-inaugurates-indias-first-ring-metro-in-delhi-11185090/amp/1 |url-status=live |access-date=8 March 2026 |work=NDTV}}</ref> This station is part of Phase IV of Delhi Metro.

==Station layout==
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Anticlockwise'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|"-" Circular Line (Anticlockwise) Via: [[Majlis Park metro station|Majlis Park]], [[Azadpur metro station|Azadpur]], [[Shalimar Bagh metro station|Shalimar Bagh]], [[Netaji Subhash Place metro station|Netaji Subhash Place]], [[Punjabi Bagh West metro station|Punjabi Bagh West]], [[Rajouri Garden metro station|Rajouri Garden]], [[Mayapuri metro station|Mayapuri]], [[Naraina Vihar metro station|Naraina Vihar]], [[Delhi Cantonment metro station|Delhi Cantt.]], [[Durgabai Deshmukh South Campus metro station|Durgabai Deshmukh South Campus]], [[Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah Moti Bagh metro station|Sir M. Vishweshwaraiah Moti Bagh]], [[Sarojini Nagar metro station|Sarojini Nagar]], [[Dilli Haat - INA metro station|Dilli Haat - INA]], [[South Extension metro station|South Extension]], [[Lajpat Nagar metro station|Lajpat Nagar]] '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Majlis Park}} '''''Change at the next station for '''{{rcb|Delhi Metro|Magenta|croute}}''
|-
|'''Platform 2''' '''Clockwise'''
|"+" Circular Line (Clockwise) Via: [[Jharoda Majra metro station|Jharoda Majra]], [[Jagatpur - Wazirabad metro station|Jagatpur - Wazirabad]], [[Nanaksar - Sonia Vihar metro station|Nanaksar - Sonia Vihar]], [[Bhajanpura metro station|Bhajanpura]], [[Yamuna Vihar metro station|Yamuna Vihar]], [[Maujpur - Babarpur metro station|Maujpur - Babarpur]], [[Welcome metro station|Welcome]], [[Karkarduma metro station|Karkarduma]], [[Anand Vihar metro station|Anand Vihar]], [[IP Extension metro station|IP Extension]], [[Trilokpuri - Sanjay Lake metro station|Trilokpuri - Sanjay Lake]], [[Shree Ram Mandir Mayur Vihar metro station|Shree Ram Mandir Mayur Vihar]], [[Mayur Vihar-I metro station|Mayur Vihar-I]], [[Sarai Kale Khan - Nizamuddin metro station|Sarai Kale Khan - Nizamuddin]] '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Jharoda Majra}}
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Concourse
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Delhi Metro stations]]
* [[Delhi Transport Corporation]]
* [[Transport in Delhi]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Delhi & NCR Metro stations|pink line=yes}}

[[Category: Delhi Metro stations]]

Rakesh Kumar (Paralympian)

2026-04-24T12:09:27Z

RuebenFrankfurte: Stub

{{Short description|Indian Paralympian archer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Rakesh Kumar
| image = Rakesh Kumar in September 2024.jpg
| caption = Kumar in 2024
| birth_place = [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1985|01|13}}
| sport = [[Para-archery classification|Para-archery]]
| event = [[Compound bow|Compound]]
| coach = Kuldeep Vedwan
| highestranking = 1 (2024)
| pb = 1399 '''[[Archery at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Mixed team compound|WR PR]]''' ([[Paris|2024]])
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[Compound bow|compound]] [[Para-archery classification|para-archery]]}}[[File:Archery pictogram (Paralympics).svg|25px]]
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Paralympic Games]]}}[[File:IPC logo (2019).svg|center|40px]]
{{MedalBronze|[[2024 Summer Paralympics|2024 Paris]]|[[Archery at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Mixed team compound|Mixed team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[World Para Archery Championship|World Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2023 World Para Archery Championships|2023 Plzeň]]|[[2023 World Para Archery Championships#Medal summary|Mixed team]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2025 World Para Archery Championships|2025 Gwangju]]|[[2025 World Para Archery Championships – Men's individual compound open|Individual]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Para Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2022 Asian Para Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Archery at the 2022 Asian Para Games|Mixed team]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2022 Asian Para Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Archery at the 2022 Asian Para Games|Individual]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2022 Asian Para Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Archery at the 2022 Asian Para Games|Team]]}}
}}

'''Rakesh Kumar''' (born 13 January 1985) is an Indian [[Compound bow|compound]] [[Para-archery classification|para-archer]].<ref>{{cite web |title=KUMAR Rakesh |url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/paralympic-games/en/results/archery/athlete-profile-n1669934-kumar-rakesh.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918153735/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/paralympic-games/en/results/archery/athlete-profile-n1669934-kumar-rakesh.htm |archive-date=18 September 2021 |access-date=18 September 2021 |work=Tokyo 2020 Paralympics |publisher=[[Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=From suicide attempts to winning gold medals: The inspiring journey of para-archer Rakesh Kumar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/from-suicide-attempts-to-winning-gold-medals-the-inspiring-journey-of-para-archer-rakesh-kumar/articleshow/81256616.cms |newspaper=[[Times of India]] |date=28 February 2021}}</ref> He won a bronze medal in the [[Archery at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Mixed team compound|mixed team compound]] event at the [[2024 Paralympics|2024 Paris Paralympics]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2024-08-14 |title=India at Paris Paralympics 2024: Complete list of 84 athletes at Paralympic Games |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/olympics/paris-paralympics-2024/news/paris-2024-india-paralympics-contingent-full-list-of-84-indian-athletes-qualified-sports-ministry-paralympic-games-news/article68512627.ece |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> Kumar has also won gold medals at the [[2022 Asian Para Games]] and the [[2023 World Para Archery Championships|2023 World Championships]] in the same event.

==Career==
He represented [[India]] at the [[2020 Summer Paralympics]], held in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].<ref name=newsindian>{{cite news |title=Archer Rakesh Kumar overcomes depression, ready to shine at Tokyo Paralympics |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2021/aug/21/archer-rakesh-kumar-overcomes-depression-ready-to-shine-at-tokyo-paralympics-2347935.html |newspaper=[[New Indian Express]] |date=21 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tokyo Paralympics: Archer Rakesh Kumar storms into pre-quarters, Shyam Sundar Swami bows out in Round 2 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/tokyo-paralympics-archer-rakesh-kumar-storms-into-pre-quarters-1846424-2021-08-28 |publisher=[[India Today]] |date=28 August 2021}}</ref> He won a gold medal in the men's compound open section of the 7th Fazza Para Archery World Ranking Tournament, which was held in [[Dubai]] in February 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gold for Rakesh, mixed doubles pair in Fazza world ranking tournament |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/gold-for-rakesh-mixed-doubles-pair-in-fazza-world-ranking-tournament-101614509762065.html |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=28 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Indian para-archers ensure one gold, two silver at Fazza World Ranking tournament |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/indian-para-archers-ensure-one-gold-2-silver-at-fazza-world-ranking-tournament-101614232621203.html |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=25 February 2021}}</ref> Kumar is the highest-ranked compound archer in India with a world rankings of No. 1.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2021-08-21 |title=Archer Rakesh Kumar overcomes depression, ready to shine at Tokyo Paralympics |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2021/aug/21/archer-rakesh-kumar-overcomes-depression-ready-to-shine-at-tokyo-paralympics-2347935.html |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Rakesh was part of the team that won a gold medal in the team competition at the European Circuit 2nd leg in the year 2018 and won a bronze medal in the mixed team event at the 5th Fazza Para Archery World Ranking Tournament in the year 2019.<ref name=newsindian/>

He was trained at the [[Vaishno Devi Temple|Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine Board]]'s Sports Complex and he is native of [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir|Katra]], [[Jammu]].<ref name=hundustaan/> In September 2021, the [[Lieutenant Governor]] of the [[Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Manoj Sinha]] felicitated Rakesh Kumar for his performance in the [[2020 Tokyo Paralympics]].<ref>{{cite news |title=उपराज्यपाल मनोज सिन्हा ने पैरा ओलिंपियन राकेश कुमार, ज्योति बालियान को सम्मानित किया |url=https://www.jagran.com/jammu-and-kashmir/jammu-lg-manoj-sinha-felicitates-para-olympians-rakesh-kumar-and-jyoti-baliyan-22032176.html |publisher=[[Dainik Jagran]] |date=18 September 2021 |language=Hindi}}</ref><ref name=hundustaan>{{cite news |title=LG hands over rights certificates to tribals |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/lg-hands-over-rights-certificates-to-tribals-101631979214474.html |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=18 September 2021}}</ref>

He also represented [[India]] in the [[2024 Summer Paralympics|2024 Paris Paralympics]], in which he won the bronze medal in the mixed team compound open with [[Sheetal Devi]].

== See also ==
* [[India at the 2020 Summer Paralympics]]
* [[India at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{World Archery|23359/rakesh-kumar}}
* {{IPC|rakesh-kumar}}

{{Paralympic medalists for India|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Rakesh}}
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male archers]]
[[Category:Paralympic archers for India]]
[[Category:Archers at the 2020 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Archers at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Paralympic bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Paralympic medalists in archery]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Para Games]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Asian Para Games medalists in archery]]
[[Category:Asian Para Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Para Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Competitors at the 2025 World Games]]
[[Category:Archers at the 2022 Asian Para Games]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

{{India-archery-bio-stub}}
{{India-Paralympic-medalist-stub}}

Sarabjeet Singh Khalsa

2026-04-21T04:24:54Z

RuebenFrankfurte: made a biography.

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1979)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sarabjeet Singh Khalsa
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1979|11|01|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Faridkot (Lok Sabha constituency)|Faridkot]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| successor =
| predecessor = [[Muhammad Sadiq (singer)|Mohammad Sadiq]]
| party = [[Akali Dal (Waris Punjab De)]]

| spouse =
| father = [[Beant Singh (assassin)|Beant Singh]]
| mother = [[Bimal Kaur Khalsa]]
| children = 1
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
| relatives = [[Baba Sucha Singh]] (grandfather)
| image_size = 200px
}}
'''Sarabjeet Singh Khalsa''' (born 1 November 1979) is an Indian politician from [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Amritpal, radical preacher and son of Indira Gandhi's killer expected to win - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/politics/sikh-preacher-amritpal-singh-sarabjeet-singh-khalsa-indira-gandhi-assassin-19423575.htm/ |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref> He is serving as a [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] in the [[Lok Sabha]] representing the constituency of [[Faridkot Lok Sabha constituency|Faridkot]] since 2024.

== Personal life ==
Khalsa is the son of [[Beant Singh (assassin)|Beant Singh]], the former bodyguard and one of the [[Assassination of Indira Gandhi|assassins]] of former Indian Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]], and [[Bimal Kaur Khalsa]], a former Lok Sabha MP who represented the [[Ropar Lok Sabha constituency|Ropar constituency.]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Sarabjeet Singh Khalsa, son of Indira Gandhi's assassin, wins from Punjab's Faridkot Lok Sabha seat |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/lok-sabha-election-elections-sarabjeet-singh-khalsa-son-of-indira-gandhi-assassin-wins-punjab-faridkot-13778692.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>

His grandfather, [[Baba Sucha Singh]] was also a Member of Parliament in the Lok Sabha, representing [[Bathinda Lok Sabha constituency|Bathinda constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sethi |first1=Chitleen K. |date=5 June 2024 |title=Amritpal, Sarabjeet Singh Khalsa — Sikh radicals' poll victories pose challenge for Mann govt |url=https://theprint.in/politics/amritpal-sarabjeet-singh-khalsa-sikh-radicals-poll-victories-pose-challenge-for-mann-govt/2117825/ |access-date=5 June 2024 |work=ThePrint}}</ref>

==Political career==
Khalsa ran for the Lok Sabha election in 2004 from the [[Bathinda Lok Sabha constituency|Bathinda constituency]] and received 113,490 votes. He then competed in the [[2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election]] in 2007 from [[Bhadaur Assembly constituency|Bhadaur]] in Barnala district, garnering only 15,702 votes. In 2009 and 2014, he again ran unsuccessfully for the Lok Sabha from the Bathinda and [[Fatehgarh Sahib Lok Sabha constituency|Fatehgarh Sahib]] constituencies, respectively.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Upadhyay |first1=Deepak Upadhyay |title=Lok Sabha polls: Who is 12th dropout Sarabjit Singh Khalsa, son of Indira Gandhi's assassin, contesting from Punjab? |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/lok-sabha-polls-2024-sarabjit-singh-khalsa-beant-singh-indira-gandhi-punjab-faridkot-11712842188889.html |access-date=5 June 2024 |work=LiveMint}}</ref>

Khalsa was elected as a Member of Parliament from [[Faridkot Lok Sabha constituency|Faridkot]] as an Independent candidate in [[2024 Indian general election|2024 general election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Independent Candidate Sarabjeet Singh Khalsa Leading From Faridkot Seat, Kamaljit Anmol Trailing |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/punjab-lok-sabha-elections-2024-independent-candidate-sarabjeet-singh-khalsa-leading-from-faridkot-seat-kamaljit-anmol-trailing-article-110699628 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Punjab, Haryana Election Results Live Updates: Independent candidate Sarabjeet Singh Khalsa wins from Faridkot over AAP Karamjit Singh Anmol |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/punjab-chandigarh-haryana-himachal-uttarakhand-election-results-2024-live-updates-lok-sabha-9368851/ |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Faridkot Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Lok Sabha Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MP, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/faridkot-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-lok-sabha-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mp-margin-8918661.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He achieved success with 2,98,062 votes at 29.38% of the total count, defeating Punjabi actor [[Karamjit Anmol]] of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title= June 2024 Faridkot results |url= https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S199.htm |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=2024-06-04}}</ref>

{{transcluded section|source=Faridkot Lok Sabha constituency}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Faridkot Lok Sabha constituency|2024}}}}

== References==
{{reflist}}

{{18th LS members from Punjab}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khalsa, Sarabjeet Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjabi Sikhs]]
[[Category:Akali Dal (Waris Punjab De) politicians]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Activists from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Independent politicians in India]]
[[Category:Khalistan movement people]]
[[Category:Sikh politics]]

Pawan Express

2026-04-20T02:47:11Z

RuebenFrankfurte: Stub

{{Italic title}}{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{distinguish|Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Darbhanga Pawan Express}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Lokmanya Tilak Terminus– Jaynagar Express
| image = 11061 62 Pawan Express.jpg
| caption = Train Board
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[Central Railway zone|Central Railways]]
| start = [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]]
| stops = 43
| end = [[Jaynagar railway station]]
| distance = {{convert|1941|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 36 h 55 min as 11061 Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Jaynagar Pawan Express, 36 h 55 min as 11062 Jaynagar–Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Pawan Express.
| frequency = 11061 Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Jaynagar Pawan Express – Daily. 11062 Jaynagar–Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Pawan Express – Daily.
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Yes
| observation =
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| other facilities =
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| el = Partial
| trainnumber = 11061/11062
| speed = {{convert|120|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum {{convert|51.00|km/h|0|abbr=on}} including halts.
| map = [[File:(Darbhanga - Mumbai LTT) Pawan Express Route map.png|250px|(Jaynagar–Mumbai LTT) Pawan Express route map (not up-to-date)]]
| map_state =
}}

The 11061/11062 '''Pawan Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[Central Railway zone]] that runs between [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]] of [[Maharashtra]] & {{stnlnk|Jaynagar}} of [[Bihar]] in [[India]].

It operates as train number 11061 from [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]] to [[Jaynagar railway station]] and as train number 11062 in the reverse direction serving the states of [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Bihar]] [http://www.holidayiq.com/railways/pawan-express-11065-train.html].
[[File:Lokmanya Tilak – Jaynagar Express (Pawan Express).jpg|thumb|Lokmanya Tilak Terminus– Jaynagar Terminus Express Train also known as Pawan Express Train (11061)]]
[[File:Pawan Express.jpg|thumb|Pawan Express Train at Lokmanya Tilak Terminus in Mumbai]]

==History==
Pawan Express (Train No. 11065/66) originally ran between [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Muzaffarpur Pawan Express]]. It used to share its rake with another train that ran between [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Darbhanga Pawan Express]]

Later, the LTT–Darbhanga Pawan Express was merged with the LTT–Muzaffarpur Pawan Express and the route was extended to Jaynagar (beyond Darbhanga).

==Coach composition==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''Coach Composition of Pawan Express'''
! Coach Type !! Number of Coaches
|-
| Sleeper Class (SL) || 8
|-
| AC 3-Tier (3A) || 6
|-
| AC 2-Tier (2A) || 1
|-
| General Unreserved (GEN) || 4
|-
| SLRD & Luggage/Parcel Van (SLRD & LPR) || 2
|-
| Pantry Car (PC) || 1
|}

==Schedule==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ style="background:#e0f7fa; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" | 🚆 Train Schedule: Pawan Express
|-
! style="background:#00838f; color:white;" | Train No.
! style="background:#00838f; color:white;" | Station Code
! style="background:#00838f; color:white;" | Departure Station
! style="background:#00838f; color:white;" | 🕖 Departure Time
! style="background:#00838f; color:white;" | 📅 Departure Day
! style="background:#00838f; color:white;" | Arrival Station
! style="background:#00838f; color:white;" | 🕒 Arrival Time
! style="background:#00838f; color:white;" | 📅 Arrival Day
|-
| style="background:#b2dfdb; text-align:center;" | 11061
| style="background:#b2dfdb; text-align:center;" | LTT (Mumbai)
| style="background:#b2dfdb;" | Lokmanaya Tilak
| style="background:#b2dfdb; text-align:center;" | 11:30 AM
| style="background:#b2dfdb; text-align:center;" | Daily
| style="background:#b2dfdb;" | Jaynagar
| style="background:#b2dfdb; text-align:center;" | 2:00 AM
| style="background:#b2dfdb; text-align:center;" | Daily
|-
| style="background:#80cbc4; text-align:center;" | 11062
| style="background:#80cbc4; text-align:center;" | JYG
| style="background:#80cbc4;" | Jaynagar
| style="background:#80cbc4; text-align:center;" | 1:10 PM
| style="background:#80cbc4; text-align:center;" | Daily
| style="background:#80cbc4;" | LTT Mumbai
| style="background:#80cbc4; text-align:center;" | 12:30 AM
| style="background:#80cbc4; text-align:center;" | Saturday
|}

==Routeing==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ '''Pawan Express (11061) Major Route'''
! No. !! Station Code !! Station Name !! State
|-
| 1 || LTT || Lokmanya Tilak Terminus || Maharashtra
|-
| 2 || TNA || Thane || Maharashtra
|-
| 3 || KYN || {{stnlnk|Kalyan Junction}} || Maharashtra
|-
| 4 || IGP || {{stnlnk|Igatpuri}} || Maharashtra
|-
| 5 || NK || [[Nashik Road|Nashik]] || Maharashtra
|-
| 6 || MMR || Manmad Junction || Maharashtra
|-
| 7 || CSN || Chalisgaon Junction || Maharashtra
|-
| 8 || PC || Pachora Junction || Maharashtra
|-
| 9 || JL || Jalgaon Junction || Maharashtra
|-
|10 || BSL || Bhusaval Junction || Maharashtra
|-
|11 || BAU || Burhanpur || Madhya Pradesh
|-
|12 || KNW || Khandwa Junction || Madhya Pradesh
|-
|13 || ET || Itarsi Junction || Madhya Pradesh
|-
|14 || PPI || Pipariya || Madhya Pradesh
|-
|15 || NU || Narsinghpur || Madhya Pradesh
|-
|16 || JBP || Jabalpur Junction || Madhya Pradesh
|-
|17 || KTE || Katni Junction || Madhya Pradesh
|-
|18 || MYR || Maihar || Madhya Pradesh
|-
|19 || STA || Satna Junction || Madhya Pradesh
|-
|20 || MKP || Manikpur Junction || Uttar Pradesh
|-
|21 || NYN || Naini || Uttar Pradesh
|-
|22 || PRYJ || Prayagraj Junction || Uttar Pradesh
|-
|23 || GYN || Gyanpur Road || Uttar Pradesh
|-
|24 || BSB || {{stnlnk|Varanasi Junction}} || Uttar Pradesh
|-
|25 || ARJ || Aunrihar Junction || Uttar Pradesh
|-
|26 || GCT || {{stnlnk|Ghazipur City}} || Uttar Pradesh
|-
|27 || YFP || Yusufpur || Uttar Pradesh
|-
|28 || BUI || Ballia || Uttar Pradesh
|-
|29 || SIP || Suraimanpur || Uttar Pradesh
|-
|30 || CPR || {{stnlnk|Chhapra Junction}} || Bihar
|-
|31 || DGA || {{stnlnk|Dighwara}} || Bihar
|-
|32 || SEE || {{stnlnk|Sonpur Junction}} || Bihar
|-
|33 || HJP || {{stnlnk|Hajipur Junction}} || Bihar
|-
|34 || BNR || {{stnlnk|Bhagwanpur}} || Bihar
|-
|35 || MFP || {{stnlnk|Muzaffarpur Junction}} || Bihar
|-
|36 || SPJ || Samastipur Junction || Bihar
|-
|37 || LSI || Laheria Sarai || Bihar
|-
|38 || DBG || Darbhanga Junction || Bihar
|-
|39 || JYG || Jaynagar || Bihar
|}

==Traction==
earlier was [[WDP-3A]]. As sections of the route are yet to be fully electrified, until 2020 [http://www.irfca.org/gallery/Events/cracdcjan13/] an [[Electric Loco Shed, Itarsi|Itarsi]]-based [[Indian locomotive class WAP-4|WAP-4]] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q4Zk5Jy-_Kg] hauled the train from Lokmanya Tilak Terminus until {{stnlnk|Itarsi Junction}} after which a pair of [[Diesel Loco Shed, Itarsi|Itarsi]]-based [[WDM-3A]]
or [[WDP-4]] hauled the train for the remainder of its journey.[http://irfca.org/apps/locolinks/show/100].

== See also ==

* [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]]
* [[Bhagalpur–Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Superfast Express]]
* [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Darbhanga Pawan Express]]
* [[Avadh Express]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* http://www.irfca.org/gallery/Events/cracdcjan13/
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q4Zk5Jy-_Kg
* http://irfca.org/apps/locolinks/show/100

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in |title=Welcome to Indian Railway Passenger reservation Enquiry |publisher=indianrail.gov.in |accessdate=2014-04-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408180437/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ |archivedate=8 April 2014 }}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org|title=[IRFCA] Welcome to IRFCA.org, the home of IRFCA on the internet.|publisher=IRFCA|accessdate=2014-04-05}}

{{Railways in Western India}}
{{Railways in Eastern India}}

{{Railway stations in Maharashtra}}
{{Railway stations in Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Railway stations in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Railway stations in Bihar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pawan Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Transport in Jainagar]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]

Cyclone Dana

2026-04-17T07:09:50Z

RuebenFrankfurte:

{{Short description|North Indian Ocean cyclone in 2024}}
{{good article}}
{{Distinguish|text=the [[cold drop]] event ("DANA" in Spanish) which caused the [[2024 Spanish floods]]}}
{{For|other similarly-named tropical cyclones|List of storms named Dan{{!}}Cyclone Dan|List of storms named Danas{{!}}Typhoon Danas|Cyclone Dina|Cyclone Dinah|Cyclone Donna}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox weather event
| name = Severe Cyclonic Storm Dana
| image = Dana 2024-10-24 0800Z.jpg
| caption = Dana at its peak intensity over the [[Bay of Bengal]] on 24 October
| formed = 22 October 2024
| low = 26 October 2024
| dissipated = 27 October 2024
}}{{Infobox weather event/IMD
| winds = 60
| pressure = 986
}}{{Infobox weather event/JTWC
| winds = 65
| pressure = 985
}}{{Infobox weather event/Effects
| year = 2024
| fatalities = 6
| missing = 4
| damages = 73300000
| affected = {{flatlist|
* [[India]] (particularly [[Odisha]], [[West Bengal]])
* [[Bangladesh]]
}}
| ibtracs = 2024295N15092
}}
{{Infobox weather event/Footer
| season = [[2024 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
}}
'''Severe Cyclonic Storm Dana'''{{efn|The name ''Dana'' ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: دانة, [[Help:IPA/Arabic|[daːnə]]]) was contributed by [[Qatar]] and means "[[pearl]]" in [[Arabic language|Arabic]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 24, 2024 |title=Cyclone Dana explained: Meaning of 'Dana', who gave the name? List of trains cancelled |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cyclone-dana-explained-meaning-of-dana-who-gave-the-name-list-of-trains-cancelled-faqs-101729754249651.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204213927/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cyclone-dana-explained-meaning-of-dana-who-gave-the-name-list-of-trains-cancelled-faqs-101729754249651.html |archive-date=4 December 2024 |access-date=October 25, 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>}} was a [[tropical cyclone]] which affected [[West Bengal]], [[Odisha]], and [[Bangladesh]] in late October 2024. The third cyclonic storm and second [[severe cyclonic storm]] of the [[2024 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]], Dana formed from a low pressure area in the [[Bay of Bengal]] on 22 October. By 24 October, it had intensified into a severe cyclonic storm and made landfall on the coast of Odisha. It weakened inland, becoming a [[Post-tropical cyclone|remnant low]] on 26 October.

Preparations for Dana saw more than 362,000 people evacuated in Odisha and a zero-casualty target being set for the state by its chief minister. Over 300,000 people were evacuated in West Bengal. 25 [[National Disaster Response Force]] teams were deployed across both states. Dana caused torrential rainfall in Odisha, causing hundreds of trees to be uprooted. Some power outages occurred and a woman in a storm shelter died after what was suspected to be a cardiac arrest. In West Bengal, four people went missing after multiple boats capsized, and four deaths occurred in the state. In Bangladesh, one fatality occurred, and falling trees destroyed some buildings.

==Meteorological history==
{{storm path|Dana 2024 path.png|colors=new}}
On 22 October, a depression formed in the eastern Bay of Bengal, originating from a low-pressure area.<ref>{{Cite web|title=RSMC Bulletin based on 00:00:00 UTC of 22-10-2024|url=https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_4c5292_TROPICAL%20WEATHER%20OUTLOOK%20based%20on%200000%20UTC%20of%2022.10.2024.pdf|date=22 October 2024|access-date=12 January 2026|publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]]|archive-date=26 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126221813/https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_4c5292_TROPICAL%20WEATHER%20OUTLOOK%20based%20on%200000%20UTC%20of%2022.10.2024.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> This depression would track west-northwestwards and intensified into a deep depression twelve hours after its formation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=RSMC Bulletin based on 12:00:00 UTC of 22-10-2024|url=https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_e1f58f_TROPICAL%20WEATHER%20OUTLOOK%20based%20on%201200%20UTC%20of%2022.10.2024.pdf|date=22 October 2024|access-date=12 January 2026|publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]]|archive-date=4 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250404084151/https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_e1f58f_TROPICAL%20WEATHER%20OUTLOOK%20based%20on%201200%20UTC%20of%2022.10.2024.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> After showing further signs of development, the system was designated a cyclonic storm by the [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD) on 23 October, being assigned the name ''Dana''. At this time, it had a minimum [[Atmospheric pressure|central pressure]] of {{convert|998|mb|inHg|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=RSMC Bulletin based on 00:00:00 UTC of 23-10-2024|url=https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_9797a3_TROPICAL%20WEATHER%20OUTLOOK%20based%20on%200000%20UTC%20of%2023.10.2024.pdf|date=23 October 2024|access-date=12 January 2026|publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]]|archive-date=4 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250404065934/https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_9797a3_TROPICAL%20WEATHER%20OUTLOOK%20based%20on%200000%20UTC%20of%2023.10.2024.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) also began tracking the storm, designating it Tropical Cyclone ''03B''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PROGNOSTIC REASONING FOR TROPICAL CYCLONE 03B (DANA) WARNING NR 001|url=https://wiki.chlod.net/jtwc/prog/2024-10-23-0900-io0324prog.txt|date=23 October 2024|access-date=12 January 2026|publisher=[[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]]|archive-date=22 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122021348/https://wiki.chlod.net/jtwc/prog/2024-10-23-0900-io0324prog.txt|url-status=live}}</ref> Strengthening into a severe cyclonic storm later that day, Dana tracked north-northwestwards.<ref>{{Cite web|title=RSMC Bulletin based on 18:00:00 UTC of 23-10-2024|url=https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_64e191_TROPICAL%20CYCLONE%20ADVISORY%20NO.%207%20based%20on%201800%20UTC%20of%2023.10.2024.pdf|date=23 October 2024|access-date=12 January 2026|publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]]}}</ref> Thunderstorm activity continued over the storm's center of circulation as it moved closer to the coast of eastern India on 24 October.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PROGNOSTIC REASONING FOR TROPICAL CYCLONE 03B (DANA) WARNING NR 007|url=https://wiki.chlod.net/jtwc/prog/2024-10-24-2020-io0324prog.txt|date=24 October 2024|access-date=12 January 2026|publisher=[[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]]}}</ref>

Dana made landfall near [[Bhitarkanika National Park]] later that same day with a minimum central pressure of {{convert|986|mb|inHg|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=RSMC Bulletin based on 20:30:00 UTC of 24-10-2024|url=https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_ab92a3_TROPICAL%20CYCLONE%20ADVISORY%20NO.%2016%20based%20on%202100%20UTC%20of%2024.10.2024.pdf|date=24 October 2024|access-date=13 January 2026|publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]]|archive-date=4 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250404051751/https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_ab92a3_TROPICAL%20CYCLONE%20ADVISORY%20NO.%2016%20based%20on%202100%20UTC%20of%2024.10.2024.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Moving inland over northern Odisha on 25 October, it weakened into a cyclonic storm<ref>{{Cite web|title=RSMC Bulletin based on 03:00:00 UTC of 25-10-2024|url=https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_aec294_TROPICAL%20CYCLONE%20ADVISORY%20NO.%2018%20based%20on%200300%20UTC%20of%2025.10.2024.pdf|date=25 October 2024|access-date=13 January 2026|publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]]|archive-date=4 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250404071403/https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_aec294_TROPICAL%20CYCLONE%20ADVISORY%20NO.%2018%20based%20on%200300%20UTC%20of%2025.10.2024.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> and then a deep depression.<ref>{{Cite web|title=RSMC Bulletin based on 06:00:00 UTC of 25-10-2024|url=https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_9dc55e_TROPICAL%20CYCLONE%20ADVISORY%20NO.%2019%20based%20on%200600%20UTC%20of%2025.10.2024.pdf|date=25 October 2024|access-date=13 January 2026|publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]]}}</ref> The IMD issued its last advisory on the system as it weakened into a [[post-tropical cyclone|remnant low]] on 26 October over the same region.<ref>{{Cite web|title=RSMC Bulletin based on 00:00:00 UTC of 26-10-2024|url=https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_78ea41_SPECIAL%20TROPICAL%20WEATHER%20OUTLOOK%20based%20on%200000%20UTC%20of%2026.10.2024.pdf|date=26 October 2024|access-date=13 January 2026|publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]]|archive-date=1 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251001113507/https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_78ea41_SPECIAL%20TROPICAL%20WEATHER%20OUTLOOK%20based%20on%200000%20UTC%20of%2026.10.2024.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Preparations==
In Odisha, over 362,000 people across 1,653 villages were evacuated and 5,209 emergency shelters were set up,<ref>{{Cite news|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Cyclone Dana makes landfall highlights: Over 6 lakh evacuated in West Bengal and Odisha|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/odisha/cyclone-dana-odisha-west-bengal-weather-live-updates-october-24-2024/article68789843.ece|date=23 October 2024|access-date=6 January 2026}}</ref><ref name="TNIEp">{{Cite news|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|title=Cyclone 'Dana' to make landfall early Friday; Odisha, Bengal receive heavy rainfall <nowiki>|</nowiki> UPDATES|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Oct/24/cyclone-dana-to-make-landfall-early-friday-odisha-bengal-receive-heavy-rainfall-updates|date=24 October 2024|access-date=6 January 2026}}</ref> while over 300,000 were evacuated in West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite news|work=[[BBC News]]|title=India evacuating more than a million people as Cyclone Dana nears|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c89vw50kj3yo|last=Yadav|first=Nikita|date=24 October 2024|access-date=14 January 2026|archive-date=10 August 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250810001826/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c89vw50kj3yo|url-status=live}}</ref> 14 school districts in Odisha were closed from 23–25 October, and nine school districts in West Bengal were closed from 23–26 October.<ref>{{Cite news|work=[[Reuters]]|title=Cyclone Dana: Schools shut in eastern India, tourists asked to leave|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/schools-shut-tourists-asked-leave-eastern-india-braces-cyclone-2024-10-22/|last=Dash|first=Jatindra|date=22 October 2024|access-date=13 January 2026|publication-place=[[Bhubaneshwar]]}} </ref> Restrictions were imposed on tourists in some coastal towns.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chowdhury |first=Rajib |date=22 October 2024 |title=West Bengal Schools Shut as Cyclone DANA Approaches |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/west-bengal-schools-shut-as-cyclone-dana-approaches-1832223 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241108135753/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/west-bengal-schools-shut-as-cyclone-dana-approaches-1832223 |archive-date=8 November 2024 |access-date=13 January 2026 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> Odisha chief minister [[Mohan Charan Majhi]] set a target for zero casualties and said that the state was "in total preparedness".<ref>{{Cite news|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Cyclone Dana: Odisha govt fully prepared to tackle situation, says CM Charan Majhi|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/odisha/cyclone-dana-odisha-govt-fully-prepared-to-tackle-situation-says-cm-charan-majhi/article68781693.ece|archive-date=4 December 2024|access-date=6 January 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204011406/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/odisha/cyclone-dana-odisha-govt-fully-prepared-to-tackle-situation-says-cm-charan-majhi/article68781693.ece|date=22 October 2024|publication-place=[[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref> Odisha vegetable markets were stressed when the public learned of the oncoming cyclone, and a state officer warned against panic buying and illegal hoarding.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 October 2024 |title=Cyclone Dana: Vegetable price soars in Odisha markets as people resort to panic buying |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/cyclone-dana-vegetable-price-soars-in-odisha-markets-as-people-resort-to-panic-buying-19497014.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241022113239/https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/cyclone-dana-vegetable-price-soars-in-odisha-markets-as-people-resort-to-panic-buying-19497014.htm |archive-date=22 October 2024 |access-date=23 January 2026 |work=Press Trust of India |via=CNBC TV 18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Swain |first=Priya Ranjan |date=23 October 2024 |title=Cyclone ‘Dana’: Odisha govt issues toll-free number for complaint against black marketers |url=https://sambadenglish.com/latest-news/cyclone-dana-odisha-govt-issues-toll-free-number-for-complaint-against-black-marketers-7350413 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112130620/https://sambadenglish.com/latest-news/cyclone-dana-odisha-govt-issues-toll-free-number-for-complaint-against-black-marketers-7350413 |archive-date=12 November 2024 |access-date=23 January 2026 |work=Sambad English}}</ref> A total of 25 [[National Disaster Response Force]] (NDRF) teams, 11 in Odisha and 14 in West Bengal, were deployed.<ref>{{Cite news|work=[[The Economic Times]]|title=Cyclone Dana on the horizon, 25 NDRF teams deployed: Here's what to expect as it approaches Odisha and West Bengal|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/cyclone-dana-on-the-horizon-25-ndrf-teams-deployed-heres-what-to-expect-as-at-approaches-odisha-and-west-bengal/articleshow/114431788.cms?from=mdr|date=21 October 2024|access-date=6 January 2026|archive-date=21 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241021134718/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/cyclone-dana-on-the-horizon-25-ndrf-teams-deployed-heres-what-to-expect-as-at-approaches-odisha-and-west-bengal/articleshow/114431788.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> 135 railway operations were cancelled in the [[South Eastern Railway zone]].<ref>{{Cite news|work=[[The Economic Times]]|title=Cyclone Dana: West Bengal govt unveils preparedness plan for nine districts ahead of landfall|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/cyclone-dana-west-bengal-govt-unveils-preparedness-plan-for-nine-districts-ahead-of-landfall/articleshow/114474801.cms?from=mdr|url-access=subscription|archive-date=6 January 2026|archive-url=https://archive.today/20260106160057/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/cyclone-dana-west-bengal-govt-unveils-preparedness-plan-for-nine-districts-ahead-of-landfall/articleshow/114474801.cms?from=mdr|access-date=6 January 2026|date=23 October 2024|last=Nag|first=Jayatri}}</ref>

==Impact and aftermath==
Dana caused torrential rainfall in Odisha which flooded parts of its eastern coast and felled hundreds of trees.<ref name=HTi1>{{Cite news|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|title=Cyclone Dana triggers heavy rainfall, uproots trees, snaps power lines|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cyclone-dana-triggers-heavy-rainfall-uproots-trees-snaps-power-lines-101729830084640.html|date=25 October 2024|access-date=7 January 2026}}</ref><ref name="ETVB1">{{Cite news |date=28 October 2024 |title=Odisha Struggles With Post-Cyclone Flooding; Thousands Relocated, Power Restoration Hampered |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!state/restoration-work-flood-in-odisha-balasore-kendrapara-bhadrak-mayurbhanj-after-cyclone-dana-enn24102802181 |access-date=15 January 2026 |work=[[ETV Network]] |language=en}}</ref> The [[Mangrove forest|mangrove cover]] of Bhitarkanika National Park lessened [[storm surge]] and minimized damage at the location of landfall and nearby areas.<ref>{{Cite news|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|title=Bhitarkanika’s mangrove blunts Dana’s rampage|author=Sudarsan Maharana|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2024/Oct/26/bhitarkanikas-mangrove-blunts-danas-rampage|date=25 October 2024|access-date=15 January 2026|archive-date=15 August 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250815114308/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2024/Oct/26/bhitarkanikas-mangrove-blunts-danas-rampage|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=27 October 2024 |title=How mangroves in Odisha likely reduced Cyclone Dana’s impact |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/mangroves-cyclone-danas-9640247/ |access-date=15 January 2026 |work=[[Indian Express]] |archive-date=17 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117165418/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/mangroves-cyclone-danas-9640247/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Patra |first=Debabrat |last2=Neogi |first2=Surajit |date=11 June 2025 |title=Mangroves can mitigate cyclones and floods in Eastern India, especially Odisha and West Bengal |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/natural-disasters/mangroves-can-mitigate-cyclones-and-floods-in-eastern-india-especially-odisha-and-west-bengal |access-date=15 January 2025 |website=Down To Earth |language=}}</ref> A total of {{convert|62|mm|in|abbr=on}} of rain fell in [[Paradip]] on 24 October, and downed trees blocked multiple roads in locations across the state.<ref>{{Cite news|work=[[India Today]]|title=Heavy rain batters Odisha, Bengal as severe Cyclone Dana nears coast|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/odisha-west-bengal-cyclone-dana-heavy-rainfall-landfall-2622303-2024-10-24|date=24 October 2024|access-date=7 January 2026|archive-date=13 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250913152959/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/odisha-west-bengal-cyclone-dana-heavy-rainfall-landfall-2622303-2024-10-24|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="UNICEF">{{Cite web |date=28 October 2024 |title=India Flash Update No. 2 (Cyclone Dana) |url=https://www.unicef.org/media/164356/file/UNICEF%20India%20Flash%20Update%20No.%202%20(Cyclone%20Dana%20)%2028%20October%202024.pdf.pdf |access-date=14 January 2026 |website=[[UNICEF]] |page=1}}</ref> The roofs of some homes near the coast were blown away.<ref>{{Cite news|work=[[Barron's]]|title=Trees And Power Lines Flattened As Cyclone Dana Hits India|url=https://www.barrons.com/news/trees-and-power-lines-flattened-as-cyclone-dana-hits-india-b0a1260c|date=25 October 2024|access-date=14 January 2026|archive-date=7 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241107164839/https://www.barrons.com/news/trees-and-power-lines-flattened-as-cyclone-dana-hits-india-b0a1260c|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Budhabalanga River]] rose to a water level of {{cvt|7.84|m|ft}} in the [[Balasore district]], and the rainfall from the cyclone caused flash flooding there and in the [[Bhadrak district]].<ref name="THa1">{{Cite news|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Cyclone Dana aftermath: Odisha focuses on restoration, flash floods in Balasore|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/odisha/cyclone-dana-aftermath-odisha-focuses-on-restoration-flash-floods-in-balasore/article68800924.ece|archive-date=18 December 2024|access-date=14 January 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241218231330/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/odisha/cyclone-dana-aftermath-odisha-focuses-on-restoration-flash-floods-in-balasore/article68800924.ece|date=26 October 2024|publication-place=[[Bhubaneswar]]}}</ref> Winds also knocked down electricity poles, causing power outages in some locations.<ref name="Ri1">{{Cite news|work=[[Reuters]]|title=How has Cyclone Dana impacted life on India's eastern coast?|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/how-has-cyclone-dana-impacted-life-indias-eastern-coast-2024-10-25/|date=25 October 2024|access-date=7 January 2026|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]}}</ref><ref name="UNICEF" /> According to [[UNICEF]], two mobile towers were affected as of 28 October.<ref name="UNICEF" /> Rice crops were inundated, leading to monetary losses for farmers.<ref name="ETVB1" /> UNICEF reported that {{cvt|180,000|ha|acre}} of standing crops had been ruined.<ref name="UNICEF" /> A woman in a storm shelter in [[Kendrapara district]] died after a potential cardiac arrest.<ref name="TNIE">{{Cite news|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|title=Cyclone Dana causes significant damage in Odisha, West Bengal; CM Mamata confirms two death|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2024/Oct/25/cyclone-dana-causes-significant-damage-in-odisha-west-bengal-cm-mamata-confirms-one-death|date=25 October 2024|access-date=7 January 2026}}</ref> Total damages in the state were estimated at {{INRConvert|6161900000|year=2024}}, with {{INRConvert|829200000|year=2024}} of it being to crops and {{INRConvert|213200000|year=2024}} being to homes.<ref>{{Cite news|work=[[The Economic Times]]|title=Total damage due to Cyclone Dana pegged at Rs 616.19 crore: Odisha minister|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/total-damage-due-to-cyclone-dana-pegged-at-rs-616-19-crore-odisha-minister/articleshow/114989668.cms?from=mdr|date=5 November 2024|access-date=7 January 2026}}</ref> A minimum of 16,417 homes sustained damage.<ref name="TNIEa1">{{Cite news|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|title=Odisha government releases Rs 423 cr cyclone assistance|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bhubaneswar/2024/Nov/07/odisha-government-releases-rs-423-cr-cyclone-assistance|date=6 November 2024|access-date=14 January 2026|publication-place=[[Bhubaneshwar]]|archive-date=15 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251015160846/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bhubaneswar/2024/Nov/07/odisha-government-releases-rs-423-cr-cyclone-assistance|url-status=live}}</ref>

Embankment failures in West Bengal contributed to property damage.<ref>{{Cite news|date=25 October 2024|title=Cyclone Dana updates: One killed in West Bengal; government evacuated over two lakh people, says CM Mamata Banerjee |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/odisha/cyclone-dana-odisha-west-bengal-weather-today-live-updates-october-25-2024/article68794510.ece |access-date=15 January 2026 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Four deaths occurred across the state due to Dana, three of which were due to electrocution.<ref>{{Cite news|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Cyclone Dana: Two more deaths reported in West Bengal; toll rises to four|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/west-bengal/cyclone-dana-two-more-deaths-reported-in-west-bengal-toll-rises-to-four/article68799102.ece|url-access=limited|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241027040506/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/west-bengal/cyclone-dana-two-more-deaths-reported-in-west-bengal-toll-rises-to-four/article68799102.ece|archive-date=27 October 2024|date=26 October 2024|access-date=7 January 2026}}</ref> Another four people went missing in [[Murshidabad]] after strong winds from Dana caused multiple boats to capsize in the [[Ganges|Ganges river]]. Rescue efforts were launched to find them, but the adverse weather conditions limited the team's abilities. Some passengers on the boats were able to swim back to land and were transported to a hospital for medical attention.<ref>{{cite news|title=Four feared dead as wind flips multiple boats and dinghies in Murshidabad|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/cyclone-dana-four-feared-dead-as-wind-flips-multiple-boats-and-dinghies-in-murshidabad/cid/2057869|date=24 October 2024|access-date=24 October 2024|work=The Telegraph}}</ref> [[Jodhpur Park]] in Kolkata recorded rainfall of more than {{cvt|190|mm|in}} between 4 am and 8 pm on 25 October.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/amp/west-bengal/kolkata/cyclone-dana-sharp-spells-in-two-phases-flood-roads-in-kolkata/cid/2058423|title=Cyclone Dana: Sharp spells in two phases floods roads|date=26 October 2024|access-date=26 October 2024|work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]|archive-date=13 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213214605/https://www.telegraphindia.com/amp/west-bengal/kolkata/cyclone-dana-sharp-spells-in-two-phases-flood-roads-in-kolkata/cid/2058423|url-status=live}}</ref>

In [[Betagi Upazila|Betagi]], a farmer died from his injuries after a large branch fell off a tree and struck his head.<ref>{{cite news|title=ঘূর্ণিঝড় দানা: বরগুনায় গাছ চাপা পড়ে কৃষকের মৃত্যু|url=https://bangla.thedailystar.net/environment/climate-change/natural-disasters/news-624496|date=24 October 2024|access-date=24 October 2024|newspaper=The Daily Star|language=bn}}</ref> Falling trees also destroyed some homes and schools in [[Kathalia Upazila|Kathalia]].<ref>{{cite news|title=বরিশাল বিভাগে ব্যাপক ঝড়-বৃষ্টি, বসত ঘর বিধ্বস্ত, নিহত ১|url=https://www.risingbd.com/bangladesh/news/579185|date=24 October 2024|access-date=24 October 2024|website=risingbd.com|language=bn|archive-date=24 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241024194738/https://www.risingbd.com/bangladesh/news/579185|url-status=live}}</ref> Fishing vessels were advised to stay in port until 26 October.<ref>{{Cite web |last=bdnews24.com |title=Cyclone Dana: Impact on Bangladesh ‘largely limited’ to rain |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/83dae61cfb1a |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=Cyclone Dana: Impact on Bangladesh ‘largely limited’ to rain |language=en}}</ref> The highest amount of rainfall in Bangladesh occurred on 25 October, when {{cvt|82|mm|in}} fell in [[Chuadanga]].<ref>{{Cite news|work=[[The Business Standard]]|title=Bangladesh spared from damage as Cyclone Dana weakens|url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/environment/bangladesh-spared-damage-cyclone-dana-weakens-976101|date=25 October 2024|access-date=14 January 2026}}</ref>

By 26 October, power had been reinstated to around 90% of the households where it had been lost, according to Odisha's disaster management minister [[Suresh Pujari]].<ref name="THa1" /> Pujari also stated that people whose homes were destroyed would be rehoused in [[pucca housing|pucca houses]].<ref>{{Cite news|work=[[ETV Network]]|title=Cyclone Dana Aftermath: Causes Significant Damage In Odisha, 2 Deaths In West Bengal|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!bharat/cyclone-dana-aftermath-causes-significant-damage-in-odisha-west-bengal-enn24102507811|date=26 October 2024|access-date=14 January 2026}}</ref> On 6 November, the government of Odisha paid a total of {{INRConvert|4230000000|year=2024}} to the [[district magistrate|magistrate]]s of affected districts, who were ordered to reimburse the funds to impacted citizens within seven days. It also spent {{INRConvert|23730000|year=2024}} directly to assist recovery efforts.<ref name="TNIEa1" />

== See also ==
*[[Weather of 2024]]
*[[Tropical cyclones in 2024]]
*[[Timeline of the 2024 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Commons category-inline}}
{{Portalbar|Tropical cyclones|India|Bangladesh}}
{{2024 North Indian Ocean cyclone season buttons}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dana}}
[[Category:2024 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
[[Category:2024 disasters in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:2024 disasters in India]]
[[Category:2020s in West Bengal]]
[[Category:October 2024 in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:October 2024 in India]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in India]]

Chadar Badar

2026-04-11T11:24:28Z

RuebenFrankfurte: Starting A Info

{{Short description|Tribal performing art in India}}
{{Infobox performing art
| name = Chadar Badar
| image = Chadar Badar Puppetry.jpg
| caption = Chadar Badar Puppet Folk Art
| medium = Wooden puppets
| types = Puppetry
| ancestor =
| descendant =
| culture = [[Santhal people|Santhal]]
| era =
}}

'''Chadar Badar''', also known as '''Santhal Puppetry''', is a tribal performing art of the [[Santhal people]],<ref name="Daricha">{{cite web | url=http://www.daricha.org/genre.aspx?ID=20&Name=Puppetry | title=Daricha | publisher=Daricha | date=2015 | accessdate=March 24, 2015}}</ref> mainly found in the Indian states of [[Jharkhand]], [[West Bengal]], [[Odisha]], [[Bihar]] and [[Assam]].<ref name="Telegraph India">{{cite web | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110107/jsp/jharkhand/story_13400270.jsp | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506151043/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110107/jsp/jharkhand/story_13400270.jsp | url-status=dead | archive-date=May 6, 2011 | title=Telegraph India | publisher=Telegraph India | date=7 January 2011 | accessdate=March 24, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Indian Puppets">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iy6_TtXCZjMC&q=chadar+badar+puppetry&pg=PA28 | title=Indian Puppets | publisher=Abhinav Publications | author=Sampa Ghosh, Utpal Kumar Banerjee | year=2006 | pages=494 | isbn=9788170174356}}</ref> Once a dying art form, it was revived by the efforts of social activists such as Ravi Dwivedi and exponents like Sukan Mardi<ref name="Telegraph India" /> and Daman Murmu.<ref name="Daman Murmu">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/a-dying-art-form-that-tells-the-santhal-story/article7017248.ece | title=Daman Murmu | publisher=The Hindu | date=21 March 2015 | accessdate=March 24, 2015}}</ref> The Government of West Bengal has set up a National Puppet Museum at [[Kankurgachi]] to preserve the art forms of puppetry including Chadar Badar.<ref name="National Puppet Museum">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/national-puppet-museum-to-come-up-in-kolkata/article5606810.ece | title=National Puppet Museum | publisher=The Hindu | date=23 January 2014 | accessdate=March 24, 2015}}</ref>

Chadar Badar is performed with the assistance of wooden puppets hung inside a wooden box, open on three or four sides with curtains. The performer narrates stories by words and verse from ancient Santhal culture using the puppets, accompanied by tribal musical instruments.<ref name="Daman Murmu" /> The painted puppets are 5 to 9 inches tall and has movable limbs, manipulated by the performer, using strings attached to them.<ref name="Indian Puppets" /><ref name="Claygun">{{cite web | url=http://claygun.blogspot.ae/2011/02/chadar-badar-puppets-and-its-revival-by.html#!/2011/02/chadar-badar-puppets-and-its-revival-by.html | title=Claygun | publisher=Claygun Blog | date=2015 | accessdate=March 24, 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Santhal people]]
* [[Gopalila]], puppet art of Odisha state of India
* [[Kathputli (puppetry)]], puppet art of Rajasthan state of India
* [[Nokkuvidya pavakali]], puppet art of Kerala state of India
* [[Rabana Chhaya]], shadow puppet art of Odisha state of India
* [[Sakhi kandhei]], string puppet art of Odisha state of India
* [[Shadow play]], shadow puppet art which originated in first millennium BCE in India
* [[Tholpavakoothu]], shadow puppet art of Kerala and Tami Nadu states of India
* [[Tholu bommalata]], shadow puppet art of Andhra Pradesh state of India
* [[Togalu gombeyaata]], shadow puppet art of Karnataka state of India
* [[Wayang]], puppet art of Indonesia inspired by Indian puppetry
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Arts}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | title=Indian Puppets | publisher=Abhinav Publications | author=Sampa Ghosh, Utpal Kumar Banerjee | year=2006 | pages=494 | isbn=9788170174356}}

[[Category:Tribal art]]
[[Category:Performing arts in India]]
[[Category:Puppetry in India]]

Ride Rajbun

2026-04-09T18:58:07Z

RuebenFrankfurte: Done!

{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Ride Rajbun
| cover =
| alt =
| type = Song
| artist = [[George Harrison]]
| album = The Bunbury Tails
| released = 5 October 1992
| format =
| recorded = March 1988 [[FPSHOT]], Oxfordshire; unknown studio, London
| studio =
| venue =
| genre = [[Music of India|Indian music]], [[children's song]]
| length = 4:59
| label = [[Polydor]]
| writer = [[George Harrison]], [[David English (cricketer)|David English]]
| producer = George Harrison
}}
"'''Ride Rajbun'''" is a song by English musician [[George Harrison]]. It was released in 1992 on the multi-artist charity album ''The Bunbury Tails'', which was the soundtrack to the British [[Animated series|animated television series]] of the same name. Harrison co-wrote the song's lyrics with ''Bunbury Tails'' creator [[David English (cricketer)|David English]]. The eponymous Rajbun was a character in the series based on English's friend and cricketer [[Rajendrasinh Jadeja]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=19 May 2021|title=The Kathiawadi Horse Rajendrasinh|url=https://www.pitchero.com/clubs/finchleycricketclub/news/the-kathiawadi-horse-rajendrasinh-jadeja-2617690.html|access-date=13 November 2022|website=Finchley Cricket Club|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=16 May 2021|title=Former Saurashtra cricketer, BCCI match referee Rajendrasinh Jadeja dead|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/former-saurashtra-cricketer-bcci-match-referee-rajendrasinh-jadeja-dead-101621145272171.html|access-date=13 November 2022|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=16 May 2021|title=Former Saurashtra, Mumbai allrounder Rajendrasinh Jadeja dies due to Covid-19|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/former-saurashtra-and-mumbai-all-rounder-rajendrasinh-jadeja-dies-due-to-covid-19/articleshow/82676050.cms|access-date=13 November 2022|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> one of a team of [[cricket]]-playing rabbits – in this case, from Bangalore in India. The composition is in the style of a [[nursery rhyme]] or [[children's song]], while the all-Indian instrumentation on the recording recalls some of Harrison's compositions for [[the Beatles]] during 1966–68.

Harrison recorded "Ride Rajbun" in March 1988, between the release of his successful comeback album, ''[[Cloud Nine (George Harrison album)|Cloud Nine]]'', and his formation of [[the Traveling Wilburys]]. Harrison's nine-year-old son [[Dhani Harrison|Dhani]] and English accompanied him on the recording, as fellow vocalists, and Indian musician and composer [[Ravi Shankar]] provided the opening [[sitar]] part. The song appeared in the ''Bunbury Tails'' episode "Rajbun Story", and on the soundtrack album alongside contributions from [[Elton John]], [[the Bee Gees]] and [[Eric Clapton]]. Issued briefly in only the UK, "Ride Rajbun" remains one of Harrison's rarest releases.

==Background==
{{quote box|quote= Whilst playing cricket with George one day at Friar Park a couple of years ago, I told him about my Bunburys, as he had his Wilburys. I suggested that he might like to write a song for the cartoon series, which had been directed by Bob Godfrey, who was involved in [the Beatles' animated film] ''Yellow Submarine''.<ref name="Harry p 43" />|source= – David English|width=25%|align=left|style=padding:8px;}}
Having previously been averse to most [[team sports]],<ref name="Clayson p 364">Clayson, p. 364.</ref> [[George Harrison]] came to appreciate [[cricket]] while recording his 1987 comeback album, ''[[Cloud Nine (George Harrison album)|Cloud Nine]]'', with fellow musicians [[Jeff Lynne]] and [[Elton John]], both fans of the game.<ref>Leng, pp. 272–73.</ref> Author Ian Inglis suggests that Harrison's involvement in ''The Bunbury Tails'' – a children's [[Animated series|animated TV series]] about a group of heroic, sports-playing rabbits<ref name="Harry p 43">Harry, p. 43.</ref> – partly resulted from his friendship with [[Eric Clapton]],<ref>Inglis, pp. 105, 106.</ref> another cricket fan and an occasional player for the Bunbury Cricket Club.<ref>Clapton, p. 233.</ref> The latter was a charity-fundraising team founded in 1986 by writer and former [[RSO Records]] executive David English,<ref>Robert Philip, [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/2311894/Loon-who-put-smile-on-face-of-cricket.html "Loon Who Put Smile on Face of Cricket"], ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', 27 April 2007 (retrieved 7 November 2017).</ref><ref>[http://www.bunburycricket.co.uk/our-founder.html "Our Founder"], bunburycricket.co.uk (retrieved 7 November 2017).</ref> whose ''Bunbury Tails'' [[cartoon book]]s inspired the TV show.<ref>Inglis, pp. 105–06.</ref> According to English, he suggested to Harrison that he contribute a song to the series while they were playing cricket in the grounds of [[Friar Park]], Harrison's home in [[Henley-on-Thames]], Oxfordshire. English says he likened the "Bunburys" to Harrison's idea for a semi-fictional band, [[the Traveling Wilburys]],<ref name="Harry p 43" /> which Harrison would soon form with Lynne, [[Bob Dylan]], [[Tom Petty]] and [[Roy Orbison]].<ref name="Madinger & Easter p 475" />

Financed by [[the Bee Gees]],<ref name="Madinger & Easter p 474">Madinger & Easter, p. 474.</ref> production on ''The Bunburys Tails'' began in early 1988, although it would not air on British television until 1992.<ref name="Badman p 406" /> The series was directed by [[Bob Godfrey]], who had worked on [[the Beatles]]' 1968 animated film ''[[Yellow Submarine (film)|Yellow Submarine]]''.<ref name="Harry p 43" /> Harrison's participation followed his work on various film soundtracks, particularly for releases by his company [[HandMade Films]], during the five years preceding his return with ''Cloud Nine''.<ref>Leng, pp. 239–40, 269.</ref>{{refn|group=nb|These soundtrack projects included ''[[Water (1985 film)|Water]]'' (1985), ''[[Porky's Revenge!#Soundtrack|Porky's Revenge!]]'' (1985) and ''[[Shanghai Surprise]]'' (1986).<ref>Leng, pp. 240–41, 243–44.</ref> In addition, Harrison had supplied the soundtrack to HandMade's ''[[Time Bandits]]'' (1981)<ref>The Editors of ''Rolling Stone'', pp. 194, 206.</ref> and would provide a song, "[[Cheer Down]]", for the 1989 film ''[[Lethal Weapon 2]]''.<ref>Allison, p. 138.</ref>}} The Bee Gees, Clapton and John were among the other artists who contributed to the ''Bunbury Tails'' soundtrack.<ref name="Clayson p 424">Clayson, p. 424.</ref><ref>[http://www.discogs.com/Various-The-Bunbury-Tails/release/1370385 "Various – The Bunbury Tails (CD, Album)"], [[Discogs]] (retrieved 6 January 2014).</ref>

Harrison wrote the song "Ride Rajbun" about one of the show's characters, Rajbun,<ref name="Huntley p 244">Huntley, p. 244.</ref> a rabbit who originated from the Indian city of [[Bangalore]].<ref name="Madinger & Easter p 475" /> In English's recollection, the night after he had made the request, Harrison called him at home in London and played the tune down the phone. The pair met the next day and co-wrote the song's lyrics.<ref>Harry, pp. 43–44.</ref>

==Composition==
Musically, "Ride Rajbun" is in the style of what author [[Alan Clayson]] calls "George's Indo-pop productions" for the Beatles, "[[Love You To]]" and "[[The Inner Light (song)|The Inner Light]]",<ref>Clayson, pp. 315, 424.</ref> released in 1966 and 1968 respectively.<ref>Lavezzoli, pp. 175, 182–83.</ref> The lyrics take the form of a traditional [[children's song]], author Simon Leng writes, with its refrain sung in [[Round (music)|rounds]], similar to "London's Burning".<ref name="Leng p 273" />

In a chorus that Inglis terms "[[nursery rhyme|nursery-rhyme]]-like", Harrison urges Rajbun to cycle away from his home in India and embrace his destiny:<ref name="Inglis p 106" />

{{blockquote|Ride Rajbun, ride Rajbun Seek your fame and speak your fortune Go on, Rajbun, ride your Ellie Cross the mountains, through the valleys.|author=|title=|source=}}

Inglis draws parallels between Rajbun's journey of discovery and that of nursery-rhyme or [[Folklore|folk-tale]] characters [[Pinocchio]], [[Dick Whittington and His Cat|Dick Whittington]] and [[Dorothy Gale]], in that he "has a 'quest' that awaits him".<ref name="Inglis p 106" /> On this journey, Harrison sings of Rajbun's adversaries,<ref name="Clayson p 424" /> one of which warns him: "You may think that you have heard the last of Katman / … I'll be watching you 'round ev'ry bend you'll take …"<ref>[http://www.bootlegzone.com/songxref.php?sid=40893&section=4 "Ride Rajbun"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108175653/http://www.bootlegzone.com/songxref.php?sid=40893&section=4 |date=8 January 2014 }}, Bootleg Zone (retrieved 6 January 2013).</ref> Inglis writes that Rajbun must face his quest "without 'fears' or 'tears'" and cites the verse-one lines "Bunbury stands for freedom / Being young and having fun" as evidence of the song's "overwhelmingly positive" message.<ref name="Inglis p 106" />

==Recording==
[[File:Dia5275 Ravi Shankar.jpg|thumb|right|165px|alt=A man sits cross-legged and holds a long-necked lute while looking to the side.|Ravi Shankar (pictured in 1988) performed the song's [[sitar]] introduction.]]
Harrison recorded "Ride Rajbun" in late March 1988,<ref name="Madinger & Easter p 475">Madinger & Easter, p. 475.</ref> at his Friar Park studio, [[FPSHOT]], and at an unnamed studio in London.<ref name="Leng p 272">Leng, p. 272.</ref> The song was his first to feature only [[Indian musical instruments|Indian instrumentation]] since "The Inner Light",<ref name="Leng p 273">Leng, p. 273.</ref><ref name="Inglis p 106">Inglis, p. 106.</ref> recorded in Bombay in January 1968.<ref>Lavezzoli, p. 183.</ref> The [[sitar]] introduction to "Ride Rabjan" – or [[alap]], in the [[Indian classical music|Indian classical]] tradition<ref>Lavezzoli, pp. 19, 23–24.</ref> – was performed by [[Ravi Shankar]].<ref name="Leng p 273" /> According to English, Harrison visited Shankar at the London hotel where the sitarist was staying and taped Shankar's intro in his hotel room.<ref name="Harry p 44" /> Harrison otherwise played all the sitar parts on the song.<ref name="Leng p 273" /> As with Harrison's appearance on "Friar Park", a track on Shankar's album ''[[Tana Mana]]'' (1987),<ref>Leng, pp. 246, 246fn.</ref> "Ride Rajbun" marked a rare collaboration between the two musicians in the years since their [[George Harrison–Ravi Shankar 1974 North American Tour|joint North American tour]] at the end of 1974.<ref>Shankar, pp. 212–13, 227–28.</ref>{{refn|group=nb|While their formal musical collaboration would not resume until Harrison began compiling the ''[[Ravi Shankar: In Celebration]]'' box set (1996),<ref>Lavezzoli, p. 197.</ref> he and Shankar, together with [[tabla]] player [[Alla Rakha]], also recorded the unreleased song "Dhani'", shortly after the birth of Harrison's [[Dhani Harrison|son]] in August 1978.<ref>Shankar, pp. 228–29.</ref>}}

Harrison sung the choruses with his son [[Dhani Harrison|Dhani]], and English (in the role of Katman) provided what Leng calls a "[[Cameo appearance|cameo]] vocal" part.<ref>Leng, pp. 272, 273.</ref> According to author [[Bill Harry]], [[Ray Cooper]] played percussion on the track; in English's description, all the other contributors were "top Indian musicians",<ref name="Harry p 44" /> none of whom are credited by name.<ref name="Madinger & Easter p 475" /> Besides sitar, the Indian instruments on the recording include [[tabla]], [[shehnai]] and [[bansuri]] (flute).<ref name="Leng p 272" /> From writing the song to the finished recording,<ref name="Harry p 44">Harry, p. 44.</ref> work on "Ride Rajbun" lasted for four days.<ref name="Madinger & Easter p 475" /> Harrison then left for Los Angeles,<ref name="Madinger & Easter p 475" /> a trip that resulted in the formation of the Traveling Wilburys.<ref>Badman, pp. 406–07.</ref>

==Release and reception==
"Ride Rajbun" appeared in the ''Bunbury Tails'' episode "Rajbun Story".<ref name="Badman p 406">Badman, p. 406.</ref> After the show's broadcast in 1992, on Britain's [[Channel 4]] network,<ref>Huntley, pp. 244–45.</ref> [[Polydor Records]] included the song on its soundtrack album from the series.<ref name="Madinger & Easter p 638">Madinger & Easter, p. 638.</ref> The UK-only album was released on 5 October that year,<ref name="Madinger & Easter p 638" /> on the same day that Harrison joined guitarist [[Gary Moore]] on stage at London's [[Royal Albert Hall]].<ref name="Badman p 487">Badman, p. 487.</ref> While Harrison made a number of concert appearances throughout 1992,<ref>Badman, pp. 489, 492.</ref> this period marked the end of his successful return to full-time music-making,<ref>Huntley, pp. 243, 245–46.</ref> after ''Cloud Nine'' and two albums with the Traveling Wilburys.<ref>Leng, pp. 263, 269.</ref> Although he would continue to record privately as a solo artist, "Ride Rajbun" was the last new Harrison song to be commercially released until "[[Horse to the Water]]" in 2001.<ref>Leng, pp. 273, 286.</ref>{{refn|group=nb|"Horse to the Water" was issued ten days before Harrison's death in November 2001,<ref>Tillery, pp. 167–68.</ref> on [[Jools Holland]]'s ''Small World, Big Band'' album.<ref>Allison, p. 145.</ref> A number of Harrison's recordings from the 1990s appeared on his posthumously released album ''[[Brainwashed (George Harrison album)|Brainwashed]]'' (2002).<ref>Leng, pp. 289–90.</ref>}} Proceeds from the ''Bunbury Tails'' album went to the Bunbury Cricket Club for dispersal to charity.<ref>Bathroom Readers' Institute, [https://www.bathroomreader.com/2014/06/bee-gees-meet-eric-clapton-bunbury-tails/ "The Bee Gees Meet Eric Clapton"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729221353/https://www.bathroomreader.com/2014/06/bee-gees-meet-eric-clapton-bunbury-tails/ |date=29 July 2017 }}, [[Uncle John's Bathroom Reader|bathroomreader.com]], 27 June 2014 (retrieved 7 November 2017).</ref>

The "Rajbun Story" episode was included on the [[home video]] of the series, although a narrator's voice renders Harrison's song almost inaudible.<ref name="Huntley p 245">Huntley, p. 245.</ref><ref name="Allison p 153">Allison, p. 153.</ref> With the album and video only available in the UK for a short time,<ref name="Huntley p 245" /> "Ride Rajbun" has become one of Harrison's rarest recordings.<ref name="Madinger & Easter p 474" /> The song has since appeared on [[Bootleg recording|bootleg]] compilations such as ''Artifacts III''.<ref name="Madinger & Easter p 474" />

Among Harrison's biographers, Elliot Huntley views "Ride Rajbun" as "another truly great 'lost' Harrison gem" alongside tracks released privately on the two ''Songs by George Harrison'' discs, in 1988 and 1992.<ref>Huntley, pp. 244, 245.</ref> Huntley laments the unavailability of "Ride Rajbun", since "the song is excellent, with a delightful melody, earnest vocals, and some great sitar work by Ravi Shankar".<ref name="Huntley p 245" /> Simon Leng similarly admires Shankar's "characteristically precious" alap; Leng writes that while the song "will never be regarded as a Harrison classic", it is significant within the artist's work as the first "purely Indian piece issued under his name since 'The Inner Light'".<ref name="Leng p 273" /> Ian Inglis notes the precedents set in the 1960s by Beatle songs such as "[[Yellow Submarine (song)|Yellow Submarine]]" and "[[Cry Baby Cry]]", which had reflected the band's "fascination with the conventions of the children's nursery rhyme", and comments on ''The Bunbury Tails''{{'}} "eccentric combination" of rabbits and cricket.<ref name="Inglis p 106" />

==Personnel==
*[[George Harrison]] – vocals, [[sitar]]s, backing vocals
*[[Dhani Harrison]] – vocals
*[[Ravi Shankar]] – sitar intro
*[[David English (cricketer)|David English]] – vocals
*''uncredited musicians'' – [[tabla]], [[shehnai]], flute, [[Tanpura (instrument)|tambura]], percussion
* [[Ray Cooper]] – percussion

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em|group=nb}}

==References==
{{reflist|20em}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* Dale C. Allison Jr., ''The Love There That's Sleeping: The Art and Spirituality of George Harrison'', Continuum (New York, NY, 2006; {{ISBN|978-0-8264-1917-0}}).
* Keith Badman, ''The Beatles Diary Volume 2: After the Break-Up 1970–2001'', Omnibus Press (London, 2001; {{ISBN|0-7119-8307-0}}).
* Eric Clapton, ''Clapton: The Autobiography'', Broadway Books (New York, NY, 2007; {{ISBN|978-0-7679-2536-5}}).
* Alan Clayson, ''George Harrison'', Sanctuary (London, 2003; {{ISBN|1-86074-489-3}}).
* The Editors of ''Rolling Stone'', ''Harrison'', Rolling Stone Press/Simon & Schuster (New York, NY, 2002; {{ISBN|0-7432-3581-9}}).
* Bill Harry, ''The George Harrison Encyclopedia'', Virgin Books (London, 2003; {{ISBN|978-0-7535-0822-0}}).
* Elliot J. Huntley, ''Mystical One: George Harrison – After the Break-up of the Beatles'', Guernica Editions (Toronto, ON, 2006; {{ISBN|1-55071-197-0}}).
* Ian Inglis, ''The Words and Music of George Harrison'', Praeger (Santa Barbara, CA, 2010; {{ISBN|978-0-313-37532-3}}).
* Peter Lavezzoli, ''The Dawn of Indian Music in the West'', Continuum (New York, NY, 2006; {{ISBN|0-8264-2819-3}}).
* Simon Leng, ''While My Guitar Gently Weeps: The Music of George Harrison'', Hal Leonard (Milwaukee, WI, 2006; {{ISBN|1-4234-0609-5}}).
* Chip Madinger & Mark Easter, ''Eight Arms to Hold You: The Solo Beatles Compendium'', 44.1 Productions (Chesterfield, MO, 2000; {{ISBN|0-615-11724-4}}).
* Ravi Shankar, ''Raga Mala: The Autobiography of Ravi Shankar'', Welcome Rain (New York, NY, 1999; {{ISBN|1-56649-104-5}}).
* Gary Tillery, ''Working Class Mystic: A Spiritual Biography of George Harrison'', Quest Books (Wheaton, IL, 2011; {{ISBN|978-0-8356-0900-5}}).
{{refend}}

{{George Harrison}}

[[Category:1992 songs]]
[[Category:George Harrison songs]]
[[Category:Songs written by George Harrison]]
[[Category:Song recordings produced by George Harrison]]
[[Category:Songs about rabbits and hares]]

Akalkot-South Sholapur Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:17:20Z

RuebenFrankfurte: started post

{{one source|date=January 2026}}
{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Akalkot-South Sholapur
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1952 <ref name="delimitation1951"></ref>
| abolished = 1952
| electors = 1,04,003
| mla = Kadadi Madiwallappa Bandappa Sonawane Ganpat Laxman
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district = [[Solapur district|Solapur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Solapur Lok Sabha constituency|Solapur]]
| reservation = None
}}
'''Akalkot-South Sholapur Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency<ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 9 December 2020 |pages=52-124}}</ref> in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" rowspan="2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Kadadi Madiwallappa Bandappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| Sonawane Ganpat Laxman
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Akalkot-South Sholapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kadadi Madiwallappa Bandappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,354 |percentage = 25.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhosale Jaysinh Fattesinh |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 23,505 |percentage = 22.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Sonawane Ganpat Laxman |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,371 |percentage = 22.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kamble Nivratti Satwaji |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 14,190 |percentage = 13.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Warad Chanbasappa Mallappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,700 |percentage = 7.48% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Deshmukh Manaji Balwant |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 5,420 |percentage = 5.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ghadge Keshao Narsinh |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,334 |percentage = 2.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,849 |percentage = 2.77% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 102,874 |percentage = 49.46% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 102,874}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 104,003 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Shastra (1996 film)

2026-04-08T08:31:10Z

RuebenFrankfurte: made page.

{{more citations needed|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{about||the Sanskrit term|Shastra|the technical festival|Shaastra|the Gujarati-language film|Shastra (2025 film)}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shastra
| image = Shastra film poster.png
| caption = Promotional Poster
| director = Sanjay Khanna
| producer = Nadir Irani Nadeem Irani
| story =
| writer = [[Rumi Jaffery]]
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Suniel Shetty]] [[Anjali Jathar]] [[Danny Denzongpa]] [[Anupam Kher]]
| music = [[Aadesh Shrivastava]]
| cinematography = Najeeb Khan [[Teja (film director)|Teja]]
| editing = Yusuf Khan
| studio = Nariman Pictures
| distributor = [[B4U Motion Pictures]]
| released = {{film date|df=y|1996|10|04}}
| runtime = 144 mins
| country = [[India]]
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Shastra''''' is a 1996 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action film]] directed by Sanjay Khanna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shastra (1996) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/shastra-8013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301124534/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/shastra-8013 |url-status=live |archive-date=1 March 2022 |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Shastra |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/shastra |access-date=2022-03-01}}</ref> The film stars [[Suniel Shetty]] and [[Anjali Jathar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shastra 1996 Movie Box Office Collection, Budget and Unknown Facts – KS Box Office |date=15 September 2020 |url=https://ksboxoffice.com/shastra-1996-movie-box-office-collection-budget-and-unknown-facts/movies-facts/ |access-date=2022-03-01 }}</ref>

==Plot==
Vijay Khanna's sole ambition is to become a collector like his father was. He is concentrating completely on his studies except for a few disturbances by Pooja who loves him and wants to marry him. Vijay always believed that his parents were in fact murdered and not killed in an accident, by their old faithful security officer Babu. Vijay Khanna starts searching for Babu, and finally when he finds him, Babu tells him that he was merely used as a pawn to cover up his parents' murder and the actual killer is roaming freely, and only one man can lead Vijay to the killer and that is Girdhari in Khandala. But before Vijay can find the truth, Girdhari is killed. Vijay and Babu start working in a casino owned by Shanti Prasad. There the local don Rana becomes their enemy, who is after Shanti Prasad's casino and Vijay's life. Finally when Vijay decides to leave Khandala, he learns of the actual murderers. Vijay loses Babu in the fight. Now, Vijay is alone to fight with his enemies. Eventually, he managed to track down the killer of his parents.

==Cast==
* [[Suniel Shetty]] as Vijay Khanna
* [[Anjali Jathar]] as Pooja Prasad
* [[Danny Denzongpa]] as Babu
* [[Farida Jalal]] as Aunty
* [[Anupam Kher]] as Shanti Prasad
* [[Mohan Joshi]] as Rana
* [[Mukesh Rishi]] as Badshah Khan
* [[Avtar Gill]] as Police Commissioner
* [[Mushtaq Khan]] as Prem
* [[Dinesh Hingoo]] as Principal Badra
* [[Kunika]] as Sonia
* [[Gavin Packard]] as College Punk
* [[Achyut Potdar]] as Vijay Khanna's guardian
* [[Jack Gaud]] as Sonia's brother
* [[Ali Asgar (actor)|Ali Asgar]] as Vijay Khanna's friend
* [[Lalit Tiwari]] as Girdhari

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Shastra
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Aadesh Shrivastav
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 7 September 1995 {{small|(Audio Cassette)}} 1 June 1996 {{small|(Audio CD)}}
| recorded =
| venue = West Mumbai, [[Maharashtra]]
| studio = Anand Recording Studio, Mehboob Studio & Sunny super sound
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 37 Min 13 Sec duration
| language = [[Hindi]]
| label = Trimurti Sounds BIG B Music [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = Nadeem Irani & Nadir Irani
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The music of the film was composed [[Aadesh Shrivastav]] and the lyrics were penned by Shyam Raj . The soundtrack was released in September 1995 on Audio Cassette in Trimurti Sounds and in June 1996 on Audio CD in Big B Music which consists of 6 songs while Currently its copyright is with [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]], link of online streaming audio songs https://gaana.com/album/shastra . The full album is recorded by [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Udit Narayan]], [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya]], [[Babul Supriyo]], [[Vijeta Pandit]], [[Poornima (singer)|Poornima]], [[Hema Sardesai]], [[Aditya Narayan]] & [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], which she making debut as playback singer.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kya Ada Kya Jalwe
| extra1 = [[Udit Narayan]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Ladki Deewani Ladka Deewana
| extra2 = Udit Narayan, [[Aditya Narayan]] and [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Kuch Hua Re Hua Re
| extra3 = [[Babul Supriyo]], [[Poornima (singer)|Poornima]]
| length3 =
| title4 = Wade Na Ho Kasme Na Ho
| extra4 = [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Vijeta Pandit]]
| length4 =
| title5 = More Saiyan
| extra5 = [[Hema Sardesai]]
| length5 =
| title6 = Shastra Shastra
| extra6 = [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]]
| length6 =
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0117623|title=Shastra}}

[[Category:1996 films]]
[[Category:1996 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Aadesh Shrivastava]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]

{{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}

All Saints Church, Secunderabad

2026-04-06T12:14:33Z

RuebenFrankfurte: started pg - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox church
| name = [[Church of South India|CSI]]-All Saints Church
| image =
| caption = [[Church of South India|CSI]]-All Saints Church, [[Secunderabad]]
| dedication = All [[Saint]]s
| denomination = [[Church of South India]] (A [[United and uniting churches|Uniting church]] comprising [[Wesleyan Church|Wesleyan Methodist]], [[Congregational]], [[Lutheran]], [[Calvinist]] and [[Anglican]] missionary societies – [[United Society|SPG]], [[English Wesleyan Mission|WMMS]], [[London Missionary Society|LMS]], [[Basel Mission]], [[Church Missionary Society|CMS]], and the [[Church of England]])
| churchmanship = [[High church]]
| country = [[India]]
| parish =
| deanery =
| archdeaconry =
| diocese = [[Diocese of Medak of the Church of South India|Diocese of Medak]]
| province = [[Secunderabad]]
| presbytery = [[The Reverend|Rev.]] Justus Moni, [[Church of South India|CSI]]<ref>[[Church of South India Synod]], ''[[Diocese of Medak of the Church of South India|Diocese of Medak]] Clergy List''.[http://www.csisynod.com/Admin/ministerial/53_Ministerial%20Roll%20-%20Medak%20Diocese.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816014051/http://www.csisynod.com/Admin/ministerial/53_Ministerial%20Roll%20-%20Medak%20Diocese.pdf |date=16 August 2017 }}</ref>
| archbishop =
| bishop = [[The Right Reverend]] [[A. C. Solomon Raj]], [[Church of South India|CSI]]
| dean =
| prebendary =
| provost =
| canon =
| priest =
| rector =
| vicar =
| curate =
| minister =
| organistdom =
| organist = Ms. Sukanya Mathew{{Citation needed|date=September 2017}}
| assistant =
| website =
| coordinates = {{coord|format=dms|display=it}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
}}

'''[[Church of South India|CSI]]-All Saints Church''' is a church under the auspices of the [[Church of South India]]. It is located in the [[Trimulgherry]] locality of [[Secunderabad]]. It was originally a Garrison Church, presided by Army Chaplains, but was subsequently bequeathed to the [[Church of South India]], a [[Uniting churches|uniting Church]] in 1947. The church currently serves the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] speaking congregation of [[Secunderabad]] and offers services in [[English language|English]] every week and in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] every week.

==History==
All Saints Church was constructed in 1860 to serve the British Cantonment of [[Secunderabad]]. The church was the first permanent structure in the Trimulgherry Entrenchment.<ref>The Hindu Newspaper. 17 August 2006 Edition.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/04/18/stories/2002041800010100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030623103656/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/04/18/stories/2002041800010100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2003-06-23 |title=Saving sentinels from decay |author=hyrjm |work=[[The Hindu]] | date=2002-04-18 |accessdate=2014-06-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://bbs.keyhole.com/ubb/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=1034522 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709031822/http://bbs.keyhole.com/ubb/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=1034522 |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 July 2012 |title=Google Groups |publisher=bbs.keyhole.com |accessdate=2014-06-06}}</ref>

==Architecture==
The church is an imposing Gothic structure with a multitude of turrets and a tower belfry. The church's altar piece is a beautiful stained glass window depicting Jesus carrying the cross. The window is dated 1884 and dedicated to the memory of Edward Dawson, Lieutenant of Royal Artillery.<ref>The Hindu Newspaper. 17 August 2006 edition</ref> Sixteen memorial tablets along the walls of the church describe the various British officers who lived and died at [[Secunderabad]].

Antique pews, lamps, and a baptismal font are some of the prized possessions of the church. The church received the INTACH Heritage award from the Government of [[Andhra Pradesh]] for good maintenance.

==Queen's visit==
In 1983, Queen [[Elizabeth II]] visited the church<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cp.aminus3.com/image/2008-05-02.html |title=One of the oldest edifices in Secunderabad – Architecture Photos – Chakra'View'...... |author=chakrapani |publisher=cp.aminus3.com |accessdate=2014-06-06}}</ref><ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nNkzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=OzIHAAAAIBAJ&pg=3433,2371070 ''Lodi News-Sentinel'', 21 Nov 1983.]</ref> The Queen also visited the nearby [[Holy Trinity Church, Bolarum]] where she celebrated her 36th wedding anniversary along with [[Prince Philip]] in a service led by Bishop [[Victor Premasagar]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://htcbolarum.org/queensvisit.html |title=Welcome to Holy Trinity Church Bolarum |publisher=htcbolarum.org |accessdate=2014-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003002740/http://htcbolarum.org/queensvisit.html |archive-date=3 October 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Worship services==
* All Sundays : 7:30 am. Holy Communion Service in English{{Citation needed|date=September 2017}}
* All Sundays: 9:00 am. Holy Communion Service in Tamil {{Citation needed|date=September 2017}}
* All Sundays: 7:00 pm. English Evensong Holy Communion Service{{Citation needed|date=September 2017}}

==See also==
* [[List of churches in Secunderabad and Hyderabad]]
* [[Holy Trinity Church, Bolarum]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Church of South India church buildings in India]]
[[Category:Churches completed in 1860]]
[[Category:Churches in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Churches in Secunderabad]]

Prem Narayan Singh

2026-04-05T18:29:59Z

RuebenFrankfurte: Started!

{{orphan|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Prem Narayan Singh
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Justice
| image = 
| alt =
| caption =
| office = [[Judge]] of the [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]]
| term_start = 1 May 2023
| term_end =
| appointer =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| birth_date = 14 August 1963
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Judge]]
| profession = Law
}}

'''Justice Prem Narayan Singh''' (born 14 August 1963) is a judge at the [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]] in India. He was appointed to this position on 1 May 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=Portfolio Judges |url=https://mphc.gov.in/portfolio-judges |publisher=High Court of Madhya Pradesh |access-date=7 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title="Modesty of a woman is Worshipped in our country" MP High Court refuses to quash Rape case despite settlement |url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/tag/justice-prem-narayan-singh/ |publisher=SCC Online |date=1 October 2024 |access-date=7 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Maintenance from Second Husband Not Entitled to Woman Without Nullifying First Marriage: Madhya Pradesh HC |url=https://www.thelawadvice.com/news/maintenance-from-second-husband-not-entitled-to-woman-without-nullifying-first-marriage-madhya-pradesh-hc |publisher=The Law Advice |date=May 2023 |access-date=7 April 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://mphc.gov.in/ High Court of Madhya Pradesh Official Website]

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1963 births]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Bamboo

2026-03-28T13:32:57Z

RuebenFrankfurte: quick cleaned up information for clarity and updated info

{{Short description|Subfamily of plants in the grass family}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use American English|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Bamboo
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|55|0|earliest=99}} [[Ypresian|Early Eocene]] – [[Present]]
| image = Bamboo forest.jpg
| image_caption = Bamboo forest in [[Kamakura]], Japan
| taxon = Bambusoideae
| authority = Luerss.
| synonyms = * Olyroideae [[Robert Knud Friedrich Pilger|Pilg.]] (1956)
* Parianoideae [[Butzin]] (1965)
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="SorengPeterson2015">{{Cite journal |last1=Soreng |first1=Robert J. |last2=Peterson |first2=Paul M. |last3=Romaschenko |first3=Konstantin |last4=Davidse |first4=Gerrit |last5=Zuloaga |first5=Fernando O. |last6=Judziewicz |first6=Emmet J. |last7=Filgueiras |first7=Tarciso S. |last8=Davis |first8=Jerrold I. |last9=Morrone |first9=Osvaldo |year=2015 |title=A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae) |journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=117–137 |bibcode=2015JSyEv..53..117S |doi=10.1111/jse.12150 |hdl=11336/25248 |issn=1674-4918 |s2cid=84052108 |hdl-access=free}} {{open access}}</ref>
| diversity = >1,462 ([http://resource.inbar.int/download/showdownload.php?lang=cn&id=167759 known species]) species in 115 genera
| diversity_ref = <ref name="Kelchner2013" />
| subdivision_ranks = Tribes
| subdivision = * [[Arundinarieae]]
* [[Bambuseae]]
* [[Olyreae]]
}}
'''Bamboos''' are a diverse group of mostly [[evergreen]] [[perennial plant|perennial]] flowering plants making up the [[subfamily (biology)|subfamily]] '''Bambusoideae''' of the grass family [[Poaceae]].<ref>{{Citation |last=McClure |first=F. A. |title=The Bamboos: A Fresh Perspective |date=2013-10-01 |work=The Bamboos |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.4159/harvard.9780674428713/html |access-date=2023-08-29 |publisher=Harvard University Press |language=en |doi=10.4159/harvard.9780674428713 |isbn=978-0-674-42871-3 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Canavan |first1=Susan |last2=Richardson |first2=David M. |last3=Visser |first3=Vernon |last4=Roux |first4=Johannes J. Le |last5=Vorontsova |first5=Maria S. |last6=Wilson |first6=John R. U. |date=2016-12-23 |title=The global distribution of bamboos: assessing correlates of introduction and invasion |journal=AoB Plants |volume=9 |issue=1 |article-number=plw078 |doi=10.1093/aobpla/plw078 |issn=2041-2851 |pmc=5499700 |pmid=28013249}}</ref><ref name="Ayer 100027">{{Cite journal |last1=Ayer |first1=Santosh |last2=Timilsina |first2=Sachin |last3=Aryal |first3=Anisha |last4=Acharya |first4=Amul Kumar |last5=Neupane |first5=Asmit |last6=Bhatta |first6=Kishor Prasad |date=2023-08-01 |title=Bamboo forests in Nepal: Status, distribution, research trends and contribution to local livelihoods |journal=Advances in Bamboo Science |volume=4 |article-number=100027 |bibcode=2023AdBS....400027A |doi=10.1016/j.bamboo.2023.100027 |issn=2773-1391 |s2cid=259134632 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Giant bamboo]]s are the largest members of the grass family, in the case of ''[[Dendrocalamus sinicus]]'' having individual stalks ([[Culm (botany)|culms]]) reaching a length of {{Convert|46|m|sp=us}}, up to {{Convert|36|cm|sp=us}} in diameter and a weight of up to {{Convert|450|kg|sp=us|round=50}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 28, 2003 |title=World's Biggest Bamboo Plant Found in Southwest China |url=https://forests.org/articles/reader.asp?linkid=25225 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031110222335/https://forests.org/articles/reader.asp?linkid=25225 |archive-date=2003-11-10 |access-date=April 4, 2004 |website=Forest Conservation Portal}}</ref> The [[internodes]] of bamboos can also be of great length. ''[[Kinabaluchloa|Kinabaluchloa wrayi]]'' has internodes up to {{Convert|2.5|m|ft|0|sp=us}} in length,<ref>{{Cite web |last=<anonymous> |date=n.d. |title=Bamboos of Thailand - Kinabaluchloa wrayi |url=https://sites.google.com/view/bamboos-of-thailand/1-native-species/kinabaluchloa/kinabaluchloa-wrayi |access-date=February 24, 2015}}</ref> and ''[[Arthrostylidium schomburgkii]]'' has internodes up to {{Convert|5|m|sp=us}} in length,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schombergk |first=Sir Robert H. |date=1841 |title=Some Accounts of the Curata....etc |journal=Trans. Linnean Soc. London |volume=18 |issue=<not stated> |pages=559–560}}</ref> exceeded in length only by [[Cyperus papyrus|papyrus]]. By contrast, the stalks of the tiny bamboo [[Raddiella|''Raddiella vanessiae'']] of the savannas of [[French Guiana]] measure only {{Convert|10-20|mm|4=1|sp=us}} in length by about {{Convert|2|mm|4=2|sp=us}} in width.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Judziewicz |first1=Emmit J. |last2=Sepsenwol |first2=Sol |date=2007 |title=The World's Smallest Bamboo: Raddiella Vanessiae (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Olyreae), a New Species from French Guiana |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34395112#page/9/mode/1up |journal=Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=1–7}}</ref> The origin of the word "bamboo" is uncertain, but it most likely comes from the [[Dutch language|Dutch]] or [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] language, which originally borrowed it from [[Malay language|Malay]].<ref name="Ayer 100027" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kelchner |first=Scot A. |date=2013-05-01 |title=Higher level phylogenetic relationships within the bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) based on five plastid markers |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790313000626 |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=404–413 |bibcode=2013MolPE..67..404K |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2013.02.005 |issn=1055-7903 |pmid=23454093 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="oed">{{Cite OED|bamboo}}</ref>

In bamboo, as in other grasses, the [[Internode (botany)|internodal]] regions of the stem are usually hollow and the [[vascular bundle]]s in the cross-section are scattered throughout the walls of the stalk instead of in a cylindrical [[cambium]] layer between the bark ([[phloem]]) and the wood ([[xylem]]) as in [[Dicotyledon|dicots]] and [[conifer]]s. The dicotyledonous woody xylem is also absent. The absence of [[secondary growth]] wood causes the stems of [[Monocotyledon|monocots]], including the [[Arecaceae|palms]] and large bamboos, to be columnar rather than tapering.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=C.L. |title=Botany |last2=Loomis |first2=W.E. |publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston |edition=3rd |name-list-style=amp}}</ref>

Bamboos include some of the fastest-growing plants in the world,<ref name="Farrelly">{{Cite book |last=Farrelly |first=David |url=https://archive.org/details/bookofbamboo00farr |title=The Book of Bamboo |publisher=Sierra Club Books |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-87156-825-0 |url-access=registration}}</ref> due to a unique [[rhizome]]-dependent system. Certain species of bamboo can grow {{convert|91|cm|in|abbr=off|sp=us}} within a 24-hour period, at a rate of almost {{convert|40|mm|in|frac=4|sp=us}} an hour (equivalent to {{Convert|1|mm|4=2|abbr=on|sp=us}} every 90 seconds).<ref name="Guinness">{{Cite web |title=Fastest growing plant |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-3000/fastest-growing-plant/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903081941/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-3000/fastest-growing-plant |archive-date=3 September 2014 |access-date=22 August 2014 |website=Guinness World Records}}</ref> Growth up to {{Convert|120|cm|4=1|sp=us}} in 24 hours has been observed in the instance of Japanese giant timber bamboo (''[[Phyllostachys bambusoides]]'').<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Austin |first1=Robert |title=Bamboo |last2=Ueda |first2=Koishiro |date=1970 |publisher=Walker/Weatherhill |location=New York |page=193}}</ref> This rapid growth and tolerance for [[marginal land]] make bamboo a good candidate for [[afforestation]], [[carbon sequestration]] and [[climate change mitigation]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Lal |last2=Sridharan |first2=Srinidhi |last3=Thul |first3=Sanjog T. |last4=Kokate |first4=Piyush |last5=Kumar |first5=Phani |last6=Kumar |first6=Sunil |last7=Kumar |first7=Rakesh |date=2020-11-01 |title=Eco-rejuvenation of degraded land by microbe assisted bamboo plantation |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0926669020307123 |journal=Industrial Crops and Products |volume=155 |article-number=112795 |doi=10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112795 |bibcode=2020IndCP.15512795S |issn=0926-6690 |s2cid=225025086 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Masisi 100009">{{Cite journal |last1=Masisi |first1=Bhoke |last2=Zabel |first2=Astrid |last3=Blaser |first3=Jürgen |last4=Augustino |first4=Suzana |date=2022-12-01 |title=Fighting climate change with bamboo in Africa: The case of Kyela, Rungwe and Mufindi districts – Tanzania |journal=Advances in Bamboo Science |volume=1 |article-number=100009 |bibcode=2022AdBS....100009M |doi=10.1016/j.bamboo.2022.100009 |issn=2773-1391 |s2cid=253535691 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Raushan |last2=Thangaraju |first2=Mohan Manu |last3=Kumar |first3=Manoj |last4=Thul |first4=Sanjog Tarachand |last5=Pandey |first5=Vimal Chandra |last6=Yadav |first6=Swati |last7=Singh |first7=Lal |last8=Kumar |first8=Sunil |date=2021-07-01 |title=Ecological restoration of coal fly ash–dumped area through bamboo plantation |journal=Environmental Science and Pollution Research |language=en |volume=28 |issue=25 |pages=33416–33432 |bibcode=2021ESPR...2833416K |doi=10.1007/s11356-021-12995-7 |issn=1614-7499 |pmid=33641101 |s2cid=232067180 }}</ref>

Bamboo is versatile and has economic and cultural significance in [[South Asia]], [[Southeast Asia]], and [[East Asia]], being used for [[Bamboo construction|building material]]s, as a [[Bamboo shoot|food source]], and as a raw product, and depicted often in arts, such as in [[bamboo painting]]s and [[bambooworking]]. Bamboo, like [[wood]], is a natural [[composite material]] with a high strength-to-weight ratio useful for structures.<ref name="Lakkad" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=da Silva |first1=Rodrigo José |last2=de Resende |first2=Bárbara Lana |last3=Comandini |first3=Gianni |last4=Lavazza |first4=Jacopo |last5=Camanho |first5=Pedro P. |last6=Scarpa |first6=Fabrizio |last7=Panzera |first7=Túlio Hallak |date=August 2025 |title=Fully bio-based composite and modular metastructures |journal=Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials |language=en |volume=8 |issue=4 |article-number=288 |doi=10.1007/s42114-025-01359-1 |pmid=40612640 |issn=2522-0128 |pmc=12213883}}</ref> Bamboo's strength-to-weight ratio is similar to [[timber]], and its strength is generally similar to a strong [[softwood]] or [[hardwood]] timber.<ref name="Kaminski1">{{Cite journal |last1=Kaminski |first1=S. |last2=Lawrence |first2=A. |last3=Trujillo |first3=D. |date=2016 |title=Structural use of bamboo. Part 1: Introduction to bamboo |url=https://pure.coventry.ac.uk/ws/files/4012225/Bamboo%20Paper%201%20-%20Intro%20V11.6%20FINAL%20FOR%20ISTRUCTE.pdf |journal=The Structural Engineer |volume=94 |issue=8 |pages=40–43 |doi=10.56330/PNSC8891}}</ref><ref name="Kaminski2">{{Cite journal |last1=Kaminski |first1=S. |last2=Lawrence |first2=A. |last3=Trujillo |first3=D. |last4=Feltham |first4=I. |last5=Felipe López |first5=L. |date=2016 |title=Structural use of bamboo. Part 3: Design values |url=https://pure.coventry.ac.uk/ws/files/4057280/Bamboo%20Paper%203%20-%20Values%20V13.2%20FINAL%20FOR%20ISTRUCTE.pdf |journal=The Structural Engineer |volume=94 |issue=12 |pages=42–45 |doi=10.56330/JCLL5610}}</ref> Some bamboo species have displayed remarkable strength under test conditions. ''Bambusa tulda'' of [[Bangladesh]] and adjoining [[India]] has tested as high as 60,000 psi (400 MPa) in [[tensile strength]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=McClure |first=Floyd A. |title=1948 Yearbook of Agriculture - Grasses |date=1948 |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |location=Washington, D.C. |page=738}}</ref> Other bamboo species make extraordinarily hard material. ''Bambusa tabacaria'' of [[China]] contains so much [[silica]] that it will make sparks when struck by an axe.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Farrelly |first=David |title=The Book of Bamboo |date=1984 |publisher=Sierra Club Books |location=San Francisco |page=143}}</ref>

==Taxonomy==
{{cladogram|align=left
|caption=[[Phylogeny]] of the bamboo within the BOP [[clade]] of grasses, as suggested by analyses of the whole of Poaceae<ref name="GPWGII">{{Cite journal |last=Grass Phylogeny Working Group II |year=2012 |title=New grass phylogeny resolves deep evolutionary relationships and discovers C4 origins |journal=New Phytologist |volume=193 |issue=2 |pages=304–312 |bibcode=2012NewPh.193..304. |doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03972.x |hdl=2262/73271 |issn=0028-646X |pmid=22115274 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> and of the bamboos in particular<ref name="Kelchner2013">{{Cite journal |last1=Kelchner S |last2=Bamboo Phylogeny Working Group |year=2013 |title=Higher level phylogenetic relationships within the bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) based on five plastid markers |url=http://www.isu.edu/~kelchner/Kelchner_Lab/Publications_files/Kelchner%26BPG_MPE2013.pdf |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=404–413 |bibcode=2013MolPE..67..404K |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2013.02.005 |issn=1055-7903 |pmid=23454093 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605041641/http://www.isu.edu/~kelchner/Kelchner_Lab/Publications_files/Kelchner%26BPG_MPE2013.pdf |archive-date=5 June 2015}}</ref>
|cladogram={{clade|style=font-size:85%;line-height:75%;width:450px;
|label1=[[BOP clade]]
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1='''Bambusoideae'''
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[Bambuseae]] (tropical woody bamboos)
|2=[[Olyreae]] (herbaceous bamboos)
}}
|2=[[Arundinarieae]] (temperate woody bamboos)
}}
|2=[[Pooideae]]
}}
|2=[[Oryzoideae]]
}}
}}
}}
Bamboos have long been considered the most basal grass genera, mostly because of the presence of [[bract]]eate, indeterminate inflorescences, "pseudospikelets", and flowers with three [[lodicule]]s, six [[stamens]], and three [[stigma (botany)|stigmata]].<ref name="Clark, LG 1995">{{Cite journal |last1=Clark |first1=LG |last2=Zhang |first2=W |last3=Wendel |first3=JF |year=1995 |title=A Phylogeny of the Grass Family (Poaceae) Based on ndhF Sequence Data |journal=Systematic Botany |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=436–460 |bibcode=1995SysBo..20..436C |doi=10.2307/2419803 |jstor=2419803}}</ref> Following more recent [[molecular phylogenetic]] research, many [[tribe (biology)|tribes]] and genera of grasses formerly included in the Bambusoideae are now classified in other subfamilies, e.g. the [[Anomochlooideae]], the [[Puelioideae]], and the [[Ehrhartoideae]]. The subfamily in its current sense belongs to the [[BOP clade]] of grasses, where it is sister to the [[Pooideae]] (bluegrasses and relatives).<ref name="GPWGII" />

The bamboos comprise three clades classified as tribes, and these strongly correspond with geographic divisions representing the New World herbaceous species ([[Olyreae]]), tropical woody bamboos ([[Bambuseae]]), and temperate woody bamboos ([[Arundinarieae]]).<ref>{{Citation |last1=Ahmad |first1=Zishan |title=Bamboo: Origin, Habitat, Distributions and Global Prospective |date=2021 |work=Biotechnological Advances in Bamboo: The "Green Gold" on the Earth |pages=1–31 |editor-last=Ahmad |editor-first=Zishan |editor-last2=Ding |editor-first2=Yulong |editor-last3=Shahzad |editor-first3=Anwar |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-16-1310-4_1 |isbn=978-981-16-1310-4 |s2cid=239748950 |last2=Upadhyay |first2=Anamica |last3=Ding |first3=Yulong |last4=Emamverdian |first4=Abolghassem |last5=Shahzad |first5=Anwar }}</ref><ref name="Ayer 100027" /> The woody bamboos do not form a [[monophyletic group]]; instead, the tropical woody and herbaceous bamboos are sister to the temperate woody bamboos.<ref name="Kelchner2013" /><ref name="GPWGII"/> Altogether, more than 1,400 species are placed in 115 genera.<ref name="Kelchner2013" />

The bamboo taxonomy is in agreement with molecular phylogeny based on chloroplast DNA, reflecting the maternal line of descent. The nuclear genome of bamboos show a more complex pattern of branching due to the presence of ''subgenomes'' from ancient hybridization events leading to [[allopolyploidy]]. The herbaceous bamboos are diploid (HH), the temperate woody ones are tetraploid (CCDD), the neotropical woody ones are tetraploid (BBCC), and the paleotropical woody ones are hexaploid (AABBCC).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ma |first1=Peng-Fei |last2=Liu |first2=Yun-Long |last3=Guo |first3=Cen |last4=Jin |first4=Guihua |last5=Guo |first5=Zhen-Hua |last6=Mao |first6=Ling |last7=Yang |first7=Yi-Zhou |last8=Niu |first8=Liang-Zhong |last9=Wang |first9=Yu-Jiao |last10=Clark |first10=Lynn G. |last11=Kellogg |first11=Elizabeth A. |last12=Xu |first12=Zu-Chang |last13=Ye |first13=Xia-Ying |last14=Liu |first14=Jing-Xia |last15=Zhou |first15=Meng-Yuan |last16=Luo |first16=Yan |last17=Yang |first17=Yang |last18=Soltis |first18=Douglas E. |last19=Bennetzen |first19=Jeffrey L. |last20=Soltis |first20=Pamela S. |last21=Li |first21=De-Zhu |title=Genome assemblies of 11 bamboo species highlight diversification induced by dynamic subgenome dominance |journal=Nature Genetics |date=April 2024 |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=710–720 |doi=10.1038/s41588-024-01683-0|pmc=11018529 }}</ref>

{{hidden begin |title='''Tribe [[Olyreae]]''' (herbaceous bamboos)
|titlestyle=background:rgb(144,238,144);width:60%;}}
22 genera:
* Subtribe [[Buergersiochloinae]]
*: one genus: ''[[Buergersiochloa]]''.
* Subtribe [[Olyrineae]]
*: 18 genera: ''[[Agnesia]]'', ''[[Arberella]]'', ''[[Brasilochloa]]'', ''[[Cryptochloa]]'', ''[[Diandrolyra]]'', ''[[Ekmanochloa]]'', ''[[Froesiochloa]]'', ''[[Lithachne]]'', ''[[Maclurolyra]]'', ''[[Mniochloa]]'', ''[[Olyra (plant)|Olyra]]'', ''[[Parodiolyra]]'', ''[[Piresiella]]'', ''[[Raddia]]'', ''[[Raddiella]]'', ''[[Rehia]]'', ''[[Reitzia]]'' (syn. ''[[Piresia]]''), ''[[Sucrea]]''.
* Subtribe [[Parianinae]]
*: three genera: ''[[Eremitis]]'', ''[[Pariana]]'', ''[[Parianella]]''.
{{hidden end}}{{hidden begin|title='''Tribe [[Bambuseae]]''' (tropical woody bamboos)|titlestyle=background:rgb(144,238,144);width:60%;}}
73 genera:
* Subtribe [[Arthrostylidiinae]]:
*: 15 genera: ''[[Actinocladum]]'', ''[[Alvimia]]'', ''[[Arthrostylidium]]'', ''[[Athroostachys]]'', ''[[Atractantha]]'', ''[[Aulonemia]]'', ''[[Cambajuva]]'', ''[[Colanthelia]]'', ''[[Didymogonyx]]'', ''[[Elytrostachys]]'', ''[[Filgueirasia]]'', ''[[Glaziophyton]]'', ''[[Merostachys]]'', ''[[Myriocladus]]'', ''[[Rhipidocladum]]''.
* Subtribe [[Bambusinae]]:
*: 17 genera: ''[[Bambusa]]'', ''[[Bonia]]'', ''[[Cochinchinochloa]]'', ''[[Dendrocalamus]]'', ''[[Fimbribambusa]]'', ''[[Gigantochloa]]'', ''[[Maclurochloa]]'', ''[[Melocalamus]]'', ''[[Neomicrocalamus]]'', ''[[Oreobambos]]'', ''[[Oxytenanthera]]'', ''[[Phuphanochloa]]'', ''[[Pseudoxytenanthera]]'', ''[[Soejatmia]]'', ''[[Thyrsostachys]]'', ''[[Vietnamosasa]]'', ''[[Yersinochloa]]''.
* Subtribe [[Chusqueinae]]:
*: one genus: ''[[Chusquea]]''.
* Subtribe [[Dinochloinae]]:
*: 7 genera: ''[[Cyrtochloa]]'', ''[[Dinochloa]]'', ''[[Mullerochloa]]'', ''[[Neololeba]]'', ''[[Pinga (plant)|Pinga]]'', ''[[Parabambusa]]'', ''[[Sphaerobambos]]''.
* Subtribe [[Greslaniinae]]:
*: one genus: ''[[Greslania]]''.
* Subtribe [[Guaduinae]]:
*: 5 genera: ''[[Apoclada]]'', ''[[Eremocaulon]]'', ''[[Guadua]]'', ''[[Olmeca]]'', ''[[Otatea]]''.
* Subtribe [[Hickeliinae]]:
*: 9 genera: ''[[Cathariostachys]]'', ''[[Decaryochloa]]'', ''[[Hickelia]]'', ''[[Hitchcockella]]'', ''[[Nastus]]'', ''[[Perrierbambus]]'', ''[[Sirochloa]]'', ''[[Sokinochloa]]'', ''[[Valiha (plant)|Valiha]]''.
* Subtribe [[Holttumochloinae]]:
*: 3 genera: ''[[Holttumochloa]]'', ''[[Kinabaluchloa]]'', ''[[Nianhochloa]]''.
* Subtribe [[Melocanninae]]:
*: 9 genera: ''[[Annamocalamus]]'', ''[[Cephalostachyum]]'', ''[[Davidsea]]'', ''[[Melocanna]]'', ''[[Neohouzeaua]]'', ''[[Ochlandra]]'', ''[[Pseudostachyum]]'', ''[[Schizostachyum]]'', ''[[Stapletonia]]''.
* Subtribe [[Racemobambosinae]]:
*: 3 genera: ''[[Chloothamnus]]'', ''[[Racemobambos]]'', ''[[Widjajachloa]]''.
* Subtribe [[Temburongiinae]]:
*: one genus: ''[[Temburongia]]''.
* ''[[incertae sedis]]''
*: 2 genera: ''[[Ruhooglandia]]'', ''[[Temochloa]]''.
{{hidden end}}

{{hidden begin|title='''Tribe [[Arundinarieae]]''' (temperate woody bamboos)|titlestyle=background:rgb(144,238,144);width:60%;}}
33 genera: ''[[Acidosasa]]'', ''[[Ampelocalamus]]'', ''[[Arundinaria]]'', ''[[Bashania]]'', ''[[Bergbambos]]'', ''[[Chimonobambusa]]'', ''[[Chimonocalamus]]'', ''[[Drepanostachyum]]'', ''[[Fargesia]]'', ''[[Ferrocalamus]]'', ''[[Gaoligongshania]]'', ''[[Gelidocalamus]]'', ''[[Himalayacalamus]]'', ''[[Indocalamus]]'', ''[[Indosasa]]'', ''[[Kuruna]]'', ''[[Oldeania]]'', ''[[Oligostachyum]]'', ''[[Phyllostachys]]'', ''[[Pleioblastus]]'', ''[[Pseudosasa]]'', ''[[Sarocalamus]]'', ''[[Sasa (plant)|Sasa]]'', ''[[Sasaella]]'', ''[[Sasamorpha]]'', ''[[Semiarundinaria]]'', ''[[Shibataea]]'', ''[[Sinobambusa]]'', ''[[Sinosasa]]'', ''[[Thamnocalamus]]'', ''[[Tongpeia]]'', ''[[Vietnamocalamus]]'', ''[[Yushania]]''.
{{hidden end}}

==Distribution==
[[File:Bambusoideae World map.png|thumb|left|Worldwide distribution of bamboos (Bambusoideae)]]

Most bamboo species are native to warm and moist [[tropical]] and to warm temperate climates.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kitsteiner |first=John |date=13 January 2014 |title=Permaculture Plants: Bamboo |url=http://tcpermaculture.com/site/2014/01/13/permaculture-plants-bamboo/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731051114/http://tcpermaculture.com/site/2014/01/13/permaculture-plants-bamboo/ |archive-date=31 July 2017 |access-date=28 July 2017 |website=tcpermaculture.com}}</ref> Their range also extends to cool mountainous regions and highland [[cloud forest]]s.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ramakrishnan |first1=M |last2=Zhou |first2=M |last3=Baskar |first3=K |last4=Packiam |first4=SM |date=2018 |title=Role of Bamboo in Ecosystem |url=https://austinpublishinggroup.com/environmental-toxicology/fulltext/ajet-v4-id1023.php |journal=Environmental Toxicology |volume=4 |issue=1 |page=1023 |issn=2472-372X}}</ref>

In the [[Asia-Pacific|Asia-Pacific region]], they occur across East Asia, from north to 50 °N latitude in [[Sakhalin]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Newell |first=J |title=The Russian Far East: A Reference Guide for Conservation and Development |date=2004 |publisher=Daniel & Daniel |location=McKinleyville, California |pages=376, 384–386, 392, 404 |chapter=Chapter 11: Sakhalin Oblast |access-date=18 June 2014 |chapter-url=http://urbansustainability.snre.umich.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/RFE.11.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703070054/http://urbansustainability.snre.umich.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/RFE.11.pdf |archive-date=3 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> to south to [[northern Australia]], and west to India and the [[Himalayas]]. China, Japan, Korea, India and Australia, all have several endemic populations.<ref name="Bystriakova et al">{{Cite journal |last1=Bystriakova |first1=N. |last2=Kapos |first2=V. |last3=Lysenko |first3=I. |last4=Stapleton |first4=C. M. A. |date=September 2003 |title=Distribution and conservation status of forest bamboo biodiversity in the Asia-Pacific Region |journal=Biodiversity and Conservation |volume=12 |issue=9 |pages=1833–1841 |bibcode=2003BiCon..12.1833B |doi=10.1023/A:1024139813651 |s2cid=35784749}}</ref> They also occur in small numbers in [[sub-Saharan Africa]], confined to tropical areas, from southern Senegal in the north to southern Mozambique and Madagascar in the south.<ref name="gorilla" /> In the Americas, bamboo has a native range from 47 °S in southern Argentina and the beech forests of central [[Chile]], through the South American tropical rainforests, to the [[Andes]] in Ecuador near {{convert|14000|ft|m|abbr=on|order=flip}}, with a noticeable gap through the [[Atacama Desert]].{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

Three species of bamboo, all in the genus ''Arundinaria'', are native to the [[Southeastern United States]].<ref>{{PLANTS|taxon=Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl. giant cane |symbol=ARGI}}</ref> Bamboo thickets called [[canebrake]]s once formed a dominant ecosystem in some parts of the Southeastern United States, but they are now considered critically endangered ecosystems.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Canebrake Restoration |url=https://friendsofthecache.org/canebrake-restoration |access-date=27 November 2022 |website=friendsofthecache.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shoemaker |first=Cory M. |date=2018 |title=Environmental and landscape factors affecting the continued suppression of canebrakes (Arundinaria gigantea, Poaceae) within restorations of bottomland hardwood forests |journal=The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society |volume=145 |issue=2 |pages=156–152 |doi=10.3159/TORREY-D-17-00011.1 |s2cid=90442090}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Barret |first1=Richard |last2=Grabowski |first2=Janet |last3=Williams |first3=M.J. |title=Giant Cane and Other Native Bamboos: Establishment and Use for Conservation of Natural Resources in the Southeast |url=https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/plantmaterials/flpmctn13727.pdf |website=ncrs.usda.gov}}</ref> Canada and continental Europe are not known to have any native species of bamboo.<ref name="rhs">{{Cite book |title=New RHS Dictionary of Gardening |publisher=Macmillan |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-333-47494-5 |editor-last=Huxley |editor-first=Anthony |editor-link=Anthony Huxley |editor-last2=Griffiths |editor-first2=Mark |editor-last3=Levy |editor-first3=Margot}}</ref> Many species are also cultivated as garden plants outside of this range, including in Europe and areas of North America where no native wild bamboo exists.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

Recently, some attempts have been made to grow bamboo on a commercial basis in the [[African Great Lakes|Great Lakes region]] of east-central Africa, especially in Rwanda.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2010 |title=Bamboo Farming: An Opportunity To Transform Livelihoods |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2010-06-06/81841/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911011240/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2010-06-06/81841/ |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=2 August 2016 |website=The New Times}}</ref> In the United States, several companies are growing, harvesting, and distributing species such as ''[[Phyllostachys nigra]]'' (Henon) and ''[[Phyllostachys edulis]]'' (Moso).<ref>{{Cite news |last=McDill |first=Stephen |title=MS Business Journal |url=http://msbusiness.com/businessblog/2011/07/07/mississippi-cashes-in-on-bamboo/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711132830/http://msbusiness.com/businessblog/2011/07/07/mississippi-cashes-in-on-bamboo/ |archive-date=11 July 2011 |access-date=7 July 2011 }}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="160">
2021 Sagano Bamboo forest in Arashiyama, Kyoto, Japan.jpg|Bamboo forest in [[Arashiyama]], Kyoto, Japan
Trilha do Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos Sede Petrópolis.jpg|[[Serra dos Órgãos National Park]], Brazil
Bamboo forest in Guangde.jpg|Bamboo forest in [[Guangde]], China
Bamboo Forest, Gochangupseong Fortress, South Korea (2).jpg|Bamboo forest, Gochangupseong Fortress, South Korea
Canebrake in Kentucky.jpg|''[[Arundinaria gigantea]]'', a North American bamboo, in [[Kentucky]]
Bamboo forest along Pipiwai Trail @ Kapahulu, Hana, Maui - panoramio.jpg|Panoramic view of bamboo forest in [[Hawaii]]
</gallery>

==Ecology==
{{More citations needed|date=June 2024|area=section}}
[[File:Bamboo Canopy.jpg|thumb|Bamboo canopy]]
The two general patterns for the growth of bamboo are "clumping", and "running", with short and long underground rhizomes, respectively. Clumping bamboo species tend to spread slowly, as the growth pattern of the rhizomes is to simply expand the root mass gradually, similar to ornamental grasses. Running bamboos need to be controlled during cultivation because of their potential for aggressive behavior. They spread mainly through their [[rhizome]]s, which can spread widely underground and send up new culms to break through the surface. Running bamboo species are highly variable in their tendency to spread; this is related to the species, [[soil]] and [[climate]] conditions. Some send out runners of several meters a year, while others stay in the same general area for long periods. If neglected, over time, they can cause problems by moving into adjacent areas.

Bamboos include some of the fastest-growing plants on Earth, with reported growth rates up to {{convert|910|mm|in|abbr=on}} in 24 hours.<ref name=Guinness/> These depend on local soil and climatic conditions, as well as species, and a more typical growth rate for many commonly cultivated bamboos in temperate climates is in the range of {{convert|30|–|100|mm|in|frac=2|abbr=on}} per day during the growing period. Some of the largest timber bamboo grow over {{convert|30|m|ft|sigfig=1|abbr=on}} tall, and be as large as {{convert|250|–|300|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} in diameter. The size range for mature bamboo is species-dependent, with the smallest bamboos reaching only several inches high at maturity. A typical height range covering many of the common bamboos grown in the United States is {{convert|4.5|-|12|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, depending on species. [[Anji County]] of China, known as the "Town of Bamboo", provides the optimal climate and soil conditions to grow, harvest, and process some of the most valued bamboo poles available worldwide.

Unlike all trees, individual bamboo [[Culm (botany)|culms]] emerge from the ground at their full diameter and grow to their full height in a single [[growing season]] of three to four months. During this time, each new [[Shoot (botany)|shoot]] grows vertically into a culm with no branching out until the majority of the mature height is reached. Then, the branches extend from the nodes and leafing out occurs. In the next year, the pulpy wall of each culm slowly hardens. During the third year, the culm hardens further. The shoot is now a fully mature culm. Over the next 2–5 years (depending on species), fungus begins to form on the outside of the culm, which eventually penetrates and overcomes the culm.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}} Around 5–8 years later (species- and climate-dependent), the fungal growths cause the culm to collapse and decay. This brief life means culms are ready for harvest and suitable for use in construction within about three to seven years. Individual bamboo culms do not get any taller or larger in diameter in subsequent years than they do in their first year, and they do not replace any growth lost from pruning or natural breakage. Bamboo has a wide range of hardiness depending on species and locale. Small or young specimens of an individual species produce small culms initially. As the clump and its rhizome system mature, taller and larger culms are produced each year until the plant approaches its particular species limits of height and diameter.

Many tropical bamboo species die at or near freezing temperatures, while some of the hardier temperate bamboos survive temperatures as low as {{convert|-29|°C|°F}}. Some of the hardiest bamboo species are grown in [[Hardiness zone|USDA plant hardiness zone]] 5,{{citation needed|date=December 2021}} although they typically defoliate and may even lose all above-ground growth, yet the rhizomes survive and send up shoots again the next spring. In milder climates, such as USDA zone 7 and above, most bamboo remain fully leafed out and green year-round.

=== Mass flowering ===
{{Further|Bamboo blossom}}
[[File:PICT0079 bambus-i-blomst 13apr2007 1200-81.jpg|left|thumb|upright|Flowering bamboo]]
{{multiple image |align=right |total_width=350
|image1=Phyllostachys Glauca 'Yunzhu' in flower.jpg |caption1=''[[Phyllostachys glauca]]'' 'Yunzhu' in flower
|image2=Bamboo seeds bunch 03.jpg |caption2=Bunches of bamboo seeds
}}

Bamboos seldom and unpredictably flower and the frequency of flowering varies greatly from species to species. Once flowering takes place, a plant declines and often dies entirely. In fact, many species only flower at intervals as long as 65 or 120 years. These taxa exhibit [[mass flowering]] (or gregarious flowering), with all plants in a particular 'cohort' flowering over a several-year period. Any plant derived through clonal propagation from this cohort will also flower regardless of whether it has been planted in a different location. The longest mass flowering interval known is 120 years, and it is for the species ''[[Phyllostachys bambusoides]]'' (Sieb. & Zucc.).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Veller |first1=Carl |last2=Nowak |first2=Martin A. |author-link2=Martin Nowak |last3=Davis |first3=Charles C. |date=July 2015 |title=Extended flowering intervals of bamboos evolved by discrete multiplication |url=http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~ccdavis/pdfs/Veller_et_al_Ecology_Letters_2015.pdf |journal=[[Ecology Letters]] |volume=18 |issue=7 |pages=653–659 |bibcode=2015EcolL..18..653V |doi=10.1111/ele.12442 |issn=1461-023X |pmid=25963600 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911202926/http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~ccdavis/pdfs/Veller_et_al_Ecology_Letters_2015.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-11}}</ref> In this species, all plants of the same stock flower at the same time, regardless of differences in geographic locations or climatic conditions, and then the bamboo dies.<ref>{{Cite book |last=McClure |first=Floyd A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlKneBvfDyEC |title=The Bamboos - A Fresh Perspective |date=1966 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-06150-7 |location=Cambridge, MA |page=274}}</ref> The commercially important bamboo Guadua, or Cana brava (''[[Guadua angustifolia]]'') bloomed for the first time in recorded history in 1971, suggesting a blooming interval well in excess of 130 years.{{citation needed|date=January 2023 |reason=Previous source was published in 1966 and could not have reported a 1971 event.}} The lack of environmental impact on the time of flowering indicates the presence of some sort of "alarm clock" in each cell of the plant which signals the diversion of all energy to flower production and the cessation of vegetative growth.<ref name="Soderstrom, TR 1979">{{Cite journal |last1=Soderstrom |first1=Thomas R. |last2=Calderon |first2=Cleofe E. |year=1979 |title=A Commentary on the Bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) |journal=Biotropica |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=161–172 |bibcode=1979Biotr..11..161S |doi=10.2307/2388036 |jstor=2388036}}</ref> This mechanism, as well as the evolutionary cause behind it, is still largely a mystery.

=== Invasive species ===
Because of their ability to rapidly populate and grow, some bamboo species are acknowledged as having high potential for becoming [[invasive species]]. A study commissioned by [[International Bamboo and Rattan Organization]], found that invasive species typically are varieties that spread via [[rhizome]]s rather than by clumping, as most commercially viable woody bamboos do.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-25 |title=Bamboos and invasiveness |url=https://www.inbar.int/bamboos-and-invasiveness/ |access-date=2020-07-31 |website=INBAR |language=en-US}}</ref> In the United States, the National Invasive Species Information Center agency of the [[United States Department of Agriculture|Department of Agriculture]] has golden bamboo (''[[Phyllostachys aurea]]'') listed as an invasive species.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Terrestrial Invasives: Golden Bamboo |url=https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/terrestrial/plants/golden-bamboo |website=InvasiveSpeciesInfo.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of Agriculture}}</ref> Other potentially invasive species include, but are not limited to, ''Actinocladum verticillatum, Bambusa tuldoides, Bambusa vulgaris, Guadua sarcocarpa, Guadua tagoara, Phyllostachys aurea,'' and ''Phyllostachys pubescens'', all of which spread primarily through rhizomes. The harmful effects of these species include raising the pH of the soil, cramping and shading out native plants, hindering the spread of native seeds, altering food chains, and siphoning nutrients from other plants. As bamboo farming and cultivation become more prominent in modern agriculture, it is important to closely monitor the spread of potentially invasive bamboo species.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Buziquia |first1=Sarah Tanganeli |last2=Lopes |first2=Paulo Victor Freitas |last3=Almeida |first3=Aleska Kaufmann |last4=de Almeida |first4=Isabel Kaufmann |date=2019-12-01 |title=Impacts of bamboo spreading: a review |journal=Biodiversity and Conservation |language=en |volume=28 |issue=14 |pages=3695–3711 |doi=10.1007/s10531-019-01875-9 |bibcode=2019BiCon..28.3695B |issn=1572-9710}}</ref>

=== Animal diet ===
[[File:Giant panda eating bamboo.jpg|thumb|Bamboo is the main food of the [[giant panda]], making up about 99% of its diet.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sponheimer |first1=Matt |last2=Clauss |first2=Marcus |last3=Codron |first3=Daryl |date=3 June 2019 |title=Dietary Evolution: The Panda Paradox |journal=Current Biology |volume=29 |issue=11 |pages=R417–R419 |bibcode=2019CBio...29.R417S |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.045 |pmid=31163146 |s2cid=173992065 |doi-access=free}}</ref>]]
Bamboo contains large amounts of protein and very low amounts of carbohydrates allowing this plant to be the source of food for many animals.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Daley |first=Jason |title=Bamboo Is Basically 'Fake Meat' for Giant Pandas |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/bamboo-fake-meat-giant-pandas-180972101/ |publisher=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> Soft [[bamboo shoot]]s, stems and leaves are the major food source of the [[giant panda]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=What do pandas eat? And other giant panda facts |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/stories/what-do-pandas-eat-and-other-giant-panda-facts |access-date=27 March 2023 |website=WWF}}</ref> of China, the [[red panda]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Where do red pandas live? And other red panda facts |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/stories/where-do-red-pandas-live-and-other-red-panda-facts |access-date=27 March 2023 |website=WWF}}</ref> of [[Nepal]], and the [[bamboo lemur]]s of [[Madagascar]].<ref name="Suresh-2023">{{Cite web |last=Suresh |first=Rahul |date=28 March 2023 |title=What Animals Eat Bamboo? |work=AnimalsResearch |url=https://animalsresearch.com/what-animals-eat-bamboo/ |access-date=17 June 2023 |archive-date=17 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230617160844/https://animalsresearch.com/what-animals-eat-bamboo/ }}</ref> The red panda can eat up to {{convert|9|lb|kg}} a day which is also about the full body weight of the animal.<ref name="Suresh-2023" /> With raw bamboo containing trace amounts of harmful cyanide with higher concentrations in bamboo shoots, the [[golden bamboo lemur]] ingests many times the quantity of the [[wikt:taxiphyllin|taxiphyllin]]-containing bamboo that would be lethal to a human.<ref name="Suresh-2023" />

[[Mountain gorilla]]s of [[Central Africa]] also feed on bamboo, and have been documented consuming bamboo [[sap]] which was fermented and alcoholic;<ref name="gorilla">{{Cite web |date=23 March 2009 |title=Gorillas get drunk on bamboo sap |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthpicturegalleries/5037343/Gorillas-get-drunk-on-bamboo-sap.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326083159/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthpicturegalleries/5037343/Gorillas-get-drunk-on-bamboo-sap.html |archive-date=26 March 2009 |access-date=12 August 2009 |website=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref> [[chimpanzee]]s and [[elephant]]s of the region also eat the stalks. The larvae of the [[bamboo borer]] (the [[moth]] ''[[Omphisa fuscidentalis]]'') of [[Laos]], [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]] and [[Yunnan, China]] feed off the pulp of live bamboo. In turn, these [[caterpillar]]s are considered a [[Entomophagy|local delicacy]]. Bamboo is also used for livestock feed with research showing some bamboo varieties have higher protein content over other varieties of bamboo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Andriarimalala |first1=José Herilalao |last2=Kpomasse |first2=Claude Cocou |last3=Salgado |first3=Paulo |last4=Ralisoa |first4=Noroseheno |last5=Durai |first5=Jayraman |date=2019 |title=Nutritional potential of bamboo leaves for feeding dairy cattle |journal=Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical |volume=Special Supplement: Bamboo |article-number=e54370 |doi=10.1590/1983-40632019v4954370 |s2cid=91400323 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Cultivation==
{{multiple image
| align = center
| total_width = 700
| image1 = Bamboo-yellow.jpg
| caption1 = Bamboo foliage with yellow stems (probably ''[[Phyllostachys aurea]]'')
| image2 = Phyllostachys nigra folium.jpg
| caption2 = Bamboo foliage with black stems (probably ''[[Phyllostachys nigra]]'')
| image3 = Bamboo shoot-phyllostachys parvifolia-jx1241c.jpg
| caption3 = A young bamboo shoot (''[[Phyllostachys parvifolia]]'')
| image4 = 20200704 Bamboo barrier.jpg
| caption4 = A bamboo hedge contained by an in-ground barrier, shown during and after construction
}}

===General===
{{Excerpt|Bamboo cultivation}}
In Brazil, the [http://www.cebis.org.br Brazilian Center for Innovation and Sustainability - CEBIS], a non-profit organization, promotes the development of Brazil's bamboo production chain. Last year{{When|date=December 2023}}, it helped with the approval of law n~21,162 in the state of [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]], which encourages Bamboo Culture aiming at the dissemination of its agricultural cultivation and the valorization of bamboo as an instrument for promoting the sustainable socioeconomic development of the State through its multiple functionalities. Bamboo cultivation neutralizes carbon emissions. Bamboo cultivation is cheap and in addition to adding value to its production chain, it is a sustainable crop that brings environmental, economic and social benefits. Its production can be used from construction to food. Recently, it was qualified and classified for the National Commission for Sustainable Development Objectives - CNDOS of the Presidency of the Republic of the federal government of Brazil.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

===Harvesting===
[[File:Bamboo Harvesting - Mahimapur - Murshidabad 2017-03-28 6129.JPG|thumb|Bamboo harvested at [[Murshidabad]]]]
[[File:Local farmer nearby the park.jpg|thumb|Harvested bamboo transported by river near Ramsai, [[Jalpaiguri]]]]

Bamboo used for construction purposes must be harvested when the culms reach their greatest strength and when sugar levels in the [[sap]] are at their lowest, as high sugar content increases the ease and rate of [[Pest (organism)|pest]] infestation. As compared to forest trees, bamboo species grow fast. Bamboo plantations can be readily harvested for a shorter period than tree plantations.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Razal |first1=Ramon |title=Non-Wood Forest Products of the Philippines |last2=Palijon |first2=Armando |publisher=El Guapo Printing Press, Calamba Printing Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-971-579-058-1 |location=Calamba City, Laguna |page=145}}</ref>

Harvesting of bamboo is typically undertaken according to these cycles:
* '''Lifecycle of the culm''': As each individual [[Culm (botany)|culm]] goes through a five to seven-year lifecycle, they are ideally allowed to reach this level of maturity prior to full capacity harvesting. The clearing out or thinning of culms, particularly older decaying culms, helps to ensure adequate light and resources for new growth. Well-maintained clumps may have a productivity three to four times that of an unharvested wild clump. Consistent with the lifecycle described above, bamboo is harvested from two to three years through to five to seven years, depending on the species.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Panda |first=H. |title=Bamboo Plantation and Utilization Handbook |date=Oct 6, 2011 |publisher=Asia Pacific Business Press, Inc. |page=168}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Marie |first=Joanne |title=Bamboo Harvesting and Growing |url=https://www.weekand.com/home-garden/article/bamboo-harvesting-growing-18033612.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230617181605/https://www.weekand.com/home-garden/article/bamboo-harvesting-growing-18033612.php |archive-date=17 June 2023 |access-date=17 June 2023 |publisher=Hearst Newspapers |agency=Week&}}</ref>
* '''Annual cycle''': Most all growth of new bamboo occurs during the [[wet season]] and disturbing the clump during this phase will potentially damage the upcoming crop, while harvesting immediately prior to the wet/growth season may also damage new shoots, therefore harvesting is best a few months prior to the start of the wet season.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hornaday |first=Fred |date=22 August 2022 |title=Harvesting Bamboo: When, why and how |url=https://bambubatu.com/harvesting-bamboo-when-why-and-how/ |website=Bambu Batu}}</ref> Also during this high-rainfall period, sap levels are at their highest, and then diminish towards the [[dry season]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hasan |first=S.M. |date=June 1975 |title=STUDIES ON GROWTH AND MATURITY OF BAMBOO CULMS |journal=The Commonwealth Forestry Review |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=147–153}}</ref>
* '''Daily cycle''': During the height of the day, [[photosynthesis]] is at its peak, producing the highest levels of sugar in sap, making this the least ideal time of day to harvest and many traditional practitioners believe the best time to harvest is at dawn or dusk on a waning moon.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schröder |first=Stéphane |title=When and How to Harvest Bamboo |url=https://www.guaduabamboo.com/blog/when-and-how-to-harvest-bamboo |publisher=Guadua Bamboo}}</ref>

===Leaching===
Leaching is the removal of sap after harvest. In many areas of the world, the sap levels in harvested bamboo are reduced either through leaching or post-harvest photosynthesis.
For example:{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}
* Cut bamboo is raised clear of the ground and leaned against the rest of the clump for one to two weeks until leaves turn yellow to allow full consumption of sugars by the plant.
* A similar method is undertaken, but with the base of the culm standing in fresh water, either in a large drum or stream to leach out sap.
* Cut culms are immersed in a running stream and weighted down for three to four weeks.
* Water is pumped through the freshly cut culms, forcing out the sap (this method is often used in conjunction with the injection of some form of treatment).

In the process of water leaching, the bamboo is dried slowly and evenly in the shade to avoid cracking in the outer skin of the bamboo, thereby reducing opportunities for pest infestation.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

Durability of bamboo in construction is directly related to how well it is handled from the moment of planting through harvesting, transportation, storage, design, construction, and maintenance. Bamboo harvested at the correct time of year and then exposed to ground contact or rain will break down just as quickly as incorrectly harvested material.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Myers |first=Evan T. |title=Structural Bamboo Design in East Africa |url=https://www.academia.edu/5108420 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161216111453/http://www.academia.edu/5108420/Structural_Design_of_Bamboo_in_East_Africa |archive-date=16 December 2016 |access-date=18 June 2014 |publisher=[[Kansas State University]]}}</ref>

== Toxicity ==
Gardeners working with bamboo plants have occasionally reported [[Allergic response|allergic reactions]] varying from no effects during previous exposures, to immediate itchiness and rash developing into red welts after several hours where the skin had been in contact with the plant ([[Contact dermatitis|contact allergy]]), and in some cases into swollen eyelids and breathing difficulties (dyspnea). A [[Skin allergy test|skin prick test]] using bamboo extract was positive for the [[Immunoglobulin E|immunoglobulin E (IgE)]] in an available case study.<ref name="Kitajima1986">{{Cite journal |last=Kitajima |first=T. |year=1986 |title=Contact allergy caused by bamboo shoots |journal=Contact Dermatitis |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=100–102 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0536.1986.tb01293.x |pmid=3780197 |s2cid=36280844}}</ref><ref name="Hipler2005">{{Cite journal |last=Hipler U.-C. |display-authors=et al |year=1986 |title=Typ IV-Allergie gegen Bambusblätter - ein Fallbereicht |trans-title=Type IV allergy against bamboo leaves – a case study |journal=Allergo J |volume=14 |page=45}}</ref><ref name="Garneners2012">{{Cite web |date=4 September 2012 |title=Thinning bamboos, with itchy consequences |url=https://www.succulentsandmore.com/2012/09/thinning-bamboos-with-itchy-consequences.html |access-date=3 June 2018 |website=Succulents And More}}</ref>

In addition, the shoots (newly emerged culms) of bamboo contain the toxin taxiphyllin (a [[cyanogenic glycoside]]), which produces [[cyanide]] in the gut.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ding |first1=Ming |last2=Wang |first2=Kailiang |date=2018-04-18 |title=Determination of cyanide in bamboo shoots by microdiffusion combined with ion chromatography–pulsed amperometric detection |journal=Royal Society Open Science |volume=5 |issue=4 |article-number=172128 |bibcode=2018RSOS....572128D |doi=10.1098/rsos.172128 |doi-access=free|issn=2054-5703 |pmc=5936929 |pmid=29765664}}</ref> Taxiphyllin levels are highest in young shoots. The level of the toxicant declines with the advancement of maturity. Proper cooking (boiling / steaming for a minimum of 20 minutes with several changes of water) breaks down the glycoside and releases [[Hydrogen cyanide|hydrogen cyanide gas]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pandey |first=Ashok Kumar |last2=Ojha |first2=Vijayalakshmi |date=2011-07-15 |title=Precooking processing of bamboo shoots for removal of anti-nutrients |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3857424/ |journal=Journal of Food Science and Technology |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=43–50 |doi=10.1007/s13197-011-0463-4 |issn=0022-1155 |pmc=3857424 |pmid=24426046}}</ref> Ultimately, this renders the shoots harmless. Bamboo shoots, eaten raw or undercooked, can cause symptoms of acute [[cyanide poisoning]], including nausea, dizziness, rapid heartbeat, and in some cases coma or death, though this is rare with the traditional methods employed in Asian cuisines.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suspected case of raw bamboo shoot poisoning under CHP investigation |url=https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202308/10/P2023081000738.htm |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=www.info.gov.hk}}</ref> Individuals with a sensitivity to cyanide, such as those with [[Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency|G6PD deficiency]], should avoid them altogether, even when cooked.

[[Contact dermatitis]] due to bamboo leaves or culms appears to be [[immunoglobulin E]]-mediated in sensitized individuals, although specific allergens are unknown.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kitajima |first=T. |date=1986-08-15 |title=Contact allergy caused by bamboo shoots |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3780197 |journal=Contact Dermatitis |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=100–102 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0536.1986.tb01293.x |issn=0105-1873 |pmid=3780197}}</ref> Possible suspects include silica bodies, phenolic compounds or a fungal contaminant on the plant surface. As a result, gloves and long sleeves are typically recommended when using the herbicide. Moreover, topical corticosteroids or antihistamines may be applied to the skin if there is a mild reaction.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-26 |title=Immunoglobulin E tests |url=https://dermnetnz.org/topics/immunoglobulin-e-tests |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=DermNet® |language=en}}</ref> In individuals sensitive to bamboo, the pollen can also occasionally cause respiratory allergies during the flowering season.

== Uses ==

===Culinary===
[[File:TakenokoBambooSprouts.jpg|thumb|Unprocessed bamboo shoots in a Japanese market]]
[[File:Bamboo tea.jpg|thumb|Korean bamboo tea]]
The shoots of most species are edible either raw or cooked, with the tough sheath removed. Cooking removes the slight bitterness.<ref name="Skyhorse Publishing-2009">{{Cite book |title=The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants / Department of the Army |publisher=[[Skyhorse Publishing]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-60239-692-0 |location=New York |page=24 |oclc=277203364}}</ref> The shoots are used in numerous Asian dishes and broths, and are available in supermarkets in various sliced forms, in both fresh and canned versions.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

The bamboo shoot in its fermented state forms an important ingredient in cuisines across the Himalayas. In [[Assam]], India, for example, it is called ''khorisa''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-18 |title=Bamboo Shoots – Khorisa |url=https://www.farmtorasoi.com/bamboo-shoots/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217143632/https://www.farmtorasoi.com/bamboo-shoots/ |archive-date=17 December 2021 |access-date=2021-12-17 |website=FarmToRasoi}}</ref> In [[Nepal]], a delicacy popular across ethnic boundaries consists of bamboo shoots fermented with [[turmeric]] and oil, and cooked with potatoes into a dish that usually accompanies rice ({{transliteration|ne|alu tama}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alu tama {{!}} Traditional Soup From Nepal |url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/alu-tama |access-date=2021-12-17 |website=TasteAtlas}}</ref> ({{lang|ne|आलु तामा}}) in [[Nepali language|Nepali]]).

In [[Indonesia]], they are sliced thin and then boiled with ''santan'' (thick coconut milk) and spices to make a dish called ''gulai rebung''. Other recipes using bamboo shoots are ''[[sayur lodeh]]'' (mixed vegetables in coconut milk) and ''lun pia'' (sometimes written ''[[lumpia]]'': fried wrapped bamboo shoots with vegetables). The shoots of some species contain toxins that need to be leached or boiled out before they can be eaten safely.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bamboo related questions Are all bamboo shoots edible? |url=https://www.bambooland.com.au/faqs/are-all-bamboo-shoots-edible/ |access-date=16 April 2025 |website=Bamboo Land |language=en}}</ref>

Pickled bamboo, used as a condiment, may also be made from the [[pith]] of the young shoots.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nongdam |first1=P. |last2=Tikendra |first2=Leimapokpam |date=2014 |title=The Nutritional Facts of Bamboo Shoots and Their Usage as Important Traditional Foods of Northeast India |journal=International Scholarly Research Notices |article-number=679073 |doi=10.1155/2014/679073 |pmc=4897250 |pmid=27433496 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

The sap of young stalks tapped during the rainy season may be [[fermentation (wine)|fermented]] to make ''ulanzi'' (a sweet wine)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ulanzi (Bamboo Wine) |url=http://elkinvanaeon.net/Alchemy/Brewed_Beverages/ulanzi_bamboo-wine.htm |access-date=2021-12-17 |website=elkinvanaeon.net}}</ref> or made into a soft drink.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hallgren |first=Steve |date=2018-07-22 |title=Ulanzi: The Miracle Drink of Tanzania |url=https://hellofrompeacecorpstanzania.wordpress.com/category/mufindi-highlands-in-iringa-region/ulanzi-the-miracle-drink-of-tanzania/ |access-date=2021-12-17 |website=Teaching High School Biology in Tanzania: A Peace Corps Volunteer Experience}}</ref> Bamboo leaves are also used as wrappers for steamed [[zongzi|dumplings]] which usually contains glutinous rice and other ingredients, such as the [[zongzi]] from China.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wei |first=Liming |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TrgpwaH8UnYC |title=Chinese Festivals |date=2011-08-25 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-18659-9 |page=39 |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Khao lam87.jpg|thumb|upright|left|''Khao lam'' ({{langx|th|ข้าวหลาม}}) is [[glutinous rice]] with sugar and coconut cream cooked in specially prepared bamboo sections of different diameters and lengths.]]
Pickled bamboo shoots ({{langx|ne|तामा|link=no}} {{transliteration|ne|tama}}) are cooked with black-eyed beans as a delicacy in Nepal. Many Nepalese restaurants around the world serve this dish as ''aloo bodi tama''. Fresh bamboo shoots are sliced and pickled with mustard seeds and turmeric and kept in glass jar in direct sunlight for the best taste. It is used alongside many dried beans in cooking during winters. Baby shoots ([[Nepali language|Nepali]]: ''tusa'') of a very different variety of bamboo ({{langx|ne|निगालो|link=no}} {{transliteration|ne|Nigalo}}) native to Nepal is cooked as a curry in hilly regions.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

In [[Sambalpur]], India, the tender shoots are grated into [[julienning|juliennes]] and [[fermentation (food)|fermented]] to prepare ''kardi''. The name is derived from the Sanskrit word for bamboo shoot, ''karira''. This fermented bamboo shoot is used in various culinary preparations, notably ''amil'', a sour vegetable soup. It is also made into pancakes using [[rice flour]] as a binding agent.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2021 |title=Kardi bhaja / Bamboo shoot cutlets Recipe by Sona Senapati |url=https://cookpad.com/uk/recipes/15265917-kardi-bhaja-bamboo-shoot-cutlets |access-date=2021-12-17 |website=Cookpad |language=en}}</ref> The shoots that have turned a little fibrous are fermented, dried, and ground to sand-sized particles to prepare a garnish known as ''hendua''. It is also cooked with tender pumpkin leaves to make sag green leaves.

In [[Konkani people|Konkani]] cuisine, the tender shoots (''kirlu'') are grated and cooked with crushed jackfruit seeds to prepare ''kirla sukke''.

[[File:Tukir (a way of cooking using bamboo as recipient to cook in the fire).jpg|thumb|In [[East Timor]], cooking food in bamboo is called ''tukir''.]]
In southern India and some regions of southwest China, the seeds of the dying bamboo plant are consumed as a grain known as "bamboo rice". The taste of cooked bamboo seeds is reported to be similar to wheat and the appearance similar to rice, but bamboo seeds have been found to have lower nutrient levels than both.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Wang Ting |date=September 2021 |title=Qualitative and quantitative characterization of nutrient content and morphology in seeds of bamboo, rice, and wheat |journal=Journal of Cereal Science |volume=101 |article-number=103273 |doi=10.1016/j.jcs.2021.103273 |via=Elsevier Science Direct}}</ref> The seeds can be pulverized into a flour with which to make cakes.<ref name="Skyhorse Publishing-2009" />

The Indian state of [[Sikkim]] has promoted bamboo water bottles to keep the state free from plastic bottles<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-01 |title=In Fight Against Plastic Pollution, Sikkim Introduces Bamboo Water Bottles For Tourists |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/in-fight-againt-plastic-pollution-sikkim-introduces-bamboo-water-bottles-for-tourists-507454.html |access-date=2020-03-04 |website=indiatimes.com |language=en}}</ref>

The empty hollow in the stalks of larger bamboo is often used to cook food in many Asian cultures. Soups are boiled and rice is cooked in the hollows of fresh stalks of bamboo directly over a flame. Similarly, steamed tea is sometimes rammed into bamboo hollows to produce [[compressed tea|compressed forms]] of [[pu'er tea]]. Cooking food in bamboo is said to give the food a subtle but distinctive taste.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

===Fuel===
{{excerpt|Bamboo charcoal}}

=== Working ===
{{Excerpt|bambooworking}}

==== Writing surface ====
{{Further|Bamboo and wooden slips}}
Bamboo was in widespread use in early China as a medium for written documents. The earliest surviving examples of such documents, written in ink on string-bound bundles of bamboo strips (or "slips"), date from the fifth century BC during the [[Warring States period]]. References in earlier texts surviving on other media indicate some precursor of these Warring States period bamboo slips was used as early as the late [[Shang]] period (from about 1250 BC).{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

Bamboo or wooden strips were used as the standard writing material during the early [[Han dynasty]], and excavated examples have been found in abundance.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Loewe |first=Michael |title=New Sources of Early Chinese History |publisher=Society for the Study of Early China |year=1997 |isbn=978-1-55729-058-8 |editor-last=Edward L. Shaughnessy |pages=161–192 |chapter=Wood and bamboo administrative documents of the Han period}}</ref> Subsequently, [[History of paper|paper]] began to displace bamboo and wooden strips from mainstream uses, and by the fourth century AD, bamboo slips had been largely abandoned as a medium for writing in China.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}

Bamboo fiber has been used to make paper in China since early times. A high-quality, handmade bamboo paper is still produced in small quantities. Coarse bamboo paper is still used to make [[Joss paper|spirit money]] in many Chinese communities.<ref name="spiritpaper">{{Cite journal |last1=Perdue |first1=Robert E. |last2=Kraebel |first2=Charles J. |last3=Tao Kiang |date=April 1961 |title=Bamboo Mechanical Pulp for Manufacture of Chinese Ceremonial Paper |journal=Economic Botany |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=161–164 |bibcode=1961EcBot..15..161P |doi=10.1007/BF02904089 |s2cid=9556185}}</ref>

Bamboo [[pulp (paper)|pulps]] are mainly produced in China, [[Myanmar]], Thailand, and India, and are used in [[printing and writing paper]]s.<ref name="Market pulp">{{Cite book |last1=Nanko |first1=Hirko |title=The World of Market Pulp |last2=Button, Allan |last3=Hillman, Dave |publisher=WOMP, LLC |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-615-13013-2 |location=Appleton, WI, US |page=256}}</ref> Several paper industries are surviving on [[bamboo forests]]. Ballarpur (Chandrapur, Maharstra) paper mills use bamboo for paper production. The most common bamboo species used for paper are ''[[Dendrocalamus asper]]'' and ''[[Bambusa blumeana]]''. It is also possible to make [[dissolving pulp]] from bamboo. The average fiber length is similar to [[hardwoods]], but the properties of bamboo pulp are closer to [[softwood]] pulps due to it having a very broad fiber length distribution.<ref name="Market pulp" /> With the help of molecular tools, it is now possible to distinguish the superior fiber-yielding species/varieties even at juvenile stages of their growth, which can help in unadulterated merchandise production.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharya |first=S. |title=Tropical Bamboo: Molecular profiling and genetic diversity study |publisher=Lambert Academic Publishing |year=2010 |isbn=978-3-8383-7422-2}}</ref>

In Central India, there are regular bamboo working circles in forest areas of Maharashtra, Madhyapradesh, Odisha and Chhattisgarh. Most of the bamboo is harvested for [[papermaking]]. Bamboo is cut after three years of its germination. No cutting is done during the rainy season (July–September); broken and malformed culms are harvested first.<ref name="Working Plan">{{Cite book |last=Shrivastav |first=S.S. |url=https://mahaforest.gov.in/managementpdf/1440739682Chandrapur%20Vol-I.pdf.pdf |title=Working Plan for Chandrapur Forest Division |date=3 December 2002 |publisher=Govt. of Maharashtra |location=Nagpur |access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref>

==== Writing pen ====
{{Main|Reed pen}}

In olden times, people in India used hand-made pens (known as Kalam or boru (बोरू)) made from thin bamboo sticks (with diameters of 5–10 mm and lengths of 100–150 mm) by simply peeling them on one side and making a nib-like pattern at the end. The pen would then be dipped in ink for writing.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sengupta |first=Rajarshi |date=2019-01-02 |title=An Artisanal History of Kalam? |journal=Journal of Textile Design Research and Practice |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=25–37 |doi=10.1080/20511787.2019.1580437 |issn=2051-1787 |s2cid=190517335 }}</ref>

==== Textiles ====

Since the fibers of bamboo are very short (less than {{convert|3|mm|in|frac=32|abbr=on|disp=or}}), they are not usually transformed into yarn by a natural process. The usual process by which textiles labeled as being made of bamboo are produced uses only [[rayon]] made from the fibers with heavy employment of chemicals. To accomplish this, the fibers are broken down with chemicals and extruded through mechanical spinnerets; the chemicals include [[lye]], [[carbon disulfide]], and strong acids.<ref name="Scientific American">{{Cite journal |last=Michelle Nijhuis |date=June 2009 |title=Bamboo Boom: Is This Material for You? |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bamboo-boom/ |journal=Scientific American Earth 3.0 Special |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=60–65 |doi=10.1038/scientificamericanearth0609-60 |doi-broken-date=11 July 2025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Retailers have sold both end products as "bamboo fabric" to cash in on bamboo's current ecofriendly cachet. The Canadian [[Competition Bureau]]<ref name="ccb">{{Cite news |date=27 January 2010 |title=\"Competition Bureau Takes Action to Ensure Accuracy for Textile Articles Labelled and Advertised as Bamboo\" |url=http://www.competitionbureau.gc.ca/eic/site/cb-bc.nsf/eng/03193.html |access-date=1 July 2018 |publisher=Competition Bureau Canada}}</ref> and the US [[Federal Trade Commission]],<ref name="FTC">{{Cite news |date=11 August 2009 |title=Four Companies Charged with Labeling Rayon Clothing As Bamboo |url=http://www.greenbiz.com/news/2009/08/11/companies-label-rayon-clothing-bamboo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090813084741/http://www.greenbiz.com/news/2009/08/11/companies-label-rayon-clothing-bamboo |archive-date=13 August 2009 |access-date=12 August 2009 |publisher=GreenBiz.com}}</ref> as of mid-2009, are cracking down on the practice of labeling bamboo rayon as natural bamboo fabric. Under the guidelines of both agencies, these products must be labeled as rayon with the optional qualifier "from bamboo".<ref name="FTC" />

===== Fabric =====
{{excerpt|Bamboo textile}}

==== Construction ====
{{further|Bamboo construction}}
Bamboo, like true [[wood]], is a natural [[building material]] with a high strength-to-weight ratio useful for structures.<ref name="Lakkad">{{Cite journal |last1=Lakkad |last2=Patel |date=June 1981 |title=Mechanical properties of bamboo, a natural composite |journal=Fibre Science and Technology |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=319–322 |doi=10.1016/0015-0568(81)90023-3}}</ref> In its natural form, bamboo as a construction material is traditionally associated with the cultures of South Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific, to some extent in Central and South America, particularly in Colombia and Ecuador,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cabrera-Andrade |first1=César Andrés |last2=Jaramillo-Benavides |first2=Andrea Salomé |date=2024-12-13 |title=Optimización constructiva de paneles de bambú para vivienda: estudio comparativo de casos |url=https://www.camjol.info/index.php/arquitectura/article/view/19062 |journal=Revista Arquitectura + |language=es |volume=9 |issue=18 |pages=103–117 |doi=10.5377/arquitectura.v9i18.19062 |issn=2518-2943 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and by extension in the aesthetic of [[Tiki culture]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dao |first=Thomas |title=Historical Uses of Bamboo: From Ancient Times to Modern Day |url=https://vanglung.com/historical-uses-of-bamboo-from-ancient-times-to-modern-day/ |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=Vang Lung Rattan |language=en}}</ref>

In China and India, bamboo was used to hold up [[simple suspension bridge]]s, either by making cables of split bamboo or twisting whole culms of sufficiently pliable bamboo together. One such bridge in the area of Qian-Xian is referenced in writings dating back to 960 AD and may have stood since as far back as the third century BC, due largely to continuous maintenance.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maheshwari |first=Rohit |date=2019 |title=Comparison of bonding behaviour of bamboo reinforcement in concrete beam using bonding material |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357932584 |journal=International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing |volume=9 |issue=5 |page=21937 |via=Research Gate}}</ref>

[[File:Usage of Bamboo.JPG|thumb|right|Bamboo has long been used as an assembly material in [[Hong Kong]] because of its versatility.]]
Bamboo has also long been used as scaffolding; the practice has been banned in China for buildings over six stories, but is still in continuous use for skyscrapers in Hong Kong.<ref name="nytimes">{{Cite news |last=Landler |first=Mark |date=27 March 2002 |title=Hong Kong Journal; For Raising Skyscrapers, Bamboo Does Nicely |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/27/world/hong-kong-journal-for-raising-skyscrapers-bamboo-does-nicely.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090424015547/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/27/world/hong-kong-journal-for-raising-skyscrapers-bamboo-does-nicely.html |archive-date=24 April 2009 |access-date=12 August 2009 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

[[File:Sangat Resort in Busuanga.jpg|thumb|left|A modern resort guesthouse in [[Palawan]], Philippines, with traditional woven bamboo walls ([[sawali]])]]
In the Philippines, the [[nipa hut]] is a fairly typical example of the most basic sort of [[house|housing]] where bamboo is used; the walls are split and woven bamboo, and bamboo slats and poles may be used as its support.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}

In [[Japanese architecture]], bamboo is used primarily as a supplemental or decorative element in buildings such as fencing, fountains, grates, and gutters, largely due to the ready abundance of quality timber.<ref name="BambooJapan">{{Cite book |last1=Nancy Moore Bess |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UukQ2LaaP0wC&pg=PA101 |title=Bamboo in Japan |last2=Bibi Wein |publisher=Kodansha International |year=1987 |isbn=978-4-7700-2510-4 |page=101}}</ref>

Many ethnic groups in remote areas that have water access in Asia use bamboo that is 3–5 years old to make rafts. They use 8 to 12 poles, {{convert|6|–|7|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} long, laid together side by side to a width of about {{convert|1|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. Once the poles are lined up together, they cut a hole crosswise through the poles at each end and use a small bamboo pole pushed through that hole like a screw to hold all the long bamboo poles together. Floating houses use whole bamboo stalks tied together in a big bunch to support the house floating in the water.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}

==== Fishing and aquaculture ====
[[File:Abucay,Bataanjf3721 06.JPG|thumb|Bamboo trays used in [[mussel]] farming ([[Abucay, Bataan]], Philippines)]]
Due to its flexibility, bamboo is also used to make [[fishing rod]]s. The [[split cane rod]] is especially prized for [[fly fishing]].{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

==== Firecrackers ====
Bamboo has been traditionally used in [[Malaysia]] and [[Indonesia]] as a firecracker called a ''meriam buluh'' or [[bamboo cannon]]. Four-foot-long sections of bamboo are cut, and a mixture of water and [[calcium carbide]] are introduced. The resulting acetylene gas is ignited with a stick, producing a loud bang.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gubalane |first=Daniel |date=2012-12-22 |title=How to Make a Bamboo Cannon or Lantaka {{!}} Pinoy Techno Guide |url=https://www.pinoytechnoguide.com/2012/12/how-to-make-lantaka-bamboo-cannon.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124080851/https://www.pinoytechnoguide.com/2012/12/how-to-make-lantaka-bamboo-cannon.html |archive-date=2021-01-24 |access-date=2025-11-04 |work=Pinoy Techno Guide |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== Weapons ====
Bamboo has often been used to construct weapons and is still incorporated in several Asian martial arts.
* A bamboo staff, sometimes with one end sharpened, is used in the [[Tamils|Tamil]] martial art of ''[[silambam]]'', a word derived from a term meaning "hill bamboo".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Zhaohua |first1=Zhu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TXpSDwAAQBAJ |title=Sustainable Bamboo Development |last2=Wei |first2=Jin |date=2018-02-07 |publisher=CABI |isbn=978-1-78639-401-9 |page=97 |language=en}}</ref>
* Staves used in the Indian martial art of ''[[gatka]]'' are commonly made from bamboo, a material favored for its light weight.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Zhaohua |first1=Zhu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TXpSDwAAQBAJ&dq=gatka+bamboo&pg=PA97 |title=Sustainable Bamboo Development |last2=Wei |first2=Jin |date=2018-02-07 |publisher=CABI |isbn=978-1-78639-401-9 |page=97 |language=en}}</ref>
* A bamboo sword called a ''[[shinai]]'' is used in the Japanese martial art of ''[[kendo]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tokeshi |first=Jinichi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qJ4tXYnttP0C&dq=kendo+bamboo+shinai&pg=PA11 |title=Kendo: Elements, Rules, and Philosophy |date=2003-07-31 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-2598-0 |pages=11–14 |language=en}}</ref>
* Bamboo is used for crafting the bows, called ''[[yumi]]'', and arrows used in the Japanese martial art ''[[kyūdō]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TFJ3VIMTBLYC&dq=kyudo+bamboo&pg=RA25-PP3 |title=Japan Report |date=1972 |publisher=Japan Information Service, Consulate General of Japan |page=7 |language=en}}</ref>
* The first [[gunpowder]]-based weapons, such as the [[fire lance]], were made of bamboo.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Needham |first=Joseph |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hNcZJ35dIyUC&dq=fire+lance+bamboo&pg=PR13 |title=Science and Civilisation in China, Part 7, Military Technology: The Gunpowder Epic |date=1987-01-22 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-30358-3 |pages=222–224 |language=en}}</ref>
* The [[Lang xian|Chinese Langxian]], or "Wolf Brush Spear". Some variants of this weapon were merely long bamboo poles with a spearhead that still had layers of leaves attached. The Langxian was mainly used as a defensive weapon in Qi Jiguang's Mandarin Duck Formation.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Green |first1=Thomas A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZRjOEAAAQBAJ&dq=langxian+bamboo+spear+Qi+Jiguang&pg=PA115 |title=Martial Arts of the World: An Encyclopedia of History and Innovation [2 volumes] |last2=Svinth |first2=Joseph R. |date=2010-06-11 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-1-59884-244-9 |page=115 |language=en}}</ref>
* Sharpened bamboo [[javelin]]s weighted with sand known as ''[[bagakay]]'' were used as disposable missile weapons in both [[mangayaw|land and naval warfare]] in the Philippines. They were thrown in groups at a time at enemy ships or massed enemy formations. Non-disposable finely crafted throwing spears made from bamboo weighted with sand known as ''[[sugob]]'' were also used. ''Sugob'' were mainly used for close-quarters combat and were only thrown when they could be retrieved.<ref name="scott">{{Cite book |last=William Henry Scott |url=https://archive.org/details/BarangaySixteenthCenturyPhilippineCultureAndSociety |title=Barangay. Sixteenth-Century Philippine Culture and Society |publisher=Ateneo de Manila University Press |year=1994 |isbn=971-550-138-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/BarangaySixteenthCenturyPhilippineCultureAndSociety/page/n35 63]}}</ref><ref name="Wiley">{{Cite book |last=Wiley |first=Mark V. |title=Filipino Martial Culture |date=2011 |publisher=Tuttle Publishing |isbn=978-1-4629-0347-4}}</ref>
* Metal-tipped [[blowgun]]-spear called [[sumpit]] (or sumpitan), used by various ethnic groups in the islands of the Philippines, [[Borneo]], and [[Sulawesi]], were generally made from hollowed bamboo. They used thick short darts dipped in the concentrated sap of ''[[Antiaris toxicaria]]'' which could cause lethal [[cardiac arrest]].<ref name="Marinas">{{Cite book |last=Marinas |first=Amante P. Sr. |title=Blowgun Techniques: The Definitive Guide to Modern and Traditional Blowgun Techniques |date=17 April 2012 |publisher=Tuttle Publishing |isbn=978-1-4629-0554-6}}</ref><ref name="Darmadi">{{Cite journal |last=Darmadi |first=Hamid |date=30 March 2018 |title=Sumpit (Blowgun) as Traditional Weapons with Dayak High Protection |journal=Journal of Education, Teaching and Learning |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=113 |doi=10.26737/jetl.v3i1.601 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
* The simple sharpened bamboo [[spear]], known as '''''bambu runcing''''' ([[Literal translation|literally]] 'sharp bamboo' or 'pointed bamboo'), is a legendary symbol of [[Indonesian Revolutionary War|Indonesian revolutionary]] [[morale|spirit]], embodying the will of the [[Indonesians|Indonesian people]], who were often ill-equipped, to fight for independence against the [[Dutch East Indies|Dutch occupation]] who held [[air supremacy|air-]] and [[naval supremacy]] along with [[Commonwealth realm|Commonwealth]] aid.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dijk |first=C. (Kees) van |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gPz7EAAAQBAJ&dq=bambu+runcing+dutch&pg=PA107 |title=Rebellion under the Banner of Islam: The Darul Islam in Indonesia |date=2014-10-22 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-28725-9 |page=107 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Punji stick]]s are stakes of sharpened bamboo typically used in area denial and [[booby traps]]. Punji sticks were widely used in the [[Vietnam War]] by the [[Viet Cong]].

==== Musical instruments ====
{{excerpt|Bamboo musical instruments}}

==== Indicator of climate change ====
The [[Song dynasty]] (960–1279 AD) Chinese scientist and [[polymath]] [[Shen Kuo]] (1031–1095) used the evidence of underground [[petrified]] bamboo found in the dry northern climate of [[Yan'an]], [[Shanbei]] region, [[Shaanxi]] province to support his geological theory of gradual [[Climate variability and change|climate change]].<ref name="chan 15">Chan, Alan Kam-leung and Gregory K. Clancey, Hui-Chieh Loy (2002). Historical Perspectives on East Asian Science, Technology and Medicine. Singapore: Singapore University Press. {{ISBN|9971-69-259-7}}. p. 15.</ref><ref name="needham volume 3 614">Needham, Joseph (1986). ''Science and Civilization in China'': Volume 3, ''Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth''. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd. p. 614.</ref>

==== Kitchenware and other usage ====
[[File:Bamboo steamer-side stacked-fs PNr°0729.jpg|thumb|A [[bamboo steamer]], used to cook foods like [[dim sum]]]]
Bamboo is frequently used for cooking utensils within many cultures, and is used in the manufacture of [[chopsticks]] and [[bamboo steamer]]s. In modern times, some see bamboo tools as an eco-friendly alternative to other manufactured utensils because they are rapidly reproduceable as the world's fastest growing plant<ref>{{Cite web |last=BambooU |first=Marketing |date=2023-01-24 |title=Why Is Bamboo so Important for Sustainability? - Bamboo U |url=https://bamboou.com/why-is-bamboo-sustainable/ |access-date=2026-03-28 |website=Bamboo U - |language=en}}</ref> . Bamboo is also used to make eating utensils such as chopsticks, trays, and tea scoops. A 2025 study that researched their use in dishes concluded that safety concerns persist in the "case of bio-based tableware marketed as 'natural.'"<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bechynska |first1=Kamila |last2=Kosek |first2=Vit |last3=Uttl |first3=Leos |last4=Hrbek |first4=Vojtech |last5=McKillen |first5=Claire |last6=Bradley |first6=Emma |last7=Tomaniova |first7=Monika |last8=Hajslova |first8=Jana |date=2025-08-01 |title=Comprehensive assessment of bamboo and other bio-based dishes contamination |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095671352500057X |journal=Food Control |volume=174 |article-number=111188 |doi=10.1016/j.foodcont.2025.111188 |issn=0956-7135|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Several manufacturers offer [[bamboo bicycle]]s, surfboards, snowboards, and skateboards.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jen Lukenbill |title=About My Planet: Bamboo Bikes |url=http://www.aboutmyplanet.com/environment/bamboo-bikes/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025023815/http://www.aboutmyplanet.com/environment/bamboo-bikes/ |archive-date=25 October 2012 |access-date=4 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Teo Kermeliotis |date=31 May 2012 |title=Made in Africa: Bamboo bikes put Zambian business on right track |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/05/31/business/bamboo-bicycles-zambia-zambikes/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023013022/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/05/31/business/bamboo-bicycles-zambia-zambikes/index.html |archive-date=23 October 2012 |publisher=CNN}}</ref>

Bamboo has traditionally been used to make a wide range of everyday utensils and [[cutting board#Bamboo|cutting board]]s, particularly in Japan,<ref>Brauen, M. Bamboo in Old Japan: Art and Culture on the Threshold to Modernity. The Hans Sporry Collection in the Ethnographic Museum of Zurich University. Arnoldsche Art Publishers: Stuttgart</ref> where archaeological excavations have uncovered bamboo baskets dating to the Late Jōmon period (2000–1000 BC).<ref>McCallum, T. M. Containing Beauty: Japanese Bamboo Flower Baskets. 1988. Museum of Cultural History, UCLA: Los Angeles</ref> Bamboo also has a long history of use in [[Asian furniture]]. [[Chinese furniture|Chinese bamboo furniture]] is a distinct style based on a millennia-long tradition, and bamboo is also used for [[bamboo floor|floors]] due to its high [[Janka hardness test|hardness]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Andy W.C. |last2=Liu |first2=Yihai |date=June 2003 |title=Selected physical properties of commercial bamboo flooring |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/c2fcadb5447b4ff728bef12bdb5e61c2/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=25222 |journal=Forest Products Journal |location=Madison |volume=53 |issue=6 |pages=23–26 |access-date=10 May 2017}}</ref>

Additionally, bamboo is used to create bracelets, earrings, necklaces, and other jewelry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bamboo, Bamboo uses and benefits, Bamboo sustainability |url=https://econation.one/bamboo/ |access-date=2024-05-12 |website=Econation |language=en-US}}</ref>

==In culture==
{{Infobox Chinese
| pic = Bamboo (Chinese characters).svg
| piccap = "Bamboo" in ancient [[seal script]] (top) and [[regular script]] (bottom) Chinese characters
| picupright = 0.25
| c = 竹
| p = zhú
| w = chu2
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|zh|u|2}}
| wuu = tzoq
| j = zuk1
| ci = {{IPAc-yue|z|uk|1}}
| y = jūk
| tl = tik
| kanji = 竹
| romaji = take
| hangul = 대나무
| rr = daenamu
| chunom = 椥
| qn = tre
}}
Several Asian cultures, including that of the [[Andaman Islands]], believe humanity emerged from a bamboo stem.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

=== China ===
[[File:Hsü Wei 001.jpg|thumb|''Bamboo'', by [[Xu Wei]], [[Ming Dynasty]]]]
Bamboo's long life makes it a Chinese symbol of uprightness and an Indian symbol of friendship. The rarity of its [[bamboo blossom|blossoming]] has led to the flowers' being regarded as a sign of impending famine. This may be due to rats feeding upon the profusion of flowers, then multiplying and destroying a large part of the local food supply. The most recent flowering began in May 2006 (see [[Mautam]]). Various bamboo species bloom in this manner about every 28–60 years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=M. A. Huberman |date=1959 |title=Bamboo silviculture |url=http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/docrep/x5390e/x5390e05.htm |journal=Unasylva |volume=13 |issue=1 |at=(gregarious flowering species table) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060629042246/http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=%2Fdocrep%2Fx5390e%2Fx5390e05.htm |archive-date=29 June 2006}}</ref>

In [[Culture of China|Chinese culture]], the bamboo, [[Prunus mume|plum]] blossom, [[orchid]], and [[chrysanthemum]] (often known as ''méilánzhújú'' {{lang|zh-hant|梅蘭竹菊}} in Chinese) are collectively referred to as the [[Four Gentlemen]]. These four plants also represent the four seasons and, in [[Confucianism|Confucian]] ideology, four aspects of the ''[[junzi]]'' ("prince" or "noble one"). The [[pine]] (''sōng'' {{lang|zh-hant|松}}), the bamboo (''zhú'' {{lang|zh-hant|竹}}), and the plum blossom (''méi'' {{lang|zh-hant|梅}}) are also admired for their perseverance under harsh conditions, and are together known as the "[[Three Friends of Winter]]" (''suìhán sānyǒu'' {{Lang|zh-hant|歲寒三友}}) in Chinese culture.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

==== Attributions of character ====
[[File:Freer 022.jpg|thumb|left|A cylindrical bamboo brush holder or holder of poems on scrolls, created by Zhang Xihuang in the 17th century, late Ming or early Qing Dynasty – in the [[Chinese calligraphy|calligraphy]] of Zhang's style, the poem ''Returning to My Farm in the Field'' by the fourth-century poet [[Tao Yuanming]] is incised on the holder.]]
[[File:S03 03 02 016 image 63.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Photo of carved Chinese bamboo wall vase. 1918. Brooklyn Museum Archives, Goodyear Archival Collection.]]
Bamboo, one of the "[[Four Gentlemen]]" (bamboo, orchid, plum blossom and chrysanthemum), plays such an important role in traditional Chinese culture that it is even regarded as a behavior model of the gentleman. As bamboo has features such as uprightness, tenacity, and modesty, people endow bamboo with integrity, elegance, and plainness, though it is not physically strong. Countless poems praising bamboo written by ancient Chinese poets are actually metaphorically about people who exhibited these characteristics. An ancient poet, [[Bai Juyi]] (772–846), thought that to be a gentleman, a man does not need to be physically strong, but he must be mentally strong, upright, and perseverant. Just as a bamboo is hollow-hearted, he should open his heart to accept anything of benefit and never have arrogance or prejudice.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

Bamboo is not only a symbol of a gentleman, but also plays an important role in Buddhism, which was introduced into China in the first century. As canons of Buddhism forbids cruelty to animals, flesh and egg were not allowed in the diet. The tender bamboo shoot (''sǔn'' {{lang|zh-hant|筍}} in Chinese) thus became a nutritious alternative. Preparation methods developed over thousands of years have come to be incorporated into Asian cuisines, especially for monks. A Buddhist monk, Zan Ning, wrote a manual of the bamboo shoot called ''Sǔn Pǔ'' ({{lang|zh-hant|筍譜}}) offering descriptions and recipes for many kinds of bamboo shoots.<ref>Laws, B. 2010. Bamboo. ''Fifty Plants that Changed the Course of History''. New York:Firefly Books (U.S) Inc.</ref> Bamboo shoot has always been a traditional dish on the Chinese dinner table, especially in southern China.
In ancient times, those who could afford a big house with a yard would plant bamboo in their garden.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

==== Mythology ====
In a Chinese legend, the [[Emperor Yao]] gave two of his daughters to the future [[Emperor Shun]] as a test for his potential to rule. Shun passed the test of being able to run his household with the two emperor's daughters as wives, and thus Yao made Shun his successor, bypassing his unworthy son. After Shun's death, the tears of his two bereaved wives fell upon the bamboos growing there explains the origin of [[spotted bamboo]]. The two women later became goddesses [[Xiangshuishen]] after drowning themselves in the [[Xiang River]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Myths of China 28 – Shun, The Sage King 青帝大舜 {{!}} Articles {{!}} Emperor Shun |url=https://www.ganjingworld.com/news/myths-of-china-28-shun-the-sage-king/1fubsm2gc0a6kKCE5lBm5C8sY1k21c |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=Gan Jing World - Technology for Humanity {{!}} Video & Movie Streaming |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Japan ===
[[File:SANY0032 (3158073374).jpg|thumb|upright|''Bamboo [[kadomatsu]]'' made for [[Japanese New Year]]]]

Bamboo is a symbol of prosperity in Japan, and are used to make [[Japanese New Year|New Year's]] decorations called ''[[kadomatsu]]''. Bamboo forests sometimes surround [[Jinja (Shinto)|Shinto shrines]] and Buddhist temples as part of a sacred barrier against [[evil]]. In the [[Japanese folktales|folktale]] ''[[Tale of the Bamboo Cutter]]'' ({{Lang|ja-Latn|Taketori Monogatari}}), princess Kaguya emerges from a shining bamboo section.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Y8MAQAAMAAJ&q=princess+Kaguya+emerges+from+a+shining+bamboo+section |title=Japan Quarterly |date=1986 |publisher=Asahi Shinbun |page=269 |language=en}}</ref>

In Japan, the Chinese "Three Friends of Winter" ({{Lang|ja-Latn|kansai sanyū}}) concept is traditionally used as a ranking system, where pine ({{lang|ja|松}} {{Lang|ja-Latn|matsu}}) is the first rank, bamboo ({{lang|ja|竹}} {{Lang|ja-Latn|take}}) is the second rank, and plum ({{lang|ja|梅}} {{Lang|ja-Latn|ume}}) is the third rank. This system is used in many traditional arts like with [[sushi]] sets, embroidering kimono or tiers of accommodations at traditional ''[[ryokan (inn)|ryōkan]]'' taverns.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

Bamboo is known to be a strong material and able to withstand extreme heat. It is the only plant known to have survived the [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|atomic bombings of Hiroshima]] in 1945.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bioproducts |first=Bamboo |date=2020-11-30 |title=10 Things You Didn't Know About Bamboo |url=https://www.bamboobioproducts.com/post/10-things-you-didn-t-know-about-bamboo |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=Bamboo Bioproducts |language=en}}</ref>

=== Malaysia ===
In [[Malaysia]], a similar story includes a man who dreams of a beautiful woman while sleeping under a bamboo plant; he wakes up and breaks the bamboo stem, discovering the woman inside.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

=== Philippines ===
In [[Philippine mythology]], one of the more famous [[creation account]]s tells of the first man ''Malakás'' ("Strong") and the first woman ''Maganda'' ("Beautiful") each emerging from one half of a split bamboo stem on an island formed after the battle between Sky and Ocean.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

=== Vietnam ===
[[File:Cây nêu 2.jpg|thumb|[[Cây nêu]] – A Vietnamese New Year tree made from bamboo]]

==== Attributions of character ====
Bamboo plays an important part of the [[culture of Vietnam]]. Bamboo symbolizes the spirit of [[Vovinam]] (a Vietnamese martial arts): {{Lang|vie|cương nhu phối triển}} (coordination between [[hard and soft (martial arts)]]). Bamboo also symbolizes the Vietnamese hometown and Vietnamese soul: the gentlemanlike, straightforwardness, hard working, optimism, unity, and adaptability. A Vietnamese proverb says, "{{Lang|vie|Tre già, măng mọc}}" (When the bamboo is old, the bamboo sprouts appear), the meaning being Vietnam will never be annihilated; if the previous generation dies, the children take their place. Therefore, the Vietnamese nation and Vietnamese values will be maintained and developed eternally. Traditional Vietnamese villages are surrounded by thick bamboo hedges ({{Lang|vie|lũy tre}}).{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

During [[Ngô Đình Diệm]]'s presidency, bamboo was the national symbol of [[South Vietnam]], it was featured on the national coat of arms, presidential standard, and South Vietnamese đồng coins at the time.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

==== Mythology ====
A bamboo cane is also the weapon of [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]] legendary hero, [[Thánh Gióng]], who had grown up immediately and magically since the age of three because of his wish to liberate his land from [[Shang dynasty|Ân]] invaders. The ancient Vietnamese legend {{Lang|vie|Cây tre trăm đốt}} ([[The Hundred-knot Bamboo Tree]]) tells of a poor, young farmer who fell in love with his landlord's beautiful daughter. The farmer asked the landlord for his daughter's hand in marriage, but the proud landlord would not allow her to be bound in marriage to a poor farmer. The landlord decided to foil the marriage with an impossible deal; the farmer must bring him a "bamboo tree of 100 [[plant stems|nodes]]". But [[Gautama Buddha]] ({{Lang|vie|Bụt}}) appeared to the farmer and told him that such a tree could be made from 100 nodes from several different trees. ''Bụt'' gave to him four magic words to attach the many nodes of bamboo: {{Lang|vie|Khắc nhập, khắc xuất}}, which means "joined together immediately, fell apart immediately". The triumphant farmer returned to the landlord and demanded his daughter. Curious to see such a long bamboo, the landlord was magically joined to the bamboo when he touched it, as the young farmer said the first two magic words. The story ends with the happy marriage of the farmer and the landlord's daughter after the landlord agreed to the marriage and asked to be separated from the bamboo.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

=== Africa ===

==== Tanzania ====
Tanzania possesses a large diversity of bamboo species.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-30 |title=Bamboo: Africa's untapped potential |url=https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/april-2016/bamboo-africa%E2%80%99s-untapped-potential |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=Africa Renewal |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Masisi 100009" />

==== Bozo ====
The [[Bozo people|Bozo]] ethnic group of [[West Africa]] take their name from the [[Bambara language|Bambara]] phrase ''bo-so'', which means "bamboo house".{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}

=== Saint Lucia ===
Bamboo is also the national plant of [[St. Lucia]].{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}

=== Hawaiian ===
[[Hawaiian Islands|Hawaiian]] bamboo ''('ohe)'' is a ''kinolau'' or body form of the [[Polynesian mythology|Polynesian]] creator god [[Kāne]].{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}


===North America===
[[Arundinaria]] bamboos, known as giant cane or river cane, are a central part of the material cultures of Southeastern Native American nations, so much so that they have been called "the plastic of the Southeastern Indians".<ref name=":0" /> Among the [[Cherokee]], river cane has been used to make waterproof baskets, mats, fishing poles, flutes, blowguns, arrows, and to build houses, among other uses; the seed and young shoots are also edible.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=River Cane – Cultural Workhorse and Ecological Powerhouse |url=https://www.conservationgateway.org/ConservationPractices/FireLandscapes/FireLearningNetwork/NetworkProducts/Documents/SBR-RivercaneWebinar-Slides-Cozzo.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218171056/http://conservationgateway.org/ConservationPractices/FireLandscapes/FireLearningNetwork/NetworkProducts/Documents/SBR-RivercaneWebinar-Slides-Cozzo.pdf |archive-date=2022-02-18 |website=conservationgateway.org |publisher=Revitalization of Traditional Cherokee Artisan Resources}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=River Cane |url=https://www.cherokee.org/media/jkwow40z/rivercane.pdf |website=cherokee.org |publisher=Cherokee Nation}}</ref> Traditional Cherokee double-woven baskets, crafted from river cane that has been split and dyed in various colors, are sometimes considered among the finest in the world. Since the North American bamboos are now rare, with 98% of their original extent eliminated, the Cherokee have initiated an effort to restore it.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Andrea L. Rogers |title=Wildlife Stewardship on Tribal Lands |date=2023 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |editor-last=Hoagland |editor-first=Serra J. |editor-link=Serra Hoagland |location=Baltimore |pages=309–311 |chapter=28 |editor-last2=Albert |editor-first2=Steven}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of bamboo species]]
* [[Bambuseae]]
* [[Bamboo blossom]]
* [[International Network for Bamboo and Rattan]]
* [[Bamboo construction]]
* [[Bamboo textile]]
* [[Bamboo processing machine]]
* [[Ceremonial pole]]
* [[Mautam]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* ''Bamboo – The Plant and its Uses''. Part of the Tropical Forestry book series (TROPICAL, volume 10), 2015.

==External links==
{{Commons}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Wikispecies|Bambusoideae}}
* {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Bamboo}}
* [https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/28818/inbar.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Bamboo for Climate Change] by INBAR.
* [https://www.iso.org/standard/73831.html Bamboo Structural Design ISO Standards]

{{Poaceae-navbox}}
{{Fibers}}
{{Forestry}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q670887}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bamboo| ]]
[[Category:Bambusoideae| ]]
[[Category:Building materials]]
[[Category:Garden plants of Asia|Bamboo]]
[[Category:Garden plants of Australia|Bamboo]]
[[Category:Garden plants of North America|Bamboo]]
[[Category:Garden plants of South America|Bamboo]]
[[Category:Garden plants|Bamboo]]
[[Category:National symbols of Saint Lucia]]
[[Category:National symbols of Japan]]
[[Category:National symbols of China]]
[[Category:Rhizomatous plants]]
[[Category:Stem vegetables]]

Agnyaathavaasi

2026-03-27T14:30:02Z

RuebenFrankfurte: basic updated intro per sources also and corrected details

{{short description|2018 film by Trivikram Srinivas}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Agnyaathavaasi
| image = Agnyaathavaasi poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Trivikram Srinivas]]
| producer = [[S. Radha Krishna]]
| writer = Trivikram Srinivas
| starring = {{ubl|[[Pawan Kalyan]]|[[Aadhi Pinisetty]]|[[Keerthy Suresh]]|[[Anu Emmanuel]]}}
| music = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| cinematography = [[V. Manikandan]]
| editing = [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]]
| studio = [[Haarika and Hassine Creations|Haarika & Hassine Creations]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2018|01|10}}
| country = India
| runtime = 158 minutes
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR|120 [[crore]]|link=yes}}<ref name=budget>{{cite news|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/agnyaathavaasi-7-day-worldwide-box-office-collection-pspk25-inches-closer-rs-100-crore-757213|title=Agnyaathavaasi 7-day worldwide box office collection: PSPK25 inches closer to Rs 100 crore|work=International Business Times|access-date=17 January 2018|archive-date=19 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119121036/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/agnyaathavaasi-7-day-worldwide-box-office-collection-pspk25-inches-closer-rs-100-crore-757213|url-status=live}}</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|70 crores|link=yes}}<ref name="gross">{{cite web |title=Pawan Kalyan and I settled the losses: Trivikram on the failure of Agnyaathavaasi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/pawan-kalyan-and-i-settled-the-losses-trivikram-on-the-failure-of-agnyaathavaasi/story-hAWmzTyIxiZcwHmq7SzvkL.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=18 April 2025 |archive-date=13 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613042155/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/pawan-kalyan-and-i-settled-the-losses-trivikram-on-the-failure-of-agnyaathavaasi/story-hAWmzTyIxiZcwHmq7SzvkL.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
'''''Agnyaathavaasi''''' ({{lit|A man in exile}}) is a 2018 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action drama film]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/agnyaathavaasi|title=Agnyaathavaasi|publisher=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Agnyaathavaasi-(India)#tab=summary|title=Agnyaathavaasi (2017) – Financial Information|publisher=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]]|access-date=4 April 2019|archive-date=28 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128030947/https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Agnyaathavaasi-(India)#tab=summary|url-status=live}}</ref> written and directed by [[Trivikram Srinivas]]. Produced by [[S. Radha Krishna]], the film stars [[Pawan Kalyan]], [[Aadhi Pinisetty]], [[Keerthy Suresh]] and [[Anu Emmanuel]]. The music was composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]], marking his debut in [[Telugu cinema]], with cinematography by [[Manikandan]].

The film was released on 10 January 2018, coinciding with the [[Makar Sankranti|Sankranti]] festival. Upon release, it received highly negative reviews from critics and audiences, with criticism directed at the direction, screenplay, and pacing, while the music and cinematography received appreciation.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Hooli |first=Shekhar H. |date=10 January 2018 |title=Agnathavasi review roundup: Critics call it a big letdown by Trivikram Srinivas |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/agnathavasi-review-roundup-critics-call-it-big-letdown-by-trivikram-srinivas-756480 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113224233/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/agnathavasi-review-roundup-critics-call-it-big-letdown-by-trivikram-srinivas-756480 |archive-date=13 January 2018 |access-date=15 March 2019 |website=International Business Times, India Edition}}</ref> The film also sparked controversy for being an alleged copy of the French film, [[Largo Winch (film)|Largo Winch]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cain |first=Rob |title=French Writer-Director Claims Indian Film 'Agnyaathavaasi' Is A Rip-Off Of His 'Largo Winch' |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2018/01/11/french-writer-director-claims-indian-film-agnyaathavaasi-is-a-rip-off-of-his-largo-winch/ |access-date=2026-01-29 |work=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-01 |title=Pawan Kalyan’s Agnyaathavaasi in copyright row |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/pawan-kalyan-agnyaathavaasi-in-copyright-row-5007563/ |access-date=2026-01-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>. The film was a disaster at the box office, only recovering roughly half of its investment, and resulting in negative returns for all distributors.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2018-02-14 |title=Agnyaathavaasi Closing Collections Report |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2018-02-14/Agnyaathavaasi-Closing-Collections-Report/358987 |website=The Hans India |access-date=9 March 2022 |archive-date=9 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309193526/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2018-02-14/Agnyaathavaasi-Closing-Collections-Report/358987 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==

Govinda "Vindha" Bhargav, a powerful businessman, receives news of his younger son Mohan Bhargav's death in a car accident while in [[Italy]]. Soon after, assassins enter his hotel room, and one of them holds up a phone. On the other end, Vindha's friends Sarma and Varma reveal that they orchestrated his son's death and plan to take over his empire. Vindha secretly records this conversation before being killed by the gunmen.

The news of Vindha's death reaches his second wife, Indrani Bhargav, who discovers the audio file of Vindha's alleged killers. She contacts Appaji, the brother of Vindha's deceased first wife Krishnaveni, to summon an unknown person. Appaji informs the unknown person, who is revealed to be Abhishikth Bhargav, Vindha's eldest son. After performing his father's last rites in [[Varanasi]], Abhi travels from [[Assam]] to [[Hyderabad]], where his father's possible killers live. He gets a job in his father's company under the pseudonym Balasubramanyam and befriends Sukumari, Varma's daughter, and Suryakantham, Sarma's secretary.

Abhi discovers that the recorded phone conversation was faked, as there are no international calls registered on Sarma and Varma's phones. Meanwhile, unknown assailants attempt to kill Abhi, but he kills them in self-defense. The last attacker reveals that the true mastermind is Seetharam, the son of Vindha's former business partner, Dheenabandhu.

[[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Sampath, leading the police investigation, delves into Vindha's past. Vindha, originally a middle-class man, built a successful pharmaceutical company and planned to set up a factory in a remote village. However, Vindha refused to bribe a local politician, who incited villagers to attack Vindha's factory with help from Vindha's friend Aditya Bandaru. During their escape on a charter plane, Vindha's medicine vial is destroyed, but Vindha secretly keeps a second vial. Vindha begins to suspect his friends after observing their behaviour.

While on a holiday in [[Bali]] with his pregnant first wife Krishnaveni, there is an attempt on her life. She is presumed dead, but it is revealed that another woman wearing the same robe was mistakenly killed. Vindha sends Krishnaveni to her brother Appaji's house for safety, but she dies shortly after giving birth to Abhi. Vindha raises Abhi to be indifferent to wealth, considering it a necessary trait to lead his empire. With Abhi's consent, Vindha marries Indrani, who becomes Mohan's mother.

Abhi takes over the company, revealing his true identity as Vindha's son. He tortures Sarma, Varma, and Koteswara Rao, who harass women in the workplace. Seetharam, upon learning of Abhi, returns to India and demands proof of Abhi's lineage. Abhi travels to [[Bulgaria]] with Sukumari and Suryakantham to retrieve Vindha's [[Will and testament|will]], which names Abhi as the heir. However, Seetharam, with Appaji's help, steals and destroys the will, eliminating the evidence.

During the election for the future CEO, Abhi battles Seetharam's goons on the company rooftop. He reveals that the will Seetharam destroyed was fake and that Appaji was part of Abhi's plan. After defeating most of Seetharam's goons, a board member reveals himself as Aditya's brother and admits to being part of Vindha's murder to avenge his brother. Abhi confronts him, and the board member and Seetharam's henchman Parag fall from the rooftop, resulting in their deaths.

Abhi reveals to Seetharam that the company "AB group" was named after Aditya Bandaru, not himself. He then assumes the position of CEO and assures Indrani he will fulfill his father's duties. In the end, Abhi ensures that Seetharam is exiled to an isolated island.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Pawan Kalyan]] as Abhishikth Bhargav, Vindha's eldest son who disguises himself as Balasubramanyam and the main protagonist
* [[Aadhi Pinisetty]] as Seetharam, Dheenabandhu's son who wishes to take Vindha's company and the main antagonist
* [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] as Daya Bandaru, Aditya's brother
* [[Boman Irani]] as Govinda Bhargav aka Vindha, Abhi and Mohan's father
* [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] as Aditya Bandaru, Vindha's friend
* [[Keerthy Suresh]] as Sukumari, Varma's daughter
* [[Anu Emmanuel]] as Suryakantham, Sharma's secretary
* [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] as Indrani Bhargav, Abhi's stepmother, Vindha's second wife, Mohan's mother
* [[Rao Ramesh]] as Varma, Sukumari’s father & Vindha's friend
* [[Murali Sharma]] as Sarma, Vindha's friend
* [[Sampath Raj]] as Detective Sampath, the Police officer investigating the murder of Vindha
* [[Indraja]] as Krishnaveni Bhargav, Abhi's mother, Vindha's first wife
* [[Pavitra Lokesh]] as Kumari, Sukumari's mother, Varma's wife
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Appaji, Abhi's uncle
* [[Parag Tyagi]] as Parag, Security In-Charge Officer
* [[Sameer Hasan]] as Deenabandhu, Vindha's ex-business partner
* [[Vennela Kishore]] as Bala Subramanyam, a dim-witted man whose identity is used by Abhi to enter his company
* [[Chaitanya Krishna]] as Rohit, Suryakantham's ex-boyfriend
* Raja Chembolu as Sukumari's friend kidnapped by Abhi's team
* [[Raghu Babu]] as Koteswara Rao, a corrupt and flirtatious manager in Vindha's company who gets beaten with a belt in Kodaka Koteswara Rao song
* [[Aadukalam Naren]] as MLA
* [[Srinivasa Reddy]] as Abhi's assistant
* Narra Srinu as Abhi's assistant
* Abhishek Maharshi as Abhi's assistant
* [[Avantika Vandanapu]] as Sampath's daughter
* [[Adithya (actor)|Adithya]] as Seetharam's henchman
*[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] As Neighbour of Vindha
* [[Srikanth Iyyengar]] as Sampath's assistant
* Appaji Ambarisha Darbha as Writer
* Vamsee Aloor as Mohan Bhargav
*[[Fish Venkat]]
*Lahari Shari as Sushmita
*[[Venkatesh Daggubati|Venkatesh]] as Guru (cameo)
}}

== Production ==
[[Principal photography]] began on 3 April 2017 with a small coffee shop scene, shot at Ciclo Cafe, then moved to a special set erected in [[Ramoji Film City]] for an action sequence. Some parts of the film were shot in [[Annapurna Studios]] and a major sequence and a song were shot in [[Bangkok]]. The unit moved to [[Bulgaria]] on 26 October 2017 for 15 days to shoot two songs. After the foreign schedule, shooting continued in [[Hyderabad]] and was completed by the end of November 2017, including a brief period of shooting at [[Varanasi]].<ref name="TOI">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/power-star-pawan-kalyan-is-agnatha-vaasi/articleshow/60464812.cms |title=Power star Pawan Kalyan is Agnatha Vaasi? |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=1 May 2017 |last1=Adivi |first1=Sridhar |archive-date=15 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915020138/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/power-star-pawan-kalyan-is-agnatha-vaasi/articleshow/60464812.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="SF">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/pspk25-shoot-begins-in-bangkok-news-telugu-rjikNmbdihgbe.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911204404/http://www.sify.com/movies/pspk25-shoot-begins-in-bangkok-news-telugu-rjikNmbdihgbe.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 September 2017 |title=PSPK25: Shoot begins in Bangkok |website= [[Sify]] |access-date=11 September 2017}}</ref><ref name="IE">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/baitikochi-chuste-song-teaser-anirudh-sings-for-pawan-kalyan-in-his-telugu-debut-watch-video-4825020|title=Baitikochi Chuste song teaser: Anirudh sings for Pawan Kalyan in his Telugu debut. Watch video|date=2 September 2017|access-date=16 December 2017|archive-date=12 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212074231/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/baitikochi-chuste-song-teaser-anirudh-sings-for-pawan-kalyan-in-his-telugu-debut-watch-video-4825020/|url-status=live}}</ref>

After the film, Kalyan actively began his political campaign for the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019 Andhra Pradesh election]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Pawan Kalyan clarifies rumours on working on new film|date=23 November 2018|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pawan-kalyan-clarifies-rumours-working-new-film-92094|publisher=[[The News Minute]]|access-date=24 April 2019|archive-date=24 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424151624/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pawan-kalyan-clarifies-rumours-working-new-film-92094|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Pawan Kalyan may quit acting for politics: 'Not interested in films anymore'|date=23 January 2018|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/pawan-kalyan-may-quit-acting-for-politics-not-interested-in-films-anymore-4315571.html|publisher=[[Firstpost]]|access-date=24 April 2019|archive-date=1 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501010207/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/pawan-kalyan-may-quit-acting-for-politics-not-interested-in-films-anymore-4315571.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Music==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]], making his Telugu debut. The first song, "Baitikochi Chusthe", was unveiled on 1 January 2018, the birthday of director [[Trivikram Srinivas]].

{{Infobox album
| name = Agnyaathavaasi
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1 January 2018
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre =
| length = 23:35
| language = Telugu
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = Anirudh Ravichander
| prev_title = [[Velaikkaran (2017 film)|Velaikkaran]]
| prev_year = 2018
| next_title = [[Thaanaa Serndha Koottam]]
| next_year = 2018
}}
{{track listing
| all_writing =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Baitikochi Chuste
| length1 = 3:26
| lyrics1 = [[Sri Mani]]
| extra1 = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| title2 = Gaali Vaaluga
| length2 = 4:18
| lyrics2 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]
| extra2 = Anirudh Ravichander
| title3 = Dhaga Dhagamaney
| length3 = 4:16
| lyrics3 = Sri Mani
| extra3 = Anirudh Ravichander
| title4 = Swagatham Krishna
| length4 = 3:23
| lyrics4 = [[Oothukkadu Venkata Kavi|Oothukkadu Sri Venkata Subbaiyer Kriti]]
| extra4 = [[Padmalatha]], Niranjana Ramanan
| title5 = AB Yevaro Nee Baby
| length5 = 4:19
| lyrics5 = Sri Mani
| extra5 = [[Nakash Aziz]], [[Arjun Chandy]]
| title6 = Kodakaa Koteswar Rao
| length6 = 3:53
| lyrics6 = [[Bhaskarabhatla]]
| extra6 = [[Pawan Kalyan]]
| title7 =
| length7 =
| title8 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
| title11 =
| length11 =
| title12 =
| length12 =
| title13 =
| length13 =
| title14 =
| length14 =
| title15 =
| length15 =
| title16 =
| length16 =
| title17 =
| length17 =
| title18 =
| length18 =
| title19 =
| length19 =
| title20 =
| length20 =
| total_length = 23:35
}}

== Release ==
The film was released on 10 January 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KdBLR_n3TWU|title=Agnyaathavaasi Musical Surprise - Pawan Kalyan | Trivikram Srinivas | Anirudh Ravichander | #PSPK25|date=September 2017 |via=www.youtube.com|access-date=15 September 2017|archive-date=16 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916055104/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KdBLR_n3TWU|url-status=live}}</ref> It was then later released on [[Sun NXT]] for digital streaming, and the satellite rights are owned by [[Gemini TV]]. It was later dubbed and released in [[Hindi]] as ''Yevadu 3'' on [[YouTube]] and aired on [[Sony Max]] by Goldmines Telefilms on 20 December 2018.<ref>{{Citation|title=Yevadu 3 (Agnyaathavaasi) 2018 New Released Hindi Dubbed Full Movie {{!}} Pawan Kalyan, Keerthy Suresh|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F6fMNJbiB9A|language=en|access-date=2021-09-21|archive-date=21 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921042246/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F6fMNJbiB9A|url-status=live}}</ref> It was also dubbed in Malayalam as ''Yuvarajavu'' which was aired on [[Surya TV]] & in Tamil as ''Maraivaasi'' which was aired on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]].

== Reception ==
===Critical reception===
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=17|count=6|average=4.5|ref=yes}}

[[Times of India]] critic Neeshita Nayapati gave the film 2.5/5 stars, noting, "Despite all the pomp and show, ''Agnyaathavaasi'', has been an amazing ride had it either been taken seriously or been made with the same old Trivikram-Pawan Kalyan touch. Pawan Kalyan aces through his role as usual.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/agnyaathavaasi/movie-review/62438717.cms|title=Agnyaathavaasi Review {2.5/5}: Pawan Kalyan and Trivikram movie Agnathavasi lacks soul|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In his review for ''[[The Indian Express]]'', Manoj Kumar R stated, "It is strictly for fans of Power Star as Trivikram has spent the entire runtime gushing over Pawan Kalyan."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/agnyaathavaasi-movie-review-pawan-kalyan-trivikram-srinivas-star-rating-5018443/lite/.cms |title=Agnyaathavaasi movie review: This film is strictly for Pawan Kalyan fans |website=indianexpress.com |date=13 January 2018 |access-date=17 October 2018 |archive-date=17 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017163235/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/agnyaathavaasi-movie-review-pawan-kalyan-trivikram-srinivas-star-rating-5018443/lite/.cms/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote: "The film is beautifully shot (cinematography by Manikandan) and Anirudh Ravichander comes up with refreshing music that gives a classy sheen to this urban masala film. But these aren't enough to salvage the film.

Writing for [[Variety (magazine)|''Variety'']], Joe Layden described the film as "a ferociously eager-to-please musical melodrama about ruthless ambition, violent revenge, and exuberantly schmaltzy music-video-style production numbers."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Leydon|first=Joe|date=2018-01-12|title=Film Review: 'Agnyaathavaasi'|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/reviews/agnyaathavaasi-review-1202662433/|url-status=live|website=Variety|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112044358/http://variety.com/2018/film/reviews/agnyaathavaasi-review-1202662433/ |archive-date=12 January 2018 }}</ref>

===Box office===
The film grossed {{INRConvert|60|c|year=2018}} against a budget of {{INRConvert|70|c|year=2018}}.<ref name=gross/> The film was a disaster at the box office, only recovering roughly half of its investment.<ref name=":1"/>

== Plagiarism allegations ==
French director [[Jérôme Salle]] alleged that the film was plagiarised from his 2008 film ''[[Largo Winch (film)|Largo Winch]]''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Forbes|website=forbes.com|title=French writer director claims Indian film Agnyaathavaasi is a ripoff of his Largo Winch|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2018/01/11/french-writer-director-claims-indian-film-agnyaathavaasi-is-a-rip-off-of-his-largo-winch/#240e7f2364b4|date=11 January 2018|access-date=23 June 2019|archive-date=23 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623141907/https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2018/01/11/french-writer-director-claims-indian-film-agnyaathavaasi-is-a-rip-off-of-his-largo-winch/#240e7f2364b4|url-status=live}}</ref> Following this, [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]], which owns the remake rights of ''Largo Winch'', sent a legal notice to the makers of the film, asking for the censored copy of the film. It was later reported that T-Series was demanding {{INRConvert|15|c|year=2018}} from the makers of ''Agnyaathavaasi'' for allegedly violating copyright.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/agnyaathavaasi-copyright-row-jerome-salle-watches-it-says-its-plot-too-familiar-largo-winch-756378|date=10 January 2018|title=Agnyathavaasi Copyright row Jerome Salle watches it says : its plot too familiar to Largo Winch|website=ibitimes.co.in|last=ibitimes|access-date=23 June 2019|archive-date=23 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623141857/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/agnyaathavaasi-copyright-row-jerome-salle-watches-it-says-its-plot-too-familiar-largo-winch-756378|url-status=live}}</ref> The agreement between ''Agnyaathavaasi'' makers and T-Series management was amicably closed after the makers agreed to compensate them after taking into consideration that though the director had not taken the entire plotline of ''Largo Winch'', he had written a few key scenes of ''Agnyaathavaasi'' based on scenes from the French film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2018 |title=Plagiarism Issue Of Agnathavasi Is Settled |url=https://english.tupaki.com/entertainment/article/pawan-kalyan-agnyaathavaasi-copy-issue-solved/64556 |website=Tupaki |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*''[[Saaho]]'', 2018 Indian film, also alleged to be a remake of ''Largo Winch''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{Trivikram Srinivas}}

[[Category:2018 Indian films]]
[[Category:2018 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2018 action drama films]]
[[Category:2018 controversies]]
[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:Films about businesspeople]]
[[Category:Films about conspiracy theories]]
[[Category:Films about inheritances]]
[[Category:Films about orphans]]
[[Category:Films based on adaptations]]
[[Category:Films based on Belgian comics]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Jean Van Hamme]]
[[Category:Films directed by Trivikram Srinivas]]
[[Category:Films involved in plagiarism controversies]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anirudh Ravichander]]
[[Category:Films set in Assam]]
[[Category:Films set in Bulgaria]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bangkok]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bulgaria]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Trivikram Srinivas]]
[[Category:Financial thrillers]]
[[Category:Indian action adventure films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian business films]]
[[Category:Indian chase films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Indian intellectual property law]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of French films]]
[[Category:Indian spy thriller films]]
[[Category:Live-action films based on comics]]
[[Category:Unofficial film adaptations]]

Mishri

2026-03-24T11:19:45Z

RuebenFrankfurte:

{{copy edit|date=November 2024}}
{{Long plot summary|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| genre = {{Plainlist|
*[[Drama]]
*[[Romance film|Romance]]
}}
| director = Atif Khan
| creative_director = Rashmi Ranjana
| starring = {{ubl|[[Shruti Bhist]]|[[Namish Taneja]]|[[Megha Chakraborty]]}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 122
| location = [[Mathura]] and [[Mumbai]]
| cinematography = Shahbaz Khan
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 20 - 22 minutes
| company = Story Square Productions
| network = [[Colors TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2024|07|03|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2024|11|03|df=y}}
}}
'''''Mishri''''' ({{Translation|Rock Sugar}}) is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language television drama series that premiered on 3 July 2024 on [[Colors TV]] and streams digitally on [[JioCinema]]. Produced by Story Square Productions, it stars [[Shruti Bhist]], [[Namish Taneja]] and [[Megha Chakraborty]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-14 |title=Mishri promo out: Shruti Bhist and Namish Taneja to be seen as Mishri and Raghav in the upcoming show |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mishri-promo-out-shruti-bhist-and-namish-taneja-to-be-seen-as-mishri-and-raghav-in-the-upcoming-show/articleshow/111003387.cms |access-date=2024-06-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-02 |title=I am quite happy playing the boy-next-door, responsible family guy in TV shows: Namish Taneja on his new show Mishri |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-am-quite-happy-playing-the-boy-next-door-responsible-family-guy-in-tv-shows-namish-taneja-on-his-new-show-mishri/articleshow/111430761.cms |access-date=2024-07-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It is the first Hindi adaptation of the [[Colors Kannada]] series ''[[Lakshmi Baramma]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-02 |title=Megha Chakraborty Says She Isn't Playing 2nd Lead In Mishri: 'Don't Take This Thing In Wrong Way' - Exclusive |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/megha-chakraborty-says-she-isnt-playing-2nd-lead-in-mishri-dont-take-this-thing-in-wrong-way-exclusive-article-111438299 |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2024-07-02 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Megha Chakraborty reveals Mishri will not have a 'love triangle'; says, "People are bored of watching it" : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-megha-chakraborty-reveals-mishri-will-not-love-triangle-says-people-bored-watching/ |access-date=2024-07-06 |language=en}}</ref>

==Premise==
''Mishri'' revolves around the tumultuous tale of three people—Mishri Sharma, Raghav Dwivedi and Vaani Tripathi—as a divine thread of fate interconnects their lives in a way that challenges their beliefs, leading to a complex web of unwanted marriage, betrayal, companionship, and devotion.

==Plot==

Set in Mathura and the village of Gangapur, the story follows Mishri Sharma (Shruti Bhist), a girl regarded by her fellow villagers as a source of good fortune. Her father, Hari Sharma, having lost his wife shortly after Mishri's birth, is a torchbearer of life for her. He gifts her a pen which symbolises the promise that when she'll grow up, she will study and someday become a high officer to fulfill her father's dreams. However, in a twist of fate, in order to save her prized pen, Mishri loses her father but at the same time, she alone is able to save multiple lives. From that day forward, Mishri's fellow villagers begin to celebrate her as a golden child because of her deed.

Years later, Mishri has grown to be a simple young girl with an ambition to complete her father's dreams. She lives with her grandmother in Bela's house, an overbearing and abusive lady coveting the lands and property left in Mishri's name by her father. Bela has a devious brother, Shakti, who eyes Mishri, and is voted to be the village's head all due to the good fortune of Mishri's existence and the brother-sister-duo misuse the same blessing with no mercy. When Bela learns about Mishri's relentless pursuit of education for a deep-rooted goal, she brutally attempts to shut all the doors of opportunity and freedom on her. Crying to her fate, Mishri regresses to believe that her ambition is futile and no matter how hard she tries, she is never able to fulfill her father's last wishes nor level up to Bela's expectations for her. Nonetheless, her grandmother assures her that someone will eventually emerge as her protector and fight for her rights and dreams against the whole world by her side no matter what.

Hailing from a high and urban family of Mathura, Raghav Dwivedi ([[Namish Taneja]]) is a perfect catch. He's a happy-go-lucky, young gentleman who strives to heed everyone's happiness around him. Having lost his father at a tender age, his life bends towards his mother, [[Parvati]]. Despite responsibilities and obligations laden onto his back, he longs to be the catalyst of his family's peace and tries to resolve every littlest knots that are spiralled around the bitter hearts of his family members, some of which are unknown to him. Succeeding in directing major roles in the family business also comes to a great cost to him as Chitra, his paternal aunt, secretly has a seed of greed and indignation sown deep in her heart for her supposedly beloved nephew. Being an equal partners with Raghav in their tours and travels business, she hides an agenda of desiring something bigger behind the mask of her sweetness for which she won't stop at anything — even if it means to claim her nephew's life. But Raghav, being the ultimate family guy, blindly returns his genuine love and consideration for the Dwivedi family.

On the other hand, Raghav's one and only is a woman of unique boldness, Vaani Tripathi ([[Megha Chakraborty]]). Married to her work as a fashion designer, Vaani's priorities are steel and unshakable. She still remains grieved about losing her younger sister, Meenu, to a terminal illness but with Raghav by her side, her sanity and trauma is tamed alongside their possessive but healthy relationship. Eager to initiate their wedding proposal to their families, Vaani and Raghav often fall into some light conflictions which always end in a promise by Raghav that he'd soon talk to his mother once the Dwivedi family mends fences with their issue concerning the idea of a love marriage. Unbeknownst to them, the family's opposition to love marriage stems from a past conflict between the mothers of Vaani and Raghav, and despite so many years of the ordeal, Sulochana and the whole family still are adamant to solve things between them and Vaani's mother, Kalpana — where Sulochana wanted Kalpana as his son's wife and her daughter-in-law but Anirudh instead married Parvati, whom he loved. Nonetheless, Kalpana is still unable to turn the page and forgive Dwivedi family for breaking their promise as they turn up to her threshold to invite her to the marriage anniversary of Raghav's grandparents. In turn, she strikes a condition for her participation and that is ensuring Parvati doesn't attend the same event to which Sulochana heartily agrees. Upon knowing this, Vaani is enraged and vows to never forgive the family who's hurt her mother even if Kalpana is ready to bury the hatchet.

On the other hand, Mishri's troubled grandmother contrives a plan to save her from Bela's continual tortures and to secure her educational future. In return of Mishri's determined part in the village's events of good fortune, Mishri's grandmother entreats to the villagers to marry Mishri to an ideal city boy who keeps her happy as she firmly believes that marrying a prince is written in the spirited Mishri's fate. Bela and Shakti are agitated by the sudden announcement.

Parvati is hellbent on eliminating the fatal flaw in Raghav's horoscope by any means and for that, she takes him to a holy temple of Gangapur. Vaani also reminds Raghav to fetch some of Gangapur's pier water for her as it is believed that if the blessed water from there is anointed on a couple, then their love becomes eternal like that of Radha and Krishna. However, through a surreal stroke of destiny, as Mishri bumps into Raghav, the blessed water bestows upon them together and thus entwines them in a fate strung with each other but the both of them are oblivious to the signs. As Parvati presents Raghav's horoscope and picture to a priest, she learns that he's plagued with the same affliction in his fate as his father, Anirudh who died in an perplexing accident. Just like his father, Raghav is destined to die a mysterious and inexplicable death as people who are closest to him are baying for his blood but the only way to prevent it is a human shield who is bound to protect him from every harm written in his destiny. In the temple, as Mishri prays for her grandmother's good health, she encounters a breathless Parvati on the steps without an inhaler, suffering an asthma attack and saves her life but Raghav is unable to meet and thank his mother's saviour who is supposedly named 'Mishri.'

Simultaneously, Bela and family are muddled as to how to thwart Mishri's marriage from happening because with Mishri hitched and gone, their golden ticket would be scrapped and they would've to give up the ghosts of those lands on her name. Only then Bela schemes to marry Mishri to her brother, Shakti, and even tries to match the mismatched horoscopes of Shakti with his half-aged girl. But as Mishri, in her sane mind, won't agree to the proposal, they would've to craft a fool-proof plan to trick her and when a young city tycoon Raghav Dwivedi's photo is misplaced between the meeting with the priest, Bela views it as a shot to slip the ball into her court. She assures Shakti that when with her delusions and tall hopes, Mishri sits alone in a wedding dress and waits for some Raghav to show up and marry her, if Shakti will step up and pretend to guard her honour by marrying her instead, their plan would be successful without a hitch.

Although initially sceptical about Bela's false story of Raghav's proposal for Mishri, Mishri's grandmother likes Raghav and deems him a guy of good character by the looks of it and tries to convince Mishri for marriage but to everyone's surprised dismay, Mishri denies to marry anyone as she is adamant to fulfil her father's dreams and take care of her grandmother always by her side. Though after taking everyone's advise, she reluctantly agrees but on a condition that she meets Raghav before proceeding with the wedding to learn of his views on her higher education after the wedding. Bela and Shakti deem this situation as the final burst of the bubble of their whole plan. Meanwhile, as Parvati accepts Kalpana's condition and stays off the whole event, Raghav tries to win Kalpana's heart to resolve the differences between the family but Kalpana, swimming deep in her rage, sees him as a perfect pawn to get revenge on Parvati as she proposes her daughter's hand in marriage for him and asks for Dwivedi family's cooperation in return of her forgiveness to which Sulochana gives Kalpana her word without even consulting with Raghav first.

On her way to Mathura to meet the guy in the photo in her hand, Mishri encounters Raghav on a busy street where he helps a beaten, poor boy accused to stealing items to feed his sick sister's stomach and gives him some bills and a pen which denotes the importance of education for everyone as it's the right every person should have. He even offers the boy to visit him in his office and discerning it all, Mishri becomes impressed by Raghav's mature viewpoints on education and outlook of life and receives the answer she had travelled to earn from her future life partner. With heartfelt feelings growing inside her, Mishri whole-heartedly agrees to the marriage.

As the news of his wedlock with Kalpana's daughter breaks like an angry cloud onto Raghav's head, he blurts out the truth of his and Vaani's three-year long relationship and his wish to marry only Vaani and nobody else. In a fit of desperation to fix a mistake she made years ago and oblivious to the fact that Vaani is indeed Kalpana's daughter, Parvati slaps Raghav for thinking of even the notion of love marriage in his mind when it ruined Dwivedi family years ago and Raghav understands her reason but remains resolute on either marrying the person whom he loves or never anybody else. Sulochana guilt-trips Parvati into forcing Raghav's acceptance for the proposal and Parvati is powerless to do nothing but beg Raghav to sacrifice his happiness for his mother and fulfil a filial son's duty. Consequently, as Vaani realises that her countless rejections about marrying a son of Dwivedi's are falling on deaf ears, she makes a decision to elope with Raghav and calls him to meet in the morning but Raghav instead takes her to his house and ascertains her that he can't go against his family and they both have to convince them together for an approval as a last ditch effort. Kalpana and Kailash reach just in time as Raghav makes Vaani meet his family members and the whole dilemma dawns like a shower of relief onto both of the youngsters but Vaani is narked by the truth that in the end, it's Raghav's family who has hurt her mother in the past but keeps Raghav in the dark about her conflicted feelings because she is hesitant to ruin her hard-earned betrothal with the love of her life.

Both of the marriages are prepped with glee and pomp in Gangapur and Mathura but as fate would have it, Parvati falls ill and is unable to travel to Gangapur in order to perform a scheduled ritual for Raghav's security. However, Raghav vows to his mother to go there himself for the ritual and sets out for Gangapur without informing a distressed Vaani who gears up to follow him to the village. Meanwhile, Chitra views the situation as an opportune trap to finish Raghav and sends goons behind him. High on the happiest clouds, Mishri perches on the wedding altar and awaits her groom's arrival as her grandmother overhears Bela and Shakti's devious scheme about tricking Mishri into an unwanted wedlock and prompts an oblivious Mishri to escape. To her jovial surprise, she bumps into Raghav on the way and takes him to their wedding temple where he's presented as a groom. An addled up Raghav refuses to ever have any connection with the problem Mishri's facing and clarifies to Mishri that he was never going to be her groom. As Mishri realises that she'd been cheated, she exempts Raghav from every responsibility and guilt and requests him to go on his way but to save him from Chitra's goons, she has to fake a decision about convincing him for marriage now that the damage is already done and then enables his flight.

Battling with his morality as Mishri's grandmother begs him to rescue Mishri from a forced wedlock, Raghav returns to the temple and obstructs the marriage while disparaging Shakti's image as a village's head. Under immense pressure to safeguard Mishri's life, Raghav announces his marriage with Mishri as a desperate measure and fulfils all the sacred rituals as Mishri vows to never let a catastrophe touch her husband before her. But as they set out for Mathura, Raghav makes it clear that he's still dilemmatic about the whole fiasco and wouldn't be able to give her the rights of a wife yet but what really breaks Mishri's heart is when she spots Raghav engulfed in another woman's arms and decides to step out from Raghav's life although deeply etched with his feelings in her devoted heart.

Though destiny strikes again and Mishri crosses paths with Vaani and unknowingly finds refuge in the latter's house only to collide into Raghav again and learn that the woman Raghav loves is her beloved informal big sister, Vaani, who has given her the place of her dead younger sister, Meenu, in her life. As the wedding shenanigans ring like the harbinger of sacrificial grief for Mishri, fate binds her as a protective shield for Raghav's life and she must stay close to him against his wishes to guard him. But as she's torn between the sisterhood with Vaani and affection for Raghav, Mishri must edge up to make choices now.

As the predestination signify their every move, will Mishri, Raghav and Vaani succumb to their fated dilemmas or would they tear apart their own choices and emotions to correct the wrongs in their lives?

==Cast==
===Main===
*[[Shruti Bhist]] as Mishri Sharma: An uplifting village girl who's deemed as a lucky charm for everyone; Raghav's wife; Vaani's friend; Hari's gifted daughter.
*[[Namish Taneja]] as Raghav Dwivedi: A winsome owner of a tours and travels business plagued with a flaw in his horoscope; Mishri's husband; Vaani's former fiancé; Parvati and Anirudh's son; Riddhi's brother.
*[[Megha Chakraborty]] as Vaani Tripathi: A daring fashion designer whose life revolves solely around her hard-edged principles and the love of her life, Raghav; Raghav's former fiancé; Mishri's friend; Kalpana and Kailash's daughter.

===Recurring===
* [[Jasveer Kaur]] as Chitra Dwivedi: Raghav's paternal aunt and business partner
*Archana Singh as Parvati Dwivedi: Raghav and Riddhi's mother; Anirudh's wife; Mishri's mother-in-law
*Sangeeta Kapure as Kalpana Tripathi: Vaani's mother; Kailash's wife; Raghav's former mother-in-law
*[[Manmohan Tiwari]] as Shakti: Bela's brother
* [[Swati Chitnis]] as Mrs. Sharma: Hari's mother; Mishri's grandmother
* Meena Nathani as Sulochana Dwivedi: Raghav's grandmother; Chitra, Supriya and Anirudh's mother; Parvati's mother-in-law
*[[Riya Sharma]] as Riddhi Dwivedi: Raghav's younger sister; Parvati and Anirudh's daughter; Mishri's sister-in-law
*Soma Rathod as Bela: Mishri's aunt
*Jyoti Tiwari as Supriya: Raghav's paternal aunt; Ranjit's wife
*Ajay Dhansu as Ranjit: Raghav's uncle; Supriya's husband
*[[Prithvi Zutshi]] as Raghav's grandfather: Sulochana's husband; Chitra, Supriya and Anirudh's father; Parvati's father-in-law
*Shashank Shukla as Gopal: Dwivedi family's house help
*Amit Poddar as Bunty: Bela's son; Bubbly's husband; Giri's father; Mishri's cousin
*[[Tabassum]] as Bubbly; Bunty's wife; Giri's mother; Bela's daughter-in-law; Mishri's sister-in-law
*Rishabh Jain as Giri: Bunty and Bubbly's son; Mishri's nephew
*Vishesh Sharma as Samarth: College's trustee

=== Special appearances ===
* [[Deepika Singh]] as Mangal Saxena from ''[[Mangal Lakshmi]]''
* [[Aman Verma (actor)|Aman Verma]] as Hari Sharma: Mishri's father (Dead)

==Production==
===Development===
[[Manmohan Tiwari]] gained weight to fit in his role. He said, "To prepare for the negative lead in this show, Tiwari underwent a physical transformation for the role, which included gaining weight and dyeing his hair to appear older. This effort is to ensure that the character stands out and truly comes to life, conveying exactly what it needs to and leaving a strong impression on the audience."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manmohan Tiwari on his transformation in Mishri: I have gained weight and grown belly |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/manmohan-tiwari-on-his-transformation-in-mishri-i-have-gained-weight-and-grown-belly-article-12767588.html |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mishri}}
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]

Ghatampur Thermal Power Station

2026-03-18T07:43:01Z

RuebenFrankfurte: Starting Data

{{Short description|Coal plant project in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
NUPPL- GTPP ('''Neyveli Uttar pradesh Power Limited -Ghatampur Thermal Power Project)''' is a coal-based thermal power plant located in [[Ghatampur]] in [[Kanpur Nagar district|Kanpur district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]. The power plant is owned by the Neyveli Uttar Pradesh Power Limited a joint venture between [[Neyveli Lignite Corporation]] (51%) and [[Uttar Pradesh Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam]] (49%).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nlcindia.com/index.php?file_name=about_01h |title=Neyveli Lignite Corporation Limited |access-date=5 August 2014 |archive-date=25 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625122351/http://nlcindia.com/index.php?file_name=about_01h |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Status update==
* Jan 2015: The land acquisition is completed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/|title=Business News Today: Read Latest Business news, India Business News Live, Share Market & Economy News|website=The Economic Times}}</ref>
* May 2015: South Pachwara Coal Block allotted to NLC India ltd for GTPS Project. MDO selection under progress <ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/nlc-gets-nod-to-start-two-investment-projects-of-rs-5-328-cr-115053000857_1.html|title=NLC gets nod to start two investment projects of Rs 5,328 cr|first=B. S.|last=Reporter|date=30 May 2015|via=Business Standard}}</ref>
* Jun 2015: MoEF issued Environment Clearance on 17-Jun-2015 <ref name="auto"/>
* Feb 2016: Centre to consider 1,980 MW Ghatampur project in Kanpur soon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/centre-to-consider-1980-mw-ghatampur-project-in-kanpur-soon/articleshow/51009635.cms|title=Centre to consider 1,980 MW Ghatampur project in Kanpur soon|via=The Economic Times}}</ref>
* July 2016: Centre approved for installation of Ghatampur Thermal Power Project (GTPC) of 1980 MW (3 X 660 MW) capacity through a joint venture company named "Neyveli Uttar Pradesh Power Limited (NUPPL)" formed jointly by Neyveli Lignite Corporation Limited (NLC) and Uttar Pradesh Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam Limited (UPRVUNL).[http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=147394 Untitled Page]
* October 2016: Construction starts <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/nlc-begins-construction-work-for-1980-mw-project-in-up/54981713 |title=NLC begins construction work for 1980-MW project in UP, Energy News, ET EnergyWorld |access-date=7 March 2017 |archive-date=8 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308044055/http://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/nlc-begins-construction-work-for-1980-mw-project-in-up/54981713 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*June 2021 inspection of railway line to power plant by railway DRM

COMMISSIONING OF UNITS:

Unit-1:
72Hrs continuous full load (660MW) Trial operation of is completed on 03-12-2024. Commercial operation commences on 12-12-2024.

Unit-2:
First synchronization with 765kV grid on 21-07-2025. 72Hrs continuous full load (660MW) Trial operation is completed on 23-11-2025. Commercial operation commences on 09-12-2025.

==Capacity==
The planned capacity of the power plant is 1980 MW. The power plant is secured with coal supply.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://statesofindia.cmie.com/kommon/bin/sr.php?kall=wshreport&nvdt=20140725125012556&nvpc=040000000000&nvtype=INSIGHTS|title=States of India|website=[[Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy]]}}</ref>

{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Unit Number !! Capacity ([[Watt#Megawatt|MW]]) !! Date of Commercial operation
|-
| 1 || 660 || 12 Dec 2024
|-
| 2 || 660 || 09 Dec 2025
|-
| 3 || 660 || Expected Mar 2026 Now
|-
|}The plant has a power purchase agreement (PPA) with Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation (UP Power Corporation) and Assam:

* '''Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation''': The plant supplies 75.12% of its power to UP Power Corporation.
* '''Assam''': The plant will supply 24.88% of its power to Assam. As of now, it is shared by Northern states

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Ghatampur_power_station Ghatampur power station] at [[SourceWatch]]
*Ajay Mehrotra being Observer +91-9839100876, https://www.architizer.com/users/ajay-mehrotra/

{{Portalbar|India|Energy}}

[[Category:Coal-fired power stations in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kanpur Nagar district]]
[[Category:2020 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 2020]]

Raasaleela

2026-03-17T22:40:57Z

RuebenFrankfurte: quick updated content to improve readability

{{For|the 2012 remake|Rasaleela (2012 film)}}
{{No plot|date=November 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rasaleela
| image = Raasaleela poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[N. Sankaran Nair]]
| producer = Carmel Johny, Cartoonist Thomas, Rahman
| writer = [[N. Sankaran Nair]]
| screenplay =
| narrator =
| story = [[R. C. Sakthi]] [[Kamal Haasan]]
| based_on =
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Kamal Haasan]]
* [[Jayasudha]]
* [[Kanakadurga]]
* [[Rajasree]]
}}
| music = [[Salil Choudhry]]
| cinematography = [[J. Williams (cinematographer)|J. Williams]]
| editing = Ravi
| studio = R.J.T. Films
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|1975|12|12|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Raasaleela''''' is a 1975 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film directed by [[N. Sankaran Nair]] and produced by Carmel Johny for RJD Films, starring [[Kamal Haasan]] and [[Jayasudha]] in her Malayalam debut.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=600|title=Raasaleela|accessdate=2014-10-03|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?2628|title=Raasaleela|accessdate=2020-07-14|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref> It is a remake of the Tamil film ''[[Unarchigal (1976 film)|Unarchigal]]'', which also starred Kamal Haasan but got released before the original. Rasaleela was dubbed and released in both Tamil and [[Telugu language|Telugu]], and ran for 100 days each in their respective language cities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=உலக கலைஞன் கமல் – ஆறிலிருந்து அறுபது வரை: கமல்ஹாசன் 60வது பிறந்த நாள் ஸ்பெஷல் ஸ்டோரி! |trans-title=Kamal haasan's 60th Birthday Special story |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/cinema-news/23675/special-report/Kamal-hassans-60th-Birthday-Special-story.htm |language=ta |date=6 November 2014 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205121922/http://cinema.dinamalar.com/cinema-news/23675/special-report/Kamal-hassans-60th-Birthday-Special-story.htm |archive-date=5 February 2017 |url-status=live |access-date=19 May 2021}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Kamal Haasan]] as Devan
* [[Jayasudha]] as Unnimaya
* [[M. G. Soman]]
* [[Sankaradi]]
* [[Bahadoor]]
* [[Kanakadurga]]
* [[Manimala (actress)|Manimala]]
* [[Rajasree]] (Gracy)

== Production ==
''Raasaleela'' was first filmed in Tamil as ''[[Unarchigal (1976 film)|Unarchigal]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 January 2017 |title=Kamal's bold Malayalam film to be remade |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kamals-bold-malayalam-film-to-be-remade/articleshow/16322807.cms|access-date=4 June 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> which also starred Kamal Haasan, but ''Raasaleela'' released first. The film directed by [[N. Sankaran Nair]], story written by [[R. C. Sakthi]] and [[Kamal Haasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2017 |title=என்னுள் மையம் கொண்ட புயல்! - கமல்ஹாசன் - 11 - அரவணைத்தவர்கள்... அன்பு செலுத்தியவர்கள்! |language=ta |first=Kamal |last=Haasan |author-link=Kamal Haasan |work=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/136975-simmering-storm-within-me-kamalhaasan |access-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210510143717/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/136975-simmering-storm-within-me-kamalhaasan |archive-date=10 May 2021}}</ref> The final length of the film's prints were {{Convert|3547.10|m|ft}} long.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 1976 |title=Gazette of India, 1976, No. 475 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.1976.475/page/n160/mode/2up?q=Baasaleela |access-date=3 June 2021 |publisher=[[The Gazette of India]] |pages=2075}}</ref>

== Remake ==
In 2012, Majeed Marangery remade the film [[Rasaleela (2012 film)|with the same title]]. However, it failed to repeat the success.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2012 |title=Kamal Haasan's Rasaleela remade |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-kamal-haasans-rasaleela-remade/20120907.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924102223/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-kamal-haasans-rasaleela-remade/20120907.htm |archive-date=24 September 2014 |access-date=14 July 2020 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Rasaleela
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Salil Choudhry]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1975
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| label =
| producer = [[Salil Choudhry]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|KLFPsi8xClc|Official Audio Jukebox}}
}}
}}

The music was composed by [[Salil Chowdhary]] and the lyrics were written by [[Vayalar Ramavarma]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics
|-
| 1 || "Aayilyam Paadathe Penne" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[Vani Jairam]], Chorus || [[Vayalar Ramavarma]]
|-
| 2 || "Manakkale Thathe" || K. J. Yesudas || Vayalar Ramavarma
|-
| 3 || "Neeyum Vidhavayo" || [[P. Susheela]] || Vayalar Ramavarma
|-
| 4 || "Nishaasurabhikal" || [[P. Jayachandran]] || Vayalar Ramavarma
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0280062}}

[[Category:1975 Indian films]]
[[Category:1975 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by N. Sankaran Nair]]
[[Category:Films scored by Salil Chowdhury]]
[[Category:Malayalam remakes of Tamil films]]

Digvijaysinhji Ranjitsinhji Jadeja

2026-03-15T17:29:32Z

RuebenFrankfurte: enhance structure per sources and improved wording

{{Short description|Maharaja of Nawanagar from 1933 to 1966}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Digvijaysinhji Ranjitsinhji
| title = [[GCSI]] [[GCIE]]
| image = Jam-Shri-Digvijaysinhji-Ranjitsinhji-Jadeja-Maharaja-Jam-Saheb-of-Nawanagar.jpg
| caption = Digvijaysinhji in 1935
| succession = [[Maharaja]] of [[Nawanagar State|Nawanagar]]
| moretext =
| reign = 2 April 1933 – 3 February 1966
| coronation =
| cor-type =
| predecessor = [[Ranjitsinhji]]
| successor = [[Shatrusalyasinhji]]
| regent =
| reg-type =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1895|09|18}}
| birth_place = Sadodar, [[Nawanagar State]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now [[Jamnagar District]], [[Gujarat]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1966|02|03|1895|09|18}}
| death_place = [[Bombay]], India
| burial_date =
| burial_place =
| spouse = {{marriage|Maharajkumari Baiji Raj Shri Kanchan Kunverba Sahiba |26 April 1923}}
| issue = [[Shatrusalyasinhji|Shatrusalyasinhji Jadeja]]
| full name = Digvijaysinhji Ranjitsinhji Jadeja
| house = [[Nawanagar State|Nawanagar]]
| father =
| mother =
| signature =
| module = {{Infobox military person | embed=yes
| branch = {{army|British Raj}}
| serviceyears = 1919–1947
| servicenumber =
| unit =
| commands =
| battles_label =
| battles =
| awards =
| module = {{Infobox cricketer | embed=yes
| country =
| nickname =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm
| role = [[Batsman]]
| international =
| testdebutdate =
| testdebutyear =
| testdebutagainst =
| testcap =
| lasttestdate =
| lasttestyear =
| lasttestagainst =
| club1 = [[Western India cricket team|Western India]]
| year1 = 1933–1934
| columns = 1
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| matches1 = 1
| runs1 = 6
| bat avg1 = 3.00
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 6
| hidedeliveries = true
| catches/stumpings1 = 0/–
| date = 8 June
| year = 2019
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/28620.html ESPNcricinfo
|module = {{Infobox officeholder
|embed = yes
|office = 4th [[List of presidents of the Board of Control for Cricket in India|President of BCCI]]
|term_start = 1937
|term_end = 1938
|predecessor = [[Hamidullah Khan|Sir Hamidullah Khan]]
|successor = [[P. Subbarayan]]
}}
}}}}
}}

'''Sir Digvijaysinhji Ranjitsinhji Jadeja''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCSI|GCIE}} (18 September 1895 – 3 February 1966), known widely in Poland as the '''Good Maharaja''' ([[Polish language|Polish]]: ''Dobry Maharadża''), was the ruling [[Maharaja]] [[Jam Sahib]] of [[Nawanagar State|Nawanagar]] (present day [[Jamnagar]]), succeeding his uncle, the famed [[cricketer]] [[Ranjitsinhji]]. He ruled Nawanagar from 1933 to 1947, when Nawanagar was merged into the [[Saurashtra (state)|United State of Kathiawar]], after which he held his title nominally.

Jadeja is personally credited with saving around 740 Polish orphans between 1942 and 1946, following the [[Invasion of Poland]]. While serving as the Hindu delegate to the British [[war cabinet]] he convinced members of the [[Red Cross]] and [[Anders' Army]] to transport the orphans to [[Jamnagar]], where he provided them with food, shelter, clothes, education, and medical care in the nearby coastal village of [[Balachadi]]. Following the [[German Instrument of Surrender|Surrender of Germany]], the orphans were returned to Poland.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Maharaja Who Saved Hundreds of Polish Orphans |url=https://culture.pl/en/article/the-maharaja-who-saved-hundreds-of-polish-orphans |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=Culture.pl |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Institute of National Remembrance |title=Digvijaysinhji Ranjitsinhji Jadeja (1895-1966) |url=https://szlakinadziei.ipn.gov.pl/sne/exposures/people/9601,Digvijaysinhji-Ranjitsinhji-Jadeja-1895-1966.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118133932/https://szlakinadziei.ipn.gov.pl/sne/exposures/people/9601,Digvijaysinhji-Ranjitsinhji-Jadeja-1895-1966.html |archive-date=2025-01-18 |access-date=2025-05-16 |work=Trails of Hope. The Odyssey of Freedom |language=en}}</ref>

In 2011, Jadeja was posthumously bestowed the [[Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland#Degrees|Commander's Cross of the Order of Merit]] by the [[President of Poland]], and is honoured at the [[Good Maharaja Square]] in [[Warsaw]].

==Biography==

Digvijaysinhji Ranjitsinhji Jadeja was born on 18 September 1895 in the village of Sadodar (present-day [[Gujarat]]) during the [[British Raj]]. He was the nephew of the famed cricketer and Maharaja, [[Ranjitsinhji]]. He attended [[Rajkumar College, Rajkot|Rajkumar College]] in [[Rajkot]] as well as [[Malvern College]] and [[University College London]].

Commissioned as [[second lieutenant]] in the [[British Indian Army]] in 1919, Jadeja enjoyed a military career for over a decade.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-03 |title=Meet Maharaja Digvijaysinhji Ranjitsinhji Jadeja who gave refuge to Jews during World War II |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/meet-maharaja-digvijaysinhji-ranjitsinhji-jadeja-who-gave-refuge-to-jews-during-world-war-ii/3227926/ |access-date=2023-09-11 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> Attached to the [[125th Napier's Rifles]] (now 5th Battalion (Napier's), [[Rajputana Rifles]]) in 1920, he served with the [[Egyptian Expeditionary Force]], subsequently receiving a promotion to [[Lieutenant]] in 1921.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/32967/pages/6355|title=London Gazette}}</ref> He then served with the [[Waziristan Field Force]] from 1922 to 1924; after a promotion to [[Captain (armed forces)|captain]] in 1929, he retired from the army in 1931.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/33790/pages/350|title=London Gazette}}</ref> However, he would continue to receive honorary promotions in the Indian Army until 1947, ending with the rank of [[Lieutenant general|lieutenant-general]].

=== Maharaja Jam Sahib ===
Following the death of his uncle, Jadeja became Maharaja Jam Sahib in 1933, continuing his uncle's policies of development and public service. He was [[knighted]] in 1935 and joined the [[Chamber of Princes]], leading it as president from 1937 to 1943. Upholding the cricketing tradition of his uncle, he served as President of the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] in 1937 to 1938 and was a member of several prominent sporting clubs. He had previously played a single [[first-class cricket|first-class]] match during the 1933–34 season, captaining [[Western India cricket team|Western India]] against the [[Marylebone Cricket Club|MCC]] during [[English cricket team in India in 1933–34|its tour of India and Ceylon]].<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/38/38769/First-Class_Matches.html First-class matches played by Digvijaysinhji (1)] – CricketArchive. Retrieved 16 October 2014.</ref> He scored 0 and 6 in his two innings, in what was also the only first-class match played by his brother, Pratapsinhji.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/14/14869.html Western India v Marylebone Cricket Club], Marylebone Cricket Club in India and Ceylon 1933/34 – CricketArchive. Retrieved 16 October 2014.</ref> During the Second World War, Jadeja served on the [[Imperial War Cabinet]] and the National Defence Council, along with the [[Pacific War Council]].

=== Polish refugees ===
In 1942, he established the Polish Children's Camp in [[Balachadi]] for [[Displaced person|refugee]] Polish children who were brought out of the [[Soviet Union|USSR]] during [[World War II]].
[[File:Maharaja with kids and women from Poland.jpg|thumb|Maharaja Jadeja with Polish children on Christmas Eve]]
It existed until 1945, when it was closed and the children were transferred to Valivade, a quarter of the city of [[Kolhapur]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kresy-siberia.com/gallery/main.php?g2_itemId=47057|title=Refugee camps in India, Jamnagar-Balachadi|access-date=8 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713170807/http://kresy-siberia.com/gallery/main.php?g2_itemId=47057|archive-date=13 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120910203530/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-09-17/ahmedabad/27825350_1_maharaja-camps-jamnagar Anuradha Bhattacharya, ''History of Polish refugees in India between 1942–48''] [in] Polish love story in Gujarat, The Times of India, 17 September 2006</ref><ref>[http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?268578 Little Warsaw Of Kathiawar] ''Outlook'', 20 December 2010.</ref> The camp site today is part of 300 acre campus of the [[Sainik School, Balachadi|Sainik School Balachadi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?268579|title=History: humanism Balachadians To Their Core Nawanagar saved their lives. The Poles show they have not forgotten.|date=20 December 2010|work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref> [[The Jamsaheb Digvijay Singh Jadeja School]] in [[Warsaw]] was established to honour this legacy.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/a-maharaja-in-warsaw/article12980412.ece|title=A Maharaja in Warsaw|author=Jayaraj Manepalli|work=The Hindu|date=28 April 2012 |access-date=28 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://orka.sejm.gov.pl/opinie8.nsf/nazwa/235_u/$file/235_u.pdf|title=Uchwała Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej w sprawie uczczenia pamięci Dobrego Maharadży|access-date=12 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://theindiandiaspora.com/news-details/diaspora-news/primary-news/good-maharaja-of-jamnagar-remembered-in-polish-parliament.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315031817/http://theindiandiaspora.com/news-details/diaspora-news/primary-news/good-maharaja-of-jamnagar-remembered-in-polish-parliament.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=15 March 2016|title='Good Maharaja' of Jamnagar remembered in Polish parliament|author=Surender Bhutani|work=theindiandiaspora|access-date=14 March 2016}}</ref>

After the [[independence of India]], he signed the [[Instrument of Accession]] to the [[Dominion of India]] on 15 August 1947. He merged Nawanagar into the United State of Kathiawar the following year, serving as its ''[[Rajpramukh|Rajpramukh, a Chief of State]]'' until the [[Government of India]] abolished the post in 1956.

=== League of Nations and United Nations delegate ===
Jadeja represented India as a delegate at the first session of the [[League of Nations]] in 1920.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1thordinaryassemb.htm|title=First Ordinary Session of the Assembly|access-date=28 December 2015|archive-date=13 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113014630/http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1thordinaryassemb.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

He was also the Deputy Leader of the Indian delegation to the UN, and chaired both the UN Administration Tribunal and the UN Negotiating Committee on Korean Rehabilitation following the [[Korean War]].

=== Death ===
[[File:Homage_to_the_Good_Maharajah_Monument,_Warsaw_Ochota,_Poland_04.jpg|thumb|Memorial in [[Warsaw]]. The nearby "Good Maharaja's Square" was named after Digvijaysinhji Ranjitsinhji in recognition of his help to Polish refugees during [[World War II]].]]
Jadeja died in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] on 3 February 1966, aged 70. He was survived by his only son, [[Shatrusalyasinhji|Shatrusalyasinhj]], who was a [[first-class cricket]]er for [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]].

=== Legacy ===
A 2015 documentary titled "Little Poland in India" was made in collaboration of both Indian and Polish governments to honour the efforts of Maharaja Jam Sahib<ref>{{Citation |last=AakaarFilms |title=A Little Poland in India (English) - The Complete Documentary |date=2015-11-22 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rIPq-8RZxxM |access-date=2018-05-24}}</ref> and [[Kira Banasinska]], who led the movement in India to rehabilitate Polish refugees. In 2025, a monument honoring Jadeja was installed in [[Nevatim]], a community in southern Israel that has a sizable population of Jews from India.

==Honours==

<div class="center">
[[File:1000px ribbon bar of the Order of Maria Anna.svg|100px]]
[[File:Order of the Indian Empire Ribbon.svg|100px]]
[[File:India General Service Medal 1909 BAR.svg|100px]]
[[File:India Service Medal BAR.svg|100px]]

[[File:39-45 Star BAR.svg|100px]]
[[File:Africa Star BAR.svg|100px]]
[[File:Pacific Star BAR.svg|100px]]
[[File:War Medal 39-45 BAR.svg|100px]]

[[File:King George V Silver Jubilee Medal ribbon.svg|100px]]
[[File:GeorgeVICoronationRibbon.png|100px]]
[[File:Indian Independence medal 1947.svg|100px]]
[[File:ImperialOrderCrownIndiaRibbon.svg|100px]]
[[File:POL Order Zaslugi RP kl3 BAR.png|100px|3rd class]]

</div>

*[[India General Service Medal (1909)|India General Service Medal]] w/ Wazirstan Clasp-1924
*[[King George V Silver Jubilee Medal]]-1935
*[[King George VI Coronation Medal]]-1937
*[[Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]] (GCIE)-1939
*[[1939-1945 Star]]-1945
*[[Africa Star]]-1945
*[[Pacific Star]]-1945
*[[War Medal 1939-1945]]-1945
*[[Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]] (GCSI)-1947 (KCSI-1935)
*[[India Service Medal]]-1945
*[[Order of the Star of India]]- 1947
*[[Indian Independence Medal]]-1947
*Commander's Cross of the [[Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland]] (posthumous) – 2011<ref>{{cite web|last=Iwanek |first=Krzysztof |title=Maharadża odznaczony, nadanie imienia skwerowi na dobrej drodze! |url=http://www.polska-azja.pl/2012/02/01/maharadza-odznaczony-nadanie-imienia-skwerowi-na-dobrej-drodze/ |language=pl |date=1 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515192525/http://www.polska-azja.pl/2012/02/01/maharadza-odznaczony-nadanie-imienia-skwerowi-na-dobrej-drodze/ |archive-date=15 May 2013 }}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[India–Poland relations]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{Commons category|Digvijaysinhji Ranjitsinhji}}

*[http://culture.pl/en/article/the-maharaja-who-saved-hundreds-of-polish-orphans The Maharaja Who Saved Hundreds of Polish Orphans]
*[https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-full-story-of-Polish-people-who-sought-refuge-during-World-War-II-in-Gujarat-provided-by-Maharaja-Digvijaysinhji-Jadeja The Good Maharaja: The Ambassador to rescue of Polish children]
*[https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/a-maharaja-in-warsaw/article12980412.ece A Maharaja in Warsaw]

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box|
|before= [[Ranjitsinhji|Jam Saheb Shri Ranjitsinhji]]
|title=[[Jam Saheb]] of [[Nawanagar State|Nawanagar]]
|years=1933–1948
|after=Merged with [[Dominion of India]]
}}
{{S-end}}

{{Presidents of BCCI}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranjitsinhji, Digvijaysinhji}}
[[Category:1895 births]]
[[Category:1966 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:Western India cricketers]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:People educated at Malvern College]]
[[Category:Alumni of University College London]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:People from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Maharajas of Nawanagar]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian knights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian royalty]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland]]
[[Category:Rajpramukhs]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Board of Control for Cricket in India]]
[[Category:Polish refugees]]
[[Category:Polish expatriates in India]]
[[Category:Refugees in India]]

Adivasi

2026-03-13T14:31:57Z

RuebenFrankfurte:

{{Short description|Varied tribal groups in the Indian subcontinent}}
{{About|tribal groups in India|the legal term|Scheduled Tribes}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
[[File:Kurukh dance of Oraons .jpg|thumb|right|Dance of the [[Kurukh people]], a tribe in eastern India]]

The '''Adivasi''' (also spelled '''Adibasi''') are the heterogeneous tribal groups across the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{cite book | author=Engin F Isin | title=Citizenship After Orientalism: An Unfinished Project | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2015 | isbn=978-1-317-68137-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SI-9CgAAQBAJ | quote=Widely addressed as tribals, Adivasis are heterogeneous groups spread all over the nation having different languages and group identities. | page=213 | access-date=23 March 2023 | archive-date=23 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323185127/https://books.google.com/books?id=SI-9CgAAQBAJ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Isin | first=Engin | title=Citizenship after Orientalism: Transforming Political Theory | publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK | series=Palgrave Studies in Citizenship Transitions | year=2016 | isbn=978-1-137-47950-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W4ikCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA202 | quote='Adivasi' literally means 'original inhabitant', and it refers to heterogeneous adivasis tribal groups living all over the subcontinent. | page=202 | access-date=12 April 2023 | archive-date=23 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323185120/https://books.google.com/books?id=W4ikCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA202 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="EB_Adivasi"/><ref name="booksandideas"/> The term ''Adivasi'', a 20th-century construct meaning "ancient inhabitants", is now widely used as a self-designation by many of the communities who are officially recognized as "[[Scheduled Tribes]]" in India and as "[[Ethnic minorities in Bangladesh|Ethnic minorities]]" in Bangladesh.<ref>{{Citation |last=Alles |first=Gregory D. |title=Are Adivasis Indigenous? |date=2017-06-01 |work=Handbook of Indigenous Religion(s) |pages=247–262 |url=https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004346710/B9789004346710_015.xml |access-date=2025-01-26 |publisher=Brill |language=en |doi=10.1163/9789004346710_016 |isbn=978-90-04-34671-0 |quote=In any case, the term ''adivasi'' is a relatively recent one, at most only a century old. Despite its recent origin, however, it is now widely used as a self-designation by many of the people whom the Government of India classes as Scheduled Tribes.|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Béteille |first=André |date=1998 |title=The Idea of Indigenous People |journal=Current Anthropology |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=187–192 |doi=10.1086/204717 |jstor=10.1086/204717 |issn=0011-3204}}</ref><ref name="barnes1995"/><ref name="Forwardpress"/> They constitute approximately 8.6% of India's population (around 104.2 million, according to the [[2011 census of India|2011 Census]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/hlo/pca/pca_pdf/PCA-CRC-0000.pdf|title=2011 Census Primary Census Abstract|website=Censusindia.gov.in|access-date=11 June 2015|archive-date=5 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805215732/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/hlo/pca/pca_pdf/PCA-CRC-0000.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/scs-sts-form-25--of-population-says-census-2011-data/1109988/|title=SCs, STs form 25% of population, says Census 2011 data – Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com|access-date=25 April 2015|archive-date=16 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716023104/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/scs-sts-form-25--of-population-says-census-2011-data/1109988|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-cpim-demands-reservation-for-scs-sts-in-private-sector-2078034|title=CPI(M) demands reservation for SCs, STs in private sector|date=16 April 2015|website=DNA India|access-date=14 July 2019|archive-date=14 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714215405/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-cpim-demands-reservation-for-scs-sts-in-private-sector-2078034|url-status=live}}</ref> and about 1.1% of Bangladesh's population (roughly 2 million, 2010 estimate).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Bangladesh – The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bangladesh/|access-date=2021-07-10|website=Cia.gov|archive-date=30 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730024842/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bangladesh/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bangladesh {{!}} World Directory of Minorities & Indigenous Peoples|url=https://minorityrights.org/country/bangladesh/|access-date=2021-07-10|website=Minority Rights Group|date=19 June 2015|language=en-GB|archive-date=10 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710151822/https://minorityrights.org/country/bangladesh/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Women of Paniya community in Kerala .jpg|thumb|[[Paniya people|Paniya]] women in [[Kerala]]]]
[[File:Women in adivasi village, Umaria district, India.jpg|thumb|[[Gondi people|Gondi]] women in [[Umaria district]], India]]

Claiming to be among the original inhabitants of the Indian subcontinent, many present-day Adivasi communities formed during the flourishing period of the [[Indus Valley Civilization]] or after the decline of the IVC, harboring various degrees of ancestry from [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidians]], [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]], [[Austroasiatic peoples of South Asia|Austroasiatic]], and [[Tibeto-Burman migration to Indian subcontinent|Tibeto-Burman]] peoples.{{sfn|Reich et al.|2009}}{{sfn|Basu et al.|2016}}{{sfn|Narasimhan|Patterson|et al.|2019}}

Adivasi studies is a new scholarly field, drawing upon archaeology, anthropology, agrarian history, environmental history, [[subaltern studies]], indigenous studies, aboriginal studies, and [[developmental economics]]. It adds debates that are specific to the Indian context.<ref name="historyCompass">{{Cite journal |title=Adivasi studies: From a historian's perspective |journal=[[History Compass]] |url=https://compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/hic3.12486 |last=Dasgupta |first=Sangeeta |issue=10 |volume=16 |year=2018 |article-number=e12486 |doi=10.1111/hic3.12486 |access-date=2024-06-07|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

{{TOC limit}}

==Definition and etymology==
''Adivasi'' is the collective term for the tribes of the [[Indian subcontinent]],<ref name="EB_Adivasi">{{cite encyclopaedia|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Adivasi |title=Adivasi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301205220/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Adivasi |archive-date=1 March 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> who are claimed to be the [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous people]] of India.<ref name="gandhi1968">{{Citation | title=The Selected Works of Mahatma Gandhi: Satyagraha in South Africa | author=Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi | publisher=Navajivan Publishing House | year=1968 | access-date=2008-11-25 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cApuAAAAMAAJ | quote=... The Adivasis are the original inhabitants ...}}</ref><ref name="loksabha1995">{{Citation | title=Lok Sabha Debates ser.10 Jun 41–42 1995 v.42 no.41-42 | publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat, Parliament of India | year=1995 | access-date=2008-11-25 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EaRXAAAAMAAJ | quote=... Adivasis are the aborigines of India ...}}</ref> It refers to "any of various ethnic groups considered to be the original inhabitants of the Indian subcontinent".<ref name="EB_Adivasi"/> Although "Tribe" and "Adivasi" are often used interchangeably, they have distinct meanings. "Tribe" refers to a social unit, whereas "Adivasi" means ancient inhabitants. The former is an [[anthropological]] term primarily associated with the social characteristics, while the latter is a [[socio-political]] term associated with the [[Autochthon (ancient Greece)|autochthonous identity]], specifically used in the Indian subcontinent. The use of the term Adivasi, as a socio-political construct, often overlooks the historical complexities of indigeneity, including migration, linguistics, anthropology, and archaeology—something [[David Hardiman|Hardiman]] views as "the idea that Adivasis are autochthonous, or original, inhabitants is {{Not a typo|belied}} by the fact that many such groups are known to have migrated in recorded history into the areas in which they are now found, often displacing existing inhabitants in the process... There have been so many migrations in and out of this region in past centuries that no particular ''[[Jāti|jati]]'' {{bracket|community}} can have genuine grounds for making such a claim."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hardiman |first=David |url=https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/history/people/staff_index/dhardiman/coming_of_the_devi.pdf |title=The Coming of the Devi: Adivasi Assertion in Western India |date=1987 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-561957-7 |oclc=17422986 |lccn=87900016 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250304081318/https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/history/people/staff_index/dhardiman/coming_of_the_devi.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2025 |url-status=live |access-date=4 March 2025 }}</ref>

The term Adivasi, in fact, is a [[Sanskrit]] word specifically coined in 1930s by the tribal political activists to give a distinct and collective indigenous identity to the tribals, alleging that [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] and [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] [[ethnolinguistic group]]s are not indigenous to the land.<ref name="masani1985">{{Cite book | title=Freedom and Dissent: Essays in Honour of Minoo Masani on His Eightieth Birthday |author1=Minocheher Rustom Masani |author2=Ramaswamy Srinivasan | publisher=Democratic Research Service | year=1985 | access-date=2008-11-25 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v861AAAAIAAJ | quote= The Adivasis are the original inhabitants of India. That is what Adivasi means: the original inhabitant. They were the people who were there before the [[Dravidians]]. The tribals are the Gonds, the Bhils, the Murias, the Nagas and a hundred more.}}</ref><ref name="barnes1995">{{Citation | title=Indigenous peoples of Asia |author1=Robert Harrison Barnes |author2=Andrew Gray |author3=Benedict Kingsbury | publisher=Association for Asian Studies | year=1995 | access-date=2008-11-25 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-8eBAAAAMAAJ | isbn=978-0-924304-14-9 | quote=The Concept of the Adivāsi: According to the political activists who coined the word in the 1930s, the 'adivāsis' are the original inhabitants of the Indian subcontinent ...}}</ref> The term was initially popularized by tribal activist organizations in present-day [[Jharkhand]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Moodie |first=Megan |url=https://www.bibliovault.org/BV.landing.epl?ISBN=9780226253183 |title=We Were Adivasis |date=2015 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-25304-6 |language=en |doi=10.7208/chicago/9780226253183.001.0001}}</ref> Later, [[Thakkar Bapa]] used the word to advocate for a pan-Indian reference to the inhabitants of forests, a usage that was later adopted, although not popularly by [[Gandhi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=De |first=Debasree |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gx1tEAAAQBAJ |title=Gandhi and Adivasis: Tribal Movements in Eastern India (1914-1948) |date=2022-07-07 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-62585-1 |language=en |quote=The term 'Adivasi' was coined in Jharkhand and popularized by the [[Adivasi Mahasabha]]. Thakkar Bapa seized on it and became a major advocate of its use. Gandhi, who then began to apply the term himself, even believed that Thakkar Bapa had coined it. In the late 1920s, Thakkar Bapa had written in Gujarati that the Bhils, Santhals, Gonds, etc., were ''asal vatani'' (original inhabitants) of India.}}</ref><ref name="roundtableindia">{{cite news|url=https://www.roundtableindia.co.in/the-mulniwasi-counter-myth/|title=A tribute to the indigenous people of India|publisher=roundtableindia|date=9 August 2018|access-date=28 September 2022|archive-date=28 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928162528/https://www.roundtableindia.co.in/the-mulniwasi-counter-myth/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Independence of India|Post-independence]], [[Jaipal Singh Munda]], president of the Jharkhand-based organization '[[Adivasi Mahasabha]]', was elected as an independent member representing tribals in the [[Constituent Assembly of India|Constituent Assembly]]. He advocated for the term 'Adivasi' in place of '[[Scheduled Tribe]]'.<ref name="ghurye1980">{{Cite book | title=The Scheduled Tribes of India | first=G. S. |last=Ghurye |author-link=G. S. Ghurye | publisher=Transaction Publishers | year=1980 |edition=3rd | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9qt2e8xc-M4C | isbn=978-0-87855-692-2 |pages=361–363| quote=I have stated above, while ascertaining the general attitude of Mr. Jaipal Singh to tribal problems, his insistence on the term 'Adivāsi' being used for Schedule Tribes... Sir, myself I claim to an Adivāsi and an original inhabitant of the country as Mr. Jaipal Singh pal... a pseudo-ethno-historical substantiation for the term 'Adivāsi'.}}</ref> However, due to the need for legal connotation, [[Ambedkar]] rejected the use of such general socio-political terms in [[Constitution of India|the Constitution]] by adopting '[[Scheduled Tribe]]' for tribals and 'Scheduled Caste' for untouchables, although he advocated for ''Dalits''.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Behura |first1=Nab Kishore |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gpuRAAAAMAAJ |title=Tribals and the Indian Constitution: Functioning of Fifth Schedule in the State of Orissa |last2=Panigrahi |first2=Nilakantha |date=2006 |publisher=Rawat Publications |isbn=978-81-316-0011-5 |page=7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-05-18 |title=A phrase that eclipses key histories |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2016/May/18/a-phrase-that-eclipses-key-histories-905009.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021054231/https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2016/may/18/A-phrase-that-eclipses-key-histories-905009.html |archive-date=21 October 2020 |access-date=2025-01-02 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |language=en }}</ref> Ambedkar, responding to Munda's advocacy for 'Adivasi', clarified: "why I substituted the word "scheduled" for the word "aboriginal" the explanation is ... the word 'scheduled tribe' has a fixed meaning, because it enumerates the tribes ... the word 'Adibasi' is really a general term which has no specific legal ''[[de jure]]'' connotation, something like the Untouchables {{bracket|''Dalits''}}. Anybody may include anybody in the term 'untouchable' {{bracket|and ''Adibasi''}}. ...by this Constitution, we are conferring certain privileges, certain rights on these Adibasis. In order that, if the matter was taken to a court of law there should be a precise definition as to who are these Adibasis, it was decided to invent, so to say, another category or another term to be called 'Scheduled tribes' and to enumerate the Adibasis under that head."

In most [[Indo-Aryan languages]], such as Hindi and Bengali, ''Adivasi'' means "Original Inhabitants,"<ref name="EB_Adivasi"/> Sanskritic derivation from ''ādi'' 'beginning, origin'; and ''vāsin'' 'dweller' (itself from ''vas'' 'to dwell'), thus literally meaning 'beginning inhabitant'.<ref>"Adivasi, n. and adj." OED Online. Oxford University Press, June 2017. Web. 10 September 2017.</ref> Although terms such as ''atavika'', ''vanavāsi'' ("forest dwellers"), or ''girijan'' ("[[mountain people]]")<ref>Elst, Koenraad: (2001)</ref> are also used for the tribes of India, ''adivāsi'' carries the specific meaning of being the original and [[indigenous peoples|autochthonous]] inhabitants of a given region,<ref name="barnes1995"/> and the self-designation of those tribal groups.<ref name="waite2006">{{Citation | title=Embodied Working Lives: Work and Life in Maharashtra, India | author=Louise Waite | publisher=Lexington Books | year=2006 | access-date=2008-11-25 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gLm6WmbFsA0C | isbn=978-0-7391-0876-5 | quote=The scheduled tribes themselves tend to refer to their ethnic grouping as adivāsis, which means 'original inhabitant.' Hardiman continues to argue that the term adivāsi is preferable in India as it evokes a shared history of relative freedom in precolonial times ...}}</ref> However, the use and acceptance of the term Adivasi vary across places, communities, and contexts and do not always carry its original connotation. For instance tribals of [[North East India]] don't use the term Adivasi for themselves, rather prefer the word "Indigenous" or "Tribe". The term Adivāsi applies only to the immigrated [[Tea-garden community of Assam|Tea-tribes]] of Central India origin.<ref name="historyCompass"/> In Bangladesh, Adivasi term is also used to refer tribals of Central India affiliation, although not popularly as India, wherein the tribals have designated as "[[Ethnic minorities in Bangladesh|Ethnic minorities]]" ({{langx|bn|Khudro Nritattik Jonogoshti|label=none|italic=yes}}).<ref name=ILO/> Similarly the term ''Adivasi Janjati'' used in Nepal for hierarchically lowly-status ethnic groups in [[Caste system in Nepal|Nepal's caste system]], having own socio-cultural institutions,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Toffin |first=Gérard |date=2009 |title=The Janajati/Adivasi Movement in Nepal: Myths and Realities of Indigeneity |journal=Sociological Bulletin |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=25–42 |doi=10.1177/0038022920090103 |jstor=23620834 |issn=0038-0229}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report |url=https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FA58/FA58.pdf |title=Caste, Ethnic and Regional Identity in Nepal: Further Analysis of the 2006 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey Lynn Bennett
|first1=Dilli Ram |last1=Dahal
|first2=Pav |last2=Govindasamy
|date=September 2008}}</ref> although the political context differed historically under the [[Shah dynasty|Shah]] and [[Rana dynasty|Rana]] dynasties.<ref name="dailystar2012">{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-256768|title=It's 'Adivasi' not 'Upajati'|date=9 November 2012|website=The Daily Star|access-date=14 July 2019|archive-date=14 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714215409/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-256768|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="genecampaign">{{cite web |url=http://genecampaign.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Indigenous_knowledge_amongst_the_Tharus_of_the_Terai_Region_of_Uttar_Pradesh.pdf |title=INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE AMONGST THE THARUS OF THE TERAI REGION OF UTTAR PRADESH |date=2000 |website=genecampaign.org |access-date=2019-07-14 |archive-date=22 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222102545/http://genecampaign.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Indigenous_knowledge_amongst_the_Tharus_of_the_Terai_Region_of_Uttar_Pradesh.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In Sri Lanka, the [[Vedda people]] are referred as Adivasi.

The [[Constitution of India]] doesn't use the word ''Adivasi'', and directs government officials to not use the word in official work. The notified tribals are designated as [[Scheduled Tribes]] (''Anusuchit Janjati'') in the Constitution.<ref name="Forwardpress">{{cite news|url=https://www.forwardpress.in/2018/10/we-are-scheduled-tribes-not-adivasis/|title=We are 'Scheduled Tribes', not 'Adivasis'|publisher=Forwardpress|date=26 October 2018|access-date=28 September 2022|archive-date=28 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928170408/https://www.forwardpress.in/2018/10/we-are-scheduled-tribes-not-adivasis/|url-status=live}}</ref> The constitution of India grouped these ethnic groups together "as targets for social and economic development". Since that time the tribe of India have been known officially as [[Scheduled Tribes]].<ref name="EB_Adivasi"/> Article 366 (25) defined scheduled tribes as "such tribes or tribal communities or parts of or groups within such tribes or tribal communities as are deemed under Article 342 to be Scheduled Tribes for the purposes of this constitution".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Article 366(25) in Constitution of India |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/924700/ |website=indiankanoon}}</ref> But, due to the political leverage associated with tribals in the Constitution of India, the term ''Adivasi'' serves as a unifying factor both politically and socio-culturally, maintaining its influence in [[public discourse]] as a ''[[status quo]]'', challenging the legally designated, state-specific administrative term [[Scheduled Tribes]].<ref name="Forwardpress"/>

[[Judiciary of India|Judicially]] it remarked that "India is a country of [[Peopling of India|old immigrants]] in which people have been coming in over the last ten thousand years or so...{{nbsp}} who came mainly from the North-West, and to a lesser extent from the North-East...{{nbsp}} At one time it was believed that the Dravidians were the original inhabitants. However, this view has been considerably modified subsequently, and now the generally accepted belief is that the original inhabitants of India were the pre-Dravidian aborigines, i.e. the ancestors of the present tribals or Adivasis (Scheduled Tribes)."<ref name="thehindu2">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/india-largely-a-country-of-immigrants/article1081343.ece|title=India, largely a country of immigrants – The Hindu|access-date=2017-01-08|newspaper=The Hindu|date=12 January 2011|archive-date=19 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219103747/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/india-largely-a-country-of-immigrants/article1081343.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/resources/Supreme-Court-verdict-on-harassment-of-tribal-woman-pdf-version-full-text/article15519632.ece|title=Supreme Court verdict on harassment of tribal woman|newspaper=The Hindu|date=11 January 2011|access-date=23 April 2021|archive-date=23 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423023442/https://www.thehindu.com/news/resources/Supreme-Court-verdict-on-harassment-of-tribal-woman-pdf-version-full-text/article15519632.ece|url-status=live}}{{request quotation|date=January 2025}}</ref><ref>S. Faizi & Priya K. Nair, 2016. "Adivasis: The World's Largest Population of Indigenous People," Development, Palgrave Macmillan; Society for International Development, vol. 59(3), pages 350–353, December.</ref>

But India does not exclusively recognise Adivasis {{Aka}} Tribes {{Aka}} [[Scheduled Tribes]] as indigenous people of India, rather considers all Indians as indigenous to the land.<ref name=RIS>{{citation |first=T. C. |last=James |date=January 2022 |title=International Discussions on Indigenous People and India |work=Research and Information System for Developing Countries |url=https://www.ris.org.in/sites/default/files/Publication/DP%20272%20T%20C%20James%20English.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103143428/https://www.ris.org.in/sites/default/files/Publication/DP%20272%20T%20C%20James%20English.pdf |archive-date=3 January 2023 |url-status=live |access-date=9 January 2025 }}</ref><ref name=ILO>{{Cite report |first=Rishabh Kumar |last=Dhir |title= Indigenous Peoples in the World of Work in Asia and the Pacific: A Status Report |publisher=International Labour Office
|location= Geneva|date=1 December 2015 |url=https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/%40dgreports/%40gender/documents/publication/wcms_438853.pdf |isbn=978-92-2-129995-0 }}</ref> Thus, India has disagreed or refused at various international forums, when there is uncertain in the concepts of [[indigeneity]] and considered same yardstick across countries for identification. For instance, although India initially ratified the [[International Labour Organization]] (ILO) Convention 107 on [[Indigenous and Tribal Populations Convention, 1957]], in 1989, India refused to sign the [[ILO-convention 169|ILO Convention 169]].<ref name="booksandideas">{{Cite journal|url=https://booksandideas.net/Claiming-Indigenousness-in-India.html#nb2%7C|title=Claiming Indigenousness in India|journal=Books & Ideas|date=7 February 2013|last1=Rousseleau|first1=Raphael|access-date=30 September 2022|archive-date=21 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121020629/https://booksandideas.net/Claiming-Indigenousness-in-India.html#nb2%7C|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2007, considering all Indians as indigenous, India voted for the [[Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples]] in the [[United Nations General Assembly]].<ref name="RIS" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nixon |first=Ngoru |date=2025-01-20 |title=Limits of the adivasi category: Critical notes on writing the 'indigenous' in India |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00194646241307223 |journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review |volume=62 |language=en |pages=67–99 |doi=10.1177/00194646241307223 |issn=0019-4646|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Demographics==
[[File:Percent of scheduled tribes in India-tehsils-census 2011.svg|thumb|Percent of scheduled tribes in India by tehsils by census 2011]]
[[File:2011 Census Scheduled Tribes distribution map India by state and union territory.svg|thumb|Scheduled Tribes distribution map in India by state and union territory according to 2011 Census.<ref name=2011Census/> [[Mizoram]] and [[Lakshadweep]] had the highest % of its population as ST (≈95%), while Punjab and [[Haryana]] had 0%.<ref name=2011Census>{{cite web | url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Documents/SCST%20Presentation%2028-10-2013.ppt | title=Census of India 2011, Primary Census Abstract, Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes | publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, Government of India | date=28 October 2013 | access-date=6 October 2018 | archive-date=23 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923224617/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Documents/SCST%20Presentation%2028-10-2013.ppt | url-status=live }} {{PPTlink}}</ref>]]

A substantial number of Adivasi {{aka}} [[tribal communities]] are recognised as [[list of Scheduled Tribes in India|Scheduled Tribe]]s under the [[Constitution of India]]. Those Scheduled Tribes constitute 8.6% of India's population, while in Bangladesh they are designated as "Ethnic minority" and constitute around 1.1% of Bangladesh's population.<ref name=":0" />

One concentration lies in a belt along the northwest Himalayas: consisting of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], where are found many semi-nomadic groups, to [[Ladakh]] and northern [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Uttarakhand]], where are found Tibeto-Burman groups.

In the northeastern states of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Mizoram]], and [[Nagaland]], more than 90% of the population is tribal. However, in the remaining northeast states of [[Assam]], [[Manipur]], [[Sikkim]], and [[Tripura]], tribal peoples form between 20 and 30% of the population.

The largest population of tribals lives in a belt stretching from eastern [[Gujarat]] and [[Rajasthan]] in the west all the way to western West Bengal, a region known as the [[India tribal belt|tribal belt]]. These tribes correspond roughly to three regions. The western region, in eastern Gujarat, southeastern Rajasthan, northwestern [[Maharashtra]] as well as western [[Madhya Pradesh]], is dominated by Indo-Aryan speaking tribes like the [[Bhil people|Bhils]]. The central region, covering eastern [[Maharashtra]] and Madhya Pradesh, western and southern Chhattisgarh, northern and eastern Telangana, northern Andhra Pradesh and western Odisha is dominated by Dravidian tribes like the [[Gondi people|Gonds]] and [[Khonds]]. The eastern belt, centred on the Chhota Nagpur Plateau in [[Jharkhand]] and adjacent areas of Chhattisgarh, Odisha and West Bengal, is dominated by [[Munda peoples|Munda]] tribes like the [[Bhumij people|Bhumijs]], [[Ho people|Hos]] and [[Santal people|Santals]]. Roughly 75% of the total tribal population live in this belt, although the tribal population there accounts for only around 10% of the region's total population.

Further south, the region near [[Bellary district|Bellary]] in [[Karnataka]] has a large concentration of tribals, mostly Boyas/ [[Valmiki caste|Valmikis]]. Small pockets can be found throughout the rest of South India. By far the largest of these pockets is in found in the region containing the [[Nilgiris district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Wayanad district]] of [[Kerala]] and nearby hill ranges of [[Chamarajanagar district|Chamarajanagar]] and [[Mysore district|Mysore]] districts of southern [[Karnataka]]. Further south, only small pockets of tribal settlement remain in the Western and Eastern Ghats.

The scheduled tribe population in [[Jharkhand]] constitutes 26.2% of the state.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/Marginal-fall-in-tribal-population-in-Jharkhand/articleshow/20374392.cms|title=Marginal fall in tribal population in Jharkhand | Ranchi News – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=June 2013|access-date=14 July 2019|archive-date=26 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726182136/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/Marginal-fall-in-tribal-population-in-Jharkhand/articleshow/20374392.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="dailypioneer">{{cite web|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/ranchi/jharkhands-population-rises-sts-numbers-decline.html|publisher=dailypioneer.com|title=Jharkhand's population rises, STs' numbers decline|access-date=2017-01-08|archive-date=11 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711050129/http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/ranchi/jharkhands-population-rises-sts-numbers-decline.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Tribals in Jharkhand mainly follow [[Sarnaism]], an animistic religion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/754985/in-jharkhands-singhbhum-religion-census-deepens-divide-among-tribals|title=In Jharkhand's Singhbhum, religion census deepens divide among tribals|first=Anumeha|last=Yadav|website=Scroll.in|date=20 September 2015 |access-date=14 July 2019|archive-date=14 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714215406/https://scroll.in/article/754985/in-jharkhands-singhbhum-religion-census-deepens-divide-among-tribals|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Chhattisgarh]] has also over 80 [[lakh]] scheduled tribe population.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/interview/chhattisgarh-needs-a-tribal-chief-minister/article5168478.ece|title=Chhattisgarh needs a tribal Chief Minister|first=Suvojit|last=Bagchi|date=26 September 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=14 July 2019|archive-date=18 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018052036/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/interview/chhattisgarh-needs-a-tribal-chief-minister/article5168478.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="pib">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2001/fjun2001/f080620012.html|publisher=pib.nic.in|title=Feature|access-date=2017-01-08|archive-date=17 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417071927/http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2001/fjun2001/f080620012.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/Population-growth-rate-declines-in-Naxalite-and-tribal-areas-of-Chhattisgarh/articleshow/36010452.cms|title=Population growth rate declines in Naxalite and tribal areas of Chhattisgarh | Raipur News – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=3 June 2014|access-date=14 July 2019|archive-date=27 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727105740/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/Population-growth-rate-declines-in-Naxalite-and-tribal-areas-of-Chhattisgarh/articleshow/36010452.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Assam]] has over 40 lakh Adivasis primarily as tea workers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Why-Assams-adivasis-are-soft-targets/articleshow/45747349.cms|title=Why Assam's adivasis are soft targets | India News – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=4 January 2015|access-date=14 July 2019|archive-date=26 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726182138/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Why-Assams-adivasis-are-soft-targets/articleshow/45747349.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Adivasis in India mainly follow [[Animism]], [[Hinduism]] and [[Christianity]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/adivasi-vs-vanvasi-the-hinduization-of-tribals-in-india/217974|title=Adivasi vs Vanvasi: The Hinduization of Tribals in India|website=Outlookindia.com|date=3 February 2022|access-date=14 July 2019|archive-date=14 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714215405/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/adivasi-vs-vanvasi-the-hinduization-of-tribals-in-india/217974|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/in-jharkhand-tribes-bear-the-cross-of-conversion-politics/story-c9nJ9EW2QGY9L7IM0RZhQO.html|title=In Jharkhand, tribes bear the cross of conversion politics|date=1 December 2014|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=14 July 2019|archive-date=14 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714215405/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/in-jharkhand-tribes-bear-the-cross-of-conversion-politics/story-c9nJ9EW2QGY9L7IM0RZhQO.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="thehindu2"/>

In the case of Bangladesh, most Adivasi groups are found in the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts|Chittagong hill tracks]] along the border with Myanmar, in Sylhet and in the Northwest of Bangladesh. In Sylhet and in the north west you can find groups such as the [[Sauria Paharia people|Sauria Paharia]], [[Kurukh people|Kurukh]], [[Santal people|Santal]], [[Munda people|Munda]] and more, and other groups such as the [[Pnar people|Pnar]], [[Garo people|Garo]], [[Meitei people|Meitei]], [[Bishnupriya Manipuri people|Bishnupriya Manipuri]] and more. In the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]] you can find variouse [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] groups such as the [[Marma people|Marma]], [[Chakma people|Chakma]], [[Bawm people|Bawm]], [[Tripuri people|Tripuri]], [[Mizo people|Mizo]], [[Mru people|Mru]], [[Rakhine people|Rakhine]] and more. In Bangladesh most Adivasis are Buddhists who follow the [[Theravada]] school of [[Buddhism]], [[Animism]] and [[Christianity]] are also followed in fact Buddhism has affected Adivasis so much that it has influenced local [[Animism|Animistic]] beliefs of other Adivasis.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Bangladesh: Adivasis |url=https://www.refworld.org/reference/countryrep/mrgi/2018/en/121723 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Refworld |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
{{broader|Peopling of India}}

===Origin===
Though claimed to be the original inhabitants of India, many present-day Adivasi communities formed after the decline of the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]], harboring various degrees of ancestry from ancient [[hunter-gatherers]], [[Indus Valley Civilisation]], [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]], [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] and [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] language speakers.{{sfn|Reich et al.|2009}}{{sfn|Basu et al.|2016}} Only tribal people of [[Andaman Islands]] remained isolated for more than 25000 years.{{sfn|Narasimhan|Patterson|et al.|2019}}

[[File:Jarawa statue-2-samudrika museum-andaman-India.jpg|thumb|A Jarawa themed museum, showing casual clothing styles. The Jarawa are one of the indigenous tribes of the Andaman Islands in South Asia]]

===Ancient and medieval period===
According to linguist [[Anvita Abbi]], tribes in India are characterized by distinct lifestyle and are outside of [[Caste system in India|caste system]].<ref name="research gate">{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342833425|title=JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS A Study of the Special Features of Nagpuri Language of Jharkhand|publisher=research gate|date=July 2020|access-date=23 September 2022}}</ref>
Although considered uncivilised and primitive,<ref name="irudayam2004">{{Citation | title=Adivasis Speak Out: Atrocities Against Adivasis in Tamil Nadu |author1=Aloysius Irudayam |author2=Jayshree P. Mangubhai |author3=India Village Reconstruction |author4=Development Project | year=2004 | access-date=2008-11-26 | publisher=Books for Change | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MBduAAAAMAAJ | isbn=978-81-87380-78-8 | quote=... uncivilised ... These forests and land territories assume a territorial identity precisely because they are the extension of the Adivasis' collective personality ...}}</ref> Adivasis were usually not held to be intrinsically impure by surrounding populations (usually [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidian]] or [[Indo-Aryan people|Indo-Aryan]]), unlike [[Dalit]]s, who were.{{refn|group=note|Barnes: "Although regarded by some British scholars as inferior to caste Hindus, the status of "adivasis" in practice most often paralleled that of the Hindus [...] In areas where they accounted for a large proportion of the population, adivasis often wielded considerable ritual and political power, being involved in investiture of various kings and rulers throughout central India and Rajasthan [...] In central India there were numerous "adivasi" kingdoms, some of which survived from medieval times to the nineteenth century.<ref name="barnes1995" />}}<ref name="bijoy2003">{{Citation | title=The Adivasis of India – A History of Discrimination, Conflict, and Resistance | author=C.R. Bijoy, Core Committee of the All India Coordinating Forum of Adivasis/Indigenous Peoples | journal=PUCL Bulletin | date=February 2003 | access-date=2008-11-25 | url=http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Dalit-tribal/2003/adivasi.htm | quote=... Adivasis are not, as a general rule, regarded as unclean by caste Hindus in the same way as Dalits are. But they continue to face prejudice (as lesser humans), they are socially distanced and often face violence from society ... | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616184214/http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Dalit-tribal/2003/adivasi.htm | archive-date=16 June 2008 }}</ref> Thus, the Adivasi origins of [[Valmiki]], who composed the [[Ramayana]], were acknowledged,<ref name="naik1956">{{Citation | title=The Bhils: A Study | author=Thakorlal Bharabhai Naik | year=1956 | access-date=2008-11-25 | publisher=Bharatiya Adimjati Sevak Sangh | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NogcAAAAMAAJ | quote=... Valmiki, from whose pen this great epic had its birth, was himself a Bhil named Valia, according to the traditional accounts of his life ...}}</ref> as were the origins of Adivasi tribes such as the [[Garasia]] and [[Bhilala]], which descended from mixed [[Rajput]] and [[Bhil people|Bhil]] marriages.<ref name="balfour1885">{{Citation | title=The Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia | author=Edward Balfour | year=1885 | access-date=2008-11-26 | publisher=Bernard Quaritch | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hVsIAAAAQAAJ | quote=... In Mewar, the Grasia is of mixed Bhil and Rajput descent, paying tribute to the Rana of Udaipur ...}}</ref><ref name="sinha1995">{{Citation | title=The Bhilala of Malwa | author=R.K. Sinha | year=1995 | access-date=2008-11-26 | publisher=Anthropological survey of India | isbn=978-81-85579-08-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c_ltAAAAMAAJ | quote=... the Bhilala are commonly considered to be a mixed group who sprung from the marriage alliances of the immigrant male Rajputs and the Bhil women of the central India ...}}</ref> Unlike the subjugation of the Dalits, the Adivasis often enjoyed autonomy and, depending on region, evolved mixed hunter-gatherer and farming economies, controlling their lands as a joint [[Property|patrimony]] of the tribe.<ref name="irudayam2004" /><ref name="singh2000ds">{{Citation | title=Tribal Beliefs, Practices and Insurrections | author=R. Singh | year=2000 | access-date=2008-11-26 | publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MWbenCIeK6oC | isbn=978-81-261-0504-5 | quote=... The Munda Parha was known as 'Manki', while his Oraon counterpart was called 'Parha Raja.' The lands these adivasis occupied were regarded to be the village's patrimony ... The Gond rajas of Chanda and Garha Mandla were not only the hereditary leaders of their Gond subjects, but also held sway over substantial communities of non-tribals who recognized them as their feudal lords ...}}</ref><ref name="gunaji2005">{{Citation | title=Offbeat Tracks in Maharashtra: A Travel Guide | author=Milind Gunaji | year=2005 | access-date=2008-11-26 | publisher=Popular Prakashan | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JIjmDLardesC | isbn=978-81-7154-669-5 | quote=... The Navegaon is one of the forests in Maharashtra where the natives of this land still live and earn their livelihood by carrying out age old activities like hunting, gathering forest produce and ancient methods of farming. Beyond the Kamkazari lake is the Dhaavalghat, which is home to Adivasis. They also have a temple here, the shrine of Lord Waghdev ...}}</ref> In some areas, securing Adivasi approval and support was considered crucial by local rulers,<ref name="barnes1995" /><ref name="sinha1987">{{Citation | title=Tribal polities and state systems in pre-colonial eastern and north eastern India | author=Surajit Sinha, Centre for Studies in Social Sciences | year=1987 | access-date=2008-11-26 | publisher=K.P. Bagchi & Co. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H_S1AAAAIAAJ | isbn=978-81-7074-014-8 | quote=... The way in which and the extent to which tribal support had been crucial in establishing a royal dynasty have been made quite clear ... tribal loyalty, help and support were essential in establishing a ruling family ...}}</ref> and larger Adivasi groups were able to sustain their own kingdoms in central India.<ref name="barnes1995" /> The [[Bhil]], [[Meenas]] and [[Gondi people|Gond]] Rajas of Garha-Mandla and Chanda are examples of an Adivasi aristocracy that ruled in this region, and were "not only the hereditary leaders of their Gond subjects, but also held sway over substantial communities of non-tribals who recognized them as their feudal lords."<ref name="singh2000ds" /><ref name="britannica1910">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Central Provinces and Berar |volume= 5 | pages = 681–683; see page 683, first para, lines 4 to 6 |quote=The 16th century saw the establishment of a powerful Gond kingdom by Sangram Sah, who succeeded in 1480 as the 47th of the petty Gond rajas of Garha-Mandla, and extended his dominions so as to include Saugor and Damoh on the Vindhyan plateau, Jubbulpore and Narsinghpur in the Nerbudda valley, and Seoni on the Satpura highlands. }}</ref><ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Chanda |volume= 5 | page= 837 }}</ref>
[[File:Irulas1871.jpg|thumb|Irula men from the Nilgiri Hills in Tamil Nadu, c.1871]]
The historiography of relationships between the Adivasis and the rest of Indian society is patchy. There are references to alliances between Ahom Kings of Brahmaputra valley and the hill Nagas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Dalit-tribal/2003/adivasi.htm |title=PUCL Bulletin, February 2003 |access-date=27 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616184214/http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Dalit-tribal/2003/adivasi.htm |archive-date=16 June 2008 }}</ref>
This relative autonomy and collective ownership of Adivasi land by Adivasis was severely disrupted by the advent of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] in the early 16th century. Rebellions against Mughal authority include the [[Bhil people|Bhil]] Rebellion of 1632 and the Bhil-Gond Insurrection of 1643<ref>P. 27 ''Madhya Pradesh: Shajapur'' By Madhya Pradesh (India)</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mhaiske |first1=Vinod M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sbs4DwAAQBAJ&dq=Rebellion+against+Mughal+authority+include+the+Bhil+Rebellion+of+1632+and+the+Bhil-Gond+Insurrection+of+1643&pg=PA6 |title=Forest Tribology And Anthropology |last2=Patil |first2=Vinayak K. |last3=Narkhede |first3=S. S. |date=2016-01-01 |publisher=Scientific Publishers |isbn=978-93-86102-08-9 |language=en}}</ref> which were both pacified by Mughal soldiers. With the advent of the [[Kachwaha Rajputs]] and Mughals into their territory, the Meenas were gradually sidelined and pushed deep into the forests. As a result, historical literature has completely bypassed the Meena tribe. The combined army of Mughals and Bharmal attacked the tribal king Bada Meena and killed him damaging 52 kots and 56 gates. Bada's treasure was shared between Mughals and Bharmal.

===British period (c. 1857 – 1947)===
During the period of [[British Raj|British rule]], the colonial administration encroached upon the ''adivasi'' tribal system, which led to widespread resentment against the British among the tribesmen. The tribesmen frequently supported rebellions or rebelled themselves, while their ''raja'' looked negatively upon the British administrative innovations.<ref>P. 219 ''Calcutta Review'' By University of Calcutta, 1964</ref> Beginning in the 18th century, the [[British Raj|British]] added to the consolidation of feudalism in India, first under the [[Jagir]]dari system and then under the [[zamindar]]i system.<ref name="chatterjee2001">{{Citation | title=A Time for Tea: Women, Labor, and Post/colonial Politics on an Indian Plantation | author=[[Piya Chatterjee]] | year=2001 | access-date=2008-11-26 | publisher=Duke University Press | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ldw2lX7u-HsC | isbn=978-0-8223-2674-8 | quote=... Among the Munda, customary forms of land tenure known as khuntkatti stipulated that land belonged communally to the village, and customary rights of cultivation, branched from corporate ownership. Because of Mughal incursions, non-Jharkhandis began to dominate the agrarian landscape, and the finely wrought system of customary sharing of labor, produce and occupancy began to crumble. The process of dispossession and land alienation, in motion since the mid-eighteenth century, was given impetus by British policies that established both zamindari and ryotwari systems of land revenue administration. Colonial efforts toward efficient revenue collection hinged on determining legally who had proprietal rights to the land ...}}</ref> Beginning with the [[Permanent Settlement]] imposed by the British in Bengal and Bihar, which later became the template for a deepening of feudalism throughout India, the older social and economic system in the country began to alter radically.<ref name="vanderheyden2005">{{Citation | title=Mission und macht im Wandel politischer Orientierungen: Europäische Missionsgesellschaften in politischen Spannungsfeldern in Afrika und Asien zwischen 1800 und 1945 |author1=Ulrich van der Heyden |author2=Holger Stoecker | year=2005 | access-date=2008-11-26 | publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7JfoaVbMGgC | isbn=978-3-515-08423-9 | quote=... The permanent settlement Act had an adverse effect upon the fate of the Adivasis for, 'the land which the aboriginals had rested from the jungle and cultivated as free men from generation was, by a stroke of pen, declared to be the property of the Raja (king) and the Jagirdars.' The alien became the Zamindars (Landlords) while the sons of the soil got reduced to mere tenants. Now, it was the turn of the Jagirdars-turned-Zamindars who further started leasing out land to the newcomers, who again started encroaching Adivasi land. The [[land grabbing]] thus went on unabated. By the year 1832 about 6,411 Adivasi villages were alienated in this process ...}}</ref><ref name="ralhan2002">{{Citation | title=Encyclopaedia of Political Parties | author=O.P. Ralhan | year=2002 | access-date=2008-11-26 | publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_1gQS3LOafAC | isbn=978-81-7488-865-5 | quote=... The Permanent Settlement was 'nothing short of the confiscation of [[raiyat]] lands in favor of the zamindars.' ... Marx says '... in Bengal as in Madras and Bombay, under the zamindari as under the ryotwari, the raiyats who form 11/12ths of the whole Indian population have been wretchedly pauperised.' To this may be added the inroads made by the Company's Government upon the village community of the tribals (the Santhals, Kols, Khasias etc.) ... There was a wholesale destruction of 'the national tradition.' Marx observes: 'England has broken down the entire framework of Indian society ... }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Land, both forest areas belonging to adivasis and settled farmland belonging to non-adivasi peasants, was rapidly made the legal property of British-designated zamindars (landlords), who in turn moved to extract the maximum economic benefit possible from their newfound property and subjects.<ref name="kelkar1991">{{Citation | title=Gender and Tribe: Women, Land and Forests in Jharkhand |author1=Govind Kelkar |author2=Dev Nathan | year=1991 | access-date=2008-11-26 | publisher=Kali for Women | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cTluAAAAMAAJ | isbn=978-1-85649-035-1 | quote=... of the features of the adivasi land systems. These laws also showed that British colonial rule had passed on to a new stage of exploitation ... Forests were the property of the zamindar or the state ...}}</ref> Adivasi lands sometimes experienced an influx of non-local settlers, often brought from far away (as in the case of Muslims and Sikhs brought to Kol territory)<ref name="hunter1877">{{Citation | title=A Statistical Account of Bengal |author1=William Wilson Hunter |author2=Hermann Michael Kisch |author3=Andrew Wallace Mackie |author4=Charles James O'Donnell |author5=Herbert Hope Risley | year=1877 | access-date=2008-11-26 | publisher=Trübner | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R2MOAAAAQAAJ | quote=... The Kol insurrection of 1831, though, no doubt, only the bursting forth of a fire that had long been smouldering, was fanned into flame by the following episode:- The brother of the Maharaja, who was the holder of one of the maintenance grants which comprised Sonpur, a pargana in the southern portion of the estate, gave farms of some of the villages over the heads of the Mankis and Mundas, to certain Muhammadans, Sikhs and others, who has obtained his favour ... not only was the Manki dispossessed, but two of his sisters were seduced or ravished by these hated foreigners ... one of them ..., it was said, had abducted and dishonoured the Munda's wife ...}}</ref> by the zamindars to better exploit local land, forest and labour.<ref name="chatterjee2001" /><ref name="vanderheyden2005" /> Deprived of the forests and resources they traditionally depended on and sometimes coerced to pay taxes, many adivasis were forced to borrow at [[Usury|usurious]] rates from moneylenders, often the zamindars themselves.<ref name="barik2006">{{Citation | title=Land and Caste Politics in Bihar | author=Radhakanta Barik | year=2006 | access-date=2008-11-26 | publisher=Shipra Publications | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lGNuAAAAMAAJ | isbn=978-81-7541-305-4 | quote=... As usually the zamindars were the moneylenders, they could pressurize the tenants to concede to high rent ...}}</ref><ref name="sinha2005">{{Citation | title=Restless Mothers and Turbulent Daughters: Situating Tribes in Gender Studies | author=Shashank Shekhar Sinha | year=2005 | access-date=2008-11-26 | publisher=Stree | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NzoqAAAAYAAJ | isbn=978-81-85604-73-2 | quote=... In addition, many tribals were forced to pay private taxes ...}}</ref> When they were unable to pay, that forced them to become [[Debt bondage|bonded labourers]] for the zamindars.<ref name="epw1974">{{Citation | title=Economic and Political Weekly | date=1974|volume= V.9|series= No.6-8 | access-date=2008-11-26 | publisher=Sameeksha Trust | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DQUoAAAAMAAJ | quote=... The Adivasis spend their life-times working for the landlord-moneylenders and, in some cases, even their children are forced to work for considerable parts of their lives to pay off debts ...}}</ref> Often, far from paying off the principal of their debt, they were unable even to offset the compounding interest, and this was made the justification for their children working for the zamindar after the death of the initial borrower.<ref name="epw1974" /> In the case of the Andamanese adivasis, their [[protective isolation]] changed with the establishment of a British colonial presence on the islands. Lacking immunity against common [[Infection|infectious diseases]] of the Eurasian mainland, the large Jarawa habitats on the southeastern regions of South Andaman Island experienced a massive population decline due to disease within four years of the establishment of a colonial presence on the island in 1789.<ref name="venkateswar2004">{{Citation | title=Development and Ethnocide: Colonial Practices in the Andaman Islands | author=Sita Venkateswar | publisher=IWGIA | year=2004 | isbn=978-87-91563-04-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XFETVExNUYgC | quote=... As I have suggested previously, it is probable that some disease was introduced among the coastal groups by Lieutenant Colebrooke and Blair's first settlement in 1789, resulting in a marked reduction of their population. The four years that the British occupied their initial site on the south-east of South Andaman were sufficient to have decimated the coastal populations of the groups referred to as Jarawa by the Aka-bea-da ...}}</ref><ref name="cavalli-sforza1995">{{Citation | title=The Great Human Diasporas: The History of Diversity and Evolution |author1=Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza |author2=Francesco Cavalli-Sforza | publisher=Basic Books | year=1995 | isbn=978-0-201-44231-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ApuuiwUkEZ0C | quote=... Contact with whites, and the British in particular, has virtually destroyed them. Illness, alcohol, and the will of the colonials all played their part; the British governor of the time mentions in his diary that he received instructions to destroy them with alcohol and opium. He succeeded completely with one group. The others reacted violently ...}}</ref>

Land dispossession by the ''zamindars'' or interference by the colonial government resulted in a number of Adivasi revolts in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, such as the [[Bhumij rebellion]] of 1832-1833 and Santal hul (or [[Santhal rebellion]]) of 1855–56.<ref name="judge1992">{{Citation | title=Insurrection to Agitation: The Naxalite Movement in Punjab | author=Paramjit S. Judge | year=1992 | access-date=2008-11-26 | publisher=Popular Prakashan | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HvYpVtBXw5kC | isbn=978-81-7154-527-8 | quote=... The [[Santhal rebellion|Santhal insurrection]] in 1855–56 was a consequence of the establishment of the permanent Zamindari Settlement introduced by the British in 1793 as a result of which the Santhals had been dispossessed of the land that they had been cultivating for centuries. Zamindars, moneylenders, traders and government officials exploited them ruthlessly. The consequence was a violent revolt by the Santhals which could only be suppressed by the army ...}}</ref> Although these were suppressed by the governing British authority (the [[East India Company]] prior to 1858, and the British government after 1858), partial restoration of privileges to adivasi elites (e.g. to ''Mankis'', the leaders of [[Munda people|Munda tribes]]) and some leniency in levels of taxation resulted in relative calm in the region, despite continuing and widespread dispossession from the late nineteenth century onwards.<ref name="hunter1877" /><ref name="tiss1956">{{Citation | title=The Indian Journal of Social Work | date=1956|volume= v.59 | access-date=2008-11-26 | publisher=Department of Publications, Tata Institute of Social Sciences | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q0c0AAAAIAAJ | quote=... Revolts rose with unfailing regularity and were suppressed with treachery, brute force, tact, cooption and some reforms ...}}</ref> The economic deprivation, in some cases, triggered internal adivasi migrations within India that would continue for another century, including as labour for the emerging tea plantations in [[Assam]].<ref name="moxham2003">{{Citation | title=Tea | author=Roy Moxham | year=2003 | access-date=2008-11-26 | publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAiHU5JSYwwC | isbn=978-0-7867-1227-4 | quote=... many of the labourers came from Chota Nagpur District ... home to the Adivasis, the most popular workers with the planters – the '1st class jungley.' As one of the planters, David Crole, observed: 'planters, in a rough and ready way, judge the worth of a coolie by the darkness of the skin.' In the last two decades of the nineteenth century 350,000 coolies went from Chota Nagpur to Assam ...}}</ref>

====Participation in Indian independence movement====

There were tribal reform and rebellion movements during the period of the [[British Empire]], some of which also participated in the Indian independence movement or attacked mission posts.<ref>HEUZE, Gérard: Où Va l'Inde Moderne? L'Harmattan, Paris 1993. A. Tirkey: "Evangelization among the Uraons", Indian Missiological Review, June 1997, esp. p. 30-32. Elst 2001</ref> There were several Adivasis in the [[Indian independence movement]] including Birsa Munda, Dharindhar Bhyuan, Laxman Naik, Jantya Bhil, Bangaru Devi and Rehma Vasave, Mangri Oraon.

During the period of British rule, India saw the [[Tribal revolts in India before Indian independence|rebellions]] of several then [[Other Backward Class|backward castes]], mainly tribal peoples that revolted against British rule. These were:
* Halba rebellion (1774–79)<ref>{{cite book|title=आदिवासी बस्तर का बृहद् इतिहास: Bastara ke Cālukya aura Girijana|year=2007|page=173|publisher=BR Publishing|isbn=978-81-7646-540-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YVtuAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>
* [[Chakma people|Chakma]] rebellion (1776–1787)<ref>Page 63 ''[https://openlibrary.org/works/OL3724279W/Tagore_without_illusions Tagore Without Illusions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806171923/https://openlibrary.org/works/OL3724279W/Tagore_without_illusions |date=6 August 2022 }}'' by Hitendra Mitra</ref>
* [[Chuar Rebellion|Chuar rebellion]] in [[Bengal]] (1795–1809)<ref>Sameeksha Trust, P. 1229 ''Economic and Political Weekly''</ref>
* [[Bhopalpatnam]] Struggle (1795)
* Khurda Rebellion in [[Odisha]] (1817)<ref>[http://orissagov.nic.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/august-2007/engpdf/Page1-11.pdf P. 4 "Freedom Movement in Khurda"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071129141833/http://orissagov.nic.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/august-2007/engpdf/Page1-11.pdf |date=29 November 2007 }} Dr. Atul Chandra Pradhan</ref>
* Bhil rebellion (1822–1857)<ref>P. 111 ''The Freedom Struggle in Hyderabad: A Connected Account'' By Hyderabad (India : State)</ref>
* Ho-Munda Revolt(1816–1837)<ref>''Tribal struggle of Singhbhum''</ref>
* Paralkot rebellion (1825)
* [[Kol uprising|Kol rebellion]] (1831–32)
* [[Bhumij rebellion]] (1832–33)
* Khond rebellion (1836)
* Tarapur rebellion (1842–54)
* Maria rebellion (1842–63)
* [[Santhal rebellion]] (1856–57)
* Bhil rebellion, begun by [[Tatya Tope]] in Banswara (1858)<ref>P. 32 ''Social and Political Awakening Among the Tribals of Rajasthan'' By Gopi Nath Sharma</ref>
* [[Koli people|Koli]] revolt (1859)
* Great Kuki Invasion of 1860s
* Gond rebellion, begun by [[Ramji Gond]] in Adilabad (1860)<ref>P. 420 ''Who's who of Freedom Struggle in Andhra Pradesh'' By Sarojini Regani</ref>
* Muria rebellion (1876)
* Rani rebellion (1878–82)
* Bhumkal (1910)
* [[Kuki Rebellion of 1917–1919|Kuki Rebellion]] (1917–19)
* [[Rampa Rebellion of 1879]], Vizagapatnam (now Visakhapatnam district)
* [[Rampa Rebellion of 1922|Rampa Rebellion (1922–1924)]], Visakhapatnam district
* [[Munda rebellion]] (1899 - 1900)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Munda_Rebellion | title=Munda Rebellion - Banglapedia | access-date=6 August 2022 | archive-date=6 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806172045/https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Munda_Rebellion | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Adivasi group ==
{{See also|List of Scheduled Tribes in India}}
There are more than 700 tribal groups in India. The major [[Scheduled Tribes]] (Adivasi) are;
{{div col|colwidth=12em}}
* [[Andamanese peoples|Andamanese]]
* [[Apatani people|Apatanis]]
* [[Asur people|Asurs]]
* [[Baiga tribe|Baigas]]
* [[Bhils]]
* [[Bhotiya]]s
* [[Bhumij people|Bhumijs]]
* [[Birhors]]
* [[Bodos]]
* [[Chakmas]]
* [[Chero]]s
* [[Deori people|Deoris]]
* [[Dhodia]]s
* [[Garo people|Garos]]
* [[Gonds]]
* [[Ho people|Ho]]
* [[Irulas]]
* [[Jarawas (Andaman Islands)|Jarawas]]
* [[Kharia people|Kharias]]
* [[Khasis]]
* [[Kota people (India)|Kotas]]
* [[Koya (tribe)|Koyas]]
* [[Kukis]]
* [[Marmas]]
* [[Meenas]]
* [[Mizo people|Mizos]]
* [[Mundas]]
* [[Naga people|Nagas]]
* [[Nicobarese people|Nicobarese]]
* [[Onge]]s
* [[Oraons]]
* [[Rabha people|Rabhas]]
* [[Khelma people|Sakachep/Khelmas]]
* [[Santhals]]
* [[Sentinelese]]
* [[Tharu people|Tharus]]
* [[Todas]]
* [[Tripuri people|Tripuri]]
* [[Yenadis]]
* [[Warli]]s
{{div col end}}

== Language ==
Tribal languages can be categorised into five linguistic groupings, namely [[Andamanese languages|Andamanese]]; [[Austroasiatic languages|Austro-Asiatic]]; [[Dravidian language|Dravidian]]; [[Indo-Aryan language|Indo-Aryan]]; and [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]].<ref name="bucket">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wordsinthebucket.com/indian-tribal-languages-1|title=TRIBAL LANGUAGES IN INDIA – INTRODUCTION (1/4)|website=Wordsinthebucket.com|date=7 April 2015|access-date=24 September 2019|archive-date=24 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924051948/https://www.wordsinthebucket.com/indian-tribal-languages-1}}</ref>

{{div col|colwidth=10em}}
*[[Arakanese language|Arakanese]]
*[[Bawm language|Bawm]]
* [[Bhil language|Bhil]]
* [[Bhotiyas of Uttarakhand|Bhotiya]]
* [[Bhumij language|Bhumij]]
* [[Bodo language|Bodo]]
* [[Bonda language|Bonda]]
*[[Chakma language|Chakma]]
* [[Chenchu language|Chenchu]]
* [[Dhodia language|Dhodia]]
* [[Gamit language|Gamit]]
* [[Garo language|Garo]]
* [[Gondi language|Gondi]]
* [[Gujari language|Gujari]]
* [[Halbi language|Halbi]]
* [[Hodi language|Ho]]
* [[Irula language|Irula]]
* [[Jaunsari language|Jaunsari]]
* [[Karbi language|Karbi]]
* [[Khasi language|Khasi]]
* [[Koch language|Koch]]
* [[Koda language|Koda]]
* [[Kokborok language|Kokborok]]
* [[Koya language|Koya]]
* [[Aka-Kora language|Kora]]
* [[Kui language (India)|Kui]]
* [[Kuki language|Kuki]]
* [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]]
* [[Mavchi language|Mavchi]]
* [[Mizo language|Mizo]]
* [[Mundari language|Mundari]]
*[[Pangkhu language|Pangkhu]]
* [[Paniya language|Paniya]]
* [[Pnar language|Pnar]]
* [[Rathwi Bareli language|Rathwa]]
* [[Sak language|Sak]]
* [[Santali language|Santali]]
* [[Shö language|Shö]]
* [[Tharu language|Tharu]]
* [[Varli language|Varli]]
* [[Vasavi language|Vasavi]]
{{div col end}}

== Literature ==
Adivasi literature is the literature composed by the tribals of the Indian subcontinent. It is composed in more than 100 languages. The tradition of tribal literature includes oral literature and written literature in tribal languages and non-tribal languages. The basic feature of tribal literature is the presence of tribal philosophy in it. Prominent tribal writers include [[Hansda Sowvendra Shekhar]], [[Nirmala Putul]], [[Vahru Sonawane]], [[Temsula Ao]], [[Mamang Dai]], [[Narayan (writer)|Narayan]], [[Rose Kerketta]], [[Ram Dayal Munda]], [[Vandana Tete]], [[Anuj Lugun]] etc.

== Religion ==
{{Main|Tribal religions in India}}

In the [[Census of India]] from 1871 to 1941, tribal people and their religions were described in several ways: Forest tribe (1891); animist (1901); tribal animist (1911); hill and forest tribe (1921); primitive tribe (1931); and tribes (1941). However, since the census of 1951, the tribal population has been recorded separately, for each denomination. Some Adivasis have been converted to [[Christianity in India|Christianity]] starting with British period and after independence. During the last two decades Adivasi from [[Odisha]], Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand have converted to [[Protestantism]], as a result of increased presence of missionaries.
[[File:எலி பிடிக்கும் இருளர் படம் 3.JPG|thumb|Irula man and woman.]]
Adivasi beliefs vary by tribe, and are usually different from the [[historical Vedic religion]], with its [[monism|monistic]] underpinnings, Indo-European deities (who are often [[cognates]] of ancient Iranian, Greek and Roman deities, e.g. [[Mitra (Vedic)|Mitra]]/[[Mithra]]/[[Mithras]]), lack of [[Idolatry|idol worship]] and lack of a concept of [[reincarnation]].<ref name="scudiere1997">{{Citation | title=Aspects of Death and Bereavement Among Indian Hindus and American Christians: A Survey and Cross-cultural Comparison | author=Todd Scudiere | publisher=University of Wisconsin – Madison | year=1997 | access-date=2008-11-25 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gQVlAAAAMAAJ | quote=... the Vedic Aryan was not particularly eager to enter heaven, he was too much this-worldly oriented. A notion of reincarnation was not introduced until later. However, there was a concept of a universal force – an idea of an underlying monistic reality that was later called Brahman ...}}</ref> Tribals have their own distinct religions based in [[nature worship]]; {{citation needed span|most tribals (more than 89%) identify as Hindus and follow the Hindu religion,|date=June 2025}} some (5.53%) have embraced Christianity due to proselytisation by Christian Missionaries albeit not without social and cultural conflicts between their tribal roots and the newly adopted Christian traditions, and some tribals, mainly in Lakshadweep are Muslims and are believed to have embraced Islam during the 14th century; other tribals (4.19%) follow their distinct religion.<ref>Vinay N. Patel. Religious Conversion among Tribes of India : Reflections from Sociology. Int. J. Ad. Social Sciences. 2017; 5(1):01-04. doi: 10.5958/2454-2679.2017.00001.9</ref>{{verify source|date=June 2025}} Conversion of tribals to Christianity has been a growing phenomenon from the days of the British rule.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://defendingforb.org/en/india/religious-freedom-and-tribal-rights-in-india/#_edn5 | title=Defending FoRB - Religious Freedom and Tribal Rights in India }}</ref><ref name="indianexpress.com">Zeeshan Shaikh, Christian, Muslim tribals fastest growing demographic groups: Census dept, THE INDIAN EXPRESS (April 15, 2016, 04:00 PM), https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/christian-muslim-tribals-fastest-growing-demographic-groups-census-dept-2754838/</ref> Christians have been jailed due to accusations of "[[forced conversions]]" of tribals.<ref>Nirmala Carvalho, Sixteen Christians arrested for 'forced conversions' of tribals in Jharkhand, ASIANEWS.IT (October 07, 2018, 05:08 PM), http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Sixteen-Christians-arrested-for-'forced-conversions'-of-tribals-in-Jharkhand-44395.html</ref><ref>Anuja Jaiswal, 7 Christian preachers jailed for 'forcible' conversion bid in UP, THE TIMES OF INDIA, (December 06, 2017, 08:51 AM), http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/61940544.cms</ref> Conversion to Islam is a growing phenomenon in recent times.<ref name="indianexpress.com"/> Tribals in the [[Dang district]], having their own distinct religions based in [[nature worship]], are being [[proselytising|proselytised]] to Hinduism, by [[Hindutva]] ideological groups such as the [[BJP]] & the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP)]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianculturalforum.in/2016/10/14/untold-story-of-hindukaran-proselytisation-of-adivasi-tribal-in-dang-a-report | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031050133/https://indianculturalforum.in/2016/10/14/untold-story-of-hindukaran-proselytisation-of-adivasi-tribal-in-dang-a-report | archive-date=31 October 2017 | title=Untold Story of Hindukaran (Proselytisation) of ADIVASI (TRIBAL) in DANG: A Report – Indian Cultural Forum | date=14 October 2016 }}</ref> Tribal [[ancestor worship]]pers in the [[Nilgiris]], have raised objections to be being labelled as Hindu, Muslim, or Christian.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ancestor-worshipping-nilgiris-tribes-ask-why-they-should-identify-as-hindu-christian-or-muslim-in-census/article66928327.ece | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603190806/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ancestor-worshipping-nilgiris-tribes-ask-why-they-should-identify-as-hindu-christian-or-muslim-in-census/article66928327.ece | archive-date=3 June 2023 | title=Ancestor-worshipping Nilgiris tribes ask why they should identify as Hindu, Christian or Muslim in Census - the Hindu | website=[[The Hindu]] | date=3 June 2023 | last1=Premkumar | first1=Rohan }}</ref>

===Animism===
{{Main|Animism}}

[[Animism]] (from [[Latin]] ''animus, -i'' "[[Soul (spirit)|soul]], [[life]]") is the [[worldview]] that non-human entities (animals, plants, and inanimate objects or phenomena) possess a spiritual essence. The ''Encyclopaedia of Religion and Society'' estimates that 1–5% of India's population is animist.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hirr.hartsem.edu/ency/Animism.htm|title=Content Pages of the Encyclopedia of Religion and Social Science|website=hirr.hartsem.edu|access-date=30 October 2014|archive-date=11 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011220116/http://hirr.hartsem.edu/ency/Animism.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> India's government recognises that India's indigenous subscribe to pre-Hindu animist-based religions.<ref name="bbc">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5019582.stm|publisher=BBC News|title=BBC NEWS | World | Europe | Indigenous people 'worst-off world over'|access-date=2017-01-08|archive-date=28 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090528050650/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/5019582.stm#graph|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Racism Against Indigenous Peoples|author1=Chakma, S.|author2=Jensen, M.|author3=International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs|date=2001|publisher=IWGIA|isbn=978-87-90730-46-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f7EPoTyUvfkC&pg=PA196|page=196|access-date=2017-01-08}}</ref>

Animism is used in the [[anthropology of religion]] as a term for the belief system of some [[indigenous people|indigenous tribal peoples]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Ritual and Belief: Readings in the Anthropology of Religion|first=David|last=Hicks|publisher=[[Rowman Altamira]]|edition=3|year=2010|page=359|quote=Tylor's notion of animism—for him the first religion—included the assumption that early ''Homo sapiens'' had invested animals and plants with souls ...}}</ref> especially prior to the development of organised religion.<ref>{{cite web|title=Animism|publisher=ELMAR Project (University of Cumbria)|date=1998–99|others=Contributed by Helen James; coordinated by Dr. Elliott Shaw with assistance from Ian Favell|url=http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/seasia/animism.html|access-date=30 October 2014|archive-date=10 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110074502/http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/seasia/animism.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Although each culture has its own different mythologies and rituals, "animism" is said to describe the most common, foundational thread of indigenous peoples' "spiritual" or "supernatural" perspectives. The animistic perspective is so fundamental, mundane, everyday and taken-for-granted that most animistic indigenous people do not even have a word in their languages that corresponds to "animism" (or even "religion");<ref>{{cite web|title=Native American Religious and Cultural Freedom: An Introductory Essay|work=The Pluralism Project|publisher=President and Fellows of Harvard College and Diana Eck|year=2005|url=http://www.pluralism.org/reports/view/176|access-date=30 October 2014|archive-date=23 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223045117/http://www.pluralism.org/reports/view/176|url-status=live}}</ref> the term is an [[Emic and etic|anthropological construct]] rather than one designated by the people themselves.

====Donyi-Polo====
{{Main|Donyi-Polo}}

Donyi-Polo is the designation given to the [[indigenous religion]]s, of [[animism|animistic]] and [[shamanism|shamanic]] type, of the [[Tani languages|Tani]], from [[Arunachal Pradesh]], in northeastern India.<ref>Rikam, 2005. p. 117</ref><ref>Mibang, Chaudhuri, 2004. p. 47</ref> The name "Donyi-Polo" means "Sun-Moon".<ref>Dalmia, Sadana, 2012. pp. 44–45</ref>

====Sarnaism====
{{Main|Sarnaism}}

[[Sarnaism]] or Sarna<ref>Minahan, 2012. p. 236</ref><ref>Sachchidananda, 1980. p. 235</ref><ref>Srivastava, 2007.</ref> (local languages: ''Sarna Dhorom'', meaning "religion of the holy woods") defines the indigenous religions of the Adivasi populations of the states of Central-[[East India]], such as the [[Munda people|Munda]], the [[Ho people|Ho]], the [[Santal people|Santali]], the [[Kurukh people|Khuruk]], and the others. The Munda, Ho, Santhal and Oraon tribe followed the Sarna religion,<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/ST-panel-for-independent-religion-status-to-Sarna/articleshow/7433842.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130804145116/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-06/ranchi/28362611_1_tribal-population-religion-sarna|url-status=live|archive-date=2013-08-04|work=[[The Times of India]]|title= ST panel for independent religion status to Sarna |date=6 February 2011 |access-date=2017-01-08}}</ref> where Sarna means sacred grove. Their religion is based on the oral traditions passed from generation-to-generation. It involves worship of village deity, Sun and Moon.

====Other tribal animist====
Animist hunter gatherer [[Kattunayakan|Nayaka people]] of Nilgiri hills of South India.<ref name="google2">{{cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature: K – Z.|date=2005|volume=2|publisher=Thoemmes Continuum|isbn=978-1-84371-138-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4L7UAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA82|page=82|access-date=2017-01-08}}</ref>

Animism is the traditional religion of [[Nicobarese people]]; their religion is marked by the dominance and interplay with spirit worship, witch doctors and animal sacrifice.<ref name="google3">{{cite book|title=Andaman and Nicobar Tribes Restudied: Encounters and Concerns|author=Mann, R.S.|date=2005|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-8324-010-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FPX6wiuZ3ikC&pg=PA204|page=204|access-date=2017-01-08}}</ref>

===Hinduism===

====Adivasi roots of modern Hinduism====
Some historians and anthropologists assert that many Hindu practices might have been adopted from Adivasi culture.<ref name="sardesai1986">{{Citation | title=Progress and Conservatism in Ancient India | author=S.G. Sardesai | publisher=People's Publishing House | year=1986 | isbn=978-81-7007-021-4 | access-date=2008-11-25 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kscNAAAAIAAJ | quote=... The centre of Rig Vedic religion was the Yajna, the sacrificial fire. ... There is no Atma, no Brahma, no Moksha, no idol worship in the Rig Veda ...}}</ref><ref name="tiwari2002">{{Citation | title=Tribal Roots of Hinduism | author=Shiv Kumar Tiwari | publisher=Sarup & Sons | year=2002| access-date=2008-12-12 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n0gwfmPFTLgC | isbn=978-81-7625-299-7}}</ref><ref name="singh1985">{{Citation | title=Tribal Society in India: An Anthropo-historical Perspective | author=Kumar Suresh Singh | publisher=Manohar | year=1985 | isbn=978-81-85054-05-6 | access-date=2008-12-12 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WIAiAAAAMAAJ | quote=... Shiva was a 'tribal deity' to begin with and forest-dwelling communities, including those who have ceased to be tribals and those who are tribals today ...}}</ref> This also includes the sacred status of certain animals such as [[monkey]]s, cows, [[fish]] (matsya), [[Peafowl|peacocks]], cobras ([[Nāga|nagas]]) and [[elephant]]s and plants such as the [[sacred fig]] (''pipal''), [[Ocimum tenuiflorum]] (''tulsi'') and [[Azadirachta indica]] (''neem''), which may once have held totemic importance for certain adivasi tribes.<ref name="tiwari2002" />

====Adivasi saints====
A ''sant'' is an Indian holy man, and a title of a devotee or ascetic, especially in north and east India. Generally, a holy or saintly person is referred to as a mahatma, paramahamsa, or swami, or given the prefix Sri or Srila before their name. The term is sometimes misrepresented in English as "[[Hindu saint]]", although "sant" is unrelated to "saint".{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}
* Sant Dhira or [[Kannappa Nayanar]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shaivam.org/nakanna1.html |title=Devoted to God Shiva – An abode for Hindu God Shiva on the Internet |publisher=Shaivam.org |access-date=2019-07-14 |archive-date=3 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203091842/http://www.shaivam.org/nakanna1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> one of 63 Nayanar Shaivite sants, a hunter from whom Lord Shiva gladly accepted food offerings. It is said that he poured water from his mouth on the Shivlingam and offered the Lord swine flesh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.divinelifesociety.org/graphics/ebooks/swami_sivanandaji/downnload/all_about_hinduism.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102233739/http://www.divinelifesociety.org/graphics/ebooks/swami_sivanandaji/downnload/all_about_hinduism.html |archive-date=2008-01-02 |title=All About Hinduism |access-date=2019-07-14}}</ref>
* Sant Dhudhalinath, Gujarati, a 17th or 18th-century devotee (P. 4, ''The Story of Historic People of India-The Kolis'')
* Sant Gurudev Kalicharan Brahma or Guru Brahma, a Bodo who founded the Brahma Dharma aimed against Christian missionaries and colonialists. The Brahma Dharma movement sought to unite peoples of all religions to worship God together and survives even today.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}
* Sant Kalu Dev, Punjab, related with Fishermen community [[Nishadha]]{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}
* Sant Kubera, ethnic Gujarati, taught for over 35 years and had 20,000 followers in his time.<ref>P. 269 ''Brāhmanism and Hindūism, Or, Religious Thought and Life in India: As Based on the Veda and Other Sacred Books of the Hindūs (Google eBook)'' by Sir Monier Monier-Williams</ref>
* Sant [[Thirumangai Alvar|Tirumangai Alvar]], [[Kallar, Trivandrum|Kallar]], composed the six Vedangas in beautiful Tamil verse<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.srivaishnavan.com/tomcat/thiruppa2.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504053609/http://www.srivaishnavan.com/tomcat/thiruppa2.htm |archive-date=2008-05-04 |title=Srivaishnavism |access-date=2019-07-14}}</ref>
* Saint Kalean Guru (Kalean Murmu) is the most beloved person among Santal Tribes community who was widely popular 'Nagam Guru' Guru of Early Histories in fourteen century by the references of their forefathers.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}

====Sages====
* Bhakta [[Shabari]], a [[Nishadha]] woman who offered Shri Rama and Shri Laxmana her half-eaten [[Ziziphus mauritiana|ber]] fruit, which they gratefully accepted when they were searching for [[Sita|Shri Sita Devi]] in the forest.

====Maharishis====
* Maharshi Matanga, Matanga Bhil, Guru of Bhakta Shabari. In fact, Chandalas are often addressed as 'Matanga 'in passages like Varaha Purana 1.139.91

====Avatars====
* Kirata – the form of Lord Shiva as a hunter. It is mentioned in the [[Mahabharata]]. The Karppillikkavu Sree Mahadeva Temple, Kerala adores Lord Shiva in this avatar and is known to be one of the oldest surviving temples in Bharat.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}
* Vettakkorumakan, the son of Lord Kirata.
* Kaladutaka or 'Vaikunthanatha', Kallar (robber), avatar of Lord Vishnu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindubooks.org/temples/tamilnadu/srivaikuntam/page3.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304103825/http://www.hindubooks.org/temples/tamilnadu/srivaikuntam/page3.htm |archive-date=2016-03-04 |title=Temples & Legends of Tamilnadu/Srivakuntam – (page3) |access-date=2019-07-14}}</ref>

====Other tribals and Hinduism====
Some Hindus do not believe that Indian tribals are close to the romantic ideal of the ancient [[wikt:silvan|silvan]] culture<ref>Thomas Parkhill: The Forest Setting in Hindu Epics.</ref> of the Vedic people. [[Madhav Sadashiv Golwalkar]] said:
{{Blockquote|The tribals "can be given [[Upanayana|yajñopavîta]] (...) They should be given equal rights and footings in the matter of religious rights, in temple worship, in the study of Vedas, and in general, in all our social and religious affairs. This is the only right solution for all the problems of casteism found nowadays in our Hindu society."<ref>M.S. Golwalkar: Bunch of Thoughts, p.479.</ref>}}

At the [[Lingaraja Temple]] in [[Bhubaneswar]], there are [[Brahmin]] and Badu (tribal) priests. The Badus have the most intimate contact with the deity of the temple, and only they can bathe and adorn it.<ref>JAIN, Girilal: The Hindu Phenomenon. UBSPD, Delhi 1994.</ref><ref>Eschmann, Kulke and Tripathi, eds.: Cult of Jagannath, p.97. Elst 2001</ref>

The Bhils are mentioned in the [[Mahabharata]]. [[Ekalavya]] considered [[Dronacharya|Darona]] as his guru, and he had the honour to be invited to [[Yudhishthira]]'s [[Rajasuya]] [[Yajna]] at [[Indraprastha]].<ref>Mahabharata (I.31–54) (II.37.47; II.44.21) Elst 2001</ref> Indian tribals were also part of royal armies in the [[Ramayana]] and in the [[Arthashastra]].<ref>Kautilya: The Arthashastra 9:2:13-20, Penguin edition, p. 685. Elst 2001</ref>

[[Shabari]] was a Bhil woman who offered [[Rama]] and [[Lakshmana]] [[Ziziphus mauritiana|jujubes]] when they were searching for [[Sita]] in the forest. Matanga, a Bhil, became a Brahmana.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JJFeDwAAQBAJ&q=matanga&pg=PA39|title=Community Development: Rural, Urban and A Tribal Perspective|page=39|publisher=FSP Media|author=Laveena D Mello|year=2018}}</ref>

====Brahmanization and Rajputization====
[[Bhangya Bhukya]] notes that during the final years of the [[British Raj]], while education introduced Westernization in the hilly areas of central India, the regions also parallelly underwent the [[Sanskritisation|Hinduization]] and [[Rajputization]] processes. The [[Gond people]] and their chiefs started doing the "caste–Hindu practices" and frequently claimed the "[[Rajput]], and thus [[kshatriya]] status". The British government used to support these claims as they viewed the adivasi society to be less civilized than the caste society and believed that adivasi peoples' association with the castes would make the adivasis "more civilized and sober" and "easier for the colonial state to control". Bhukya also points out that central India's "Raj Gond families" had already adopted the religious and social traditions of the Rajputs before the British Raj in India, and there were "matrimonial relations" between a number of Gond and Rajput Rajas. However, the British governments' policies of offering "''[[zamindari]]'' rights, village headships and ''patelships''" fueled the process.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=[[Modern Asian Studies]] |volume=47 |number=1 |date=January 2013 |page=309 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |editor1-first=Joya |editor1-last=Chatterji |editor2-first=Norbert |editor2-last=Peabody |editor1-link=Joya Chatterji |title=The Subordination of the Sovereigns: Colonialism and the Gond Rajas in Central India, 1818–1948 |first=Bhangya |last=Bhukya |doi=10.1017/S0026749X12000728 |jstor=23359786|s2cid=145095937 }}</ref>

According to Patit Paban Mishra, "the 'ksatriyaization' of tribal rulers and their surroundings, resulted in the Hinduization of tribal areas".<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=58 |year=1997 |page=805 |publisher=[[Indian History Congress]] |title=Critique of Indianization Theory |first=Patit Paban |last=Mishra |jstor=44144025}}</ref>

===Demands for a separate religious code===
Some Adivasi organisations have demanded that a distinct religious code be listed for Adivasis in the 2011 census of India. The All India Adivasi Conference was held on 1 and 2 January 2011 at Burnpur, Asansol, West Bengal. 750 delegates were present from all parts of India and cast their votes for Religion code as follows: [[Sari Dhorom]] – 632, [[Sarnaism|Sarna]] – 51, [[Kherwalism]] – 14 and Other Religions – 03. [[Census of India]].<ref>[http://in.news.yahoo.com/43/20100224/812/tnl-tribals-appeal-for-separate-religion.html] {{dead link|date=December 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

==Education==
{{See also|Education in India}}
Tribal communities in India are the least educationally developed. First generation learners have to face social, psychological and cultural barriers to get education. This has been one of the reasons for poor performance of tribal students in schools.<ref name="ssa.nic.in">{{cite web|url=http://ssa.nic.in/research-studies-docs/education_tribal_children.pdf/view|title=Education of Tribal Children in India — Portal|access-date=2017-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404082640/http://ssa.nic.in/research-studies-docs/education_tribal_children.pdf/view|archive-date=4 April 2017}}</ref> Poor literacy rate since independence has resulted in absence of tribals in academia and higher education. The literacy rate for STs has gone up from 8.5% (male – 13.8%, female – 3.2%) in 1961 to 29.6% (male – 40.6%, female – 18.2%) in 1991 and to 40% (male – 59%, female – 37%) in 1999–2000.<ref name="ssa.nic.in"/> States with large proportion of STs like Mizoram, Nagaland and Meghalaya have high literacy rate while states with large number of tribals like Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh have low tribal literacy rate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000120281 |title=Education of Indian Scheduled Tribes: a study of community schools in the district of Vishakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh |last=Sujatha |first=K |date=2000 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org |access-date=2019-07-14 |archive-date=14 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714220126/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000120281 |url-status=live }}</ref> Tribal students have very high drop-out rates during school education.<ref name="newindianexpress">{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/School-Dropout-Rate-Among-Tribals-Remains-High/2014/05/03/article2203265.ece|publisher=newindianexpress.com|title=School Dropout Rate Among Tribals Remains High- The New Indian Express|access-date=2017-01-08|archive-date=7 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307095943/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/School-Dropout-Rate-Among-Tribals-Remains-High/2014/05/03/article2203265.ece}}</ref>

Extending the system of primary education into tribal areas and reserving places for needing them, they say, to work in the fields. On the other hand, in those parts of the northeast where tribes have generally been spared the wholesale onslaught of outsiders, schooling has helped tribal people to secure political and economic benefits. The education system there has provided a corps of highly trained tribal members in the professions and high-ranking administrative posts. tribal children in middle and high schools and higher education institutions are central to government policy, but efforts to improve a tribe's educational status have had mixed results. Recruitment of qualified teachers and determination of the appropriate language of instruction also remain troublesome. Commission after commission on the "language question" has called for instruction, at least at the primary level, in the students' native language. In some regions, tribal children entering school must begin by learning the official regional language, often one completely unrelated to their tribal language.

Many tribal schools are plagued by high drop-out rates. Children attend for the first three to four years of primary school and gain a smattering of knowledge, only to lapse into illiteracy later. Few who enter continue up to the tenth grade; of those who do, few manage to finish high school. Therefore, very few are eligible to attend institutions of higher education, where the high rate of attrition continues. Members of agrarian tribes like the Gonds often are reluctant to send their children to school,

An academy for teaching and preserving Adivasi languages and culture was established in 1999 by the Bhasha Research and Publication Centre. The Adivasi Academy is located at Tejgadh in Gujarat.

==Economy==
{{More citations needed section|date=January 2026}}
Most tribes are concentrated in heavily forested areas that combine inaccessibility with limited political or economic significance. Historically, the economy of most tribes was subsistence agriculture or hunting and gathering. Tribal members traded with outsiders for the few necessities they lacked, such as [[salt]] and [[iron]]. A few local Hindu craftsmen might provide such items as cooking utensils.

In the early 20th century, however, large areas fell into the hands of non-tribals, on account of improved transportation and communications. Around 1900, many regions were opened by the British government to settlement through a scheme by which inward migrants received ownership of land free in return for cultivating it. For tribal people, however, land was often viewed as a common resource, free to whoever needed it. By the time tribals accepted the necessity of obtaining formal land titles, they had lost the opportunity to lay claim to lands that might rightfully have been considered theirs. The colonial and post-independence regimes belatedly realised the necessity of protecting tribals from the predations of outsiders and prohibited the sale of tribal lands. Although an important loophole in the form of land leases was left open, tribes made some gains in the mid-twentieth century, and some land was returned to tribal peoples despite obstruction by local police and land officials.

In the 1970s, tribal peoples came again under intense land pressure, especially in central India. Migration into tribal lands increased dramatically, as tribal people lost the titles to their lands in many ways – lease, forfeiture from debts, or bribery of land registry officials. Other non-tribals simply squatted or even lobbied governments to classify them as tribal to allow them to compete with the formerly established tribes. In any case, many tribal members became landless labourers in the 1960s and 1970s, and regions that a few years earlier had been the exclusive domain of tribes had an increasingly mixed population of tribals and non-tribals. Government efforts to evict nontribal members from illegal occupation have proceeded slowly; when evictions occur at all, those ejected are usually members of poor, lower castes.

Improved communications, roads with motorised traffic, and more frequent government intervention figured in the increased contact that tribal peoples had with outsiders. Commercial highways and cash crops frequently drew non-tribal people into remote areas. By the 1960s and 1970s, the resident nontribal shopkeeper was a permanent feature of many tribal villages. Since shopkeepers often sell goods on credit (demanding high interest), many tribal members have been drawn deeply into debt or mortgaged their land. Merchants also encourage tribals to grow cash crops (such as [[cotton]] or [[castor-oil]] plants), which increases tribal dependence on the market for necessities. Indebtedness is so extensive that although such transactions are illegal, traders sometimes 'sell' their debtors to other merchants, much like [[indenture]]d [[peon]]s.

The final blow for some tribes has come when non-tribals, through political jockeying, have managed to gain legal tribal status, that is, to be listed as a Scheduled Tribe.

Tribes in the [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] foothills have not been as hard-pressed by the intrusions of non-tribal. Historically, their political status was always distinct from the rest of India. Until the British colonial period, there was little effective control by any of the empires centred in peninsular India; the region was populated by autonomous feuding tribes. The British, in efforts to protect the sensitive northeast frontier, followed a policy dubbed the "Inner Line"; non-tribal people were allowed into the areas only with special permission. Post-colonial governments have continued the policy, protecting the Himalayan tribes as part of the strategy to secure the border with China.

===Ecological threats===
[[File:Women in tribal village, Umaria district, India.jpg|thumb|Women in a tribal (Gond adivasi) village, Umaria district, India. Picture taken during a meeting organised by Ekta Parishad about land rights, the main grievance of the Adivasi people.]]
Many smaller tribal groups are quite sensitive to ecological degradation caused by modernisation. Both commercial forestry and intensive agriculture have proved destructive to the forests that had endured [[shifting cultivation|swidden agriculture]] for many centuries.<ref>Acharya, Deepak and Shrivastava Anshu (2008): ''Indigenous Herbal Medicines: Tribal Formulations and Traditional Herbal Practices,'' Aavishkar Publishers Distributor, Jaipur- India. {{ISBN|978-81-7910-252-7}}. pp 440</ref> Adivasis in central part of India have been victims of the [[Salwa Judum]] campaign by the Government against the [[Naxalite]] insurgency.<ref>[[Salwa Judum]]{{Circular reference|date=September 2015}}</ref><ref name="thehindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/bringing-rural-realities-on-stage-in-urban-india/article7592193.ece?homepage=true|title=Bringing rural realities on stage in urban India|newspaper=The Hindu|date=29 August 2015|last1=Rashid|first1=Omar|access-date=29 August 2015|archive-date=28 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928234025/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/bringing-rural-realities-on-stage-in-urban-india/article7592193.ece?homepage=true|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="achrweb">{{cite web|url=http://www.achrweb.org/Review/2006/117-06.htm|publisher=achrweb.org|title=Asian Centre for Human Rights|access-date=2017-01-08|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080721200330/http://www.achrweb.org/Review/2006/117-06.htm|archive-date=21 July 2008}}</ref>

Government policies on forest reserves have affected tribal peoples profoundly. Government efforts to reserve forests have precipitated armed (if futile) resistance on the part of the tribal peoples involved. Intensive exploitation of forests has often meant allowing outsiders to cut large areas of trees (while the original tribal inhabitants were restricted from cutting), and ultimately replacing mixed forests capable of sustaining tribal life with single-product plantations. Non-tribals have frequently bribed local officials to secure the effective use of reserved forest lands.

The northern tribes have thus been sheltered from the kind of exploitation that those elsewhere in South Asia have suffered. In [[Arunachal Pradesh]] (formerly part of the [[North-East Frontier Agency]]), for example, tribal members control commerce and most lower-level administrative posts. Government construction projects in the region have provided tribes with a significant source of cash. Some tribes have made rapid progress through the education system (the role of early missionaries was significant in this regard). Instruction was begun in Assamese but was eventually changed to Hindi; by the early 1980s, English was taught at most levels. Northeastern tribal people have thus enjoyed a certain
measure of social mobility.

The continuing economic alienation and exploitation of many adivasis was highlighted as a "systematic failure" by the [[Prime Minister of India|Indian prime minister]] [[Manmohan Singh]] in a 2009 conference of [[Chief Ministers of India|chief ministers]] of [[State of India|all 29 Indian states]], where he also cited this as a major cause of the [[Naxalite]] unrest that has affected areas such as the [[Red Corridor]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-04/india/28079244_1_tribals-traditional-rights-land-acquisition | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811050613/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-04/india/28079244_1_tribals-traditional-rights-land-acquisition | archive-date=11 August 2011 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=PM's snub to Maoists: Guns don't ensure development of tribals | date=4 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8343193.stm | work=BBC News | title=Indian PM reaches out to tribes | date=4 November 2009 | access-date=2010-04-23 | archive-date=8 November 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091108125418/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8343193.stm | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-16/india/28113430_1_indigenous-peoples-traditional-knowledge-human-rights | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811050618/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-16/india/28113430_1_indigenous-peoples-traditional-knowledge-human-rights | archive-date=11 August 2011 | first1=Rukmini | last1=Shrinivasan | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Tribals make poor progress, stay at bottom of heap | date=16 January 2010}}</ref><ref name="tribuneindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20091105/main2.htm|publisher=tribuneindia.com|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Main News|access-date=2017-01-08|archive-date=5 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605230654/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20091105/main2.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article42968.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=Aarti | last=Dhar | title=Sustained economic activity not possible under shadow of gun: PM | date=4 November 2009}}</ref>

==Issue and politics==

[[File:Great Andamanese scarification pattern 2 - 1901.jpg|right|thumb|[[Scarification]], a traditional symbol of [[Great Andamanese]] tribal identity (1901 photo)]]
The criteria presently followed for specification of a community as a Scheduled Tribe are : (i) indications of primitive traits, (ii) distinctive culture, (iii) geographical isolation, (iv) shyness of contact with the community at large, and (v) backwardness.

Population complexities, and the controversies surrounding ethnicity and language in India, sometimes make the official recognition of groups as Adivasis (by way of inclusion in the Scheduled Tribes list) political and contentious. However, regardless of their language family affiliations, Australoid and Negrito groups that have survived as distinct forest, mountain or island-dwelling tribes in India and are often classified as Adivasi.<ref name="minahan1996">{{Citation | title=Nations Without States: A Historical Dictionary of Contemporary National Movements | author=James Minahan and [[Leonard W. Doob]] | year=1996 | access-date=2008-11-25 | isbn=978-0-313-28354-3 | publisher=Greenwood Press | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2yFnAAAAMAAJ | quote=... The Adivasi tribes encompass the pre-Dravidian holdovers from ancient India ...}}</ref> The relatively autonomous tribal groups of Northeastern India (including Khasis, [[Apatani people|Apatani]] and [[Naga people|Nagas]]), who are mostly Austro-Asiatic or Tibeto-Burman speakers, are also considered to be tribals: this area comprises 7.5% of India's land area but 20% of its tribal population.<ref name="singh2005">{{Citation | title=India |author1=Sarina Singh |author2=Joe Bindloss |author3=Paul Clammer |author4=Janine Eberle | year=2005 | access-date=2008-11-25 | isbn=978-1-74059-694-7 | publisher=Lonely Planet | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fk8FQa2ZSFQC | quote=... Although the northeast states make up just 7.5% of the geographical area of India, the region is home to 20% of India's tribal people. The following are the main tribes ... Nagas ... Monpas ... Apatani & Adi ... Khasi ...}}</ref> However, not all autonomous northeastern groups are considered tribals; for instance, the Tibeto-Burman-speaking [[Meitei people|Meitei]] of Manipur were once tribal but, having been settled for many centuries, are caste Hindus.<ref name="singh1988js">{{Citation | title=Religion and Culture of Manipur | author=Moirangthem Kirti Singh | year=1988 | access-date=2008-11-26 | publisher=Manas Publications | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=doQeAAAAMAAJ | isbn=978-81-7049-021-0 | quote=... The Meiteis began to think that root cause of their present unrest was their contact with the Mayangs, the outsider from the rest of India in matters of trade, commerce, religious belief and the designation of the Meiteis as caste Hindus in the Constitution of India. The policy of reservations for the scheduled castes and tribes in key posts began to play havoc ...}}</ref>

It is also difficult, for a given social grouping, to definitively decide whether it is a "caste" or a "tribe". A combination of internal social organisation, relationship with other groups, self-classification and perception by other groups has to be taken into account to make a categorisation, which is at best inexact and open to doubt.<ref name="raigobi1972">{{Citation | title=Man | publisher=Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland | date=1972|volume= v.7 | access-date=2008-11-26 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ou8rAAAAMAAJ | quote=... Nor, for that matter, does a traits approach to drawing distinctions between tribe and caste lead to any meaningful interpretation of social or civilizational processes. Social boundaries must be defined in each case (community or regional society) with reference to the modes of social classification, on the one hand, and processes of social interaction, on the other. It is in their inability to relate these two aspects of the social phenomenon through a model of social reality that most behavioural exercises come to grief ...}}</ref> These categorisations have been diffused for thousands of years, and even ancient formulators of caste-discriminatory legal codes (which usually only applied to settled populations, and not Adivasis) were unable to come up with clean distinctions.<ref name="chattopadhyaya1959">{{Citation | title=Lōkayata: A Study in Ancient Indian Materialism | author=Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya | publisher=People's Publishing House | year=1959 | isbn=978-81-7007-006-1 | access-date=2008-11-26 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AJccAAAAMAAJ | quote=... Even the authors of our traditional law-codes and other works did not know whether to call a particular group of backward people a caste or a tribe ...}}</ref>

===Demands for tribal classification===
The additional difficulty in deciding whether a group meets the criteria to be Adivasi or not are the aspirational movements created by the federal and state benefits, including job and educational reservations, enjoyed by groups listed as scheduled tribes (STs).<ref name="goldmann1984">{{Citation | title=From Independence to Statehood: Managing Ethnic Conflict in Five African and Asian States |author1=Robert Goldmann |author2=A. Jeyaratnam Wilson | year=1984 | access-date =2008-11-26 | publisher=Pinter | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DVwiAAAAMAAJ | isbn=978-0-86187-354-8 | quote=... Because the question of what groups are to be given preferences is constitutionally and politically open, the demand for preferences becomes a device for political mobilisation. Politicians can mobilise members of their caste, religious or linguistic community around the demand for inclusion on the list of those to be given preferences ... As preferences were extended to backward castes, and as more benefits were given to scheduled castes and scheduled tribes, the 'forward' castes have ...}}</ref> In Manipur, Meitei commentators have pointed to the lack of scheduled tribe status as a key economic disadvantage for Meiteis competing for jobs against groups that are classified as scheduled tribes.<ref name="singh1988js" /> In Assam, [[Rajbongshi people|Rajbongshi]] representatives have demanded scheduled tribe status as well.<ref name="prakash2006">{{Citation | title=Encyclopaedia of North-east India, Vol# 2 | author=Col. Ved Prakash | year=2006 | access-date=2008-11-26 | publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-5T8kpi5tkC | isbn=978-81-269-0704-5 | quote=... An angry mob of Koch-Rajbongshis (KRs) ransacked 4-8-03 the BJP office, Guwahati, demanding ST status for the KRs ... the KRs have been demanding the ST status for long, and the Bodos are stoutly opposed to it ...}}</ref> In Rajasthan, the [[Gujjar]] community has demanded ST status, even blockading the national capital of [[Delhi]] to press their demand.<ref name="toi2008hsfs">{{Citation | title=Gujjars enforce blockade; Delhi tense | date=29 May 2008 | access-date=2008-11-26 | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-05-29/india/27747126_1_gujjar-protesters-maharashtra-sampark-kranti-aya-nagar | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022111927/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-05-29/india/27747126_1_gujjar-protesters-maharashtra-sampark-kranti-aya-nagar | archive-date=22 October 2012 | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | quote=... Gujjars on Thursday blocked road and rail traffic in the capital and adjoining areas as part of their 'NCR rasta roko' agitation ... The NCR agitation, called by All India Gujjar Mahasabha, is in support of the community's demand for Scheduled Tribe status in Rajasthan ...}}</ref> However, the Government of Rajasthan declined the Gujjars' demand, stating the Gujjars are treated as upper caste and are by no means a tribe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=rajasthan-government-denies-st-status-to-gujjars |website=Merinews.com |url=http://www.merinews.com/article/rajasthan-government-denies-st-status-to-gujjars/128672.shtml |access-date=9 January 2011 |archive-date=5 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005044859/http://www.merinews.com/article/rajasthan-government-denies-st-status-to-gujjars/128672.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> In several cases, these claims to tribalhood are disputed by tribes who are already listed in the schedule and fear economic losses if more powerful groups are recognised as scheduled tribes; for instance, the Rajbongshi demand faces resistance from the [[Bodo people|Bodo]] tribe,<ref name="prakash2006" /> and the [[Meenas|Meena]] tribe has vigorously opposed Gujjar aspirations to be recognised as a scheduled tribe.<ref name="rediff2007jhgfd">{{Cite news | title=What the Meena-Gujjar conflict is about | newspaper=Rediff | date=1 June 2007 | access-date=2008-11-26 | url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jun/01raj4.htm | quote=... Rajasthan is sitting on a potential caste war between the Gujjars and Meenas with the former demanding their entry into the Schedule Tribes list while the Meenas are looking to keep their turf intact by resisting any tampering with the ST quota ... | archive-date=7 September 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907055028/http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jun/01raj4.htm | url-status=live }}</ref>

===Endogamy, exogamy and ethnogenesis===
Part of the challenge is that the [[endogamy|endogamous]] nature of tribes is also conformed to by the vast majority of Hindu castes. Indeed, many historians and anthropologists believe that caste endogamy reflects the once-tribal origins of the various groups who now constitute the settled Hindu castes.<ref name="rajawat2003">{{Citation | title=Scheduled Castes in India: a Comprehensive Study | author=Mamta Rajawat | publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. | year=2003 | access-date=2008-11-26 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p2wbt1QDTEgC | isbn=978-81-261-1339-2 | quote=... endogamy is basic to the morphology of caste but for its origin and sustenance one has to see beyond ... D.D. Kosambi says that the fusion of tribal elements into society at large lies at the foundation of the caste system; Irfan Habib concurs, suggesting that when tribal people were absorbed they brought with them their endogamous customs ... }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Another defining feature of caste Hindu society, which is often used to contrast them with Muslim and other social groupings, is lineage/clan (or ''[[gotra]]'') and village [[exogamy]].<ref name="khan2005">{{Citation | title=Social Development in Twenty First Century | author=Mohammad Abbas Khan | publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. | year=2005 | access-date=2008-11-26 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1nQZzWJDzjAC | isbn=978-81-261-2130-4 | quote=... in North India, high caste Hindus regard the village as an exogamous unit. Girls born within the village are called 'village daughters' and they do not cover their faces before local men, whereas girls who come into the village by marriage do so ... With Christians and Muslims, the elementary or nuclear family is the exogamous unit. Outside of it marriages are possible ... Lineage exogamy also exists among the Muslim Gujjars of Jammu and Kashmir ... }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="weekes1984">{{Citation | title=Muslim Peoples: A World Ethnographic Survey | author=Richard V. Weekes | publisher=Greenwood Press | year=1984 | access-date=2008-11-26 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aVdIAAAAMAAJ | isbn=978-0-313-24640-1 | quote=... The preference for in-marriage produces the reticulated kinship system characteristic of Punjabi Muslim society, as opposed to Hindu lineage exogamy and preference for marriage outside one's natal village ...}}</ref> However, these in-marriage taboos are also held ubiquitously among tribal groups, and do not serve as reliable differentiating markers between caste and tribe.<ref name="vidyarthi2004">{{Citation | title=South Asian Culture: An Anthropological Perspective | author=Lalita Prasad Vidyarthi | publisher=Oriental Publishers & Distributors | year=2004 | isbn=978-0-88386-851-5 | access-date=2008-11-26 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HwUNAAAAIAAJ | quote=... The tribal communities, by and large, also practise clan exogamy, which means marrying outside the totemic division of a tribe ...}}</ref><ref name="pfeffer1982">{{Citation | title=Status and Affinity in Middle India | author=Georg Pfeffer | author-link=Georg Pfeffer | publisher=F. Steiner | year=1982 | access-date=2008-11-26 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S_G1AAAAIAAJ | isbn=978-3-515-03913-0 | quote=... [[Verrier Elwin|Elwin]] documents the strict observance of this rule: Out of 300 marriages recorded, not a single one broke the rule of village exogamy ...}}</ref><ref name="sharma2004lds">{{Citation | title=Indian Society, Institutions and Change: Institutions and Change | author=Rajendra K. Sharma | publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors | year=2004 | access-date=2008-11-26 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jBOh24IJ9t8C | isbn=978-81-7156-665-5 | quote=... Among many Indian tribes it is the recognized custom to marry outside the village. This restriction is prevalent in the Munda and other tribes of Chhota Nagpur of Madhya Pradesh ... the Naga tribe of Assam is divided into Khels. Khel is the name given to the residents of the particular place, and people of one Khel cannot marry each other ...}}</ref> Again, this could be an ancient import from tribal society into settled Hindu castes.<ref name="ferreira1965">{{Citation | title=Totemism in India | author=John Vincent Ferreira | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1965 | access-date=2008-11-26 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u7EwAAAAMAAJ | quote=... there is every reason to believe that the inspiration leading to the formation of exogamous gotras came from the aborigines ...}}</ref> Tribes such as the Muslim Gujjars of Kashmir and the [[Kalash people|Kalash]] of Pakistan observe these exogamous traditions in common with caste Hindus and non-Kashmiri adivasis, though their surrounding Muslim populations do not.<ref name="khan2005" /><ref name="bock2000">{{Citation | title=Culture, Creation, and Procreation: Concepts of Kinship in South Asian Practice |author1=Monika Böck |author2=Aparna Rao | publisher=Berghahn Books | year=2000 | access-date=2008-11-26 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6HZ-UXaU9y0C | isbn=978-1-57181-912-3 | quote=... Kalasha kinship is indeed orchestrated through a rigorous system of patrilineal descent defined by lineage exogamy ... Lineage exogamy thus distinguishes Kalasha descent groups as discretely bounded corporations, in contrast to the nonexogamous 'sliding lineages' (Bacon 1956) of surrounding Muslims ...}}</ref>

Tribals are not part of the caste system,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4071703.stm | work=BBC News | title=Plight of India's tribal peoples | date=10 December 2004 | access-date=2010-04-23 | archive-date=7 January 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107035133/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4071703.stm | url-status=live }}</ref> Some anthropologists, however, draw a distinction between tribes who have continued to be tribal and tribes that have been absorbed into caste society in terms of the breakdown of tribal (and therefore caste) boundaries, and the proliferation of new mixed caste groups. In other words, ethnogenesis (the construction of new ethnic identities) in tribes occurs through a fission process (where groups splinter-off as new tribes, which preserves endogamy), whereas with settled castes it usually occurs through intermixture (in violation of strict endogamy).<ref name="trautmann1997">{{Citation | title=Aryans and British India | author=Thomas R. Trautmann | publisher=University of California Press | year=1997 | access-date=2008-11-26 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fu5h2T7dZFEC | isbn=978-0-520-20546-8 | quote=...The radiating, segmentary character of the underlying genealogical figure requires that the specifications be unilineal ... we have in the Dharmasastra doctrine of jatis a theory of ethnogenesis through intermixture or marriage of persons of different varnas, and secondary and tertiary intermixtures of the original ones, leading to a multitude of units, rather than the radiating segmentary structure of ethnogenesis by fission or descent ...}}</ref>

Tribals and are often regarded as constituting egalitarian societies. However, many scholars argue that the claim that tribals are an egalitarian society in contrast to a caste-based society is a part of a larger political agenda by some to maximise any differences from tribal and urban societies. According to scholar [[Koenraad Elst]], caste practices and social taboos among Indian tribals date back to antiquity:
{{Blockquote|The Munda tribals not only practise tribal [[endogamy]] and [[wikt:commensality|commensality]], but also observe a [[jâti]] division within the tribe, buttressed by notions of social pollution, a mythological explanation and harsh punishments.}}

===Other criteria===
Unlike castes, which form part of a complex and interrelated local economic exchange system, tribes tend to form self-sufficient economic units. For most tribal people, land-use rights traditionally derive simply from tribal membership. Tribal society tends to the egalitarian, with its [[leadership]] based on ties of kinship and personality rather than on hereditary status. Tribes typically consist of [[segmentary lineage]]s whose extended families provide the basis for social organisation and control. Tribal religion recognises no authority outside the tribe.

Any of these criteria may not apply in specific instances. Language does not always give an accurate indicator of tribal or caste status. Especially in regions of mixed population, many tribal groups have lost their original languages and simply speak local or regional languages. In parts of Assam—an area historically divided between warring tribes and villages—increased contact among villagers began during the colonial period, and has accelerated since independence in 1947. A [[pidgin]] [[Assamese language|Assamese]] developed, whereas educated tribal members learnt [[Hindi]] and, in the late twentieth century, English.

Self-identification and group loyalty do not provide unfailing markers of tribal identity either. In the case of stratified tribes, the loyalties of clan, kin, and family may well predominate over those of tribe. In addition, tribes cannot always be viewed as people living apart; the degree of isolation of various tribes has varied tremendously. The [[Gondi people|Gonds]], [[Santal]]s, and [[Bhil]]s traditionally have dominated the regions in which they have lived. Moreover, tribal society is not always more egalitarian than the rest of the rural populace; some of the larger tribes, such as the Gonds, are highly stratified.

The apparently wide fluctuation in estimates of South Asia's tribal population through the twentieth century gives a sense of how unclear the distinction between tribal and nontribal can be. India's 1931 census enumerated 22 million tribal people, in 1941 only 10 million were counted, but by 1961 some 30 million and in 1991 nearly 68 million tribal members were included. The differences among the figures reflect changing census criteria and the economic incentives individuals have to maintain or reject classification as a tribal member.

These gyrations of census data serve to underline the complex relationship between caste and tribe. Although, in theory, these terms represent different ways of life and ideal types, in reality, they stand for a continuum of social groups. In areas of substantial contact between tribes and castes, social and cultural pressures have often tended to move tribes in the direction of becoming castes over a period of years. Tribal peoples with ambitions for social advancement in Indian society at large have tried to gain the classification of caste for their tribes. On occasion, an entire tribe or part of a tribe joined a Hindu sect and thus entered the [[Caste system in India|caste system]] ''en masse''. If a specific tribe engaged in practices that Hindus deemed polluting, the tribe's status when it was assimilated into the caste hierarchy would be affected.

===Constitutional safeguards for Scheduled Tribes===
A number of constitutional and juridical safeguards for Adivasi have been encoded.{{refn|group=note|'''Educational & Cultural Safeguards'''
* The Hindu Marriage Act is not applicable to the members of the Scheduled Tribe as per Section 2(2) of the Hindu Marriage Act. If that be so, the directions issued by the Family Court under Section 9 of the Hindu Marriage Act is not applicable to the appellant."
* Art. 15(4) – Special provisions for advancement of other backward classes (which includes STs);
* Art. 29 – Protection of Interests of Minorities (which includes STs);
* Art. 46 – The State shall promote, with special care, the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of the people, and in particular, of the Scheduled Castes, and the Scheduled Tribes, and shall protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation,
* Art. 350 – Right to conserve distinct Language, Script or Culture;
* Art. 350 – Instruction in Mother Tongue.

;Social Safeguard
* Art. 23 – Prohibition of traffic in human beings and beggar and other similar form of forced labour
* Art. 24 – Forbidding Child Labour.

;Economic Safeguards
* Art.244 – Clause(1) Provisions of Fifth Schedule shall apply to the administration & control of the Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes in any State other than the states of Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Tripura which are covered under Sixth Schedule, under Clause * (2) of this Article.
* Art. 275 – Grants in-Aid to specified States (STs &SAs) covered under Fifth and Sixth Schedules of the Constitution.

;Political Safeguards
* Art.164 (1) – Provides for Tribal Affairs Ministers in Bihar, MP and Orissa
* Art. 330 – Reservation of seats for STs in Lok Sabha
* Art. 332 – Reservation of seats for STs in State Legislatures
* Art. 334 – 10 years period for reservation (amended several times to extend the period)
* Art. 243 – Reservation of seats in Panchayats
* Art. 371 – Special provisions in respect of NE States and Sikkim
* Fifth and Sixth schedules of Indian constitution

;Safeguards under Various laws
* The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act,1989 and the Rules 1995 framed there under.
* Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act 1976 (in respect of Scheduled Tribes);
* The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act1986;
* States Acts & Regulations concerning alienation & restoration of land belonging to STs;
Forest Conservation Act 1980; [[The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006|Forests Right's Act 2006]];
* Panchayatiraj (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act 1996;
* Minimum Wages Act 1948.}}

===Particularly vulnerable tribal groups===
The Scheduled Tribe groups who were identified as more isolated from the wider community and who maintain a distinctive cultural identity have been categorised as "[[Particularly vulnerable tribal group|Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups]]" (PVTGs) previously known as Primitive Tribal Groups by the Government at the centre. So far 75 tribal communities have been identified as 'particularly vulnerable tribal groups' in 18 States and UT of [[Andaman & Nicobar Islands]] of India. These hunting, food-gathering, and some agricultural communities have been identified as less acculturated tribes among the tribal population groups and in need of special programmes for their sustainable development. The tribes are awakening and demanding their rights for special reservation quota for them.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sci.tech-archive.net/pdf/Archive/sci.anthropology.paleo/2006-06/msg00409.pdf |title=New Book: ''Anthropology of Primitive Tribes in India'' |access-date=26 February 2009 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090226073900/http://sci.tech-archive.net/pdf/Archive/sci.anthropology.paleo/2006-06/msg00409.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2009 }}</ref>

==Notable people==
{{See also|List of Adivasis}}

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}

* [[Chakma people|Chakma]]
* [[C. K. Janu]]
* [[Chhotanagpur Front]]
* [[Chhotanagpur Plateau Praja Parishad]]
* [[Eklavya Model Residential School]]
* [[Great Andamanese]]
* [[Hanumappa Sudarshan]]
* [[India tribal belt]]
* [[Jarawa people (Andaman Islands)]]
* [[Krantikari Mukti Morcha]]
* [[Kumar Suresh Singh]]
* [[List of indigenous peoples#South Asia|List of indigenous peoples of South Asia]]
* [[List of Scheduled Tribes in India]]
* [[Patalkot, Madhya Pradesh|Patalkot]]
* [[Shompen people]]
* [[Tribal religions in India]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
{{Refbegin}}

* {{Citation | last1=Basu | first1=Analabha | last2=Sarkar-Roya | first2=Neeta | last3=Majumder | first3=Partha P. | title=Genomic reconstruction of the history of extant populations of India reveals five distinct ancestral components and a complex structure | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |date=9 February 2016 |volume=113 |issue=6 |ref={{sfnref|Basu et al.|2016}} | doi=10.1073/pnas.1513197113 | pages=1594–1599 | pmid=26811443 | pmc=4760789| bibcode=2016PNAS..113.1594B | doi-access=free }}
* {{cite book |editor-first1=Bengt T. |editor-last1=Karlsson |editor-first2= T.B. |editor-last2=Subba | title=Indigeneity In India | publisher=Routledge | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-203-04104-8 | doi=10.4324/9780203041048 | url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781136219221 }}
* {{cite book | last=De | first=Debasree | title=Indigenous Peoples and the Politics of Indigeneity in India: A Local Perspective on a Global Movement | series=People, Cultures and Societies: Exploring and Documenting Diversities | publisher=Springer Nature Singapore | publication-place=Singapore | date=2025 | isbn=978-981--963631-0 | doi=10.1007/978-981-96-3632-7 | url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-981-96-3632-7 |url-access=subscription| access-date=June 7, 2025 }}

* {{Citation | last1 =Narasimhan | first1 =Vagheesh M. | last2 =Patterson | first2 =N.J. | display-authors =etal | year =2019 | title =The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia | journal =Science | volume =365 | issue =6457 | article-number =eaat7487 | url =https://scholar.harvard.edu/vagheesh/centralsouthasia | doi =10.1126/science.aat7487 | pmid =31488661 | pmc =6822619 | bibcode =2019Sci...365t7487N | hdl =10278/3722735 | ref ={{sfnRef|Narasimhan|Patterson|et al.|2019}} | access-date =2 October 2019 | archive-date =29 December 2020 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20201229174307/https://scholar.harvard.edu/vagheesh/centralsouthasia | url-status =live }}

* {{citation | last1=Reich | first1=David | year=2009 | last2=Thangaraj| first2=Kumarasamy| last3=Patterson| first3=Nick | last4=Price| first4=Alkes L.| last5=Singh| first5=Lalji| title=Reconstructing Indian population history| journal=Nature| volume=461| issue=7263| pages=489–494| issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/nature08365 | pmid=19779445 | pmc=2842210 | bibcode= 2009Natur.461..489R | ref={{sfnref|Reich et al.|2009}} }}
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Rycroft |editor-first=Daniel J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z_Pe0z1ta_8C |title=The Politics of Belonging in India: Becoming Adivasi |editor-last2=Dasgupta |editor-first2=Sangeeta |date=2011-03-29 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-136-79115-4 |language=en}}
{{Refend}}
{{Country study|country=India|section=Tribes|abbr=in}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|auto=yes}}

{{Social issues in India}}
{{Caste in India}}
{{Discrimination}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Adivasi| ]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of South Asia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of India]]
[[Category:Discrimination in India]]
[[Category:Caste-related violence in India]]
[[Category:Political terminology in India]]

Nastaneer

2026-03-07T06:47:07Z

RuebenFrankfurte: new a post - done

{{short description|1951 film by Pashupati Chatterjee}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nastaneer
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Pashupati Chatterjee]]
| screenplay = Pashupati Chatterjee (Dialogues)
| writer = [[Sashisekhar Sharma]]
| story = [[Rabindranath Tagore]]
| based_on = ''Nashtanir'' novel by Rabindranath Tagore
| producer = Tarak Pal
| starring = [[Sunanda Banerjee]] [[Uttam Kumar]] [[Dhiraj das]] [[Kamal Mitra]]
| music = [[Rabin Chattopadhyay]]
| cinematography = Sushanta Moitra
| editing = Kamal Ganguly
| studio = M.P Productions
| distributor = D Looks Entertainment
| released = {{Film date|1951}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Bengali
}}

'''''Nastaneer''''' ({{Translation|The Broken Nest}}) is a [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[Drama Film|drama film]] directed by [[Pashupati Chatterjee]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goldposter.com/movie/424028/|title=Nastaneer {{!}} GoldPoster Movie Poster Gallery|website=GoldPoster|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-25}}</ref> This movie was released in 1951 under the banner of M. P. Productions Pvt. Ltd. The music direction was done by [[Robin Chatterjee|Rabin Chattopadhyay]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moviebuff.com/nastaneer|title=Nastaneer on Moviebuff.com|website=Moviebuff.com|access-date=2020-04-25}}</ref> This film stars [[Uttam Kumar]], [[Sunanda Banerjee]], [[Dhiraj Das]] who played in lead roles where [[Karabi Gupta]] and [[Kamal Mitra]] played the supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/nastaneer-35160/cast-crew|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723113313/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/nastaneer-35160/cast-crew|url-status=live|archive-date=23 July 2021|title=Nastaneer (1951) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director|website=Cinestaan|access-date=2020-04-25}}</ref> This is the fifth film of Uttam Kumar. The film is based on the novella ''[[Nastanirh]]'' of [[Rabindranath Tagore]] wrote in 1901. Later [[Satyajit Ray]] made a film based on this same novel ''[[Charulata]]'' in 1964.

==Plot==
Nastanirh takes place in late 19th-century Bengal and explores the lives of the "Bhadralok", Bengalis of wealth who were part of the Bengal Renaissance and highly influenced by the Brahmo Samaj. Despite his liberal ideas, Bhupati is blind to the loneliness and dissatisfaction of his wife, Charu. It is only with the appearance of his cousin, Amal, who incites passionate feelings in Charu, that Bhupati realizes what he has lost.

==Cast==
* [[Uttam Kumar]] as Amal
* [[Sunanda Banerjee]] as Charu
* [[Dhiraj Das]] as Bhupati
* [[Goutam Mukhopadhyay]]
* [[Kamal Mitra]]
* [[Karabi Gupta]]
* [[Nibhanani Devi]]
* [[Rajlakshmi Devi]]
* [[Santosh Singha]]
* [[Sikharani Bag]]

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Nashtaneer
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Rabin Chatterjee]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1951
| recorded = 1950
| genre = [[Feature Film Soundtrack]]
| studio = M.P Productions
| length = 0:11:56
| label = Jio Saavan
| producer =
| prev_title = Ratnadeep
| prev_year = 1951
| next_title = Subhadra
| next_year = 1951
}}

{{Track listing
| all_lyrics = [[Sailen Roy]]
| all_music = Rabin Chatterjee
| headline = Songs
| extra_column = Playback
| title1 = Kon Mayamriga Dhara Dile
| length1 = 2:58
| extra1 = [[Alpana Banerjee]]
| title2 = Jadi Chhoan Lage Mone
| length2 = 3:07
| extra2 = [[Sachin Gupta (singer)|Sachin Gupta]], Alpana Banerjee
| title3 = Ankhi Meli Chao
| length3 = 2:40
| extra3 = [[Madhabi Ghosh]]
| title4 = Keno Chharao Phulban
| length4 = 3:11
| extra4 = [[Dhananjay Bhattacharya]]
| total_length = 11:56
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt0043838}}

[[Category:1951 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:1951 drama films]]
[[Category:1951 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

{{1950s-Bengali-film-stub}}

Udayananu Tharam

2026-03-06T15:16:45Z

RuebenFrankfurte: fix references based on references and cleaned formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Udayananu Tharam
| image = Udayananu Tharam.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = [[Rosshan Andrrews]]
| producer = C. Karunakaran
| screenplay = [[Sreenivasan]]
| story = Sreenivasan Rosshan Andrrews
| starring = [[Mohanlal]] Sreenivasan [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] [[Jagathy Sreekumar]]
| cinematography = [[S. Kumar (cinematographer)|S. Kumar]]
| editing = [[Ranjan Abraham]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Deepak Dev]] '''Score:''' [[Ouseppachan]]
| studio = Perfect Group
| distributor = Carlton Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2005|1|21|[[Kerala]]}}
| runtime = 162 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = {{INR|2.35–2.75 crore}}{{Efn|''[[Sify]]'' reported ₹2.35 crore,<ref name=":0"/> ''[[Malayala Manorama]]'' reported ₹2.75 crore.<ref name="budget">{{cite news |last=ജയചന്ദ്രൻ |first=എൻ. |title='ഉദയനാണ് താരം, ബജറ്റ് 2.75 കോടി'; നടൻ റോഷൻ ആന്റപ്പന്‍; അഭിമുഖം |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2019/12/21/chat-with-actor-director-rosshan-andrrews.html |work=[[Manorama Online]] |date=21 December 2019 |language=ml}}</ref>}}
| gross = {{estimated}} {{INR|6.69 crore}}<ref name=":0"/>
}}

'''''Udayananu Tharam''''' ({{Translation|Udayan is the star}}) is a 2005 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[black comedy]] [[satire film]] directed by [[Rosshan Andrrews]] and written by [[Sreenivasan]] based on a story he had co-written with the director. The film stars [[Mohanlal]], Sreenivasan, [[Meena (actress)|Meena]], [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] and [[Jagathy Sreekumar]]. The songs featured in the film was composed by [[Deepak Dev]], while [[Ouseppachan]] provided the background score. ''Udayananu Tharam'' presents the [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film industry]] through a satirical viewpoint.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220510114153/https://www.sify.com/movies/udayananu-tharam-review-malayalam-pclvGxicddibc.html ''Sify'' preview]</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.webindia123.com/movie/regional/udhayananu/index.htm | title=Udayananu Tharam Movie Review | access-date=2024-02-04}}</ref>

The financial and artistic crisis which plagued the once glittering Malayalam film industry at the turn of the 21st century lies at the center of the story. It depicts the struggles of Udayabhanu (Mohanlal), an [[assistant director]] who aspires to be a director. But he is thwarted in his attempts by a scheming friend and [[Extra (acting)|junior artist]], Rajappan Thengamoodu (Sreenivasan), who steals his screenplay to become [[superstar]] Saroj Kumar.

The film made the biggest ever opening until then in the history of Malayalam cinema. The film won two [[Kerala State Film Award]]s, for [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Debut Director|Best Debut Director]] and for [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]].
<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Row-over-Kerala-State-Films-Award/articleshow/15137396.cms|title = Row over Kerala State Films Award - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It is inspired by the 1999 movie ''[[Bowfinger]]''.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Row-over-Kerala-State-Films-Award/articleshow/15137396.cms | title=Row over Kerala State Films Award | newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref> It was remade into [[Tamil cinema]] as ''[[Velli Thirai]]'' in 2008 and into [[Bollywood]] as ''[[Shortkut]]'' in 2009.

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=October 2019}}
Udayabhanu is a hardcore worshipper of films and a talented [[assistant director]], who learns to write and direct his own film at a time when the industry is filled with dubious filmmakers. Rajappan Thengummoodu is a rather crooked friend of Udayabhanu and an aspiring and failed actor.

Udayabhanu finally prepares to shoot his first film based on his own script, he discovers to his horror that Rajappan has stolen his manuscript, and filming is underway with Rajappan playing the leading role, which eventually propels him to stardom. Udhayabhanu soon finds himself faced with a career and personal crisis, with his faltering relations with his actress wife Madhumati contributing to the latter. She leaves the house later after Udayan causes chaos in the house after getting drunk, saying that he lost everything.

Later, with the help of producer Babykuttan, Udayabanu prepares to direct another film, but he is forced to cast Rajappan as the hero since he was the star with most market value at that time. Rajappan takes up the offer, since he is also at a plateau of his career, but refuses to co-operate and throws tantrums and causes maximum trouble when possible. He spends most of his time actively flirting with the actresses in the film.

Towards the end of the shoot, using a perceived insult as a ruse, Rajappan leaves the set leaving the film half way with the hope that this will destroy Udayabanu's career for ever. But Udayabanu devises clever tactics and shoots the remaining scenes with Rajappan without him even being aware of it.

At the end, the film is a critical and box office success, which also saves Rajappan from his damaging career, Rajappan realises his mistakes, admits publicly that Udayabanu is the real star and not himself and apologises to Udayabhanu.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Mohanlal]] as Udayabhanu / Udayan
* [[Sreenivasan]] as Rajappan Thengummoodu / Superstar Saroj Kumar
* [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] as Madhumathi Udayabhanu
* [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] as Babykuttan
* [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Pachalam Bhasi
* [[Salim Kumar]] as Rafeeq
* [[A. K. Lohithadas]] as Director Prathapan
* [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] as Krishnamoorthy, Madhumathi's Father
* [[Cochin Haneefa]] as Producer "Sona" Sisupalan
* [[Indrans]] as Vijayan Varkala
* [[Anand (actor)|Anand]] as Dinesh
* [[T. P. Madhavan]] as Bhaskarettan
* [[Bhavana (Malayalam actress)|Bhavana]] as Gayathri, actress
* Deepika Mohan as Bhaskarettan's wife
* Sreehari as Valsan Kondotty
* [[Baiju Ezhupunna]] as Benz Mathew
*Deepa Rahul Eswar as News Anchor
}}

==Production==
The film was the directorial debut of [[Rosshan Andrrews]] who started as an [[assistant director]] in Malayalam cinema. He changed his name from Roshan Andrews to Rosshan Andrrews as per numerology before the film's release. The film's story was conceived by Andrrews, who prepared the story three years back but producers were not willing to take the film as they thought a film based on film industry would not work. He also approached [[Jayaram]] for the film, but he also rejected it as he was a new director. He then narrated the story to [[Sreenivasan]] who developed it into a screenplay, which took two years, and introduced him to C. Karunakaran who agreed to produce the film. Sreenivasan also helped him to cast [[Mohanlal]] in the lead role.<ref name=bo>Sreedhar Pillai [https://archive.today/20131010035017/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/02/11/stories/2005021101940300.htm A coup by debutant director]. ''[[The Hindu]]''</ref>
== Soundtrack ==

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| all_lyrics = [[Kaithapram Damodaran]]
| all_music = [[Deepak Dev]]
| title1 = Parayaathe
| extra1 = [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| title2 = Karale Karalinte
| extra2 = [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]], [[Rimi Tomy]]
| title3 = Penne En Penne
| extra3 = [[Afsal]], [[Pop Shalini]]
| title4 = Parayaathe
| extra4 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| title5 = Penne En Penne
| note5 = My Girl - Remix
| extra5 = Afsal
| title6 = Udayananu Tharam
| extra6 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith Govind]], Deepak Dev
}}

== Home media ==
The satellite rights for ''Udayananu Tharam'' was sold to [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] for a hitherto record sum of ₹36 lakhs. AP International released the film on [[DVD]] and [[Blu-ray Disc]].<ref name=bizhat>{{Cite web |title='Udayan' satellite rights sold at record price! |url=https://movies.bizhat.com/news/udayan_satellite_rights.php |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=movies.bizhat.com}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
[[File:ശ്രീനിവാസൻ സ്റ്റേജ് ഷോ.jpg|alt=Portrait of Keerthy at an event.|thumb|[[Sreenivasan]] received critical acclaim for his performance as Saroj Kumar and his refreshing script.]]

Writing for ''[[The Hindu]]'', Sreedhar Pillai wrote, "''Udayananu Tharam'', directed by debutant Rosshan Andrrews, asserts that the creator is a path-breaking director. After many years of prattle about `new' cinema within the commercial format, ''Udayananu Tharam'' gives some substance to the contention that Malayalam cinema has come of age. The most refreshing thing is that it is a genre film, a [[black comedy]], rather than omnibus masala concoctions serving all the nine rasas.<ref name="bo" /> Paresh C. Palicha of ''Now Running'' gave the film 3 stars out of 5 and wrote, ""Sreenivasan has peppered the story with real life incidents. He does not spare the two reigning superstars of Malayalam cinema, [[Mammootty]] and Mohanlal, even though the latter is the film's hero." He also praised Sreenivasan's performance writing, "Mohanlal gives a restrained and dependable performance as Udayan. But it is Sreenivasan who steals the thunder with his over-the-top act as the megalomaniac superstar."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-01-21 |title=Udayananu Tharam Review {{!}} Udayananu Tharam Malayalam Movie Review by Paresh C. Palicha |url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/2009/malayalam/udayananu-tharam/403/review.htm |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=NOWRUNNING |language=en |archive-date=27 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170127182847/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/2009/malayalam/udayananu-tharam/403/review.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'', in their review gave the film a verdict of "Excellent" and praised the film for its refreshing script, writing, "Writer Sreenivasan and director Rosshan traces Udayan's dreams and progresses in a realistic manner. The wry passages and the swipes at the superstars are gingerly executed."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-03-08 |title=Udayananu Tharam |url=http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/review.php?id=13655131&ctid=5&cid=2428 |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=[[Sify]] |archive-date=8 March 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050308192047/http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/review.php?id=13655131&ctid=5&cid=2428 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The reviewer for ''Webindia'' called the film "a definite entertainer" and praised the film's script, writing, "Sreenivasan writes about real life incidents that happen in the film industry and presents them in a humorous manner. He makes a dig at everyone, not even leaving the superstars. The director has handled the script well. But somewhere something is amiss in the narrative especially in the first half." They also praise Sreenivasan's performance writing, "It is Sreenivasan who steals the show as the dimwit obnoxious superstar Saroj Kumar."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Udayananu Tharam Malayalam Movie review-Webindia123.com |url=https://www.webindia123.com/movie/regional/udhayananu/index.htm |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=www.webindia123.com}}</ref> ''Varnachithram'', praising Mohanlal's performance wrote, "He performs his role with great subtlety and makes us feel the pain of the character." They conclude writing, "Even with all the drawbacks we mentioned, it was a good movie to watch with the minimum standard we expect from Malayalam movies. But it is not a classic along the lines of ''[[Nadodikkattu|Nadodikaatu]]'' (1987) or ''[[Sanmanassullavarkku Samadhanam|Sanmasullavarku Samadhanam]]'' (1986) which we like to watch over and over again. Finally, the movie should have been called ''Sreeniyanu Tharam'' (Sreeni is the star) for he was the real star of this movie.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-07-14 |title=Review – Udayananu Tharam {{!}} varnachitram |url=http://varnachitram.com/2006/02/17/review-udayananu-tharam |access-date=2023-03-14 |archive-date=14 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100714054445/http://varnachitram.com/2006/02/17/review-udayananu-tharam |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Box office ===
It was made on a budget of ₹2.35 crore, including prints and publicity.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2005-04-08 |title='Udayan' is a blockbuster! - Sify.com |website=[[Sify]] |url=http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/fullstory.php?id=13686650 |access-date=2023-03-14 |archive-date=8 April 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050408044723/http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/fullstory.php?id=13686650 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film was a major commercial success and a [[Blockbuster (entertainment)|blockbuster]].<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://m.sify.com/movies/2005-an-analysis-news-malayalam-kkfvwXbejbbsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823072923/http://m.sify.com/movies/2005-an-analysis-news-malayalam-kkfvwXbejbbsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 August 2017|title=2005- An analysis|work=[[Sify]]|date=22 December 2005}}</ref> It was the first hit of the year.<ref name=":1" /> It took the biggest ever opening for a Malayalam film until then, surpassing ''[[Narasimham (film)|Narasimham]]'' (2000).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/audience-apathy-to-young-stars-continues-news-malayalam-kkfv6Vhcbhcsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318184518/http://www.sify.com/movies/audience-apathy-to-young-stars-continues-news-malayalam-kkfv6Vhcbhcsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 March 2018|title=Audience apathy to young stars continues!|website=[[Sify]]|date=21 March 2005}}</ref> It grossed about {{INR|3.12 crore}} to {{INR|3.40 crore}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 16, 2005 |title=Mohanlal in the first superhit of 2005! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/feb/16ss.htm |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> in two weeks from 41 screens in [[Kerala]], with a distributor share of {{INR Convert|1.38|c}}.<ref name="bo" /> The film grossed ₹19,80,000 in 17 days at [[Ernakulam]] Shenoys theatre, which was a record.<ref name="bo" /> The film then grossed Rs 6.69 Crore from 41 screens in 35 days and a distributor's share of ₹2.76 Crore.<ref name=":0" /> The film managed to recover its budget from the releasing stations.<ref name=":0" /> It ran for 100 days in several cities such as [[Kochi]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kozhikode]] and [[Thrissur]].<ref name=":0" /> The film also performed well in cities outside [[Kerala]], like [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], [[Chennai]] and [[Mumbai]].<ref name=":0" /> In Mumbai it has taken a share of over {{INR|5 lakh}} from the Fame Adlabs multiplex.<ref name=bizhat />

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Award
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Category
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Nominee(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Result
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |'''[[Kerala State Film Awards]]'''
|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Debut Director|Best Debut Director]]
|[[Rosshan Andrrews]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreographer]]
|[[Brinda (choreographer)|Brinda]]
|{{won}}
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" |'''[[Asianet Film Awards]]'''
|Best Actor
|[[Mohanlal]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Script Writer
|[[Sreenivasan]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Cinematographer
|[[S. Kumar]]
|{{won}}
|-
|}

==Spin-off==
A spin-off titled ''[[Padmasree Bharat Dr. Saroj Kumar]]'' directed by Sajin Raaghavan was released in 2012. [[Sreenivasan]] reprises the role of Saroj Kumar from the original. The director announced that this is not a sequel. Only some characters from ''Udayananu Tharam'' were used.<ref>{{Cite web |last=George |first=Meghna |title=First Look: Padmasree Bharat Dr Saroj Kumar |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/first-look-padmasree-bharat-dr-saroj-kumar/20111011.htm |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref>
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0430710}}

{{Rosshan Andrrews}}

[[Category:Malayalam films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:2005 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Sreenivasan]]
[[Category:Films about filmmaking]]
[[Category:Malayalam films in series|Rajappan1]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deepak Dev]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ouseppachan]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rosshan Andrrews]]
[[Category:Films shot at Ramoji Film City]]

Teen Batti Char Raasta

2026-03-04T04:09:59Z

RuebenFrankfurte: made new data.

{{Short description|1953 film by V. Shantaram}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Teen Batti Char Raasta
| image = Teen Batti Char Raasta.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[V. Shantaram]]
| producer = V. Shantaram
| writer = Dewan Sharar
| narrator =
| starring = [[Sandhya Shantaram|Sandhya]] [[Karan Dewan]] [[Shashikala]] [[Sheila Ramani]]
| music = Shivram Krishna
| cinematography = G. Balakrishna
| editing =
| studio = [[Rajkamal Kalamandir]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1953||}}
| runtime = 112 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}
'''''Teen Batti Char Raasta''''' ({{translation|''Three Lights & Four Streets''}}) is a 1953 [[Hindi]]-language [[comedy drama]] film on national integration directed by [[V. Shantaram]].<ref name="Garga1996">{{cite book|author=Bhagwan Das Garga|title=So many cinemas: the motion picture in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wXRZAAAAMAAJ|access-date=19 February 2015|year=1996|publisher=Eminence Designs|isbn=978-81-900602-1-9}}</ref> The film was made under the [[Rajkamal Kalamandir]] banner and produced by Shantaram.<ref name="Gavankar2011">{{cite book|author=Nilu N. Gavankar|title=The Desai Trio and the Movie Industry of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xXrxLp3IxbUC&pg=PA170|access-date=19 February 2015|year=2011|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=978-1-4634-1941-7|pages=170–}}</ref> The story and dialogue were by Diwan Sharar while the cinematography was by G. Balkrishna. With music composed by Shivram Krishna, it had lyrics by Pyare Lal Santoshi.<ref name=MySwar>{{cite web|title=Teen Batti Char Raasta|url=http://myswar.com/album/teen-batti-char-rasta-1953|website=myswar.com|publisher=MySwar.com|access-date=19 February 2015}}</ref> The star cast included [[Karan Dewan]], [[Sandhya Shantaram|Sandhya]], [[Shashikala]], [[Nirupa Roy]], [[Sheila Ramani]], Dewan Sharar and Lalita Kumari.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.citwf.com/film344687.htm |title=Teen Batti Char Raasta |publisher= |access-date=19 February 2015}}</ref>

The film, which portrays national integration,<ref name="MishraDivision2006">{{cite book|author1=D. P. Mishra|author2=India. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. Publications Division|title=Great masters of Indian cinema: the Dadasaheb Phalke Award winners|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=whtmAAAAMAAJ|access-date=19 February 2015|date=1 September 2006|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India|isbn=978-81-230-1361-9}}</ref> involved a family, whose patriarch Lala Gulabchand (Diwan Sharar), is a [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] married to a woman from [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He lives near a crossroads with three lights and four streets. The crossroads is used symbolically as a union of the different states and religions in the country, as mentioned in the film. Their five of six sons then marry girls from five different states in India and the story follows the chaos that ensues. The film had a sub-plot weaved into it in the form of a dark-complexioned girl, Shyama (Sandhya), who is first humiliated by the hero Ramesh (Karan Dewan), and then accepted by him as he falls in love with the "real person".<ref name="Madangarli2013">{{cite book|author=Bhawana Sommya / Jigna Kothari / Supriya Madangarli|title=MOTHER MAIDEN MISTRESS|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dtec0Ykfo1sC&pg=PA1941|access-date=19 February 2015|date=9 January 2013|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers|isbn=978-93-5029-485-7|pages=1941–}}</ref>

==Plot==
Lala Gulabchand, is a Punjabi and his wife is from Uttar Pradesh. They live at the corner of a crossroads with three lights and four roads. He is a firm believer in national unity and has had five of his six sons, each married to a girl from a different state; a [[Marathi people|Marathi]], [[Sindhi people|Sindhi]], [[Bengali people|Bengali]], [[Tamil people|Tamil]] and a [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]]. His sixth son Ramesh (Karan Dewan), works in the press and is a writer and an artist. He is a bachelor but falls in love with a woman named Kokila whose singing he hears on the radio. He draws a portrait of Kokila from imagination just listening to her sing. Unbeknownst to him, Kokila, called Shyama, is the dark-complexioned maid who works in their home and is proficient in all the different languages that the wives of the brothers speak and is very efficient at her chores. However, he rejects her as she's dark and Shyama leaves the house despondent. The turmoil the household goes through with the absence of Shyama and a repentant Ramesh finally makes for a happy ending by everyone getting together again.

==Cast==

===Female Cast===
* [[Sandhya Shantaram|Sandhya]] as Shyama / Kokila
* [[Shashikala]] as Lalita, Marathi wife
* [[Nirupa Roy]] as Kanta, the Gujarati wife
* [[Sheila Ramani]] as Kamla, the Sindhi wife
* [[Smriti Biswas]] as Sadhona, the Bengali wife
* Meenakshi as Laxmi, the Tamil wife
* Lalita Kumari as Roopa
* Sofy
* Meera

===Male Cast===
* [[Karan Dewan]] as Ramesh
* Dewan Sharar as Lala Gulabchand
* Parshuram
* [[Keshavrao Date]]
* [[Asit Baran]]
* [[Moolchand]] as share broker
* Vikas
* Surendra
* K. Mohan
* Shankardas Gupta
* Kamal
* Ishwar

==Crew==
* Director: [[V. Shantaram]]
* Producer: V. Shantaram
* Banner: [[Rajkamal Kalamandir]]
* Audiography: A. K. Parmar
* Art Direction: D. S. Kale
* Editing: Chintamani Borkar
* Music: Shivram Krishna
* Lyrics: Pyarelal Santoshi
* Background Music: [[Vasant Desai]]
* Make-up: Vardam
* Choreographer: Gauri Shankar
* Still Photography: Kirtiwan

==Soundtrack==
The music director was Shivram Krishna and the lyrics were written by Santoshi. One song in the film was composed by [[Vasant Desai]] and he also provided the background music.<ref name=Gavankar2011 /> The singers were [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Zohrabai Ambalewali]], [[Talat Mahmood]] and S. Balbir.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindigeetmala.net/movie/teen_batti_chaar_raasta.htm |title=Teen Batti Char Raasta|publisher=Hindi Geetmala|access-date=19 February 2015}}</ref> The two songs by Talat, "Ek Do Teen Chaar Paanch" and "Tumse Hai Pyar Mujhe" were picturised on Karan Dewan.

A "multilingual, multicultural song" was shown at different parts in the film. The song had different singers, lyricists, and composers representing the different languages from different states. The song started with the Bengali part "O Re O Poraan Bondhu Re" and its singers were Mangeshkar, Zohrabai, Balbir and others. The music and lyrics for the Bengali part was by Kanu Ghosh; for Tamil, the lyrics and composition was by Natraj; for Sindhi, the composer was Gulshan Sufi with lyrics by Ram Panjwani; for Marathi the music was by [[Vasant Desai]] with lyrics by G. D. Madgulkar; for Gujarati, the music and lyrics were by [[Avinash Vyas]]; for Punjabi, music was by Shivram Krishna with lyrics by Feroz; the Hindi part had music by Krishna with lyrics by P. L. Santoshi.<ref name=MP>{{cite book|last1=Premchand|first1=Manek|title=Talat Mehmood, The Velvet Voice|date=April 2015|publisher=Manipal University Press|location=Manipal, India|isbn=9789382460237|pages=211|ref=Teen Batti Char Rasta (1953)}}</ref>

===Songlist===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer
|-
| 1
| "Kitna Meetha Hota Hai"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| 2
| "Koi Humko Na Dekhe"
| Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| 3
| "Apni Ada Par Main Hoon Fida"
| Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| 4
| "Ishq Preet Pyar Haan Pyar /Tumse Hai Pyar Mujhe"
| [[Talat Mehmood]]
|-
| 5
| "Ek Do Teen Chaar Paanch"
| Talat Mehmood
|-
| 6
| "O Re O Poraan Bondhu Re"
| Lata Mangeshkar, [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Zohrabai Ambalewali]], S.Balbir, Sandhya Mukherjee
|-
| 7
| "Teen Deep Aur Chaar Dishayen"
| Lata Mangeshkar, S. Balbir
|}

==Trivia==
In Mumbai, near the sacred [[Banganga Tank]] area on [[Malabar Hill]], past the Birla Balika Vidhya Kendra girls school, is a cross-roads still called "Teen Batti" (Three Lights), which became famous after the release of Shantaram's film ''Teen Batti Char Raasta''.<ref name="MehrotraDwivedi2006">{{cite book|author1=Rahul Mehrotra|author2=Sharada Dwivedi|title=Banganga: Sacred Tank on Malabar Hill|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=11raAAAAMAAJ|access-date=19 February 2015|year=2006|publisher=Eminence Designs|isbn=978-81-902170-8-8}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0389440|title=Teen Batti Char Raasta (1953 film)}}

{{V. Shantaram}}

[[Category:1953 films]]
[[Category:1953 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by V. Shantaram]]
[[Category:Films scored by Avinash Vyas]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:1953 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]

Special Squad (film)

2026-03-03T21:20:55Z

RuebenFrankfurte: content fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Special Squad
| image =
| caption =
| director = Krishnadas
| producer =
| writer = [[Kaloor Dennis]]
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Babu Antony]] [[Charmila (actress)|Charmila]]
| music = [[Mohan Sithara]]
| cinematography = J. Willams
| editing = K. Sankunni
| studio = P&P Productions
| distributor = P&P Productions
| released = {{Film date|1995|09|01|df=yes}}
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Malayalam Language|Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Special Squad''''' is a 1995 Indian [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]-language [[action thriller film]] directed by Krishnadas and written by [[Kaloor Dennis]]. The film stars [[Babu Antony]] and [[Charmila (actress)|Charmila]] in the lead roles. The soundtrack and musical score was composed by [[Mohan Sithara]], while the cinematography and editing were handled by J. Willams and K. Sankunni.

==Plot==
Sibi Mathew is appointed a [[customs officer]] in a tough place where he clashes with Fernandez and his sons for engaging in smuggling activities. Fernandez's son Freddy fights with Sibi and is killed, where Sibi get arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment after many false witnesses testify against him.

Fernandez's sons Bony and Martin chase Sibi's wife Shirley and kill her. Enraged by Shirley's death, Sibi escapes from prison and enters Vasudevan Nair's house where Vasudevan confesses that the files they received from the raid were handed back to Fernandez, which had become vital in the case against Sibi.

Sibi kills Martin and captures Freddy, who faked his death as per Fernandez's plan to kill a news leaker from their group and placed his dead body. After confessing, Freddy runs into Fernandez's hideout, where Sibi arrives and kills Fernandez, thus avenging Shirley's death.

==Cast==
*[[Babu Antony]] as Sibi Mathew
*[[Charmila (actress)|Charmila]] as Shirley
*[[Ramu (actor)|Ramu]] as Bony
*[[Mala Aravindan]] as Kochaugusty
*[[Kundara Johny]] as Freddy
*[[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]] as Chandrappan
*[[Rajan P. Dev]] as Fernandez
*[[Chithra]] as Alice
*[[Captain Raju]] as Customs Collector Rajan Varghese
*[[Mahesh (name)|Mahesh]] as Martin
*[[N. F. Varghese]] as Hameed
*[[A. C. Zainuddin|Zainuddin]] as Murugan
*[[Geetha Vijayan]] as Rekha Cheriyan
*[[M. S. Thripunithura]] as Vasudevan Nair (Dubbing Hari)
*[[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]] as Noufal
*Vijayakumar as Simon
*[[Jose Pellissery]] as Adv. Shivadasa Menon
*[[Bindu Panicker]] as Sabiya
*[[Mafia Sasi]] as Gunda
*[[Silk Smitha]] as Madhumathi
*Nikhil as College student
*Benny as College student

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Mohan Sithara]] and the lyrics were written by Mudavanmugal Vasantha Kumari.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Ente Kannil Nokku" || [[Malgudi Subha]] || Mudavanmugal Vasantha Kumari ||
|-
| 2 || "Manjaniyum" || [[S. Janaki]] || Mudavanmugal Vasantha Kumari ||
|-
| 3 || "Muthundo Ponnundo" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || Mudavanmugal Vasantha Kumari ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0275695|Special Squad}}

[[Category:1995 films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Kerala Police]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:1995 Malayalam-language films]]
{{1990s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Pabhāvatī

2026-03-01T11:45:49Z

RuebenFrankfurte: Article!

{{Short description|Figure in Buddhist cosmology}}
{{Infobox character
| name = Pabhāvatī
| image = Painting of Min Kutha and Pabawaddy.jpg
| caption = A painting of King Kusa and Pabhāvatī depicting King Kusa trying to peek at Pabhāvatī while she is bathing.
| species = Human
| gender = Female
| title = Princess of [[Sāgala]] Queen Consort of Kusāvatī
| family =
| spouse = [[King Kusa]]
| children =
| nationality = [[Madra kingdom]] (Mythological)
}}

'''Pabhāvatī''' ({{langx|my|ပဘာဝတီ}}) was a princess of [[Madra kingdom|Madda]] Kingdom and figure in the Buddhist tale ''[[Kusa Jātaka]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chopra |first1=Tilak Raj |title=The Kusa-Jataka. A critical and comparative study |date=5 November 2018 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-11-135946-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VhV5DwAAQBAJ&dq=Pabh%C4%81vat%C4%AB&pg=PA181 |language=en}}</ref> She was one of the eight daughters of King Madda of Sāgala and the wife of [[King Kusa]], who is considered a past incarnation of the [[Buddha]].

According to legend, she possessed unparalleled beauty in the world, with rays of light as if from the risen sun, so profound that it could illuminate seven chambers without the need for any lamp light.<ref name="legend"/> She was a past incarnation of [[Yaśodharā]], the wife of Prince Siddhartha (the Buddha).<ref name="legend">{{cite journal |last1=Naing |first1=Aung Min |title=ရတနာပုံဆရာဥ၏ မင်းကုသကွက်စိပ် |journal=Myanmar Academy of Arts and Science |date=2018|pages=458, 459, 460, 461 |volume=XVI |url=https://maas.edu.mm/Research/Admin/pdf/22%20DrAungMinNaing.pdf}}</ref>

==Legends==
According to the ''Kusa Jātaka'' (''The Birth Story of King Kusa''), a young man lived in a village near [[Varanasi]] with his brother and sister-in-law. One day, while the young man was absent, his brother's wife prepared delicious cakes, setting aside a portion for him before consuming the rest. Shortly after, a monk appeared at the house to receive alms. Unaware that the monk was, in fact, an enlightened [[arhat]], she offered the remaining cakes to him. When the young man returned and discovered that the cakes meant for him had been given away, he angrily reclaimed them from the [[alms bowl]].<ref name="kusa">{{cite news |title=Kutha Zatdaw |url=https://www.burmalibrary.org/docsMA2005/MA2005-06-16.pdf |work=[[Myanmar Alin]] |date=16 June 2005 |page=10 |language=my}}</ref>

At that moment, his sister-in-law donated some butter, which then turned a golden color. Filled with joy, she made a wish, desiring to be reborn as a beautiful woman who lived far away from the young man. He heard her wish, and made his own wish while offering his cakes back: to live one hundred [[yojanas]] away from her, before bringing her to his home to become his wife.<ref name="kusa"/> The young man's initial reclamation of the cakes led to a subsequent incarnation as an unpleasant-looking man. Meanwhile, as a result of her [[Merit (Buddhism)|merit]] in offering both the cakes and the butter, his sister-in-law was reborn as a beautiful princess named Pabhāvatī, the eldest daughter of the king of Madda. The young man's eventual contrition likewise led to his wish being granted.<ref name="kusa"/>

Pabhāvatī was renowned for her exceptional beauty, which rivalled that of the celestial beings [[Apsara|Devaccharā]].<ref name="legend"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Cowell |first1=Edward Byles |title=The Jātaka: Or, Stories of the Buddha's Former Births |date=1969 |publisher=Pali Text Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQRBAQAAMAAJ&q=Pabh%C4%81vat%C4%AB |language=en}}</ref> In the neighbouring Malla kingdom, Crown Prince Kusa, known for his unsightly appearance, consistently refused marriage proposals. After rejecting his fourth suitor, Kusa expressed a desire to marry a woman who resembled a golden statue he had created.<ref name="legend"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Davids |first1=Caroline A. F. Rhys |title=Stories of the Buddha: Being Selections from the Jataka |date=6 February 2013 |publisher=Courier Corporation |isbn=978-0-486-11911-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YrHCAgAAQBAJ&dq=Pabh%C4%81vat%C4%AB&pg=PA195 |language=en}}</ref>

The king and queen of Malla discovered that Pabhāvatī was a perfect match for the statue's beauty. Their offer of marriage was accepted, and Pabhāvatī was brought to the Malla kingdom to marry Kusa. However, the Malla queen feared Pabhāvatī might divorce Kusa upon seeing his appearance, and imposed the condition that the couple would not live together during the day.<ref name="legend"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=Liz |title=Charming Cadavers: Horrific Figurations of the Feminine in Indian Buddhist Hagiographic Literature |date=December 1996 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-90054-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rTwdkBXBz7sC&dq=Pabh%C4%81vat%C4%AB&pg=PA61 |language=en}}</ref> After their marriage, Kusa ascended the throne and Pabhāvatī became queen. Eager to see her during the day, King Kusa disguised himself as a palace servant and sought opportunities to spy on her. One day, while Pabhāvatī was bathing, she noticed Kusa and was horrified by his appearance—she mistook him for an [[ogre]] and fled in shock. Once she realized it was her husband, she could not bear his appearance and returned to her home.<ref name="legend"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Warder |first1=A. K. |title=Indian Kāvya Literature |date=1972 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-2028-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GiRVhBmpwSEC&dq=Pabh%C4%81vat%C4%AB&pg=PA757 |language=en}}</ref>

Kusa followed Pabhāvatī and performed many menial tasks in an attempt to win her favor, but after seven months of effort, he was unsuccessful. Disheartened, he decided to leave the kingdom. Witnessing the situation, [[Śakra (Buddhism)|Śakra]] disguised himself as an envoy and sent a message to seven kingdoms, declaring that they could offer marriage proposals to Pabhāvatī now that she was divorced from King Kusa. When the kings from the seven kingdoms marched toward Madda with the intent to conquer it, the King of Madda, upon hearing the news, ordered Pabhāvatī to be killed and her body divided into seven parts to be given to the seven kings. Fearing for her life, Pabhāvatī sought forgiveness and pleaded for help from King Kusa. In response, Kusa defeated the seven kings in battle. However, he chose not to kill them and instead spared their lives, arranging for each of them to marry one of Pabhāvatī's seven sisters.<ref name="legend"/>

In the [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] version, to remove Kusa’s ugliness, Śakra places the octagonal gem called Virocana around his neck. This gem also appears in [[Mananipata Jataka| Mahā Ummagga Jātaka]].<ref name="koch">
{{cite book |author1=Raffael Dedo Gadebusch. Dr. Dietrich Mahlo. Gerd J.R. Mevissen |title=Indo-Asiatische Zeitschrift |date=2018 |isbn=978-3-86893-299-7 |page=2018 |publisher=EB-Verlag |url=https://rolfheinrichkoch.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/koch-2018-kusa-jataka-iaz-22.ab15.pdf}}</ref>

==Analysis==
According to Liz Wilson, the jataka's Buddhist authors used "ironic wit and double entendre" to illustrate "the futility of beauty, the rapacity of the sex act, and the perversity of sexual desire."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Appleton |first1=Naomi |title=New Topics in Feminist Philosophy of Religion |chapter=Temptress on the Path: Women as Objects and Subjects in Buddhist Jataka Stories |date=2009 |pages=103–115 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-6833-1_7 |isbn=978-1-4020-6832-4 |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226329124}}</ref>

Aung Min Niang, a lecturer at [[Yangon University]], has analyzed several modern dramatic adaptations of the original Jataka. He finds the contrast between the wise yet unattractive King Kusa and the radiant Princess Pabavati particularly intriguing, as it emphasizes the attraction between these two opposing forces. He argues that this dynamic is one of the most compelling aspects of these adaptations.<ref name="legend"/>

==In popular culture==
''[[Wunna Kyawhtin]]'' {{ill|Yan Naing Sein|my|ရန်နိုင်စိန်၊ ဝဏ္ဏကျော်ထင်}}, a renowned [[Mahāgīta]] songwriter, composed a tribute to the incomparable beauty of Pabhāvatī in his legacy song "A-long-daw Kutha" (Bodhisattva Kusa). In the song, he describes Pabhāvatī as looking like a celestial being who fell from the heavens and shines in the seven chambers without light.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Muiʺ (Candayāʺ.) |first1=Lha |title=မြန်မာဂီတစစ်တမ်း ဗဟုသုတရတနာ [Research of Myanmar old music: Knowledge treasure] |date=1967 |publisher=Ūʺ Thvanʻʺ Rī , Mruiʹ toʻ Cā pe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XH-6AAAAIAAJ&q=%E1%80%81%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA+%E1%80%86%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA+%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8+%E1%80%9C%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA+%C2%A0%E1%80%99%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8+%E1%80%99+%E1%80%91%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8+%E1%80%98%E1%80%B2+%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8 |language=my}}</ref>

Her story remains a significant part of popular Burmese theater, where she is portrayed as a romantic figure.<ref>{{cite news |title="နိပါတ်တော်လာ ဇာတ်သဘင်မဟာအစီအစဉ်" မှ "မင်းကုသနှင်ပပဝတီ" ဇာတ်တော်ကို မြန်မာ့ရုပ်မြင်သံကြား၌ ပြသမည် |url=https://mdn.gov.mm/my/niptttteaalaa-jaattsbhngmhaaaciiacny-m-mngkusnngppwttii-jaatttteaakiu-mnmaarupmngsnkaan-psmnny |work=Myanmar Digital News |date=19 January 2023 |language=my}}</ref>

Pabawaddy (a Burmese transliteration of the Sanskrit name) is a common designation or metaphor for a beautiful woman in Myanmar.<ref name="kusa"/>

===Film===
*Portrayed by Myint Myint Khine in the Burmese film ''Min Kutha and Pabawaddy''<ref>{{cite web |title=Myanmar Movie - မင်းကုသနှင့်ပပဝတီ (တေဇာအောင်၊မြင့်မြင့်ခိုင်၊ကေသွယ်မိုး) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKz5BgMMb2I&ab_channel=SEINHTAYEntertainment |publisher=SEIN HTAY Entertainment |language=my |date=5 October 2021}}</ref>
*Portrayed by Pan Yamone Chit in the Burmese film ''Min Kutha and Pabawaddy''<ref>{{cite web |title=မင်းကုသနှင့် ပဘာဝတီ |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CSXe2zG3uy4&ab_channel=LawMedia |publisher=Law Ka Nat Film Production |language=my |date=13 August 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Buddhism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pabhavati}}
[[Category:Figures in Buddhism]]

Custodial deaths in India

2026-02-17T14:24:43Z

RuebenFrankfurte: Starting New Info

{{short description|none}}
'''Custodial deaths in India''' refer to the deaths of persons in [[judicial custody|judicial]] or [[death in custody|police custody]] while undergoing a trial or serving a sentence. The [[Indian Evidence Act]], and [[Code of Criminal Procedure (India)|Code of Criminal Procedure]] lays down several guidelines that prevents harming of prisoners. In 1997, India signed the [[United Nations Convention against Torture]], however it is yet to rattify the same. The [[National Human Rights Commission of India]] reported 2,307 deaths had occurred in custody from 1 April 2021 to 28 February 2022.

== Statutory provisions ==
The Article 20 (3) of the [[Indian Constitution]] protects the citizens from [[self incrimination]].<ref>{{cite act|title=[[Constitution of India]]|article=20|year=1948}}</ref> Sections 24 and 25 of the [[Indian Evidence Act]] renders forced [[confession]]s and confessions made to the police irrelevant in trials.<ref>{{cite act|title=[[Indian Evidence Act|Indian Evidence Act, 1872]]|article=24 and 25|year=1872}}</ref>

As per the [[Code of Criminal Procedure (India)|Code of Criminal Procedure]] (CrPC),
* Section 176 (I) states that if a person in custody dies or disappears, or a woman is [[rape]]d in custody, the Judicial Magistrate has the power to order an inquiry.<ref>{{cite act|title=[[Code of Criminal Procedure (India)]]|article=176|year=1973}}</ref>
* Section 46 states the police cannot kill anyone while performing an arrest.<ref>{{cite act|title=[[Code of Criminal Procedure (India)]]|article=46|year=1973}}</ref>
* Section 49 states the police cannot use excessive restraints while performing an arrest.<ref>{{cite act|title=[[Code of Criminal Procedure (India)]]|article=49|year=1973}}</ref>
* Section 54 allows a magistrate to appoint a medical petitioner to examine the accused under-trials.<ref>{{cite act|title=[[Code of Criminal Procedure (India)]]|article=54|year=1973}}</ref>

The [[Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita|penal code]] allows sentences of up to seven years for policemen in cases of torture.<ref>{{cite act|title=Indian Penal Code|article=330|year=1860}}</ref>

=== Reforms===
On 18 December 1996, in the ''D. K. Basu vs. state of [[West Bengal]]'' case, which was a result of a [[Public Interest Litigation]] based a letter sent by D. K. Basu, a former [[Calcutta High Court]] judge and then executive chairman of Legal Aid Services of West Bengal, to the [[Chief Justice of India]] on 26 August 1986, the [[Supreme Court of India]] suggested 11 guidelines which covered arresting procedures and compensation in case of death of the detainee. The letter had earlier requested the court to examine the issue of frequent custodial deaths, form guidelines to be followed during arrest and formulate compensation to be provided to the victims/families in case of custodial torture or death.<ref>{{cite court |litigants=D. K. Basu, A. S. Anand vs. State of [[West Bengal]], State of [[Uttar Pradesh|UP]] |vol= 592 of 1987|reporter= |opinion= |pinpoint= |court= [[Supreme Court of India]]|date= 1996}}</ref> The Code of Criminal Procedure was amended in 2008 to incorporate some of the suggestions of the Supreme Court verdict.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chhibber |first1=Maneesh |title=CrPC amendments: It all started with custody deaths |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/crpc-amendments-it-all-started-with-custody-deaths/414075/0 |access-date=15 April 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=23 January 2009}}</ref>

On 6 May 2010, the [[Lok Sabha]] passed the Prevention of Torture Bill, 2010. However, the [[Rajya Sabha]] referred the bill to a select committee as it was felt that the bill was not up to the standards of the [[United Nations Convention against Torture]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=[[Mullappally Ramachandran]] |title=Prevention of Torture Bill to Meet UNCAT Standards |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=64612 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] |access-date=14 April 2022 |date=11 August 2010}}</ref> The revised bill lapsed when the [[15th Lok Sabha]] was dissolved on 18 May 2014.<ref>{{cite web |author1=[[Hansraj Gangaram Ahir]] |title=Rajya Sabha, Unstarred Question No. 85 |url=https://mha.gov.in/MHA1/Par2017/pdfs/par2018-pdfs/rs-18072018-English/85.pdf |website=[[Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=14 April 2022 |date=18 July 2018}}</ref>

In 2018, the [[Law Commission of India]] suggested in a report that India should [[ratification|ratify]] the [[United Nations Convention against Torture]], which was signed in 1997, and pass a standalone law against torture of citizens by government agents. The report pointed out that India was facing difficulties in [[extradition|extraditing]] criminals from other nations dues its reputation of custodial torture.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ratify U.N. Convention Against Torture, law panel tells Centre |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ratify-un-convention-against-torture-law-panel-tells-centre/article19956630.ece |access-date=14 April 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=31 October 2017}}</ref>

== Statistics ==
According to a report released by National Campaign Against Torture, in 2019, there were 1606 deaths which occurred in judicial custody and 125 deaths in police custody.<ref>{{cite news |title=Five custodial deaths in India daily, says report |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/five-custodial-deaths-in-india-daily-says-report/article31928611.ece |access-date=15 April 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=27 June 2020}}</ref> On 26 July 2022, while answering a question in the [[Lok Sabha]], the union minister of state for [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|home affairs]] revealed that 4,484 cases of custodial deaths were reported in India during the period FY 2020-21 to FY 2021-22.<ref name=2020data>{{cite news |last1=Bhatnagar |first1=Isha Sahai |title=4,484 custodial deaths in past two years, UP tops chart: Centre |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/4484-custodial-deaths-in-past-two-years-up-tops-chart-centre-101658862858478.html |access-date=12 August 2022 |work=[[The Hindustan Times]] |date=27 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="DataPDF">{{cite web |title=Lok Sabha Unstarred Question No. 1459 |url=http://164.100.24.220/loksabhaquestions/qhindi/179/AU1459.pdf |work=[[Parliament of India]] |access-date=12 August 2022 |date=26 July 2022}}</ref> The [[National Human Rights Commission of India]] reported 1,606 deaths occurred in judicial custody and 125 deaths in police custody from 1 April 2021 to 28 February 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Over 2,150 cases of deaths in judicial custody in 2021-22: Govt |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/over-2150-cases-of-deaths-in-judicial-custody-govt-1928310-2022-03-23 |access-date=14 April 2022 |work=[[India Today]] |date=23 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Jain |first1=Bharti |title=MHA to Lok Sabha: 2152 cases of deaths in judicial custody |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mha-to-lok-sabha-2152-cases-of-deaths-in-judicial-custody-155-in-police-custody/articleshow/90380779.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=22 March 2022}}</ref>

===State-wise custodial deaths===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ States-wise reported custodial deaths<ref name=2020data/><ref name="DataPDF"/>
|-
! State !! 2020-21 !! 2021-22
|-
| [[Andhra Pradesh]] || 50 || 48
|-
| [[Arunachal Pradesh]] || 3 || 2
|-
| [[Assam]] || 19 || 22
|-
| [[Bihar]] || 159 || 237
|-
| [[Chhattisgarh]] || 67 || 93
|-
| [[Goa]] || 1 || 6
|-
| [[Gujarat]] || 99 || 126
|-
| [[Haryana]] || 49 || 109
|-
| [[Himachal Pradesh]] || 8 || 7
|-
| [[Jharkhand]] || 54 || 81
|-
| [[Karnataka]] || 8 || 10
|-
| [[Kerala]] || 5 || 8
|-
| [[Madhya Pradesh]] || 163 || 201
|-
| [[Maharashtra]] || 143 || 197
|-
| [[Manipur]] || 1 || 1
|-
| [[Meghalaya]] || 7 || 13
|-
| [[Mizoram]] || 3 || 8
|-
| [[Nagaland]] || 2 || 9
|-
| [[Odisha]] || 93 || 67
|-
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] || 72 || 153
|-
| [[Rajasthan]] || 74 || 94
|-
| [[Sikkim]] || 4 || 2
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu]] || 63 || 109
|-
| [[Telangana]] || 23 || 25
|-
| [[Tripura]] || 1 || 6
|-
| [[Uttar Pradesh]] || 451 || 501
|-
| [[Uttarakhand]] || 47 || 27
|-
| [[West Bengal]] || 185 || 257
|-
| [[Andaman and Nicobar]] || 0 || 1
|-
| [[Chandigarh]] || 2 || 1
|-
| [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Daman and Diu]] || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Delhi NCR]] || 45 || 65
|-
| [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]] || 9 || 17
|-
| [[Ladakh]] || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Lakshadweep]] || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] || 0 || 1
|- class="sortbottom"
| '''Total''' || '''1940''' || '''2544'''
|}

==Notable cases==
* [[Rajan case]]: College student P. Rajan was arrested by the [[Kerala Police]] on 1 March 1976 during the [[The Emergency (India)|Emergency]] period. Rajan's father filed a ''[[habeas corpus]]'' petition in the [[Kerala High Court]] and as the police failed to produce Rajan on the stipulated date of 21 April 1976, he was presumed to have died at the [[Kakkayam torture camp]] in police custody.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pant |first1=Rajshri |title=Rajan case: Kerala CM Karunakaran resigns|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/crime/story/19770515-rajan-case-kerala-cm-karunakaran-resigns-823684-2014-08-08 |access-date=15 April 2022 |work=[[India Today]] |date=15 May 1977}}</ref>
* On 1 December 1987, the [[Orissa Police]] arrested Suman Behera at [[Sundergarh]]. His dead body was found on nearby train tracks on 2 December 1987. Suman's mother Nilabati Behera sued the [[Government of Orissa]], and the Supreme Court, in its verdict on 23 March 1993, ordered the state government to pay a compensation of {{INRconvert|150,000|year=1993}},<ref>{{cite court |litigants= Nilabati Behera vs. State of Orissa|court= [[Supreme Court of India]]|date=1993|quote= Accordingly, we direct the respondent-State of Orissa to pay the sum of Rs.1,50,000 to the petitioner and a further sum of Rs.10,000 as to be paid to the Supreme Court Legal Aid Committee. |postscript= }}</ref> which set a precedent for compensation in such cases.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Vij |first1=R. K. |title=Why a separate anti-torture law? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/why-a-separate-anti-torture-law/article32132114.ece |access-date=14 April 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=20 July 2020 |quote=The Court's decision in Nilabati Behera v. State of Orissa made sure that the state could no longer escape liability in public law and had to be compelled to pay compensation.}}</ref>
* On 27 September 2005, Three policemen of the Kerala Police arrested Udayakumar on suspicion of theft in [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. After his death in police custody, on 23 July 2018, a [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) special court found two of the officers guilty and sentenced them to death, while the other accused died during the trial.<ref>{{cite news |title=Udayakumar lock-up death in Kerala: Five cops found guilty 13 years after murder |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/udayakumar-lock-death-kerala-five-cops-found-guilty-13-years-after-murder-85314 |work=[[The News Minute]] |date=24 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Two Kerala cops get death for custodial murder of 23-year-old |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/two-kerala-policemen-sent-to-gallows-for-custodial-death-13-years-ago/story-Vbr1z59UHbwCXaaPni09FO.html |work=[[The Hindustan Times]] |date=25 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=No parent should suffer my fate: Prabhavathi Amma |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/no-parent-should-suffer-my-fate-prabhavathi-amma/article24514968.ece |access-date=14 April 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=26 July 2018}}</ref>
* On 12 June 2019, Kerala Police arrested 49-year-old K. Rajkumar at [[Nedumkandam]] in a case related to a [[financial crime]]. While he was produced before the court on 16 June 2019, he died on 21 June 2021 after being tortured in custody.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala cops responsible for Rajkumar's custodial death to be dismissed |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-cops-responsible-rajkumars-custodial-death-be-dismissed-143495 |access-date=14 April 2022 |work=[[The News Minute]] |date=15 February 2021 }}</ref>
* [[Custodial death of P Jayaraj and Bennicks]]: On 19 June 2019, P. Jeyaraj and his son Bennicks were arrested by the [[Tamil Nadu Police]] at [[Sathankulam]] for allegedly keeping their store open past the government stipulated timings. They were tortured in custody, and Bennicks died on 22 June 2020 and P. Jeyaraj died later on 23 June 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chandrababu |first1=Divya |title=Tamil Nadu custodial death case: Trial begins after eight months |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tamil-nadu-custodial-death-case-trial-begins-after-eight-months-101613647994039.html |access-date=15 April 2022 |work=[[The Hindustan Times]] |date=18 February 2021 }}</ref> The case was transferred to the CBI, nine police officers were arrested later, and the [[Friends of Police]], a community initiative, was discontinued in its aftermath.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Akshaya Nath|title=Tuticorin custodial deaths: Father-son duo brutally tortured, made to clean their own blood, says forensic report|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tuticorin-custodial-deaths-father-son-jayaraj-benniks-brutally-tortured-blood-walls-cbi-forensic-report-1735390-2020-10-27|access-date=30 October 2020 |work=[[India Today]] |date=27 October 2020 }}</ref>
* On 28 June 2025, 27-year-old B. Ajith Kumar was illegally taken into custody by the [[Tamil Nadu Police]] for investigation into an alleged theft case in [[Thirupuvanam, Sivaganga]]. He later died of police torture during the unofficial interrogation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/social-issues/social-justice/custodial-death-ajith-kumar-tamil-nadu-police-brutality/article69767793.ece|title=How many more Ajith Kumars?|date=4 July 2025|access-date=1 August 2025|work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]}}</ref> The case was transferred to the CBI after the intervention of the [[Madras High Court]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/murderer-will-not-attack-like-this-madras-high-court-on-tamil-nadu-custodial-death-8808732|title="Even Murderer Will Not Attack Like This": Madras High Court On Tamil Nadu Custodial Death|date=1 July 2025|access-date=1 August 2025|work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> and at least four policemen were arrested.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/madras-hc-dismisses-bail-plea-by-4-policemen-in-custodial-death-case-from-2025-101771329123541.html|title=Madras HC dismisses bail plea by 4 policemen in custodial death case from 2025|date=17 February 2026|access-date=17 February 2026|work=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Encounter killings by police]]
* [[List of cases of police brutality in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web |last1=Murali |first1=Krishnan |title=Custodial deaths in India: A toxic play of power and class |url=https://www.dw.com/en/custodial-deaths-in-india-a-toxic-play-of-power-and-class/a-59873741 |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=19 November 2021}}

[[Category:Extrajudicial killings in India]]
[[Category:Deaths in police custody in India|-]]
[[Category:Killings by law enforcement officers in India]]
[[Category:Police misconduct in India]]
[[Category:Torture in India]]

Bishnupur, South 24 Parganas Assembly constituency

2026-02-01T12:46:53Z

RuebenFrankfurte:

{{Short description|West Bengal Legislative Assembly constituency in South 24 Parganas district}}
{{For|the constituency in Bankura|Bishnupur, Bankura Assembly constituency{{!}}Bishnupur, Bankura}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bishnupur
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Bishnupur, South 24 Parganas.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Bishnupur Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Diamond Harbour Lok Sabha constituency|Diamond Harbour]]
| constituency_no = 146
| established = 1951
| reservation = SC
| abolished =
| mla = [[Dilip Mondal]]
| party = {{Party index link|Trinamool Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Trinamool Congress}}+
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| electors = 278,572
}}

'''Bishnupur Assembly constituency''' is a [[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative Assembly]] constituency of [[South 24 Parganas]] district in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|State]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled Castes]].

==Overview==
As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the [[Delimitation of constituencies]] in the [[West Bengal]], Bishnupur Assembly constituency is composed of the following:<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf| title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 25 October 2010|work = West Bengal | publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref>
* [[Bishnupur I]] community development block
* [[Thakurpukur Maheshtala]] community development block

Bishnupur Assembly constituency is a part of No. 21 [[Diamond Harbour (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[1952 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Basanta Kumar Mal
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|Provash Chandra Roy
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=3}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Provash Chandra Roy
|-
|Rabindranath Roy
|-
!colspan=4|Bishnupur Paschim
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Jugal Chandra Santra
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|rowspan="6"|Provash Chandra Roy
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=9|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|rowspan="2"|Kashi Nath Adak
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|Sankar Saran Sarkar
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|Subrata Bakshi
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|Rathin Sarkar
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
!colspan=4|Bishnupur Purba
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Santilata Mondal
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|rowspan="2"|Sundar Kumar Naskar
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|rowspan="2"|Ram Krishna Bar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan="4"|Sundar Naskar
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=5|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|Ananda Kumar Biswas
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|[[Dilip Mondal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|Bibhuti Bhusan Sarkar
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
!colspan=4|Bishnupur (Reunified)
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Dilip Mondal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Bishnupur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
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|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
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{{Election box candidate with party link|
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|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
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{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =
|party = Left Front (West Bengal)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
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|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
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{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
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{{Election box hold with party link|
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{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Bishnupur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Dilip Mondal]]
|votes = 1,36,509
|percentage = 57.46
|change = {{up}}5.10
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Agniswar Naskar
|votes = 77,677
|percentage = 32.70
|change = {{up}}25.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Jhuma Kayal
|votes = 17,995
|percentage = 7.57
|change = {{down}}29.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rabindranath Ranjan
|votes = 2,709
|percentage = 1.14
|change = {{up}}0.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the Above]]
|votes = 1,863
|percentage = 0.78
|change = {{down}}0.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Uttam Naskar
|votes = 817
|percentage = 0.34
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 58,832
|percentage = 24.76
|change = {{up}}9.79
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,37,570
|percentage = 85.26
|change = {{up}}3.02
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Bishnupur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Dilip Mondal]]
|votes = 1,07,129
|percentage = 52.36
|change = {{down}}1.56
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Aloke Sardar
|votes = 76,499
|percentage = 37.39
|change = {{down}}2.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Shyama Prasad Halder
|votes = 14,264
|percentage = 6.97
|change = {{up}}3.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the Above]]
|votes = 2,402
|percentage = 1.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Dipankar Gayen
|votes = 1,594
|percentage = 0.78
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Samar Kumar Biswas
|votes = 1,502
|percentage = 0.73
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Party of Democratic Socialism (India)
|candidate = Uttam Kumar Halder
|votes = 1,203
|percentage = 0.59
|change = {{down}}0.39
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 30,630
|percentage = 14.97
|change = {{up}}0.88
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,04,593
|percentage = 82.24
|change = {{down}}2.23
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Bishnupur<ref name="vidhansabha2011">{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=146| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120513171038/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=146| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 13 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Bishnupur| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 30 April 2011}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Dilip Mondal]]
|votes = 95,912
|percentage = 53.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Bibhuti Bhushan Sarkar
|votes = 70,862
|percentage = 39.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Shekhar Naskar
|votes = 5,745
|percentage = 3.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Prabhat Kiran Mondal
|votes = 3,636
|percentage = 2.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Party of Democratic Socialism (India)
|candidate = Gopinath Naskar
|votes = 1,735
|percentage = 0.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 25,050
|percentage = 14.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,77,890
|percentage = 84.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win
|winner = Trinamool Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Legislative Assembly Elections 1977-2006===
From 1977 to 2006, Bishnupur Assembly constituency had two seats. In 2006,<ref name="vidhansabha2006">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |access-date=1 November 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> Bibhuti Bhusan Sarkar of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Bishnupur Purba seat defeating his nearest rival [[Dilip Mondal]] of [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]] and Rathin Sarkar of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Bishnupur Paschim seat defeating his nearest rival Madan Mitra of [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]. [[Dilip Mondal]] of [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]] won the Bishnupur Purba seat defeating Ananda Kumar Biswas of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] and Subrata Bakshi of [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]] won the Bishnupur Paschim seat defeating Rathin Sarkar of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] in 2001.<ref name="vidhansabha2001">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |access-date=1 November 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> Ananda Kumar Biswas of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Bishnupur Purba seat defeating Mahadeb Naskar of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] and Sankar Saran Naskar of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Bishnupur Paschim seat defeating Aruna Ghosh Dastidar of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] in 1996.<ref name="vidhansabha1996">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |access-date=1 November 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> In 1991<ref name="vidhansabha1991">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf |access-date=1 November 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> and 1987,<ref name="vidhansabha1987">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |access-date=1 November 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> Sundar Naskar of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Bishnupur Purba seat defeating Ram Krishna Bar and Ardhendu Sekhar Naskar, both of [[Indian National Congress|INC]], respectively, and Kashi Nath Adak of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Bishnupur Paschim seat defeating Aruna Ghosh Dastidar and Shaik Moquebul Haque, both of [[Indian National Congress|INC]], respectively. In 1982<ref name="vidhansabha1982">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |access-date=1 November 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> and 1977,<ref name="vidhansabha1977">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |access-date=1 November 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> Sundar Naskar of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Bishnupur Purba seat defeating Mahadeb Naskar and Ram Krishna Bar, both of [[Indian National Congress|INC]], respectively, and Provash Chandra Roy of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Bishnupur Paschim seat defeating Niranjan Ghosh and Moaue Haque Shaik, both of [[Indian National Congress|INC]], respectively.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp110.htm |title = 110 - Bishnupur Purba (SC) Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp111.htm |title = 111 - Bishnupur Paschim Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 October 2010}}</ref>

===Legislative Assembly Elections 1952-1972===
From 1962 to 1972, Bishnupur Assembly constituency had two seats. In 1972<ref name="vidhansabha1972">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |access-date=1 November 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> and 1971,<ref name="vidhansabha1971">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |access-date=1 November 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> Ram Krishna Bar of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] won the Bishnupur Purba seat and Provash Chandra Roy of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Bishnupur Paschim seat. In 1969<ref name="vidhansabha1969">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf |access-date=1 November 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> and 1967,<ref name="vidhansabha1967">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |access-date=1 November 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> Sundar Kumar Naskar of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Bishnupur Purba seat and Provash Chandra Roy of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Bishnupur Paschim seat. In 1962,<ref name="vidhansabha1962">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |access-date=1 November 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> Santilata Mondal of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] won the Bishnupur Purba seat and Jugal Chandra Santra of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] won the Bishnupur Paschim seat. In 1957 and 1952, Bishnupur Assembly constituency had joint seats. In 1957,<ref name="vidhansabha1957">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |access-date=1 November 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> Provash Chandra Roy and Rabindranath Roy, both of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]], won. In 1952,<ref name="vidhansabha1952">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |access-date=1 November 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> Basanta Kumar Mal of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] and Provash Chandra Roy of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]], won.

==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

{{South 24 Parganas}}
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Shashthi

2026-01-22T02:14:01Z

RuebenFrankfurte: updated section as per guidelines and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Hindu folk goddess of children}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = Shashthi Arnab Dutta.jpg
| caption =
| name = Shashthi
| script = ষষ্ঠী
| script_name = Bengali
| Devanagari = षष्ठी
| Sanskrit_transliteration = {{IAST|Ṣaṣṭhī}}
| affiliation = [[Devi]], [[Prakriti]], [[Sinivali]], [[Lakshmi|Shri]]
| god_of = Goddess of children, reproduction, child birth, mid-wives
| other_names = Devasena, Kaumari
| mantra = Om Shashthi Devi Namah
| abode = Skandaloka
| consort = [[Kartikeya]] (when identified with [[Devasena]])
| mount = Cat
| texts = [[Brahmavaivarta Purana]], [[Devi Bhagavata Purana]]
| mother = [[Sachi]]
| father = [[Indra]]
}}
'''Shashthi''', '''Shashti''', ''' Soshthi''' or '''Chhathi''' ({{langx|sa|षष्ठी}}, {{langx|bn|ষষ্ঠী}}, {{langx|bho|छठी}}, {{langx|hi|षष्ठी }}, {{IAST|Ṣaṣṭhī}}, literally "sixth") is a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] goddess, venerated in [[India]] and [[Nepal]] as the benefactor and protector of children. She is also the deity of vegetation and reproduction and is believed to bestow children and assist during childbirth. She is often pictured as a motherly figure, riding a cat and nursing one or more infants. She is symbolically represented in a variety of forms, including an earthenware pitcher, a banyan tree or part of it or a red stone beneath such a tree; outdoor spaces termed ''Shashthi Tala'' are also consecrated for her worship. The worship of Shashthi is prescribed to occur on the sixth day of each lunar month of the [[Hindu calendar]] as well as on the sixth day after a child's birth. Barren women desiring to conceive and mothers seeking to ensure the protection of their children will worship Shashthi and request her blessings and aid. She is especially venerated in eastern India.

Also known as Chhathi Maiya (छठी मईया), the sixth form of the deity [[Prakṛti]] and [[Surya]]'s sister is worshipped during [[Chhath]]. It is celebrated six days after [[Deepavali]], on the sixth day of the lunar month of Kartika (October–November) in the Hindu calendar [[Vikram Samvat]]. The rituals are observed over four days. They include holy bathing, [[fasting]] and abstaining from drinking water (''[[vratta]]''), standing in water, and offering ''[[Prasad (food offering)|prasad]]'' (prayer offerings) and ''[[arghya]]'' to the setting and rising sun. Some devotees also perform a [[prostration]] march as they head for the river banks.

Most scholars believe that Shashthi's roots can be traced to [[Folk Hinduism|Hindu folk traditions]]. References to this goddess appear in Hindu scriptures as early as 8th and 9th century BCE, in which she is associated with children as well as the Hindu war-god [[Kartikeya|Skanda]]. Early references consider her a foster-mother of Skanda, but in later texts she is identified with Skanda's consort, [[Devasena]]. In some early texts where Shashthi appears as an attendant of Skanda, she is said to cause diseases in the mother and child, and thus needed to be propitiated on the sixth day after childbirth. However, over time, this malignant goddess came to be seen as the benevolent saviour and bestower of children.

==Iconography==
[[File:Kalasha.jpg|thumb|upright|left|The Purna Ghata sometimes represents Shashthi in worship.]]
Shashthi is portrayed as a motherly figure, often nursing or carrying as many as eight infants in her arms.<ref name = "stutley">{{cite book |title=The Illustrated Dictionary of Hindu Iconography |chapter={{IAST|Ṣaṣṭhī}} |last=Stutley |first=Margaret |page=127}}</ref><ref name="wilkins">{{cite book|last=Wilkins |first=W. J.|title=Hindu Mythology, Vedic and Puranic|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/hmvp/hmvp47.htm|year=1900|publisher=Sacred Texts Archive|page=477|isbn=1-4021-9308-4}}</ref><ref name="white"/><ref name = "wilkins6ff"/> Her complexion is usually depicted as yellow or golden.<ref name = "stutley"/><ref name="wilkins"/> A ''Dhyana-[[mantra]]'' – a hymn describing the iconography of a deity, upon which a devotee of Shashthi should meditate – describes her as a fair young woman with a pleasant appearance, bedecked in divine garments and jewellery with an auspicious twig laying in her lap.<ref name = "Legends">Bhattacharji p. 66</ref> A cat (''{{IAST|mārjāra}}'') is the ''[[vahana]]'' (mount) upon which she rides.<ref name = "stutley"/> Older depictions of Shashthi may show her as cat-faced,<ref name="white"/><ref>McDaniel p. 39</ref> while another reference describes her as bird-faced.<ref name="white"/>

In [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] era representations between the first and third centuries CE, she is depicted as two-armed and six-headed like [[Murugan|Skanda]].<ref name = "srinivasan"/> A significant number of Kushan and [[Yaudheya]] coins, sculptures and inscriptions produced from 500 BCE to 1200 CE picture the six-headed Shashthi, often on the reverse of the coin, with the six-headed Skanda on the obverse. Shashthi is also pictured in a Kushan-era [[Vrishni]] triad from the [[Mathura]] region, surrounded by Skanda and [[Vishakha]].<ref name="white"/> In Yaudheya images, she is shown to have two arms and six heads that are arranged in two tiers of three heads each, while in Kushan images, the central head is surrounded by five female heads, sometimes attached to female torsos.<ref name = "srinivasan"/> Terracotta [[Gupta Empire|Gupta era]] (320–550 CE) figures from [[Ahichchhatra]] show the goddess with three heads on the front and three on the back.<ref name = "srinivasan">{{cite book|last=Srinivasan|first=Doris Meth|title=Many heads, arms, and eyes: origin, meaning, and form of multiplicity in Indian art|year=1997|publisher=Brill|isbn=90-04-10758-4|pages=333–5|chapter=Ṣaṣṭhī}}</ref>

The folk worship representation of Shashthi is a red-coloured stone about the size of a human head, typically placed beneath a [[Ficus benghalensis|banyan]] tree such as those usually found on the outskirts of villages. The banyan may be decorated with flowers or strewn with rice and other offerings. Shashthi is also commonly represented by planting a banyan tree or a small branch in the soil of a family's home garden.<ref name="wilkins"/><ref name = "wilkins6ff">Wilkins pp. 6–8</ref> Other common representations of the goddess include a [[Shaligrama]] stone, an earthen water pitcher, or a [[Kalasha|Purna Ghata]] – a water vase with an arrangement of coconut and mango leaves – generally set beneath a banyan tree.<ref name="swami"/>

==Evolution and textual references==
[[File:Standing Goddess Sashti Between Two Warriors Skanda and Visakha - Circa 2nd Century CE - ACCN 00-F-13 - Government Museum - Mathura 2013-02-23 5789.JPG|thumb|Kushan-era image of Shashthi between Skanda and Vishakha, c. 2nd century CE, [[Mathura Museum]].]]

The general consensus among scholars of Hinduism traces the origins of Shashthi, like Skanda, back to ancient folk traditions.<ref name="swami">{{cite book|editor = Singh, Nagendra Kr.|title=Encyclopaedia of Hinduism |volume=31–45 |year=2000 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=81-7488-168-9 |pages=861–72 |chapter=A Folk deity in Purana Literature}}</ref> Over the course of the early centuries BCE, the [[Vedic]] fertility goddess of the new moon, [[Sinivali]]-Kuhu, and Shri-[[Lakshmi]], the Vedic antecedent of Lakshmi, were gradually fused with the folk-deity Shashthi. This merger created a "new" Shashthi that was associated in various ways with Skanda (also known as Kartikeya or Murugan).<ref name="swami"/> From her origins as a folk goddess, Shashthi was gradually assimilated into the Brahmanical Hindu pantheon, and ultimately, came to be known in Hinduism as the Primordial Being and Great Mother of all.<ref name="swami"/> The fifth century text ''[[Vayu Purana]]'' includes Shashthi in a list of 49 goddesses,<ref name="swami"/> while a Puranic text calls her "the worthiest of worship among mother goddesses."<ref name="Legends"/> However, the long-standing universality of her worship has led scholar David Gordon White to challenge the classification of Shashthi as a folk goddess, observing that Shashthi has been worshipped on the sixth day after childbirth by "''all'' Hindus: rural as well as urban people, since the [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] era."<ref name="white">{{cite book|last=White|first=David Gordon |title=Kiss of the Yogini: "Tantric Sex" in Its South Asian Contexts|year=2003|isbn=0-226-89483-5|pages=40–3}}</ref>

In textual references, Shashthi is often depicted as closely connected to Skanda. An early textual reference dating to 8th–9th century BCE relates Shashthi to the six [[Krittika]]s who nurtured and nursed Skanda. Sometimes regarded as an aspect of the goddess [[Durga]] (identified with [[Parvati]] – the mother of Skanda), she is also called [[Skandamata]] ("Skanda's mother").<ref name = "stutley"/> The 3rd to 5th century text ''[[Yājñavalkya Smṛti|Yajnavalkya Smriti]]'' describes Shashthi as the foster-mother and protector of Skanda.<ref name="Yajnavalkya">{{cite book |last= |first= |title=Yajnavalkya Smriti: Book 2: The Prayaschita Adhyaya |publisher=Cosmos Publications |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-307-0545-3 |series=The Sacred books of the Hindus |translator-last=Naraharayya |translator-first=Samarao Narasimha}}</ref>
However, later texts identified her as [[Devasena]], the consort of Skanda,<ref name="Legends"/> including the epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'' wherein Shashthi (as Devasena) -the daughter of [[Prajapati]]- is betrothed by the god-king [[Indra]] to Skanda. She is also identified with goddesses Shri (Lakshmi), Sinivali, and Kuhu in this text.<ref name="white"/><ref name="swami"/> The scripture ''[[Padma Purana]]'' also describes Shashthi as the wife of Skanda.<ref name="swami"/><ref name = "Mani"/> In the 7th century text ''[[Kadambari]]'', the images of Skanda and Shashthi are also said to have painted together on the wall of a palace lying-in chamber of the queen.<ref name="white"/>

[[File:Devasenapati.jpg|thumb|left|Skanda with his consort [[Devasena]], who is sometimes identified with Shashthi]]

Scriptures and folk traditions also connect Shashthi and Skanda in numerous indirect ways. The ''Mahabharata'', finalised around the 4th century CE, describes a relationship between the infant Skanda and the [[Matrikas]] ("Mothers"), a group of female deities who embody the perils that afflict children until the age of sixteen. The ''Encyclopaedia of Hinduism'' identifies this textual account as a source of the modern-day practice of mothers worshipping Shashthi until their child reaches the age of sixteen.<ref>{{Cite encyclopaedia | encyclopaedia = Encyclopaedia of Hinduism | last = Singh | first = Nagendra Kumar |title=Encyclopaedia of Hinduism | publisher = Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. |location = New Delhi| year = 2002 |isbn = 9788174881687 | ol = 13146742M }}</ref> In the ''Mahabharata'', Shashthi is described as an attendant of Skanda who behaves malevolently by causing disease.<ref name="clothey">{{cite book|last= Clothey|first=Fred W.|title=The many faces of Murukan: the history and meaning of a South Indian god |year=1978|publisher=Mouton Publishers|location=The Hague|isbn=90-279-7632-5|page=135}}</ref> Skanda is furthermore said to have 18 [[malevolent spirit]]-followers collectively known as the skanda graha, one of whom – Revati – is given the epithet "Shashthi." This association of Revati with Shashthi is reiterated in the 5th century text ''[[Kashyap Samhita|Kashyapa Samhita]]'',<ref name="swami"/> wherein Shashthi is also identified as the sixth form of Skanda and a sister of the five Skanda deities.<ref name="clothey"/> Like Skanda, Shashthi is occasionally depicted with six heads, in which form she is also known by the epithet Shanmukhi ("six-headed").<ref name="swami"/>

Shashthi is historically associated with a variety of other deities. The second century BCE composition ''[[Grhya Sutras|Manava Grhya Sutra]]'' identifies Shashthi with Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth and prosperity. It also describes the ''Shashthi-kalpa'' rite was performed on the sixth lunar day of every fortnight invoking Shashthi to provide sons, cattle, treasures, corn, and the fulfilment of wishes.<ref name="white"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Gonda|first=J.|title=Aspects of early Viṣnuiṣm|year=1993|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=81-208-1087-2|page=218|chapter=Sri}}</ref> The scripture ''Padma Purana'', composed between the 8th and 11th centuries, describes Shashthi as the daughter of Indra.<ref name="swami"/> Texts written over the last 500 years, such as the ''[[Brahma Vaivarta Purana]]'' and the ''[[Devi Bhagavata Purana]]'' describe Shashthi as the daughter of the creator-god [[Brahma]]. In addition, she is associated with Mula-[[Prakriti]], the universal female energy said to be composed of six aspects: one of these, typically the sixth aspect, is said to be Shashthi.<ref name="swami"/><ref name = "Mani"/>

[[File:Shashthi.jpg|thumb|upright|Like the Hindu demoness Jara and the Buddhist goddess Hariti, Shashthi was originally a devourer of children who gradually evolved into their protector.]]
Over time, the characterisation of Shashthi underwent a gradual evolution. Aforementioned folk traditions originating between the 10th and 5th centuries BCE associated the goddess with both positive and negative elements of fertility, birth, motherhood and childhood. However, between the 4th century BCE and the 5th century CE, a shift occurred in which Shashthi was increasingly depicted as a malevolent deity associated with the sufferings of mothers and children. The fifth century text ''Kashyapa Samhita'' calls Shashthi by the epithet Jataharini ("one who steals the born") and provides a list of the malevolent activities in which Shashthi is believed to engage, including her practice of stealing foetuses from the womb and devouring children on the sixth day following birth. For this reason, the text recommends that she be propitiated through worship in her honour on this day in the [[lying-in]] room and on the sixth day of every fortnight thereafter.<ref name="swami"/>

Eventually, Shashthi came to represent all goddesses and forces responsible for causing diseases in children and their mothers, who needed to be propitiated on the sixth day after childbirth to prevent these illnesses. Consequently, Shashthi came to personify the sixth day of a child's life.<ref name="swami"/><ref name="clothey"/> The sixth day of the lunar fortnight is itself called [[Shashti]], a name derived from the name of the goddess.<ref name="swami"/><ref name="britannica">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/524786/Shashthi|title=Shashthi|year=2010|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Online|access-date=3 December 2010}}</ref> The ''Yajnavalkya Smriti'', composed during Gupta rule between the 3rd and 5th centuries CE, describes the rites of Shashthi Puja in which Shashthi is worshipped on the sixth day after childbirth to ensure the protection of the newborn baby.<ref name = "Yajnavalkya"/> According to one explanation for the worship of Shashthi on this day, folk belief associates this critical time in an infant's life with great susceptibility to diseases related to childbirth, such as [[puerperal fever]] and [[tetanus]], and that worship of Shashthi is performed to help ward off these diseases.<ref name="underhill">{{cite book|last=Underhill|first=M. M.|title=The Hindu religious year|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924079584821|date=March 1921|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924079584821/page/n108 103]–5|isbn=81-206-0523-3}}</ref>

Over the past 1500 years, the characterisation of Shashthi gradually shifted toward that of a benevolent and protective figure.<ref name="swami"/> In [[Banabhatta]]'s 7th century work ''[[Harshacharita]]'', Shashthi is called Jatamatr ("mother of the born one"), while the ''Kadambari'' by the same author calls her Bahuputrika, meaning "having many children".<ref name="swami"/> Shashthi's evolution mirrors that of the demoness [[Jarasandha|Jara]] of the ''Mahabharata''<ref group="n">Initially described as a killer, Jara gave life to the prince [[Jarasandha]] of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] and was then adored as the saviour of children throughout the kingdom.</ref> and a similar Buddhist goddess, [[Hariti]]:<ref group="n">Initially a devourer of children, Hariti was transformed by the [[Buddha]] into their protector. In contemporary iconography, Hariti, like Shashthi, is pictured surrounded with children and is affiliated with a cat.</ref><ref name="white"/> all of them are characterised in early texts as malevolent goddesses, but over the course of time these deities transform from devourers of children into their saviours and protectors.<ref name="swami"/>

==Legends==
A chapter entitled ''Shashthidevyupakhyanam'', appended to the texts ''Brahma Vaivarta Purana'' and ''Devi Bhagavata Purana'', narrates the tale of Shashthi.<ref name="swami"/> King Priyavrata – the son of [[Svayambhuva Manu]] (the progenitor of mankind) – and his wife Malini performed the ''putrakamesti [[yajna]]'' (a fire-sacrifice ritual to gain a son) in an effort to conceive, but after twelve years of pregnancy, a still-born son was delivered to Malini. Priyavrata set off to the cremation grounds with the corpse of his son. On his way, he saw a celestial woman dressed in white silk and jewels, riding in a heavenly chariot. She declared to Priyavrata that she was Devasena, the daughter of Brahma and wife of Skanda. She further said that she was Shashthi, foremost of the [[Matrikas]] ("Mothers") of Skanda, and had the power to grant children to devotees. She held the child in her hand and resurrected the infant, then began to leave for her heavenly abode, taking the child with her. Priyavrata stopped the goddess, praising her and pleading that she return his son to him. The goddess agreed on the condition that Priyavrata would initiate and propagate her worship in all three worlds: heaven, earth and the netherworld. She returned the child to the king, naming him Suvrata and declaring that he should become famous as a great, virtuous, and learned ruler. Priyavrata decreed that Shashthi should be worshipped on the sixth day of every month, as well as the sixth and twenty-first days after childbirth, and on all occasions auspicious to a child. She would be worshipped in the form of a Shaligrama stone, a ''Purna Ghata'' under a banyan tree, or an image of her on a wall.<ref name="swami"/><ref name = "Mani">{{cite book|author = Mani, Vettam|title = Puranic Encyclopaedia: A Comprehensive Dictionary With Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature|url = https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft|publisher = Motilal Banarsidass|year = 1975|location = Delhi|isbn = 0-8426-0822-2|authorlink =Vettam Mani|page = [https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/page/700 700]}}</ref><ref>''The Stillborn Prince'': Bhattacharji pp. 66–9</ref>

[[File:Black cat on a railing and green trees in summer-Hisashi-01.jpg|thumb|In the ''Jamai-Shasthi Vrata'' tale, the black cat – the [[vahana]] (mount) of Shashthi – stole a woman's infant children as revenge for an injustice she had committed against it.]]

A Bengali folk-tale about Shashthi tells of the youngest of seven daughters-in-law in a prosperous household who was a [[gluttony|glutton]] that used to secretly steal food and then blame a black cat, which was thrashed as punishment. The black cat happened to be the ''vahana'' (mount) of Shashthi and complained about the mistreatment to the goddess, who pledged to avenge it. When the youngest daughter-in-law gave birth to a son, the cat stole the child in the night and gave it to the goddess, and did the same for her next six sons. The neighbours accused the young mother of carelessness and began to believe she might be a witch who ate her own children. Finally, when a daughter was born, the young mother decided to remain awake the whole night to resolve the mystery. She managed to catch the cat in the act of robbery and wounded it with her bracelet, but the cat escaped with the child, leaving a trail of blood. The mother followed this trail to the abode of Shashthi. There she saw her sons playing around Shashthi as the goddess held the mother's infant daughter in her arms. Shashthi explained the reason for the mother's ordeal and told her to ask pardon of the cat. The mother asked the cat's pardon, which was granted, and then she promised the goddess that she would offer worship in a ritual dedicated to her, which would come to be known as the Jamai-Shasthi Vrata. The mother returned home with her children and spread the worship of the goddess, who blessed her family with children, wealth and happiness.<ref name = "jamaishashti"/>

A different version of this tale narrates that when the youngest daughter-in-law was pregnant, she secretly ate the food-offerings ritually dedicated to Shashthi and then blamed the theft on the black cat. Angered by the dishonour of its mistress and the unjust accusation of theft, the cat pledged to teach the young mother a lesson. In this version of the tale, the cat not only stole her six children, but also ate them. But when the seventh child was born, the mother caught the cat fleeing with her child and followed it but tripped in middle of the chase and fainted. The cat took the infant to Shashthi's abode, where she told the goddess the whole tale of her insult. The benign goddess, however, was annoyed with the cat and rushed to the aid of the mother. The goddess explained the reason of her suffering, and after the mother had begged the cat for forgiveness and had sworn to worship Shashthi on anointed days, all seven of her children were returned to her.<ref>''The Cat's Revenge'': Bhattacharji pp. 69–71</ref>

Shashthi's Bengali legends appear in the ''[[Mangal-Kāvya|Mangal-Kavya]]'' texts, especially in the ''Shashthi-mangal'' section of this work.<ref name="britannica"/> The ''Mangal-Kavya'' and Bengali folk tales describe Shashthi as closely related to [[Manasa]], the serpent goddess.<ref name="white"/> Shashthi furthermore appears as an ally of Manasa in a famous Bengali folk-tale describing Shashthi's activities during the [[Nag Panchami]] festival of Manasa.<ref>McDaniel pp. 55–7</ref>

==Worship==
Among Hindus, Shashthi is widely regarded the benefactor and protector of children and tutelary deity of every household.<ref name="swami"/> She is also worshipped as a bestower of children to the childless, and regarded as the foremost goddess for blessing children.<ref name="Mani"/> One of the earliest scriptural sources to describe a ritual in her honour is the second century BCE composition ''Manava Grhya Sutra'', appended to the ''[[Yajurveda]]'' (written between the 14th and 10th centuries BCE), which describes a ritual called Shashthi-kalpa. In the Shashthi-kalpa rite, which was described as performed on the sixth lunar day of every fortnight, Shashthi was invoked to provide sons, cattle, treasures, corn, and the fulfilment of wishes.<ref name="white"/> Today, Shashthi continues to be worshipped on the sixth day of each of the twelve lunar months of the [[Hindu calendar]],<ref name="white"/><ref name="Legends"/> as well as on the sixth day after childbirth in the [[lying-in]] chamber where the birth has taken place. Shashthi is worshipped in a different form in each of these lunar months as the deities Chandan, Aranya, Kardama, Lunthana, Chapeti, Durga, Nadi, Mulaka, Anna, Sitala, Gorupini or Ashoka.<ref name="Legends"/>

In Northern India, Shashthi is worshipped at childbirth and puberty, and during marriage rites.<ref name="white"/> When the pregnant woman is isolated during childbirth in the lying-in chamber, a cow-dung figure of the goddess is traditionally kept in the room. The birth of a living child is considered the blessing of Shashthi, while the birth of a stillborn infant or the early death of a child are considered manifestations of her wrath.<ref name = "wilkins6ff"/> Before childbirth, Shashthi is worshipped to protect the welfare of the expecting mother. She is also invoked after childbirth on the sixth day of each month until the child reaches puberty, especially when the child is sick.<ref name ="wilkins68ff"/>

[[File:Big Banyan.jpg|thumb|left|The banyan tree is considered sacred to Shashthi, and in worship the tree often represents this goddess.]]
In [[Bengal]] and South India,<ref name="underhill"/> Shashthi is worshipped on the sixth day after childbirth and on Aranya-Shashthi (also called Jamai-Shashthi), the sixth day of the bright fortnight of the Hindu month of [[Jyeshtha (month)|Jyeshtha]].<ref name="swami"/> Her worship can be performed in the house, where she is symbolised as an earthenware pitcher; she may also be worshipped outdoors in a natural, open space consecrated to her, termed a shashthitala. In honour of Shashthi, women tie a stone in a small rag to the branch of a tree in the shasthitala: a mother does this to ask for long life for her child, while a barren woman does so to entreat the goddess to aid her in conceiving.<ref name="swami"/> The vrata (ritual) performed on the day of [[Jamai Sasthi|Jamai-Shashthi]] is also prescribed to be performed by pregnant women at least once on any Monday, Tuesday, Friday or Saturday in the month of Jyestha. Dough images of Shashthi and her black cat are prepared and worshipped, along with a water pitcher with a banyan tree branch near it. [[Betel nut]]s and leaves, fruits, sweets and [[kheer]] are offered to her in units of six.<ref name="underhill"/><ref name ="jamaishashti">For Jamai-Shasthi Vrata, see ''Jamaisathi Brata'': McDaniel pp. 46–9</ref> In northern India, Shashthi is worshipped in the form of the banyan tree, which is sacred to her.<ref name ="wilkins68ff">Wilkins (1900) pp. 68–9</ref>

In Bengal, on the night of the sixth day after childbirth, a number of items may be placed in the lying-in chamber in deference to Shashthi, such as an earthen pitcher of water covered with a napkin, offerings of husked rice, cooked rice, bananas and sweets, bangles, and pieces of gold and silver. A pen and paper are also kept in the room, because it is believed that Shashthi (or, according to some traditions, [[Chitragupta]] or [[Brahma]]) comes into the home after everyone is asleep and writes the child's fortune on the paper with invisible ink.<ref name="swami"/><ref>Wilkins(1900) p. 10</ref> In [[Bihar]], the sixth day ceremony is called Chhathi or Chhati ("sixth") and Shashthi is known by the epithet Chhati Mata ("Mother Chhati"). A lump of cow dung dressed in red cloth or paper and covered with [[vermilion]], symbolising the goddess, is kept in the lying-in room. Here, the new-born baby is oiled and dressed in new clothes and rings and then named; a feast follows this ceremony. Childless people may perform a vrata (ritual) in worship of Shashthi, called either Chhati Mata or Shashthi Vrata, in an effort to conceive.<ref name="swami"/> Similar traditions of naming the child on the sixth day also exist in [[Gujarat]]. In Gujarat and [[Haryana]], Shashthi (known as Chhathi or Be-Mata) is said to decide the future of the new-born.

In [[Orissa, India|Orissa]], the goddess is worshipped in the lying-in room on the sixth day after childbirth, on the 21st day after childbirth and on every subsequent birthday of the child until he or she reaches the age of sixteen. Shashthi is also prescribed to be worshipped the sixth day of each of the two [[paksha|lunar fortnights]] occurring each month; as part of the ''vrata'' rites, the worship occurring on the [[Shukla paksha|bright fortnight]] of the month of [[Bhadrapada]] is the most important of these and holds the same status in Orissa as the Aranva-Shashthi ritual in Bengal. By these rites, it is believed a childless woman may gain offspring, while a mother may secure the longevity and welfare of her child by the grace of the goddess.<ref name="swami"/>
IN odisha the sixth day of Hindu calendar month Bhadrav is celebrated as Shashthi Osha or sathi osha .On this day mothers worship goddess sashti for long life and well-being of their kids . A spinach curry made out of 6 different Odia saag is prepared along with six rice cakes and rice pudding (rice atakali ) as an offering to the Goddess . Mothers collect six different plant saplings and use it to beat their children as a custom for six times after the sashti pooja. It is believed that this custom would make the child's body strong and disease free .

In northern India, women worship Shashthi on Ashoka Shashthi, the sixth lunar day of the month of Chaitra. In this region, women will drink water from six flower-buds of the [[Ashoka tree]] to secure the well-being of their children. Women observe Khas Shashthi in the month of Pausha by fasting to ensure the longevity of their children.<ref name="underhill"/>

[[Chhath]] is celebrated in Bihar in honour of her and [[Surya]](sun god), twice in a year(In lunar months of [[Kartik (month)|Kartik]], given more prominence and other one in [[Chaitra]] month.)

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|group=n}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book|last=McDaniel|first=June |title=Making virtuous daughters and wives: an introduction to women's Brata rituals in Bengali folk religion|year=2003|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=0-7914-5565-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Bhattacharji|first= Sukumari|title=Legends of Devi|year=1998|publisher=Orient Longman|isbn=81-250-1438-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Wilkins|first=W. J. |title=Modern Hinduism : an account of the religion and life of Hindus in Northern India|url=https://archive.org/stream/modernhinduisman00wilkuoft#page/n7/mode/2up|edition=2|year=1900|publisher=Thacjer, Spink & Co|isbn=0-524-09142-0}}

{{HinduMythology}}

{{good article}}

[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]
[[Category:Childhood goddesses]]
[[Category:Fertility goddesses]]
[[Category:Cat goddesses]]
[[Category:Children of Indra]]

Indian Navy ranks and insignia

2026-01-19T16:30:05Z

RuebenFrankfurte: added data

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
The [[Indian Navy]] (IN), the naval component of the [[Indian Armed Forces]] follows a certain hierarchy of rank designations and insignia derived from the erstwhile [[Royal Indian Navy]] (RIN).<ref>{{Cite news |first=Man Aman Singh |last=Chhina |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/military-digest-indian-navy-new-ranks-8983840/ |title=Military Digest: As Indian Navy looks to introduce new ranks, a look at foreign origins of Naval ranks |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=16 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314102446/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/military-digest-indian-navy-new-ranks-8983840/ |archive-date=14 March 2024}}</ref>

== History==
[[File:Naval Ensign of India.svg|250px|right|thumb|The [[Indian Naval Ensign]].]]
===1947–2023===
Upon the establishment of [[Indian Independence Act 1947|establishment of India's independence in 1947]], the country became a [[Dominion of India|dominion]] within the British [[Commonwealth of Nations]]; nevertheless, the armed forces, namely, the [[British Indian Army]] (BIA), the Royal Indian Navy (RIN) and the [[Royal Indian Air Force]] (RIAF) - under the helm of [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|King]] [[George VI]] as the Commander-in-Chief, retained their respective pre-independence ranks and corresponding insignia.<ref name="Changes"/>

In May 1949, [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Mountbatten]], the inaugural [[Governor-General of India]] and himself a naval officer, dispatched a note to [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], titled ''Names and Insignia of Indian Armed Forces'', containing a list of suggestions regarding the nomenclature of the armed forces that were to be enforced upon the dominion's conversion to a republic.<ref name="Changes">{{Cite web |url=https://optimizeias.com/how-india-adopted-its-military-flags-and-badges-based-on-lord-mountbattens-suggestions/ |title=How India adopted its military flags and badges based on Lord Mountbatten's suggestions |website=optimizeias.com |date=3 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106074818/https://optimizeias.com/how-india-adopted-its-military-flags-and-badges-based-on-lord-mountbattens-suggestions/ |archive-date=6 January 2024}}</ref> In the note, Mountbatten proposed that the future IN should retain its predecessor's nomenclature as much as possible - advocating the retention of the RIN's ranks, insignia and uniforms; the only exemption to these retentions was the force's [[Indian Naval Ensign|naval ensign]], which was modified to feature the [[Flag of India|Indian tricolor]] as a substitute for the [[Union Jack]].<ref name="Changes"/> In September 1949, Nehru forwarded the proposals to the country's [[Minister of Defence (India)|minister of defence]], [[Baldev Singh]], recommending Mountbatten's suggestions, which were consequently enforced upon [[Republic Day (India)|India's emergence as a republic]] on 26 January 1950.<ref name="Changes"/>

===2023 modifications===
In December 2022, [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]] [[R. Hari Kumar]], the IN's [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]] (CNS), proposed several alterations to the force's rank structure, namely, a proposal to drop the rank of [[Petty officer|Petty Officer]] and to integrate IN ranks with that of the IA and the IAF, reasoning the present rank nomenclature reflected of what was termed by several as a ''colonial mindset''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dongare |first=Akshay |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/do-away-with-ranks-like-petty-officer-to-shed-colonial-legacies-navy-chief-agenda-aaj-tak-2307578-2022-12-10 |title=Do away with ranks like petty officer to shed colonial legacies: Navy chief at Agenda Aaj Tak |work=[[India Today]] |date=10 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106074815/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/do-away-with-ranks-like-petty-officer-to-shed-colonial-legacies-navy-chief-agenda-aaj-tak-2307578-2022-12-10 |archive-date=6 January 2024}}</ref>

Following a review of the IN rank structure in October 2023, the IN announced that the rank nomenclature of the ''Personnel Below Officer Rank'' (PBOR) cadre would be revised to reflect a gender-neutral perspective.<ref name="Outlook">{{Cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/indian-navy-to-adopt-gender-neutral-ranks-after-opening-doors-to-women-news-323302 |title=Indian Navy To Adopt Gender-Neutral Ranks After Opening Doors To Women |date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319191844/https://www.outlookindia.com/national/indian-navy-to-adopt-gender-neutral-ranks-after-opening-doors-to-women-news-323302/ |archive-date=19 March 2024}}</ref> Multiple sources indicated that the seven ranks of the PBOR cadre would be allotted Indian-origin names.<ref name="Wire">{{Cite news |first=Rahul |last=Bedi |url=https://thewire.in/security/veterans-prime-minister-modi-change-navy-epaulettes |title=What Veterans Think About PM Modi Announcing Change of Navy Epaulettes |work=thewire.in |date=5 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106074917/https://thewire.in/security/veterans-prime-minister-modi-change-navy-epaulettes |archive-date=6 January 2024}}</ref> In March 2024, R. Hari Kumar suggested that "seaman" be replaced with the gender-neutral "nausainik" (navy soldier).<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=5 March 2024 |title=Navy submitted proposal to alter rank nomenclature after induction of women sailors: Admiral Hari Kumar |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/have-sought-rank-nomenclature-change-in-navy-as-we-now-have-women-sailors-also-admiral-kumar/articleshow/108233274.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250218132425/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/have-sought-rank-nomenclature-change-in-navy-as-we-now-have-women-sailors-also-admiral-kumar/articleshow/108233274.cms |archive-date=18 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Ranks-for-sailors-in-Indian-Navy-to-be-genderneutral-Navy-Chief/218602 |title=Ranks for sailors in Indian Navy to be gender-neutral: Navy Chief |work=[[O Heraldo]] |date=6 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305200727/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Ranks-for-sailors-in-Indian-Navy-to-be-genderneutral-Navy-Chief/218602 |archive-date=5 March 2024}}</ref>

Consequently, the revision plan was publicized during the IN's 2023 [[Navy Day (India)|Navy Day]] celebrations, when prime minister [[Narendra Modi]] announced that the rank structure's designations would be retitled with domestic names to reflect Indian-origin traditions, while the shoulder board epaulettes worn by flag officers would be altered to bear the octagonal-shaped naval crest, which had been adopted by the IN the previous year.<ref name="Wire"/> Accordingly, the alterations to the flag officer insignia were revealed later that month; notably, other observable emendations in the new insignia included the introduction of an Indian sword-cum-telescope design instead of the older sword-cum-baton design and a gold button embossed with a clear anchor instead of a fouled anchor.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Amrita Nayak |last=Dutta |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/navy-new-epaulettes-shivaji-9088379/ |title=Navy unveils new epaulettes for Admirals: What are the changes, what do they signify? |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=31 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314034839/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/navy-new-epaulettes-shivaji-9088379/ |archive-date=14 March 2024}}</ref>

In 2025, news came out reporting that the rollout of the new names had stalled.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bedi |first=Rahul |date=23 January 2025 |title=No Takers for Modi's Plan to 'Decolonise' Navy by Introducing Kurta-Pyjama in Dress Code |url=https://thewire.in/security/no-takers-for-navys-plan-to-decolonise-services-by-introducing-kurta-pyjama-in-dress-code |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250921120944/https://thewire.in/security/no-takers-for-navys-plan-to-decolonise-services-by-introducing-kurta-pyjama-in-dress-code |archive-date=21 September 2025}}</ref>

==Structure==
Presently, the IN's rank hierarchy is divided into four broad categories:
* Commissioned Officers
* [[Junior Commissioned Officers]] (JCO)
* Other Ranks (OR)
** Non-Commissioned Officers (NCO)
** Enlisted

{{Equivalent ranks of Indian military}}

===Commissioned officers===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Navies/OF/Blank}}
|- style="background-color:#CCC;"
! Pay level ([[7th Central Pay Commission and Defence Forces|7CPC]])
! colspan=4|18 (apex)
! colspan=2|17/16/15
! colspan=2|14
! colspan=2|13A
! colspan=2|13
! colspan=2|12A
! colspan=2|11
! colspan=2|10B
! colspan=3|10
! colspan=3|Stipend
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Navies/OF/India}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan=2| '''[[Armed Forces Medical Services|Indian Navy Medical Service]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Navy Medical Shoulder Rank Flaps |url=https://armynavyair.com/in-indian-navy-naval-nau-sena-medical-shoulder-rank-flaps-epaulette-golden-zari-braid-stripes-hard-bar-india-bharat |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=armynavyair.com |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250705000054/https://armynavyair.com/in-indian-navy-naval-nau-sena-medical-shoulder-rank-flaps-epaulette-golden-zari-braid-stripes-hard-bar-india-bharat |archive-date=5 July 2025}}</ref>{{bsn|date=July 2025}}
| colspan=4 rowspan=2|
| colspan=1| [[File:IN SURG VADM.png|50px]]
|COLSPAN=1|[[File:SURG SLEEVE VADM.png|50px]]
| colspan=1| [[File:IN SURG RADM.png|50px]]
|COLSPAN=1|[[File:SURG SLEEVE RADM.png|50px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:IN SURG COM.png|50px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:IN SURG CAPT.png|50px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:IN SURG CDR.png|50px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:IN SURG LCDR.png|50px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:IN SURG LT1.png|50px]]
| colspan=3| [[File:IN SURG LT.png|50px]]
| colspan=3| '''No insignia'''{{hr}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan=2| Surgeon [[Vice admiral (India)|Vice admiral]]
| colspan=2| Surgeon [[Rear admiral (India)|Rear admiral]]
| colspan=2| Surgeon [[Commodore (India)|Commodore]]
| colspan=2| Surgeon [[Captain (Indian Navy)|Captain]]
| colspan=2| Surgeon Commander
| colspan=2| Surgeon Lieutenant Commander
| colspan=2| Surgeon Lieutenant
| colspan=3| Surgeon Sub lieutenant
|}
===Command flags===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px; text-align:center;"
|- style="background-color:#CCCCCC;"
! Rank flags
! Adm
! VAdm
! RAdm
! Cmde
|-
| (1950–2022)
| [[File:Admiral of the Indian Navy rank flag.svg|border|120px]]
| [[File:Vice Admiral of the Indian Navy rank flag.svg|border|120px]]
| [[File:Rear Admiral of the Indian Navy rank flag.svg|border|120px]]
| [[File:Commodore of the Indian Navy rank flag (border).svg|120px]]
|-
| (2022–present)
| [[File:Admiral ensign of Indian Navy.svg|border|120px]]
| [[File:Vice Admiral ensign of Indian Navy.svg|border|120px]]
| [[File:Rear Admiral ensign of Indian Navy.svg|border|120px]]
| [[File:Commodore ensign of Indian Navy.svg|border|120px]]
|-
|}

The highest rank in the IN's CO cadre is [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]], a [[Military star ranking|four-star rank]], which is held exclusively by the Chief of the Naval Staff (CNS).<ref name="IN Ranks">{{Cite web |url=https://blog.alpharegiment.com/ranks-in-indian-navy-insignia-and-hierarchy/ |title=Ranks In Indian Navy – Insignia And Hierarchy |website=alpharegiment.com |date=23 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108090913/https://blog.alpharegiment.com/ranks-in-indian-navy-insignia-and-hierarchy/ |archive-date=8 January 2024}}</ref> The rank was first awarded to then-Vice Admiral [[Adhar Kumar Chatterji|A. K. Chatterji]] in March 1968, following his appointment to the post of CNS; before him, CNS appointees belonged to the three-star rank of Vice Admiral.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Srikant B. |last=Kesnur |url=https://thedailyguardian.com/remembering-the-admiral-who-shed-his-vice-and-built-the-navy/ |title=Remembering the Admiral who shed his vice and built the Navy |website=thedailyguardian.com |date=15 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708175303/https://thedailyguardian.com/remembering-the-admiral-who-shed-his-vice-and-built-the-navy/ |archive-date=8 July 2023}}</ref> However, unlike the IA and the IAF, which both bear the honorary [[Five-star rank|five-star]] ranks of [[Field marshal (India)|Field Marshal]] (FM) and [[Marshal of the Indian Air Force]] (MIAF) respectively, the IN does not have a correspondingly recognized equivalent, as no four-star admirals were deemed for promotion to five-star rank.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiandefencereview.com/ia-has-field-marshal-iaf-has-marshal-of-indian-air-force-indian-navys-glory-deserves-the-honour-of-admiral-of-the-fleet-rank/ |title=IA has Field Marshal, IAF has Marshal of Indian Air Force, Indian Navy's glory deserves the honour of 'Admiral of the Fleet' rank |website=www.indiandefencereview.com |date=5 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227194116/https://www.indiandefencereview.com/ia-has-field-marshal-iaf-has-marshal-of-indian-air-force-indian-navys-glory-deserves-the-honour-of-admiral-of-the-fleet-rank/ |archive-date=27 February 2024}}</ref>

=== Junior commissioned officer and non-commissioned ranks ===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|- style="background:#ccc;"
{{Ranks and Insignia of Indian forces/OR/Blank}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Navies/OR/India}}
|}

Junior Commissioned Officers (JCOs) in the Indian Navy are senior sailors promoted from the ranks of Non-Commissioned Officers (NCOs), based on merit, seniority, and vacancy availability.{{cn|date=July 2025}} They hold a status broadly equivalent to Warrant Officers in the [[Royal Navy]]. Positioned between Commissioned Officers and NCOs, MCPO I and MCPO II are highly respected for their experience—typically over 20 years of service—and are often addressed as ''MaSabs'' across all ranks.{{cn|date=July 2025}}

From 1950 to December 1968, the designation of Chief Petty Officer was the highest non-commissioned rank in IN's rank hierarchy. In December 1968, the designations of Master Chief Petty Officer I and Master Chief Petty Officer II were introduced.<ref name="MCPO">{{cite web |title=New Cadre for Senior Sailors Formed |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1968-MAY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1968-12-15_303.pdf |website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive |date=15 December 1968 |access-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250213175407/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1968-MAY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1968-12-15_303.pdf |archive-date=13 February 2025}}</ref>

== Rank descriptions ==
Indian Navy ranks are classified into three categories: 
* '''Commissioned Officers''' – equivalent to [[All India Services]] and Group ‘A’ Gazetted officers.
* '''Junior Commissioned Officers (JCO)''' – equivalent to Group ‘B’ Gazetted officers.
* '''Other Ranks (OR)''' – comprising non-commissioned personnel, equivalent to Group ‘C’ non-gazetted staff.
=== Officer ranks ===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Rank
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Epaulette Insignia
! scope="col" style="width: 300px;" | Description
! scope="col" style="width: 300px;" | Appointments
! scope="col" style="width: 50px;" | Superannuation Age/Tenure
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Rank flag
! scope="col" style="width: 50px;" | Pay level
|-
| [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]]
| [[File:14-Indian Navy-ADM.svg|40px]]
| Four-star rank; professional head of the Indian Armed Forces (when appointed), or commander of the Indian Navy
| [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]] (CDS) [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]] (CNS)
| 65 years (CDS) 62 years (CNS)
| [[File:Admiral ensign of Indian Navy.svg|100px]]
| Level 18
|-
| [[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] (C-in-C grade)
|[[File:13-Indian Navy-VADM.svg|40px]]
|Three star rank; authority of naval commands
|FOC-in-C of Eastern, Western and Southern Naval Commands, [[Vice Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Vice Chief of Naval Staff]], [[CINCAN]], [[Commander-in-Chief, Strategic Forces Command|CinC SFC]], [[Chief of Integrated Defence Staff|CISC]]
|60 years
|[[File:Vice Admiral ensign of Indian Navy.svg|100px]]
|Level 17
|-
| Vice Admiral
| [[File:13-Indian Navy-VADM.svg|40px]]
| Three-star rank; operational authority
| [[Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff]], Chiefs of [[Chief of Personnel (India)|Personnel]], [[Chief of Materiel (India)|Materiel]], Controller of Warship Production&Acquisition, [[Director General Naval Operations]], Commandants of major training institutions
|60 years
|[[File:Vice Admiral ensign of Indian Navy.svg|100px]]
|Level 15
|-
| [[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]]
| [[File:12-Indian Navy-RADM.svg|40px]]
| Two-star rank; commands a naval area or fleet
| Flag Officers Commanding Fleets, Flag Officers Commanding Naval Areas, Commandant of training institutions, Superintendent of naval dockyards, [[Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Assistant Chiefs of the Naval Staff]]
| 58 years
| [[File:Rear Admiral ensign of Indian Navy.svg|100px]]
| Level 14
|-
| [[Commodore (India)|Commodore]]
| [[File:11-Indian Navy-CDRE.svg|40px]]
| One-star rank, senior-most sea command
| Fleet CO, Naval Attaché, Senior Staff in Naval HQ, CO Naval air base, Principal Director at Naval HQ
| 56 years (58 years for Commodore [Education])
| [[File:Commodore ensign of Indian Navy.svg|100px]]
| Level 13A
|-
| [[Captain (Indian Navy)|Captain]]
| [[File:10-Indian Navy-CAPT.svg|40px]]
| Commands large warships, naval air squadrons, or shore establishments
| Commanding Officer, Director/Joint Director in Naval HQ, Principal Engineer/Technical officer, Senior staff officer
| 56 years (Timescale Captain) (58 years for Captain [Education]) (Voluntary retirement after 5 years of service as Selected Captain)
| {{NA}}
| Level 13
|-
| Commander
| [[File:09-Indian Navy-CDR.svg|40px]]
| Senior officer rank, often second-in-command of warships, Commanding Officer of small ships or naval air squadrons
| Executive Officer, Senior Engineer, Staff Officer, Senior Technical officer
| 54 years
| {{NA}}
| Level 12A
|-
| Lieutenant Commander
| [[File:08-Indian Navy-LCDR.svg|40px]]
| Mid-ranking officer responsible for departments on board
| Departmental Head, Senior Divisional Officer, Assistant Engineer, Technical officer
| 52 years
| {{NA}}
| Level 11
|-
| Lieutenant
| [[File:07-Indian Navy-LT.svg|40px]]
| Junior officer rank; takes on division and technical duties
| Junior executive Officer, OOD, Divisional Officer, Pilot, Assistant technical officer, ATC officer
| 52 years
| {{NA}}
| Level 10B
|-
| Sub-Lieutenant
| [[File:06-Indian Navy-SLT.svg|40px]]
| First commissioned rank in the Indian Navy
| Pilot, Watchkeeping Officer, Divisional Officer, Junior technical Officer, Observer, ATC officer
| 52 years
| {{NA}}
| Level 10
|-
| Midshipman
| [[File:British Royal Navy OF-1a.svg|40px]]
| Trainee officer undergoing Naval Orientation Course
| Under training at Indian Naval Academy, Air Force Academy (Pilots)
| 1.5 to 4.5 years of training
| {{NA}}
| Stipend ({{INRConvert|673200}}) [https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/per_annum pa]
|}

=== Indian Navy Medical Service ===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+ '''Medical officer ranks'''
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Rank
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Epaulette Insignia
! scope="col" style="width: 300px;" | Description
! scope="col" style="width: 300px;" | Appointments
! scope="col" style="width: 50px;" | Superannuation Age/Tenure
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Rank flag
! scope="col" style="width: 50px;" | Pay level
|-
| Surgeon Vice Admiral
([[Director General Armed Forces Medical Services (India)|DGAFMS]])
|[[File:IN SURG VADM.png|45px]] || Senior-most officer of [[Armed Forces Medical Services|AFMS]]; tri-service head || Director General Armed Forces Medical Services || 62 years (fixed tenure)|| [[File:Vice Admiral ensign of Indian Navy.svg|100px]] || Level 17 (Apex)
|-
| Surgeon Vice Admiral || [[File:IN SURG VADM.png|45px]]|| Principal Medical Officer at Naval HQ or Command HQ || Director General Medical Services (Navy), Senior Consultant (Navy) || 62 years || [[File:Vice Admiral ensign of Indian Navy.svg|100px]]|| Level 16
|-
| Surgeon Rear Admiral ||[[File:IN SURG RADM.png|45px]] || Senior specialist and administrative posts at Command HQ / Hospitals || Command Medical Officer, Command Hospital Director || 61 years || [[File:Rear Admiral ensign of Indian Navy.svg|100px]]|| Level 14
|-
| Surgeon Commodore || [[File:IN SURG COM.png|45px]]|| Senior consultant and hospital administration || CO of large military hospitals, senior advisor || 59 years ||[[File:Commodore ensign of Indian Navy.svg|100px]] || Level 13A
|-
| Surgeon Captain || [[File:IN SURG CAPT.png|45px]]|| Specialist with independent responsibilities || Senior Advisor, Principal Medical Officer (Fleet/Establishment) || 58 years|| {{NA}} || Level 13
|-
| Surgeon Commander || [[File:IN SURG CDR.png|45px]]|| Mid-level medical specialist or administrator || Classified Specialist, Medical Officer-in-Charge || 58 years|| {{NA}} || Level 12A
|-
| Surgeon Lieutenant Commander ||[[File:IN SURG LCDR.png|45px]] || Junior specialist or general duty medical officer || Senior Medical Officer, Station Health Officer || 58 years||{{NA}} || Level 11
|-
| Surgeon Lieutenant ||[[File:IN SURG LT1.png|45px]] || Entry-level officer, general medical duties || Medical Officer at ships/establishments || 58 years ||{{NA}}|| Level 10B
|-
| Surgeon Sub Lieutenant ||[[File:IN SURG LT.png|45px]] || Undergoing internship at Naval Hospitals under AFMC MBBS course || Medical intern || 1 year of internship ||{{NA}} ||Level 10
|-
|}

===Subordinate officers (SO)===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Rank
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Insignia
! scope="col" style="width: 300px;" | Description
! scope="col" style="width: 300px;" | Appointments/Specialisations
! scope="col" style="width: 50px;" | Superannuation Age/Tenure
! scope="col" style="width: 50px;" | Pay level
|-
|[[Navy Master Chief Petty Officer]]/ MCERA I
| [[File:India-Navy-OR-9.svg|40px]] 
& aiguillettes presented by the [[Chief of Naval Staff (India)|CNS]]
| Honorary appointment, highest achievable enlisted rank in the Indian Navy
| Principal advisor to CNS on sailor affairs; ceremonial & consultative role & In charge of Engine Room and propulsion systems
| 57 years (extendable)
| Level 9
|-
| Master Chief Petty Officer Class I/ MCERA I
| [[File:India-Navy-OR-9.svg|40px]]
| Senior JCO-equivalent; assists ship COs in administration and discipline
| Base Master-at-Arms, Fleet-level Chief ERA
| 57 years
| Level 8
|-
| Master Chief Petty Officer Class II/ MCERA II
| [[File:India-Navy-OR-8.svg|40px]]
| Mid level JCO-equivalent; supervises divisions, handles men and machines
| Chief ERA, Department 2IC in base/ship
| 57 years
| Level 7
|-
| Chief Petty Officer/ ERA III
| [[File:India-Navy-OR-7.svg|40px]]
| Junior JCO-equivalent; trained in marine engineering duties
| Section-in-charge, Technical supervisor, ERA (Chief Artificer)
| 52 years
| Level 6
|}

=== Non-commissioned officers (NCO) ===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Rank
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Insignia
! scope="col" style="width: 300px;" | Description
! scope="col" style="width: 300px;" | Appointments/Specialisations
! scope="col" style="width: 50px;" | Superannuation Age/Tenure
! scope="col" style="width: 50px;" | Pay level
|-
| Petty Officer/ ERA IV
| [[File:PO Indian Navy.svg|45px]]
| Senior NCO; supervises divisions or equipment sections
| Petty Artificer, section-in-charge, instructor roles
| 52 years
| Level 5
|-
| Leading Seaman/ ERA V
| [[File:Leading Seaman Indian Navy.svg|45px]]
| First NCO rank; commands a small team or assists Petty Officers
| L/ERA, radar ops, communications, weapons handling
| 52 years
| Level 4
|}

=== Enlisted and trainees===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Rank
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Insignia
! scope="col" style="width: 300px;" | Description
! scope="col" style="width: 300px;" | Appointments/Specialisations
! scope="col" style="width: 50px;" | Superannuation Age/Tenure
! scope="col" style="width: 50px;" | Pay level
|-
| Seaman I
| No insignia
| Promoted sailor after completing initial training & assessments
| Operational duties: navigation, gunnery, ER assistant
| 52 years
| Level 3
|-
| Seaman II
| No insignia
| Freshly inducted sailor post-basic training; under probation
| General duties, sentry, deck jobs, mess duty
| 52 years
| Level 3
|-
| Artificer Apprentice
| [[File:ISO 7000 - Ref-No 2798.svg|100px|frameless|upright=0.9|class=skin-invert]]
| Technical trade recruits undergoing training to become ERAs ie, Leading Seaman
| Undergoing training in [[INS Shivaji]] or Naval Technical Institutes
| 2.5 to 3 years
| Stipend ({{INRConvert|175200}}) [https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/per_annum pa]
|-
|}

== Specialisation Badges ==
{{unreferenced section|date=September 2025}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 10px;" | S.No.
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | Badge
! scope="col" style="width: 300px;" | Description
! scope="col" style="width: 300px;" | Role
! scope="col" style="width: 300px;" | Specialisation allowance(s)
|-
|1
|{{Center|[[File:Indian Navy Torpedo & Anti-Submarine badge.jpg|50px]]}}
| [[Torpedo]] & [[Anti-submarine warfare|Anti-Submarine]] badge
| Specialist in submarine detection, torpedo operations, and anti-submarine tactics.
|
*{{INRConvert|10500}} or {{INRConvert|15750}} per month for officers
*{{INRConvert|5300}} or {{INRConvert|10500}} per month for sailors
|-
|2
|{{Center|[[File:IN Pilot.png|120px]]}}
|[[Naval aviation|Pilot]] badge
| Naval aviator operating fighter jets, helicopters, and maritime reconnaissance aircraft.
|
*{{INRConvert|25000}} per month for naval aviators (officers)
|-
|3
|{{Center|[[File:Indian Navy Aviation badge.jpg|50px]]}}
|[[Naval aviation|Aviation]] badge
| Support staff and technicians maintaining naval aircraft systems and operations.
|
*{{INRConvert|3600}} per month for artificers
|-
|4
|{{Center|[[File:IN Flight Engineer badge.png|100px]]}}
|[[Aerospace Engineering|Flight engineer]] badge
| In-flight technical expert responsible for engine, fuel, and system monitoring during operations.
|
*{{INRConvert|10500}} per month for naval flight engineers
|-
|5
|{{Center|[[File:IN SAR Crewman.png|100px]]}}
|SAR Aircrewman badge
| Search and Rescue (SAR) specialist performing recovery operations at sea.
|
*{{INRConvert|10500}} per month for naval officers (Aircrewmen)
* {{INRConvert|5300}} per month for naval sailors (Aircrewmen)
|-
|6
|{{Center|[[File:IN Aviation Specialization badge.png|100px]]}}
|[[Naval aviation]] specialization badge
| Aviation support specialist engaged in technical operations and navigation support.
|
*{{INRConvert|10500}} per month for officers
|-
|7
|{{Center|[[File:IN Para badge.png|100px]]}}
|Naval Paratrooper badge
| Specialist trained in combat parachuting for airborne naval operations.
|
*{{INRConvert|10500}} per month for officers
* {{INRConvert|5300}} per month for sailors
|-
|8
|{{Center|[[File:Indian Navy — Combat Diver Badge.png|80px]]}}
|Combat [[Scuba diving|Diver]] badge (officers and MCPOs)
| Underwater operations, sabotage, reconnaissance, and mine clearance.
|
*{{INRConvert|10500}} per month for officers
|-
|9
|{{Center|[[File:Indian Navy Diver badge.jpg|60px]]}}
|Combat [[Scuba diving|Diver]] badge (sailors)
| Tactical diver specializing in demolitions and underwater combat.
|
*{{INRConvert|5300}} per month for sailors
|-
|10
|{{Center|[[File:Indian Navy Gunner badge.jpg|50px]]}}
|Gunner badge
| Naval artillery operator responsible for deck guns and close-range weapons.
|
*{{INRConvert|1600}} per month for sailors (Y)
|-
|11
|{{Center|[[File:Indian Navy Communication badge.jpg|60px]]}}
|[[Military communications|Communication]] badge
| Radio, cryptography, and secure naval communications expert.
|
*{{INRConvert|3600}} per month for sailors (X)
*{{INRConvert|1600}} per month for sailors (Y)
|-
|12
|{{Center|[[File:Indian Navy Survey Recorder badge.jpg|50px]]}}
|Survey Recorder badge
| Specialist in hydrographic surveys, navigation chart preparation, and mapping.
|
*{{INRConvert|3600}} per month for sailors (X)
*{{INRConvert|1600}} per month for sailors (Y)
|-
|13
|{{Center|[[File:Indian Navy Good Shooting badge.jpg|50px]]}}
|Shooting badge
| Marksmanship and small arms expert maintaining shooting proficiency.
|
*{{INRConvert|1600}} per month for sailors (Y)
|-
|14
|{{Center|[[File:Indian Navy Radar Plotter badge.jpg|50px]]}}
|[[Radar]] Plotter badge
| Radar operator for navigation, surveillance, and tracking hostile vessels.
|
*{{INRConvert|3600}} per month for sailors (X)
*{{INRConvert|1600}} per month for sailors (Y)
|-
|15
|{{Center|[[File:Indian Navy Engine Room badge.jpg|60px]]}}
|Engine Room badge
| Specialist in propulsion systems, machinery maintenance, and engine control.
|
*{{INRConvert|3600}} per month for artificers, in addition to artificer allowance
|-
|16
|{{Center|[[File:Indian Navy Physical Trainer badge.jpg|50px]]}}
|[[Physical training instructor|Physical Trainer]] badge
| Physical fitness trainer maintaining operational readiness of naval personnel.
|
*{{INRConvert|3600}} per month for officers
*{{INRConvert|2700}} per month for sailors
|-
|17
|{{Center|[[File:IN Medical officers.png|120px]]}}
|Medical officer badge
| Naval doctor or a [[Flight surgeon]] providing healthcare and emergency response aboard ships, submarines or aircraft.
|
*20% of basic pay for officers as Non-practising Allowance (NPA)
**{{INRConvert|11220}} to {{INRConvert|40000}} per month for medical officers
|-
|18
|{{Center|[[File:Indian Navy Submariner Badge.png|100px]]}}
|[[Submarine warfare|Submariner's]] badge (officers and MCPOs)
| Officer trained for submarine operations, stealth missions, and deep-sea warfare.
|
*{{INRConvert|20000}} per month for officers
|-
|19
|{{Center|[[File:Indian Navy OR Submariner Badge.png|100px]]}}
|Submariner's badge (CPOs and junior enlisted)
| Enlisted crew managing submarine maintenance, weapons, and operational support.
|
*{{INRConvert|10500}} per month for sailors
|-
|20
|{{Center|[[File:Marcos insignia.png|100px]]}}
|[[MARCOS]] badge (special forces)
| Elite commando involved in counter-terrorism, direct action, and special operations.
|
*{{INRConvert|25000}} per month
|-
|21
|{{Center|[[File:Indian Navy Surface Warfare Badge.png|100px]]}}
|[[Surface warfare]] officers badge
| Officers trained for surface ship combat operations and fleet tactics.
|
*{{INRConvert|10500}} per month for officers
|-
|22
|{{Center|[[File:Indian Navy Submariner enlisted.png|100px]]}}
|[[Surface warfare]] enlisted badge
| Sailors trained for surface ship combat operations, maintenance and logistics.
|
*{{INRConvert|5300}} per month for sailors
|-
|23
|{{Center|[[File:Indian Naval Police badge.png|100px]]}}
|Naval Police badge
| Law enforcement aboard ships and naval bases; discipline and security specialist.
|
*{{INRConvert|1600}} per month for sailors (Y)
|-
|24
|{{Center|[[File:IN Observer badge.png|100px]]}}
|Naval Observer (Navigator) badge
|Officers trained for airborne surveillance, reconnaissance, navigation, maritime patrol and anti-submarine warfare (air).
|
*{{INRConvert|10500}} per month for qualified naval navigators
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[Comparative military ranks]]
* [[All India Services]]
* [[Indian Army ranks and insignia]]
* [[Indian Air Force ranks and insignia]]
* [[Indian Coast Guard#Rank insignia|Coast Guard ranks and insignia of India]]
* [[Border Roads Organisation#Ranks|Border Roads Organisation ranks and insignia of India]]
* [[Paramilitary forces of India#Ranks and insignia|Paramilitary forces ranks and insignia of India]]
* [[Police ranks and insignia of India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.uniforminsignia.org/?option=com_insigniasearch&Itemid=53&result=1208 Uniforminsignia.org (Indian Navy)]

{{Military ranks by country}}
{{Military of India}}

[[Category:Indian Navy]]
[[Category:Military ranks of India]]
[[Category:Military insignia|India Navy]]

Champawat district

2026-01-13T15:15:01Z

RuebenFrankfurte: Starting A Place

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Champawat district
| other_name = Kali Kumaon
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Uttarakhand|District]] of [[Uttarakhand]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|size = 250
|photo1a = Lohaghat, Uttarakhand, India Himalayan Range November 2013.jpg
|photo2a = Baleshwar Champawat 05.jpg
|photo2b = Advaita Ashrama, Mayavati, a branch of the Ramakrishna Math, founded on March 19, 1899 (cropped).jpg
|photo3a = Abbott Mount Church (36879363074).jpg
|photo3b = Champawat.. - panoramio.jpg
|photo4a = Tanakpur Dam 04.jpg
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Clockwise from top : Himalayan view from [[Lohaghat]], [[Advaita Ashrama]], view of [[Champawat]], [[Tanakpur]] Dam, Abbott Mount church and [[Baleshwar Temple]]
| nickname =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Uttarakhand
| coordinates = {{coord|29.33|N|80.10|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttarakhand]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Champawat]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 1765.78
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 259648
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = 126
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 262523
| registration_plate = UK 03
| website = {{URL|champawat.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics1_title2 = Native
| demographics1_info2 = [[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]]
| leader_title = [[District collector]]
| leader_name = Navneet Pande[[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=List Of Collectors {{!}} Champawat {{!}} India |url=https://champawat.nic.in/list-of-collectors/ |access-date=2023-07-04 |language=en-US}}</ref>
}}

'''Champawat district''' is a district of [[Uttarakhand]] state in northern [[India]]. The town of [[Champawat]] is the administrative headquarters. The district is divided into five [[tehsil]]s: Barakot, [[Lohaghat]], Pati, Purnagiri, and [[Champawat]]. There are 2 Sub Tehsils: Pulla and Munch.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://champawat.nic.in/tehsil/ | title=Tehsil | Champawat | India }}</ref> The largest and the main city of the district is [[Tanakpur]].

Champawat district is part of the eastern [[Kumaon division]] of Uttarakhand. It is bounded on the north by [[Pithoragarh district]], on the east by [[Nepal]], on the south by [[Udham Singh Nagar district]], on the west by [[Nainital district]], and on the northwest by [[Almora district]].

{{As of|2011}} it is the second least populous of the 13 [[List of districts of Uttarakhand|districts of Uttarakhand]], after [[Rudraprayag district|Rudraprayag]].<ref name="districtcensus">{{cite web | url = http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php | title = District Census 2011 | access-date = 2011-09-30 | year = 2011 | publisher = Census2011.co.in}}</ref>

==Economy==
In 2006 the [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]] named Champawat one of the country's 250 [[Poverty in India|most backward districts]] (out of a total of [[List of districts of India|640 districts]]).<ref name=brgf/> It is one of the three districts in Uttarakhand currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).<ref name=brgf>{{cite web|author=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |date=8 September 2009 |title=A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme |publisher=National Institute of Rural Development |url=http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |access-date=27 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405033402/http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |archive-date=5 April 2012 }}</ref>

==Assembly Constituencies==
#Lohaghat
#Champawat

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011|alt=According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]]}}, Champawat district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 259,648<ref name="districtcensus"/> roughly equal to the nation of [[Vanuatu]].<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 2011-10-01 | quote = Vanuatu 224,564 July 2011 est.}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 579th among the 640 districts of India.<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{Convert|147|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001–2011 was 15.63%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Champawat district has a [[sex ratio]] of 980 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 79.83%. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 18.25% and 0.52% of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus/>

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Champawat district (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Uttarakhand|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11395/download/14508/DDW05C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|96.12}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|3.35}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.53}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}

{{As of|2001|alt=As of the 2001}} Indian census, the Champawat district had a population of 224,542, including 216,646 Hindus (96.5%), 6,642 (3.0%) Muslims, and 626 (0.3%) Christians.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/districts/andhra1.php?stateid=UA |title=Uttarakhand - Districts of India: Know India |publisher=National Portal of India |access-date=2009-04-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219225233/http://india.gov.in/knowindia/districts/andhra1.php?stateid=UA |archive-date=2009-02-19 }}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|thumb = left
|caption = Languages of Champawat district (2011)<ref name="census2011-C16"/>
|label1 = [[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]] |value1 = 78.19 |color1 = lightcoral
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 19.35 |color2 = orange
|label3 = Others |value3 = 2.46 |color3 = grey
}}

The major spoken language by of the district is [[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]].<ref name="census2011-C16"/>

{|class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|- valign=top
! colspan=4| Champawat district: mother-tongue of population, according to the [[2011 Indian Census]].<ref name="census2011-C16">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Uttarakhand|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10225/download/13337/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0500.XLSX|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|- valign=top
! Mother tongue code
! Mother tongue
! People
! Percentage
|- valign=top
|| 002007 || [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| align=right | 519
| align=right | 0.2%
|- valign=top
|| 006102 || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
| align=right | 462
| align=right | 0.2%
|- valign=top
|| 006195 || [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]]
| align=right | 561
| align=right | 0.2%
|- valign=top
|| 006240 || [[Hindi]]
| align=right | 50,254
| align=right | 19.4%
|- valign=top
|| 006340 || [[Kumauni language|Kumauni]]
| align=right | 203,022
| align=right | 78.2%
|- valign=top
|| 006439 || [[Pahari language|Pahari]]
| align=right | 193
| align=right | 0.1%
|- valign=top
|| 006489 || [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]]
| align=right | 145
| align=right | 0.1%
|- valign=top
|| 014011 || [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
| align=right | 1,266
| align=right | 0.5%
|- valign=top
|| 016038 || [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| align=right | 378
| align=right | 0.1%
|- valign=top
|| 022015 || [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| align=right | 1,474
| align=right | 0.6%
|- valign=top
| align=center | –
|| [[Languages of India|Others]]
| align=right | 1,374
| align=right | 0.5%
|- valign=top class=sortbottom
| colspan=2 | Total
| align=right | 259,648
| align=right | 100.0%
|-
|}

{{historical populations|11=1901|12=39,902|13=1911|14=45,196|15=1921|16=44,606|17=1931|18=48,514|19=1941|20=56,462|21=1951|22=63,640|23=1961|24=83,080|25=1971|26=1,20,525|27=1981|28=1,51,072|29=1991|30=1,90,929|31=2001|32=2,24,542|33=2011|34=2,59,648|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=middle}}

==See also==
*[[Jhirkuni]], village in Barakot Tahsil 

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{Official website|http://champawat.nic.in/}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120108083558/http://www.indiamapatlas.com/uttarakhand/district/champawat-map.html Champawat District Map]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110404102725/http://www.kumaoni.org/ Kumaoni.org - Information on Kumaon Region and Community]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Champawat district
|North = [[Pithoragarh district]]
|Northeast =
|East = {{NEP|Nepal}}
|Southeast =
|South = [[Udham Singh Nagar district]]
|Southwest =
|West = [[Nainital district]]
|Northwest = [[Almora district]]
}}

{{Champawat district}}
{{Districts of Uttarakhand}}

{{Hindu temples in Uttarakhand}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Champawat District}}
[[Category:Champawat district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Uttarakhand]]

Satpal Maharaj

2026-01-09T11:17:18Z

RuebenFrankfurte: Enhanced article with new information

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{puffery|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = File:Shri Satpal Maharaj At UNO.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1951|09|21|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kankhal]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]] (now [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]])
| residence = [[Dehradun]], [[Uttarakhand]] and [[Punjabi Bagh]], [[Delhi]]
| office1 = Cabinet Minister, [[Government of Uttarakhand]]
| term_start1 = 18 March 2017
| term_end1 =
| office2 = Member of the [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Chaubttakhal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chaubattakhal]]
| term_start2 = 11 March 2017
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 = [[Tirath Singh Rawat]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = [[Amrita Rawat]]
| children = Shraddhey, Suyesh
| website = {{url|http://www.satpalmaharaj.in}}
| father = [[Hans Maharaj]]
| mother = Rajeshwari Devi
| relatives = [[Prem Rawat]] (brother) Rajaji Rawat (brother) [[Navi Rawat]] (niece)
}}
'''Satpal Maharaj''' (born '''Satpal Singh Rawat''', 21 September 1951) is an Indian spiritual guru turned politician. He is a national executive member of the [[BJP]].<ref>{{cite web |title=National Executive Members List |url=http://www.bjp.org/organisation/national-executive}}</ref> Currently, he serves as the tourism, cultural, and irrigation minister in the cabinet of the [[Government of Uttarakhand]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Satpal Maharaj, BJP MLA from Chaubattakhal - Our Neta |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/satpal-maharaj/ |access-date=2023-07-26 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Satpal Maharaj Biography: Know the Age, Early Life, Net Worth, Family, Political Career, Uttrakhand CM, and Photo |url=https://www.jagrantv.com/en-show/satpal-maharaj-biography-know-the-age-early-life-net-worth-family-political-career-and-photo-rc1020293 |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=jagrantv |language=en}}</ref> He is the founder of [[Manav Utthan Sewa Samiti]].

== Early life ==
===Childhood===
Satpal was born as the eldest son of [[Shri Hans Ji Maharaj|Hans Maharaj]], a spiritual guru, and his second wife, Rajeshwari Devi, in a small town named [[Kankhal]] in [[Haridwar]] district. Since childhood, he has had an interest in spirituality and often practices deep meditation techniques. His brothers, Bhole Rawat and [[Prem Rawat]] are also spiritual gurus.

Satpal went to [[St. Joseph's Academy, Dehradun|St. George's College]], [[Mussorie]] for formal education.<ref name=Mangalwadi135-136>Mangalwadi (1992), pp. 135–136</ref><ref name="LPSSSJM 1979, p.4">Life of Shri Satpal Ji Maharaj (1979), p.4</ref>

===Spiritual Master===
His father died in 1966, giving him the task of communicating spiritual knowledge to the world. He used to address a large crowd of followers with his spiritual discourses at very young ages. His message is "God is neither Hindu, Muslim, nor Christian. God is one and is our father".<ref name="LPSSSJM 1979, p.5">Life Portrait of Shri Satpal Ji Maharaj (1979), p.5</ref>

===Recognition as a Social Figure===
Since the early years of his life, he has been a social activist, bringing about reforms. He has opened multiple non-profit clinics and brought other important services to the people of remote areas, who do not have access to government programs due to their geographical conditions. In his teenage years, he became familiar with the problems faced by people living in mountainous, remote areas of then-[[Uttar Pradesh]], and he out-reached people living in such areas and supported their demand for a separate state of [[Uttarakhand]]. He set up a socio-spiritual society with the objective of uplifting mankind from the morass of ignorance and superstition. The society is called "[[Manav Utthan Sewa Samiti]]", with its headquarters in [[Delhi]], [[India]].<ref name="LPSSSJM 1979, p.6">Life Portrait of Shri Satpal Ji Maharaj (1979), p.6</ref>

==Socio-Spiritual Initiatives==
He established a socio-spiritual organization called [[Manav Utthan Sewa Samiti]].

===Manav Utthan Sewa Samiti===
He founded [[Manav Utthan Sewa Samiti]] with the motive of preaching the meditation techniques called "[[Techniques of Knowledge|Knowledge]]".<ref name="mckean5357">[[Satpal Maharaj#McKean|McKean 1996]], pp. 53-57</ref> The Society stands for sanskritizing the lower classes in the society and sharing with them the joys and sorrows of life as brethren by providing them with spiritual succor. It fights for their rights and against atrocities on the lower castes and condemns depriving their entry into the place of worship. Community lunch and commune living is a common feature of society.<ref name="LPSSSJM 1979, p.8">Life Portrait of Shri Satpal Ji Maharaj (1979), p.8</ref>

=== Padyatras (Foot Marches) ===
He headed many [[padayatra]]s, both nationally and internationally, many social causes, and to bring awareness and peace. He is connected to the motive of building a better, healthy, and contented society and has made many efforts to this end, as listed below:

{| class="wikitable"
! Name of March
! Date Started
! Date Ended
! Place From
! Place To
! Distance Covered (Approx. in km.)
! Description
|-
! scope=row | Bharat Jago Padyatra (Wake Up India Foot March)
| 24 September 1983 || 28 October 1983 || [[Badrinath]], [[Uttarakhand]] || [[Boat Club]], [[Delhi]] || 710 km. || This foot march traversed from the often dangerous mountainous terrain and walked through 500 villages, Maharaj Ji met more than 300,000 people along the way, talking with them and listening to their grievances. The poor and needy were given medicines and blankets. At each of the 24 stops along the way, evening programs were held to discuss the problems of the local people and to inform them of the aims of the padayatra. The march culminated with a gathering of 60,000, calling for social and political awakening. A campaign to clean up the polluted Ganges also began during this march.<ref name="padyatra1">{{cite web|url=http://cambiateycambiaalmundo.com/index.php/satpal-ji-maharaj/padyatra|title= shree Satpal Maharaj padyatras|language=spanish|accessdate=10 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="padyatra2">{{cite web|url=http://satpalmaharaj.in/padayatras.php|title= Shree Satpal Maharaj padyatras|accessdate=8 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
! scope=row | Jan Jagran Padyatra (Awaken The People Foot March)
| 11 March 1985
| Date unknown
| Gandhi Maidan, [[Siliguri]], [[West Bengal]]
| [[Gangtok]], [[Sikkim]]
| 250 km.
| The aim of this foot march was to inspire youth to create a congenial atmosphere for the development of the hilly region and demand the Government to recognize and alleviate the endemic problems of the hill areas and to listen to the grievances of the local people, who felt ignored and neglected by the authorities. It also supported and re-ignited the long-standing demand for recognition of the Nepali language, which was ultimately successful with its inclusion in the 8th Schedule of the [[Constitution of India]].<ref name=padyatra1/><ref name=padyatra2/>
|-
! scope=row | Janata Jage Padyatra (People Awake Foot March)
| Somewhere in February 1986
| somewhere in 1986
| [[Bodh Gaya]], [[Bihar]]
| [[Patna]], [[Bihar]]
| 230 km.
|The foot march was held in the poverty-stricken and violence-ridden state of Bihar, it called upon the people to reawaken the humanitarian ideals of peace and harmony embodied in the teachings of Buddha and Mahavir Swami and promote caste and communal harmony. Satpal Maharaj said, "The best way to pay tribute to Lord Buddha is to follow his teachings and refrain from doing anything to the contrary. Nothing is achieved through violence and crime. Society can only be changed when we change ourselves." The aim of this padayatra was to help the masses, especially young people, realize that a law-abiding atmosphere is essential for economic and social progress.<ref name=padyatra1/><ref name=padyatra2/>
|-
! scope=row | Gandhi Yatra (A Car Rally Dedicated to Non-Violence)
| Somewhere in October 1993
| somewhere in 1993
| [[Maghar India|Maghar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| 600 km.
|To rekindle interest in the teachings of Mahatma Gandhi and to promote harmony among religious communities, Shri Satpal Ji Maharaj led "Gandhi-Yatra". This was a 'car rally' in which 350 cars took part. It started where St Kabir was cremated and where a temple and mosque share a common wall. After rallies in many of the main cities of Uttar Pradesh, the yatra finished in Lucknow, where crowds surged into the streets to welcome the participants. A mammoth rally in the historic Begum Hazrat Mahal Park was preceded by a 4&nbsp;km silent march.<ref name=padyatra1/><ref name=padyatra2/>
|-
! scope=row | Shrandhanjali Padyatra (Tribute Foot March)
| Somewhere in 1995
| somewhere in 1995
| [[Gopeshwar]], [[Uttarakhand]]
| [[Muzzaffarnagar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| 350 km.
|This march was dedicated to commemorating the martyrs who lost their lives while demonstrating peacefully for a separate state of Uttarakhand. This region has specific problems that the state of Uttar Pradesh seemed unable to address. Maharaj Ji actively supported the Uttarakhand Movement and felt that the ultimate way to honor the dead would be to secure this separate state. When he was Minister of State for Railways in the Devegowda Government, he got the chance to convince the Prime Minister to grant statehood, which was announced during Independence Day celebrations on 15 August 1996.<ref name=padyatra1/><ref name=padyatra2/>
|-
! scope=row | Sadbhawana Padyatra (Goodwill Foot March)
| Somewhere in November 2002
| Somewhere in December 2002
| [[Dandi, Navsari|Dandi]], [[Gujarat]]
| [[Sabarmati]], [[Gujarat]]
| 350 km.
|The aim of this march was to promote healing and goodwill between Hindus and Muslims in riot-torn Gujarat after horrific violence, as well as to address the issue of divisive politics that was tearing the social fabric apart. Maharaj Ji voiced the opinion that Gandhi's home state should stand out as a beacon of economic progress and human development and that its social ethos and climate must be congenial for industry and investment to flourish. The procession stretched for 350 km and went for 22 days. It attracted people from different faiths who joined in with great enthusiasm.<ref name=padyatra1/><ref name=padyatra2/>
|-
! scope=row | Gandhi Rainbow Peace March
| Somewhere in 2005
| Somewhere in 2005
| [[Pietermaritzburg]], [[South Africa]]
| [[Durban]], [[South Africa]]
| 100 km.
|The march started where Mahatma Gandhi was evicted from a train for daring to sit in a 'Whites only' carriage and ended at City Hall, Durban, with a civic reception from the Mayor. Shri Maharaj Ji presented the Deputy Mayor of Pietermaritzburg and assembled dignitaries with a bust of Gandhi as a young barrister, to be installed at the railway station.<ref name=padyatra1/><ref name=padyatra2/>
|}

===Other Social Initiatives===
Shri Satpal Maharaj Ji has undertaken many social initiatives by the means of the [[Manav Utthan Sewa Samiti|MUSS]].

====Mission Education====
This initiative was taken under the guidance of his son, Shri Shradhey Maharaj Ji, where they developed a model to supply the recurring stationery to the underprivileged of the society, who drop school due to lack of stationery. Under this initiative, the aim is to create a value system amongst the students of well-to-do families to care for the underprivileged and donate the excess of their stuff. This initiative focused on collection of items from well-off institutions and create awareness, and then making kits of necessary involved, and distributing them in underprivileged schools, so, there is no money involved at all. This is being run at the international level.
In May 2019, this initiative became the world's quickest and largest system to donate the stationery, achieving a [[Guinness World Records|Guinness World Record]].<ref name="gwr">{{cite web| url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/non-corporate/2019/5/more-than-16000-kg-of-supplies-donated-in-24-hours-to-help-kids-in-schools-acros|title=Guinness World Record Mission Education|website=Guinness World Record| accessdate=2 May 2020}}</ref>

==Political career==
Shri Satpal Maharaj is the current Cabinet Minister in the State of [[Government of Uttarakhand]], serving as the Minister of Tourism, Irrigation, Culture.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-04 |title=11 members of previous cabinet take oath as U'khand ministers along with Chief Minister |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/11-members-of-previous-cabinet-take-oath-as-ukhand-ministers-along-with-chief-minister20210704184238 |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=www.aninews.in |language=en}}</ref>

===Works in Uttarakhand===
====Role in the formation of Uttarakhand====
He had played a vital role in the formation of [[Uttarakhand]].

====Rail Line Project====

He inaugurated a survey to this project as a Union Minister, and Minister of Railways of State of [[Uttar Pradesh]] (Now, in [[Uttarakhand]]) in 1996.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org/docs/railway-ministers.html|title=Railway Ministers|accessdate=6 April 2016|publisher=IRFCA}}</ref><ref name="rkrail">{{cite web|url=http://www.merapahadforum.com/development-issues-of-uttarakhand/proposal-for-train-till-bageshwar/msg86385/?PHPSESSID=31af99fdc9162b6cc76754ced97d0484#msg86385|title=Several Rail Projects Yet To Take Off in State}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20111102/dun.htm#7|title=Rishikesh Karnprayag Project|newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|Tribune India]]|accessdate=6 April 2016}}</ref> This project got budget allocation and other clearances from the government, it is said to be the longest tunnel rail project in the country, which will play a vital role in the security of the country, and livelihood of the people of Uttarakhand.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/coming-soon-india-s-longest-railway-tunnel-on-rishikesh-karnprayag-route/story-wS8XHEfypDEXqdmkby3aAN.html|title=Coming soon: India's longest railway tunnel on Rishikesh-Karnprayag route|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|accessdate=21 September 2016}}</ref>
The Rishikesh to Karnprayag Rail Line is proposed to serve a vital role in the country, for prompt movement of Army (as the geographical location of the line is near India-China Border), pilgrims and locals.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/uttarakhand/rishikesh-karanprayag-rail-line-priority-project-mp/205103.html|title=Rishikesh-Karanprayag rail line priority project: MP|newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|Tribune India]]|accessdate=6 April 2016}}</ref>
The foundation stone for the project survey was laid down by [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] chairperson [[Sonia Gandhi]], on 9 November 2011<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.merinews.com/article/work-on-rishikesh-karnaprayag-rail-line-to-commence-soon-satpal-maharaj/15860540.shtml|title=Work on Rishikesh-Karnaprayag rail line to commence soon: Satpal Maharaj|accessdate=6 April 2016|publisher=meri news}}</ref> at [[Rishikesh]], this was a 125-kilometer railway line project. The survey of the project completed somewhere by the year 2013,<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/uttarakhand/alignment-plan-finalised-for-rishikesh-karnaprayag-railway-line_876403.html|title=Alignment plan finalized for Rishikesh-Karnaprayag railway line|publisher=[[Zee News]]|accessdate=6 April 2016}}</ref> however, the project was delayed by state ministers to provide necessary land to Rail Vikas Nigam Limited (RVNL) for the commencement of the project construction due to nonfinalization of land acquisition rules of Uttarakhand.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/rail-project-caught-in-unsavory-political-controversy-114031400695_1.html|title=Rail project caught in unsavory political controversy|publisher=business-standard|accessdate=6 April 2016}}</ref>

====Private bill in 8th schedule====
He brought a private member's bill to include [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]] and [[Kumaoni language]] in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/make-kumaoni-garhwali-state-languages-says-satpal-maharaj/article2378155.ece|title=Make Kumaoni, Garhwali State languages, says Satpal Maharaj |date=21 August 2011 |newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|accessdate=4 March 2016}}</ref>

====Protein Revolution====
[[File:Shri Satpal Maharaj & Smt. Amrita Rawat, With Vice President & Other Dignitories of Peru.jpg|thumb|265x265px|Maharaj with his wife and dignitaries of [[Peru]].]]
Uttarakhand Government has inked a tourism promotion horticulture research agreement with Peru. State Government will have intergovernmental interaction of scientific communities from both the countries in order to boost horticulture and wool production in the State. According to Maharaj, the president of Peru will visit Uttarakhand in January to explore the possibilities and economic opportunities here. The MoU for tourism promotion was signed between the Uttarakhand tourism minister Amrita Rawat and Peru president Carlos Canales in the presence of the [[Vice President of India|vice president of India]] [[Mohammad Hamid Ansari|Mohammed Hamid Ansari]] in their recent visit to Peru. As per agreement tourism officials and other related agencies of Peru will visit the State to study tourism activities and further possibilities of promotional chances here. Besides this Uttarakhand will also import seeds of Peru's native protein-rich high altitude cereal crop Quinoa to cultivate it here.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/dehradun/peru-keen-on-importing-basmati-crop-tech-asian-buffaloes-from-ukhand.html|title=Peru keen on importing Basmati crop tech, Asian buffaloes from U'khand|website=www.dailypioneer.com|accessdate=9 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.diariodelcusco.com/2014/02/17/alcalde-de-cusco-recibio-reconocimiento-de-uno-de-los-mas-importantes-lideres-de-la-india/|title=Alcalde de Cusco recibió reconocimiento de uno de los más importantes líderes de la India|last=Rolan|website=El Diario del Cusco|accessdate=9 March 2016}}</ref>[[File:Satpal Maharaj Bust Donation at Africa.jpg|left|thumb|217x217px|Satpal Maharaj Bust Donation at Africa.]]

==International activities==
1. On 17 October 2011, he delivered a speech at 66th [[United Nations General Assembly]] session held in [[New York City]] on the topic "Sport for Peace and Development".<ref name="unobroc">{{cite web|url=http://www.satpalmaharaj.in/pdf/UNO%20Broshure%202011.pdf |title=UNO Brochure.pdf}}</ref>

2. On 19 October 2011, he presented the statement by [[India]] in the First Committee Thematic Debate on Conventional Weapons at 66th [[United Nations General Assembly]] session held in [[New York City]].<ref name=unobroc/>

3. He and his wife Smt. Amrita Rawat jointly donated a bust of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] to [[KwaZulu-Natal]] provincial government, the bust was to be installed at the [[Pietermaritzburg]] Railway Station; the station where [[Mahatma Gandhi]] was thrown out of the train.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mahatma Gandhi's bust gathering dust in South Africa|date=1 October 2009|newspaper=The Hindu|url=http://m.thehindu.com/news/international/mahatma-gandhis-bust-gathering-dust-in-south-africa/article26902.ece|accessdate=29 February 2016}}</ref>

==COVID-19 disease==
Satpal Maharaj, his wife, and his 22 family and staff members tested positive for Covid-19 on 30 May 2020. Satpal Maharaj and his wife had been admitted to [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh|AIIMS hospital, Rishikesh]] and the couple recovered from the coronavirus within 3 weeks; they were discharged from [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh|AIIMS hospital, Rishikesh]] on 17 June 2020.<ref>{{cite news|title=Uttarakhand minister Satpal Maharaj, family test positive for COVID-19|newspaper=The Hindustantimes|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/uttarakhand-minister-satpal-maharaj-quarantined-after-wife-tests-covid-19-positive/story-Q7QvfPlBgXMyc8l7WskqpO.html|accessdate=30 May 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book|last=Downton|first=James V.|author-link=James V. Downton|title=[[Sacred Journeys|Sacred Journeys: The Conversion of Young Americans to Divine Light Mission]]|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|location=New York|year=1979|isbn=0-231-04198-5|ref=Downton}}
* {{cite book |publisher=Cornerstone |isbn=978-0-940895-03-4 |last=Mangalwadi |first= Vishal |author-link = Vishal Mangalwadi |title=The World of Gurus |location= Chicago, Ill. |year=1992 |ref=Mangalwadi}}
* {{cite book |last=McKean|first= Lise|title=Divine Enterprise: Gurus and the Hindu Nationalist Movement|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|year=1996|isbn= 0-226-56009-0|ref=McKean}}
* {{cite book |chapter=Maharaj Ji, Guru|title=[[Current Biography|Current Biography Yearbook: 1974]] |year=1974|publisher=[[H. W. Wilson Company]]|page= 254|editor-first=Charles|editor-last=Moritz|ref=Moritz}}
* {{cite book |last1=Manav| first1=Utthan |last2=Sewa |first2=Samiti |author-link=Manav Utthan Sewa Samiti |publisher=Vikram Printers |location=Punjabi Bagh, New Delhi |date=13 April 1979 |title=LIFE PORTRAIT OF Shri SATPAL JI MAHARAJ| ref=LPSSSJM}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Satpal Maharaj}}
* [http://www.manavdharam.org/ Manav Dharam]
* [http://www.satpalmaharaj.in/ Shree Satpal Ji Maharaj]
* [http://india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=3717 Shri Satpal Maharaj Profile]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maharaj, Satpal}}[[category:Prem Rawat]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:People from Haridwar]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 1996–1997]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) politicians]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:People from Pauri Garhwal district]]
[[Category:Irrigation ministers of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2022–2027]]

Shahi Hammam, Agra

2026-01-02T21:58:30Z

RuebenFrankfurte: made new post

{{Short description|Historical site in Agra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}

'''Shahi Hammam''' is a Mughal-era bathhouse located in Chipitola, [[Agra]], constructed by Alivardi Khan in 1620.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-25 |title=Citizens take out walk to save Agra’s ‘Shahi Hammam’ |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/citizens-take-out-walk-to-save-agra-s-shahi-hammam-101735139433418.html |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Once part of a larger inn complex, the [[hammam]] served not only as a bathing facility but also as a cultural and social center.

== Architecture ==
The Shahi Hammam is a 16th-century [[Mughal Empire|Mughal-era]] bathhouse constructed using Lahore bricks and [[Red sandstone|red sandstone.]]The hammam features [[Turkish Architecture|Turkish architectural]] style, characterised by its design and intricate details. Located near [[Agra Fort]], the structure reflects the grandeur of [[Mughal architecture]] and serves as a testament to the cultural and social practices of the time.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 December 2024 |title=आगरा में 16वीं शताब्दी के शाही हमाम को कहा- अलविदा:अहाते में रहते हैं 40 परिवार, रोने लगीं महिलाएं, बोलीं- हमारा घर बचा लो |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/agra/news/people-will-come-out-with-flowers-and-candles-in-their-hands-134180241.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref>

== In books ==
It is mentioned in historical texts, including "The Traveller Guide to Agra" by Satya Chandra Mukherjee and "Historical and Descriptive Agra" by Syed Mohd Lateef.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Chaturvedi |first=Hemendra |date=25 December 2024 |title=Citizens take out walk to save Agra's 'Shahi Hammam' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/citizens-take-out-walk-to-save-agra-s-shahi-hammam-101735139433418.html |url-status= |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2024-12-26 |title=400 साल पुराना मुगल बादशाह जहांगीर का हमाम चर्चा में क्यों? जानिए इसका इतिहास |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/history-of-400-year-old-hamam-of-mughal-emperor-jahangir-in-agra-hamam-was-built-in-1620-by-emperor-confidant-ali-vardi-khan-uttar-pradesh-news-ups24122602585 |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref>

== Social movements ==
In 2024, heritage enthusiasts started advocating for the preservation of the Shahi Hammam, citing concerns that its loss would mark the fourth such structure of historical significance to be lost in the area. Despite its cultural value and unique Persian architectural features, the site is not listed among the protected heritage sites by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI).<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1620]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures of the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Agra]]
[[Category:Hammams]]

Nehru Stadium, Tiruchirappalli

2025-12-24T02:46:02Z

RuebenFrankfurte: New

{{Short description|Stadium in Tiruchirappalli, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox venue
| name = Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium
| nickname =
| logo_image =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| caption =
| fullname = Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium
| former_names = BHEL Stadium
| location = [[Tiruchirappalli]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates =
| broke_ground =
| built =
| opened = 1968
| renovated = 1993
| expanded =
| closed =
| demolished =
| owner = [[Sports Development Authority of Tamil Nadu]]
| operator = [[Sports Development Authority of Tamil Nadu]]
| surface =
| scoreboard =
| cost =
| architect =
| project_manager =
| structural_engineer =
| services_engineer =
| general_contractor =
| main_contractors =
| capacity = 5,000
| suites =
| record_attendance =
| dimensions =
| acreage =
| volume =
| tenants =
| embedded =
| website = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/58488.html Profile ESPNcricinfo]
| public_transit =
}}

'''Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium''' (formerly '''Khajamalai Stadium''') is an stadium located in [[Tiruchirappalli]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. It's the principal venue for the sport of [[cricket]] in the city. Located in the BHEL township, it has hosted three [[First-class cricket|first-class matches]] since 1968–69.<ref>{{cite web|title=First-Class Matches Played on Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Tiruchirapalli|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/1242_f.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=22 October 2013}}</ref> The last match played at this ground was the [[KS Subbiah Pillai Trophy]] between [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]] and [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]] during the 1989–90 season.<ref>{{cite web|title=Other Matches Played on Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Tiruchirapalli|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/1242_misc.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=22 October 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/58488.html Profile at] [[ESPNcricinfo]]
* [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/1242.html Profile at] CricketArchive

{{Tiruchirappalli}}
{{Sport venues in Tamil Nadu}}

{{coord|10.7817|78.7930|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Cricket grounds in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Sport in Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Defunct cricket grounds in India]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 1968]]
[[Category:1968 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

{{India-sports-venue-stub}}
{{India-cricket-ground-stub}}

Board of Radiation and Isotope Technology

2025-12-14T12:06:20Z

RuebenFrankfurte: added details additionally and updated info

{{Short description|Unit of the Department of Atomic Energy in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{promotional|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Board of Radiation & Isotope Technology
| logo = BRITLOGONEW.png
| logo_width = 200px
| logo_caption = BRIT
| seal =
| seal_width =
| seal_caption =
| formed = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1989|03|01}}
| preceding1 =
| jurisdiction = [[Government of India|Indian government]]
| headquarters = [[Navi Mumbai]]
| coordinates =
| employees = Classified
| budget =
| chief1_name = Pradip Mukherjee
| chief1_position = Chief Executive
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| website = {{URL|http://www.britatom.gov.in}}
}}

The '''Board of Radiation and Isotope Technology''' ('''BRIT''') is a unit of the [[Department of Atomic Energy (India)|Department of Atomic Energy]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britatom.gov.in/htmldocs/brit_groups.html| title = AboutUs}}</ref> with its headquarters in [[Navi Mumbai]], India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britatom.gov.in/htmldocs/brit_hq.html |title=ContactUS |publisher=Britatom.gov.in |accessdate=2010-08-22}}</ref> The unit of the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) is focused on developing applications for radio isotope and radiation technology.

BRIT has worked with the research program at [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] (BARC) and with [[nuclear power plant]]s for generating electricity by [[Nuclear Power Corporation of India|Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited]] (NPCIL). The unit's pharmaceuticals and laboratories are located at the BRIT/BARC Vashi Complex in [[Navi Mumbai]]. BRIT has six regional centres<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.britatom.gov.in/htmldocs/rcr_brit.html | title=Regional Centres | publisher=Board of Radiation & Isotope Technology }}</ref> located in [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], Delhi, [[Dibrugarh]], Hyderabad, Kolkata and [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]].

Shri Pradip Mukherjee has been the Chief Executive of BRIT since 1 August 2019.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.britatom.gov.in/htmldocs/britnews.html | title=News & Highlights | publisher=Board of Radiation & Isotope Technology | accessdate=29 November 2015 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.britatom.gov.in Official website]

{{Energy Ministries and Departments of India}}
{{Nuclear power in India}}

[[Category:1989 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1989]]
[[Category:Nuclear technology in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Government agencies for energy (India)]]

Geography of Bankura district

2025-12-02T12:35:48Z

RuebenFrankfurte: Starting A Place

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0.5em 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|+<big><big>'''Geography of Bankura district'''</big></big>
|-
| style="background:#efefef; text-align:center;" colspan="2"|
{| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
|-
| style="text-align:center; width:180px;"|
|}
|-
| '''[[Country]]''' || [[India]]
|-
| '''[[States and territories of India|State]]''' || [[West Bengal]]
|-
| '''[[Area]]''' || {{convert|6788|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}
|-
| '''Land borders''' || N & NE: [[Bardhaman district]] SE: [[Hooghly district]] S: [[Paschim Medinipur district]] W: [[Purulia district]]
|-
| '''Highest point''' || [[Biharinath]] {{convert|448|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}

|-
| '''Longest river (on border)''' || [[Damodar River]]
|-
| '''Longest river (inside)''' || [[Dwarakeswar River]]
|-
| '''[[Climate]]''': || Dry and hot summers with moderate [[monsoons]], winters are cool
|-
| '''[[Terrain]]''': ||W&S: Lower edge of [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] E & NE: [[alluvial plains]]
|-
| '''Natural resources''' ||
|-
| '''Natural hazards''' || [[Nor'wester (Bangladesh)|Nor'westers]] are frequent in early summer
|-
| '''Environmental issues''' ||
|}

'''Geography of Bankura district''' refers to the geography of the present [[Bankura district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

Bankura is one of the districts of [[Burdwan division]]. It is situated between 22° 38’ and 23° 38’ north latitude and between 86° 36’ and 87° 46’ east longitude. It has an area of {{convert|6788|km2}}<ref name= omalley1>O’Malley, L.S.S., ICS, ''Bankura'', Bengal District Gazetteers, pp. 1-20, first published 1908, 1995 reprint, Government of West Bengal</ref> On the north and north-east the district is bounded by [[Bardhaman district]], from which it is separated by the [[Damodar River]]. On the south-east it is bounded by [[Hooghly district]], on the south by [[Paschim Medinipur district]] and on the west by [[Purulia district]].<ref>{{cite web | url= http://bankura.gov.in/Location/location.htm
| title=Bankura, West Bengal |work= Location and extent| publisher=District administration | access-date=2008-12-20}}</ref>

==Configuration==
[[File:Joypur Jungle Road.JPG|thumb|Joypur jungle]]
Bankura district has been described as the "connecting link between the [[Ganges Delta|plains of Bengal]] on the east and [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] on the west." The areas to the east and north-east are low lying [[Alluvium|alluvial]] plains, similar to predominating rice lands of Bengal. To the west the surface gradually rises, giving way to undulating country, interspersed with rocky hillocks. Much of the country is covered with jungles.<ref name= omalley1/>

The area consists of two different tracts. The western portion marks the gradual descent from the table land of Chota Nagpur to the delta of lower Bengal, consisting largely of [[Spur (mountain)|spurs]] projecting from the western tableland and of low swelling ridges. However, there is no marked ridge of hills. In the central portion of the district there are rolling downs eventually merging with the alluvial plains.<ref name= omalley1/>

The western part of the district has poor, [[Iron oxide|ferruginous]] soil and hard beds of [[laterite]] with scrub jungles and ''sal'' ([[Shorea robusta]]) woods. Long broken ridges with irregular patches of more recent alluvium have marks of seasonal cultivation. During the long dry season large extents of [[Ultisols|red soil]] with hardly any trees lend the country a scorched and dreary appearance. In the eastern part the eye constantly rests on wide expanses of rice fields, green in the rains but parched and dry in summer.<ref name= omalley1/>

==Hills==
[[File:Susunia.jpg|Susunia hills|thumb]]
The hills of the district consist of outliers of the Chota Nagpur plateau and only two are of any great height – [[Biharinath]] and [[Susunia]]. While the former rises to a height of {{convert|448|m}}, the latter attains a height of {{convert|440|m}}. There are a number of low hills in the [[Saltora]] area. There are small hills, e.g. the Mejia hill rising to a mere {{convert|60|m}} from the base or the Karo hill, halfway between [[Mejia (community development block)|Mejia]] and [[Bankura]], rising a little higher to about {{convert|120|m}}. To the south, in the police station areas of [[Khatra]] and [[Raipur, Bankura|Raipur]] there are picturesque low hills, locally called Masaker Pahar.<ref name= omalley1/>

==Rivers==
The rivers of the area flow from the north-east to the south-west in courses roughly parallel to one another. They are mostly hill streams, originating in the hills in the west. The rivers come down in floods after heavy rains and subside as rapidly as they rise. In summer, their sand beds are almost always dry.<ref name= omalley1/>

[[Damodar River]] forms the northern boundary of the district with Bardhaman district for about {{convert|72|km}} and then flows into Bardhaman district. Floods in the Damodar rarely do much damage to the district. [[Sali River, Bengal|Sali River]] which drains the northern part of the district is an important tributary of the Damodar.<ref name= omalley1/>

Amongst the other rivers flowing through the district, the most important is [[Dwarakeswar River]]. It has many branches or old beds in [[Onda (community development block)|Onda]] and [[Bishnupur (Bankura)|Bishnupur]] police station areas. The main tributaries of Dwarakeswar River are the [[Gandheswari River|Gandheswari]], the Kukhra, and the Birai. Other major rivers are [[Shilabati River]] and [[Kangsabati River]], both of which enter the district from Purulia district, run along a short course in the territory and then enter [[Paschim Medinipur district]]. Gandheswari River is a tributary of Dwarakeswar River and flows in Bankura district. Flowing south-west of Susunia Hill and north of Bankura it joins the Dwarakeswar near Bhutsahar.<ref name= omalley1/> It is subject to sudden flooding during rains. There are some small but picturesque water falls along the course of the Shilabati near Harmasra, and along the course of the Kangsabati in the Raipur area. Amongst the minor rivers in the district are Jaypanda, a tributary of Shilabati, and Bhairabbanki.<ref name= omalley1/>

Mejia Beel is a large swamp formed by the overflow of the Damodar. There are several small tanks or artificial lakes developed by the former rajas, in and around Bishnupur.<ref name= omalley1/>

===River projects===
[[Kangsabati Project]] was started during the [[Five-year plans of India#Second Plan (1956-1961)|second five-year plan]] period (1956–1961). The dam across the Kangsabati has a length of {{convert|10098|m}} and a height of {{convert|38|m}}. Apart from this dam there are two pick up barrages in the Shilabati and the Bhairabbanki.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.abasar.net/bk_main.asp?what=B00053| title= Sankhipta Bharatkosh| publisher= abasar.net| access-date= 2009-06-15| url-status= dead| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070927024419/http://www.abasar.net/bk_main.asp?what=B00053| archive-date= 2007-09-27}}</ref>

There is a proposal for the construction of a dam across the Dwarakeswar. The preliminary project report on Dwarakeswar Gandheswari Reservoir was received in Central Water Commission in January, 2004 for which ‘in- principle’ consent of Central Water Commission for preparation of detailed Project Report has been conveyed to the State Government in March, 2004.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://164.100.24.208/lsq14/quest.asp?qref=1823
|title = Lok Sabha Unstarred Question No. 1670 to be answered on 2004-7-19
|access-date = 2007-02-19
|last = Yadav
|first = Jai Prakash Narayan
|work = Irrigation Schemes
|publisher = Ministry of Water Resources
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060210211126/http://164.100.24.208/lsq14/quest.asp?qref=1823
|archive-date = 2006-02-10
}}</ref>

==Geology==
The greater portion of the district consists of a rolling country covered by laterite and alluvium. While [[Metamorphic rock|metamorphic]] or [[gneiss]]ose rocks are found to the extreme west, to the east there is a wide plain of recent alluvium. Strong massive runs of [[Hornblende|hornblendic]] varieties stretch across the region in tolerably continuous lines, the general strike being nearly east and west.<ref name= omalley1/>

The most characteristic geological feature of the district is the area of laterite and associated rocks of sand and gravel. At some places one finds hard beds of laterite. At other places it is decomposed and reorganised. Locally, the ferruginous rock is called ''kankar''. The calcareous concretions, commonly used as the sources of lime, are known as ''ghutin''.<ref name= omalley1/>

The [[Gondwana]] system is represented in the northern portion of the district, south of the Damodar, between Mejia and Biharinath Hill. The beds covered with alluvium contains seams of coal belonging to the Raniganj system.<ref name= omalley1/>

==Climate==
The climate, especially in the upland tracts to the west, is much drier than in eastern or southern Bengal. From the beginning of March to early June, when the [[monsoon]] sets in, hot westerly winds prevail, the thermometer in the shade rising to around {{convert|45|C}}. The westerly winds die down around sunset and allow cool winds to blow from the south. [[Nor'wester (Bangladesh)|Nor'westers]] are frequent during this period and help to mitigate the excessive heat.<ref name= omalley1/>

The monsoon months, June to September, are comparatively pleasant, as the weather is not as sultry as in other parts of Bengal. The total average rainfall is {{convert|1400|mm}}, the bulk of the rain coming in the months of June to September.<ref name= omalley1/>

Winters are pleasant with temperatures dropping down to below {{convert|27|C}} in December.<ref name= omalley1/>

==Subdivisions==
The district comprises three subdivisions: [[Bankura Sadar subdivision|Bankura Sadar]], [[Khatra subdivision|Khatra]] and [[Bishnupur subdivision|Bishnupur]]. Bankura Sadar subdivision consists of [[Bankura]] municipality and eight community development blocs: Bankura — I, Bankura — II, Barjora, Chhatna, Gangajalghati, Mejia, Onda and Shaltora. Khatra subdivision consists of eight community development blocs: Indpur, Khatra, Hirbandh, Raipur, Sarenga, Ranibandh, Simlapal and Taldangra. Bishnupur subdivision consists of [[Bishnupur (Bankura)|Bishnupur]] and [[Sonamukhi]] municipalities and six community development blocks: Indas, Joypur, Patrasayar, Kotulpur, Sonamukhi and Bishnupur.<ref name=blocdir>{{cite web
|url=http://wbdemo5.nic.in/writereaddata/Directoryof_District_Block_GPs(RevisedMarch-2008).doc
|title=Directory of District, Sub division, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal, March 2008
|date=2008-03-19
|access-date=2008-12-06
|work=West Bengal
|publisher=National Informatics Centre, India
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225032419/http://wbdemo5.nic.in/writereaddata/Directoryof_District_Block_GPs(RevisedMarch-2008).doc
|archive-date=25 February 2009
}}</ref>

Bankura is the district headquarters. There are 21 police stations, 22 development blocks, 3 municipalities, 190 [[gram panchayat]]s and 5187 villages in this district.<ref name=blocdir/><ref name=adminsetup>{{cite web
|url = http://bankura.gov.in/Profile/administrative_features.htm
|title = Administrative Features
|publisher = Official website of Bankura district
|access-date = 2008-12-06
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080725065654/http://www.bankura.gov.in/Profile/administrative_features.htm
|archive-date = 2008-07-25
}}</ref>

Other than municipality area, each subdivision contains community development blocs which in turn are divided into rural areas and census towns. In total there are 5 urban units: 3 municipalities and 2 [[census town]]s.<ref name=adminsetup/><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://bankura.gov.in/Census/PCA/Table-1.xls
| title = Population, Decadal Growth Rate, Density and General Sex Ratio by Residence and Sex, West Bengal/ District/ Sub District, 1991 and 2001
| access-date = 2008-12-06
| work = Bankura
| publisher = Directorate of census operations, West Bengal
}}</ref>

===Bankura Sadar subdivision===
* One municipality: [[Bankura]]
* Bankura — I community development bloc consists of rural areas only with 6 gram panchayats.
* Bankura — II community development bloc consists of rural areas only with 7 gram panchayats.
* Barjora community development bloc consists of rural areas with 11 gram panchayats and two census towns: [[Barjora]] and [[Beliatore]].
* [[Chhatna]] community development bloc consists of rural areas only with 13 gram panchayats.
* [[Gangajalghati]] community development bloc consists of rural areas only with 10 gram panchayats.
* [[Mejia (community development block)|Mejia]] community development bloc consists of rural areas only with 5 gram panchayats.
* [[Onda, Bankura|Onda]] community development bloc consists of rural areas only with 15 gram panchayats.
* [[Shaltora]] community development bloc consists of rural areas only with 8 gram panchayats.

===Khatra subdivision===
* [[Indpur]] community development bloc consists of rural areas only with 7 gram panchayats.
* [[Khatra]] community development bloc consists of rural areas only with 7 gram panchayats.
* [[Hirbandh]] community development bloc consists of rural areas only with 5 gram panchayats.
* Raipur community development bloc consists of rural areas only with 10 gram panchayats.
* [[Sarenga, Bankura|Sarenga]] community development bloc consists of rural areas only with 6 gram panchayats.
* [[Ranibandh]] community development bloc consists of rural areas only with 8 gram panchayats.
* [[Simlapal]] community development bloc consists of rural areas only with 7 gram panchayats.
* [[Taldangra]] community development bloc consists of rural areas only with 9 gram panchayats.

===Bishnupur subdivision===
* Two municipalities: [[Bishnupur (Bankura)|Bishnupur]] and [[Sonamukhi]].
* [[Indas]] community development bloc consists of rural areas only with 10 gram panchayats.
* [[Joypur, Bankura (community development block)|Joypur]] community development bloc consists of rural areas only with 9 gram panchayats.
* [[Patrasayar]] community development bloc consists of rural areas only with 10 gram panchayats.
* [[Kotulpur]] community development bloc consists of rural areas only with 8 gram panchayats.
* Sonamukhi community development bloc consists of rural areas only with 10 gram panchayats.
* Bishnupur community development bloc consists of rural areas only with 9 gram panchayats.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Bankura topics}}

[[Category:Bankura district]]
[[Category:Geography of West Bengal by district|Bankura]]

List of Odia films of the 1950s

2025-11-30T21:05:53Z

RuebenFrankfurte: new pg - done

{{Short description|none}}
{{Ollywood films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
A list of films produced by the [[Ollywood]] film industry based in [[Bhubaneswar]] in the 1950s:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width=17% | Title
! width=19% | Director
! width=27% | Cast
! width=13% | Genre
! width=24% | Notes
|-
|{{Year header}} | '''[[1950 in film|1950]]'''
|-
|[[Saptasajya (1950 film)|Saptasajya]]||[[Kalyan Gupta]]|| [[Byomakesh Tripathy]], [[aneema]]||||
|-
|[[Sri Jagannath (film)|Sri Jagannath]]||Chita Ranjan Mitra||[[Gopal Chandra Ghosh]], [[Gloriya Mohanty]]||||
|-
| {{Year header}} | '''[[1951 in film|1951]]'''
|-
|[[Roles to Eight]]<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014">{{cite book|author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha|author2=Paul Willemen|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA1994-IA5|date=10 July 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-94325-7|pages=1–}}</ref> (aka Rolls – 28)||[[Kalyan Gupta]] ||[[Ratikanta]] & Kamala ||Social| ||Fourth [[Oriya film]] in release and The first [[Oriya film]] with an English name.
|-
| {{Year header}} | '''[[1953 in film|1953]]'''
|-
| [[Amari Gann Jhia]]||[[Binaya Banarjee]] ||[[Gaur Ghosh]], [[Chapala (actor)|Chapala]], [[Gopal Banarjee]] || ||
|-
| {{Year header}} | '''[[1954 in film|1954]]'''
|-
|[[Kedar Gouri]]||[[Manaranjan Das]]||[[Gaur Ghosh]], [[Beena (actress)|Beena]] || ||
|-
| {{Year header}} | '''[[1956 in film|1956]]'''
|-
| [[Bhai Bhai (1956 Odia film)|Bhai Bhai]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reporter |first=Staff |date=2018-02-12 |title=Parbati Ghose, Odisha's first female filmmaker, passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/parbati-ghose-odishas-first-female-filmmaker-passes-away/article22733418.ece |access-date=2025-06-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>||[[Nitai Palit]] ||[[Gaur Ghosh]], [[Chapala (actor)|Chapala]], [[Beena Banerjee|Beena]] || ||
|-
| {{Year header}} | '''[[1959 in film|1959]]'''
|-
|[[Maa (1959 film)|Maa]]||[[Nitai Palit]]||[[Gaur Ghosh]], [[Chandana Banarjee|Chandana]] || ||
|-
|[[Shree Shree Mahalaxmi Puja]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ollywood Flashback {{!}} Orissa Cinema {{!}} Odisha Ollywood |url=http://www.orissacinema.com/history/ |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=www.orissacinema.com}}</ref>||[[Biswanath Nayak]]||[[Sharat Pujari]], [[shefali]] ||Mythological| ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of Odia films by decade|1950s]]
[[Category:Lists of 1950s films|Odia]]
[[Category:1950s in Indian cinema|Films, Odia]]

Anil Wanvari

2025-11-25T05:29:06Z

RuebenFrankfurte: new the stub from scratch

{{short description|Indian media entrepreneur (born 1963)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}

{{Citations needed|date=March 2025}}{{Infobox person
| name = Anil Wanvari
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1963|}}
| birth_place = [[India]]
| alma_mater =
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* CEO
* Journalist
* Marketer
}}
| years_active = ~ 1988-present
| spouse =
| relatives =
| module =
| module2 =
| signature =
}}
'''Anil NM Wanvari''' (born 1963) is an Indian media entrepreneur<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D7YLEZLoFRg Video interview by Venture Finance with Anil Wanvari]</ref> who is the founder, CEO, and editor-in-chief of the [[Indiantelevision.com]] group, which he established in 1999.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Munshi |first1=Shoma |title=Prime Time Soap Operas on Indian Television |date=15 September 2009 |publisher=Routledge India |isbn=978-0415553773 |pages=364 |edition=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DjjgCgAAQBAJ&q=anil+wanvari&pg=PA104 |access-date=19 September 2017 |ref=Google books}}</ref><ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/living/story/20000110-from-cities-to-small-towns-people-change-their-lives-through-e-mails-instant-nirvana-776895-2000-01-09 We've got mail]</ref> He is a journalist and specialist<ref>[http://www.mid-day.com/articles/salman-khan-the-kapil-sharma-show-two-month-extension-sunil-grover-fight-dus-ka-dum-tv-telly-news/18287178 How Salman Khan 'helped' Kapil Sharma's show get two-month extension]</ref> covering Indian advertising, marketing, [[Cable television|cable TV]], [[Satellite television|satellite TV]], terrestrial television, and over-the-top (OTT) media service ecosystems.

Wanvari has also been involved in creating properties such as [[The Indian Telly Awards]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wanvari |first1=Anil |title=The Indian Telly Awards |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/jul/07telly1.htm |access-date=11 September 2017 |issue=International |work=Rediff.com |date=7 July 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Wanvari |first1=Anil |title=The Indian Telly Awards |url=https://www.eventfaqs.com/newsletter_data/magazines/vol1iss8/pdfs/22-29.pdf |access-date=11 September 2017 |issue=International |publisher=Eventfaqs.com |date=February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Wanvari |first1=Anil |title=TV entertainment proves bigger than Bollywood |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2004/11/23/stories/2004112301441700.htm |access-date=11 September 2017 |issue=Chennai |work=The Hindu |date=22 November 2003}}</ref> and The NT Awards.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sixth NT Awards Celebrate the best in News Business |url=http://cablequest.org/index.php/news/national-news/item/2000-sixth-nt-awards-celebrate-the-best-in-news-business |access-date=19 September 2017 |publisher=Cable Quest |date=26 March 2013 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Aroon Purie honoured with News Television Lifetime Achievement award |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/aroon-purie-honoured-with-news-television-lifetime-achievement-award-28206-2008-08-10 |access-date=19 September 2017 |publisher=IndiaToday |date=10 August 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=3 April 2013 |title=The sixth News Television Awards celebrates the best in news business |url=https://www.eventfaqs.com/news/ef-05510/the-sixth-news-television-awar-1364932353329 |access-date=19 September 2017 |publisher=EVENTFAQS}}</ref> He is a member of the New York-based [[International Academy of Television Arts and Sciences|International Academy of Television Arts & Sciences]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Saumit |title=Daily News & Analysis Siddhant in the race for Emmy |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-siddhant-in-the-race-for-emmy-1044286 |access-date=19 September 2017 |publisher=DNA}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==

Anil NM Wanvari was born the third of four sons of Moolchand Thakurdas Wanvari (1932-2020), an Indian businessman who migrated to India during the partition, and Neelam Wanvari (1938–2009), a homemaker. He completed his BSc in [[Botany]] from Mumbai's [[Jai Hind College]] where he received the highest marks in his class in 1983–84. He then received his master's degree in [[cytogenetics]] and [[plant breeding]] from [[Bombay University]]'s [[Ramnarain Ruia College]] in 1987. Following his master's degree, Wanvari earned a diploma in journalism and [[mass communication]]s from Mumbai's Xavier Institute of Communications<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wanvari |first1=Anil |title=XXIC – The Xavier Institute of Communication |url=http://www.xxic.org/alumni-directory/alumni-directory.aspx |website=XIC |publisher=XIC |access-date=11 September 2017}}</ref> in 1988.

== Career ==
Wanvari initially worked for publications such as the [[Western India Automobile Association]]'s (WIAA's) ''Motoring'' magazine. This was followed by a six-year period at [[Businessworld|''BusinessWorld'' magazine]], where he rose from sub-editor to Assistant Editor in five years. He wrote on topics including entrepreneurship, technology, banking and finance, stock markets, media, advertising, marketing, brands, and management practices.

After six years with ''BusinessWorld'', Wanvari began writing columns for [[The Financial Express (India)|''Financial Express'']], on subjects such as internet, telecommunications, technology, media, advertising, and marketing.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wanvari |first1=Anil |title=Pepsi loses cool as Coke Turns on heat |url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/fe/daily/19980806/21855294p.html |access-date=19 September 2017 |issue=Financial Express |publisher=Indian Express Newspaper Publishers |date=6 August 1998 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919234314/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/fe/daily/19980806/21855294p.html |archive-date=19 September 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Wanvari |first1=Anil |title=Zee, Star TV in a need-based one-night stand |url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/fe/daily/19981001/27355314p.html |issue=Financial Express |publisher=Indian Express News Publishers |date=1 October 1998 |access-date=19 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919234256/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/fe/daily/19981001/27355314p.html |archive-date=19 September 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Financial Express |url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/fe/daily/19990409/fle09067p.html |access-date=19 September 2017 |publisher=Indian Express |date=9 April 1999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919234438/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/fe/daily/19990409/fle09067p.html |archive-date=19 September 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He also wrote a column on the media business for [[Business Standard]] for a couple of years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hindi Others Anil Wanvari Biography, News, Photos, Videos |url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/hindi/others/anil-wanvari |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=nettv4u |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wanvari, Anil}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1963 births]]

Viswa Mohini

2025-11-09T17:34:35Z

RuebenFrankfurte: added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Viswa Mohini
| image = Viswa Mohini 1940 Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Y. V. Rao]]
| producer = Y. V. Rao
| screenplay = [[Balijepalli Lakshmikanta Kavi]]
| story = Y. V. Rao
| starring = [[V. Nagayya]] Y. V. Rao [[Pushpavalli]] [[Gohar Mamajiwala]] [[Lalitha (actress)|Lalitha]]
| music = [[Ogirala Ramachandra Rao]]
| cinematography = Pandurang Naik Chandulal Shah
| editing = Y. V. Rao
| studio = [[Sathya Studios|Newton Studios]] Lakshmi Studios
| distributor = Sri Jagadesh Films
| released = {{Film date|1940|11|09}}
| runtime = 195 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}
'''''Viswa Mohini''''' ({{translation|''The World of Entertainment''}}) is a 1940 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic thriller]] film in the backdrop of Indian [[motion picture]] world, directed by [[Y. V. Rao]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ&q=vishwamohini&pg=RA10-PA1994-IA3 |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |date=10 July 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-94325-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> The [[ensemble cast]] starring [[V. Nagayya]] was written by [[Balijepalli Lakshmikanta Kavi]], and was screened at the [[Venice Film Festival]].<ref name="auto" /><ref name="auto1">{{Cite news |last=narasimham |first=m.l. |title=Viswamohini (1940) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/viswamohini-1940/article4841828.ece |website=[[The Hindu]]|date=22 June 2013 }}</ref> The production design was handled by T. V. S. Sarma, and cinematography was handled by Pandurang Naik.<ref>{{Cite web |last=pioneer |first=Y. V. Rao |date=21 August 2003 |title=A revolutionary filmmaker |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/08/22/stories/2003082201400400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040117021114/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/08/22/stories/2003082201400400.htm |archive-date=17 January 2004 |website=[[The Hindu]] |pages=04 |via=The Hindu (old)}}</ref><ref>entertaianment.oneindia.in/celebs/lakshmi/biography.html</ref>

It is the first Indian film to be made about the movie world.<ref name="filmmaker">{{Cite web |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=22 August 2003 |title=A revolutionary filmmaker |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/08/22/stories/2003082201400400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20161119045811/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/08/22/stories/2003082201400400.htm |archive-date=19 November 2016 |access-date=19 November 2016 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film released in 1940, and turned out to be a mediocre success.<ref name="auto1" /><ref name="auto" />

== Plot ==
Mohan Rao, who works for a law firm in [[Madras]], cheats his Manager Padmanabham, and becomes the owner of the company through illegal means. Mohan Rao is the son of Padmanabham's business rival Purushothama Rao. He plans his son Mohan Rao's marriage with Hemalatha, the daughter of a wealthy widow Visalakshi who happens to be Puroshothama Rao's neighbour. But Mohan Rao is not interested in this alliance.

Pasupathi, a renowned filmmaker and friend of Mohan Rao, lures him to popular actress Viswamohini on the sets of a film shooting. Viswamohini is the daughter of the same Padmanabham whom Mohan Rao cheated. Mohan Rao develops a secret affair with Viswamohini, and expresses his wish to marry her. Padmanabham, is unaware of the fact that Mohan Rao is the son of his arch rival Purushotham.

Meanwhile, Pasupathi lures the wealthy Visalakshi into film production and distribution. Visalakshi loses all her wealth in the process. In a twist of fate, Padmanabham is shocked to know through Hemalatha that Mohan Rao is the son of his Purushotham. How Padmanabham deals with the situation, and how he becomes aware of Mohan Rao's criminal deeds, and Pasupathi's ulterior motive forms the rest of the plot.

== Cast ==
*[[V. Nagayya]]
*[[Y. V. Rao]]
*[[Pushpavalli]]
*[[Gohar Mamajiwala]]
*Lalitha
*Bezawada Rajarathnam
*T. Suryanarayana
*Doraiswamy
*Cocanada Rajarathnam
*P. Ganga Rathnam
*Rangaswamy
*Sampurna

== Soundtrack ==
The lyrics for the soundtrack were written by Balijepalli Lakshmikantha Kavi, the songs were choreographed by Srinivasa Kulakarni.<ref name="auto1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Viswamohini review Indian express |url=http://hindi-films-songs.com/books/1940/1940-11.html |website=hindi-films-songs.com}}</ref>

*"Melavimpagade Cheliya Veena"
*"Bhale Face Beautiful Nee Pose"
*"Yee Poo Podarinta"

== Release and reception ==
The film had an unprecedented release in 1940 at 11 centers in [[Madras Presidency]], and turned out to be a mediocre success.<ref name="auto1" /><ref name="auto" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1940 films]]
[[Category:1940s romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:1940s Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films about actors]]
[[Category:Films about entertainers]]
[[Category:Films about mass media people]]
[[Category:Films about mass media owners]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ogirala Ramachandra Rao]]
[[Category:Films about modeling]]
[[Category:Films about filmmaking]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Films about film directors and producers]]
[[Category:Films about journalists]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Films directed by Y. V. Rao]]

Swayams Mishra

2025-10-25T20:42:33Z

RuebenFrankfurte: made info.

{{Short description|Indian chess grandmaster (born 1992)}}
{{Indian patronymic|Swayams|Mishra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox chess player
| country = [[India]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1992|8|13}}
| birth_place = [[Cuttack]], India
| title = [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] (2019)<ref name="FIDEGM">{{cite web|url=https://ratings.fide.com/crt/main224430.pdf|title=FIDE Title Application (GM)}}</ref>
| peakrating = 2493 (June 2019)
| FideID = 5028183
}}

'''Swayams Mishra''' is an Indian [[chess]] grandmaster.

==Career==
In May 2018, he tied for second place in the Llucmajor Open with a score of 6.5/9.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Llucmajor_Chess_Open_2018|title=Swayams Mishra and Prithu Gupta shine at the Llucmajor Open 2018 in Mallorca|date=24 May 2018|first=Sagar|last=Shah}}</ref>

In May 2019, he became India's 62nd Grandmaster after defeating Antoni Kozak at the Polonia Wroclaw GM round robin tournament, also winning the tournament with a score of 7/9.<ref name="62nd">{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Swayams-Mishra-becomes-India-s-62nd-GM|title=Swayams Mishra - India's 62nd GM, accomplished trainer and an IT Engineer|date=6 May 2019|first=Sagar|last=Shah}}</ref>

==Personal life==
He got an engineering degree from the KIIT University in Bhubaneswar.<ref name="62nd"/> He is also a chess coach; one of his students became the youngest International Master in his age group in January 2024.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wionews.com/sports/chess-12-year-old-sensation-ethan-becomes-youngest-im-sets-eye-on-gm-title-676790|publisher=WION|title=Chess: 12-year-old sensation Ethan becomes youngest IM, sets eyes on GM title|date=5 January 2024|first=Aditya|last=Sahay|accessdate=14 June 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Indian grandmasters}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mishra, Swayams}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Chess Grandmasters]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Cuttack]]
[[Category:Chess coaches]]
[[Category:Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian chess players]]

DT Next

2025-10-05T06:17:16Z

RuebenFrankfurte: general corrected page based on references and fixed typos as per guidelines

{{Short description|Indian English Newspaper}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = DT Next
| logo_alt = Logo of DT Next
| image = DT Next.png
| type = [[Daily newspaper]]
| format = [[Broadsheet]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yagna Balaji |url=https://events.wan-ifra.org/speakers/yagna-balaji |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025192513/http://events.wan-ifra.org/speakers/yagna-balaji |archive-date=25 October 2020 |access-date=14 July 2021 |website=[[World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers]]}}</ref>
| owner = Daily Thanthi Group
| founded = {{Start date and age|2015|11|1|df=y}}
| language = English
| headquarters = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| publishing_country = India
| sister_newspapers = [[Dina Thanthi]] [[Maalai Malar]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.dtnext.in/}}
}}

'''''DT Next''''' is an Indian English-language daily newspaper owned by [[Dina Thanthi|Daily Thanthi Group]], headquartered in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. It was launched on 1 November 2015 in Chennai, with Ninan Thariyan as CEO.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narasimhan |first=T. E. |date=29 October 2015 |title=Daily Thanthi to launch English newspaper 'DT Next' on Nov 1 |work=[[Business Standard]] |location=India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/daily-thanthi-to-launch-english-newspaper-dt-next-on-nov-1-115102901418_1.html |url-status=live |access-date=14 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630043640/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/daily-thanthi-to-launch-english-newspaper-dt-next-on-nov-1-115102901418_1.html |archive-date=30 June 2021}}</ref> On 30 June 2021, Thariyan resigned,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sabherwal |first=Simran |date=1 July 2021 |title=Ninan Thariyan bids adieu to DT Next |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-others-news/ninan-thariyan-bids-adieu-to-dt-next-113943.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701132827/https://www.exchange4media.com/media-others-news/ninan-thariyan-bids-adieu-to-dt-next-113943.html |archive-date=1 July 2021 |access-date=14 July 2021 |website=Exchange4media}}</ref> and the following day, Yagna Balaji,<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 May 2017 |title=The contours of a free press |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-contours-of-a-free-press/article18381944.ece |url-status=live |access-date=21 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321234906/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-contours-of-a-free-press/article18381944.ece |archive-date=21 March 2022}}</ref> the editor and co-founder of the newspaper, took over as CEO.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2021 |title=Yagna Balaji takes over from Ninan Thariyan as CEO of DT Next |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/announcements-news/yagna-balaji-takes-over-from-ninan-thariyan-as-ceo-of-dt-next-113962.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714040041/https://www.exchange4media.com/announcements-news/yagna-balaji-takes-over-from-ninan-thariyan-as-ceo-of-dt-next-113962.html |archive-date=14 July 2021 |access-date=14 July 2021 |website=Exchange4media}}</ref> As of October 2023, she is no longer associated with ''DT Next''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Balaji |first=Yagna |date=20 October 2023 |title=Yagna Balaji on her first writers' retreat |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/yagna-balaji-writers-retreat-cabo-serai-karuna-ezara-parikh/article67433033.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027171649/https://www.thehindu.com/books/yagna-balaji-writers-retreat-cabo-serai-karuna-ezara-parikh/article67433033.ece |archive-date=27 October 2023 |access-date=23 January 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

Content from ''DT Next'' has been cited by [[BBC News]],<ref>{{Cite news |title=பிரதமர் அலுவலக இணைச் செயலாளராக தமிழகத்தின் அமுதா ஐஏஎஸ் - யார் இவர்? |language=ta |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/tamil/india-53482160 |url-status=live |access-date=21 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321144402/https://www.bbc.com/tamil/india-53482160 |archive-date=21 March 2022}}</ref> [[News18]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2021 |title=Tamil Nadu Schools May Cancel Christmas Holidays to Cover Syllabus |url=https://www.news18.com/news/education-career/tamil-nadu-schools-may-cancel-christmas-holidays-to-cover-syllabus-4585328.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321144402/https://www.news18.com/news/education-career/tamil-nadu-schools-may-cancel-christmas-holidays-to-cover-syllabus-4585328.html |archive-date=21 March 2022 |access-date=21 March 2022 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2020 |title=Vikram to Join Hands With Petta Maker Karthik Subbaraj For His 60th Film: Report |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/vikram-to-join-hands-with-petta-maker-karthik-subbaraj-for-his-60th-film-report-2647619.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321144405/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/vikram-to-join-hands-with-petta-maker-karthik-subbaraj-for-his-60th-film-report-2647619.html |archive-date=21 March 2022 |access-date=21 March 2022 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> [[NDTV]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Architect Builds Mobile Home On Top Of Autorickshaw, Impresses Anand Mahindra |url=https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/architect-builds-mobile-home-on-top-of-autorickshaw-impresses-anand-mahindra-2380928 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321144402/https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/architect-builds-mobile-home-on-top-of-autorickshaw-impresses-anand-mahindra-2380928 |archive-date=21 March 2022 |access-date=21 March 2022 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> and the [[The Indian Express|''Indian Express'']].<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Two held in Chennai for duping people by tricking them into using wrong QR codes |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/two-held-in-chennai-for-duping-people-by-tricking-them-into-using-wrong-qr-codes-7468928/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321144402/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/two-held-in-chennai-for-duping-people-by-tricking-them-into-using-wrong-qr-codes-7468928/ |archive-date=21 March 2022 |access-date=21 March 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Thanthi Group}}
{{Newspapers in India}}
{{Media of India}}

[[Category:2015 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Chennai]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 2015]]
[[Category:Indian entertainment websites]]
[[Category:Asian news websites]]
[[Category:English-language newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:National newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Lists of newspapers by circulation|India]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in India| ]]
[[Category:Lists of newspapers published in India|Circulation]]

Keddaso

2025-10-02T23:20:52Z

RuebenFrankfurte: improve intro as per guidelines and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian religious festival}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}[[File:Keddaso - Festival of worshipping Mother Earth.jpg|thumb|Keddaso – Festival of worshipping Mother Earth]]
'''Keddaso''' also spelled '''Keddasa''' ([[Tulu language|Tulu]]: ''keḍḍasa''), or Bhumi Puje, is popularly known as the "festival of worshipping Mother Earth" in the [[Tulunad|Tulu Nadu]] region of [[South India]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-02-06 |title=Worshipping mother earth through 'keddaso' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/worshipping-mother-earth-through-keddaso/article4385543.ece |access-date=2022-05-12 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=ಭೂಮಿ ತಾಯಿ ರಜಸ್ವಲೆಯಾಗುವ ಹಬ್ಬ 'ಕೆಡ್ಡಸ' |url=https://www.kannadaprabha.com/astrology/2016/feb/10/keddasa-festival-of-worshipping-mother-earth-268465.html |access-date=2022-05-12 |website=Kannadaprabha |date=10 February 2016 |language=kn}}</ref> Mother Earth (Bhoomi Devi) gets menstruate and the day is celebrated holistically in Tulunad in the name of ‘Keddasa’.<ref>{{Cite web |last=R |first=Jaya Gomathi Mirra |title=Holy and Sinful: A Great Dichotomy |url=https://nsoj.in/stories/holy-and-sinful-a-great-dichotomy |access-date=2022-05-12 |website=nsoj.in |language=en |quote=Heeding puberty and menstruation as a period of restful seclusion, celebration and sanctity steeped in Indian culture is evident in the Ambubachi festival, and similar traditions throughout the nation, including Keddasa (annual Tulu festival centred on providing three days rest to Mother earth) |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706141858/https://www.nsoj.in/stories/holy-and-sinful-a-great-dichotomy |url-status=dead }}</ref> This is an important four-day fertility worship celebrated in the closing days of [[Tulu people|Tulu]] month [[Ponny]] (Gregorian month February). This festival shows the environmental awareness of the people residing at that region.<ref>Tulunadina Sasya Janapada by B Shivarama Shetty, Ph.D., Mangaluru University, 1992, p. 163.</ref>

==Rituals==
Keddasa normally falls in the month of February and is celebrated over three days named Keddasa, Nadu Keddasa and Kade Keddasa. This celebrated in the winter of this region, where its believed that Bhoomi Devi gets [[Menstruation|menstruated]] and becomes fertile for farming. For three days, the Goddess undergoes Ashaucha and takes rest. People in the region do not perform any farming activity to give the Mother, who is also same as mother Earth, rest<ref>{{Cite web |title=ಕೆಡ್ಡಸ ತುಳುವೆರೆನ ನಾಡ ಪರ್ಬೊ ಆವೊಡು |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/lavalavk/languages/tulu/-/articleshow/46265449.cms |access-date=2022-05-12 |website=Vijay Karnataka |language=kn}}</ref> According to popular belief as women menstruate, which is a sign of fertility, so also Mother Earth menstruates. So all three days of the festival are considered to be the menstruating period of Mother Earth. During the festival all agricultural operations remain suspended. As in [[Hindu]] homes menstruating women remain secluded and do not even touch anything and are given full rest, so also the Mother Earth is given full rest for three days for which all agricultural operations are stopped. During Kade Keddasa an elderly lady of the family performs the ritual, where she makes Sarnadde; unique dish of Tulunad and plates it in front of Tulasi katte.
Early morning she wakes up and puts cow dung (ambi) around Tulsi katte and lights lamp. Along with it she keeps Kumkum, Shikakai in front of the katte. She pours coconut oil to the soil as a symbol that she is putting oil to mother earth, before she goes to bathe herself.<ref>Tulunadina Sasya Janapada by B Shivarama Shetty, Ph.D., Mangaluru University, 1992, p. 170.</ref>

Shikai is kept based on the belief that mother earth bathes herself with Shikakai. After bath she comes back; puts Kumkum and haves Sarnadde that has been kept in a banana leaf.
[[File:Keddaso - Festival of worshipping Mother Earth (61).jpg|thumb|Keddaso Rituals]]

==Special food==
[[File:KEDDASA - ನನ್ಯೇರಿ.jpg|thumb|Kudu Ari (Nanyeri)]]
During Keddasa, one more practice was prevalent was to have lentils like horse gram, green gram, dried [[coconut]], rice and peanuts called as Kudu Ari.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://kannada.readoo.in/2015/03/keddasa-ritual-of-tulunadu |title = ತುಳುನಾಡ ಕೆಡ್ಡಸ. - ಭೂಮಿ ಋತುಮತಿಯಾಗುವುದು|date = 2 March 2015}}</ref> They were roasted and were given to all. This is because winter is the time when body needs lot of proteins and oil. These lentils would help the body be intact in working condition.

==Hunting==
The Arasu of the village went for Bonte (hunting) along with villagers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ತುಳುನಾಡಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಕೆಡ್ಡಸ ಆಚರಣೆ {{!}} Kulal World |url=http://kulalworld.com/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF-%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%B8-%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%B0/ |access-date=2022-05-12 |website=kulalworld.com}}</ref> This in a way was to get rid of the animals that trouble the agricultural works and also for entertainment. To get a break from farming, Tuluvas made a practice of hunting during Keddasa.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MYGEWEgXNZM&feature=youtu.be |title=Keddasa |date=27 November 2020 |language=tcy}}</ref>

==Keddasa chanting==
Nalike community, who traditionally perform [[Bhoota kola]], visits and invites each and every house members as per their ''ajalu'' villages and calls for ''Keddasa Bonte'' (hunting).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mangalore: Keddasa, Tulunadu's Rich Tradition to Venerate Mother Earth Celebrated |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=72226 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014013941/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=72226 |archive-date=14 October 2012 |access-date=13 February 2010 |website=[[Daijiworld]]}}</ref> The eldest lady of family offers a big coconut, good quantity of rice, arecanut, betel leaves, chilly, garlic, onion, tamarind and other ingredients which are used for making the curry of the hunted prey. The calling Paddana is like this,
::Sōmavāra keḍḍasa,
::muṭṭune aṅgāra naḍu keḍḍasa
::budhavāra biripune
::paji kaḍpare balli
::unuṅgel polipyare balli,
::arasule bōnṭeṅg
::sarver ullāyanakulu pōvōḍuge.
::Valasāri majalḍ kūḍdu
::valasari dērdd pālejjār jappunaga
::uḷḷāldinakulu kaḍipi kan̄jin nīrḍ pāḍōdu.
::Ōḍuḍ kaḍevoḍu, kall ḍ roṭṭi pattavoḍu.
::Malla malla mr̥rgolu jattd barpa
::Kaṭṭa ijjāndi beḍi, kadi kaṭṭandina pagari,
::kaila kaḍela pattd
::ujjergon̄ji erpu ērpād
::illa bēttaḍit untondu
::murgoleg tāṇṭāvoḍu.
::Malla malla murgolen jayipoḍu.
::Eṅk ayita kebi, kār, kai,
::uppu, mun̄ci, puḷi koroḍu

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{commons category|Keddaso}}
{{Festivals of Tulunadu}}

[[Category:Tulu language]]
[[Category:Culture of Tulu Nadu]]
[[Category:Religious festivals in India]]

Narada sting operation

2025-07-27T06:30:07Z

RuebenFrankfurte:

{{short description|Sting operation in West Bengal targeting high ranking Trinamool politicians}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Mamata Banerjee sidebar}}
The '''Narada sting operation''' was a [[sting operation]] carried out by journalist [[Mathew Samuel]] targeting high-ranking officials and politicians of the [[All India Trinamool Congress]] (AITC). It showed several politicians and a high-ranked police officer accepting [[Bribery|cash bribes]] in exchange for providing unofficial favors to a company.

Performed in 2014 for the Indian news-magazine ''[[Tehelka]]'', it was published on a private website months before the 2016 [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal Assembly elections]].

{{As of|June 2017}}, the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI), [[Enforcement Directorate]] (ED) and a parliamentary ethics committee are probing the case. The Trinamool Congress has rejected the allegations and has claimed that the money was received in the way of donations.

== Background ==
{{Main|Mathew Samuel}}
[[File:This is the photo of Mathew Samuel.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Mathew Samuel]]
[[Mathew Samuel]] is a former managing editor of ''[[Tehelka]],'' a news magazine known for its [[investigative journalism]] and sting operations. He was one of the main principals behind the sting operation ''[[Operation West End|West End]]'' which spawned a miniature democratic crisis in 2001 and eventually led to the resignation of Defence Minister [[George Fernandes]] and later, the conviction of [[Bharatiya Janata party|Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)]] President [[Bangaru Laxman]].<ref name=outlook>{{cite web|title=After Eleven Years, It Stings To Say This...|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?280773|publisher=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|last=Samuel|first=Mathew|date=14 May 2012|access-date=10 January 2018|archive-date=29 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131129115921/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?280773|url-status=live}}</ref>

Around 2014, the ''Tehelka'' administration floated the idea of a sting operation in an effort "to come back into the market with a good story; with a bang".<ref name=paid/> Samuel and his team initially opted for either [[Madhya Pradesh]] or [[Himachal Pradesh]], but the opportunities never materialized. The ruling government in Madhya Pradesh was led by BJP and Samuel did not wish to be identified as a journalist who solely targeted the BJP governments whilst the political atmosphere of Himachal Pradesh was too quiet to be conducive for a sting operation.<ref name="paid" />

It was around this time the [[Saradha Group financial scandal]] surfaced in [[West Bengal]]. Samuel felt that the corruption unearthed until then was only "the tip of the iceberg" and the team accordingly zeroed in on the politicians of West Bengal as their target.<ref name="paid">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/news/2017/04/29/indian-rupee-80-lakh-for-the-narada-sting-was-paid-by-mp-kd-singh-mathew-samuel-ed-tmc|title=₹ 80 lakh for the Narada sting was paid by MP KD Singh|access-date=2 June 2017|date=29 April 2017|work=[[The National Herald (India)|The National Herald]]|archive-date=22 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022142134/https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/news/2017/04/29/indian-rupee-80-lakh-for-the-narada-sting-was-paid-by-mp-kd-singh-mathew-samuel-ed-tmc|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Operation ==
In an interview with ''[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]'', Mathew Samuel said he was inspired by Israeli [[Mossad]] officer [[Michael Harari|Mike Harari]]. He had asked a friend to create a cover for him as a high official of the fictitious Chennai-based firm Impex Consultancy Solutions. An [[Aadhaar]] card in the name of ''Santhosh Shankaran'' was issued for Samuel and social-media profiles were created.<ref name="spy">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1160403/jsp/7days/story_77941.jsp|title=7 Days: I spy with my little eye...|date=3 April 2016|access-date=2 June 2017|language=en|work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|archive-date=8 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808000127/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1160403/jsp/7days/story_77941.jsp|url-status=dead}}</ref>

While trying to gauge the mood of the public, they chanced upon a taxi-driver who introduced them to a person who was locally known as 'Tiger'.<ref name="paid" /><ref name="spy" /> Samuel claims that 'Tiger' initially introduced him to Iqbal Ahmed, the then deputy mayor of the [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]], and [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer S. M. H. Mirza. They were then supposedly acquainted with Sultan Ahmed (Iqbal's brother), [[Subrata Mukherjee]], [[Bobby Hakim|Firhad Hakim]] and [[Aparupa Poddar]]. Mirza also introduced him to [[Madan Mitra]] and [[Mukul Roy]]. And, each of these meetings proliferated in the development of further connections. In Samuel's words: "It was almost like a chain reaction".<ref name="paid" />

In the 52 hours of footage made by Samuel and his colleague Angel Abraham around 2014, many prominent politicians resembling [[Member of Parliament (India)|Members of Parliament]] [[Mukul Roy]], [[Saugata Roy]], [[Kakoli Ghosh Dastidar]], [[Prasun Banerjee|Prasun Bannerjee]], [[Suvendu Adhikari]] and [[Sultan Ahmed (Indian politician)|Sultan Ahmed]], and state ministers [[Madan Mitra]], [[Subrata Mukherjee]] and [[Firhad Hakim]], and Iqbal Ahmed<ref name="spy" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1160315/jsp/bengal/story_74595.jsp|title=THE STING IN FULL|work=The Telegraph|access-date=31 July 2018|archive-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730140345/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1160315/jsp/bengal/story_74595.jsp|url-status=dead}}</ref> were seen accepting alleged bribes in the form of wads of cash in exchange for doing unofficial favors for Impex Consultancy Solutions floated by Samuel himself.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1160317/jsp/frontpage/story_74983.jsp#.WN3xQvl97IU|title=Narada referred to LS ethics committee|date=17 March 2016|work=The Telegraph|access-date=24 April 2017|archive-date=4 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404132708/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1160317/jsp/frontpage/story_74983.jsp#.WN3xQvl97IU|url-status=dead}}</ref> One more person named Sujay Bhadra alias Shantu, the then PA of Member of Parliament Abhishek Banerjee who is the nephew of [[Mamata Banerjee]], was also seen in the video together with Karan Sharma, a close aide of Abhishek Banerjee.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

== Funding ==
Whilst Samuel initially claimed that [[K. D. Singh (politician)|K. D. Singh]], a [[Rajya Sabha]] MP of the [[Trinamool Congress]] and majority owner of Tehelka, was in the dark about the entire operation and he was a 'lone-wolf',<ref name="spy" /> he later retracted his claims and asserted that Singh knew and funded the entire operation.<ref name="paid" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.anandabazar.com/state/k-d-singh-ordered-me-to-do-the-sting-operation-on-tmc-leaders-says-mathew-samuel-1.582948|title=তৃণমূল সাংসদ কে ডি সিংহের নির্দেশেই স্টিং অপারেশন, বিস্ফোরক ম্যাথু|date=20 March 2017|work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|access-date=24 April 2017|language=bn|archive-date=26 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426063623/http://www.anandabazar.com/state/k-d-singh-ordered-me-to-do-the-sting-operation-on-tmc-leaders-says-mathew-samuel-1.582948|url-status=live}}</ref> He claimed that the budget of the operation was initially set at {{INRConvert|2500000|year=2017}} but was later increased to {{INRConvert|8000000|year=2017}}, as the number of potential targets increased vastly.<ref name="paid" /> The police subsequently filed a criminal case against Singh expecting that a large part of the sum might have been harvested from his [[Alchemist Group|chit fund business]] in West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/w857MuEba6xgj5yd0eZ2vO/Narada-sting-Kolkata-Police-files-criminal-case-against-TMC.html|title=Narada sting: Kolkata Police files criminal case against TMC MP Kanwar Deep Singh|last=Majumdar|first=Arkamoy Dutta|date=23 March 2017|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730140239/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/w857MuEba6xgj5yd0eZ2vO/Narada-sting-Kolkata-Police-files-criminal-case-against-TMC.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, Singh refuted his involvement with any aspect of the sting.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/state/kd-singh-says-he-has-no-relation-with-narada-sting-operation-1.730210|title=নারদে জড়িত নই, দাবি কেডি সিংহের|work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|access-date=27 July 2018|language=bn|archive-date=27 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727181106/https://www.anandabazar.com/state/kd-singh-says-he-has-no-relation-with-narada-sting-operation-1.730210|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Release ==
A edited portion<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/west-bengal-news/kolkata-news/cbi-is-investigating-the-unedited-footage-of-narada-sting-operation/articleshow/57803829.cms|title=সিবিআইয়ের হাতিয়ার নারদের জোড়া ফুটেজ|date=24 March 2017|work=Eisamay|access-date=30 July 2018|language=bn|archive-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730112124/https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/west-bengal-news/kolkata-news/cbi-is-investigating-the-unedited-footage-of-narada-sting-operation/articleshow/57803829.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> of the sting operation tapes were released to the public through the website ''[[Narada News|naradanews.com]]'' after a nearly two-year lag in 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/state/narada-after-saradha-11-top-leaders-of-tmc-in-huge-bribe-controversy-dgtl-1.332461|title=নারদের স্টিং অপারেশন, ঘুষ বিতর্কে জড়ালেন তৃণমূলের ১১ শীর্ষ নেতা|work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|access-date=28 July 2018|language=bn|archive-date=28 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728101351/https://www.anandabazar.com/state/narada-after-saradha-11-top-leaders-of-tmc-in-huge-bribe-controversy-dgtl-1.332461|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/state/public-opinion-on-narada-sting-operation-1.332896|title=নারদ নারদ|work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|access-date=28 July 2018|language=bn|archive-date=28 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728101317/https://www.anandabazar.com/state/public-opinion-on-narada-sting-operation-1.332896|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/furore-as-sting-video-shows-trinamool-leaders-taking-cash/article8354564.ece|title=Furore as sting video shows Trinamool leaders taking cash|date=15 March 2016|work=The Hindu|access-date=30 July 2018|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202150244/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/furore-as-sting-video-shows-trinamool-leaders-taking-cash/article8354564.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> This was attributed by Samuel to the inertia of the Tehelka administration in publishing the tapes.<ref name=paid/>

== Reactions ==
The Trinamool Congress initially denied any connection with the sting operation, alleging it to be a product of political conspiracy and the video to be entirely forged.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/westbengal2016/sting-operation-shows-tmc-leaders-taking-cash-smear-campaign-says-tmc/article8351926.ece|title=Furore as sting video shows Trinamool leaders taking cash|last=Bagchi|first=Suvojit|date=14 March 2016|work=The Hindu|access-date=30 July 2018|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=14 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314105111/http://www.thehindu.com/elections/westbengal2016/sting-operation-shows-tmc-leaders-taking-cash-smear-campaign-says-tmc/article8351926.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/state/cm-still-feels-that-nobody-is-involved-in-narada-and-saradha-scam-from-her-party-1.646125|title=অসম্মান করতেই নারদ, সারদা|work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|access-date=28 July 2018|language=bn|archive-date=28 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728101348/https://www.anandabazar.com/state/cm-still-feels-that-nobody-is-involved-in-narada-and-saradha-scam-from-her-party-1.646125|url-status=live}}</ref> Trinamool party supremo and the Chief Minister of West Bengal-[[Mamata Banerjee]] alleged it to be a [[smear campaign]] by the opposition manifesting from vendetta-politics.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.abplive.in/india-news/trinamool-congress-leaders-caught-accepting-money-in-a-sting-video-305973|title=Sting claims TMC leaders took cash, party 'dismissive'|date=15 March 2016|work=ABP live|access-date=5 June 2017|language=en|archive-date=8 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808032622/http://www.abplive.in/india-news/trinamool-congress-leaders-caught-accepting-money-in-a-sting-video-305973|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/mamata-terms-narada-sting-political-vendetta/article8386926.ece|title=Mamata terms Narada sting political vendetta|date=23 March 2016|work=The Hindu|access-date=30 July 2018|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202150245/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/mamata-terms-narada-sting-political-vendetta/article8386926.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Later, the Trinamool Congress claimed that the money received was in the form of a donation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/state/the-money-of-narada-is-just-vote-subscription-not-bribe-says-mamata-1.719694|title=নারদের টাকা 'ভোটের চাঁদা', মন্তব্য মমতার|work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|access-date=27 July 2018|language=bn|archive-date=27 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727181044/https://www.anandabazar.com/state/the-money-of-narada-is-just-vote-subscription-not-bribe-says-mamata-1.719694|url-status=live}}</ref> The subsequent CBI investigations were branded as witch-hunts and to be a product of vested political interests.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/state/mamata-banerjee-slams-cbi-over-narada-sting-issue-1.635689|title=সিবিআইকে একহাত নিলেন মুখ্যমন্ত্রী|work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|access-date=28 July 2018|language=bn|archive-date=28 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728101432/https://www.anandabazar.com/state/mamata-banerjee-slams-cbi-over-narada-sting-issue-1.635689|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/west-bengal-news/narada-case-fir-filed-against-12-top-tmc-leaders/articleshow/58232824.cms|title=এতে দোষ প্রমাণ হয়না, সাফ কথা মমতার|date=18 April 2017|work=Eisamay|access-date=30 July 2018|language=bn|archive-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730113527/https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/west-bengal-news/narada-case-fir-filed-against-12-top-tmc-leaders/articleshow/58232824.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Trinamool MP [[Dinesh Trivedi]] was noted to be a dissenting voice and asked for the resignation of the accused.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/elections/west-bengal/election-news/dinesh-tribedi-thinks-leaders-in-narada-video-must-resign-1.342141|title=Dinesh tribedi thinks leaders in narada video must resign - Anandabazar|website=www.anandabazar.com|language=en|access-date=28 July 2018|archive-date=12 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412230534/http://www.anandabazar.com/elections/west-bengal/election-news/dinesh-tribedi-thinks-leaders-in-narada-video-must-resign-1.342141|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Communist Party of India]] (CPIM) and the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) organised mass protests demanding the resignation of the politicians involved.<ref>*{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/narada-sting-case-opposition-demands-removal-of-tainted-west-bengal-ministers/articleshow/57689598.cms|title=Narada sting case: Opposition demands removal of "tainted" West Bengal ministers|date=17 March 2017|work=The Times of India|access-date=24 April 2017|archive-date=19 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419210839/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/narada-sting-case-opposition-demands-removal-of-tainted-west-bengal-ministers/articleshow/57689598.cms|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite news|url=http://www.anandabazar.com/state/left-to-demonstrate-in-demand-to-arrest-tmc-leaders-in-narada-scam-1.599401|title=নারদ কাণ্ডে অভিযুক্তদের হেফাজতে চাই, ফের রাস্তায় বামেরা|date=18 April 2017|work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|access-date=24 April 2017|language=bn|archive-date=21 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421014004/http://www.anandabazar.com/state/left-to-demonstrate-in-demand-to-arrest-tmc-leaders-in-narada-scam-1.599401|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite news|url=http://www.anandabazar.com/state/bjp-to-walk-rally-against-tmc-on-narada-issue-1.583548|title=দ্বিধা কাটিয়ে নারদে এ বার পথে বিজেপি|date=21 March 2017|work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|access-date=24 April 2017|language=bn|archive-date=27 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327012143/http://www.anandabazar.com/state/bjp-to-walk-rally-against-tmc-on-narada-issue-1.583548|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite news|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/state/opposition-on-narada-news-sting-operation-dgtl-1.332500|title=নারদ-কাণ্ডে একযোগে মুখ্যমন্ত্রীর ইস্তফা দাবি করলেন বিরোধীরা|work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|access-date=28 July 2018|language=bn|archive-date=28 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728101154/https://www.anandabazar.com/state/opposition-on-narada-news-sting-operation-dgtl-1.332500|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Fallout and investigations ==
[[File:Mamata banerjee.jpg|thumb|upright=1|left|[[Mamata Banerjee]], [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]] and leader of the All India Trinamool Congress.]]

=== Political ===
There was apparently no fallout from the sting operation in the 2016 assembly elections, contrary to expectations of Indian media.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/westbengal2016/nano-amby-and-the-bumps-on-west-bengals-path/article8402518.ece|title=Nano, Amby and the bumps on West Bengal's path|last=Dutta|first=Indrani|date=27 March 2016|work=The Hindu|access-date=30 July 2018|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=28 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328010242/http://www.thehindu.com/elections/westbengal2016/nano-amby-and-the-bumps-on-west-bengals-path/article8402518.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/narada-sting-operation-will-it-dent-mamata-banerjee-s-popularity-117032300266_1.html|title=Narada sting operation: Will it dent Mamata Banerjee's popularity?|last=Dutt|first=Ishita Ayan|date=24 March 2017|work=Business Standard India|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730170552/https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/narada-sting-operation-will-it-dent-mamata-banerjee-s-popularity-117032300266_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The AITC government returned to power with an absolute majority. This was proclaimed by [[Mamata Banerjee]] in her victory speech after the elections as an endorsement of the honesty of the party.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/narada-videos-a-year-after-the-sting-trinamool-feels-the-pain/article18275943.ece|title=Narada videos: A year after the sting, Trinamool feels the pain|date=28 April 2017|work=The Hindu|language=en|last1=Deepalakshmi|first1=K|access-date=30 May 2017|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111213831/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/narada-videos-a-year-after-the-sting-trinamool-feels-the-pain/article18275943.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Legal ===
On 17 June 2016, the state initiated the first legal measures and ordered a probe by [[Kolkata Police Force|Kolkata police]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Mamata-Banerjee-orders-police-to-probe-Narada-sting-operation/articleshow/52799779.cms|title=Mamata Banerjee orders police to probe Narada sting operation|date=17 June 2016|work=The Times of India|access-date=24 April 2017|archive-date=21 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621133722/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Mamata-Banerjee-orders-police-to-probe-Narada-sting-operation/articleshow/52799779.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/state/cp-rajiv-kumar-will-investigate-narada-sting-1.413966|title=রাজ্যেরও নারদ-তদন্ত, দায়িত্বে রাজীব|work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|access-date=28 July 2018|language=bn|archive-date=28 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728101448/https://www.anandabazar.com/state/cp-rajiv-kumar-will-investigate-narada-sting-1.413966|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/state/silence-another-investigation-is-on-process-narada-scam-1.414528|title=চোপ, তদন্ত চলছে|last=বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়|first=অঞ্জন|work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|access-date=28 July 2018|language=bn|archive-date=28 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728101400/https://www.anandabazar.com/state/silence-another-investigation-is-on-process-narada-scam-1.414528|url-status=live}}</ref> Soon, three [[Public interest litigation in India|public-interest litigations]] from the [[Indian Congress party]] and BJP were filed in Calcutta High Court asking for an impartial probe in light of the influential positions held by the accused.<ref>{{cite news|title=Narada News sting operation: 3 PIL filed in Calcutta High Court, ED to begin probe|url=http://indiablooms.com/ibns_new/news-details/N/18622/narada-news-sting-operation-3-pil-filed-in-calcutta-high-court-ed-to-begin-probe.html|access-date=12 May 2017|work=Indiablooms.com|archive-date=21 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321175526/http://indiablooms.com/ibns_new/news-details/N/18622/narada-news-sting-operation-3-pil-filed-in-calcutta-high-court-ed-to-begin-probe.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.anandabazar.com/state/pil-seeking-cbi-probe-in-narada-case-1.334541|title=সিবিআই চেয়ে জনস্বার্থ মামলা, প্রতিবাদ পথেও|date=17 March 2016|work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|access-date=24 April 2017|language=bn|archive-date=18 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318161756/http://www.anandabazar.com/state/pil-seeking-cbi-probe-in-narada-case-1.334541|url-status=live}}</ref> The State of West Bengal, along with the accused, asked for a probe by the state investigation team or by a special investigation team, while the petitioner pushed for a probe by a central agency.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

The local police was also accused of heckling Samuel, after summoning him for running alleged extortion-rings and interrogating him over the sting-issue.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/west-bengal-news/kolkata-news/master-plan-of-police-manoj-and-mathew-are-in-trouble/articleshow/57784944.cms|title=পুলিশের কুশলী চালে বিড়ম্বনায় মনোজ-ম্যাথু|date=23 March 2017|work=Eisamay|access-date=30 July 2018|language=bn|archive-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730112110/https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/west-bengal-news/kolkata-news/master-plan-of-police-manoj-and-mathew-are-in-trouble/articleshow/57784944.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/state/mathew-samuel-complains-that-police-harassed-him-1.629617|title=পুলিশি হেনস্থার নালিশ ম্যাথুর|work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|access-date=28 July 2018|language=bn|archive-date=28 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728101339/https://www.anandabazar.com/state/mathew-samuel-complains-that-police-harassed-him-1.629617|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/state/sting-operation-cbi-summons-mathew-samuel-1.630073|title=এ বার ফোন-সহ তলব ম্যাথুকে|work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|access-date=28 July 2018|language=bn|archive-date=28 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728101404/https://www.anandabazar.com/state/sting-operation-cbi-summons-mathew-samuel-1.630073|url-status=live}}</ref>

The state subsequently initiated its own probe which booked Samuel under multiple sections of the [[Indian Penal Code|IPC]] 469 (forgery to harm reputation), 500 (defamation), 120(B) (criminal conspiracy) etc.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/State-counters-Narada-There-was-no-demand-for-bribe/articleshow/53777675.cms|title=State counters Narada: There was no demand for bribe|date=19 August 2016|work=The Times of India|access-date=24 April 2017|archive-date=22 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822003028/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/State-counters-Narada-There-was-no-demand-for-bribe/articleshow/53777675.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> On 5 August 2016, the High Court stayed the state probe for ''ad infimum'', observing that the police cannot run a concurrent investigation along with a court-monitored probe.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/west-bengal-news/kolkata-news/narada-case-state-police-accused-narada-cases-says-nishita-mhatre/articleshow/57699744.cms|title=পুলিশকে পুতুল বলে তিরস্কার|date=18 March 2017|work=Eisamay|access-date=30 July 2018|language=bn|archive-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730113628/https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/west-bengal-news/kolkata-news/narada-case-state-police-accused-narada-cases-says-nishita-mhatre/articleshow/57699744.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/HC-stays-Kolkata-Police-probe-into-Narada-sting/articleshow/53561934.cms|title=HC stays Kolkata Police probe into Narada sting|date=5 August 2016|work=The Times of India|access-date=24 April 2017|archive-date=6 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206021029/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/HC-stays-Kolkata-Police-probe-into-Narada-sting/articleshow/53561934.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 18 March 2017, the state initiated disciplinary proceedings against S. M. H. Meerza, a high-ranking officer in the [[Indian Police Service]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/state-took-action-against-meerza/articleshow/57697315.cms|title=State took action against SMH Meerza|date=18 March 2017|work=The Times of India|access-date=24 April 2017|archive-date=25 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825151434/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/state-took-action-against-meerza/articleshow/57697315.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He was the lone person (of all those who were filmed in the video tape to have accepted cash-bribe), to have been subject to some form of sanction by the state.<ref>{{Cite news|date=18 March 2017|work=Bartaman}}</ref>

==== CBI Investigation ====
The CBI was asked to probe the case after the court raised doubts regarding the impartiality of the probe being conducted by the West Bengal Police<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/cbi-to-probe-narada-sting-case-calcutta-high-court/articleshow/57698788.cms|title=CBI to probe Narada sting case: Calcutta high court|work=The Times of India|access-date=24 April 2017|archive-date=21 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321002532/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/cbi-to-probe-narada-sting-case-calcutta-high-court/articleshow/57698788.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> and the footage was certified as authentic by the Central Forensic Laboratory.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Central-lab-report-Most-of-Narada-tapes-untampered/articleshow/53626549.cms|title=Central lab report: Most of Narada tapes untampered|date=10 August 2017|work=The Times of India|access-date=24 April 2017|archive-date=9 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109145957/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Central-lab-report-Most-of-Narada-tapes-untampered/articleshow/53626549.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Whilst the state objected to the CBI handling the probe, a bench of the Court, presided by Chief Justice [[Nishita Nirmal Mhatre|Nishita Mhatre]] subsequently held that the findings of the sting were not undermined by the legality of Mathew Samuel's actions and that an investigation by an impartial agency would be proceeded with.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sangbadpratidin.in/kolkata/narada-sting-political-leaders-taking-money-not-desirable-says-kolkata-high-court/|title=স্যামুয়েল নয়, নারদ কাণ্ডে ভিডিও ফুটেজকেই গুরুত্ব হাই কোর্টের|access-date=27 July 2018|archive-date=27 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727182813/http://www.sangbadpratidin.in/kolkata/narada-sting-political-leaders-taking-money-not-desirable-says-kolkata-high-court/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Supreme Court of India also rejected an appeal by the state, allowing the CBI probe to continue.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/state/supreme-court-upholds-verdict-of-cbi-investigation-in-narada-case-dgtl-1.583723|title=সিবিআই তদন্ত বহাল, সুপ্রিম কোর্টে ধাক্কা রাজ্যের|work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|access-date=28 July 2018|language=bn|archive-date=28 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728101440/https://www.anandabazar.com/state/supreme-court-upholds-verdict-of-cbi-investigation-in-narada-case-dgtl-1.583723|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 17 April 2017, the CBI filed a [[First Information Report]] against 12 Trinamool leaders for "criminal conspiracy".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.anandabazar.com/state/fir-filed-against-12-top-tmc-leaders-in-connection-with-narada-scam-1.599444|title=নারদের এফআইআরে এক ডজন নেতা-মন্ত্রী|date=18 April 2017|work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|access-date=24 April 2017|language=bn|archive-date=26 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426063627/http://www.anandabazar.com/state/fir-filed-against-12-top-tmc-leaders-in-connection-with-narada-scam-1.599444|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/narada-sting-operation-cbi-files-fir-against-12-trinamool-leaders-for-criminal-conspiracy/articleshow/58227792.cms|title=Narada sting operation: CBI files FIR against 12 Trinamool leaders for 'criminal conspiracy'|date=17 April 2017|work=The Times of India|access-date=24 April 2017|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111185836/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/narada-sting-operation-cbi-files-fir-against-12-trinamool-leaders-for-criminal-conspiracy/articleshow/58227792.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The CBI also subsequently summoned all of the involved figures, to assist in the investigation.<ref>*{{Cite news|url=http://www.asianage.com/metros/kolkata/190917/narada-sting-operation-case-firhad-hakim-appears-before-cbi.html|title=Narada sting operation case: Firhad Hakim appears before CBI|date=19 September 2017|work=The Asian Age|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730140429/http://www.asianage.com/metros/kolkata/190917/narada-sting-operation-case-firhad-hakim-appears-before-cbi.html|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite news|url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/narada-sting-probe-cbi-summons-mayor-sovan-chatterjee-2532244.html|title=Narada sting probe: CBI Summons Mayor Sovan Chatterjee|work=One India|access-date=30 July 2018|language=bn|archive-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730170553/https://www.oneindia.com/india/narada-sting-probe-cbi-summons-mayor-sovan-chatterjee-2532244.html|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/narada-case-cbi-to-examine-ex-union-minister-and-tmc-mp-saugata-roy-today-1458601.html|title=Narada Case: CBI to Examine TMC MP Saugata Roy Today|work=News18|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730140448/https://www.news18.com/news/politics/narada-case-cbi-to-examine-ex-union-minister-and-tmc-mp-saugata-roy-today-1458601.html|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/tmc-mp-sultan-ahmed-grilled-for-seven-hours-by-cbi-in-narada-scam/articleshow/59436919.cms|title=TMC MP Sultan Ahmed grilled for seven hours by CBI in Narada scam|date=4 July 2017|work=The Economic Times|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730140534/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/tmc-mp-sultan-ahmed-grilled-for-seven-hours-by-cbi-in-narada-scam/articleshow/59436919.cms|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite news|url=https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/west-bengal-news/narada-scam-ed-registers-case-against-13-trinamool-congress-leaders/articleshow/60804170.cms|title=নারদ ঘুষ কাণ্ডে ১৩ অভিযুক্তর প্রাথমিক জেরা সাঙ্গ - Eisamay|date=23 September 2017|work=Eisamay|access-date=30 July 2018|language=bn|archive-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730113529/https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/west-bengal-news/narada-scam-ed-registers-case-against-13-trinamool-congress-leaders/articleshow/60804170.cms|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite web|url=http://www.sangbadpratidin.in/kolkata/mukul-roy-skips-ed-summon-on-narada-sting/|title=নারদকাণ্ডে ইডিতে হাজিরা এড়ালেন মুকুল, সময় চাইলেন ২ সপ্তাহ|access-date=27 July 2018|archive-date=27 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727181148/http://www.sangbadpratidin.in/kolkata/mukul-roy-skips-ed-summon-on-narada-sting/|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite news|url=http://www.sangbadpratidin.in/kolkata/narada-sting-bengal-minister-suvendu-adhikari-in-cbi-office-ducks-media/|title=নারদ কাণ্ডে এবার সিবিআই দপ্তরে হাজিরা শুভেন্দু অধিকারীর|work=Sangbad Pratidin|access-date=27 July 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=27 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727181257/http://www.sangbadpratidin.in/kolkata/narada-sting-bengal-minister-suvendu-adhikari-in-cbi-office-ducks-media/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>*{{Cite news|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/state/narada-case-cbi-photographs-alleged-crime-site-at-kolkata-mayor-office-1.689561|title=পুরসভায় মেয়র শোভনের ঘরে সিবিআই হানা|work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|access-date=28 July 2018|language=bn|archive-date=28 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728101413/https://www.anandabazar.com/state/narada-case-cbi-photographs-alleged-crime-site-at-kolkata-mayor-office-1.689561|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite news|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/state/suvendu-adhikari-went-to-cbi-office-on-narada-scam-investigation-1.679253|title=পিছনের দরজা দিয়ে সিবিআই দফতরে শুভেন্দু|work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|access-date=28 July 2018|language=bn|archive-date=28 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728101423/https://www.anandabazar.com/state/suvendu-adhikari-went-to-cbi-office-on-narada-scam-investigation-1.679253|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite news|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/state/cbi-summonds-minister-firhad-hakim-in-narada-scam-1.677169|title=সাত ঘণ্টা জেরার মুখে ববি|work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|access-date=28 July 2018|language=bn|archive-date=28 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728101410/https://www.anandabazar.com/state/cbi-summonds-minister-firhad-hakim-in-narada-scam-1.677169|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite news|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/state/cbi-is-interrogating-madan-mitra-1.674535|title=নারদ-কাণ্ডে মদনকে জেরা করল সিবিআই|work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|access-date=28 July 2018|language=bn|archive-date=28 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728101446/https://www.anandabazar.com/state/cbi-is-interrogating-madan-mitra-1.674535|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite news|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/state/narada-sting-operation-tmc-mp-sougata-roy-interrogated-by-cbi-1.670678|title=পাঁচ ঘণ্টা টানা জেরা সৌগতকে|work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|access-date=28 July 2018|language=bn|archive-date=28 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728101345/https://www.anandabazar.com/state/narada-sting-operation-tmc-mp-sougata-roy-interrogated-by-cbi-1.670678|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite news|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/state/cbi-questioned-tmc-mp-prasun-banerjee-for-three-hours-over-narada-sting-operation-1.670125|title=টাকা নিয়ে হিসেব তো দিয়েছি: প্রসূন|work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|access-date=28 July 2018|language=bn|archive-date=28 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728101325/https://www.anandabazar.com/state/cbi-questioned-tmc-mp-prasun-banerjee-for-three-hours-over-narada-sting-operation-1.670125|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite news|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/state/cbi-quizzes-mp-sultan-ahmed-for-7-hours-on-narada-sting-operation-1.637574|title=সাত ঘণ্টা জেরার মুখে সুলতান|work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|access-date=28 July 2018|language=bn|archive-date=28 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728101451/https://www.anandabazar.com/state/cbi-quizzes-mp-sultan-ahmed-for-7-hours-on-narada-sting-operation-1.637574|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Aparupa Poddar]] confessed to have taken an amount of 3 [[lakh]] [[Indian rupee|INR]] but claimed innocence as to any ulterior motive.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/narada-sting-trinamool-mp-admits-taking-rs-3-lakh-bribe/articleshow/60963863.cms|title=Narada sting: Trinamool MP 'admits taking Rs 3 lakh bribe' - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=27 July 2018|archive-date=25 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825051644/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/narada-sting-trinamool-mp-admits-taking-rs-3-lakh-bribe/articleshow/60963863.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> She also claimed to have worked per the advice of Iqbal Ahmed.<ref name=":1" /> Iqbal Ahmed admitted to have accepted the cash but asserted to have utilized it in the development of a [[Maidan (Kolkata)|Maidan]] based sports-club, [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.sangbadpratidin.in/kolkata/narada-sting-cbi-team-visits-kakoli-ghosh-dastidar-residence/|title=নারদ কাণ্ডে সাংসদ কাকলি ঘোষদস্তিদারের বাড়িতে সিবিআই|work=Sangbad Pratidin|access-date=27 July 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=27 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727212117/http://www.sangbadpratidin.in/kolkata/narada-sting-cbi-team-visits-kakoli-ghosh-dastidar-residence/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/L7qUQLre4NLREszCwxacrJ/Narada-sting-TMCs-Iqbal-Ahmed-admits-to-receiving-money-fr.html|title=Narada sting: TMC's Iqbal Ahmed admits to receiving money from Mathew Samuel|last=Majumdar|first=Arkamoy Dutta|date=19 June 2017|work=Mint|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730140337/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/L7qUQLre4NLREszCwxacrJ/Narada-sting-TMCs-Iqbal-Ahmed-admits-to-receiving-money-fr.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Subrata Mukherjee too admitted to have accepted an amount of 3 lakh INR.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://www.sangbadpratidin.in/kolkata/narada-sting-cbi-grills-phe-minister-subrata-mukherjee/|title=নারদ কাণ্ডে সুব্রত মুখোপাধ্যায়কে জিজ্ঞাসাবাদ সিবিআইয়ের|work=Sangbad Pratidin|access-date=27 July 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202150248/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/bengal/narada-sting-cbi-grills-phe-minister-subrata-mukherjee/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sougata Ray rejected the video as forged and claimed that he did not know Samuel.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/west-bengal-news/kolkata-news/i-dont-matthew-samuel-claims-saugata-ray/articleshow/60406828.cms|title=চেনেনই না ম্যাথুকে, জেরা শেষে দাবি সাংসদ সৌগতর|date=7 September 2017|work=Eisamay|access-date=30 July 2018|language=bn|archive-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730113614/https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/west-bengal-news/kolkata-news/i-dont-matthew-samuel-claims-saugata-ray/articleshow/60406828.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> S.M.H. Meerza initially denied accepting any cash but later conceded to the veracity of the tape and claimed that he has donated the entire amount to an orphanage.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/west-bengal-news/kolkata-news/narada-sting-cops-grill-ips-officer-record-statement/articleshow/59306522.cms|title=কোন অনাথ আশ্রমে মির্জার টাকা|date=25 June 2017|work=Eisamay|access-date=30 July 2018|language=bn|archive-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730141726/https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/west-bengal-news/kolkata-news/narada-sting-cops-grill-ips-officer-record-statement/articleshow/59306522.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

The investigation subsequently hit a road-block as certain portions of the footage (a prior to the) were found to be missing from the submitted footage.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/state/authenticity-of-narada-footage-stalls-cbi-investigations-dgtl-1.803962|title=ম্যাথুর দেওয়া ফুটেজ নিয়েই প্রশ্ন, নারদ তদন্ত বিশ বাঁও জলে!|last=মণ্ডল|first=সিজার|work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|access-date=28 July 2018|language=bn|archive-date=27 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727171623/https://www.anandabazar.com/state/authenticity-of-narada-footage-stalls-cbi-investigations-dgtl-1.803962|url-status=live}}</ref> Samuel claimed to have deleted the non-necessary parts of the footage, whilst transferring them to the laptop from his [[iPhone]] and to have forgotten the password for the iPhone folder, which contained the cut-out portions.<ref name=":6" /> The CBI subsequently contacted [[Apple Inc.]] to retrieve the contents of the folder but whilst denying to share the password citing privacy requirements, they confirmed that the entire sting-footage had indeed been shot by an iPhone.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/state/apple-declined-to-share-password-of-mathew-phone-dgtl-1.816152|title=ম্যাথিউ-এর ফোনের পাসওয়ার্ড সিবিআইকে দিল না অ্যাপল|work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|access-date=28 July 2018|language=bn|archive-date=27 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727171609/https://www.anandabazar.com/state/apple-declined-to-share-password-of-mathew-phone-dgtl-1.816152|url-status=live}}</ref> Recent developments indicated that the CBI was in touch with professional hackers to gain access to the folder.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/calcutta/cbi-hired-us-hackers-to-decipher-mathew-phone-password-dgtl-1.816754|title=এ বার মার্কিন হ্যাকারদের শরণাপন্ন সিবিআই|work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|access-date=28 July 2018|language=bn|archive-date=27 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727171604/https://www.anandabazar.com/calcutta/cbi-hired-us-hackers-to-decipher-mathew-phone-password-dgtl-1.816754|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/nation/get-information-on-matthews-phone-the-cbi-is-going-to-america/articleshow/63197553.cms|title=ম্যাথুর ফোনের জট কাটাতে আমেরিকায় পা ফেলছে সিবিআই|date=7 March 2018|work=Eisamay|access-date=30 July 2018|language=bn|archive-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730112023/https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/nation/get-information-on-matthews-phone-the-cbi-is-going-to-america/articleshow/63197553.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Enforcement Directorate investigation ====
The [[Enforcement Directorate]] is also running a parallel investigation. It has lodged a case about misappropriation of public funds under Anti-Corruption-Act<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/state/ed-files-cases-against-12-accused-tmc-leaders-in-narada-scam-dgtl-1.604611|title=নারদ কাণ্ডে এ বার ১২ তৃণমূল নেতার বিরুদ্ধে মামলা ইডি-র|work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|access-date=28 July 2018|language=bn|archive-date=28 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728101405/https://www.anandabazar.com/state/ed-files-cases-against-12-accused-tmc-leaders-in-narada-scam-dgtl-1.604611|url-status=live}}</ref> and has issued multiple summons to the accused and Samuel, himself.<ref>*{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/narada-sting-operation-probe-ed-issues-summons-to-mathew-samuel/articleshow/58637365.cms|title=Narada sting operation probe: ED issues summons to Mathew Samuel|date=12 May 2017|work=The Times of India|access-date=1 June 2017|archive-date=22 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170522103804/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/narada-sting-operation-probe-ed-issues-summons-to-mathew-samuel/articleshow/58637365.cms|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite news|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/state/ed-summons-mukul-roy-over-narada-sting-operation-1.688951|title=নারদে মুকুলকে তলব করল ইডি|last=ঘোষ|first=সুনন্দ|work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|access-date=28 July 2018|language=bn|archive-date=28 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728101425/https://www.anandabazar.com/state/ed-summons-mukul-roy-over-narada-sting-operation-1.688951|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite news|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/state/subrata-mukherjee-faces-ed-interrogation-in-narada-case-dgtl-1.656515|title=আশা করি ইডিকে সন্তুষ্ট করতে পেরেছি: জেরা শেষে বললেন সুব্রত|work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|access-date=28 July 2018|language=bn|archive-date=28 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728101357/https://www.anandabazar.com/state/subrata-mukherjee-faces-ed-interrogation-in-narada-case-dgtl-1.656515|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite news|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/state/firhad-hakim-appears-before-enforcement-directorate-on-narada-issue-1.655811|title=যাব না বলেও ইডি-র কাছে মন্ত্রী ববি|work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|access-date=28 July 2018|language=bn|archive-date=28 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728101437/https://www.anandabazar.com/state/firhad-hakim-appears-before-enforcement-directorate-on-narada-issue-1.655811|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/state/narada-case-aparupa-podder-visits-ed-office-1.685094|title=অপরূপার কাছে ইডি, সিবিআই মদনের ঘরে|work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|access-date=28 July 2018|language=bn|archive-date=28 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728101433/https://www.anandabazar.com/state/narada-case-aparupa-podder-visits-ed-office-1.685094|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/state/mukul-roy-faces-cbi-and-suvendu-adhikari-appears-before-ed-investigator-on-narada-issue-dgtl-1.672983|title=সিবিআই জেরায় মুকুল, শুভেন্দুর হাজিরা ইডি-তে|work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|access-date=28 July 2018|language=bn|archive-date=28 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728101436/https://www.anandabazar.com/state/mukul-roy-faces-cbi-and-suvendu-adhikari-appears-before-ed-investigator-on-narada-issue-dgtl-1.672983|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Ethics committee ===
Since the sting operation involved Members of Parliament, a [[Lok Sabha]] ethics committee was also set up to initiate a probe to determine if the persons committed a breach of privilege of the house concerned.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1160317/jsp/frontpage/story_74983.jsp|title=Narada referred to LS ethics committee|date=17 March 2016|work=The Telegraph|access-date=24 April 2017|archive-date=4 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404132708/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1160317/jsp/frontpage/story_74983.jsp|url-status=dead}}</ref> The committee sat only once after the incident.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.anandabazar.com/national/lk-advani-rises-question-on-disciplinary-committee-on-the-issue-if-narada-scam-1.529808|title=আগে সংসদ, পরে নীতি কমিটি: আডবাণী|date=12 November 2016|work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|access-date=24 April 2017|language=bn|archive-date=26 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426060751/http://www.anandabazar.com/national/lk-advani-rises-question-on-disciplinary-committee-on-the-issue-if-narada-scam-1.529808|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Current status ==
In January 2021 the CBI sought sanction from then [[List of governors of West Bengal|West Bengal Governor]] [[Jagdeep Dhankhar]] to prosecute Firhad Hakim, Madan Mitra, Subrata Mukherjee and [[Sovan Chatterjee]] in the Narada case. On 8 May the Governor granted the CBI permission to prosecute the four leaders.<ref>{{cite web|date=9 May 2021|title=Narada case: Bengal Governor sanctions prosecution of TMC's Subrata Mukherjee, Firhad Hakim by CBI|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/west-bengal-governor-dhankar-prosecution-sanction-cbi-narada-suvon-chatterjee-firhad-hakim-madan-mitra-subrata-mukherjee-1800576-2021-05-09|work=India Today|access-date=8 January 2022|archive-date=8 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108154911/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/west-bengal-governor-dhankar-prosecution-sanction-cbi-narada-suvon-chatterjee-firhad-hakim-madan-mitra-subrata-mukherjee-1800576-2021-05-09|url-status=live}}</ref> The CBI arrested all the four leaders on 17 May. [[Biman Banerjee]], the [[List of speakers of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Speaker of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly]], argued that the arrests were illegal as those were made on the basis of the Governor's permission.<ref>{{cite web|date=17 May 2021|title=CBI arrests of Bengal ministers, others in Narada case illegal: Assembly Speaker|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/may/17/cbi-arrests-of-bengal-ministers-others-in-narada-case-illegal-assembly-speaker-2303639.html|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=8 January 2022|archive-date=8 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108161940/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/may/17/cbi-arrests-of-bengal-ministers-others-in-narada-case-illegal-assembly-speaker-2303639.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Mathew Samuel questioned why BJP leader Suvendu Adhikari was not arrested by the CBI.<ref>{{cite web|date=17 May 2021|title=Why No Arrest Of Suvendu Adhikari, Now In BJP, Asks Narada Sting Editor Mathew Samuel|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/paid-suvendu-adhikari-too-why-no-arrest-mathew-samuel-man-behind-narada-sting-2443444|work=NDTV|access-date=8 January 2022|archive-date=8 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108163927/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/paid-suvendu-adhikari-too-why-no-arrest-mathew-samuel-man-behind-narada-sting-2443444|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=18 May 2021|title=Narada case: Paid Suvendu Adhikari too, why is he out of the loop, asks Mathew Samuel|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/paid-suvendu-too-why-is-he-out-of-the-loop-asks-mathew-samuel/articleshow/82725842.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=8 January 2022|archive-date=8 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108163928/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/paid-suvendu-too-why-is-he-out-of-the-loop-asks-mathew-samuel/articleshow/82725842.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Bankshall Court]] (Special CBI court) granted interim bail to the four leaders on the same day they were arrested.<ref>{{cite web|date=17 May 2021|title=Narada Case: Court Grants Bail To 4 Accused Including TMC Leaders Firhad Hakim, Subrata Mukherjee & Madan Mitra|url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/narada-case-court-grants-bail-4-accused-including-3-tmc-leaders-firhad-hakim-subrata-mukherjee-madan-mitra-1458826|work=ABP LIVE|access-date=8 January 2022|archive-date=8 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108172617/https://news.abplive.com/news/india/narada-case-court-grants-bail-4-accused-including-3-tmc-leaders-firhad-hakim-subrata-mukherjee-madan-mitra-1458826|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=17 May 2021|title=[BREAKING] Special CBI court grants interim bail to TMC leaders Madan Mitra, Firhad Hakim, Subrata Mukherjee, Sovan Chatterjee in Narada case|url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/special-cbi-court-interim-bail-tmc-leaders-madan-mitra-firhad-hakim-subrata-mukherjee-sovan-chatterjee-narada|work=Bar and Bench|access-date=8 January 2022|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202150246/https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/special-cbi-court-interim-bail-tmc-leaders-madan-mitra-firhad-hakim-subrata-mukherjee-sovan-chatterjee-narada|url-status=live}}</ref> However, a division bench headed by the Acting Chief Justice of [[Calcutta High Court]] stayed the lower court's order on the same night.<ref>{{cite web|date=17 May 2021|title=Breaking: Calcutta HC Stays Special CBI Court's Order Granting Bail To TMC Leaders Firhad Hakim, Madan Mitra, Subrata Mukherjee & Sovan Chatterjee|url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/breaking-calcutta-hc-stays-special-cbi-courts-order-granting-bail-to-tmc-leaders-firhad-hakim-madan-mitra-subrata-mukherjee-sovan-chatterjee-174279|work=Live Law|access-date=8 January 2022|archive-date=8 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108172619/https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/breaking-calcutta-hc-stays-special-cbi-courts-order-granting-bail-to-tmc-leaders-firhad-hakim-madan-mitra-subrata-mukherjee-sovan-chatterjee-174279|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=18 May 2021|title=Narada sting case: Calcutta High Court stays bail to Firhad Hakim, Subrata Mukherjee, Madan Mitra and Sovan Chatterjee|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/narada-sting-case-calcutta-high-court-stays-bail-granted-to-firhad-hakim-subrata-mukherjee-madan-mitra-and-sovan-chatterjee/2253871/|work=The Financial Express|access-date=8 January 2022|archive-date=8 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108172616/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/narada-sting-case-calcutta-high-court-stays-bail-granted-to-firhad-hakim-subrata-mukherjee-madan-mitra-and-sovan-chatterjee/2253871/|url-status=live}}</ref> Then the High Court ordered to place the arrested leaders under house arrest.<ref>{{cite web|date=21 May 2021|title=Calcutta HC orders house arrest of top TMC leaders in Narada sting case, stays bail plea|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/calcutta-hc-orders-house-arrest-of-tmc-leaders-firhad-hakim-subrata-mukherjee-1805181-2021-05-21|work=India Today|access-date=8 January 2022|archive-date=8 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108175235/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/calcutta-hc-orders-house-arrest-of-tmc-leaders-firhad-hakim-subrata-mukherjee-1805181-2021-05-21|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=22 May 2021|title=Narada case: Firhad Hakim returns home after HC orders house arrest, three others to remain in hospital due to ill health|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/may/22/narada-case-firhad-hakim-returns-home-after-hc-orders-house-arrest-threeothers-to-remain-in-hospi-2305856.html|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=8 January 2022|archive-date=8 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108175234/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/may/22/narada-case-firhad-hakim-returns-home-after-hc-orders-house-arrest-threeothers-to-remain-in-hospi-2305856.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Justice Arindam Sinha of Calcutta High Court criticised the way how the High Court dealt with the case. "We have been reduced to a mockery," he said in a letter to the Acting Chief Justice [[Rajesh Bindal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/we-have-been-reduced-to-a-mockery-calcutta-hc-judges-letter-to-acting-chief-justice|title='We have been reduced to a mockery': Calcutta HC judge's letter to Acting Chief Justice|work=National Herald|date=28 May 2021|access-date=1 June 2021|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214324/https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/we-have-been-reduced-to-a-mockery-calcutta-hc-judges-letter-to-acting-chief-justice|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/we-have-been-reduced-to-calcutta-hc-judge-on-narada-case-7333937/|title=Sitting Judge of Calcutta HC raises questions over acting CJ intervention in Narada sting case|work=The Indian Express|date=28 May 2021|access-date=3 June 2021|archive-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603013850/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/we-have-been-reduced-to-calcutta-hc-judge-on-narada-case-7333937/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/law/reduced-to-mockery-in-letter-sitting-judge-slams-calcutta-hcs-narada-case-handling|title='Reduced to Mockery': In Letter, Sitting Judge Slams Calcutta HC's Narada Case Handling|work=The Wire|date=28 May 2021|access-date=3 June 2021|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214500/https://thewire.in/law/reduced-to-mockery-in-letter-sitting-judge-slams-calcutta-hcs-narada-case-handling|url-status=live}}</ref> On 28 May the High Court granted interim bail to the four arrested leaders.<ref>{{cite web|date=28 May 2021|title=Narada scam: Calcutta High Court grants interim bail to four former TMC ministers|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-narada-scam-calcutta-high-court-grants-interim-bail-to-four-former-tmc-ministers-2892309|work=DNA India|access-date=8 January 2022|archive-date=8 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108175236/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-narada-scam-calcutta-high-court-grants-interim-bail-to-four-former-tmc-ministers-2892309|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=28 May 2021|title=Narada Case: HC Grants Interim Bail to 4 Arrested TMC Leaders|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/narada-case-calcutta-hc-grants-interim-bail-to-arrested-tmc-leaders|work=The Quint|access-date=8 January 2022|archive-date=8 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108175234/https://www.thequint.com/news/india/narada-case-calcutta-hc-grants-interim-bail-to-arrested-tmc-leaders|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=30 May 2021|title=TMC MLA Madan Mitra discharged, says happy on being granted bail in Narada case|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/may/30/tmc-mla-madan-mitradischarged-says-happy-on-being-granted-bail-in-narada-case-2309545.html|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=8 January 2022|archive-date=8 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108175236/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/may/30/tmc-mla-madan-mitradischarged-says-happy-on-being-granted-bail-in-narada-case-2309545.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |title=X FILES: TMC leaders exposed by Narada News, caught accepting bribes on camera|url=http://naradanews.com/2016/03/x-files-tmc-leaders-exposed-by-narada-news-caught-accepting-bribes-on-camera/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317051812/http://naradanews.com/2016/03/x-files-tmc-leaders-exposed-by-narada-news-caught-accepting-bribes-on-camera/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=17 March 2016 |website=Narada News |access-date=31 July 2018}}(The page where the footage of the operation was first uploaded)
*{{cite web |title=THE STING IN FULL |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1160315/jsp/bengal/story_74595.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315142922/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160315/jsp/bengal/story_74595.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 March 2016 |website=The Telegraph |access-date=31 July 2018}}{{Nbsp}}A narrative of the entire sting by [[The Telegraph (Calcutta)]].
*{{cite book |last1=Press |first1=Delhi |title=The Caravan: April 2017 |date=2017 |publisher=Delhi Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sTfFDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA32 |access-date=31 July 2018 |language=en}}

{{Scams and confidence tricks}}
{{Alleged scams in India}}
{{Corporate scandals}}
{{Corruption in India}}

[[Category:21st-century scandals]]
[[Category:Corruption in India]]
[[Category:Criminal investigation]]
[[Category:Sting operation]]
[[Category:Disinformation operations]]
[[Category:Political corruption in India]]
[[Category:Scandals in India]]
[[Category:Corruption in West Bengal]]
[[Category:2014 scandals]]
[[Category:2016 scandals]]
[[Category:2014 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:2016 in Indian politics]]

Kaam

2025-07-18T02:14:47Z

RuebenFrankfurte: add section for clarity and updated info

{{short description|One of the Five Thieves of Sikhism}}
{{Redirect|Kam}}
[[File:Drawing of an amorous Sikh couple by James Abbott, circa 1826–1867.jpg|thumb|Drawing of an amorous Sikh couple by James Abbott, circa 1826–1867]]{{SikhBeliefs}}{{Five Evils}}

'''Kaam''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ਕਾਮ; ''Kāma'') is one of the [[Five Thieves|five thieves]] in [[Sikhism]], described as excessive lust or desire.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Harbans |title=The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |date=1992–1998 |publisher=Punjabi University |location=Patiala |isbn=9788173803499 |page=419}}</ref> A devout Sikh is expected to be in control of ''Kaam'' at all times.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Blake |first=Simon |title=Faith, values and sex & relationships education |date=2002 |publisher=National Children's Bureau |others=Zarine Katrak, National Children's Bureau |isbn=1-900990-32-6 |location=London |pages=55 |oclc=863556177}}</ref>

== Translation ==
The term has been rendered as translating to desire, longing, concupiscence, sensuality or lasciviousness in English.<ref name=":1" />

== Description ==
[[File:Artwork from a folio of a Janamsakhi manuscript depicting Kaljug (Kali Yuga) in the presence of Guru Nanak stating that he will bind the people in the vices of lust and gluttony whilst holding an erect penis.jpg|thumb|Artwork from a folio of a Janamsakhi manuscript depicting Kaljug (Kali Yuga) in the presence of Guru Nanak stating that he will bind the people in the vices of lust and gluttony whilst holding an erect penis]]
In common parlance, the term refers to excessive sexual desire.<ref name=":1" /> Sikhism views kaam as an urge that an individual must keep in-control from time to time.<ref name=":1" /> It is not viewed as dissimilar to other urges and cravings of the human experience that must also be periodically kept in-check.<ref name=":1" />

Kaam becomes a true evil when it begins interfering with one's marital life, such as leading a spouse to cheat on their partner under its influence.<ref name=":1" /> Sikhism condemns kaam which interferes with the spiritual journey and day-to-day life of an individual.<ref name=":1" />

Guru Tegh Bahadur states the following on the issue of kaam:<ref name=":1" />
{{Blockquote|text=In the sinning heart reigns kaam and the fickle mind breaks out of control. Kaam casts its noose even upon [[yogi]]s, jangams and [[sannyasi]]s. Only those imbued with God's Name (fall not a prey to it) and are able to go across the ocean of existence|author=Guru Tegh Bahadur|title=Guru Granth Sahib, page 1186|source=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (Vol. 2: E–L) by Harbans Singh}}
The word refers to all desires but usually it is used in reference to desires which are sexual in-nature.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Anand |first=Tejinder Kaur |title=Essence of Sikhism |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |year=2015 |isbn=9788125919490 |edition=Reprint |volume=8 |pages=45–46}}</ref> Normal and healthy amounts of sexual lust and desire, such as between two married spouses, is not condemned in Sikhism but rather excessive amounts which interfere in one's spiritual journey is treated as both a vice and immoral.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Singha |first=H. S. |url= |title=Sikh Studies - book 7 |publisher=Hemkunt Press |year=2005 |isbn=9788170102458 |location= |pages=65 |oclc=967096375}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dilagīra |first=Harajindara Siṅgha |title=The Sikh reference book |date=1997 |publisher=Sikh Educational Trust for Sikh University Centre, Denmark |isbn=0-9695964-2-1 |edition=1st |location=Edmonton, Alb., Canada |pages=108–109 |oclc=37769917}}</ref> Kaam is not looked upon as wholly a biological phenomenon but also as a learnt behaviour in-which one can be influenced negatively by others.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Jagraj |title=A complete guide to Sikhism |date=2009 |publisher=Unistar Books |isbn=978-81-7142-754-3 |location=Chandigarh, India |pages=292 |oclc=319683249}}</ref>

The [[Guru Granth Sahib]] offers the following commentary on the nature of ''Kaam'':<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
{{Blockquote|text="O Kaam, you send men to hell and make them wander through myriad wombs. You cheat all minds; sway all the three worlds; and vanquish one's all austerities, meditation and culture. Your pleasures are illusory; you make men unsteady and weak; and punish the high and the low alike." (Guru Granth Sahib)|author=H.S. Singha|title=Sikh Studies|source=book 7, page 65}}''Kaam'' is related and linked to ''[[lobh]]'', another of the five thieves.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Cole |first1=W. Owen |title=A Popular Dictionary of Sikhism: Sikh Religion and Philosophy |last2=Sambhi |first2=Piara Singh |publisher=Routledge |year=2005 |isbn=9781135797607 |pages=84–85 |quote=Guru Amar Das stated, 'Within this body are hidden five thieves: they are lust, wrath, greed, attachment and egoism. They steal away the nectar within us ... In Punjabi the names of the five vices are, kam, krodh, lobh, moh, and hankar.}}</ref> Whilst kaam is the extreme desire for sexual things, lobh, on the other hand is the disproportionately large desire or covetousness for material things.<ref name=":2" />

=== Extramarital connection ===
[[File:Sikh lover and a Kangra lady, ca.1830, Pahari-Sikh style.jpg|thumb|Sikh lover and a Kangra lady, c.1830, Pahari-Sikh style. From the family workshop of Purkhu.]]
Kaam is connected to the potential of transgressing upon one's marriage by cheating on their partner.<ref name=":1" /> This is warned against in Sikh texts, such as in the ''[[Varan Bhai Gurdas|Varan]]'' of [[Bhai Gurdas]].<ref name=":1" /> Bhai Gurdas says the consummate Sikh is utterly faithful to his wife and regards all other women as "mothers, sisters and daughters" in Varan 29:11.<ref name=":1" />

Guru Gobind Singh gives the following piece of advice to his Sikhs:<ref name=":1" />
{{Blockquote|text=Love your own wedded wife ever so more, but do not go to another woman's bed even in a dream.|author=Guru Gobind Singh|title=52 Hukams|source=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (Vol. 2: E–L) by Harbans Singh}}

=== Solution ===
Since Sikhism does not advocate for celibacy and asceticism as fixes for kaam, it has taught other methods of dealing with the issue.<ref name=":1" /> There are two ways of dealing with kaam within Sikhism through channelization and redirection of the energy to other aims:<ref name=":1" />

# Adopting the life of a ''grihastha'', that is, the married life of a householder.<ref name=":1" />
# ''[[Pyaar]]'', one of the five virtues.<ref name=":1" /> Reaching a state of mind where one is totally emersed and imbued with the love of the divine.<ref name=":1" /> The implementation of ''[[Naam Japo|Naam Simran]]'' is important for reaching this state of love for [[God in Sikhism|God]].<ref name=":1" />

Regarding the second way of sublimating kaam, Guru Gobind Singh makes the following remark the affirm this method:<ref name=":1" />
{{Blockquote|text=Hear ye all, I proclaim here the truth: only they who love God find Him.|author=Guru Gobind Singh}}
The ideal relationship between the divine and devotee in Sikhism is envisioned as a soul-bride, in-which the devotee is a wife longing for her husband (''kant''), which is God.<ref name=":1" /> This is a reoccurring theme that is repeated through the Sikh canon.<ref name=":1" /> The devotee is pained by the state of being separate from God and craves reunion with God.<ref name=":1" /> This procedure of complete devotion stifles the negative potentials of kaam and redirects its energy to spiritual progress for the individual.<ref name=":1" />

Guru Arjan states on page 534 of the Guru Granth Sahib that a person who has truly fallen in love with God humbly seeks neither positions of power, authority, nor even spiritual liberation ([[Moksha#Sikhism|''mukti'']]).<ref name=":1" />

== Comparison to the concept of ''kama'' in other Indic religions ==
In the Hindu tradition, kaam is not always seen as a negative state of mind.<ref name=":1" /> There exists many Indic deities related to kaam, such as [[Kamadeva]].<ref name=":1" /> Thus, unlike Sikhism, the concept does not necessarily imply adverse effects to the spiritual path as per Hinduism.<ref name=":1" /> It also views ''[[kama]]'' as one of the four ''[[Puruṣārtha]]'' of a human life.<ref name=":1" />

However, certain schools and traditions of Hindu thought, such as the [[Yogi|yogis]] of the [[Samkhya]] school, practice the suppression of kaam as part of their beliefs and practices.<ref name=":1" />

Sikhism's conceptualization of kaam/kama is analogous to those of the [[Śramaṇa|Sramanic]] traditions, such as [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]].<ref name=":1" /> These traditions see kaam as a source for alarm.<ref name=":1" /> Therefore, they have prescribed celibacy and asceticism as methods for dealing with kaam.<ref name=":1" /> This differs from Sikhism, which does not advocate for the lifestyle of a celibate or ascetic.<ref name=":1" />

==See also==
*[[Sikhism and sexual orientation]]
*''[[Kama]]'', a word with a similar meaning
*[[Religion and sexuality]]
*[[Lust]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sikhism}}

[[Category:Sexuality and religion]]
[[Category:Sikh philosophical concepts]]

{{sikh-philo-stub}}

M. R. D. Dattan

2025-07-17T06:30:19Z

RuebenFrankfurte: fixed references for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian artist, (1935 – 2006)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2013}}

[[File:MRD Dattan.jpg|frame|right]]

'''M R D Dattan''' (7 July 1935 – 1 August 2006) was an artist and sculptor in the state of [[Kerala]], India. Dattan's works include statues of [[Mahatma Gandhi]],<ref>{{cite news|title= Pasts converge, history unfurls anAsuya Menon |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/pasts-converge-history-unfurls-anasuya-menon/article5172670.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=27 September 2013|access-date=22 January 2019}}</ref> [[Swami Vivekananda]] and [[Sree Narayana Guru]].<ref name=passes>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/406200608011540.htm |title=''Artist and sculptor M R D Dattan passes away'', The Hindu |access-date=2006-08-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930181604/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/406200608011540.htm |archive-date=30 September 2007 }}</ref> He had created more than 200 statues of Sree Narayana Guru alone.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}}

He was the son of Raman (who was the Palace painter of [[Kingdom of Cochin|Kochi royal family]]) and Kavootti. After his studies at [[Madras School of Art]], he returned to Kerala to become the director of Cochin School of Art that his father established.<ref>{{cite news|title=The artists we forgot|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/art/the-artists-we-forgot/article4491578.ece|first=K|last=Pradeep|newspaper=The Hindu|date=11 March 2013|access-date=22 January 2019}}</ref>

His other works include statues of C. Kesavan, Vallathol Narayanamenon, Dr. Ambedkar, Panambilli Govindamenon, R. Venkata Raman and "Guruvayur Kesavan".<ref>{{cite web |title=Guruvayur Kesavan, a standing monument to Dathan |url=https://haindavakeralam.com/guruvayur-kesavan-standing-hk18654 |access-date=25 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Guruvayoor|first1=Keshavan|title=Guruvayoor Keshavan|url=http://www.tourismindiatoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/guruvayoor-kesavan-statue1.jpg|website=tourismindiatoday.com|access-date=24 January 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091210/http://www.tourismindiatoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/guruvayoor-kesavan-statue1.jpg|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was also the recipient of the Lalith Kala Akademi fellowship.<ref name=passes/><ref>{{cite news|title=Kerala Lalithakala Akademi - Fellowships Awarded|url=http://lalithkala.org/content/akademi-fellowships|publisher=Kerala Lalithakala Akademi}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dattan, M. R. D.}}
[[Category:Artists from Kochi]]
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male sculptors]]
[[Category:Government College of Fine Arts, Chennai alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sculptors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]

{{India-artist-stub}}

5th Goa Assembly

2025-05-21T04:12:21Z

RuebenFrankfurte: started a info - done

The '''Fifth Goa Assembly''' (term: 2007–2012) was the [[unicameral]] legislature of the state of [[Goa]] in western [[India]]. It consisted of 40 members.

== Members ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
|-
!No.
!Constituency
!Winner
! colspan="2" |Party
! Remark
|-
| 1 || [[Mandrem Assembly constituency|Mandrem]] || [[Laxmikant Parsekar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 2 || [[Pernem Assembly constituency|Pernem]] || [[Dayanand Sopte]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 3 || [[Dargalim Assembly constituency|Dargalim]] || [[Manohar Ajgaonkar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| 4 || [[Tivim Assembly constituency|Tivim]] || [[Nilkanth Halarnkar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|
|-
| 5 || [[Mapusa Assembly constituency|Mapusa]] || [[Francis D'Souza (politician)|Francis D'Souza]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 6 || [[Siolim Assembly constituency|Siolim]] || [[Dayanand Mandrekar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 7 || [[Calangute Assembly constituency|Calangute]] || [[Agnelo Fernandes]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| 8 || [[Saligao Assembly constituency|Saligao]] || [[Dilip Parulekar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 9 ||[[Aldona Assembly constituency|Aldona]]|| [[Dayanand Narvekar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| 10 || [[Panaji Assembly constituency|Panaji]] || [[Manohar Parrikar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 11 || [[Taleigao Assembly constituency|Taleigao]] || [[Atanasio Monserrate|Babush Monserrate]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|United Goans Democratic Party}}" |
| [[United Goans Democratic Party]]
|
|-
| 12 || [[St. Cruz Assembly constituency|Santa Cruz]] || [[Victoria Fernandes]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| 13 || [[St. Andre Assembly constituency|St. Andre]] || [[Francisco Silveira]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| 14 || [[Cumbarjua Assembly constituency|Cumbarjua]] || [[Pandurang Madkaikar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| 15 || [[Bicholim Assembly constituency|Bicholim]] || [[Rajesh Patnekar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 16 || [[Maem Assembly constituency|Maem]] || [[Anant Shet]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 17 || [[Pale Assembly constituency|Pale]] || [[Gurudas Gauns]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| Expired
|-
| 18 || [[Poriem Assembly constituency|Poriem]] || [[Pratapsing Rane]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| 19 || [[Valpoi Assembly constituency|Valpoi]] || [[Vishwajit Pratapsingh Rane]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent (politician)}}" |
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| Joined [[Indian National Congress|INC]] and re-elected
|-
| 20 || [[Ponda Assembly constituency|Ponda]] || [[Ravi Naik]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| 21 || [[Priol Assembly constituency|Priol]] || [[Deepak Dhavalikar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}" |
| [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]]
|
|-
| 22 || [[Marcaim Assembly constituency|Marcaim]] || [[Sudin Dhavalikar|Ramkrishna 'Sudin' Dhavalikar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}" |
| [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]]
|
|-
| 23 || [[Siroda Assembly constituency|Shiroda]] || [[Mahadev Naik]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 24 || [[Mormugao Assembly constituency|Mormugao]] || [[Milind Naik (politician)|Milind Naik]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 25 || [[Vasco Da Gama Assembly constituency|Vasco Da Gama]] || [[Jose Philip D'Souza]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|
|-
| 26 || [[Cortalim Assembly constituency|Cortalim]] || [[Mauvin Godinho]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| 27 || [[Nuvem Assembly constituency|Loutolim]] || [[Aleixo Sequeira]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| 28 || [[Benaulim Assembly constituency|Benaulim]] || [[Mickky Pacheco]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|
|-
| 29 || [[Fatorda Assembly constituency|Fatorda]] || [[Damodar Naik]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 30 || [[Margao Assembly constituency|Margao]] || [[Digambar Kamat]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| 31 || [[Curtorim Assembly constituency|Curtorim]] || [[Aleixo Lourenco]]
| bgcolor= |
| [[Save Goa Front]]
|
|-
| 32 || [[Navelim Assembly constituency|Navelim]] || [[Churchill Alemao]]
| bgcolor= |
| [[Save Goa Front]]
|
|-
| 33 || [[Velim Assembly constituency|Velim]] || [[Filipe Nery Rodrigues]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| 34 || [[Cuncolim Assembly constituency|Cuncolim]] || [[Joaquim Alemao]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| 35 || [[Sanvordem Assembly constituency|Sanvordem]] || [[Anil Salgaocar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Independent (politician)}}" |
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|
|-
| 36 || [[Sanguem Assembly constituency|Sanguem]] || [[Vasudev Gaonkar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 37 || [[Curchorem Assembly constituency|Curchorem]] || [[Shyam Satardekar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| 38 || [[Quepem Assembly constituency|Quepem]] || [[Chandrakant Kavlekar|Chandrakant 'Babu' Kavlekar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
| 39 || [[Canacona Assembly constituency|Canacona]] || [[Vijay Pai Khot]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
| 40 || [[Poinguinim Assembly constituency|Poinguinim]] || [[Ramesh Tawadkar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|-
|}

== References ==

[[Category:Goa MLAs 2007–2012| ]]
[[Category:Terms of the Goa Legislative Assembly]]

Isarda

2025-04-06T12:10:23Z

RuebenFrankfurte: added a info.

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Isarda
|other_name =
|nickname =
|settlement_type = [[Village]]
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Sawai Madhopur district|Sawai Madhopur]]
|population_as_of = 2011
|population_total = 5,523
|population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=88807| title = Name Census 2011, Rajasthan data|access-date =13 Jan 2022|year = 2022| publisher = censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>
|demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 62.06
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 928
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| leader_title = [[sarpanch]]
| leader_name = Pukhraj Gujjar
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics1_title3 = Official
| demographics1_info3 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
|postal_code = 322703
|coordinates = {{coord|26.156|N|76.028|E|display=inline,title}}
|pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
}}

'''Isarda''' is a [[village]] and [[gram panchayat]] headquarters located in the [[Sawai Madhopur district]] of [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Negligence: handpump bad in villages and dhanis of Isarda and Tapur|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/jaipur/shiwar/news/hand-pumps-in-israda-and-tapur-villages-127932575.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=National project status sought for eastern Rajasthan canal|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/national-project-status-sought-for-eastern-rajasthan-canal/article34637316.ece}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bisalpur water will not be wasted, now it will go to Isarda dam, construction work started|url=https://www.patrika.com/jaipur-news/bisalpur-water-will-be-brought-in-isarda-dam-construction-start-5672563/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Good news: After one and a half year from Isarda dam, urban areas of Dausa district will be able to get 3.25 TMC of water daily.|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/jaipur/dausa/news/after-one-and-a-half-year-from-isarda-dam-urban-areas-of-dausa-district-will-get-325-tmc-of-water-daily-129235795.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Rajasthan govt to use state funds for Isarda-Dausa project|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rajasthan-govt-to-use-state-funds-for-isarda-dausa-project-101618758972088.html}}</ref>

==History==
Isarda was a [[Thikana]] estate that was founded in the early 17th century as a feudal vassal state to the erstwhile Kingdom of Jaipur.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://castles.today/castles/castles/india/shivad/history/ | title=History of Shivad Fort }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sawai Madhopur district}}
{{Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Villages in Sawai Madhopur district]]
{{improve categories|date=January 2022}}

{{Bharatpurdivision-geo-stub}}

Mata Kaushalya Temple

2025-03-25T03:58:52Z

RuebenFrankfurte: new new place - done

{{Short description|Hindu temple dedicated to Mata Kaushalya}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2014}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Mata Kaushalya Temple
| image =
| alt =
| caption = Mata Kaushalya Temple
| map_type = India Chhattisgarh
| map_caption = Location in [[Chhattisgarh]]
| coordinates ={{coord|21.3194|81.8131|type:landmark_region:IN-CG|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| district = [[Raipur]]
| location = [[Raipur]]
| elevation_m = 278
| deity = [[Kausalya]]
| festivals =
| architecture =
| creator =
| website =
|year_completed=8 October 2021 (Rejuvenated)}}

'''Mata Kaushalya temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]], dedicated to Mata [[Kaushalya]], mother of [[Lord Ram]]. It is the only temple in the world dedicated to [[Kausalya|Mata Kaushalya]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2020/aug/16/rss-chief-mohan-bhagwat-ignored-birthplace-of-kaushalya-congress--2183922.html|title=RSS chief Mohan Bhagwat ignored birthplace of Kaushalya: Congress|date=16 August 2020|newspaper=New Indian Express|author=Ejaz Kaiser|access-date=24 August 2020}}</ref> It is located at Chandkhuri village around 27km away from [[Raipur]] in [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref name="Financial Express">{{Cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/travel-tourism/chhattisgarh-cm-bhupesh-baghel-announces-fund-for-donations-for-ram-van-gaman-path/2055961/|title=Chhattisgarh CM Bhupesh Baghel announces fund for donations for Ram Van Gaman Path|date=15 August 2020|access-date=24 August 2020}}</ref>

In 2020, the Chief minister of Chhattisgarh, Shri Bhupesh Baghel, laid the foundation stone for the expansion of the temple few days before the foundation stone of the Ram temple in Ayodhya was laid.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/latest/968969/chhattisgarh-cm-says-construction-of-temple-for-rams-mother-will-begin-in-august-third-week|title=Chhattisgarh CM says construction of temple for Ram's mother will begin in August third week His announcement came ahead of the foundation stone-laying ceremony for the Ram temple in Uttar Pradesh's Ayodhya city on August 5|newspaper=Scroll|date=30 July 2020|access-date=24 August 2020}}</ref> He said that the ancient Mata Kaushalya temple will be given a magnificent look while keeping its original form intact.<ref name="Financial Express"/>

==Location==
The temple is located around 22km<ref name="A"/> to 27km <ref name="Financial Express"/> away from the Capital City [[Raipur]] in Chhattisgarh State. The temple is located in the middle of a lake surrounded by the Chadkhuri village. The temple is accessed by walking on the bridge called Hanuman Pul which has a statue of [[Hanuman]] over it.<ref name="A"/>

==Description==
[[File:Birth of rama.jpg|thumb|Painting depicting the birth of Lord Rama]]
The temple has the idol of Mata Kaushalya holding Lord Shri Ram in her lap. The temple is believed to have been constructed in the 8th century. The temple had been damaged and rebuilt many times. In 1973, the temple was renovated.<ref name="A">{{Cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/travel-tourism/congress-govt-in-chhattisgarh-to-spend-rs-15-crore-to-develop-temple-dedicated-to-lord-ramas-mother-kaushalya/2045291/|title=Congress govt in Chhattisgarh to spend Rs 15 crore to develop temple dedicated to Lord Ram's mother Kaushalya |date=5 August 2020|newspaper=Financial Express|access-date=24 August 2020}}</ref>

== Ram Van Gaman Path ==
The connection between Chhattisgarh and Lord Ram is deeply-rooted as it is the birthplace of Mata Kaushalya. Chhattisgarh is the maternal house of Lord Ram. It is said that, during his exile (Vanavas), he spent a great amount of time in the woods of this province which was earlier known as [[Dandakaranya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=छत्तीसगढ़ ज्ञान : माता कौशल्या का मंदिर, चंदखुरी - Chandkhuri kaushalya temple |url=https://www.chhattisgarhgyan.in/2019/10/chandkhuri-kaushalya-temple.html |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=छत्तीसगढ़ ज्ञान}}</ref>

Owing to the great mythological significance of the state, Current Chief Minister, [[Bhupesh Baghel]] initiated the exemplary project, '[[Ram Van Gaman Path]]'. This is a tourist circuit that aims to connect all the places where Shri Ram halted during his exile. Mata Kaushalya Temple in Chandkhuri is the first place where the development work was initiated in October 2021. This temple is being restored while keeping its originality intact.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhattisgarh CM inaugurates renovated Chandkhuri Mata Kaushalya temple |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/oct/08/chhattisgarh-cm-inaugurates-renovated-chandkhuri-mata-kaushalya-temple-2369170.html |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=The New Indian Express|date=8 October 2021 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Janaki Mandir]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:8th-century BC establishments in India]]